INCLUSION by adesardi

INCLUSION

CONTENTS

Amalia DeSardi

Introduction

4-5

Anood Mantsch Mark Hernandez-Schilling Rayven Cannon Tejaswita Bhardwaj

1. Healing Architecture

Vaishali Vaishali Arizona State University The Design School

6-17 2.Consideration in Architecture

Masters of Architecture

18-33

APH 505 Foundation Theory Seminar Spring 2020

3.Wellness + Thriving 34-49 4. Ecotheology 50-63 5. Social Justice x Industrial Revolution 64-81 6. Women in Architecture 82-97

Bibliography 2

98-100

INTRODUCTION

Designing with health in mind, providing shelter for the less privileged, allowing space for female architects, designing for mass consideration, and questioning Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision for the future of the built environment allows the field of Architecture to a conduit for inclusion. As a profession, which influences the direction of our built environment, and to a great extent, the direction of human civilization, it is important that Architecture and architects employ empathy and inclusion of others moving forward. This book is a personal curation of articles and case studies which speak to inclusion as mentioned prior in various ways. Moving through the book, we ask you to question, how, why, and who has your built environment been constructed to include or exclude - intentionally or unintentionally?

Architecture is arguably the product of a collective idea of a culture or the manifestation of values from a particular society or civilization. To this end, Architecture is a lenses to view what a culture, society and civilization holds dear or what values are important to them. In other words, one can deduce the ethical standing of any given society just by understanding their Architecture. With this book, the intention is to review ways that Architecture, as an integral part of design, have been and can be used as a tool to bring about equality, promote collective societal values and ethics while promoting health and general wellbeing not only of humans but the environment.

1 6

HEALING ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

Design and art has always been a place of emotions and feelings for a person. A person given a work space, where his or her thoughts are free to flow can bring out the best in the person. In India, yoga practices are mandatory which are traditionally practiced in open spaces with lots of colors and breathing environment. It is advised to practice yoga in the morning with fresh air in gardens to enhance the natural flow of blood and improve the health of a person. The two main things that can be noted in the last sentence are - green environment and fresh air. Having access to a fresh, soothing, colorful environment is thus an important factor that can improve the inner fitness of a person. This inturn can have a positive effect on a person with bad health. Thus, more and more architectural practices in and around a hospital area shoud have a mind calming environment and design to give a positive momentum to the healing effect.

While healing the human body requires extra care and attention. The healing process can require more than medicine and prayer, it can include spaces and the surrounding environment to be healing friendly. The energy of a place can have severe effects on the physical and mental health of a person. An example can be a use of highly complex gigantic machines used in the hospitals like MRI scan machines.1 These machines can sometimes look overwhelming to a patient and thus can cause a change in the observations being made on the patient during an exam, due to the mental stress caused by the presence of the machine. This is especially seen in kids. There are studies that display the requirement of a soothing environment to accelerate the healing process. It has been shown in these studies that the architecture of a place can sometimes give an edge to the momentum of the process of improving the health of a patient. Some of these examples are discussed, praised and even scrutinized in the upcoming section. You will note that these things are sometimes intuitive while sometimes like a thought out of the bag of the old greek philosophers doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t make sense at the first instance. 98

1 Dietz, Doug. 2012. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Transforming Healthcare For Children And Their Familiesâ&#x20AC;?. Presentation, San Jose, , 2012.

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

THESIS: Healing through Architecture Many times healing and curing are used interchangeably but they both have very different meanings. While on one hand curing relates to the relief from the symptoms of the disease, on the other hand, healing relates to the relief from the distress and anguish caused by the disease.1 When we look at the old and generic design of a hospital, we see straight walls, white color and simple beds with the least amount of design elements around the person. In many studies, it has been shown that this form of architecture can cause a negative effect on the medication going on and can lead to a slow healing process. Thus a new wave of changes are coming in the design principles followed in the development of a hospital. An example of this is Incorporation of more plants in the vicinity of a patient. There are many thesis, research and intuitive practices in the open which displays the use of these practices on a large scale. But these research lack a solid foundation of statistical proof, which sometimes can be used as a shortcoming for the given hypothesis.

THESIS: Healing through Architecture

The Best New Health Care Design Borrows An Old Healing Technique: Plants

The 19th-Century Plan To Treat The Mentally Ill With Architecture

Healing Architecture: Evidence, Intuition, Dialogue - Stefan Lundin

14-15 Proposed plant based column system in hospitals to provide fresh air and greenery to the space.

1 Beggs, Jennifer. n.d. â&#x20AC;&#x153;THESIS: Healing Through Architecture - Bridgeâ&#x20AC;?. Bridge. https://waterlooarchitecture.com/bridge/blog/2015/07/30/thesis-healing-through-architecture/.

The Best New Health Care Design Borrows An Old Healing Technique: Plants

The 19th-Century Plan To Treat The Mentally Ill With Architecture

The writer is inclined in focusing over the healing element, the plants. The mention of Kirkbride’s plan somewhat shows that in the past we have used spaces to reduce mental illness of patients in hospitals. The design of Paimio Sanatorium by architect Alvar Aalto had a handful of balconies and lots of windows. Also, fresh air and sunlight were considered very much necessary in treating tuberculosis. Danish artist Poul Gernes incorporated vibrant colors in the building of Copenhagen’s Herlev Hospital, as doctors suggested that a nice environment will help in speeding up the recovery of the patients.1 The architects today are inspired from a lot of diverse sources such as Apple, 5-star hotels, luxurious spas, etc to enhance their healthcare design. Behind all these tricks lies a fact - “the power of plants to create an atmosphere that provides medical benefits”. Garden rooms, green terraces, and green roofs are being created in the hospitals to speed up the recoveries of different types of patients. My academic hospital design also had healing gardens as the main element. The evidence of the proportionality between healing spaces and healing speed are there. Exploiting these facts can lead to major breakthroughs in the field of health and healthcare spaces design elements. A combined effort by healthcare professionals and architects can be made to perform an inductive study and display prominent results in the field. It is important to note that however many things might fail and many will succeed, but there will be an in-flow of information that might add to the benefit of the society as a whole.

The writer describes a study by a photographer from New York, Christopher Payne. He visited 30 states (70 institutions) to capture the details of abandoned mental asylums/ hospitals. As he visited, he observed V shaped layouts almost similar to a row of birds in flight. These were some past constructions of 19th century design advocated by Thomas Story Kirkbride, a Philadelphian psychiatrist. Kirkbride’s intentions were to know, understand and treat mental illness through architecture. Mental hospitals had this similarity of layout as many superintendents and architects used Kirkbride’s plan as reference. Some were large scale hospitals and some weren’t but almost all had elements for the space for activities/ treatment like irregular acres of farming lands, where patients could perform activities like farming, milking cows and so on. The conclusion of Payne was that these spaces had extreme contrast. The gardens, farms, greenhouses, parks, plants, reservoirs, and beautiful Victorian Architecture seem to enhance the patient’s inner peace.1 While, on the other hand many quarters were overcrowded, segregated on the basis of class, race, gender and son which led to an abusive environment and other terrific experiences. Keeping all this aside, my feelings coincide with Payne, seeing the details of the buildings and the architecture definitely displayed that it was not constructed and designed to be used as a warehouse.

Right now, all architects can do is find new design elements and try to check if it fails or succeed but if a comprehensive study is done in this direction, there can be new breakthroughs for the architect to exploit and improve the efficiency of the healthcare system.

1 Budds, Diana. n.d. “The Best New Health Care Design Borrows An Old Healing Technique: Plants”. Fast Company.

1 Miller, Meg. 2016. “The 19Th-Century Plan To Treat The Mentally Ill With Architecture”. Fast Company.

This article displayed that even in the past people had ideas and hypotheses that there is a relation between the built environment and the health of a being. It is through hit-and-trial that we have reached our current understanding of the importance of the effect of the built environment on the health of a patient. But as I mentioned throughout this chapter, it is imperative to perform proper statistical study, to give these ideas and hypotheses a solid ground to stand on.

Healing Architecture: Evidence, Intuition, Dialogue - Stefan Lundin The use of word architecture should not be confused with only the construction aspect of it, as the major part of the healing spaces incorporat-

A lot of weight can be added to these arguments if researchers, rather than using intuitive processes, give a statistical proof like hypothesis

ed comes from the design of the architecture of the site. It is important to note that, there is little effect of construction related tasks to provide a healing environment to the patient. The most effect of any architectural practice over the healing of the patient comes from the design of the place. In his thesis Healing Architecture: Evidence, Intuition, Dialogue, Stefan Lundin discussed development of an architectural design for a psychiatric inpatient care for which he lists seven recommendations: - Promote Dignity - Encourage Normalcy - Create a free and open environment - Promote Social Interaction - Promote patients’ independence - Offer views to the outside and free access to the outdoor environment - Balance demands for a safe and healing healthcare environment.1

testing. Working on finding research which isn’t just dependent on intuitive knowledge.

The environment of the healthcare spaces should be welcoming to the patients and provide them with a zone for social interaction to make them feel that they are in a normal surroundings. This should be done, so that the patients do not feelv that the surroundings are not open to them. It should be like a safe haven for the heightened tensions that the people bring in with them.

1 Lundin, Stefan. 2015. “In Search Of The Happy Balance—Intuition And Evidence”. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 8 (2): 123-126. doi:10.1177/1937586714567646.v

CASE STUDY

Östra Psychiatry Hospital

Good architecture brings lower levels of violence in psychiatric care1 Description: A study carried out at Östra Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden, has now enabled researchers at Chalmers and Gothenburg University to demonstrate the validity of the argument - When we design buildings for psychiatric care, an important goal is to help reduce aggressive behaviour. Architects: White Architects Location: Göteborg, Sweden Östra Psychiatry Hospital

Christ Hospital Joint and Spine Center

Architects incorporated spaces for family and patients to retreat to for a little rest and solitude. Outside, this strategy includes a courtyard and rooftop garden.2 Architects: SOM Architects Location: Cincinnati, Ohio

1 “Good Architecture Brings Lower Levels Of Violence In Psychiatric Care | Chalmers”. 2012. Chalmers.Se. 2 Budds, Diana. n.d. “The Best New Health Care Design Borrows An Old Healing Technique: Plants”. Fast Company.

2 18

CONSIDERATION IN ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

Below is an example of globalisation wherein there are these peices of â&#x20AC;&#x153;architectureâ&#x20AC;? with a brand name showing up throughout the building and then there is an effort made to keep the brand name intact without compromising on architecture in its totatlity. Branding is one good example and the strongest one to be taken under consideration when we talk about globalisation. It is vital and understandably so in the century in time. However, what matters here is that to make sure that we do not loose insight of our responsibility of forming and shaping the surroundings in a ceratin manner. Having said that, it is also important to know that while not doing that we are also being inconsiderate in a way and that in itself is not an ideal scenario now.

Consideration as a value refers to being considerate and respectful, to being polite and taking into consideration something or someone other than yourselves. Consideration as a value in architecture counts various aspects of architecture including consideration of the site conditions such as climate, location, topography, vegetation, culture, etc. In any age of change, debates on conflicting ideologies often dominate discussions. The struggle to adapt often results in shaping the social, political, economic and cultural paradigms. In architectural context and urban designs, much has been argued on the ideology of modernism and traditionalism and, more recently, on globalism and regionalism. Globalization has a daunting influence over almost all aspects of public and private life, and that includes architecture. The impact of globalization on architecture is such that it creates certain amount of regionalism which is blinded by the trending aspect of globalism.

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

Kenneth Frampton

Towards a critical Regionalism - Kenneth Frampton

23-25

Intentions in Architecture - Christian Norberg Schulz

26-27

Kenneth Frampton is a british architect, critic, historian and the Ware Professor of Architecture at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation at Columbia University, New York. He is regarded as one of the world’s leading architecture historians of modernist architecture. Frampton is especially well known for his writing on twentieth-century architecture, and for his central role in the development of architectural phenomenology. He achieved great prominence (and influence) in architectural education with his essay “Towards a Critical Regionalism” (1983) In this paper, he mounts a criticism towards globalisation, mass consumer culture and the impact that this has had on architecture. For Frampton, this represents a particularly salient issue within the modern movement, as it has pushed architecture toward mediocrity, sameness and limited urban form which lacks any kind of cultural celebration or diversity. To remedy this, Frampton argues that the adoption of a more critical regionalist approach is required in architecture, one that takes into account specific considerations to place, topography, climate, and culture. Frampton’s essay was included in the book, The Anti-Aesthetic. Essays on Postmodern Culture, edited by Hal Foster, though Frampton is critical of postmodernism. According to Frampton’s article-” Modern building is now so universally conditioned by optimized technology that the possibility of creating significant urban form has become extremely limited. Today the practice of architecture seems to be increasingly polarized between, on the one hand, as called “high tech” approach predicted exclusively upon production and on the other hand, the provision of a “compensatory facade” to cover up the harsh realities of this universal system.”1

1 Frampton, Kenneth. “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance ,” n.d.

According to Frampton “ Regionalism has dominated architecture in almost all countries at some time.In addition, however, regionalism bears the hallmark of ambiguity. On the one hand, it hhas been associated with the movements of reform and liberation; on the other hand, it has proved a powerful tool of repression and chavinism. Certainly, critical regionalism has its limitations.” 1

According to Frampton, architects should analyze local character and reinterpret it with contemporary terms, rather than adapting the traditions directly. Also, architecture should not be captured by technology and history. At issue is how architecture could or should define the periphery in contrast to the hegemonic architecture unfolding in the center. Frampton’s take is centered on the ways that technological apparatus, under the auspices of capitalism, transform the cities one-dimensionally. Frampton starts the “Toward a Critical Regionalism” with an essay by a philosopher Paul Ricoeur. According to Ricoeur, human culture’s globalization, and the results of getting monotype in terms of civilization caused loss of variety and traditional cultures which are the main qualities for defining space. That fact gets more obvious in developing countries, as their aim to building a better environment requires a critical balance between getting remoteness and the qualification to participate in modern civilization. According to Frampton, both visually and both the other senses’ experiences should take a part while designing. That cooperation between the all senses makes architecture deeper and unique. This concept supports the usage of all materials which target all senses and that will allow variable emotional reactions.

1 Frampton, Kenneth. “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance ,” n.d.

Christian Norberg Schulz Christian Norberg-Schulz (23 May 1926– 28 March 2000) was a Norwegian architect, author, educator and architectural theorist. Norberg-Schulz was part of the Modernist Movement in architecture and associated with architectural phenomenology. His book Intenstion in Architecture the chief focus of is on the symbolic and linguistic. The purpose is to develop an integrated theory of architectural description and architectural intention (and this includes the intention of the user as well as that of the designer), insofar as architecture is an art. In the book Intentions in Architecture Norberg says “It seems to me that we cannot escape from two aspects of architecture which I tried to identify ... as ontological tectonic and representational tectonic. Representation certainly cannot be removed from architecture any more that it can be removed from other discourses. ... In my opinion, it is of the utmost importance that the ontological and representational aspects of architecture be maintained as a dialogical interaction. I think that the attempt to isolate atomized elements such as morphemes is, in the end, a kind of reductive pseudo-scientific project, which just leaves you with the banality of pieces such as ‘a door is a sign of a door’ rather than with any notion as to the socio-cultural, complex desire of the species-being to realise itself, collectively.”1 The structure that Norberg-Schulz has fashioned is surely one of the most impressive intellectual edifices that any architect has ever produced.

Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Intentions in Architecture. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1997.

The materials that are organically worked into it include Gestalt psychology, the mechanics of perception, information theory, modern analytic philosophy, and in particular, linguistic analysis, and the general theory of signs and symbols. The result, however, is not an eclectic hodge-podge; all these materials have their place and purpose; none is applied extraneously for “show” or purely decorative effect. And all this divergent material had to be joined according to plan within formal bounds in order to produce a theory with equally divergent applications: one that can treat not only of the aesthetics of architecture but equally well of its social, psychological, and cultural effects. The chief focus of the book is on the symbolic and linguistic. The purpose is to develop an integrated theory of architectural description and architectural intention (and this includes the intention of the user as well as that of the designer), insofar as architecture is an art. So to conclude, the architecture that has achieved the aspect of local climatic condictions and the response to the nature of landscape sensitively and thoughtfully in whatever environment that has been applied onto have come out to work the best in its aesthetics or practicality in architecture. Therefore, It is a progressive approach to design that seeks to mediate between the global and the local languages of architecture.

CASE STUDY

Azuma House- Row House

Azuma House- Row House - Tadao Ando

29-31

Saynatsalo Town Hall - Alvar Aalto

32-33

Azuma House developed a theme of design, but also a social theme. Tadao Ando presented a cement box in the middle of a row of dilapidated wooden houses, of which there are masses in the central areas of Osaka, and created a highly self-sufficient living space within that box. Guaranteeing individual privacy (something which the traditional houses did not provide) and creating a residential space which allowed for the development of modern individuals.1

Convinced that the relationship between it and the human being is fundamental for the latter, he incorporated into the construction a way of living in which the inhabitants would participate in nature. In winter with the cold and the rain, or in the heat of summer, home-dwellers would have to go outside, as they have to cross the uncovered patio to access the kitchen and bathroom, feeling the wind or the rain on your face or being able to gaze out at toward the sky. The open patio is an “oasis” within the hustle and bustle of the city; a place in touch with nature within the house, which allows the entry of light, air, rain, cold or heat, to watch the clouds go by or gaze at the sun; a window which allows you to cohabit with nature.1

1 “Azuma House - Row House - Data, Photos & Plans.” WikiArquitectura. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/azuma-house-row-house/.

1 ““Azuma House - Row House - Data, Photos & Plans.” WikiArquitectura. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/azuma-house-row-house/.

Saynatsalo Towal Hall Occupying the center of a small farming town in Finland, Säynätsalo’s Town Hall might appear almost too monumental for its context. Designed by Alvar Aalto in 1949, the town hall is a study in opposition: elements of classicism and the monumental blended with modernity and intimacy to form a cohesive new center-point for the community. These and other aspects of the design initially proved somewhat divisive, and the Town Hall has not been without controversy since its inception.1

1 Fiederer, Luke. “AD Classics: Säynätsalo Town Hall / Alvar Aalto.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 9, 2016. https://www.archdaily.com/783392/ad-classics-saynatsalo-town-hall-alvar-aalto.

Occupying the center of a small farming town in Finland, Säynätsalo’s Town Hall might appear almost too monumental for its context. Designed by Alvar Aalto in 1949, the town hall is a study in opposition: elements of classicism and the monumental blended with modernity and intimacy to form a cohesive new center-point for the community. These and other aspects of the design initially proved somewhat divisive, and the Town Hall has not been without controversy since its inception.1

1 Fiederer, Luke. “AD Classics: Säynätsalo Town Hall / Alvar Aalto.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 9, 2016. https://www.archdaily.com/783392/ad-classics-saynatsalo-town-hall-alvar-aalto.

3 34

WELLNESS + THRIVING

INTRODUCTION Wellness and to thrive are often interchangeably used when describing ones life. As shown in the Oxford Dictionary definitions wellness and thriving are both human focused. Human as both singular and as a collective. For each term I view these ideas as reaching a sense of balance in ones life. As an architecture student I question how the built environment can contribute and aid to ones ability to thrive and reach a sense of wellbeing. Later described in supporting articles Haight describes thriving as something fluid through out ones life. Moments, situations and experiences may challenge your wellbeing and ability to thrive but we each have the ability to bounce back. 1 I have found through case studies and exploration there are spatial commonalities which aid to wellness and thriving: 1. Sense of community 2. Lifestyle choice 3. Natured infused “wellness noun/ A condition obtained when a person achieves a level of health that minimizes the chances of becoming ill. Wellness is achieved by a

4. Respect for environment 5. Space provided for physical, mental and spiritual health

combination of emotional, environmental, mental, physical, social, and spiritual health” 1

6. Regenerative design

“thrive verb/ to prosper; be fortunate or successful. to grow or develop vigorously; flourish” 2

1 “Wellness,” wellness noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com, accessed April 26, 2020, https://www. oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/wellness) 2 “Thrive,” thrive verb - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com, accessed April 26, 2020, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/thrive)

1 Haight, B. K., Barba, B. E., Courts, N. F., & Tesh, A. S. (2002). Thriving: A Life Span Theory. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(3), 14-22.

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

T h rivin g : A L ife S pa n T h e o r y “N o n Hum a n Env iro nm e nt . . . T h e c o n c e p tu a l mo d e l o f T h r iv in g in Fig u r e 2 d o e s n o t c o n s id e r th e n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t. T h e w o r ld in w h ic h w e liv e is th e n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, w ith a ll s u r r o u n d in g in f lu e n c e s , in c lu d in g e c o n o mic , p s y c h o lo g ic a l, a n d s o c ia l f a c to r s . Pe r s o n a l g e n e tic f a c to r s in te r min g le w ith e n v ir o n me n ta l in f lu e n c e s to s e t th e s ta g e f o r T h r iv in g o r FT T. E c o n o mic s ta tu s in f lu e n c e s o n e ’s a b ility to b e h e a lth y, e d u c a te d , a n d s u c c e s s f u l.

Thriving: A Life Span Theory

39-41

T hree Hot We llne ss Arc hit e c t ure Trend s fo r 2019

Welln ess De sign is Spre ading A cross H o spit alit y Arc hit e c t ure and B eyond

T h e s e th r e e e n titie s — p e r s o n , h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t c o me to g e th e r to f o r m a th e o r y th a t h a s s y n e rg y. T h e ma n y s u b tle in te r c h a n g e s o f p e r s o n , h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t n o t o n ly s h a p e p e r s o n a lity, b u t a ls o p r o v id e in s ig h t in to c u r r e n t b e h a v io r s . T h e s e in te r c h a n g e s a r e a p e r s o n ’s h is to r y. I t is imp o s s ib le to s e p a r a te o n e f r o m o n e ’s lif e h is to r y. With a lif e s p a n f o c u s , a n in d iv id u a l c a n b e tr a c k e d f r o m b ir th to d e a th . Po s itiv e in te r a c tio n s e n h a n c e g r o w th a n d th r iv in g , w h e r e a s n e g a tiv e in te r a c tio n s s tu n t g r o w th a n d c o n tr ib u te to FT T.

“Thr iv ing M o de l . . . T h e T h r iv in g M o d e l p r o p o s e d in th is a r tic le a d d r e s s e s a ll th a t h a s b e e n d is c u s s e d th u s f a r — a c o n tin u u m, a p e r s o n , h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, a n d th e lif e s p a n . T h r iv in g is a c h ie v e d w h e n th e p e r s o n , h u ma n , a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t a r e in c o n c o r d a n c e , th a t is , w h e n th e y a r e mu tu a lly e n g a g e d , s u p p o r tiv e , a n d h a r mo n io u s . Fa ilu r e to th r iv e o c c u r s w h e n th e r e is d is c o r d a n c e a mo n g th e p e r s o n , h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t— a f a ilu r e o f e n g a g e me n t a n d mu tu a l s u p p o r t, a n d d is h a r mo n y. Be c a u s e c o n c o r d a n c e a n d d is c o r d a n c e a r e n o t a b s o lu te s , T h r iv in g e x is ts o n a c o n tin u u m f r o m p e r f e c t T h r iv in g ( e . g . , p e r f e c t h a r mo n y ) to c o mp le te FT T ( c o mp le te d is h a r mo n y ) . Cir c le s r e p r e s e n tin g p e r s o n , h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t, a n d n o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t th a t a p p e a r in v a r y in g r e la tio n s h ip s d e p ic t th e T h r iv in g c o n tin u u m.

... O verlapping of the c ir c le s r e pr e se nts c onc or da nc e , agreement, e nga ge me nt, ha r mony, a nd mutua l support—the sta te of Thr iving. Disjunc tion of the circles repr e se nts disc or da nc e , la c k of e nga ge me nt a n d support—the sta te of FI T The c ir c le s a r e ope n, de pictin g the ability to inte r a c t a nd e xc ha nge a s ope n syste ms (Figure 3) .

A r e s e a r c h e r o r p r a c titio n e r c a n d e p ic t e a c h p e r s o n ’s e x p e r ie n c e a c r o s s th e lif e s p a n a n d d r a w a p ic tu r e o f th a t lif e . T h e d a ta d e r iv e d f r o m th e lif e a n d th e T h e o r y c a n e ith e r b e q u a lita tiv e o r q u a n tita tiv e . T h e q u a lita tiv e d a ta te ll th e s to r y. T h e q u a n tita tiv e d a ta me a s u r e th e imp a c t o f th e e x p e r ie n c e a n d a s s ig n a n u mb e r to it, th u s a llo w in g th e r e s e a r c h e r to ma k e c o mp a r is o n s b e tw e e n a n d a mo n g p e o p le . ” 1

T here are multiple va r ia ble s within the pe r son, human environme nt, a nd nonhuma n e nvir onme nt tha t c ontr ib u te to or detrac t f r om lif e . Contr ibutor s ma y he f r e sh a ir, effective he a lth c a r e , a nd a n e ff e c tive e duc a tiona l system . D e tr a c tor s ma y be pove r ty, c r owde d living conditions , no he a lthc a r e , a nd poor e duc a tion. The se factors ma y inte r a c t in wa ys tha t a r e not unde r stood or predicta ble . Two pe ople might ha ve dr a ma tic a lly different re sponse s to simila r c ir c umsta nc e s ( e .g., divorce, p ove r ty) be c a use of the inte r a c tion of va r ia b le s , such as individua l pe r sona litie s,ge ne tic pr e dispositio n s , previous e xpe r ie nc e s, a nd c onc ur r e nt lif e c ir c umsta n c e s . P eople are bor n a t diff e r e nt points in the Thr iving continuum. A he a lthy ba by with suppor tive pa r e nts w ould be e xpe c te d to be gin lif e on the positive , thr iv in g side. A n u nwa nte d ba by with c onge nita l de f e c ts woul d b e expected to be gin a t a lowe r point. I ndividua ls move through var ious points of the Thr iving c ontinuum throughou t the lif e spa n. Some pe ople ma y va r y little, w hile othe r s ma y ha ve dr a stic ups a nd downs. I f a n individual ha s a pe a k e xpe r ie nc e , it would oc c ur a t th e topmost of the mode l a nd be a Thr iving e xpe r ie nc e . C onversely, a ne ga tive e xpe r ie nc e c a n se nd one down below the midpoint in a ne ga tive spir a l a nd c ontr ibut e to failure. D eva sta ting f a ilur e is wor se tha n de a th a nd occurs at the bottom of the mode l.

Fig u r e 3 . T h r iv in g M o d e l

Summary | H a ig h t v ie w s th e s ta te o f th r iv in g a s s o me th in g w h ic h f lu id th r o u g h o u t o n e s lif e ; a h o lis tic lif e s p a n p e r s p e c tiv e f o r s tu d y in g p e o p le th r o u g h a ll s ta g e s o f lif e . T h e f a c to r s in w h ic h c o n tr ib u te to o n e s a b ility to th r iv e a r e s e e n in th e th r e e le n s e s w h ic h H a ig h t d e s c r ib e s in Fig u r e 3 . a s Pe r s o n , H u ma n E n v ir o n me n t a n d N o n h u ma n e n v ir o n me n t. W h e n o n e is th r iv in g th e r e is a s y n e rg y w h ic h o c c u r s b e tw e e n th e s e th r e e e le me n ts .

1 Haight, B. K., Barba, B. E., Courts, N. F., & Tesh, A. S. (2002). Thriving: A Life Span Theory. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(3), 14-22.

T H R E E H OT WELLN ESS A RC H I T ECTU RE TREN DS FO R 2019

Welln e ss De sign is S pr ea d ing Ac r oss Ho sp itality Ar chitec tu r e an d Be yon d

“...Sustain a bility is a bout the he a lth of the pla ne t. Wellness ar c hite c tur e is a bout the he a lth of its occupants , e spe c ia lly huma ns. I t is inf lue nc ing residential a nd c omme r c ia l building de sign, building products, r e a l e sta te de ve lopme nt a nd r e a l e sta te sa les . . .

“ . . . ’ D e s ig n in g f o r w e lln e s s r a th e r th a n me r e ly f itn e s s o r h o s p ita lity in v o lv e s a c a r e f u l c o n s id e r a tio n o f s o c ia l a n d n o n s o c ia l a r e a s . M a c E w e n a n d h is te a m c r a f te d s p e c if ic s p a c e s f o r c o n v e r s a tio n , lik e th e mo n u me n ta l s ta ir c a s e o n th e s e c o n d f lo o r ; s p a c e s f o r s o lid a r ity, lik e th e me d ita tio n r o o m; a n d s p a c e s f o r “ b e in g to g e th e r, a lo n e , ” lik e th e lo u n g e . “ We d id n ’t w a n t to o v e r p r o g r a m a n y o n e r o o m— w h e n y o u d o th a t n o o n e h a n g s o u t th e r e — b u t w e w a n te d to c r e a te a n e mo tio n a l imp a c t th r o u g h o u r u s e o f ma te r ia ls , s e n s e o f c o mp r e s s io n , lig h tin g , a n d w a y f in d in g , ’ . . .

“...Workin g wome n ( a nd me n) a r e busie r tha n e ve r no w, but many a r e se e king f oods, pr oduc ts, spa c e s a nd ha b its that enhan c e the ir he a lth a nd we ll- be ing, a s we ll a s saving them time ... ...‘Younge r ge ne r a tions, spe c if ic a lly Mille nnia ls, value exper ie nc e a nd we ll- be ing whe n ma king lif e sty le choices,” Sc hr e ibe is Smith obse r ve s, a dding, “ This w ill significan tly impa c t the building industr y. We will se e more re-th inking of e a c h r oom in the house a s young e r generations mor e ope n to ne w wa ys of living sur pa ss B aby B oome r s in popula tion a nd spe nding in the c omin g decade.’ .. .

“ . . . ’ T h o u g h th e w e lln e s s tr e n d w ill p la y its e lf o u t a n d c h a n g e o v e r time , p e o p le - c e n tr ic , h e a lth - f o c u s e d d e s ig n w ill e n d u r e in h o s p ita lity a r c h ite c tu r e . Co mb in e d w ith o u r c u r r e n t p r o p e n s ity to w a r d mix e d - u s e s p a c e s a n d a d v a n c e d te c h n o lo g y, b u ild in g b o u n d a r ie s w ill c o n tin u e to b lu r — n o t o n ly b e tw e e n h o te l a n d g y m, b u t a c r o s s in d u s tr ie s o f a ll k in d s . ’ ” 1

... ‘there is a shif t in f oc us to inc lude he a lthy ma te r ia ls that harm ne ithe r the pla ne t or huma ns within the building. This shif t in the pr of e ssiona ls’ f oc us a ligns w ith the shif ting a wa r e ne ss of the c onsume r f or toxin free food, pr oduc ts, a nd e nvir onme nt,” the a r c hite c t points out.’ ... ... ‘T his inc lusion of na tur e in de sign is pr ove n to enhance c ognitive pe r f or ma nc e , c le a nse the a ir, lower stress, reduc e toxins a nd utiliz e mor e r e ne wa ble a nd sustainable r e sour c e s,” Sc hr e ibe is Smith note s.’ ...” 1

1 Jamie Gold, “Three Hot Wellness Architecture Trends For 2019,” Forbes (Forbes Magazine, January 4, 2019)

1 Olivia Martin, “How ‘Wellness’ Design Is Spreading across Hospitality Architecture,” Archpaper.com, May 19, 2017

CASE STUDY

Coworking Spaces “... People who use coworking spaces see their work as meaningful.” “... coworking movement aspires to, including collaboration, learning and sustainability.”

community,

“... They have more job control... And while coworkers value this autonomy, we also learned that they equally value some form of structure in their professional lives. Too much autonomy can actually cripple productivity because people lack routines. Coworkers reported that having a community to work in helps them create structures and discipline that motivates them. Thus, paradoxically, some limited form of structure enables an optimal degree of control for independent workers.” 1

Coworking Spaces

ReGen Villages

46-47

Wellness Kitchen

48-49 WeWork 2

1 Gretchen Spreitzer, Peter Bacevice, and Lyndon Garrett, “Why People Thrive in Coworking Spaces,” Harvard Business Review, November 29, 2018, https://hbr.org/2015/05/why-people-thrive-in-coworking-spaces) 2 WeWork, “2425 E Camelback Rd - Office Space in Camelback East Village,” WeWork, accessed April 26, 2020, https://www.wework.com/buildings/2425-e-camelback-rd--phoenix)

ReGen Villages “... Instead, buildings and communities are being purpose built or renovated expressly with human health and happiness in mind. Recent studies indicate that genetics may account for just 10 to 15 percent of our health outcomes, while lifestyle and environmental factors can account for the rest... ... Despite a global trend toward urbanization, says Yeung, “people want to feel like they live in a village and be part of a community.” Community is more than a bunch of pretty houses clustered into a leafy cul-de-sac, however. “It’s intangible. You can only feel it,” she says. But it’s good for your mental, emotional, and social wellness—not to mention security: You feel safe, like your neighbors have your back. And people are willing to pay a premium for it. “Based on our observations, the trend of wellness real estate is coming like a tsunami,” says Yeung... ... Regenerative communities produce their own healthy food and renewable energy, recycle their own water, and practice sophisticated waste-to-resource management that turns waste into tangible assets. “The future—and new measure of wealth— will be about resiliency and self-reliance,’says Ehrlich.” 1

ReGen Villages2 Founder - James Ehrlich Almere, NetherlandS

ReGen Village1

1 “The Wellness Communities Taking Healthy Living to the Next Level,” Departures, accessed April 26, 2020, https://www.departures.com/art-culture/wellness-communities-taking-healthy-living-next-level) 2 “REGENVILLAGES,” RegenVillages, accessed April 26, 2020, http://www.regenvillages.com/)

“REGENVILLAGES,” RgenVillages, accessed April 26, 2020, http://www.regenvillages.com/)

Wellness Kitchen | Vera Iconica Architecture

Mission “From balanced and functional home and workplace design, to specialized retreat experiences — we design with regenerative wellness in mind. We carefully select building materials and design space layouts to support human and planetary health going beyond today’s rating systems for green or healthy design...

... People spend 90% of their time indoors. So it’d better be good, and good for you. ... We have all felt the beneficial effects of time spent outdoors. In fact, neuroscientists and microbiologists can name the changes in cognitive behavior and brain chemistry that many of us feel after communing with nature. As research continues to establish the positive advantages of wellness living, we build our practice upon the benefits of natural materials and textures that nourish a space, positive rituals that guide our daily activities, and elements that delight the senses.” 1 Wellness Kitc he n

Wellness Kitchen 1

In the past 65 years, our eating and lifestyle habits have changed drastically yet very little has changed in kitchen design. We now know there is a strong correlation between diet and preventable diseases and that a nutritious diet is necessary for a long and healthy life. Our question is, why haven’t kitchen designs caught up to support the healthier way more people eat today? We exist to solve that problem. The kitchen is the true heart of the home. We design the space to comfortably gather, entertain, and nourish one another.” 2

1 2

“Our Work,” Vera Iconica Architecture, accessed March 29, 2020 “Vera Iconica Kitchen,” Vera Iconica Kitchen, accessed March 29, 2020

“Vera Iconica Kitchen,” Vera Iconica Kitchen, accessed March 29, 2020

4 50

Ecotheology

INTRODUCTION

(2)

While being in Graduate School, I been trying to ask myself why am I here ana what God wants me to do in Architecture. Those words have popped in my mind from time to time while being here. From the beginning till now I have discovered my fondness for landscape architectural design being incorporated into architectural design. Through my studio designs that I have done that been heavily dependent on it this idea of bringing nature into architecture. And how I can share the love christ through architectural design. In a way that is Sustainable and Promoting Green Architectural Design. Designing churches in a sustainable manor allows us to show the up and coming generation of how God wants us take care of this Earth.

“The earth is the Lord’s and all that is in it, the world, and those who live in it.”(1)

Psalms 24:1

1 “Psalms 24, New Revised Standard Version (NRSV): The Bible App,” Read the Bible. A free Bible on your phone, tablet, and computer., accessed April 27, 2020, https://my.bible.com/bible/2016/PSA.24.

2 “Mark Hernandez-Schilling,” Bible.com, accessed April 27, 2020, https://my.bible.com/users/MarkHernandez-Schilling/images) NRSV)

Eco-Theology

“Ecotheology is a form of constructive theology that focuses on the interrelationships of religion and nature, particularly in the light of environmental concerns. Ecotheology generally starts from the premise that a relationship exists between human religious/spiritual worldviews and the degradation of nature. It explores the interaction between ecological values, such as sustainability, and the human domination of nature. The movement has produced numerous religious-environmental projects around the world.”(3) “...It has long been apparent that we are facing an ecological crisis of alarming magnitude. The daily news is filled with stories about the devastating effects of climate change; of deteriorating air and water quality; of the landslides caused by deforestation; of species that are endangered; of rising problems to human health. We are all inextricably part of a human process that is quickly bringing to an end the Cenozoic Age of geological history, that 65-million-year period after the extinction of the dinosaurs, when the great complexity and diversity of plant and animal life that we know today came to flourish. In our race to control and exploit the Earth’s natural resources for the benefit of humankind, we have been blind to the fact that we are shutting down the very lifesupporting systems that we depend upon for our survival...”(4) “...How do we weave ourselves back into the web of life? How do we become re-enchanted with the glory of creation? As an architect who designs sacred space, how can I respond to the insights revealed by eco-theology? Once again, I would like to return to the work of Father Berry for the answers. He believes that the real hope lies in our ability to re-establish an integrated sense of the whole, to redefine a cosmology based not upon an anthropocentric view of the human as primary but based instead upon a biocentric understanding of the Earth as primary and the needs of the human as derivative. In order to do this, he believes we need first to examine the inner intentionality of God’s universe as manifested by its three creative principles: differentiation, subjectivity, and communion...”(4)

“...When asked by his own community to suggest an appropriate ecological response, Father Berry replied with this simple question: “How will you address the sun?” In contrast to most churches that are inwardly focused and employ stained glass to create an other-worldly liturgical environment, the entire south façade of the worship space at St. Gabriel’s is glazed with clear glass. This has been done in order to passively harness the winter sun’s energy and to extend the sacred space of the worship area into the sacred space of the world beyond, emphasizing that when we gather to worship, we do so within the greater context of creation: the primary revelatory experience of the divine. As such, the projecting canopy, glazed south façade, and adjacent garden replace the traditional steeple tower and peaked roof as iconic features of a new church typology...”(5) 1 2

(6)

1 2

3 Gaia, “Ecotheology,” Ecotheology, accessed April 27, 2020, http://environment-ecology.com/religion-and-ecology/321-ecotheology.html) 4 “The Architecture of Eco-Theology,” Faith & Form, accessed

5 “The Architecture of Eco-Theology,” Faith & Form, accessed April 27, 2020, https://faithandform.com/feature/the-architecture-of-eco-theology/) 6 “Mark Hernandez-Schilling,” Bible.com, accessed April 27, 2020, https://my.bible.com/users/MarkHernandez-Schilling/images)

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

Singapore New Jurong Church

Krill Architecture Unveils Plans for Circular Solar-Powered Church in Valer, Norway

Sweden’s Sustainably Built Tureberg Church is a Celebration of Life

“...The Singapore New Jurong Church is a contemporary highrise church in a dense city surrounded by high-rise apartments. The building is designed with a square as a basic geometry, with its four sides signifying the World of Man. An ambulatory ramp spirals around the base, signifying the processional way that ascends towards the main worship hall and the roof garden, connecting all the main spaces of the church. This lushly planted route serves to bring in unity the church community and opens out to a gardens and views to the surroundings. These verdant spaces serve as places of contemplation and appreciation of the greenery and water...”(7) “...The form of the church is expressed as offset volumes that are recessed or brought forward to create balconies, sky gardens, and ambulatory spaces. The continuous ramp, which spirals upwards in the building, displaces the volumes of the different floors, allowing for in-between green spaces mediating the hot interior environment of the tropics. The dynamic displacement of the building volumes also enables good natural lighting to illuminate the interior spaces. The roof garden may be used as an outdoor chapel or for wedding ceremonies. It further serves the community by acting as a green respite, when looking out from the surrounding high-rise buildings. The interlacing nature of internal spaces and external green spaces – through the composition of the ascending ramp weaving around and through the interior spaces – embodies the unique experience of a church in the tropics...”(7) Summary | Church designs are changing to be more sustainable and they are being designed in a way that creates spaces that allow people to be connected closely to God. As well as bringing nature to envelope the church creating this beautiful experience for people to be apart of. 1

“Singapore New Jurong Church,” Advanced Architecture

Krill Architecture Unveils Plans for Circular Solar-Powered Church in Valer, Norway

“...Krill Architecture recently unveiled plans for a beautiful circular wooden church for Valer, Norway. The competition entry proposes to renovate the town’s old church ruins with an open ringshaped building that is powered by solar panels. The interior of the ring holds a verdant patio, and the structure would be lifted on one side, giving people the opportunity to come in without crossing a threshold...”(8) “...The church building is designed to meet two important, but seemingly incompatible needs: it provides open gathering spaces (Domus Ecclesiae), involving the church in the community, as well as closed spiritual, secluded spaces (Domus Dei) that offer solace and peace of mind. It is for that reason that the church is planned as an open ring in a newly designed park...”(8) “...Several spaces are collected within the ring under a partly open roof. Toilets, storage, technical spaces, and offices for the pastor and elder men are positioned outside, and can be accessed through the ring-shaped passageway. This layout allows their offices to be reachable from outside. The ruins of the old church will be clad with granite and solar collectors...”(8) Summary | Designing churches in ways that are sustainable and that helps people come closer to God in nature. Providing spaces that help connect the surrounding communities to God and having these spaces that provide closed areas that provide peace of mind, are ways people can come closer to God. 1

8 “Krill Architecture Unveils Plans for Circular Solar-Powered Church in Valer, Norway,” Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building, accessed April 27, 2020, https://inhabitat.com/ krill-architecture-unveils-plans-for-circular-solar-powered-church-invaler-norway/)

Sweden’s Sustainably Built Tureberg Church is a Celebration of Life

“...The sustainably built Tureberg Church in Sollentuna (outside Stockholm), Sweden stresses the importance of living a green lifestyle. The vicar Anders Roos explains: “The world’s resources aren’t infinite and we must be economic with the gifts God has donated...”(9) “...The project was designed by Swedish Tallius Myhrman, and Helena Tallius Myhrman served as the project manager. Myhrman sought to create an ambitious project on a site where people go about their normal lives in different ways – the project is set next to one of Stockholm’s biggest shopping malls, with over 130 shops and 1,500 parking spaces...”(9) “...Both the materials and building style were carefully considered to stress the importance of a green and sustainable lifestyle that respects the resources on planet Earth. The architects have aimed to ‘give back’ the space that the church claims to nature, by giving it a roof made of sedum plants that is green all year round. The roof offers many advantages, such as absorbing greenhouse gases, creating a quiet surface, and isolating the building from heat and cold. The walls were molded in concrete on-site to create a long-lasting design that is (very close to) maintenance-free and has a minimal impact on the environment. The building is calculated to have a lifetime of 100 years...”(9) Summary | Being able to design churches that show care for the earth that God put us on to take care of is a great way to think. Being able to build churches that are sustainable and incorporate greend design are way we can not only Praise God throught the design, but aslo show how much we care and respect what God has given us.1 9 “Sweden’s Sustainably Built Tureberg Church Is a Celebration of Life,” Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building, accessed April 27, 2020, https://inhabitat.com/swedens-sustainablybuilt-tureberg-church-is-a-celebration-of-life/)

CASE STUDY

Dense Green Enhancing Building Typologies for Sustainable Urban Architecture

Affordable Green Housing / OFF & Duncan Lewis SCAPE Architecture

“Stefano Boeri’s La Tour Des Cedres Will Be Covered with Plants.”

“A project that inspired me when I saw it recently was the “…Mountain Dwellings in Ørestad, Denmark.” This building was a challenge for the architects because they had to make 2/3 of the space available for parking while building apartment units at the same time. Using ingenuity they were able to create apartment units that were co-planar and tilted at an approximately 45 degree angle and they were, “…terraced in ten layers, each with its own private rooftop garden and the adjacent unit with exposure on three of four sides.” The plants chosen are seasonal and there is a watering system designed as part of the building as well. As my knowledge of sustainable and green architecture expands, I find myself fascinated with how they bring gardens to rooftops thus drawing people closer to nature. My enthusiasm is further ignited when I think of ways that I can create similar designs.” 1

1 Schröpfer Thomas, Dense Green Enhancing Building Typologies for Sustainable Urban Architecture (Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2015))

Affordable Green Housing / OFF & Duncan Lewis SCAPE Architecture

“...OFF & Duncan Lewis SCAPE Architecture shared with us their proposal for the Anglet Logements where they were invited to conciliate a project where the interests of protagonists are sometimes contradictory: the density of needed housing, the neighbors’ quality of living as well as the conservation of fauna and flora. This is an opportunity to invent new scenarios and to propose a strategy that reconciles history and development. More images and architects’ description after the break...” “Think of us in this way, as servants of Christ and stewards of God’s mysteries. Moreover, it is required of stewards that they may be found trustworthy.” 1 Corinthians 4:1-2 Summary | New designs that incorporate green architectural design that would provide better quality housing for low-income communities. By enveloping the project with vegetation, it allows people to be more connected with the natural environment. This would allow people to live in a better environment. It would allow us as humans to flourish an thrive.

“Stefano Boeri’s La Tour Des Cedres Will Be Covered with Plants.”

“...Another project I saw recently that inspired me was, “La Tour des Cedres, or The Cedar Trees Tower.” The roofs on the building are built to house plants, including Cedar trees. The design is made with the goal that the tree leaves will help by producing oxygen, absorbing carbon dioxide and improving the overall quality of the air in the city. This is all in addition to being a visually pleasing oasis in the middle of a European city. What captivated me about this project is that it allows for a natural way of filtering the air into oxygen and it utilizes natural elements to accomplish this. Designs like this inspire me to look more into how nature can positively impact the surrounding areas, but have functional design, and aesthetics in addition to being more responsible to the environment...”

1 2

1 Alison Furuto, “Affordable Green Housing / OFF & Duncan Lewis SCAPE Architecture,” ArchDaily (ArchDaily, December 12, 2011), https://www.archdaily.com/187509/affordable-green-housing-off-duncan-lewis-scape-architecture) 2 “1 Corinthians 4, New Revised Standard Version (NRSV): The Bible App,” Read the Bible. A free Bible on your phone, tablet, and computer., accessed April 27, 2020, https://my.bible.com/bible/2016/ 1CO.4.NRSV)

Alyn Griffiths, “Stefano Boeri’s La Tour Des Cedres Will Be Covered with Plants,”

Dezeen, October 11, 2019, https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/10/stefano-bo-

eri-la-tour-des-cedres-evergreen-trees-plants-tower-vertical-forest-lau-

5 64

SOCIAL JUSTICE X DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

From the same book mentioned above, there is, in architecture, a general relation between values and design throughout the history of the discipline. Although it is important to distinguish which values are related to design principles and in what ways. This chapter examines architecture as a general application domain in which values have been of central concern throughout its history. Here, we will also consider the distinction between implicit and explicit values, the unexpected and expected effects of design intentions, the distinction between general values and their particular (historical) readings, and perhaps most importantly, how architecture as an integral part of design can be used as a tool to help solve the ever increasing issues of homelessness, promote design and social justice and help create a more coherent society. It is a fact that right from the industrial revolution era, people have been

Noted in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Handbook of Ethics, Values and Technological Designâ&#x20AC;? written by Jeoren Van de Hoven and co, the notion of design for values, or value-sensitive design, is founded on the idea that design principles are related to ethical, moral, social, and political values. Design itself have become a very integral part of human civilization that mediate how we live and navigate the world around us; how we sleep, how we eat, how we learn, how we work, where we work, where we live, how we love, how we perceive things, how we connect to other humans and interact with our environment are all by design. Through design, standards of what is normal or what is perceived as normal and desirable are set. This, in effect, presents design as a medium or channel through which social justice can be promoted.

moving towards cities. Evidence shows that out of the three billion people living in cities today, and approximate one billion live under the poverty line. By 2030, out of the five billion people that are estimated to be living in the cities, about two billion are going to be living under the poverty line. Given that inflation and job opportunities or the lack of it continue to be major economic concerns, the number of homeless people will continue to rise. So, the question is how do we, as creative thinkers, help make one of the most basic human needs accessible? As the trend toward greater urbanization continues, the expertise of architects will and should be central to finding equitable and just solutions. Today, more than 50 percent of people worldwide live in cities and this figure is estimated to go up to 90 percent by the end of the century. Being that population density in most cities are already creating untold hardship and homelessness, it is easy to imagine that these problems will intensify in the near future.

Exploding urban population means humanity will be even more dependent on the built environment. This will fundamentally increase the role of the architect in society. Architects will be at the forefront of creating a more equitable and just world. But this will happen only if we have the innovation, ingenuity, and leadership of everyone who shares this vision of creating a more equitable and coherent society. The choices we make today will determine if architects can be trusted partners who will deliver solutions that help solve society’s most urgent challenges and promote social justice, or if the profession will become an artifact of a bygone era, relegated to the sidelines of social advancement and achievement. Ultimately, we are more than designers and builders—we are facilitators and problem solvers. We are at our most effective when we remember that everyone deserves to be heard. As we are called on to lead efforts to meet the challenges of fighting climate change and increasing sustainability, economic equity, and opportunity for all, the profession of architecture must reflect the demographic diversity of society. To achieve our fundamental goal of driving positive change through the power of design, we have to empower those who have been ignored for too long. It is our duty to create spaces that allow everyone to become the best version of themselves. The power of design lies in its ability to synthesize ideas. To break down complex problems through creative thinking. The more complex the problem, the more the need for simplicity. The idea of simplicity, which, in a way, is the hallmark of Laugier “primitive hut”, can be further exploited and used as a tool or an ideology to help combat the many challenges of urbanization. This ideology can also play a major role in solving the homelessness crisis. Following the idea of laugier’s primitive hut – simplifying the problem or striping architecture of unnecessary elements, using renewable and available local materials and reconnecting to nature. It is arguable that these alone cannot fix all the issues of design injustice and homeless but these will be steps in the right direction.

Laugier argues that architects have to serve as a mediator between man and nature. But most cities around the world today are nothing more than concrete jungles with little or no regards for nature. And comparing how much we have built to the exponential homeless population, one may conclude that urbanization has separated us from nature and robbed us of our humanity. This is not to say that architecture alone can solve every design injustice and homelessness. Although the profession is perfectly positioned to play major roles in providing innovative solutions, all stakeholders – the community, government and government agencies, developers, investors, designers, just to name a few – must all contribute not just in the quest to curb homelessness but also design injustice in general. In the last global survey undertaken by the Habitat for Humanity in 2015, there were an estimated 150 million people who were homeless worldwide and 1.6 billion who live in inadequate shelter. This number has escalated in recent years; unaffordable housing has become a global norm, making it increasingly difficult for the disadvantaged to seek out permanent, or even temporary shelter. Homelessness is a socio-political issue, a product or a byproduct of our value system – a trickle down economy where only crumbs get to the bottom. A value system that preaches “the winner takes all” ideology. As noted in the first few paragraphs of this chapter, everything is by design. And if all design, including architecture are manifestations of our values, then homelessness is a creation of ours. Solving the issue requires that we question our value system as a society. We have to own the problem. While architects and other designers are tasked with finding better ways to reorganize how to build and interact with our environment, other stakeholders must pick up the mantle and help in creating a more inclusive world.

Although many concerned individuals and organizations are already in the forefront of this battle with notable projects across the world, the rest of the society have to collectively build a value system that celebrates inclusiveness and design justice. Homelessness is a socio-political issue, a product or a byproduct of our value system â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a trickle down economy where only crumbs get to the bottom. A value system that preaches â&#x20AC;&#x153;the winner takes allâ&#x20AC;? ideology. As noted in the first few paragraphs of this chapter, everything is by design. And if all design, including architecture are manifestations of our values, then homelessness is a creation of ours. Solving the issue requires that we question our value system as a society. We have to own the problem. While architects and other designers are tasked with finding better ways to reorganize how to build and interact with our environment, other stakeholders must pick up the mantle and help in creating a more inclusive world. Although many concerned individuals and organizations are already in the forefront of this battle with notable projects across the world, the rest of the society have to collectively build a value system that celebrates inclusiveness and design justice. After exploring some interesting concepts, here are some of the proposals that focus on short-term solutions for the homeless: re-habit box stores, dome sleeping pods, 3D Printed Hexagonal Pods, detachable pods, emergency shelters and parasitic housing.

Summary | Many concepts like the ones mentioned above and the Reed Watts temporary modular sleeping pods proposal all provide temporary solutions to the problem for the homeless Although these are brilliant ideas, other NGOs and interest groups are seeking a more permanent solutions to the crisis. Below is an example of a more permanent approach.

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

Social Justice by Design

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Bridge to Permanent Housing

“ Architecture is more than the product of the technological tools we use or the sum of our imagination and expertise. At its best, architecture is a lasting physical manifestation of our highest ideals and most cherished values. While the world we live in today is the most socially aware and connected in human history, too many people still experience the daily indignities created by social injustice in all its variations. Our legacy and long-term relevance depend on our ability to help close the divides of class, gender, and race through the power of design. To that end, I believe that architecture and architects have an essential role in advancing social justice by focusing on design justice. It is my opinion that the only way we will achieve those ends is by including the voices, experiences, and cultural perspectives of a diverse cross section of people. As Henry David Thoreau observed, “It’s not what you look at that matters, it’s what you see.” What we “see,” to a considerable degree, is shaped by our experiences and how society sees us and relates to us throughout our lives. Therefore, in my view, advancing social justice through design justice and increasing the diversity and inclusion of the profession are inextricably linked. Diversity helps a team, a community, and even a nation “see” problems more holistically and find lasting solutions that satisfy the needs and encourage the achievements of everyone. For architecture and architects to thrive in an ever-more-complex and diverse world, the creativity, contribution, and leadership of everyone will be essential, without regard to gender, race, or socioeconomic background.

Why? As the trend toward greater urbanization continues, the expertise of architects could and should be central to finding equitable and just solutions. Today, more than 50 percent of people worldwide live in cities. By the end of the century, some estimates put that number at close to 90 percent. As the urbanization trend continues, humanity will be even more dependent on the built environment. That could fundamentally change the role of the architect in society. Architects could be at the forefront of creating a more equitable and more just built world—and by extension society—no matter the nation, but only if we have the innovation, ingenuity, and leadership of everyone who shares our vision. The choices we make today will determine if architects can be trusted partners who will deliver solutions that help solve society’s most urgent challenges and promote social justice, or if the profession is an artifact of a bygone era, relegated to the sidelines of social advancement and achievement. Ultimately, we are more than designers and builders—we are facilitators. We are at our most effective when we remember that everyone deserves to be heard. As we are called on to lead efforts to meet the challenges of fighting climate change and increasing sustainability, economic equity, and opportunity for all, the profession of architecture must reflect the demographic diversity of society. To achieve our fundamental goal of driving positive change through the power of design, we have to empower those who have been too long ignored. We have to create spaces that allow everyone to become their best selves through the power of design.”

Bridge to Permanent Housing “Emergency shelters, temporary housing, and other kinds of “bridge housing” are important parts of the solution to homelessness. It can take time to find permanent places for people to live after they have lost their homes. And when a community has a shortage of affordable housing, it takes time to build new homes! Shelters get homeless people off the streets and provide a place to stay temporarily while looking for a long-term solution. They can provide places to sleep, store belongings, take a shower, and make meals. Shelters can also help people begin to get back on their feet by helping with housing and job searches, connecting parents with daycare and other resources for young children, and making sure school-age kids are enrolled in school and connected with school staff who can support them. It is also important for homeless people and families to move quickly into permanent housing solutions. Many programs are implementing a “Housing First” approach by quickly connecting homeless people to permanent housing without pre-conditions and requirements such as sobriety. “Continuum s of Care” (regional and local planning bodies that coordinate housing and services funding for homeless families and individuals) throughout the country are implementing coordinated entry system processes to ensure all people experiencing a housing crisis have fair and equal access and are quickly identified, assessed for, referred, and connected to housing and assistance based on their strengths and needs. Some organizations and communities are starting up host home programs to address the specific housing needs of homeless youth...”

CASE STUDY

Perkins and Will | LA Homeless Shelters The Perkins and Will pods come with a lockable wardrobe and twinsized bed. As a response to the homeless crisis in Los Angeles, the architectural firm designed theses modular 7’ x 6’ pods . These sleeping pods provide heightened privacy and serve as temporary homes. Multiple pods can be assembled together to create bigger spaces to provide temporary shelters for families. The pods also come with standard power outlet, and a frame for a twin bed. An optional fabric canopy can be used to cover openings, helping increase privacy

Perkins and Will

Social Housing

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Launched by LA Mayor Eric Garcetii, the pods are called “Bridge homes” and the project is mostly focused on creating emergency shelter for homeless residents.. LA intends to create 1,600 new beds throughout the city, along with replacing many existing beds. The Dome system responds to “the urgent need for specialized furnishings that can be rapidly deployed at a low cost”, said Perkins and Will in a project statement. The pods are designed to be slid up against a standard drywall partition, which supplies the electrical connection. Recessed lights are integrated into the exterior of each unit, providing soft illumination at night. The design calls for using solid surface panels – a Corian-like product – to create the pod’s shell and internal shelving. Birch plywood would be used for the wardrobe door. The pods are designed to be collapsible, making them easy to store and transport.

Indeed, the recent collaboration between Los Angeles architect Michael Maltzan the Skid Row Housing Trust hints towards what is possible. The recently completed Crest Housing is a stunning project that provides not just living units for homeless veterans but also ample space for social and community programs. If we analyze the differences between successful social housing and the projects that fail, it becomes clear that although good design is crucialâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; the elimination of stigmatized, monotonous towers of beigeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;what is possibly more important is a collaboration with governments and charities to create housing that is socially supported and community-oriented.

Dome Sleeping Units, Perkins and Will, Los Angeles, 2019

Social Housing | Michael Maltzan Architecture The funding and development of more social housing is crucial in ameliorating the issue of homelessness. In Finland, rates of homelessness have gone down by 35% since 2010, while rates have steadily risen in the rest of Europe and the developed world. This decline is a result of the Housing First scheme, which works by the philosophy that a permanent home is the first step, before subsequently tackling issues of family breakdown or substance abuse that led to the loss of housing. All the emergency shelters of Finland were transformed into permanent accommodation, and with the building of more housing blocks, the scheme created 6000 new housing units for the homeless. This proved to be much more cost-effective in the long-term compared to short-term solutions. Although more social housing is essential, the development of good social housing is also necessary. A possible reason why Housing First has worked so well compared to other social housing developments is that it is not relying simply on building more houses but also ensuring that they are attached to various support services. Local government support is crucial in its funding and its residents can receive relevant financial and housing advice.

Crest Appartments, Michael Maltzn Architecture, Los Angeles, 2016

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WOMEN IN ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

The number of women in the workforce has changed dramatically. Now, it is not uncommon to see women and men working along side each other. It is even now common for women to hold a high ranking position at their jobs. Some fields have skyrocketed in numbers with women taking on majority of the roles within that industry. Some of those professions are Nurse Practitioners making up 91.5%, Preschool and Kindergarten teachers making up 97.2%, Social Workers making up 81.9% and Flight Attendants making up 75.8%. 1 With the drastic development of women taking on a more predominate role in the job industry there are still some job fields that lack in the number of women, such as Civil Engineering with 13.9%, Computer Programmers with 20.3%, Construction Management 10% and last but not least Architecture 20%. 1

More women are completing their APX hours and are taking the Architecture Registration Exam (ARE) and becoming licensed. More women are becoming principles and holding a leadership position within the Architecture community. The percent gap of women and men is still drastic. Men still out number women in the work force. But the numbers of women and men on their educational journey are now beginning to equal out in numbers. More and more women are graduating with their Bachelors and Masters in Architecture. But sadly, graduating with your degree in Architecture does not translate into becoming an architect. After completing ones educational journey there is the completion of APX hours which equal out to 3,740 hours 2 and then take the Architect Registration Examination (ARE). Considering the increase of women in the recent years, it is important to celebrate every woman who overcame all the hurdles in the architectural field!

Historically speaking, Engineering, Computer Programming, Construction, and Architecture are considered to be a male dominated career, due to fact that they are seen to be a more hands on rigorous field. But, recently speaking those outlooks are changing and numbers are increasing with women in those fields. Specifically speaking the number of women in architecture. The numbers may not be taking a rapid increase, but they are increasing every year. More women are enrolling in Architecture school.

1 Staff Writers, “Non Traditional Employment for Women: Expert Career Advice,” LearnHowToBecome. org (LearnHowToBecome.org, April 21, 2019), https://www.learnhowtobecome.org/career-resource-center/underrepresented-careers-for-women/)

1 “NBTN 2017 Demographics,” NCARB, July 21, 2017, https://www.ncarb.org/nbtn2017/demographics)

SUPPORTING ARTICLES

DEMOGRAPHICS “Licensure candidates and new architects are more diverse than ever before. In 2016, women accounted for 36 percent of newly licensed architects and 42 percent of new ARE candidates. Racial and ethnic diversity is also improving, although at a slower pace. For comparison, 15 percent of new architects and 30 percent of new exam candidates identified as non-white.” “For the first time, gender equity improved along every career stage— from starting an NCARB Record to earning an NCARB Certificate. In 2016, women accounted for 47 percent of new AXP participants and 42 percent of new ARE candidates. While women remain underrepresented among practitioners, they now account for 36 percent of newly licensed architects, compared to 34 percent in 2015.”

Deographics

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Zaha: How Did She Change Architecture and Its View of Women

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AXP Completions by Women Reach Record High

1 “NBTN 2017 Demographics,” NCARB, July 21, 2017, https://www.ncarb.org/nbtn2017/demographics)`

“Last year, women represented 40 percent of AXP completions—the highest proportion on record. Several program changes, which were designed to remove unnecessary hurdles, may have contributed to this shift. These include a reduction in the AXP’s required hours and the re-alignment of experience areas (see AXP Completions Reach All-Time High). By refocusing these areas to mirror the phases of an architecture project, candidates of all backgrounds have been able to approach the AXP with greater flexibility.” “Women accounted for 38 percent of ARE completions in 2016, a slight improvement from the previous year. Since completing the ARE is often the final step to licensure, this upward trend suggests gender equity will improve among future generations of architects.”

Summary | The field of architecture is evolving. The number of women in this field is steadily rising. According to NCARB (National Council of Architectural Registration Boards) in the year 2016 women represented 40% of the AXP completions, which was a record high. Also, within the year 2016, the dynamic of the testing and hour requirement changed. Making it more accommodating to those participants, which included mainly women. The number of ARE completions by women also increase 2% from the previous year 2015. Overall, the number of women with in the field of architecture are promising they are increasing yearly in all aspects including- education, APX hours and exam completion. The future of Architecture is looking to become a more gender diverse field. 1

ARE Completions by Women on the Rise

On average, women earn an initial license almost 10 months sooner than their male peers. While the time to licensure has been declining for both genders, women have consistently completed the path in less time 1

1 “NBTN 2017 Demographics,” NCARB, July 21, 2017, https://www.ncarb.org/nbtn2017/demographics)

1 graphics)

“NBTN 2017 Demographics,” NCARB, July 21, 2017, https://www.ncarb.org/nbtn2017/demo-

Zaha Hadid: How did she change architecture and its view of women? Today, Hadid’s ongoing legacy, embodied in her creations around the world in 2004, when she became the first woman to win the coveted Pritzker Architecture Prize. Hadid, who is widely seen as the greatest female architect of contemporary times, reshaped architecture for the modern epoch. Dubbed a diva, the caffeine-loving, chain-smoking “Queen of the Curve”, who won the Stirling Prize twice, was also famed for her larger-than-life personality. Speaking about her tremendous acclaim in receiving the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture back in 2016, the artist, architect and designer said she still did not feel like she belonged to the establishment. Nevertheless, she did admit: “I suppose I must be part of the establishment now. I’ve always been independent and, because I’m ‘flamboyant’, I’ve always been seen as difficult. As a woman in architecture, you’re always an outsider. It’s OK, I like being on the edge.” This brings us to the question of how Hadid revolutionised modern architecture itself and the role of women within it. She was renowned for her disregard for dull functionality and penchant for experimentation. The architect would not compromise her concepts or designs for practical constraints or technology. Instead, her swooping, curved, futuristic buildings tended to be structurally intricate. Hadid also massively changed the industry for fellow female architects. She gave them a role model and someone to inspire towards, as Despina Stratigakos, associate professor and interim chair of architecture at the State University of New York and author of Where Are The Women Architects?, explains so lucidly in a piece for The Conversation in the wake of Zaha’s death. “With Hadid’s passing, we have lost a role model in a field that has few others,” she says. “That is not to say that there are not a great many accomplished and inspiring women in architecture. But none have achieved Hadid’s prominence – as, indeed, have few male architects.” “ Against all odds and a great deal of prejudice, she broke one glass ceiling after another, no mean feat when that glass was as hard and thick as concrete.” 1

1 Maya Oppenheim @mayaoppenheim, “This Woman Not Only Changed the Face of Architecture but Shaped Women’s Role in the Industry,” The Independent (Independent Digital News and Media, June 2, 2017), https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/zaha-hadid-architect-why-important-iraq-women-buildings-google-doodle-architecture-a7763836.html)

Summary | Zaha Hadid is known to be one of the more legendary female architects we have had the honor of experiencing. Zaha was the first female archiect to win the Priztker prize, not once, but twice. She made her unique mark on architetcure, and was dubbed, â&#x20AC;&#x153; The Queen of Curve.â&#x20AC;? Even though Zaha Hadid made her mark it was not without challenges. In this article she opened up about how it she did not feel like she belonged in the male dominated industry that architecture is. But, Zaha did not back down. She loved the challenge and stay true to herself and her designs. In an industry that is mainly male dominated she gave young female architects a role model.

CASE STUDY

Heydar Aliyev Center

SÃ£o Paulo Museum of Art

São Paulo Museum of Art | LINA BO BARDI

Heydar Aliyev Center | ZAHA HADID

CONCEPT | “She designed a building with a massive split through its midsection, burying half of it below the terrace and lifting the other half into the sky. As a result, the plaza remained open and unobstructed, and in 1968, the iconic São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP) was born.”

CONCEPT | “This was an incredibly ambitious project and for me,” Hadid said. “It was always my dream to design and build the theoretical project and that was the closet thing to achieving that.”

ARCHITECT | Lina Bo Bardi BUILT | 1968 LOCATION | Sao Paulo, Brazil

ARCHITECT | Zaha Hadid Architects BUILT | 2013 LOCATION | Baku, Azerbaijan 1

1 Romullo Baratto, “Spotlight: Lina Bo Bardi,” ArchDaily (ArchDaily, December 4, 2019), https://www.archdaily.com/575429/spotlight-lina-bo-bardi)

1 Marcus Fairs | 1 July 2014 7 comments, “Heydar Aliyev Center Was ‘an Incredibly Ambitious Project’ Says Hadid,” Dezeen, May 10, 2015, https://www.dezeen.com/2014/07/01/designs-of-the-year2014-zaha-hadid-saffet-kaya-bekiroglu-interview-heydar-aliyev/)

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