structure
Environment
construction
Alex Dever SEC Technology II 04 June 2012
Table of Contents Architectural Intent + Site Strategy Integrated Strategies Analysis + Conjectures Research
12 14
Code Analysis + Conjectures Research Fire Egress Accessibility
17 18 20 24 26
Structure Analysis + Conjectures Research Lateral Load Gravity Load Worksheets
29 30 31 34 35
Environment Analysis + Conjectures Research Active Systems Passive Systems Day-lighting
43 44 47 51 53
Construction Analysis + Conjectures Research Building Envelope Detail
59 60 63 66
Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
The approach toward the architecture within this project stems from the initial inquiries formulating in the SEC studio, specifically noting the scale of site, body, and hand. Site situates itself toward the context and the larger scale of the Cranbrook campus. Perceptions are stimulated through the exterior of the architecture and how the architecture reacts to the forces of the site. The body is anchored by the group of people interacting with the architecture. The programme responds to the scale of the body in how the people utilize the space. The scale of the hand nestles into the architecture through the details and materials. As an individual experiences the architecture, moments made through the details penetrate through, invoking intrigue and delight.
Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
Architectural Intent
5
structure environment construction
Intentions Toward Technology of Site Cranbrook as a school has always been influenced by technology, however traditions have always been celebrated through the architecture found speckled throughout the campus. The introduction of a wellness center in one of the most tranquil portions of campus presents a dialogue of how Cranbrook, as a community, could be developing. Proposing the inclusion of a wellness center, which promotes overnight guests, incorporates the traditions of the “artists in residence” and creates two separate functions for a wellness center. There is a place for individuals to spend the day, as a more public function, and there is a place for individuals to spend a greater amount of time, overnight. Both of these functions communicate the desire for a separation between the two. There becomes a specialization in what each function offers to the individual, creating two zones - one for the day user and one for the overnight user.
Figure 1: Studios Addition
Intentions Toward Technology of Body
Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
6
The programme of a wellness center requires an amount of technology in order to keep the zones hygienic and comfortable. However, this technology does not want to be put on display, revealing a disconnect from the individual becoming well and the architecture’s functional role. A wellness center desires to be a mediator between an individual and their wellness journey, not a distraction. Therefore, the technology at the level of the body is to be subdued, supporting the wellness of individuals, but in the background.
Figure 2: Natatorium Entry
Intentions Toward Technology of Hand The details and materials found within Cranbrook are vast and intricate. In response to the traditions of Cranbrook, the materials respond contextually, however with the implementation of technology, the application of detail manipulates traditional uses, and harvests an architecture that portrays novelty and molds elegantly within the campus.
Figure 3: Archives Addition
structure environment construction
Site Strategy The site for the wellness center is on the north side of the grand allée, directly east of the natatorium. The site was chosen because of the prominent disconnect between the natatorium and the drop-off to the east, enabling a desire to intervene the promenade. The site influences include the axis of the grand allée, a rhythm from the trees to the north, and a zoning created through the natatorium’s response to the grand allée. Each of these influences have more minute forces acting on them from the larger context as well. Forces pertaining to portal, promenade, and nesting.
7 Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
Figure 4: Site, Body, and Hand Plan Diagrams
Figure 5: Site Force Diagram
structure environment construction SCALE: 1” = 50’
Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
8
Figure 6: Context Site Plan
Site Plan The wellness center is situated straddling the grand allĂŠe and the trees to the north. The grand allĂŠe is the more public zone of the wellness center, and the interior reacts to that programmatically. The tress form more of a private zone, and the spaces within the wellness center respond to that as the individualized rooms protrude into the forest.
structure environment construction
Figure 7: Grand AllĂŠe Axis
9
Figure 10: Rhythm + Promenade
Architectural Intent + Site Strategy
Figure 9: Zoning
Figure 8: Grand AllĂŠe (looking west toward the natatorium)
structure environment construction
Integrated Strategies
Integrated Strategies
The integration of components within the architecture is vital for the success of the wellness center at Cranbrook. The programmatic spaces of the wellness center are to be enlightening, however not distracting from the objective. Careful consideration toward the masking, as well as revealing, of elements was implemented. These considerations are applied through physical, visual, and performance methods. Physically by the manipulation of finishes, visually by hiding active and passive systems, and through the duality of architectural elements, performance integration is achieved.
11
structure environment construction
Physical Integration Through the implementation of a manipulated ceiling, a plenum is created in between the inhabited space and the floor above. This plenum space allows the opportunity to create an experience for the user, apart from the requirements of the function. Within the plenum, methods such as structure, HVAC, and lighting are contained. In hiding these elements, a notion of programmatic zoning, as well as thermal zoning, can occur. Visual Integration The visual integration of the thermal, HVAC, lighting, and experiential components creates a phenomenon, which enlightens the user past the distractions of function. Performance Integration The performance of architectural elements lies within the integration of specialized components. Opposed to using only a monolithic notion of construction, a layered construction where each element specializes in a specific objective is utilized.
Integrated Strategies Analysis + Conjectures
12
structure environment construction
integrated performance integrated structure integrated HVAC integrated lighting inhabited space exterior Figure 11: Integration Diagram
13 Integrated Strategies Analysis + Conjectures structure environment construction
Precedence Kunsthaus Bregenz - Peter Zumthor Zumthor creates a phenomenal experience by lifting boxes in the Kunsthaus and dropping the ceiling to minimize the distractions within the space. He also has an intriguing moment as one moves from the exterior to the interior. It is as though an individual is walking through a portal, and goes through a transformation in someway.
Figure 12: Kunsthaus Bergenz, Peter Zumthor, Threshold Detail
Integrated Strategies Research
14
Figure 13: Kunsthaus Bergenz, Peter Zumthor, Ceiling Detail
structure environment construction
GSW Headquarters - Sauerbruch + Hutton The GSW Headquarters utilizes a double skin wall in order to flush out stale hot air, as well as bring in fresh air through the building. This notion begins to mesh together passive strategies or cooling and ventilating, as well as methods of construction and details.
Figure 14: Ventilation Diagram
15 Integrated Strategies
Figure 15: GSW Headquarters, Sauerbruch + Hutton, Facade
structure environment construction
Code
Code Analysis + Conjectures
The building code establishes requirements, but also allows for opportunities in design, and in doing so the code proves an effective design. Specifics pertaining to fire code, occupancy, and accessibility are portrayed most thoroughly in the wellness center at Cranbrook.
17
structure environment construction
Research Architect’s Studio Companion Through the utilization of the Architect’s Studio Companion, a general sense of the building code, specifically the International Building Code, can be established. By understanding and design with the code, the design for the wellness center can truly succeed.
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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE EGRESS WIDTHS: INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE
800
N_(243-294)Egress2_3rdpas
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COMPONENTS OF THE EGRESS SYSTEM
700
The function of a building egress
600
”
system is to conduct the occupants of the building to a safe place in 500 case of a fire or other emergency. In most instances that safe place is a public way or other large open space at ground level. For the occu400 pants of the upper floors of a tall building,or for people who are inca” 5 pacitated or physically restrained, 0. 300 ” the safe place may be a fire-pro0.6 ” Example 0.7 tected area of refuge within the building itself. 200 ” 1.0 Although the model building Exit access corridors may be opencodes differ in their approaches to Width per the components of an egress occupant balconies on the exterior of asizing 100 their requirements for the building. Such access ways shouldsystem, 268 configuration of egress systems are be designed to prevent the accu-similar and are summarized togethsection. mulation of0 standing water, and iner inAthis 36” 44” 60” 80” 100” 120” 140” 160” 180” 200” 220” Clear width of corridor and stair building egress system has cold climates, should be protectedthree components: 0.
4”
0.3
”
Occupants per exit
0.2
”
0.15
THE EXIT ACCESS
EXTERIOR CORRIDORS
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number of 3’-0” doors
1
2 1
3
4
2
Number 4’-0”exit doors access type5of exit access isofan corridor, but itNumber may also be an of pairs of 3’-0” doors 3 4 without center aisle, a path across a mullion room, or a short stair or ramp.
Figure 18: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.268)
2. The exit is an enclosed, protected way of travel leading from the exit access to the exit discharge. From a ground floor room or exit access corridor, it may be simply a door opening to the outdoors, or an enclosed, protected exit passageDead-end pockets in exit accessway leading to such a door. From a or an exit access corridor on corridors are undesirable, but theyroom a story above or below grade, it is are tolerated for most buildingusually an enclosed exit stairway, sometimes an enclosed exit occupancies within the lengthor ramp.
DEAD-END CORRIDORS
restrictions listed for each model code on pages 266–267 and 274–275.
Figure 16: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.247) 3. The exit discharge is a means of moving from an exit to a public way. It may be as simple as a door opening from an enclosed exit stairway to the street, but it can also be a protected exit corridor to an exterior door, or a path across a ground floor vestibule or lobby. These three components of an egress system are discussed in greater detail on the pages that fol-
low. Also included are simplified standards for the preliminary design of these components, condensed from the model building codes treated in this book. The standards summarized here apply to new buildings. For 247 existing buildings, certain of the standards are more permissive;consult the appropriate building code for details.
Figure 17: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 249), Dead End Corridors
structure environment construction
CONFIGURING THE EGRESS SYSTEM
1
from the accumulation of snow by1. The exit access conducts occuNumber of 3’-4” doors 1 2 3 4 5 6 pants to an exit. The most common overhangs or roofs above.
CONFIGURING THE EGRESS SYSTEM
Code Research
18
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE Basements
is also required for any A-3 occupancy with:
USE GROUP A-3: ASSEMBLY, MISCELLANEOUS
A single-story basement is not included in area calculations, provided that the basement area does not exceed the area permitted for a one-story building.
• A floor having an occupant load of 30 or more located more than 55 ft (17 m) above grade
Sprinklers An approved sprinkler system is required for Group A-3 occupancies when located on a floor other than the level of exit discharge, with floor area exceeding 12,000 sq ft (1115 m2) or with an occupant load of 300 or more. However, a sprinkler system is not required for A-3 occupancies when used exclusively as participant sports areas and located on the level of exit discharge, regardless of floor area or occupant load. A sprinkler system
• Any story or basement greater than 1500 sq ft (139 m2) in area without openings to the exterior
Excess Frontage If more than 25% of the building perimeter fronts on a street or open space at least 20 ft (6.1 m) wide that is accessible to firefighting vehicles, the tabulated area limitations below may be increased according to the following table. For example, for a building with half of its perimeter accessible to firefighting equipment via a space not less than 24 ft (7.3 m) wide, the allowable area increase is:
• Most underground portions of the building where occupancy occurs more than 30 feet (9 m) below the lowest level of exit discharge
Fire Walls For multiplication of the allowable area by subdividing the building with fire walls, see page 302.
OCCUPANCY GROUP A-3: ASSEMBLY, MISCELLANEOUS Noncombustible
CONSTRUCTION TYPE
3-Hour (page 308)
2-Hour (page 309)
1-Hour (page 310)
IBC NOMENCLATURE
Type I-A
Type I-B
Type II-A
MAXIMUM HEIGHT IN FEET UH
HEIGHT IN STORIES
324
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA IN SF FOR ANY SINGLE FLOOR
Type II-B
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
UH
75'
180'
75'
85'
65'
75'
55'
UA
12,000/floor
12
144,000
11
132,000
132,000
10
120,000
120,000
9
108,000
108,000
8
96,000
96,000
7
84,000
84,000
6
72,000
72,000
5
60,000
60,000
4
48,000
48,000
139,500
3
36,000
36,000
139,500
36,000
85,500
2
24,000
24,000
93,000
24,000
57,000
19,000
1
12,000
12,000
62,000
12,000
38,000
9,500
12,000
62,000
12,000
38,000
9,500
UA
12,000
UA
UA
ALLEN_(317-373)H&A-INT_3rdpas Each number in the table represents the maximum total area in square feet for all floors for a building of the indicated story height.
ALLEN_(243-294)Egress2_3rdpas Key to Abbreviations UA Unlimited area UH Unlimited height NP Not permitted
Unprotected (page 311)
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Spr With approved sprinkler system Unspr Without approved sprinkler system
Figure 20: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.324)
0.80% increase x 25% excess frontage = 20% total area increase. Percent Area Increase for Each 1% of Frontage* in Excess of 25%
20' (6.1 m) 22' (6.7 m) 24' (7.3 m) 26' (7.9 m) 28' (8.5 m) 30' (9.1 m) or wider
0.67% 0.73% 0.80% 0.87% 0.93% 1.00%
is measured within exterior walls or exterior walls and fire walls, exclusive of courtyards.
Code Research
Width of Frontage
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE MISCELLANEOUS EGRESS REQUIREMENTS
19
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE
Further Information For information on Occupancy Group classifications, see page 7. For information on mixed-use buildings, see page 300. For information on which code to consult, see pages 7, 11.
Unit Conversions Emergency Exterior Door High-Rise and 1 ft = 304.8 mm, 1 sq ft = 0.0929 in or Window Egress Underground Buildings Measurements *Intermediate
2
values may be interpolated.
Height is measured from the averIn Occupancies R and I-1, baseSpecial requirements apply to age finished ground level adjoining the building to the average ments and each sleeping room buildings with occupied floors level of the highest roof. Floor area Minimum Number below the fourth story must have an more than 75 ft (23 m) above grade of Exits exterior door or window for emeror more than 30 ft (9 m) below gency escape and rescue. Escape grade. Most such buildings must be Normally, each floor of a building windows must have a sill height of fully sprinklered, and exits must be must have at least two exits, and not not more than 44 in. (1118 mm), designed as smokeproof encloless than the minimum listed in the minimum clear opening dimensures. See page 253 for more inforfollowing table. sions of 24 in. (610 mm) high by 20 mation about the design of smokein. (508 mm) wide, and a minimum proof enclosures. These requireMinimum clear opening area of at least 5.7 sq ments do not apply to: Number ft (0.53 m2). Emergency escape • Open parking garages above Occupant Load of Exits windows and doors are permitted grade and fully sprinklered 325 garto open onto interior atrium bal500 or fewer persons 2 ages below grade conies, provided that a second exit • Airport traffic control towers, 501 to 1000 persons 3 access that does not pass through Occupancy A-5 outdoor sports areMore than 1000 persons 4 the atrium is also available. nas, and some unusually tall, lowEmergency escape windows or hazard industrial Figure 21: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.325) occupancy buildFigure 19: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.264) doors are not required for: ings • Occupancy R-3 bedrooms and environment construction Buildings of limited height and •structure H-1, H-2, and H-3 high-hazard basements in fully sprinklered occupancy may, under some ciroccupancies conforming to the spebuildings cumstances, have only one exit: cial code requirements for these Combustible
Wood Light Frame
1-Hour (page 313)
Unprotected (page 313)
Type III-A
Type III-B
Mill (page 312)
1-Hour (page 315)
Type IV-HT
Unprotected (page 315)
CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Type V-B
IBC NOMENCLATURE
Type V-A
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
Spr
Unspr
85'
65'
75'
55'
85'
65'
70'
50'
60'
40'
MAXIMUM HEIGHT IN FEET
UH 12 11 10 9 8
HEIGHT IN STORIES
7 6 5
126,000
135,000
126,000
36,000
85,500
84,000
24,000
57,000
56,000
12,000
38,000
56,000
12,000
38,000
4
135,000
36,000
103,500
3
19,000
90,000
24,000
69,000
23,000
36,000
9,500
60,000
12,000
46,000
11,500
24,000
6,000
9,500
60,000
12,000
46,000
11,500
24,000
6,000
2
This table was compiled from information contained in the International Building Code 2000. It does not represent an official interpretation by the organization that issues this code.
1
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA IN SF FOR ANY SINGLE FLOOR
HEIGHT AND AREA TABLES
Ordinary
Code Fire
20
Figure 22: Fire Code Worksheet (p. 1)
structure environment construction
21 Code Fire
Figure 23: Fire Code Worksheet (p. 2)
structure environment construction
Code Fire
22
Figure 24: Fire Code Worksheet (p. 3)
structure environment construction
23 Code Fire
Figure 25: Fire Code Worksheet (p. 4)
structure environment construction
Egress Diagram
Figure 26: Axonometric Egress Diagram (Iteration 1)
Egress Plan
Code Egress
24
Egress Plan
Figure 27: Egress Diagram Level 00 (Iteration 2)
Level 00
Figure 28: Egress Diagram Level 01 (Iteration 2)
structure environment construction
Figure 29: Egress Diagram Level 01 (Iteration 3)
25 Code Egress
Figure 30: Egress Diagram Ground Level (Iteration 3)
Figure 31: Egress Diagram Basement Level (Iteration 3)
structure environment construction
Figure 32: Accessibility Diagram Level 01
Code Accessibility
26
Figure 33: Accessibility Diagram Ground Level
Figure 34: Accessibility Diagram Basement Level
structure environment construction
60”
3’ - 6”
27 Code Accessibility
Figure 35: Accessibility Diagram for 1 Guest Room
structure environment construction
Structure
The structure of the wellness center is established around a central poured in place shearwall along the corridor. This wall enables the separation between programmatic elements, the public and private zones. Beams protrude from the shear wall and grab exterior metal stud walls. The beams act as a connection between the traditional monolithic construction and the modern layered construction. The structure is then subdued in some ways in the wellness center, however the dialogue between the shearwalls and trabeated systems are reveal in some moments. The diaphragms are structured with steel beams and concrete over metal decking.
Structure Analysis + Conjectures
Intent
29
structure environment construction
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STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
STEEL FLOOR AND ROOF DECKING ALLEN_(047-106)Sizing_3rdpas
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STEEL FLOOR AND ROOF DECKING
The top chart is for corrugated or cellular steel floor decking with concrete slab topping. For light loads, read toward the bottom in the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the top.
SIZING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMSIZING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
ALLEN_(047-106)Sizing_3rdpas
Total depth of slab is the depth of the decking and the concrete topping. Approximate sizes for the steel decking alone are shown within the chart. TheDeeper top chart is forsections corrugated or deck with cellular decking 25 with spans of steel up to floor approximately ft concrete slab be topping. For from light 97 (7.6 m) may available loads, read toward the bottom in some manufacturers. the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the top.
Figure 36: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 97)
30
Total depth of slab is the depth of Figure 38: and An Architect’s the decking the concreteStudio top- Companion (p. 99) ping. Approximate sizes for 8:47 the PM Page 93 ALLEN_(047-106)Sizing_3rdpas 6/1/01 (Black plate) steel decking alone are shown within the chart. Deeper deck sections with FIRE-RESISTANCE spans of up chart to approximately 25 ft The bottom is for corrugated RATINGS FOR STEEL BEAMS (7.6 m) be available from 97 AND GIRDERS steel roofmay decking. For light loads, some manufacturers. read toward the right in the Exposed steel beams andindigirders may be used in Unprotected cated areas. For heavy loads, read Noncombustible construction. Fire-resistance ratings of as high as 4 hours STEEL COLUMNS toward the left. are easily achieved with applied fireproofing or an appropriately fire resistive ceiling. Some building codes also allow reduced fire protection or Deeper deck sections with exposed steel for roof structures spans of up to approximately 25 ftthat are 15 to 25 ft (4.6 to 7.6 m) or more above floor. (7.6 m)the may be available from
This chart is for ste beams and girder and light loads, re right in the indica heavy loads, read to
For beams acting as composite beam open areas indicate Beams or girders part of a rigid frame bility may be dee cated by this chart. Typical widths girders range from one-third to one-ha the member. Heavy for heavy loads o depth may be wider
Depths of up to 3 are available as s sections. Greater capable of longer shop fabricated.
Structure Research
some manufacturers. The bottom chart is for corrugated steel roof decking. For light loads, read toward the right in the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the left. Deeper deck sections with spans of up to approximately 25 ft (7.6 m) may be available from some manufacturers.
Figure 37: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 97)
structure environment construction
Figure 39: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 93)
The top chart is f flange section colum (3.7 m) tall between
For normal loads the solid areas. Fo read lower in the s light loads, read in t Approximate actu are shown to the sid For high-strength MPa) steel column larger, increase the i tary area by 30%. For columns th perimeter of a build part of a rigid frame one nominal colum than shown by this c W14 sections are t dard rolled sizes com columns. Larger bu capable of carrying may be shop-fabrica Total tributary ar area of roofs and flo by the column.
The bottom chart sh mum height perm nominal column size areas for average lo imum height and a are shown next to area that can b decreases with incr height). For interm the tributary area m
Lateral Loads Shearwalls Enclosure
Initially, the lateral loads were controlled through ENCLOSURE one continuous shearwall that circulated through the central corridor of the wellness center. The cores throughout also aided in controlling the lateral loads. Diaphragms
Volume
Frame
Shearwall
The and cores were connected by VOLUME shearwall diaphragms (metal decking with poured concrete), which were placed over steel joists. The diaphragms were broken down into two large diaphragms per floor, separated by the central corridor.
FRAME
SHEAR WALL
31
Diaphragm
CORE
Structure Lateral Load
Core
DIAPHRAGM
Figure 40: Structural Axonometric (Iteration 1)
structure environment construction
Figure 41: Structural Diagram (Iteration 1)
Structure Lateral Loads
32
Figure 42: Structural Diagram (Iteration 2)
structure environment construction
Figure 43: Structural Diagram (Iteration 2)
33 Structure Lateral Loads
Final Shearwalls The final shearwalls have been broken into two parts, a main shearwall separating the passive and active zones, and a smaller secondary shearwall that grasps western programmatic elements. These two shearwalls, in conjunction with the diaphragms, provide the amount of lateral support and conceptual prominence needed for the wellness center. Final Diaphragms The final diaphragms are exaggerated through two bars, the active and passive zones. These diaphragms, which are metal decks with 4� pour concrete, are connected to the shearwalls by steel joists.
Figure 44: Structural Axonometric (Iteration 3)
structure environment construction
Structure Gravity Load
34
Figure 45: Gravity Load Diagram
structure environment construction
23ARCH677 Structures 4
Due Monday 4/16/12 page 2
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #1
Alex Dever
Seismic Load Calculations Worksheet/Coversheet diaphragm
EW dim., ft
NS dim., ft
Area
R1 R2
44’ 212’
44’ 40’
1936 SF 8480 SF
28.25 PSF 28.25 PSF
212’
40’
8480 SF
F1
SelfWeight, psf
Total Weight, psf
Total W, per diaphragm
40.75 PSF 42.13 PSF
Height above grade
16’ 26’
78892# 357300#
57 PSF
70.9 PSF
14’
601100#
Tot W =
1037292#
Self-weight is the weight of the floor/roof assembly plus mechanical allowance plus ceiling. Total weight is the roof/floor self-weight plus interior wall allowance plus exterior/ shearwall/ braced frame/ moment-resisting frame weight that bears on the diaphragm. Z=
0.40
Zone 4
I=
1.15
Importance factor, use type
26’
Ct =
0.02
T=
0.2303
BOCA 1611.5
height of building, ft. Period coefficient. Indicate material Period (sec) =
T = C t ( hn )
3
4
=
MRF or SW 0.2303
S = 1.5
Soil Coefficient medium to soft clay 20 to 40 feet depth
C=
Combination Factor
2.75
Rw = Calculate
6
!
C=
1.25 S T
35 Structure Worksheets
hn =
Hypothetical site in Southern California
2
3
" 2.75 =
4.99
Basic Structural System Dual System Lateral-Load System Concrete w/ OMRF
Z IC = Rw
W, total weight =
!
1037292# Calculate the base shear,
!
Figure 46: Seismic Load Worksheet (p. 1)
=
0.40 x 1.15 x 2.75 / 6
V=
0.2108
Z IC W= Rw
218661.15
! structure environment construction
23ARCH677 Structures 4
Due Monday 4/09/12 page 3
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #1
Seismic Load Calculations Worksheet/Coversheet Seismic Distribution Distribute the total seismic to each level according to the formula
v=
w i hi V . Use this formula to distribute loads to the roof. Do not use Ft =0.07 V " w i hi
W, total weight =
Base shear,
1037292#
V=
! diaphragm R1 R2 F1
Wi, lbs
Hi, ft
Wihi, lb-ft
54692 239560
16’ 26’
875072 6228560
483360
14’
6767040
!
!
Z IC W= Rw
w i hi " w i hi
218.661.15
Vi, lb
0.063 0.449
13776# 98179#
0.488
106707#
Structure Worksheets
36
!
"w
i
=
777612
"w h
i i
=
13870672
"v
i
=V =
218659#
Calculate distributed load on each diaphragm edge. Diaphram R1 R2 F1
!
Vi, lb
13776 98179 106707
Figure 47: Seismic Load Worksheet (p. 2)
structure environment construction
EW direction L, perp to load (NS)
!
w= Vi/L (NS)
44’ 212’
313.1 463.1
212’
503.3
NS direction L, perp to load (EW)
w= Vi/L (NS)
44’ 84’
313.1 1168.8
84’
1270.3
1. Overall Building Coefficients @ 90 MPH Pv = 20.7 psf
26’ 200’
I = 1.0 H = 26’ Exposure B GH = 1.53 Kz = 0.47
26’
P = 20.7 x 1.0 x 1.53 x 0.47 = 14.89 psf
40’
2. Wall and Roof Coefficients East Wind: L/B = 40’/200’ = 0.20 South Wind: L/B = 200’/40’ = 5
h/L = 26’/40’ = 0.65 h/L = 26’/200’ = 0.13
C2 C3
C1
East Wind
C1
C2
EAST
Roof:
12’ 14’
x
Cp
=
Cp x H
x
14.89
=
12/2
x
0.8
=
4.8
x
14.89
=
71.472 plf
6
x
0.5
=
3
x
14.89
=
44.67 plf
x
0.7
=
4.2
x
14.89
=
x
0.8
=
5.6
x
14.89
=
83.384 plf
7
x
0.5
=
3.5
x
14.89
=
52.115 plf
7
7
x
x
x
0.7
0.8
0.5
=
=
=
0.8
-0.2
37
62.538 plf
7
7
Foundation:
-0.7
-0.5
Proj. H
6
Floor:
-0.7
C3
0.8
Structure Worksheets
3. Apply loads to all diaphragms
South
C2
South Wind
C3
C1
West
4.9
5.6
3.5
x
x
x
14.89
14.89
14.89
=
=
=
72.961 plf
83.384 plf 52.115 plf
Figure 48: Wind Load Worksheet (p. 1)
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3. Apply loads to all diaphragms, continued...
SOUTH
Roof:
Proj. H
x
Cp
=
Cp x H
x
14.89
=
12/2
x
0.8
=
4.8
x
14.89
=
71.472 plf
6
x
0.2
=
1.2
x
14.89
=
17.868 plf
6
Floor:
0.7
=
4.2
x
=
5.6
x
14.89
=
83.384 plf
7
x
0.2
=
1.4
x
14.89
=
20.846 plf
7
x
x
x
0.7
0.8
0.2
=
=
=
4.9
x
5.6
x
1.4
x
Structure Worksheets
Cp = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3East Cp = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1South
South
62.538 plf
0.8
4. Apply forces against the area of elevation
East
=
x
7
38
14.89
7
7
Foundation:
x
Roof: 14.89 x 12’ x 1.3 = 232.284 plf x 40’ = 9,291.36# Floor: 14.89 x 14’ x 1.3 = 270.998 plf x 40’ = 10,839.92# Roof: 14.89 x 12’ x 1.0 = 178.68 plf x 200’ = 35,736# Floor: 14.89 x 14’ x 1.0 = 208.46 plf x 200’ = 41,692#
5. Compare Wind and Seismic forces at each level South: 178.68 plf 40’
Roof 200’
East: 232.284 plf South: 208.46 plf
40’
Floor 200’
Figure 49: Wind Load Worksheet (p. 2)
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East: 270.998 plf
14.89
14.89
14.89
=
=
=
72.961 plf
83.384 plf
20.846 plf
Structures Homework #3
Alex Dever
1. Roof 1 A. Materials - Wood 40’ 200’ B. Wind
South - 89.34 PLF East - 116.1 PLF
C. Seismic EW - 452.9 PLF NS - 2,264.4 PLF D.
452.9 PLF (seismic) 40’
2,264.4 PLF (seismic) 200’
E.
39
2264.4 x 40/2 = 45,288# 45,288/200 = 226.5 PLF
Structure Worksheets
452.9 x 200/2 = 45,290# √ = v/B = 45,290/40 = 1,132 PLF
HIGH-LOAD STRUCT I PLYWOOD 1/2” 10d NAILS 3 LINES 10d @ 4” S. PINE 4” FRAMING (BLOCKED) MAX SHEAR √ = 1,305 PLF
Figure 50: Diaphragm Design Worksheet (p. 1)
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2. Floor 1 A. Materials - Wood 40’ 200’ B. Wind
South - 104.23 PLF East - 135.4 PLF
C. Seismic EW - 492.6 PLF NS - 2,463 PLF D.
492.6 PLF (seismic) 40’
2,463 PLF (seismic) 200’
E.
40
492.6 x 200/2 = 49,260# √ = v/B = 49,260/40 = 1,231.5 PLF
Structure Worksheets
2,463 x 40/2 = 49,260# 49,260/200 = 246.3 PLF HIGH-LOAD STRUCT I PLYWOOD 1/2” 10d NAILS 3 LINES 10d @ 4” S. PINE 4” FRAMING (BLOCKED) MAX SHEAR √ = 1,305 PLF
3 & 4. 26’ - 45,290# = 226.45 PLF 14’ - 49,260# + 45,290# = 94,550/200 = 473 PLF 200’ SHEARWALL STRUCT I PLYWOOD 15/32” 10d NAILS @ 4” S. PINE MAX SHEAR √ = 510 PLF Figure 51: Diaphragm Design Worksheet (p. 2)
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41
Structure Page Intentionally Left Blank
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Environment
Environment Analysis + Conjectures
Bloomfield Hills, MI is a cold climate, therefore the wellness center at Cranbrook must respond to that environment accordingly. Notions of thermal massing, shielding east and west facades, thermal flu, and daylighting were explored. Active and passive systems were implemented through careful consideration of the environment and climate.
43
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Climate Data for the Region of Bloomfield Hills, MI
Environment Research
44
Figure 52: Climate Data from Lechner
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45 Environment Research
Figure 53: Climate Data from Lechner
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Research Passive Strategies
Thermal Baths, Peter Zumthor
There are three ways to heat a space, through direct sunlight - implemented throughout the wellness center, through a trombe wall - accomplished through the central shearwall, and through sun space - which was not included in the wellness center. Each of these strategies prove to be effective ways of heating a space in Bloomfield Hills, MI.
The Thermal Baths in Vals create a fabulous effect of lighting a space. Through small slits in the ceiling, light trickles through the plenum down into the space. These moments of light began to shape the intent of the space and incorporate the integration of systems. The plan diagram below also begins to reveal moments of zoning that are so critical in a bath house, or a wellness center.
3 Types!
#00&01'2#3.&#*(&+-.&-.#+&4)$$&'.5
46 Environment Research
Figure 56: Plan Diagram of the Thermal Baths
Figure 54: The three main types of passive solar space-heating systems, (a) direct gain, (b) Trombe wall, and (c) sun space. From lecture on passive strategies.
structure environment construction
Figure 55: Thermal Baths, Peter Zumthor
Mechanical Systems Initial Distribution The initial distribution of the mechaical systems proved to be a failure in some ways. Although the system was centralized, the air from the pool spaces mixed with the air from the dry spaces, causing problems of odors and hygiene.
47 Environment Active Systems
Figure 57: Mechanical Systems Diagram (Iteration 1)
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Mechanical Systems
Figure 58: Mechanical Systems Diagram Level 01
Environment Active Systems
48
Figure 59: Mechanical Systems Diagram Ground Level
Figure 60: Mechanical Systems Diagram Basement Level
Mechanical Supply
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Mechanical Return
Mechanical Ventilation
Radiant Flooring
Project Location Name Location Latitude Longitude daylight savings? Time Zone Climatic Data
Cranbrook Bloomfield Hills, MI 42.6 -83.6 yes EST (GMT -5) see Climatic Data worksheet
Note: ASC = Architect's Studio Companion by Ed Allen
Comfort Zone Thermal zone A B C D
summer temperature humidity 75 75 75 75
60 50 80 80
winter temperature humidity 70 50 70 40 70 70 70 70
Analysis: For each space, how much of the year do you require heating or cooling? HVAC Spatial Req from ASC
zone A B C D
SF
SF
5000 1500 700 1200
5000 1500 700 1200
fan room 350 N/A 300 300
main supply
2 N/A 1 1
Room Area (sf) intake exhaust 10 10 N/A N/A 3 4 4 5 Duct Area (sf) main return branch supply branch return 2 3 3 N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 1
49 Environment Active Systems
zone A B C D
Graphics: diagram (in axon) location of equipment, intake, exhaust and duct distribution
Air Handling Equipment typ dims of package unit (ASC) Cooling capacity in tons * length width height A 17'1" 7'-3" 4'-11" B N/A N/A N/A C 10'-10" 7'-3" 4'-11" D 10'-10" 7'-3" 4'-11"
* Based on 1 ton/400sf 12.5 N/A 1.75 3
Figure 61: HVAC Worksheet (p. 1)
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Graphics: diagram location of air handling equipment Pool Equipment Cooling capacity tons * A B C D
in
typ dims of package unit (ASC) length width height N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3' 4' 3' 6' 8' 3'
* Based on 1 ton/400sf N/A N/A 0.16 1.5
Graphics: diagram location of pool equipment Heating zone A B C D
Environment Active Systems
50
HDD 7,262 7,262 7,262 7,262
zone A B C D
air speed
square footage cubic footage 5000 1500 700 1200 heating type Convection Convection Radiant Radiant
ACH 1 1 6 6
distribution Air Air Water Water
Graphics: diagram in plan and section location of equipment Cooling zone A B C D zone A B C D
CDD 547 547 547 547
distribution Forced Air Forced Air Forced Air Forced Air
square footage cubic footage 5000 1500 700 1200
ACH 1 1 6 6
(in tons) (sf) cooling capacity space for eqpt
dimensions of package unit
Graphics: diagram location of equipment for cooling
Figure 62: HVAC Worksheet (p. 2)
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Passive Systems Cavity Wall Ventilation System
Day-lighting + Radiant Flooring
The southern facade of the wellness center is made up of a pre-fabricated concrete panel rainscreen, followed by a 2� air cavity. This air cavity acts as a thermal flu, thus extracting the hot stale air from penetrating the building envelope.
Ample amount of light is welcomed into the spaces with windows that reach up to 7 feet above the finished floor, decreasing the amount of electrical lighting needed within the spaces. Radiant floors are also utilized in the therapy zones, which helps decrease the reliance on mechanical heating.
51 Environment Passive Systems
Figure 63: Cavity Wall Ventilation Diagram
Figure 64: Day-lighting + Radiant Heating Diagram
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Natural Ventilation The central corridor through the wellness center allows for natural ventilation as there is cross ventilation available thru the corridor. There are also openings in the cavity of the atrium to allow air to move thru and out, creating a cross axial ventilation.
Figure 65: Natural Ventilation Diagram, Section
Environment Passive Systems
52
Figure 66: Natural Ventilation Diagram, Plan
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Day-lighting Sun-peg Chart At 08:30 In the morning, day-lighting is kept to a minimum in the therapy spaces. However, as individuals begin to interact with the wellness center, shafts of light begin to illuminate, allowing moments of light to enter carefully.
Figure 67: Sun-peg chart at 08:30
53 Environment Day-lighting
Figure 68: Western sun at 08:30
Figure 69: Eastern sun at 08:30
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At 15:30 As the afternoon passes, more light begins to enter at specific moments within the space. The meditation alcove has light pierce through the overhead opening, allowing the inhabitant to be washing in light. At the entry of the therapy pools, the light shaft begins to glow even brighter, developing a soft affect as the dappled light enters.
Figure 70: Sun-peg chart at 15:30
Environment Day-lighting
54
Figure 71: Western sun at 15:30
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Figure 72: Eastern sun at 15:30
At 16:30 Late in the afternoon, the light shaft glows to it’s full extend, signifying that the day, and wellness center, is coming to a close. The meditation alcove on the first level begins to loose it’s luster as the light is pinched closed and the shadows envelop the space.
Figure 73: Sun-peg chart at 16:30
55 Environment Day-lighting
Figure 74: Western sun at 16:30
Figure 75: Eastern sun at 16:30
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At 17:30 In the early evening the wellness center begins to become a darker, cooler space. The central corridor is almost all that remains illuminated, and moments where light once infiltrated have become desolate. The active lighting system will begin to reveal to the exterior what might happen in the wellness center after the sun goes down.
Figure 76: Sun-peg chart at 17:30
Environment Day-lighting
56
Figure 77: Western sun at 17:30
structure environment construction
Figure 78: Eastern sun at 17:30
CONFIGURATION Day-lighting Strategies
N Circulation and service areas
SHIELDING EAST AND WEST EXPOSURES
Shielding the West + East Exposure The western and eastern elevations of the wellness center are covered from the direct light from the morning and evening. This is accomplished through the grasping affect of the architectural gesture. Specific moments on the southern elevation allow glimpses of light to enter certain spaces, as well as the introduction of skylights.
Figure 79: An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 232)
This middle area provides view and daylight, especially within the first 12'- 15' (4 - 5 m) of the interior. This upper area is most critical for daylight penetration deep into the space.
2'-6" 4'-6" (760 mm) (1.4 m)
Ceiling height can be lowered away from the wall opening without negative impact on daylighting.
Skylights Skylights are implemented throughout the therapy zone of the wellness center. These skylights allow light to enter at direct moments, enticing individuals to filter through the baths. The skylights act as deep voids in the ceiling, accepting light through them, but keeping users from peeking outside.
Figure 80: West + East Exposure Shielding Diagram
57 Partial daylight illumination deeper into the space No useful daylight
DAYLIGHT ZONES AND THE WINDOW WALL (Thanks to Joel Loveland, University of Washington Department of Architecture and Seattle Lighting Design Lab for the concept of this diagram).
more detailed information about window opening height and daylight horizontal penetration, see pages 237–239.) For a task area to benefit significantly from daylight illumination, a source of daylight, such as a window, skylight, or a surface off which daylight is reflected,must be directly in line of sight with that task area.
Environment Day-lighting
Full daylight illumination closest to the window opening
Partitions, structural elements, mechanical and electrical system components, furnishings, and other elements that extend above the lower third of the space should be arranged to minimize their potential to obstruct daylight sources.See page 238 for more information about configuring interior elements for optimal daylighting.
Figure 81: Skylights providing specific day-lighting
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Construction
Construction Analysis + Conjectures
The construction of the building envelope begins to integrate technology with the vernacular of Cranbrook. Moments of pre-fabricated metal panels are sprinkled throughout the traditional materials incorporated in the wellness center. The traditional materials of concrete, stone, and brick are manipulated to respond with Cranbrook vernacular, however is used in a modern method, such as a rainscreen featured on the exterior of a structural wall.
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Precedence Architecture Research Office This precedence is importance to note due to the exploration of skin, in regard to something that wraps a building in the modern age, as it covers and in way takes over the poured concrete. The response to materials is prevalent and show a response of the careful detailing that needs to go into the construction of the building envelope. Architecture
Research OfďŹ ce
Construction Research
60 Figure 83: ARO Elevation of Skin
Figure 82: ARO Detail
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
Concrete Paneling The concrete paneling feature here is similar to that what will be implemented in the wellness center. The way that the panels can be manipulated in numerous forms is an important concept, as well how the panels are hung on the structure
Figure 84: Concrete Paneling Detail
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Metal Paneling The metal paneling featured in the Lock-keeper’s Graduate Center is a precedence worth mentioning, due to the importance placed on the detail of the joint. The metal panels are placed in line with great intention as the apertures respond to the shape and lines of the panels. The metal paneling detail at the bottom right also helps to reveal how the corner is made with the panels, as well as how the construction and structure of the joints are accomplished.
Figure 86: Lock-keeper’s Graduate Center Detail
61 Construction Research
Figure 85: Lock-keeper’s Graduate Center
Figure 87: Metal Paneling Detail
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Sketches These few sketches aided in the process of the construction intent. Moments of expression of structure, followed by the suppression of structure were developed. Notions of wrapper and connection were explored, and how each responds to the structure within. Thermal and moisture barriers were introduced, and ideas on how those can be incorporated and specialized within the design were implemented.
Figure 88: Sketch from Ed Ford’s, The Architectural Detail
Construction Research
62
Figure 89: Sketch from Ed Ford’s, The Architectural Detail
Figure 90: Sketch of connection details
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Figure 91: Sketch of skin (wrapper) details
Initial Construction Details Section Meets the Sky The section to the right reveals the initial thoughts on constructing the detail. Moments of aperture are explored through the way light is allowed into the space. The dropped ceiling is explored through the manipulation of surface to allow mechanical systems throughout the plenum. A more rigorous approach toward the construction of the exterior facade paneling was made evident in further details. Section Perspective
Figure 92: Initial Detail Section
SCALE: 1” = 1’-0”
The section perspective below begins the initial exploration of how the building envelope can influence the interior spaces. With the integration of the plenum, manipulation of the interior has the ability to respond out of congruence with the exterior. The line of ground and sky is made clear, and also reveals the opportunities within. The skin of the building is made clear to be explored further.
63 Construction Building Envelope
Figure 93: Initial Detail Section Perspective
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Construction Building Envelope
64 Figure 94: Detail Section Perspective
Building Envelope Section Perspective The section perspective above begins to reveal the intent of construction, as well as the overall architectural intent. The dialogue that ensues between the pre-fabricated metal panels and the prefabricated concrete panels begins to elaborate on the advancement of technology, as well as responding to the vernacular material palette. The apertures within each envelope tell the story of what is happening on the interior, above is more private and less accepting of outside on-lookers. The space below allows people on the outside the ability to view into the space at certain moments, rendering the space more public. The cavity that circulates through the central core of the wellness center is made evident as there is a bridge between the active and passive zones. The
structure environment construction
poured in place shearwall is grounded clearly in it’s ability to structure the wellness center, as well as conceptually separate the active and passive zones. The passive zone can be seen as it responds to the landscape, dropping down twelve feet with the topography. This also allows views from active zones, across and into the forest.
Building Envelope Datail Pre-fabricated Panels Utilizing pre-fabricated metal and concrete panels enables the intentional manipulation of aperture, threshold, and pattern. These panels allow a contextual response to the Cranbrook campus, while also responding to the modern industrialization, each layer responding to a specific need. Exploded Axonometric The axonometric below analyzes the construction of the plunge pool and steam/sauna spaces. From the exterior, the construction contains pre-fabricated metal panels, secondary structure, impervious material, sheathing, insulation, structure with insulation, sheathing, and the interior finish. The plunge box also has apertures on the east and west facades to accept a dramatic lighting effect during the early morning and late evening.
65 Construction Building Envelope
Figure 95: Exploded Axonometric of Plunge Pool
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Details Building Meets the Sky At the corner where the exterior wall meets the roof, the roof line is suppressed. This is accomplished as the exterior concrete paneling laps over the roof structure. A two inch gap between the wall structure and paneling allows air to move through and exchange, this aids in the thermal capacity of the exterior wall structure. Building at the Aperture To allows day-lighting into the wellness center, apertures along the southern facade are placed carefully, according to the space inside. From the exterior, the aperture appears to be minimized as it is apart of the exterior construction. The glass is fritted to allow light, but not too many on-lookers from the outside. From the interior, the wall construction is exaggerated through the deep expression of the opening.
Figure 96: Building Meets the Sky Detail
Building Meets the Ground
Construction Detail
66
At the ground, the wellness center situates itself elegantly into the foundation. The foundation incorporates a slight reveal, to make the building seems as though it has been extruded from the ground. This is achieved similarly as the sky condition, where the paneling extends beyond the wall structure. The reveal also contains a strand of LEDs, which puts an emphasis on that fact that the building is growing out of the ground. The LEDs are hidden under a modest slope from the exterior walk up to the wellness center.
Figure 97: Building at the Aperture Detail
Figure 98: Building Meets the Ground Detail
structure environment construction