Student Name and Surname | 2019
INTERACTIVE QUALITY AND PESDESTRIAN STREETS
DISSERTATION IN ARCHITECTURE 2019-2020
Submitted By:
ADITI GUPTA
Guide; Deepika Raina, Assistant Professor Coordinator; Radha Dayal. Associate Professor
SUSHANT SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE ANSAL UNIVEERSITY, GURGAON, INDIA
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This Dissertation is submitted by ADITI, student of Fourth Year B. Arch. Session 20192020, at Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon, as partial requirement for the Five-Year B. Arch. Degree course of Ansal University, Gurgaon.
Originality of the information and opinion expressed in the Dissertation are of the author and do not reflect those of the guide, the coordinator or the institution.
Signature of the Student:
Signature of Guide
Roll No.: 160BARCHI134
Name: DEEPIKA RAINA
Name: ADITI GUPTA
Date:
Signature of Coordinator Name: RADHA DAYAL Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The end outcome of this undergraduate dissertation research project required a lot of supervision and help from many people and I am extremely obliged to have their guidance and direction along the journey of my research paper. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Ms. Deepika Raina, Assistant Professor for her guidance, and encouragement throughout the research work, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. The completion of this research paper would not have been possible without her constant guidance. Secondly, I would like to thank our dissertation coordinator, Prof Radha Dayal, for giving well worked out instructions and timelines. I would like to thank my family; I couldn’t do without their unstinting support, and confidence in me, but most importantly for their endless patience. The unwavering support from all these people brought the quality of this paper up much higher than it would have been without them.
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ABSTRACT Street is a very important urban element that determines the urban pattern and urban socio-economic life which the later can be improved greatly in “Pedestrian Street”. This kind of urban space can play a significant role in social life of people by providing a place for social activities of users. People interact with each other and their environment. Through this interaction; they need to be responded by the environment. In other words, people expect to satisfy their needs through their activities in a space that is facilitated by the qualities such as accessible, comfort, attractive, safe, green, and permeability and vital. In this sense, this study will investigate how “Pedestrian Street” is affecting the people spending time on the street. It is focusing on the concept of “Pedestrian Street” and how a better street life and street quality can be brought out when it comes to enhance the physical, social and economic aspects for the street and its users. Therefore, the aim of this survey is to achieve the parameters as legibility, accessibility, legibility, permeability, safety, visual aspects of streets and… to analyse the quality of Streets of Stroget, Delhi, Mehrauli, Sweden and sector 29 street as the case study. Keywords: Pedestrian Street, Human Needs, Human Activities, Street Quality, Sector 29 Street
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LIST OF TABLES/ FIGURES/ ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Satisfying Human Needs Figure 2: Buchanan Street, UK (Flickr. (2019). Buchanan Street in autumn) Figure 3: Sepha Salar Steet, Tehran Flickr. (2019). Figure 4: The Impact of Environmental Quality on Types of Activities (Gehl, J. (2011) Figure 5: Green Street Flickr. (2019). Figure 6: Legibility, Bentley, I. (2015). Figure 7: All vehicular movement, Global Designing Cities Initiative. (2019) Figure 8: All pedestrian path Flickr. (2019). Figure 9: Accessibility map, Bates, K. (2019). Figure 10: Metro Station, Flickr. (2019). Figure 11: Stroget amenities and attractions, Flickr. (2019). Stroget. Figure 12: Benches at Stroget street, Limited, A. (2019). Stock Photo - Amagertorv square, Strøget, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2019]. Figure 13: Safety at Stroget Street, Flickr. (2019). Stroget Street, Copenhague. Figure 14: Lighting at Stroget street, Flickr. (2019). Figure 15: Stroget Street section (Bates, 2019) Figure 16: Building facades and pavement, Flickr. (2019). Figure 17: connecting Street off the Sodra pedestrian zone in Malmo, Sweden (Bates, 2019). Figure 18: Visual aspects and attractiveness of street (Bates, 2019)
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Figure 19: Comfort and safety of Sweden Street (Bates, 2019) Figure 20: Before- life between and buildings after people centred (Gehl, 2011) Figure 21: Activities on Mehrauli Street Singh, R. (2016).Factors Affecting Walkability of Neighborhoods. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, pp.651. Figure 22: Greenery in Sector 29 Market Street Figure 23: Primary, Secondary roads and Highways of Sector 29 Market Street (Author) Figure 24: Traffic Analysis Map (Author) Figure 25: Car Accessibility from metro station to sector 29 street (Author) Figure 26: Pedestrian Accessibility from metro to sector 29 street (Author) Figure 27: Accessibility of Sector-29 market street (Author) Figure 28: Permeability (Author) Figure 29: Attractiveness of sector 29 Market Street Figure 20: Safety Issues (Author) Figure 31: Open space filled by vehicles (Author)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Bonafide Certificate.......................................................................................................................................i Checklist for Dissertation Preparation.................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………....................................…………iii Abstract ……………...…………………………………......................................................................................iv List of Tables / Figures / Illustrations …………………………………....................……………….......v Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction...........................................................................................................................................11-14 1.1 Aims and Objectives ...........................................................................................................12 1.2 Scope and Limitation...........................................................................................................12 1.3 Methodology....................................................................................................................13-14 CHAPTER 2: PEDESTRIAN STREET ............................................................................................15-18 2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................15 2.2 What is street? ....................................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Form of the street...............................................................................................16 2.3 Importance of Pedestrian Street...................................................................................17 2.4 Concept of Pedetrian Street.............................................................................................17 2.5 Activities on street..............................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................19-22 CHAPTER 4: PARAMETERS AFFECTING PEDESTRIAN STREET.....................................23-25 4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................23
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4.2 Accessibility...........................................................................................................................23 4.3 Permeability...........................................................................................................................23 4.4 Visual Aspects of Streets..................................................................................................23 4.5 Green Space.............................................................................................................................23 4.6 Open Public Space................................................................................................................24 4.7 Attractiveness........................................................................................................................24 4.8 Lighting.....................................................................................................................................24 4.9 Safety.........................................................................................................................................24 4.10 Legibility................................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES............................................................................................................25-49 5.1 Case Study I: Stroget, Cooenhagen.........................................................................26-30 5.2 Parameters affecting Stroget Street..............................................................................26 5.2.1 Accessibility and Permeability..............................................................26-27 5.2.2 Attractiveness and open public space.......................................................28 5.2.3 Safety.......................................................................................................................29 5.2.4Green Spaces..........................................................................................................29 5.2.5 Lighting...................................................................................................................29 5.2.6 Comfort...................................................................................................................30 5.2.7 Visual aspects of street....................................................................................30 5.3 Case Study II: Sodra Forstadsgatan, Malmo, Sweden.....................................31-33 5.3.1 Accessibility..........................................................................................................31 5.3.2 Attractiveness, Lighting and Visual aspects............................................32 5.3.3 Green Spaces.........................................................................................................32 8
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5.3.4 Comfort, Safety....................................................................................................33 5.4 Case Study III: Time Square, NYC...................................................................................34 5.5 Case Study IV:Mehrauli, Delhi, India.....................................................................35-36 5.5.1 Enclosure and Safety.........................................................................................35 5.5.2 Softness and Street Vitality.....................................................................35-36 5.6 Primary Case Study IV: Secror 29 Marktet, Guegaon.....................................37-48 5.6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................37 5.6.2 Site Selection........................................................................................................37 5.6.5 Methodology of the Analysis of Case Study......................................37-38 5.7Physical Analysis of Sector 29 Market...................................................................39-48 5.7.1 Greenery..............................................................................................................39 5.7.2 Legibility..............................................................................................................39 5.7.3 Accessibility................................................................................................40-44 5.7.4 Permeability......................................................................................................45 5.7.5 Attractiveness............................................................................................45-46 5.7.6 Safety....................................................................................................................47 5.7.1 Comfort................................................................................................................47 5.7.7.1 Comfort Rting.....................................................................................47 5.7.8 Visual aspects of street.................................................................................48 5.7.9 Open public space.......................................................................................48-49 5.8 Analysis..............................................................................................................................50-53 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................54-55 6.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................................54 9
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6.2 Recommendations for Bringing Street to Better Qualities.................................54 6.3 Agenda for future research...............................................................................................55 Appendix 1..............................................................................................................................................57-59 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................60-61
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Chapter 1 Introduction Public space could be defined as the space which is open to all, belonged to all and used by all kind of users. Public space certainly has functional and physical characteristics that affect social activities, comfort, safety which engage people to the space. The physical and functional features refer to physical characteristics, the accessibility circumstances and the existing land use that define the activities there. Open spaces that are dynamic and mostly spaces that are used by the people are the places that people have chance to interact with each other which also include aesthetic and natural elements. “Pedestrian streets” plays crucial role in life. They are recognized as memorable element in the cities (Wooley, 2003). These spaces attract people and create a image in a people’s mind including various kind of equipments for recreation, shopping, communication, walking, social activities. Social interaction as one of the main activities could happen in public space and in Pedestrian Street in particular. If the percentage of vehicles decreases by increasing the walkways, making more pedestrian then will make a street more socially interactive and attractive. These spaces mainly have mixed activities which results in having mixed types of users. For many years, particularly in developing countries, planning pedestrian friendly cities has been given less priority, where more emphasis of street -use is given to vehicular usage. This approach is contrary to the fact that people were street users before the industrial revolution that brought about car technology and the use of car in town and cities. The need or want to walk got further depressed by unattractiveness of the roads. Therefore, in today’s era it’s necessary to have safe, attractive and socially interactive pedestrian streets which will provide opportunity for users to participate and interact more and hence increase the feeling of safety while walking on streets. 1.1AIM: 11
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To understand how pedestrian spaces can help to improve interactions among people and how can they become more interactive to pedestrians. OBJECTIVES i.
To understand the current pedestrian flow, and option to increase interactive pedestrian in sector 29 market, Gurgaon.
ii.
To understand how pedestrian streets helps to improve interaction among people.
iii.
To define the parameters that affect the pedestrian street qualities
Satisfying Human Needs
Human Activities
Street Quali ty
Figure.1 Satisfying Human Needs with Activities Leads the Street to Be Qualified
1.2 SCOPE i.
The primary case study would be in Gurgaon.
ii.
The scope of the study limited to the interactive quality of the pedestrian street.
iii.
The scope of the study is to discuss how volume of vehicular on roads can be decreased by increasing the pedestrian streets.
1.3: Methodology The research involves both qualitative and quantitative research that is based on literature survey, documents and case study. The methodology of the dissertation can be introduced under 3 steps 1. Theoretical framework through literature review 2. Case study applications, including data collecting, analysis and evaluation 3. Research findings and suggestions. 12
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The research would start with the understanding the definition and concept of street. Also, how quality of street plays important role and attracts people therefore creating a safe and comfortable environment. The further research is based on the theoretical backgrounds; the parameters that help to define street quality are obtained as comfort, safety, attractiveness, greenery, visual aspects of street, lighting, accessibility, permeability and public open spaces. The case study application that includes data collection, analysis and evaluations will be done. The case study is selected as sector 29market Street and analysis has been carried out in natural/physical and socio-economic structure of the area. INTRODUCTION Definition of aims and objectives
Setting up research question
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Street definition
Concept of Pedestrian Street
Achieving the parameters that affect Importance of Pedestrian Streetstreet quality Accessibility, permeability, legibility, greenery, open spaces, visual aspects of street, lighting, safety, comfort.
DATA COLLECTION Physical Analysis (Observations) and social analysis (Questionnaire)
DATA ANALYSIS
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Analysis of physical structure to identify physical analysis and social structure to identift qualities related with socialissues of the case
Conclusions and suggestions
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Chapter 2 Overview of Pedestrian Streets 2.1Introduction “Pedestrian Street” can be defined as one of the important components of the city Pedestrian parts of the streets serves many purposes besides vehicles and city. Jane Jacobs emphasised on the important role of streets in creating the image of the city. People don’t feel safe in a city because they do not feel safe on its streets. (Jacobs 1961). People experience a city by passing along the street when moving through pedestrian. Good Pedestrian streets plays crucial role in creating a image on people’s mind, attracts maximum users to interact with the streets and brings the feeling of comfort and safety. It is important to analyse how pedestrian vehicles use a street. Vehicular causes traffic due to which walkability decreases hence it is necessary to balance between the both. The design of the “pedestrian street” and has influenced on users greatly and will make an interactive space to walk, eat, play, gather and socialised.
2.2what is street? The word “street”, according to Kostof’s description, is an entity made up of a roadway, usually a pedestrian way and flanking building.” (Kostof, 1992; pp:189) In the Oxford English Dictionary, the street is described as “a road in a town or village comparatively wide, as opposed to a lane or alley] running between two lines of houses; usually including the sidewalks as well as carriageway. Also, the road together with adjacent houses.” (Ellis, 1991; pp:115). In the definition of the street paving is also important. Because the very word “street” derives from Latin “sternere” which means “to pave”. (Kostof, 1992; pp:190). Street is restated in many European languages such as, Italian “strada” or German “strasse” “suggest the space set out for public use and can contain spaces with clear, controlled borders without needing to connect to other streets. Therfore there is a difference between roads and streets. Road proposes moving to a destination, offers transportation system which may lead to walk or using vehicles. Street also includes 15
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these mentioned features, but it seems to be more ordinary concept in Moughtin’s words “is a road in a town or village, comparatively wide as opposed to a lane or alley.” (Moughtin, 1992; pp: 129) one of the main differences between street and road is the existence of the road characteristic that is incompatible with the street. A street can also be described morphologically, i.e., “a linear space between buildings” or regarding its use: a “setting in which a specified set of activities occur” (Rapoport, 1987:80). Rapoport (1987:81) however noted that “streets are the more or less narrow, linear spaces lined between buildings found in settlements and used for circulation and, sometimes, other activities.”
2.2.1 Form of the street The form of the street can be analyzed through a number of various characteristics qualities such as straight, curved, long or short, wide or narrow, enclosed or open, formal or informal. The form of the street also could be described in terms of scale, proportion, contrast, rhythm to other streets and squares.
2.3 Importance of Pedestrian Street Pedestrian Street creates attractive spaces which encourage walkability. Nowadays cities are adopting pedestrian friendly rather streets on the traffic so that there can be more activities on street. Hence, the improvement of street's qualities by increasing of pedestrian participation will lead to enhancement of city's image and people's perception. People found pedestrian streets for gathering purpose, meeting friends, going to eat at good cafe, shopping, interact with people and can help in the enhancement of the qualities in societies and therefore raises the level of culture.
2.4 Concept of Pedestrian Street A “pedestrian street” is accordingly a linear space between buildings in both sides where just pedestrian traffic is permitted to interact.). In Pedestrian Street the main axis is pedestrian and their interactions rather than vehicular use. Walking pedestrian streets attracts the users and provides opportunity to interact with the people. The major role of Pedestrian Street is to decrease the number of vehicles on roads and makes interesting space. Basically, one of the main focuses of pedestrianisation is
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to separate pedestrians and automobiles, particularly in central areas (Robertson, 1993). Social interaction and economic exchange where previously allocated to cars, also shops and cafe add much to this which provide advantage for users to interact and enjoy. An example is Sepah salar Street in Tehran, Buchman Street and that was changed to “pedestrian street”. It is a linear space between buildings on both the sides. These streets are liveable pedestrian zones.
Figure 2 Buchanan Street, UK
Figure 3 Sepha Salar Steet,
Tehran
2.3Activities on Streets Walking is a major street activity. A study is conducted by Jan gehl about outdoor activities which are divided into three categories on the basis of the physical environment: 1. Necessary Activities
2.
Optional Activities
3.
Social Activities Necessary Activities (under all conditions): These are those activities which are compulsory such as going to school or to work, shopping, waiting for a bus. These activities take place throughout the year. The participants have no choice. If streets and cities are of poor quality then only minimum number of activities take place but at the same time in a good environment, human activities are possible and attracts more people to interact. Optional Activities (only under favourable exterior conditions): These are those activities that are participated in if user wishes to do so. These activities include taking a walk, eating, enjoying, sitting, meeting people. Exterior conditions should be
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favourable only then activities will take place and more users will interact. These activities are especially dependant on physical conditions. If streets and cities are of poor quality then only minimum amout of activities take place but at the same time in a good environment, human activities are possible and attracts more people to interact Social Activities (only under favourable exterior conditions): Social activities act as significant role in life. These activities include children at play, conversations, activities of various kinds, sitting.
Figure 4. The Impact of Environmental Quality on Types of Activities
Hence concluded that the liveliness of street is determined by optional and social activities rather than necessary activities.
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Chapter 3 Literature Review Jan Gehl’s – Life between Buildings “Only architecture that considers human scale and interaction is successful Architecture” Jan gehl Planning should be primarily considered with day-to-day activities that happen in life. “Life between buildings” is a book written by Jan gehl in 1971. This book is about social the activities taking place in outdoor spaces that happen within the built environment. Throughout history, human beings have been dedicated to creating small, intimate, safe and friendly environments. It is only in the last century that we have built spaces in faster and bigger ways. (Gehl, 2012) The book also explores the activities that take place in urban context, how they contribute to the quality of life in the cities, the factors that enhance or hinder this life and the measure which can take to improve life between buildings and the city life experience. Jan gehl’s approach of designing always starts with people’s lifestyle and their behavior. In today’s time due to the growth of car and technologies in terms of transport and communication a lot has changed in city and life. But despite of that, our bodies reacts the same way as it used to do thousand years ago. We are designed to walk and our senses functions properly at the walking speed, but lately cities are designed for private automobile and not for pedestrian. To enable and encourage the social interaction, we need to create such places which are safe, sound and attractive so that people spend their time peacefully and ensure that the environment is conductive to seeing, hearing and talking while walking.
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Jane Jacobs– The Death and Life of Great American Cities “Think of a city and what comes to mind? It’s streets” Jane Jacobs This book deals about how streets in the cities serve many purposes besides vehicles, and city Sidewalks - the pedestrian parts of the streets serve many purposes besides carrying pedestrians. The author also talk about the streets and sidewalks, the main public spaces of a city, are its most vital organs. The most abundant and distributed of public spaces in cities are its streets and their vitality mirrors the vitality of the city at large. This is what Jacobs (1961) means when she says that when people don’t feel safe in a city or part of it is because they do not feel safe on its streets. But when a “city’s streets are safe from barbarism and fear, the city is thereby tolerably safe from barbarism and fear (p. 106)”. But livable streets and cities are more than just the absence of danger or fear – they are able to meet a diversity of human needs to contribute to a high quality of life. Jan Gehl’s – Cities for People The book deals about the issues in urban design which may contribute to creating urban environments that support and enhance walking activity. Walking in the city leaves ample time to experience everything. In this book Gehl presents details for how to design a good city for walking, such as acceptable walking distance, providing room to walk freely and unhampered, avoidance of pavements, straight sightlines, and interesting things to see at eye level (Gehl 2010) Gehl clearly and convincingly makes the case for cities where the human dimension is first and foremost the most important, citing examples how precisely cars and modernist planning have destroyed our cities. William Whyte - The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces The book describes cities as inherently messy places, but the human interaction and commerce that takes place on the street cultivates an inviting, engaging environment unlike the bland, car-dominated milieu of the suburbs. “Also, the corner of wall street, is a great place for business conversation (p. 54)”
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Whyte described the theory of urban public life in an objective and measurable way. The aim of this research project was to study how people use plaza, people’s activities in relation to constituents in small public spaces, documenting the components necessary for a successful pedestrian environment around the buildings on all four corners, give perfect study of the relationship of public open space and buildings around them. Factors affecting walkability of neighbourhoods (Richa Singh) The article is about the walking behaviour of pedestrians in a variety of urban built environment. As concern for future urban sustainability, walking is again become an important mode of urban transport because car dependent cities will not be sustainable in future due to congestion, fuel availability, energy cost and other environmental impacts. Walking can increase personal wellbeing and longevity of good health. Many researchers like Oscar Newman, William Whyte and Jan Gehl focus their research on the observation of people in real-life situations to determine how the built environment impacts social wellness. The paper also talks about the important role of street and how it’s effect on human lives. Simple leisure such as eating, walking, talking also give a street heterogeneous life. Street enhances walkability, interaction between people and social life. The article also talks about the building orientation and setback, the manner by which the buildings are arranged on a site has an effect on where a street and its context fall in the continuum of walkability. Scale also plays major role; the scale of buildings should help define the scale of pedestrian environment. Gating and Syntactical Analysis of spatial Configuration of Sectors Of Gurgaon, India – Ajay kaushik This article attempts to draw out the distinction in the changing street pattern through syntactical analysis of street sectors. As gating is one of the contemporary phenomenons’s of urban development. The fundamental goal is to comprehend the configurationally differences in the neighborhood street pattern by using syntactical parameters of street network.
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For this objective three different sectors (sector 4, 49 and 56) showcasing various growth patterns have been compared analysed. According to Abhijit Paul, space syntax is a theory with the help of which we understand spaces at building and urban level. Configuration of spaces, i.e. interrelationship of spaces is the basic primary aspect of understanding a space (Paul, 2011). Thus, "configuration" by definition is a way to relate and understand spaces with respect to one another. The relationship of spaces is not only crucial pair wise but also within the whole pattern. It is also defined as pattern of connection/ links/etc. with other spaces (Kaushik, 2016: 24). The theory of space syntax helps us to identify the constituent elements, their mutual relationship and an overall spatial configuration (Hillier and Hanson, 1984; Hillier, 2007)
Pedestrian Accessibility Index for Transit Stations - Neog, Dristi This study focuses on the need of pedestrians and public transit users in terms of having effective access to public transit in general and to metro stations in particular. The study concentrates on two folds. First a Pedestrian Accessibility Index (PAI) Secondly, it applies index to two metro stations in Gurgaon, to demonstrate the effectiveness of such index. The first metro station –IFFCO CHOWK failed to provide safe pedestrian, security and disability infrastructure but did slightly better in terms of safety. Huda City Center, the second metro station failed to impress in terms of quality and safe pedestrian environments. Both stations failed to deliver much on comfort and pedestrian movements and therefore have potential to improve these existing stations and plan for future ones.
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Chapter 4 Parameters Affecting Pedestrian Streets 4.1 Introduction The chapter deals with various parameters affecting the quality of street and how attractive street can be so that people can engage and feel safe and comfortable. 4.2 Accessibility A major factor of street is access to pedestrian. Streets need to provide, uncompromised and un-conflicted by vehicles. There is need to connect major points of settlement by safe and accessible pedestrian. Therefore, accessibility is the most necessary quality of public that enhances the well-used spaces and increase the pcial interactions. 4.3 Permeability The permeability refers to any system of public space which depends on the various numbers of alternative routes from one point to another but these alternatives must be visible. So, both physical and visual permeability is important. The five 'C' principles, “Connections, Convenience, Convivial, Comfortable and Conspicuousness” are the five key factors of an improved interaction and accessibility of a place. This makes the analysis of street design essential (Bentley, 1985). 4.4 Visual aspects of streets: Street, street acts like a void space, similar to a room, which are covered by the built, The Street become legible when there is no background, acts more like an open street. Hence, the visual aspects of the streets are predominantly controlled by architecture in and around it, in terms of built form, pavements, materials, landscaping, views etc. Also, the length, height and width of the street induce different experiences. A narrow and lengthy street give a feeling of congestion, a wide and long street give a feeling of openness and not enclosure. 4.5 Green Spaces: Landscaping can also improve the visual quality of the street and also play important role in human life. Greenery provides various advantages such as it attracts people, have positivity impacts on mental and physical wellbeing and make better living environment. Green space is also very essential for making space liveable and tackling
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social problems. It is such a space where people can move out from busy lives just to enjoy, feel safe, exercise and relax
Figure 5: Green Street
4.6 Open public spaces: There is necessity to provide nice open plazas, shops, around the street to provide feeling of safety and make it more interactive for the people. Enclosure of streets makes feel unsafe and insecure to avoid of the same open spaces should be provided around the streets. 4.7 Attractiveness Attractive public open spaces perform an important factor for improving quality of life. Open spaces should be designed according to the needs and expectations of the people by creating a friendly environment. Various activities on street perform a vital role for attracting the users. Streets are supposed to be planned in order to make liveable and socially interactive. 4.8 Lighting Lighting also plays a major role in increasing the quality of street. Lighting provides various advantages, people feel safe under lighting because of this walkability enhances and more people take initiative to interact. Lighting provides comfort zone while walking on the streets, especially women feel safe and secure due to lighting. 4.9 Safety A safer street would attract more people. For example, the working block is active only on day and the residential blocks are active at nights, nothing happens after midnight, make these area inactive and dead area, so the feeling of safety reduces and attracts less people on the other hand activating small areas by bringing up shops, street furniture, lighting makes safe and attracts more people. Open spaces should be safe and secure for all also physical qualities are significant factor for feeling safe. By increasing the number of people and encouraging more life in the street, by making 24
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Street free from darkness hence the pedestrian safety quality could be achieved along the street (Gehl 2002). 4.10 Legibility Legibility refers to the easy recognition of the city’s part as being able to connect them to each other. The existence of various choices of places is not meaningful if people cannot adapt themselves with this movement network. If the environment is clear in mind, not only adds experiences of the person but creates a sense of security. Legibility makes a city beautiful, elegant and such a city require more attention and attracts people to it. Legibility that is described as the “quality which makes a place graspable” or as “how easily people can distinguish between the larger pattern of space and the local parts (Lynch 1960, Bentley et al 1985)
Figure 6: Legibility (Bentley, 2015)
Spaces are supposed to have legibility so that they are readable and people could easily find without any confusion. Less legibility attracts less people and provide a feeling of unsafe to itself. Hence, clear image of the environment attracts people and make familiar with the space.
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Chapter 5 Case Studies 5.1 CASE STUDY I – Stroget, Cooenhagen (Gehl Methodology) In Gehl’s view making a city livable means breathing life between the buildings. People will always fill the space, he discovered. “Stroget” – The Pedestrian Street When the volume of traffic increased in the beginning of the 60s in the inner parts of old narrow streets as well as sidewalks became more and more crowded with busy pedestrians who was blocking the way on the narrow pavements. All the streets and squares of central Copenhagen were used intensively for vehicle traffic and parking
Figure 7: All Vehicular Movement
Figure 8: All pedestrian path
Copenhagen’s city council decided to change the theory in 1962 – to establish a car free pedestrian zone. The conversion of the 1.15 km long main street into a pedestrian street was seen as a pioneer effort. The pedestrianization of Stroget highlighted the potential for outdoor public life and leads to increase the social interaction among people. Therefore, this pedestrianization created lively yet peaceful public spaces.
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5.2 Parameters affecting Stroget Street 5.2.1 Accessibility and Permeability
Figure 9: Accessibility Map
Stroget has various pedestrian access points along its entire length with at least two dozen streets and entrances many of which are they pedestrianized. There are bicycle parking racks at most entrances to stroget, providing about 150 bicycle parking spaces. . When it comes to automobile access and parking there are two major streets, Nørregade and Bremerholm, that cross Strøget. There are also two minor street crossings at Kattesundet and Klosterstraede Transit access is provided via bus stops at Radhuspladsen, Bremerholm and Gammeltorv. There is also a metro stop near Kongnes Nytov.
Figure 10: Metro Station
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5.2.2 Attractiveness and open public spaces
Figure 11: Stroget amenities and attractions
The major public plazas (Gammeltorv and Nytorv, Amagertorv, and Højbro Plads) along Strøget are used throughout the year for events and markets. In addition to the attractions of shopping, food, and events, Strøget also includes two historic cathedrals (Nikolaj Kirke and Helligandskirken) as well as other nearby cathedrals; Tivoli Gardens, one of the most famous urban amusement parks in the world, is only about 250 feet from Strøget’s western entrance; the Copenhagen public library is about 750 from Strøget; and Nyhavn, a waterfront pedestrian promenade lined with dozens of restaurants and coffee shops, is about 500 feet feom Stroget eastern entrance.
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5.2.3 Safety Safety plays major role in quality of street .Due to the street’s narrow width, seating on benches, steps around large fountain, and lighting is provided by hanging overhead lights between building makes safe and attracts more people.
Figure 12: Benches at Stroget Street
Figure 13: Safety at Stroget Street
5.2.4 Green Spaces There are no good landscaping in the street therefore according to the analysis green spaces should be provided to attract more users and have positive impact on physical as well mental well being. Greenery makes a space liveable and people feel safe and enjoy such spaces. 5.2.5 Lighting Lighting is an important parameter for street quality. It provides various advantages, people feel safe and secure under lighting and more people take initiative to interact therefore provide comfort zone while walking on the street.
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Figure 14: Lighting at Stroget
5.2.6 StreetComfort
Figure 15: Stroget Street Section
The entire Stroget is very comfortable as it is visually interesting and has large amounts of attractions, amenities, and activities attracting large numbers of people. Also pavement creates comfortable walking surface, infrastructure provides comfort zone for people to relax. 5.2.7 Visual aspects of streets Various Building with varied facades create visual interest
Pavement creates unique and comfortable walking space and provides visually interest Figure 16: Building facades and unique Pavement
The street becomes visually connected when it acts like an open street. Various buildings with varied facades creates visual interest.The majority of buildings along Strøget are about 40 feet high on both sides of the street which is 32-39 feet wide, creating a sense of enclosure. The street has several curves along its length to create a
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meandering experience for pedestrians and the open plazas along the way help break up space and open it up in periodic intervals providing a visual connection to a street. 5.3 CASE STUDY II – Sodra Forstadsgatan, Malmo, Sweden 5.3.1 Accessibility Accessbility is an important factor for street. The street has good accessibility as shown in below image, Bike parking at entrance to the pedestrian zonw give access to bicycles has been provided, and wide sidewalks on streets leading to the pedsestrian zone provide easy and comfortable access to pedestrians.
Figure 17: connecting Street off the Sodra pedestrian zone in Malmo, Sweden
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5.3.2 Attractiveness, lighting and Visual aspects of streets Various activities on street perform a vital role for attracting the users. The street has been made liveable and socially interactive by providing benches for people to feel comfort and relax. Lighting has been also provided which attracts environment and safer surroundings for visitors.
Figure 18: Visual aspects and attractiveness of street
5.3.3 Green Spaces Greens play a vital role in quality of street. It creates positive impact on people lives and creates better life for human beings. As shown in fig.18 there are no good landscaping on street, only few greens on street therefore makes ess attractive for visitors. Green pockets should be provided which makes street safer and interactive for the users.
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5.3.4 Comfort, safety Comfort includes how well people are protected from weather and how well a space is maintained. However, comfort is also derived from how a public space makes people feel. Clean sidewalks and well-maintained buildings make people feel safe and comfortable.
Figure 19: Comfort and safety of Sweden street
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5.4 CASE STUDY III- Time Square (NYC) Gehl Architects is known for using a space survey and measurement processes to evaluate urban situation in both qualitative and quantitative terms. This measurement includes how people interact, where people spend their most of the time, what activities they are engaged in, counting and surveying people and simple observations, are used both as a preplanning tool and as a means of evaluating a built project. They call this analysis a “Public Space/Public lie survey,” and part of the goal is to balance statistics which is dominated by vehicular data by including data on pedestrians, and public life as well as traffic volume. (ANDERSON-OLIVER, JUNE 13, 2013)
Figure 20: Before- life between and buildings after people centered
Gehl found that Time Square consists of 89 percent road space and 11 percent people space, even though 90 percent of users are pedestrians. Over the past decades or so, Jan gehl changed the theory of New York City which has been making dramatic improvements that emphasize the quality of life on the street for the betterment of the city, urban vitality, and sustainability, Specifically the city has been carving out more spaces for pedestrians, bicycles, public transit, public gathering and parks. New York has no lack of pedestrians, and these improvements invite more
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5.5 CASE STUDY IV – Mehrauli, New Delhi, India Mehrauli is situated in the South Delhi Planning Zone F-15. It is located on the spur of the Aravalli range of mountains, which lie on the west of the Qutab complex. Mehrauli is referred to as an ‘urban village’ and is one of the 111 traditional settlements within the urban area of Delhi, which have been urbanized in the last few decades. Mehrauli offers an opportunity to analyze the morphological shift from the organic settlements and its varying impacts on the street activity and walkability in the neighborhood. The street has been studied and survey has been conducted to know about, what degree of enclosure do people feel safe while on the street on a scale of 1-10? What is the one thing the people are afraid of on this street? Why and how often do people use this street? 5.5.1 Enclosure and Safety The data obtained by the survey, when analysed helps in establishing the degree of enclosure felt in a street to the degree of safety felt by the peoply while walking on that street. It was observed that the feeling of safety decreased drastically. This could be related to the fact that the streets having buildings too close to each other and very less sunlight entering the street, tend to make people uncomfortable and claustrophobic while walking on these streets. Thus it was concluded that Enclosure and Safety are directly proportional to each other until a point where if the enclosure increases any further, the feeling of safety starts to drop. 5.5.2 Softness and Street Vitality On Street 1, most of the shop keepers felt connected to the activities happening on the street. They were able to monitor pedestrians’ activity on the street and felt connected to the surroundings. On Street 2 also, was packed with small shops and eateries which were open on the ground floor. The shop keepers felt that many people walking were attracted to the shops on the street and would automatically come inside the shop to buy daily use things. Pedestrians were also asked if they could relate to the shops and if they felt
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invited into the shops. Most of them agreed to the fact that the shops on the street were very inviting in nature.
Figure 21: Activities on Mehrauli Street
Hence, it was concluded that the subjective elements that make a street environment feel safe and welcoming were important factors in enhancing walkability. The Transparency and Transitional space present on both Streets 1 and 2 helped in contributing to the pedestrian activity on the streets. Walkability and street vitality is one of the important factors in shaping the urban life on and around the street. It helps in identifying the most active areas in a locality and people tend to locate themselves near such vital public corridors. After analyzing the streets for walkability in the neighborhood of Mehrauli it can be concluded that streets having built fabric pertaining to the traditional settlement had more public life on them. The reason behind this observation is the fact that these built fabrics and building typologies gave pedestrians a sense of control over the street. Optimum enclosure provided pedestrians with a sense of safety which made them stay longer on the street.
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5.6 PRIMARY CASE STUDY- DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS METHODS 5.6.1INTRODUCTION Primary case study will present the data collection and analysis method for determining the qualities of Pedestrian Street and reducing the vehicular flow in sector 29 markets located in Gurgaon, Haryana. 5.6.2SITE SELECTION Sector 29 Market is selected as a case study. The selected case study arid is located in Gurgaon. Being the highly commercial area, it has various characteristics in terms of built and social structures. Sector 29 is one of the most active and socialized space because of the existing pubs and bars. The area is highly crowded by people during day and night, attracting people to the site. The major reason for selecting this site is due to the lack of interactive pedestrian area, where large area is allotted to the vehicular parking. 5.6.3Methodology of the Analysis of Case Study As studied in chapter three, parameters that affects street qualities, the significant of them. The analysis will be done that by reducing the vehicles in parking, how to achieve interactive pedestrian area
QUALITY
Why is it important
Analysis
To street?
ACCESSBILITY
•
PERMEABILITY
It
is
important
for Transportation and
people to move around traffic analysis. the street. •
Social analysis
It is important to have alternative choices to travel through area.
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Visual Aspects of
•
Streets
It
is
for Landscape and
important
people to have various Social analysis experiences. •
It is important to have a appropriateness visuals, so that people can read their pattern easily.
Green Spaces
Social analysis
•
Attracts people
•
Positive
impact
physical
and
on Natural Analysis
mental
health Open Public
•
Make space liveable
•
It is one of the factors to Social analysis
Spaces
achieve friendly open Observations spaces
with
good
pedestrian. •
It
is
important
people
to
for
engage
socially. Attractiveness
Street infrastructure,
Land use analysis,
landscaping, lighting, grass,
Social analysis,
well-maintained paving,
observations
aesthetic quality enhance attractiveness Lighting
Provides safety, feeling of
Social analysis
security, positivity
Safety
•
Gives people kind of Social Analysis security.
•
Encourages people to spend time in an open space.
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Legibility
It is the quality which helps to
Social Analysis
make space readable and
Observations
people easily find without any confusion.
In order to analyze the quality of sector 29 Market, parameters that are achieved from social and physical analysis. The analysis is important to have a successful open space and interactive pedestrian streets. 5.7 Physical Analysis of Sector 29 Market Physical analysis includes the parameters that relate to natural environment such as greenery, permeability, legibility, accessibility. 5.7.1 Legibility of Sector 29 Market Street and street leading to the parking area Legibility plays vital role. In terms of the personal analysis, there are less social nodes that could be seen while walking along the street. More nodes should be provided to activate the street and to increase the social interaction. 5.7.2 Greenery- Sector 29 Market The main parameters are assessed by environmental analysis and questionnaire survey. According to users, 65% of them rate poor greenery condition. Also based on personal observation street leading to the area currently filled by vehicles has fewer trees.
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Figure 22: Greenery
According to the natural analysis there are few green areas on the street and there is lack of variety of greenery elements as shown in figure. 5.7.3 Accessibility These two parameters are evaluated by vehicular traffic and pedestrian analysis, also questionnaire. In traffic analysis as it is shown in figure, the main entrance street and street is filled by the vehicles, increase the traffic on street due to which quality of walkability decreases attracting less people. According to the questionnaire, about 85% believed that this street is accessible only for vehicular moment but not for walkability and 15% told that for walkability accessibility is not bad. Mostly half of them complained about the lack of interactive pedestrian path through streets and Leading Street to the area. The below figures show the primary and secondary roads and traffic analysis. 40
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Figure 23: Primary, Secondary roads and Highways
Figure 24: Traffic Analysis
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The accessibility from metro station to the sector 29 street by car is 9 minutes hence it is easily accessible by people from car (figure 1)
Figure 25: Car Aaccessibility from metro to sector 29 street Car Accessbility ( 9 mins) Pedest rian Zone
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The accessibility from metro station to street by walking is 25 minutes therefore people coming from metro has to walk a lot to reach which further attracts less people
Figure 26: Pedestrian Aaccessibility from metro to sector 29 street
Pedest rian Accessbility ( 25 mins) Metro Station
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Figure 27: Accessbility
Accessbility Rating
15% Vehicular Movement
85%
Pedestrian Movement
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5.7.4 Permeability Analysis shows the small pubs and bars have a good visual permeability from the street this is because of the good signage and physical permeability is also good. According to the questionnaire 40% of the street has good physical and 60% visual permeability.
Figure 28: Permeability
Permeanility Rating
Visual Permeaability
40% 60%
Physical Permeability
5.7.5 Attractiveness This parameter can be evaluated in this street by questionnaire along with observation and natural analysis. As discussed before in chapter 3, safety, accessibility, street infrastructure, lighting, comfort, open spaces, outdoor environment affect attractiveness.
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Figure 29: Attractiveness According to the social analysis people are not satisfied with the level of safety in this street. 40% people told that this street is not safe at night time. Regarding questionnaire survey, all people believed that sector 29 market street is might be improved. Attractiveness
40% 60%
Not Attractive Attractive
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5.7.6 Safety
Figure 30: Safety Issues
Safety is important parameter for quality of street. According to the questionnaire, it seems that people are not satisfied with; people believed that this street is not safe at night. ` According to the survey, 80% people feel unsafe due to the sighnge, lighting issues and 20% feel safe at night. Similarly, 60% area is unsafe and 40% is safe at day.
Saftey
20% 80%
Unsafe
Safe
5.7.7 Comfort This parameter could be evaluated through social analysis. According to the questionnaire people do not feel comfortable in street. Through the questionnaire survey 30% of people ask for sitting infrastructure, 25% mentioned lack of greenery, 20% people mentioned issues of safety, 15% wanted lighting equipment’s and 10% people complained about the poor signage.
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5.7.7.1 Comfort Rating
10% 15%
30% Sitiing Infrastructure
30%
Greenery Safety
20%
25%
25%
Lighting Sighnage
5.7.8 Visual Aspects of Streets This parameter could be evaluated through social analysis and observations. Visual aspects of streets is achieved by the landscaping, various views from different direction, materials. According to the questionnaire survey, based on landscaping analysis there is no good landscape, infrastructure which could give sense to the street. According to the survey, 65% of people mentioned the street visually not attractive and 35% believe well visually street.
Visually Aspects
Visually Good Visuaaly Bad
5.7.9 Open Public Space
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Street leading to the area currently filled by vehicle is the area where the space has given to the cars 9(fig. 31). According to social analysis, this large area has no interactive spaces, no greenery, and lack of lighting.
Figure 31: Open Space filled by vehicles According to the questionnaire survey, 85% of respondents want car free pedestrian zone, good interactive spaces, sitting elements, landscaping.
Open Public Space
Open public space Less open public space
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5.8 ANALYSIS 1. How would you fulfilling your needs while walking along the street?
Fair Good
Graph 1:
Fulfilling Needs
2. Do you like to spend some free time in the street?
Yes No Not Answer
Graph 2: Spending free time
3. Is street accessible enough from metro station to sector 29 Market Street (Pedestrian)?
Yes No Not Bad
Graph 3 Walking Accessibility from metro station
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4. What is the quality of building along the street?
High Quality
Intermediate Quality Poor Quality
Graph 4: Quality of Building
5. If any what are the negative points of this street?
Safety Poor Greenery
Poor Sighnange Lack of Infrastructure
Graph 5: Negative points on street
6. How would you rate the greenery in sector 29 Market Street?
Sales Excellent Good Fair Poor
Graph 6: Greenery
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7. What is the important consideration to prefer spending time in this street?
Meting Friends Going to Clubs Just Walking
Graph 7: Spending time in street
1. How would you rate visually aspects of street?
Good Fair Poor Excellent
Graph 8: Visually aspects of street
2. Is street equipped well with street furniture?
Yes No
Graph 9: Street Furniture
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3. What do you think about the condition of pavements of pedestrian paths?
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Graph 10: Pavement of pedestrian paths
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Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusion As mentioned formerly, street in general and “pedestrian street” in particular are the urban spaces that play a vital role in social life of people. They can accordingly improve the quality of life or on the other hand worsen it. There are some qualities in this sense that could affect on success of the pedestrian street. Sector 29 Market Street is one of the most important public spaces in form of “Pedestrian Street”. It is an attraction pole not only for citizens but also for the tourists. This street is rich in terms of social values. Sector 29 market Street has been evaluated in terms of quality to determine the current situation. In the first chapter, a brief introduction was given. In the second chapter, “Pedestrian Street” was explained to get its concept, importance and design criteria. It was also focused on pedestrian activities; pedestrian needs through these activities and street quality to achieve parameters for evaluating the level of quality in Street. Hence, Chapter 4 has been analyzed each parameter in this street. The findings from Chapter 4 showed that 9 parameters should be tested in the case. The parameters are defined as greens, legibility, visual aspects of street, accessibility, permeability, attractiveness, safety, comfort and lighting which all are gained according to Carmon and Bentley. The aim of this study initially was to satisfy human needs with human activities through urban space qualities that lead to obtain those parameters.
6.2 Recommendations for Bringing Street to Better Qualities •
The obtained data has clarified that, some improvements and changes are needed in order to enhance the quality of this street. In following section, some recommendations are given in terms of each parameter for quality improvement of the street.
•
There are lack of green areas include: elements like green wall, flower box in combination with people activities, trees as shelters and also there is no
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organized concept for the existing green area to use them towards pedestrian beneficial •
The nodes should be activated and improved to increase the social interaction. But street is not facilitated in terms of activity legibility. It means that some remarkable activities should be defined along this street to make it more legible.
•
Although 29 sector street acts like a mixed-use street, there is not variety of activities. Thus, this street needs to be improved in terms of activities, so that optional and social activities will be done in this street as well.
•
The quality of visual aspects of street should be defined by landscape and building façade. Good landscape or public art could improve the visual qualities and caring about order, unity and balance in new constructions in this street will affect visual appropriateness
•
Pavement materials and pedestrian facilities should be improved to persuade people to walk to the street.
•
As what discussed in analysis, the level of safety in Street should be improved also the lighting equipment for example could be designed along the street to improve safety especially at nights.
•
Comfort is defined as greenery, street furniture, visual qualities, signage and safety. Hence to have comfortable Street it is needed to define each and every quality according to human needs. As a result of this research, it needs to be redesigned properly according to user needs and activities. In this sense it could be a successful pedestrian street.
6.3 Agenda for Future Research Accordingly, this research was done to be a base for firstly determining the current situation in terms of street quality and then promoting these qualities in sector 29 Street. It can also be used by other researches in future as municipalities, town planning offices and students who want to study in this field. For me, if I wish to move in this way, I will go deeper through street quality. In this sense, I will define the concepts towards how each and every parameter could be improved to be converted to a quality within the stree
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Appendix 1 The purpose of this street is try to understand the needs and problems in sector 29 market street for creating successful pedestrian friendly environment, with improving the quality of streets. 1. How would you be fulfilling your needs while walking along the street? •
Fair
•
Good
•
Excellent
2. Do you like to spend some free time in the street? •
Yes
•
No
•
Is street accessible enough from metro station to sector 29 Market Street?
•
Yes
•
No
•
Not bad
3. How many times do you come to this street? •
Two times
•
Three times
•
More than three times
4. What is the quality of building along the street? •
High quality
•
Intermediate quality
•
Poor quality
5. If any what are the negative points of this street? •
Safety
•
Poor greenery
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•
Poor signage
•
Lack of infrastructure
6. How would you rate the greenery in sector 29 Market Street? •
Good
•
Fair
•
Poor
•
Excellent
7. What is the important consideration to prefer spending time in this street? •
Meeting friends
•
Going to clubs
•
Just Walking
8. How would you rate visually aspects of street? •
Good
•
Fair
•
Poor
•
Excellent
9. Is street equipped well with street furniture? •
Yes
•
No
10. What do you think about the condition of pavements of pedestrian paths? •
Poor
•
Fair
•
Good
•
Excellent
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K.
(2019).
35.
[online]
Core.ac.uk.
Available
at:
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