BEUDLEY by Adam Nuttall

Part 1

Studio: PLASTICITY Portfolio 2 Adam Nuttall BA (Hons) Architecture

Contents 4 Preface 6 Context 16 Austria 18 Belgium 20 Bulgaria 22 Croatia 24 Cyprus 26 Czechia 28 Denmark 30 Estonia 32 Finland 34 France 36 Germany 38 Greece 40 Hungary 42 Ireland 44 Italy 46 Latvia 48 Lithuania

50 Luxembourg 52 Malta 54 Netherlands 56 Poland 58 Portugal 60 Romania 62 Slovakia 64 Slovenia 66 Spain 68 Sweden 74

Element

Preface The United Kingdom joined the European Union; formerly known as the European Economic community, On the First of January 1973. For over 40 Years the Nations of the Union have grown together, forging closer socio-economic ties. On Thursday the 23rd June 2016 the United Kingdom voted to leave the European union in an EU referendum dubbed Brexit. This referendum was highly contentious and divided political opinions across the country. The outcome of the referendum was a shock to both brexiteers and remainers alike, but the county had made a decisive decision and leave won 51.9% to 48.1%. To leave voters, Brexit was a chance to break away from the shackles of the EU. These voters believed that European laws were too restrictive and, the billions of pounds of membership fees the UK pays to the EU, gave back very little in return; the leave campaign insisted that money this could be better spent on services such as the NHS instead. Another pressing issue for these voters was immigration. With the migrant crisis in 2015

and the free movement EU citizens within the EU, Brexiteers felt there should be some restriction of who should be allowed to enter the United Kingdom. Furthermore, leave voters also felt the EU was getting too close and saw EU slowly forming into the â&#x20AC;&#x153;United States of Europeâ&#x20AC;? an idea which they disagreed with. For remain voters Brexit was regressive. The EU was the UK largest trading partner and gave the UK greater economic security than having to make new deals outside of the single market. Remain voters also believed that migrants were young and keen to work, fuelling the economy and helping to pay for public services, restricting the ability of these people to enter the UK would therefore cause more issues. The idea of identity for remainers was not an issue, these voters saw themselves having both a European and British identity, and wanted to be part of a larger collective.

These voters wanted to build bridges instead of building walls to separate themselves. Many remain voters were outraged by the result of the referendum, scheduling protests and petitions. Voters believed that they were misled by the leave campaign, falsifying figures to encourage people to vote leave. They also outright disagreed with the outcome. The vote did not specify the kind of Brexit that was to be enacted. This has left a lot of confusion as to how severe our divorce from the EU should be. The scale on which this is measured ranges from soft Brexit, in which minimal changes are made to the relationships between the UK and the remaining 27 member states, to Hard Brexit, which is the complete removal of the UK from the EU, The Single Market, The Freedom of Movement Act and European court of Justice, removing ourselves in every aspect except proximity. Somewhere in between may be more suitable, however as a compromise this outcome would

satisfy neither leave remain entirely. Some voters may have wanted to leave the European Union but not the single market. Whatever the outcome voters are going to be dissatisfied, and as the majority was so small, this makes it even more difficult. On the 29 March 2017 Theresa May triggered Article 50 which notified the European Council of the UK’s intentions to leave the EU. Once Article 50 was triggered, this gave the United Kingdom two years to negotiate a new relationship with the union. The withdrawal agreement reached by the government and the EU have so far have been rejected three times by the MP’s. The United Kingdom was meant to leave the EU on 29 March 2019 however as both sides want to avoid a no deal Brexit, an extension has been allowed until 31st October. With the UK’s future still in the balance. I have taken the chance to create a manifesto to explore an alternative future for the UK and the town of Bewdley.

Context Bewdley is a small town set on the River Severn in Worcestershire. This town is in the constituency of the Wyre Forrest voted unanimously to leave the European Union with a leave vote of 63.1%. This is a common result throughout the UK and I want to challenge the ideas presented by it. 6

I have been exploring the identity of Bewdley Throughout this year. The town itself is presented as a Georgian settlement, with red brick, sash windows and stone lintels keystones. The Georgian identity however is just a Faรงade as the town in reality is Medieval, within the encasement of brick, lies a much older timber framework. With the true character locked deep within, BEUdley has allowed its identity to be completely reinterpreted. Identity therefore is just novel concept and is something I want to manipulate and play with in this project. 7

Field Diagram My investigation lead me to create diagrams which uses the surrounding context of bewdley. These field diagrams are used to inform your design ( turn over book for Control bunker). This each of these diagrams in the matrix uses different data sets to inform itself. The right hand drawing is the final diagram used in my project 8

Concept Structure From my field diagram I explored a concept for a structure that was informed by the field diagram. This structure explored the junction between several members of timber and how they could be assembled together. This framework is what informed the structure of my element, the supporting scaffolding for the new faรงades of BEUdley 9

With relation to Brexit, Identity is a key issue. It is believed that the British Identity is at risk of being lost and the Brexit referendum was a way to retain it. Therefore I want to explore the identity of the countries and cultures which Brexit intends to separate us from. This project would then lead the users to embrace these cultures. In this alternative future I will create an enclave of the EU in post Brexit Britain. This project is a look at BEUdley 10 years after our departure from the EU. The key feature of the enclave will be that the main high street of BEUdley; Load street, will be clad in the faรงades of the European states and a festival will be held to celebrate them. Architecture is a time capsule of the current socio-political-economic environment and a town dedicated to the arduous departure from the EU will concretise this time. The refacing of the buildings for BEUdley is no different to when the Georgians tore down the timber faรงades to replace them with brick. The town is currently a honey-pot for

tourists seeking a chocolate box town. These tourists visit what they believe to be quintessentially English town. However BEUdley will now become a hotspot for English tourists to visit and explore the identity of the European continent after the separation leaves the availability of European culture isolated from daily life. With the restrictions placed upon the movement of people from the UK to the EU, BEUdley will be the only way for the public to experience Europe. But much like the theme parks of Disney, this place is quite surreal and exaggerated. Each of the twenty seven EU member is states a represented in the new Load Street, the vast majority are represented through the new faรงades. These faรงades celebrate the architecture of each county. One idea that I have explored is if it is possible to identify the architecture of the individual countries within the Union. As Europe has grown together over the past few millennia, so has

itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural styles. These styles begin to blend throughout the continent with outside influences such as from the Moors or Russians being prevalent at the extremities. The UK is no different, and so references and symbolism are much the same in many cases, the overall however is what distinguishes British architecture from its neighbours. The UK has strong architectural ties to the countries that neighbour itself, however a lot of the similar architecture is due to our fascination of Europe during the times of the Grand Tour. During the 17th and 18th century, tours of Europe were common amongst Upper Class gentlemen. After the tours, these men would return sharing the artwork, inventions and architecture they had observed. They would then plan bigger and more audacious projects using the same ideas they has seen on their visits. The spreading of ideas and ever expanding boundaries of technologies and art is known as the Enlightenment. This period in history was regarded as the societal peak

of Europe. Conversely, we now believe that isolating and detaching ourselves from our neighbours is the best policy. The supposed restrictions enforced by the EU, enables ourselves the freedoms that allow us to advance as a society.

Equal Area Ratio

The Ground Floor area of each of the buildings in BEUdley was calculated and a country with a similar area ratio would be assigned. The Larger the nation the more buildings it would be allocated. However some of the nations are much too small to be represented by an entire building so are represented by other elements of the BEUdley festival. 14

Site Model

AUSTRIA

POPULATION : 8,792,500 AREA (KM) : 83,855 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 50,031 LANGUAGES : GERMAN JOINED EU: 1995

BELGIUM

POPULATION : 11,365,834 AREA (KM) : 30,528 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 46,621 LANGUAGES : GERMAN DUTCH FRENCH JOINED EU: 1957

BULGARIA

POPULATION : 7,101,859 AREA (KM) : 110,994 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 21,768 LANGUAGES : BULGARIA JOINED EU: 2007

CROATIA

POPULATION : 4,154,213 AREA (KM) : 56,594 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 21,768 LANGUAGES : CROATIAN JOINED EU: 2013

CYPRUS

POPULATION : 854,802 AREA (KM) : 9,251 GDP (PER CAPTIA) : 37,172 LANGUAGES : GREEK TURKISH JOINED EU: 2004

CZECHIA

POPULATION : 10,467,628 AREA (KM) : 78,866 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 35,537 LANGUAGES : CZECH JOINED EU: 2004

DENMARK

POPULATION : 5,743,947 AREA (KM) : 43,075 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 50,071 LANGUAGES : DANISH JOINED EU: 1973

ESTONIA

POPULATION : 1,315,635 AREA (KM) : 45,227 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 31,649 LANGUAGES : ESTONIAN JOINED EU: 2004

FINLAND

POPULATION : 5,577,282 AREA (KM) : 338,424 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 44,492 LANGUAGES : FINNISH SWEDISH JOINED EU: 1995

FRANCE

POPULATION : 67,024,633 AREA (KM) : 632,833 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 44,081 LANGUAGES : FRENCH JOINED EU: 1957

GERMANY

POPULATION : 82,437,641 AREA (KM) : 357,386 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 50,804 LANGUAGES : GERMAN JOINED EU: 1957

GREECE

POPULATION : 10,757,293 AREA (KM) : 131,990 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 27,796 LANGUAGES : GREEK JOINED EU: 1981

HUNGARY

POPULATION : 9,797,561 AREA (KM) : 93,030 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 29,559 LANGUAGES : HUNGARIAN JOINED EU: 2004

IRELAND

POPULATION : 4,774,833 AREA (KM) : 70,273 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 73,215 LANGUAGES : IRISH ENGLISH JOINED EU: 1973

ITALY

POPULATION : 61,219,113 AREA (KM) : 301,338 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 38,233 LANGUAGES : ITALIAN JOINED EU: 1957

LATVIA

POPULATION : 1,950,116 AREA (KM) : 64,589 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 27,702 LANGUAGES : LATVIAN JOINED EU: 2004

LITHUANIA

POPULATION : 2,847,904 AREA (KM) : 65,200 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 32,379 LANGUAGES : LITHUANIAN JOINED EU: 2004

LUXEMBOURG

POPULATION : 589,370 AREA (KM) : 2,586.4 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 105,148 LANGUAGES :LUXEMBOURGISH FRENCH GERMAN JOINED EU: 1957

MALTA

POPULATION : 440,433 AREA (KM) : 316 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 41,839 LANGUAGES :MALTESE ENGLISH JOINED EU: 2004

NETHERLANDS

POPULATION : 17,220,721 AREA (KM) : 41,543 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 53,933 LANGUAGES :DUTCH FRISIAN JOINED EU: 1957

POLAND

POPULATION : 37,972,964 AREA (KM) : 312,685 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 29,642 LANGUAGES :POLISH JOINED EU: 2004

PORTUGAL

POPULATION : 10,309,573 AREA (KM) : 92,390 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 30,487 LANGUAGES : PORTUGUESE JOINED EU: 1986

ROMANIA

POPULATION : 19,638,309 AREA (KM) : 238,391 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 24,605 LANGUAGES : ROMANIAN JOINED EU: 2007

SLOVAKIA

POPULATION : 5,435,343 AREA (KM) : 49,035 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 33,070 LANGUAGES : SLOVAK JOINED EU: 2004

SLOVENIA

POPULATION : 2,065,895 AREA (KM) : 20,273 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 34,480 LANGUAGES : SLOVENE JOINED EU: 2004

SPAIN

POPULATION : 46,528,966 AREA (KM) : 504,030 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 38,381 LANGUAGES : SPANISH CATALAN GALICIAN BASQUE JOINED EU: 1986

SWEDEN

POPULATION : 10,080,000 AREA (KM) : 449,964 GDP (PER CAPTIA): 51,185 LANGUAGES : SWEDISH JOINED EU: 1986

A huge issue for brexiteers is border control. Therefore after brexit BEUdley will be partitioned from the UK using Hard boarders and checkpoints. These borders are militaristic and make reference to the Irish backstop.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Brexit is the other face of the refugee crisis - tensions that lead to stasis, external risks that lead to asymmetric shocks.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; -Emmanuel Macron

68 72

69 73

Element

A B C

CORSICAN PINE CLAD STEEL PRIMARY FRAME ALUMINIUM SECONDARY SUPPORT FRAME 50MM STONE CLAD FACADE

A B C

74 70

- - -

Corsican Pine Clad Steel Primary Frame Aluminium Secondary Support Frame 50MM Stone Clad Facade

B D

BD A

B D

A B C D E F

A B C D E

20X20MM TIMBER BATONS CORSICAN PLYWOOD PANELS 300X100MM RHS BOLT STEEL FIXING PLATE CONCRETE PAD

20X20MM TIMBER BATONS BOLT 300X100MM RHS CORSICAN PLYWOOD PANELS STEEL FIXING PLATE

D E F

A - 20x20MM Timber Batons B - Corsican Plywood Panels C - 300MMx100MM RHS D - Bolt E - Steel Fixing Plate F - Concrete Pad 75 71

Element Section The faรงades are supported by what looks like to be a timber scaffolding, However this is another false facade. The structure is made of steel clad in a local Corsican Pine to reference the timber structures within BEUdley. Each of the faรงades will be clad in a material appropriate to the country it is meant to represent. This facade is to represent Sweden and would use a stone local to the country. 76

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Slate Roof Steel Bolt 20X20mm Timber Batten 300X100mm RHS Corsican Pine Plywood Panels L Bracket Aluminium Section

8 9 10 12 13 14 15

Aluminium Box Section Dual Interlocking Bracket Stone Cladding Masonry Wall Portuguese Paving Steel Plate Concrete Foundation 77

FLIP THE BOOK OVER FOR THE CONTROL BUNKER 78

FLIP THE BOOK OVER FOR BEUDLEY FESTIVAL

Studio: PLASTICITY Portfolio 2 Adam Nuttall BA (Hons) Architecture

Contents 5 Introduction 6

Sketching and Initial ideas

8 Precedents 10

Site Map

East Elevation

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Cross Section

Long Section

Bay and Section Elevation

Construction Details

Sectional Environmental Diagram

Introduction The second half of this project is a bunker, designed to be the control centre of the festival on Load street. This control centre is located outside the bounds of the BEUdley enclave. As the seat of power, it is hidden away from the festival, and although it is made from a harsh concrete, it is designed to merge into the landscape. The bunker makes reference to the governing body of the EU which is seated in Brussels, somewhat detached from the people which it governs and the activities that take place within the are kept hidden away. The bunker is designed much like the Atlantic coastal defences built in the second world war to protect the continent from enemy invasions. This hostile architecture echoes the aggression of the arms race that the preceded the two world wars. The continent has been relatively stable for the past 60 years, with much of this thanks to unification of European resources and trade, forming a mutually beneficial relationship. As nationalism separatism is on the rise, we may be at

risk of these nations falling out of favour with each other again and regressing back to the antagonisms of pre 1914 Europe.

Sketches The building follows my field diagram from my initial design exploration. This diagram follows the roof lines of the surrounding buildings. This means that my design is routed within the local site.

As I wanted my building to be accessible to everyone I used ramps thought the site. These ramps dictated where the layout of spaces should be. I wanted to create ramps which would not need landing or handrails so they must sit at a 1:21 ratio or higher, this meant that for a building submerged three metres below the ground level there must be a run of 63m. This bunker is designed to be an impenetrable fortress, protecting itself and BEUdley from the its hostile neighbours. The Bunker is self-sufficient, running off ground source heat pumps and hydroelectric power from the river. This allows the bunker to run completely independently from the town itself, due to it being a completely separate state from the UK.

Precedent One of my precedents are the Nazi bunkers that line the Atlantic wall. These were built to fortify the coast against allied landings. The bunker was deigned to be strong, easy to see and shoot out of, yet hard to penetrate. I wanted to reflect this in my bunker as this needs to observe and protect BEUdley, yet not let the general public see in. 8

Leça Swimming Pools Álvaro Siza Vieira 1996

My other precedent is the Leça Swimming Pools by Álvaro Siza Vieira. This complex is routed within the landscape almost looking like some of the pools are in the Atlantic ocean. Siza creates a striking entrance by carving a large ramp into the landscape. I have mimicked this in my design to route the project within its context

1:500 Site Map

C B

1:200 Ground Floor Plan

Surveillance & Control centre

Toilet

Plant room

1:200 First Floor Plan

Surveillance & Control centre

Observation Platform

Toilet

Void

Toilet

Plant room

1:500 North East Elevation

1:200 Cross Section A:A

3450mm

0000mm

Gradient down to bunker. gradient is at a1:21 ratio to avoid the need for handrails and landings -3800mm

Precast concrete cladding for exteriror of bunker. Observation Platform Stairs with handrail cast into wall Precast board form concrete cladding for interior walls.

Raised Walkway

Surveillance & Control centre

-800mm

-3800mm -4520mm

In Situ reinforced concrete frame

River Severn

1:500 Long section B:B

Waterfall feature running along entire wall

Gradient down to bunker. Gradient is at a 1:21 ratio to

0000mm

3m wide front door

Plant room -3800mm

1:50 Bay and Section Elevation

1 2

1 2 7

1:20 Construction Detail 12

6 4

7 5

6 4

9 11

11 10

14 20

6 19 19 15

5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PEBBLE ROOF 150MM INSULATION 300MM IN SITU CONCRETE 100MM PRECAST BOARD FORM CONCRETE 200MM INSULATION EGG BOX WATERPROOF MEMBRANE CONCRETE CLADDING TIE 150MM PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

ANODISED ALUMINIUM SILL DOUBLE GLASED WINDOW MECHANICAL VENTALATION DUCT 75MM SCREED FLOOR UNDERFLOOR HEATING WATER DRAINAGE CHANNEL UNDER FLOOR EGG BOX WATERPROOF MEMBRANE HARDCORE EXTERNAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL 75MM INSULATION 320MM IN SITU CONCRETE GROUND FLOOR SLAB 660MM IN SITU CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATIONS

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

Sectional Environmental Diagram C:C

E H A D

A B

J G

C O

L I N

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P -

MECHANICAL VENTILATION DUCT DOUBLE GLAZED, OPEN-ABLE WINDOWS UNDERFLOOR HEATING RECESSED SPOTLIGHTING 150MM INSULATION 300MM IN SITU CONCRETE 100MM PRE-CAST BOARD FORM CONCRETE 200MM INSULATION EGG BOX WATERPROOF MEMBRANE 150MM PRE-CAST CONCRETE CLADDING 75MM SCREED FLOOR WATER DRAINAGE CHANNEL HARDCORE EXTERNAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL 320MM IN SITU CONCRETE GROUND FLOOR SLAB 660MM IN SITU CONCRETE