Urban green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane

Guided by:

(PP0000315)

Prof: Tushar Bose

Dissertation 2017

Faculty of Planning, CEPT University Ahmedabad – 38 00 09.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation titled “Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad�, has been submitted by Mr. Aditya Mane towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Urban and Regional Planning Degree. This is a bona-fide work of the student and has not been submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma.

Dr. C.N. Ray Chairman Dissertation Committee

Date: 16/05/2017

Prof. Tushar Bose Guide

UNDERTAKING

I, Aditya Mane, the author of the Dissertation titled “Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad�, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Urban and Regional Planning Degree at Faculty of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

Date: 16/05/2017 Place: Ahmedabad

Aditya Mane PP0000315

Signature

DISCLAIMER This document describes work undertaken as part of a program of study at the Faculty of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

Aditya Mane PP0000315

.

Date: 16/05/2017

Acknowledgement: I would like to express my gratitude to Faculty of Planning, CEPT University for providing me an opportunity to do my Post graduation thesis. I consider the knowledge and experience that I gained from here during my study period has been a value addition to me. I would like to thank everyone I have for giving me the opportunity to interact with them.

I provide my heartfelt regards and sincere thanks to my guide, Prof. Tushar Bose, who has been a constant source of inspiration and provided all technical and moral support during the course of my Thesis. Working under his guidance has been a great learning experience. He always encouraged me during my thesis work. I would like to thank Jay and Puneeth for helping me with the software’s.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank my dearest batch mates who have been constant source of motivation.

I would also like to thank my parents for their constant support and guidance in my thesis work.

Mom, dad you mean the world to me. I am what I am today due to the love and encouragement of my family. I owe them everything.

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Contents Executive Summary: .................................................................................................................. 6 1

2

Background: ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.1

Research Problem: ..................................................................................................... 12

1.2

Aim: ........................................................................................................................... 13

1.3

Key Research Questions: ........................................................................................... 13

1.4

Research Objectives: ................................................................................................. 13

1.5

Methodology and Framework: .................................................................................. 14

1.6

Scope and limitations: ............................................................................................... 16

Literature review ............................................................................................................... 18 2.1

Green Infrastructure Concept: ................................................................................... 18 History of green infrastructure: .......................................................................... 18 Definition of green infrastructure? ..................................................................... 18

3

2.2

Elements that can contribute to urban green infrastructure (scope): ......................... 22

2.3

Understanding the Significance of Green Infrastructure (Benefits): ......................... 22

2.4

Green space Per-Capita: ............................................................................................ 25

Case studies: ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.1

New York: ................................................................................................................. 27

3.2

Washington DC: ........................................................................................................ 29

3.3

Copenhagen: .............................................................................................................. 30

3.4

Singapore: .................................................................................................................. 31 ABC Water Program – ....................................................................................... 32

4

Cases of Indian Cities: ...................................................................................................... 36 4.1

City level Initiatives: ................................................................................................. 36 Chandigarh: ........................................................................................................ 36 Gandhinagar ....................................................................................................... 37 Delhi ................................................................................................................... 38 Bangalore ........................................................................................................... 39 City level Initiatives: .......................................................................................... 40

5

Approaches of Government towards greening of India .................................................... 41 5.1

Background ............................................................................................................... 41

5.2

National level approach: ............................................................................................ 41 National environment policy, 2006 .................................................................... 41

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

1|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad National action plan on climate change: ............................................................ 42 National Missions: ............................................................................................. 42 National Mission for Green India: ..................................................................... 43 Urban Development Plan formulation and Implementation guidelines:............ 44 National Lake Conservation Plan ...................................................................... 46 6

Introduction to study area: ................................................................................................ 50 6.1

Location and Regional Context: ................................................................................ 50

6.2

Physical Characteristics: ............................................................................................ 51

6.3

City Climate: ............................................................................................................. 51

6.4

Demography: ............................................................................................................. 52

6.5

Land Use and Land Cover: ........................................................................................ 55

6.6

Landuse/Landcover of Hyderabad ............................................................................ 59

6.7

Economy of Hyderabad: ............................................................................................ 62

6.8

Infrastructure of Hyderabad: ..................................................................................... 62

7

Data collection and Survey: .............................................................................................. 64 7.1

Data collection framework ........................................................................................ 64

7.2

Secondary Data collection: ........................................................................................ 64

7.3

Primary Survey: ......................................................................................................... 67

7.4

Government Authority: ............................................................................................. 67

7.5

Builders/Developers .................................................................................................. 68

7.6

Citizen’s perspective: ................................................................................................ 69

7.7

L&T Hyderabad Metro Rail Authority: .................................................................... 70

8

Status of Urban Green infrastructure in Hyderabad: ........................................................ 71 8.1

Tree plantation and tree census: ................................................................................ 71

8.2

Parks and Gardens in hyderabad: .............................................................................. 73

8.3

NDVI Analysis .......................................................................................................... 77

8.4

Government Initiatives to develop greenery: ............................................................ 86 Buddha Pournima Project: ................................................................................. 87

9

Budget: .............................................................................................................................. 88

10

Management and Issues: ............................................................................................... 89

11

Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 93

11.1 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 93 References .............................................................................................................................. 100

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

2|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

List of Tables Table 1: Methodology .............................................................................................................. 15 Table 2: Green Infrastructure definitions ................................................................................. 20 Table 3: Singapore Green Infrastructure .................................................................................. 34 Table 4: International Case Studies.......................................................................................... 35 Table 5: Matrix showing findings of Indian Case studies ....................................................... 40 Table 6: Norms for Per capita Green/open space..................................................................... 44 Table 7: Norms for parks play fields and other open spaces .................................................. 45 Table 8: Matris showing findings of various government initiatives towards green infrastructure ............................................................................................................................ 48 Table 9: Area and population of circles in Hyderabad ............................................................ 52 Table 10 Decadal growth in Hyderabad................................................................................... 53 Table 11: Population of Hyderabad ......................................................................................... 53 Table 12: Population density of Hyderabad ............................................................................. 53 Table 13: Municipal Corporation in Hyderabad ..................................................................... 55 Table 14: Landuse of Hyderabad (EPTRI) .............................................................................. 59 Table 15:Other Infrastructures in Hyderabad .......................................................................... 63 Table 16: Tree census in Hyderabad ........................................................................................ 72 Table 17: GHMC parks in Hyderabad ..................................................................................... 73 Table 18: GHMC parks zone wise ........................................................................................... 75 Table 19: Vegetation calculated by NDVI analysis ................................................................. 77 Table 20:Change in percentage of green cover in each circle ................................................. 79 Table 21: Green per-capita and UDPFRI guidelines for Parks in circle .................................. 82

List of Figures Figure 1: Green Infrastructure in New York ............................................................................ 28 Figure 2: Green cover Washington DC .................................................................................... 29 Figure 3: Copenhagen Finger Plane ......................................................................................... 30 Figure 4: Singapore Green Infrastructure ................................................................................ 31 Figure 5: Singapore Green Cover ............................................................................................ 33 Figure 6: Chandigarh................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 7: Gandhinagar.............................................................................................................. 38 Figure 8: Delhi Green Cover .................................................................................................... 38 Figure 9: Bengaluru Green Cover ............................................................................................ 39 Figure 10: Map showing location of Hyderabad...................................................................... 51 Figure 11:Comparing the area of circles of Hyderabad ........................................................... 54 Figure 12: HMDA 2031 Master Plan ....................................................................................... 56 Figure 13: Various zones of HMDA ........................................................................................ 57 Figure 14: GHMC Circle map.................................................................................................. 57 Figure 15: GHMC Zone map ................................................................................................... 57 Figure 16: Land use map of Hyderabad 2001 and 2015 .......................................................... 60 Figure 17: Land use classification............................................................................................ 61

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

3|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Figure 18: Framework of data collection ................................................................................. 64 Figure 19: Area of various types of parks in Hyderabad ......................................................... 74 Figure 20: Percentage of Parks per Zone ................................................................................. 74 Figure 21: Major Parks in Hyderabad ...................................................................................... 75 Figure 22: NDVI of Hyderabad 2001-2006-2011-2016 .......................................................... 77 Figure 23: Area of vegetation in all circles of HYD ................................................................ 78 Figure 24:% of vegetation Circle wise in Hyderabad .............................................................. 80 Figure 25: Change in greenery circle wise(2001-2016)........................................................... 80 Figure 26: % of change in vegetation (2001-2016) ................................................................. 81 Figure 27: % of change in vegetation from 2011 to 2016........................................................ 81 Figure 28: UDPFRI and green per-capita ................................................................................ 82 Figure 29: Green per-capita in circles of Hyderabad ............................................................... 83 Figure 30: Park area in Hectares/1000 people ......................................................................... 83 Figure 31: Uppal in pictures ..................................................................................................... 84 Figure 32:Circle II in Pictures .................................................................................................. 85 Figure 33:R.C.Puram ............................................................................................................... 85

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

4|PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Executive Summary: Introduction to Urban Green Infrastructure: Introduction to Urban green Infrastructure starts with a little background about how the word Urban Green Infrastructure came up. It all started with a backdrop about urbanization, which essentially started by 1900’s. New York was the first city with population over 1 million.

In 1900’s only 13% of the world (220 million) lived in urban areas. In 1950 the urban population increased to 29% (732 million). By 2008, urban population increased to 50%. It is predicted that world’s urban population would increase to 60% by 2030 and 70% by 2050.

Therefore a lot of emphasis is given on providing basic infrastructure, which requires huge investment and also a lot of resources to implement and maintain. But the development has been happening at such rapid pace due to economic activities and increased investments especially in the less developed country such as India that it led to infrastructure crunch.

This led to imbalance in natural system. As humans, we have potential to live more in balance with the natural systems and Green Infrastructure represents to the approach we can take to do that. Thus Green Infrastructure planning emphasizes more on the relationship between natural environment and people.

The aim of the research is to assess the Green Infrastructure components of Hyderabad city, and assess the Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad. But to do that we have to understand what Green Infrastructure is? And what are its components and what is its significance in urban context in Indian cities? Also, we have to understand why there is shrinkage in green cover in urban India. What have been the approaches of Indian government to tackle this problem? And how can Green Infrastructure be further integrated in further development of the city.

Thus asking ourselves this question, we have to formulate the objectives for the Research which essentially will be the methodology of my study. The main objectives are:  To study the evolution and concept of green infrastructure – Literature and Case Studies  To understand and examine the significance of green infrastructure in Indian cities. - Case Studies.  To study how India have adopted the concept of green infrastructure for development?  To understand the present framework of urban green infrastructure of Hyderabad city.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

6|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad  To identify various stakeholders who will help eliminate the barriers to green infrastructure.  To give recommendations to encourage green infrastructure suitable in urban context of India.

Literature Review: To understand the concept of Green Infrastructure, the definitions of many successful agencies such as US EPA, European environmental agency, European commission have been referred. How they evolved the definition based on the locality of the area and local problems.

But all the definitions addressed three common grounds. (a) Green infrastructure involves natural and managed green areas in both urban and rural settings (b) Strategic connections between these green areas in the above settings (c) Providing multiple benefits for the stakeholders.

And application of these green infrastructure approaches range in scale from individual buildings, plots, and neighbourhoods to entire cities and metro regions.

Also this study helped to understand the components of an Urban Green Infrastructure and its benefits in social and economic aspects. Basically the green infrastructure approach if applied properly has a lot of potential in reducing human effort of developing and maintaining a city.

Case Studies: To understand how Green Infrastructure approach has been applied successfully, a study was required at international and national level. International cities include New York, Washington, Copenhagen and Singapore. While New York’s approach was because of the problems caused due to overflow of the drainage system, Washington’s approach was to increase the value of their property by providing abundance of green cover in their neighbourhood. Copenhagen’s approach was more related to adaptation of climate which is changing very quickly. Singapore’s approach was to preserve the potable water. Each of these cities approach was successful.

However, coming to Indian cities the concept of Green Infrastructure approach has not been very clean. Many Indian cities grew at such rapid pace, that very less emphasis was given for preserving natural systems. Gandhinagar and Chandigarh, which were the planned cities have better green per-capita than all the Indian cities and also bettered many other world class cities.

Bangalore and Delhi fares next better cities of India in terms of green cover and green per-

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

7|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad capita. But does improving the green cover and green per-capita of the cities can stop the degrading of natural system? Perhaps no. Lack of the study in Indian context on green Infrastructure has also become the limitation of the research.

But still Indian Government have taken various steps towards the Greening of Indian cities.

Approach of Government towards Greening of India: There are many national level approaches to preserve the green of India. It all started because of massive urbanization leading to the loss of forest cover. Hence in 1989, Forest conservation act was passed to control the diversion of reserved forest land for non-forest purpose. National environmental policy, 2006 made strategies for preserving eco sensitive zones, green cover, wetlands etc. NAPCC was formed to do the damage control and was formed on target based approach to increase the forest cover and also to improve the quality of forest cover. URDPFI had various guidelines for preservation of green in urban areas. Also it had guidelines for Biodiversity index such as Per capita green/open space per person, proportion of natural areas in city, recreational areas and also budget allocation. National lake conservation plan had target to restore and conserve water eco system and also eco system near water bodies through integrated eco system approach. At state level, town planning commission and ULB’s formulated their own plans for the preservation of green in their region.

Introduction to Study Area: Understanding Hyderabad by knowing about its location, connectivity, characteristics, natural and man-made systems, climate, and demography. Hyderabad has grown multi fold in last 40 years. Hence, new areas kept adding and hence newer municipal corporations were formed.

Currently GHMC has the control on the most of the city’s core areas and HMDA is formulating DP 2031 of Hyderabad. Land use and Land cover of Hyderabad was studied to understand how much percentage of land is under green cover. Also, we learn what the main source of economy in Hyderabad are.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

8|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Data collection: Basically two types of data collection was done. Primary survey included perception study of stake holders by interviewing Govt. Officials, real estate developers, Hyderabad metro authorities and Citizens and also observations made by me. Secondary data was collected from GHMC and HMDA authorities from interaction and their websites on tree cover, Parks and gardens and Bio-diversity data.

Status of Urban Green Infrastructure: From the limited data given by the GHMC and HMDA, the research was depended on secondary data. The secondary data included tree plantation in Hyderabad since 1995, Parks and Garden data. A GIS map shows how approachable the major parks are for the citizens of Hyderabad. NDVI analysis of GHMC area shows the change in green cover every 5 years since 2001 till 2016. NDVI analysis also showed the most vegetative and the least vegetative circles of Hyderabad. Green per-capita of each circle was determined and compared with WHO standard through GIS which gave the result of the circles which had performed well and which didn’t.

UDPFRI guidelines suggests that for a city, 1.2-1.4 hectares of parks in required per 1000 people. Hence the NDVI data was also compared with UDPFRI to determine which park of the city have parks more accessible to its citizens. Based on the results 4 circles were studied a bit deeper. The government’s initiatives were studied to develop greenery in Hyderabad. Budget spend on elements of green infrastructure was also studied and compared with UDPFRI. Also knowing which bodies maintains which all department in Hyderabad.

Recommendations: The recommendation and strategies are suggested after very careful understanding of the strategies or techniques used by best practices or successful cases of cities. The study also refers to guidance for enhancing Green Infrastructure provided by institutions such as Natural England, US Environment Protection Agency, American Planning Association, European Commission etc. Below are the recommendations given in brief. 

Creating a wing which prepared exclusive green infrastructure plan for the city at the development plan stage.



Define a multiple hierarchy of Green Infrastructure, in terms of function, location and size, use levels, by analysing the natural, historic and landscape assets and identify the

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

9|PAGE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad areas where there is requirement of additional Green Infrastructure. (Adopted by East of England Plan, 2008) 

Compensating the biodiversity loss due to development, through compensatory natural habitat expansion or restoration elsewhere.



Creating a fool proof data bank on the elements of green infrastructure.



Compulsory inclusion of green infrastructure concept in upcoming projects.



Figuring out various funding options.



Increasing awareness about green infrastructure amongst emerging engineers and design professional.



Vacant properties can be converted into green belts.



Musi River can be taken up as a major riverfront development project where a lot of emphasis must be given on reviving the dead ecosystem of river and its surroundings.

This project connects various circles would increase property values in those circles.

The same can be done with various lakes around Hyderabad.



Converting the identified barren lands and other shrub lands into urban forests and connecting them. It could be connected via roads i.e. increase the tree cover in those areas

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

10 | P A G E

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

1 Background: Predictions show, by 2050 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas. In 2008, for the first time the population living in Urban and rural areas has been equal.

Urbanization is a phenomenon of spatial concentration and economic activity and it varies from country to continent and in the time and speed with which it takes place.

In 1900’s only 13% of the world (220 million) lived in urban areas. In 1950 the urban population increased to 29% (732 million). By 2008, urban population increased to 50%. It is predicted that world’s urban population would increase to 60% by 2030 and 70% by 2050.

The process of urbanization is gradually putting pressure on the cities and their infrastructure.

Slums are the world’s fastest growing habitats. These habitats lack access to improved water, sanitation, living area, durability and security. Hence cities are giving more and more emphasis towards providing the infrastructure.

Overall the world population is growing at the rate of 1% every year. But urban population is growing almost at the rate of 1.8% in more economic developed countries and 2.3% in less economic developed countries.

Increase in urban population gradually leading to urban agglomeration. During 1950’s New York was the only city in the world to have population over 10 million. By 2030, there will be 23 such urban centres. Hyderabad is one of the 23 cities which would have population over 10 million.

Therefore a lot of emphasis is given on providing basic infrastructure, which requires huge investment and also a lot of resources to implement and maintain. But the development has been happening at such rapid pace due to economic activities and increased investments especially in the less developed country such as India that it led to infrastructure crunch. Over the years, Indian Government had initiated various development projects, but the focus on green infrastructure was comparatively lesser than grey infrastructure.

1.1 Research Problem: To encourage green infrastructure in India, firstly it is important to understand the existing situation of urban infrastructure programs/initiatives, which have been already implemented and the share of green infrastructure in these initiatives and the approaches taken by government at different levels. It is also very important to identify the opportunities and constraints for Aditya Mane.PP0000315

12 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad strengthening planning for green infrastructure in the city. Doing so will help in formulating strategies/alternatives to further integrate green infrastructure in major development initiatives.

So the need of the study is to assess the very recent urban infrastructure program, Development Plan, and City Development Plan etc. and the existing situation of green infrastructure in Hyderabad. To suggest measures to further integrate and increase the share of urban green infrastructure in development initiatives and the city in future.

1.2 Aim: “To explore the potential of enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad”

1.3 Key Research Questions:  What is the significance of green infrastructure in urban context in India?  Why is green cover shrinking?  What have been the approaches of government at different levels towards green infrastructure?  How green infrastructure can be further integrated in major development initiatives or goals?

1.4 Research Objectives:  To study the evolution and concept of green infrastructure -Case. Studies  To understand and examine the significance of green infrastructure in Indian cities. - Case.

Studies.  To study how India have adopted the concept of green infrastructure for development?  To understand the present framework of urban green infrastructure of Hyderabad city.  To identify various stakeholders who will help eliminate the barriers to green infrastructure.  To give recommendations to encourage green infrastructure suitable in urban context of India.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

13 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 1.5

Methodology and Framework:

This section of the report describes the research methodology adopted. In the context this research, the intention is to verify the research questions and to extract findings that will help in identifying obstacles and opportunities that will help in formulating strategies to further encourage green infrastructure.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

14 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Objectives Conceptual Understanding  and evolution  To understand and exam ine the significance of  green infrastructure in cit ies  Study how India have adopted the concept of green infrastructure for development o o o o o o

Stage 4

o o To understand the present  framework of urban green infrastructure of Hydera bad city.     To identify various stake holders who will help eliminate the barriers to green  infrastructure   and

Stage 5

  Recommendations to en courage green infrastructure suitable in Indian context  

Approach Concept and components of green infrastructure Significance of green infrastructure Understanding the significance At global level At country level Examining the significance at city level.

Reviewing in terms of green infrastructure of national state level policies, programs and acts Forest conservation act National environment policy National action plan on climate change National mission for green India.

UDPFI guidelines Town planning and urban development act.

City level review City development plan Other projects Assessing the situation of green in frastructure in the city.

Existing green assets managed by  the city o Management Implementation and monitoring o Fund allocation Main constraints Private parties involvement Check on ground realities of public green assets Carbon sequestration Mapping of public green assets Analysis and overlay of information collected Identify stakeholders Identify barriers and opportunities Identifying different techniques and strategies implemented by best practices At national/ state level At city/ local level.

Tools Used Literature review

Literature review of various case studies Perception study Primary survey, interviews and observations Literature review

Secondary data collection from related agencies Primary survey Interview in related departments and private agencies Observations

Table 1: Methodology

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

15 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

1.6 Scope and limitations: Scope: 

Conceptualising Urban green infrastructure in Indian context



Enhancing Urban green infrastructure in further development



Assessment of green infrastructure in study area.



Institutionalising green infrastructure as an act/policy.

Limitation: In the study only the public green infrastructure assets are taken into consideration, private/ individual assets are not taken into consideration. The study is largely dependent on secondary data.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

16 | P A G E

LITERATURE REVIEW

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

2 Literature review 2.1 Green Infrastructure Concept: History of green infrastructure: The term green infrastructure in not entirely a new concept. It was coined for the first time in the 1994 in a report to the governor on land conservation strategies. The general idea was to plan the grey infrastructure, but also included the plan to conserve and restore the natural resources. This initiative helped the citizens to recognize the importance of community planning.

Since 1994, the concept of green infrastructure has gained potential and slowly started spreading in the world.

Definition of green infrastructure?

Green infrastructure term can mean different things to different people. There are number of definitions available with significance to green infrastructure.

According to United States Environmental Planning Agency, “Green infrastructure is a cost-effective, resilient approach to managing wet weather impacts that provides many community benefits. While single-purpose grey storm water infrastructure—conventional piped drainage and water treatment systems—is designed to move urban storm water away from the built environment, green infrastructure reduces and treats storm water at its source while delivering environmental, social, and economic benefits. ” (EPA, n.d.)

According to EEA (European Environmental Agency) “Green infrastructure is a concept addressing the connectivity of ecosystems, their protection and the provision of ecosystem services, while also addressing mitigation and adaptation to climate change. It contributes to minimizing natural disaster risks, by using ecosystem-based approaches for coastal protection through marshes/flood plain restoration rather than constructing dikes. Green infrastructure helps ensure the sustainable provision of ecosystem goods and services while increasing the resilience of ecosystems.” (commission, 2013)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

18 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad According to the EC (European Commission) “Green Infrastructure is addressing the spatial structure of natural and semi-natural areas but also other environmental features which enable citizens to benefit from its multiple services. The underlying principle of Green Infrastructure is that the same area of land can frequently offer multiple benefits if its ecosystems are in a healthy state. Green Infrastructure investments are generally characterized by a high level of return over time, provide job opportunities, and can be a cost-effective alternative or be complementary to 'grey' infrastructure and intensive land use change. It serves the interests of both people and nature.” (commission, 2013) “Green infrastructure is a successfully tested tool for providing ecological, economic and social benefits through natural solutions. It helps us to understand the value of the benefits that nature provides to human society and to mobilize investments to sustain and enhance them.

It also helps avoid relying on infrastructure that is expensive to build when nature can often provide cheaper, more durable solutions. Many of these also create local job opportunities.”

(Civic & L.M, 2014) According to the organization The Conservation Fund green infrastructure is “A strategically planned and managed network of natural lands, working landscapes and other and other open spaces that conserve ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human population.” (Fund, n.d.)

According to Professor Ian Mell, “Green infrastructure amalgamates natural and manmade environment to create sustainable and better liveable space.” (Mell, 2015)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

19 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Green

Infra- Definition of green Infrastructure

Focus (Addressing Issue)

structure Body US EPA

Green infrastructure reduces and treats storm Urban Storm Water (Climate water at its source while delivering environ- change) mental, social, and economic benefits

EEA

Green infrastructure is a concept addressing Minimizing natural disaster

(European En- the connectivity of ecosystems, their protection risks by providing coastal provironmental

and the provision of ecosystem services, while tection through flood plain res-

agency)

also addressing mitigation and adaptation to toration rather than constructclimate change.

ing dikes

EC

According to the EC (European Commission) Grey infrastructure and inten-

(European

“Green Infrastructure is addressing the spatial sive land use change

Commission)

structure of natural and semi-natural areas but also other environmental features which enable citizens to benefit from its multiple services.

ECNC

“Green infrastructure is a successfully tested Infrastructure that is expensive

(European

tool for providing ecological, economic and so- to build when nature can often

Centre for na- cial benefits through natural solutions

provide cheaper, more durable

ture conserva-

solutions.

tion) The Conserva- A strategically planned and managed network Urban green cover, open lands tion Fund

of natural lands, working landscapes and other and other open spaces that conserve ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human population.

Table 2: Green Infrastructure definitions

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

20 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad The significant common ground within the definitions of green infrastructure. (d) Green infrastructure involves natural and managed green areas in both urban and rural settings (e) Strategic connections between these green areas in the above settings (f) Providing multiple benefits for the stakeholders.

And application of these green infrastructure approaches range in scale from individual buildings, plots, and neighbourhoods to entire cities and metro

regions. However, considering the

geography of Hyderabad, the following definition of Green Infrastructure can be incorporated.

“Green infrastructure is the physical environment within and between our cities, towns and villages. It is a network of multi-functional open spaces, including formal parks, gardens, woodlands, green corridors, water ways, lakes, street trees, graveyards, rock quarries, rocky region and open countryside. It comprises all the environmental resources and thus a green infrastructure approach contributes towards sustainable resources management.”

Green infrastructure is appearing more frequently in land conservation and development. There are three main perspectives on green infrastructure according to these.

Ecosystem services approach: “The natural cycles which operate globally, can also be retained, restored and maintained within cities to produce local benefits. This perspective is closely linked to the development of the concepts of sustainable development and urban ecology”. (Spirn, 1984; Hough, 2004).

Green space linking approach: In this approach, the green Infrastructure highlights the importance of “retaining and linking green spaces, nature corridors and drainage networks in cities to enhance ecosystem functioning” (Benedict and McMahon, 2002). In undertaking the functioning of a city, the network of Green Infrastructure is seen as an equivalent to the network of general engineering infrastructure. Green Infrastructure networks can provide a ‘green’ framework for more sustainable urban development.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

21 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Green engineering approach: It is viewed as a specialized for of engineering where the normal approach of engineering is replaced by structure with green elements which enables it to perform various ecosystem services like building energy efficiency etc.

2.2

Elements that can contribute to urban green infrastructure (scope):



These are the elements that are existing or planned, natural or man-made.



Agricultural and other productive land which includes farms, orchards, vineyards, market gardens etc.



Natural green spaces which includes national parks, nature reserves, wetlands, river and coastal margins etc.



Public parks and Gardens which also include normal gardens, open reserve spaces, cemeteries, urban parks etc.



Greenways which includes greenery on major transport corridors, cycling routes, riverfronts etc.



Recreational facilities for sports such as stadiums, golf courses, schools and other institutional playing fields, and also other major parks.



Residential and other streets including streets plantations and open pockets along street.



Community gardens, roof gardens, private and semi-private gardens, also the spaces which are shared around apartment buildings, backyards and also balconies.



Green roofs and walls including roof gardens and vertical plantation on walls.



Squares and plazas including both public and private courtyards



Utility areas including quarries, airports and large institutional and manufacturing sites.

This also includes unused land reserved for future use. (Environment, n.d.)

2.3

Understanding the Significance of Green Infrastructure (Benefits):

Health: There had been increase in the development over the green infrastructure over the past decade.

This had been linked to unhealthy lifestyle of people, which resulted in the increase in health related issues. The green infrastructure started bringing people to parks. The most significant health benefits were improvement in the level of physical activities and health, improvement in

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

22 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad psychological health and mental wellbeing thus increase in life expectancy and reduced health inequality.

Climate change: The urban green infrastructure is increasingly playing an important in reducing the climate change. These help in absorption of CO2 in the air, and the large green spaces such as parks and forests within cities become carbon sinks, this increasing the air quality of the city. Green infrastructure can provide shade and helps in cooling of city and also can act as a buffer from cold winds during winters. It can potentially mitigate the risks causing from the climate change.

Economic growth: The green space can play positive impacts in the local economic growth, especially for job creation, business start-ups, increased land value and other investment as the greenery attracts the investment.

Land regeneration: The lands which were previously neglected, underused in and around the urban areas can be converted to green infrastructure which can give social, environmental and economic benefits.

However land regeneration projects required both land and fund for long time management and function.

Wildlife and habitat: One of the key adaptation activities of animal species is the opportunity for movement and also resilient ecological network. Large parks and urban forest can be a very good opportunity for these animals.

Social Aspect: Green infrastructure can bring the people together and has the potential for increase in social life. It can bring many people together and can create a community cohesion as many groups engage with each other.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

23 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Reduced and delayed storm water runoff volumes: GI reduces the storm water runoff during peak flow using natural absorption and retention capabilities of vegetation and soil. By increasing the pervious ground water cover, green infrastructure increase the infiltration rates, which reduce excess run off water entering the sewer and ultimately reaching lakes, rivers, streams.

Enhanced ground water recharge: The ground water aquifers can be recharged and replenished quickly when the infiltration rate in soil increases. This is useful as in India, we depend a lot on the ground water.

Storm water pollutant reduction: The ground water infiltration happens close to run off thus prevents pollutants to runoff into the water bodies. The soil, plants and microbes then break down many common pollutants found in surface runoff water.

Reduce sewer overflow events: The excess runoff is infiltrated and thus reduces he load on the sewer system and hence overflow of sewer can be avoided.

Increase carbon sequestration: The plants capture CO2 from the atmosphere and eliminate it through the process of photosynthesis and other processes. This phenomena is called carbon sequestration.

Urban heat island mitigation and reduced energy demands: By increasing the green infrastructure such as trees and vegetation, the effects of urban heat island can be mitigated and the heat will not be trapped. Trees and other green infrastructure also lowers the energy demand, thus decreasing the demand for air conditions.

Improved air quality: Increase in green infrastructure, increases the carbon sequestration thus reducing the CO2 composition in air, making it less harmful and thus improving the quality of air.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

24 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 2.4

Green space Per-Capita:

Green spaces are intend to support urban population’s quality of life. The urban green space identifies those portions of territory not constructed on, can be private or public in nature that exists wit man made features and are intended for enjoyment and health.

The WHO produced a document stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 sqm of green space, per person. Optimum amount can be between 10-15 sqm.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

25 | P A G E

CASE STUDIES

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

3 Case studies: 3.1

New York:

New York was one of the first cities in world to cross the 10 million mark in terms of population long back in 1950’s. Currently NY is one of the densely populated cities in the world. A city with development at such large scale, one of the biggest challenges the city facing is Sewage overflow problem, for which one of the most extensive program is being done in terms of investment in USA for green infrastructure.

On September 28, 2010, the city released Green infrastructure plan, which set forth a series of opportunities and initiatives to change the way the storm water is managed. Currently New York, like other olden urban centres have single pipe to carry storm water and waste water.

Therefore during heavy storms the systems can exceed its capacity and this water is discharges into New York harbour in order to prevent treatment plans from being compromised.

To combat the problem, City was committed to build more blue belts, green streets, required green parking lots, incentivize green roofs. The task force concluded that green infrastructure was feasible in many areas and could be more effective than other infrastructure projects such as CSO tunnels (combined sewer overflow). The green infrastructure plan of New York was made keeping in mind on two major goals of improved water quality and more sustainable and liveable city.

U.S federal law includes clean water act, which mandates the presence of least contamination in water. Looking at the current scenario, this would mean huge investment in providing the infrastructure treatment plants and sewage lines. But by proposing green infrastructure and documenting its effectiveness to supplement the existing situation, the New York City and the New York State Department of Environment conservation (DEC) finalized an agreement that incorporates iterative and adaptive management approach, which helps the city to reach the goals set forth by NYC green infrastructure plan. Pertaining this agreement, the city had eliminated approximately 2.4 billion dollars of investments and providing city with necessary time to build and monitor green infrastructure projects.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

27 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad The NYC green infrastructure has five major components: 

Build cost effective grey infrastructure –



Optimize the existing waste water system



Control runoff from 10% of impervious surface through green infrastructure



Institutionalize adaptive management, model impacts, measure CSO’s and monitor water quality



Engage and enlist stakeholders

Green infrastructure reduces costs of CSO’s. Also provide many quality of life benefits by improving air quality, increased shading, increase property rates and streetscapes. By 2030, it is estimated that New York will receive additional benefits such as reduced energy bills, increased property values and health benefits anywhere between 139 million dollars to 420 million dollars.

New York is one of the dense cities in the world and many technologies are not suitable urban environment. Hence adaptive management plan is necessary and also the need of trial and error to learn which technology is cost effective.

Figure 1: Green Infrastructure in New York

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

28 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 3.2

Washington DC:

The planning of Washington DC has been very favourable for green infrastructure. Washington is home to large parks such as National Mall, Rock creek Park and also many smaller parks such as Logan Park, due to which the real estate is directly abutting the abundant green spaces or is within the proximity of green cover, which directly or indirectly increases the value of property.

A study was conducted and GIS was used in combination with city assessment data, which determined the values for all the residential properties (apartments, condo’s, row houses, detached houses) within 500 m of parks comes up to 24 billion dollars. Average park value benefit is considered as 5% of total property which concluded that all the parks increased the property values up to about 1.2 billion dollars. The annual property tax is 0.58 and Washington had reaped an additional 6,953,377 dollars in property tax because of parks.

Apart from that, the green parks cut down air pollution costs in Washington. Total amount of parkland is around 8000 acres, of which the general tree cover comes up to 4839 acres. It is determined that the tree cover removed around 240 tons of pollutants every year, which includes carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide.

Figure 2: Green cover Washington DC

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

29 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 3.3

Copenhagen:

The goals of Copenhagen green infrastructure plan is to control urban development. Also to ensure that people always have access to open spaces, parks and undeveloped, natural areas.

This plan works by weaving ‘green element’ in existing fabric of city by means of following principals. 

Urbanisation will develop in slender fingers



Green wedges of undeveloped land will remain between fingers.



Finger development will follow public transport.



Suburbs will develop like pearl strings



Inhabitants will live close proximity to green spaces.

The five finger concept was originally conceived in 1940’s.

Urban areas are confined to linear corridors that are liked through transport and extend like fingers from central core.

Green wedges fill in the space between the urban corridors.

Figure 3: Copenhagen Finger Plane •

8,000 ha for restoring wetlands

•

4,500 ha for recovering organic soil

•

1,300 ha for more robust and connected nature

•

3,400 ha for new forests

•

5,000 ha for new nature through the Danish Nature Fund

•

1,500 ha for green climate adaptation projects

•

600 ha for new EU LIFE projects

•

1,000 ha for new water projects.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

30 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 3.4

Singapore: The challenges today are vastly different from 1960’s. However, the priorities vastly are same.

Originally, it all began in 1960’s when population in Singapore grew and it was forced to import water from Malaysia. Building on visionary ‘1972 water master plan’ a bold vision for Singapore was launched to become World’s foremost knowledge and practicing city centre for green infrastructure, mart city water management technologies and waste water reuse.

Singapore’s water savvy is the engineered surface of its city and much of it designed or retrofitted in green infrastructure. Two-thirds of the city surface – rooftops, parks, medians, sidewalks, and roads capture rainwater and convey it via microprocessor-controlled channels or tunnels to 18 reservoirs of the city. Eventually, the city has plans to turn 90% of its surface area into rainfall catchment.

Figure 4: Singapore Green Infrastructure Major objects of green infrastructure are: 

To sustain a robust and vibrant economy.



Provide a good quality of living and sense of well-being for all.



Develop in an environmentally responsible manner.



Optimize limited land and sea space

Singapore government stressed very much on the public consultation. It was an integral part of land use planning process.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

31 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad To achieve sustainable development we often need to make difficult decisions that may require trade off in short term but reap rewards in longer term. Other steps taken by the Singapore government are – To create best living environment through greenery and recreation, in partnership with community. 

1960’s - Greening of city was initiated when planners grappled with slums and overcrowding. A tree planting day was held every year, due to which Singapore today in known as a garden in the city.



1967 - Public works department established special parks and tree units



1970 - Garden city action committee (GCAC) was formed to oversee policies for greening the whole island and coordinate with various government agents.



1971 – Launching of annual tree planting day on first week of November.



1975 - Parks and recreation department (PRD) was set up.



1996 – The national park board (NPark), a statutory body responsible for overall green development was set-up.



2007 – ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean)Water program ABC Water Program –

Active – Bringing people closer to water Beautiful – Developing reservoirs and waterways into aesthetically pleasing attraction Clean – Improving the water quality by developing a closer relationship of people with water.

Objective: 1) To take ideas about expertise and resources from people-public-private sectors for developing and managing catchments and water bodies as new community spaces while safeguarding water quality and safety.

2) To develop the water bodies beyond functional use as resources for water collection, storage and drainage into attraction and recreation space where community bonding can take place.

3) To act as an umbrella program for integrating and holistically managing all initiatives involving catchments and water bodies.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

32 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Key strategies: Catch rainwater – Catch every drop at rainwater onsite at roofs, carparks, roads, parks, drains, canals, rivers, reservoirs.

Clean and release – Treat the storm water onsite and slowly release via green roofs, porous pavements, swales, infiltration trenches, litter traps, bio-retention systems, rain gardens, wetlands.

Beautify – Enhance the aesthetics by using water as main element by soft water edges, water features, rock pools, dams, green cover, canal greening, floating gardens, landscapes, nature side profiles.

Activate – Create opportunities and spaces for activities such as sports, play, retreat, art, nature, culture, commerce, education.

Since the program was launched in 2006, the ABC Waters Masterplan has identified more than 100 projects for implementation in phases over the next 10 to 15 years. Under the first phase, over 20 projects will be implemented by 2012.

Continuous efforts and commitment made Singapore achieve the goals set by NParks, the country aims for higher goals each time.

Figure 5: Singapore Green Cover Current green cover of Singapore is 64%.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

33 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Indicator

2013 levels

Amount of sky rise 61 ha

Targets of 2030 200 ha

greenery Parks

4040 ha

Pak provision ratio of 0.8 ha/1000 population

Waterbodies

959 ha

1,039 ha

Park connectors

216 km

400 km

Water ways

93 km

100 km

nature 21 km

180 km

Length

of

ways Proportion of house- 80%

90%

holds within 10 min walk of a park Table 3: Singapore Green Infrastructure Source - Sustainable Singapore Blueprint – 2015

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

34 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

City New York

Green Infrastructure approach Green + gray infrastructure

Washington DC

Abundance of green cover

Copenhagen

Singapore

  

Benefits received Environmental cost-saving Storm water management

Economic Benefits $1.5 billion

Property value appreciation Increased tax revenue Air pollution removal

$26.82 million

Climate Adaptation Planning

25,300 ha of “nature” are to be established to promote more connected environment, carbon sequestration, and more recreational areas for the public for restoring wetlands recovering organic soil ,more robust and connected nature, new forests, new nature through the Danish Nature Fund, green climate adaptation projects new EU LIFE projects, new water projects.

$84 million

ABC program • (Active, Beautiful, clean water program) • Green Roof

Current green cover of Singapore is 64%.

35% improvement in energy efficiency by 2030 compared with 2005; 70% recycling of all waste materials by 2030; and Reduction in the amount of drinking water used to 140 litres per person per day by 2030.

$ 1 Billion

• •

Table 4: International Case Studies

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

35 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

4 Cases of Indian Cities: Indian cities have grown considerably in past couple of decades. The opening up of Indian economy in 90’s meant a huge amount of investments had been made in India by foreign nationals because of readily availability of resources in form of people. This had created huge job opportunities and had increased the revenues of the country, but also this boom had started taking toll on the city’s green cover. The findings of Indian institute of science study which used satellite borne sensors, compared images over decades and modelled past and the future growth has revealed the rate of urbanization in four Indian cities. The researchers classified land use into four groups: Built up, vegetation, others (rocks, quarries, bare land etc.) and mixed which included areas other than above three categories like lakes reservoirs etc.

Kolkata’s green cover fell from 23.4% to 7.3% in over 20 years, Ahmedabad green cover fell from 46% to 24%, Bhopal green cover came down to 22% from 66% and Hyderabad’s green cover fell from 2.16% to 1.28%. (Ramachandran, 2015) The urban built up areas of these cities has grown at staggering rate. Kolkata with 14.1 million population now, the urban built up area has increased 190%, Ahmedabad increased to 132%, Bhopal is one of the greenest cities in India and is better off even today but the trend of concretizing is clearly visible. (Ramachandran, 2015) 4.1

CITY LEVEL INITIATIVES:

Chandigarh: Chandigarh has more than 35% of its geographical area under forests, parks and trees covers making it one of the greenest cities of the country. It is one of the modern planned cities of India. Chandigarh has a geographical area of about 140 sq,km, has a population of about 10,54,686 according to 2011 census and density around 7912 persons/ sq.km. The per capita availability of green space is around 55 sq.m and the number of green spaces in terms of green belt/parks/gardens is around 1400, maintained by the Municipal Corporation of the city. One of the main features of the city is the Leisure Valley, running from the north eastern tip to the south-western end through city it is a 8 Km long linear-park, The Rose Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Bougainvillea Garden, Shanti Kunj, Garden of Annuals, Fitness Track, Terrace Garden, Garden of Fragrance, Garden of Herbs & Shrubs, Champa Park, Topiary Park, Botanical Garden, etc. form a part of this green belt combining to the ecology of the city. Chandigarh is

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

36 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad developed with sustainable urban environment proposals and strategies such as urban greening, urban parks and open spaces; afforestation of degraded wastelands: greenery in public institutions and public open access land: people’s nurseries or homestead plantation and agro forestry: greening residential colonies: greenbelts along roads and parks. The municipal corporation of Chandigarh have the policy to develop at most one garden/green belt yearly in all sector of the city. (City Development Plan)

Figure 6 : Chandigarh

Gandhinagar Gandhinagar is one of the cities, which have been established, with integration of urban greenery in their City Master plans. Gandhinagar capital project of Gujarat state is around 57sq.km in area. Tree cover of the city was 57.13% of the total geographical area accounting to an area of 32.56sq.m, by the year 2005. While population of the city was around 0.2 million in 2001, resulted in per capita green space availability to be more than 160sq.m. The city has provision for parks and playground at zone level and recreational zone were proposed along the riverfront.

Gandhinagar is a plain terrain with no significant presence of hilly features or water bodies, except the River Sabarmati. Gandhinagar has no natural forests; however, there are many pockets of man-made forests especially in the ravine areas along the river with dense green foliage studded with innumerable trees, for example, Indroda Park. The most important is that the intent outline in the vision statement of the development plan focuses on promoting a vibrant Gandhinagar which inherently possesses green city qualities. Thus lays more stress on GI in the development initiatives for the city. (NCT) (GUDA).

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

37 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Figure 7: Gandhinagar

Delhi Delhi, the capital city of India, has grown to be one of the greenest capitals in the world. Delhi constitutes 19% of its geographical area as green cover i.e. 8722 ha. Making per capita green space availability to 22sq.m (UDPFI suggest –12-14sqm/capita). Besides Environment and Forest of National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi, Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and Delhi Development Authority (DDA) are many agencies working for Green Capital Mission. Recently the Parks and Garden Society have been set up to coordinate the activities related to increasing the green cover of Delhi. The city has some well-maintained parks and gardens like Lodhi Garden, Mughal Garden, Deer Park, Budha Jayanti Samarak Park, Indraprastha Park and The Garden of Five Senses. Unfortunately the green of the capital is doing well, but the blue infrastructure is in a bad condition. The major natural feature and eco-system of Delhi are the river Yamuna and its network of streams, and are in a state of considerable degradation. A large number of traditional water bodies in the form of ponds have been encroached or have become defunct. (NCT).

Figure 8: Delhi Green Cover

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

38 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Bangalore Bangalore city is known as the garden city of India due to large number of parks and private gardens, avenue and roadside trees and the magnificent Cubbon Park and Lalbagh. The city houses 360 parks /gardens spread across the city of various sizes. Important parks in Bangalore are Lalbagh - area - 97 acres, 1854 species, 673 gene and 890 cultivars of plants: Cubbon Park - 68 genera, 96 species, total of 6000 plants/trees; Bannerghatta National Park - houses important flora and fauna; Dhanvantarivana - spread over 37 acres is a garden of medical plants and consists of 414 species; Parks maintained by Department of Horticulture - 365 (well developed - 55, partially maintained - 130, undeveloped - 180). Besides these parks, there are 200 other open spaces and green areas which are earmarked for development of community infrastructure such as parks and gardens. The green cover constitutes around 20% of the geographical area and results in per capita green space availability of 17sq.m (UDPFI suggest – 14sqm/capita). Although, density of trees in Bangalore is lower than many other Asian cities, the species diversity is high. The vegetation cover is drastically decreasing leading further decrease of per capita availability of green space as the population grows day by day. In case of blue infrastructure, around 25 lakes have been developed by the local authority. Bangalore has witnessed to the decline in number of lakes and inadequate maintenance of parks. The city has developed a strategy called the ‘green city’. (City Development Plan)

Figure 9: Bengaluru Green Cover

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

39 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

City level Initiatives: Chandigarh

Gandhinagar

Delhi

Bangalore

35% of its geo- 57.13% of the total 19% of its geo- 20% of the geographical area geographical area graphical area as graphical area under under forest and under tree cover green cover green cover tree cove Per capita avail- Per capita green Per capita green per capita green ability of green space availability space availability space availability spaces to be 160sq.m/per- to 22sq.m/person of 17sq.m/person 55sq.m/person son Table 5: Matrix showing findings of Indian Case studies

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

40 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

5 Approaches of Government towards greening of India 5.1

BACKGROUND

In Indian scenario, green infrastructure comprehends to three major aspects, environmental, social and economic sustainability. With India’s economy boosting at rapid pace, there began a race to cope up with infrastructural needs, but this race failed to capitalize on sustainability.

With the negative effects cropping up as a result of massive urbanization led to awareness amongst the citizens as well as authorities and companies who became conscious about the importance of Green Infrastructure.

Many initiatives have been taken by government at national and state level which comprehends green infrastructure.

5.2

NATIONAL LEVEL APPROACH:

National environment policy, 2006 The nexus Environmental degradation with poverty is one of the key environmental challenges India is facing in many dimensions. Degradation is intrinsically connected with environmental resources such as land, water, air flora, and fauna.

Drivers of degradation: Population growth, inappropriate technology and consumption choice, poverty and development activities such as intensive agriculture, polluting industries, unplanned urbanisation leads to change in relations between people and ecosystem.

Lack of enforcement of rights of access and use of environmental resources, policies that disincentives environmental conservation, governance constraints.

Objectives of policy: 

Livelihood security for the poor



Conservation of critical environmental resources and its enhancement



Integration of environmental concerns in economic and social development



Efficiency in environmental resource use.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

41 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Strategies suggested by NEP: Objectives stated above are to be realized through various strategic interventions by different public authorities at central, state and local government levels.

1) Polluter pays 2) Sustainable land use in practise.

3) To identify environmental management plans.

4) Monitoring environmental management plans 5) Preparation and implementation of action plans 6) Developing models of public private partnership 7) Strategies for increasing forest and tree cover. (forests, 2006)

National action plan on climate change: The action plan was released on 30th June 2008. It effectively combines number of governments existing plans on water, renewable energy, energy efficiency agriculture and others. The plan document elaborates on unique approach to reduce climate change and uses the poverty-growth linkage to make its point.

The guiding principles are: 1) Inclusive and sustainable development strategy to protect poor.

2) Developing efficient and cost effective strategies.

3) Implementing strategies through linkages with society, local government and public private partnership.

4) International co-operation, transfer of technology and funding.

National Missions: NAPCC’s action plan consists of 8 missions which would be responsible for achieving broad goals of adaptation and mitigation.

1) National Solar mission (increasing use of solar thermal technologies) 2) National mission for enhanced energy efficiency (trade energy saving certificates) 3) National mission on sustainable habitat ( extending energy conservation building code, urban waste management and recycling, incentives to use public transportation) 4) National water mission (20% improvement in water use efficiency)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

42 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 5) National mission for Sustaining ecosystem 6) National mission for green India ( afforestation of 6 million hectares of degrading land) 7) National mission for sustainable agriculture ( climate adaptive agriculture) 8) National mission on strategic knowledge for climate change Implementation: The lead of the each mission are to develop objectives, implementation strategies, timelines and monitoring and evaluation category to be submitted to PM’s council of climate change. The council will be responsible for periodic reviewing and reporting of each missions. To be able to quantify progress by developing appropriate indicators and methodologies. Furthermore as of July 2015, 27states and 5 UT’s prepared SAPCC focusing on state specific issues related to climate change and strategies to tackle them.

(India, n.d.)

National Mission for Green India: It is one of the 8 missions of NAPCC. It was launched to enhance ecosystem and carbon sinks in the country, to maintain ecological balance, maintenance of biodiversity, preservation of mangroves, wetlands and critical habitats and preservation of water and biomass along with carbon sequestration. The mission runs from 2011-2022.

The key objectives of this mission are: 1) Protect, restore and enhance India’s falling forest cover.

2) Adaptive and mitigation measures to respond to climate change 3) Cross sectoral approach to be implemented on private as well as public lands with role of local communities in decision making and planning, monitoring and implementation.

4) Increase forest cover to extent of 5m ha and improve quality tree cover for another 5m ha of forest/ non-forest lands.

5) Increase forest based livelihood income of 3 million household.

6) Enhance annual carbon sequestration of 50-60 million tons by 2020.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

43 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Implementation and output: 1) Based on convergence with related missions of NAPCC as well as other programs focusing on developing forests with need based interventions so there is optimal use of resources.

2) Improvement in quality of forest cover/ecosystem in 1.5m ha dense forests, 3m ha degraded forests, 0.4m ha of grasslands and 0.1m ha of wetlands 3) Development of new forest cover (India, n.d.)

Urban Development Plan formulation and Implementation guidelines: The Ministry of Urban affairs & employment, Government of India organized a national workshop on master plan approach during February 24-25, 1995. The workshop’s research study was awarded as UDPFI – guidelines. The UDPFI guidelines incorporate innovative techniques and implementation mechanisms for planned spatial and socio-economic development of urban centres. UDPFI guidelines have evolved a dynamic, efficient and proactive planning system and a time-bound process for formulation, approval, monitoring and review of plans. These guidelines also provide norms and standards for various planning processes and plans. The norms and standards provided for various areas: Distribution of land use; Infrastructure; Commercial Facilities; Residential Facilities; Traffic and Transportation. The guidelines relevant to GI are mainly covered under recreational facilities.

Planning Unit

Area In sq m. Per person

Housing Cluster

3-4 local parks and playgrounds

Sector

3-4 local parks and playgrounds

Community

2-3 community level parks and open spaces

District

I district level park and sports centre maidan

Sub-city centre

I city level park, sports complex, botanical/ zoo garden, maidan

Overall town/city level

10 sq m. – 12 sq m. Per person

Table 6: Norms for Per capita Green/open space

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

44 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Source: UDPFI Type Small Town

Area 1 - 1.2 ha. / 1000 persons

Medium Town

1.4 - 1.6 ha. / 1000 persons

Large cities

1.2- 1.4 ha. /1000 persons

Table 7: Norms for parks play fields and other open spaces Source: UDPFI  Local parks, playgrounds, gardens and open spaces should be evenly distributed in case of metro cities.  The proportion of these spaces for large cities is average of small & medium town as the land is costlier in case of large cities.  The open spaces are to be developed with other socio-cultural and commercial facilities so that they can serve multiple purposes.  The lower income areas shall be provided with more open spaces. (Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment) Since UDPFI guidelines are the backbone of urban development in any of the urban centres of the county, it is very important that equal emphasis is given to environment as much as socioeconomic development incorporation of GI in its special planning techniques. GI has been addressed partially in the norms for recreation facilities in the 1996 UDPFI guidelines, but there are no particular norms for urban forest, plantation along roadsides, green streets, area surrounding lakes and other landscapes which play a very important role in the development of urban centres.

(ORGANIZATION, 2015)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

45 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

National Lake Conservation Plan Lakes are very important Green infrastructure that is the part of a country/state/city. While they are a significant source of precious water, they also provide valuable habitats to flora and fauna, helps in moderating the extreme hydrological events such as drought and flood, influences the microclimate, increases incidental ground water recharge, aesthetically enhances the beauty of landscape and provides many recreational opportunities. But lately the lakes have been encountering different problems which include solid waste disposal/ untreated or partially treated sewage discharge, entering of diffused nutrients into the lake from forest and agricultural lands, excessive influx of sediments from catchment of lakes, improper management of storm water, encroachments on surroundings of lakes, lake shrinkage due to land reclamation, deterioration in water quality and in turn impact on bio diversity, climate change etc. Thus realizing the importance of lakes, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, launched the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), mainly aimed at restoring the ecology and water quality of the lakes in various parts of the country. The main objective of the plan is to restore and conserve fresh water ecosystems and the urban and semi-urban lakes of the country, through an integrated ecosystem approach.

Activities covered under NLCP:  Cleaning of lakes through in situ measures, this mainly involves de-silting, bioremediation, aeration, de-weeding, bio-manipulation, nutrient reduction, constructed wetland approach and other successfully tested techniques depending upon the site conditions.  Treatment of catchment area which may include afforestation, storm water management and use of silt traps etc.  Lake fencing, reinforcing of bund, shoreline development etc.  Eco-development of Lake Front including public interface.  Providing low cost sanitation to prevent pollution from non-point sources.  Encouraging public participation and spreading public awareness.  Encouraging research, training and capacity building in the area of Lake Conservation.  Other activities specific to location and requirements.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

46 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad The NLCP is presently not covered by legal statute but may be covered under the provision of existing Central and State legislations. The scheme was approved by Government of India during IX Plan (June 2001) as 100% Central Grant. But funding pattern under NLCP has changed from 100% central funding to 70:30 costs sharing between the Central and the concerned State Government. (MoEF)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

47 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Target Forest Conservation Act, 1989

Guidelines Guideline to control the diversion of reserved forest land for non-forest purposes

National Environment Policy,2006

NAPCC/ National Mission for Green India, (2011 – 2022)

Strategies for eco sensitive zones, green cover, watershed management, wetlands and capacity building etc Target to increase forest/tree cover on 5 m ha of forest/non-forest lands & improve quality of forest cover on another 5 m ha

URDPFI, 2014

URDFPI 2014 - Norms for Per capita Green / open space -Proportion of Natural areas in the city -Carbon storage & cooling effect of vegetation -Recreational areas -Budget allocation for biodiversity 5% of the site area to be developed as organized open space and be utilized as greenery, tot lot or soft landscaping

Directorate of town planning commission, Telangana

National Lake Conservation Plan

Instrument

To restore and conserve fresh water ecosystems and the urban and semi-urban lakes of the Country through an integrated ecosystem approach

Table 8: Matrix showing findings of various government initiatives towards green infrastructure

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

48 | P A G E

STUDY AREA - HYDERABAD

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

6

Introduction to study area:

This chapter introduces the study area, the natural and man-made aspects of the site. The Site for study is Hyderabad. Hyderabad is 5th largest city of India, in terms of area and population.

It is one of the 23 urban centres in the world to have population more than 10 million. Hyderabad was founded by Mohd. Quli Qutub Shah in 1589 along the bank of river Musi. Hyderabad city thrived on trade being in the centre of trade routes which connected East Indian ports to West Indian port.

In 1806, Secunderabad was founded as a British cantonment area, up until 1947. Industrialization started in Hyderabad around 1920’s. After independence, Hyderabad state was merged with the rest of India in 1948 and in 1956 in accordance to state reorganization committee, Andhra Pradesh state was formed with Hyderabad as its capital. In 2014, Telangana was awarded statehood becoming 29th state of India, and Hyderabad was made as joint capital for the tenure of 10 years.

After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the growth of Hyderabad was gradual, and it became a hub for major pharma industries. In mid-1990, Hyderabad attracted major IT companies, which boosted the growth rate of Hyderabad.

6.1

LOCATION AND REGIONAL CONTEXT:

Hyderabad is the joint capital of newly formed state Telangana and also Andhra Pradesh for a period of 10 years up to 2024. The region is one of the backward region of Telangana except Hyderabad which led to formation of Telangana. Two national highways pass through the city of Hyderabad. NH44 connects Srinagar to Delhi connecting north and south India. NH 65 connected Pune (earlier Mumbai) to eastern port of Machlipatnam. Hyderabad is also well connected by rail to all parts of country. The new airport opened in 2007 had also given good air connectivity globally.

Hyderabad grew along the highways of NH44 and NH65 due to its good linkages and thriving transport corridor, and the new airport too lies along NH44. Hence, a lot of industrial areas have developed along these region.

However, the development of ORR also is leading to the development of Hyderabad in all directions now.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

50 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 6.2

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Hyderabad city is situated at 17’-22’ N Latitude and 78’-27’ E Longitude and is on an average of 1734 feet (525.5 meters) above the mean sea level. The city’s topography is like a trough while the contours from northern side gradually dipping down Southward unto the river Musi at the lowest contour of 1500 feet (425.5 meters) and a gradual increase further down south beyond the river. Similarly the contours taper gradually from West to East. The highest level is on the Jubilee Hills with the peak at a level of 2025 feet (617 meters) The area is made up of the old rocks known as Archean rocks, while a substantial portion is occupied by lava flows known as Deccan traps. Granite is available extensively in several areas. Hyderabad city is surrounded by rock eminences ranging from 200-300 feet in height among which are Moula Ali, Golconda, Ammaguda, Keesara gutta, etc.

River Musi, a tributary of river Krishna, flows through Hyderabad city and is a dry bed for most part of the year. Hyderabad, being situated on a plateau and having rocky out-crops all around, is dotted by many tanks and lakes. Some of the major lakes are Hussain Sagar, Osman sagar, Himayat sagar, Figure 10: Map showing location of HyderaMir Alam Tank, Saroornagae Tank, Durgam bad Cheruvu, Jeedimetla Tank, Shamirpet Lake, Umda Sagar, etc.

6.3

CITY CLIMATE:

Hyderabad has tropical wet and dry climate and hot semi-arid climate. Hyderabad have 3 climates like rest of India namely summer, winter and monsoon. The annual mean temperature of Hyderabad is 26.6 °C. Summers are generally hot with temperature going more than 40 °C and December and January the temperatures dip up to 10 °C. Heavy rains falls between June and September due to south west summer monsoon. The prevailing wind direction is from South west to North east.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

51 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 6.4

DEMOGRAPHY:

This section describes the population trends over past decades and demographic pattern that influence urban conditions of Hyderabad. The study area comprises of Hyderabad city and its environs. Area comprises of MCH area, 12 municipalities and after 2001 the areas which come under Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration. After 1991, Hyderabad urban agglomeration has grown faster than other metros.

Sno

Circle

Zone

Circle Population

Zone Population

Circle area

Zone area

1 2 3 4

Kapra Uppal LB Nagar Erstwhile Circle – I

EAST

146472 117217 321524 901226

585213

44.30 19.72 66.68 35.51

130.70

5

Erstwhile Circle – II

490703

17.83

6 7

Rajendranagar Erstwhile Circle – IV

143240 568163

57.52 31.13

8

Erstwhile Circle – VI

118306

5.12

9

Erstwhile Circle – III

571733

17.64

10

Erstwhile Circle – V

559335

45.98

11

Serilingampally north

12

Serilingampally south

13

RC Puram/ Patancheru

87613

20.11

14 15

Kukatpally Qutubullahpur

292289 231108

940306

45.40 49.23

116.42

16 17 18 19

Malkajgiri Alwal Secunderabad Cantonment

217910

23.37 18.04 25.79 51.90

51.90

SOUTH

CENTRAL

WEST

153364

1535169

1817537

533266

68.08

110.86

99.87

160.48

26.89

NORTH

Cantonment

105736 193863 409599 217910

Table 9: Area and population of circles in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

52 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Sno 1 2 3 4

Constituents of the study area (GHMC) MCH Area 12 municipalities+ Cantonment Area Osmania University TOTAL

Area (SQ.KM) 172 452.9 44.91 6.13 670.23

Decadal Growth 1991_2001 2001_2011 19.35 -11.35 66.12 89.57 21.10 5.58 -88.96 -49.42 31.09 21.15

Table 10 Decadal growth in Hyderabad

Sno 1 2 3 4

Constituents of the study area (GHMC)

Area (SQ.KM)

MCH Area 12 municipalities+ Cantonment Area Osmania University

172 452.9 44.91 6.13

TOTAL

670.23+

Population 1991 2001 2011 3033392 3620428 3209466 1072014 1780802 3,375,832 170440 206400 217910 121100 13368 6762

2015 -----

4287956 5620998 6,809,970 9,489,000

Table 11: Population of Hyderabad

Sno 1 2 3 4

Constituents of the study area (GHMC) MCH Area 12 municipalities+ Cantonment Area Osmania University TOTAL

Area (SQ.KM)

1991

172 452.9 44.91 6.13 670.23

17636 2367 3795 1975 6344

Population Density 2001 2011 21049 3932 4596 2180 7939

18659.69 7453.813 4852.149 1103.1 10075

2015 ----18480

Table 12: Population density of Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

53 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Wards- Area 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

Figure 11:Comparing the area of circles of Hyderabad As of 2017, the population has crossed 10 million mark in the area of about 2830 sq.km, much larger than HUDA area. This area is called Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) One of the 23 cities in the world. The population growth is not very significant in MCH, cantonment area and Osmania university area, but 12 municipalities grew at rapid pace. As the population in these areas grew, the city too had grown spatially. The table below shows the trend of population growth, decadal growth and density over the years Hyderabad.

Seri Lingampally and L.B.Nagar are the biggest circles, whereas Erstwhile circle IV is smallest followed by 2 and 3 which comes under MCH area.

According to the news reports, the city had shown a decadal growth rate of 32% in 2001, but however it reduced after that. However, 3,100 trees fell in last 10 years to give way for road widening. 1/3rd of city’s forest cover is lost. The green cover has been reduced from 2.16% to 1.28%.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

54 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 6.5 LAND USE AND LAND COVER: Until 2007, Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) was the administrative boundary of AREA

Hyderabad. The area is about 179 Sq km, which in-

Erstwhile MCH

179 sqkm

cluded most of the core city area of Hyderabad.

GHMC

680 sqkm

HUDA

1906 sqkm

HUDA (Hyderabad Urban Devel opment Authority)

HADA

581 sqkm

was formed in 1975, was the agency which made the

HMDA

4917 sqkm

development plan of Hyderabad. The boundary of

AUTHORITY

Table 13: Municipal Corporation in Hy- HUDA was 1906 sq. km. In 2007, MCH was merged derabad with 10 municipalities of Rangareddy and 2 municipalities of Medak district and together they are called as GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation). In 2008, HMDA (Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority) was formed, which included all the administrative boundaries MCH, GHMC, HUDA, HADA (Hyderabad Airport Development authority), Osmania University area as well as cantonment area. The new body HMDA was formed which increased its administrative boundary with an area of 7257 Sq km, which included 5 districts, 55 mandals and 849 villages.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

55 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Figure 12: HMDA 2031 Master Plan

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

56 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Figure 13: Various zones of HMDA

Figure 14: GHMC Circle map Figure 15: GHMC Zone map https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hyderabad_Corporation_wards L.B.Nagar, Gaddiannaram, Uppal

Kalan,

Malkajgiri

, Kapra

, Alwal, Qutubulla-

pur, Kukatpally, Serilingampalle and Rajendranagar are 10 municipalities of Rangareddy District. Patancheruvu and R.C. Puram are two municipalities under medak and Shamshabad, Satamarai, Jallapalli, Mamdipalli, Mankhal, Sardanagar and Ravirala. GHMC has total area of 670 sqkm.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

57 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad To study LULC change in HUA region, Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) –P6 LISS-3 data of 2001 was taken as base and variations in LULC were studied using IRS-R2 LISS-3 data of 2015. Massive change in extent of built-up area was recorded. Extent of urban built-up area increased by 25.07 km/yr and road network also increased at the cost of area under bio-reserve viz., open land, scrub land, tank bed. Rural built-up area was insignificant when compared to urban built-up area.

Growth of HUA region occurred in all directions as indicated in and explained in the map.

Forest plantation was used to build the international airport near Shamshabad. Significantly road widening and laying of Outer Ring Road (ORR) and Inner Ring Road (IRR) grew at a rate of 1.16 km/yr.

Bio-reserves as in case of other cities in Telangana were encroached upon and converted into urban built-up

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

58 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 6.6

LANDUSE/LANDCOVER OF HYDERABAD

Sno

Landuse/Land cover

Area in SQ.km (2001)

Area in SQ.km (2015)

Change

Annual growth rate

Percentage (2001)

Percentage (2015)

1

Agricultural Plantation

4.16

20.28

16.12

1.15

0.15

0.72

2

Cropland

139.75

91.35

-48.4

-3.45

4.94

3.23

4

Land with/ without shrubs

571.74

380.14

-191.6

-13.68

20.21

13.44

5

Forest

183.38

169.6

-13.78

-0.98

6.48

5.99

6

Barren /rocky/ waste land

360.34

255.39

-104.95

-7.49

12.74

9.03

7

Built up industrial

17.44

22.32

4.88

0.34

0.62

0.79

8

Built up rural

20.06

24.83

4.77

0.34

0.71

0.88

9

Built up Urban

402.46

753.54

351.08

25.07

14.22

26.63

10

Open land

0.65

1.03

0.38

0.027

0.02

0.04

11

Playground/ Recreation

1.13

1.29

0.16

0.011

0.04

0.05

12

Urban Vegetation

16.39

16.81

0.42

0.03

0.58

0.59

13

Reservoir/ Tanks (dry)

84.91

91.14

6.23

0.445

3.00

3.22

14

River/ stream

16.62

15.32

-1.3

-0.092

0.59

0.54

15

Water body

59.49

47.64

-11.85

-0.846

2.10

1.68

16

Roads

48.41

64.65

16.24

1.16

1.71

2.29

17

Forest Plantation

4

3.05

-0.95

-0.06

0.14

0.11

Table 14: Landuse of Hyderabad (EPTRI) (Institute, 2015)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

59 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Figure 16: Land use map of Hyderabad 2001 and 2015 (Institute, 2015)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

60 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

LULC Hyderabad 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Area in SQ.km(2001)

Area in SQ.km(2015)

Current Land use Agricultural Plantation Cropland 1% 1%

1% 2% 0% 0%

Land with/without shrubs

0% 3%

Forest 5%

Barren/rocky/waste land

5%

Built up industrial 19%

Built up rural Built up Urban Open land

9% 38%

Playground/ Recreation Urban Vegetation

13%

Reservoir/ Tanks (dry) River/ stream

1%

Water body 1%

Roads Forest Plantation

Figure 17: Land use classification

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

61 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 6.7

ECONOMY OF HYDERABAD:

The main economic sectors of Hyderabad are traditional manufacturing, Knowledge sector, tourism sector and service sector is the major contributor.

During 1950’s and 1960’s many major public enterprises of India such as BHEL, NMDC, HMT, BEL, IDPL, ECIL, DRDO and HAL were established in Hyderabad.

In 1970’s and 1980’s Pharmaceutical and electronic industries were established which contributed a lot to the economy of Hyderabad.

Since the 1990s, the economic patterns of the city have changed it from a primarily service hub to a more diversified spectrum, with the growth of IT enterprises, and biotech, insurance, and financial institutions, and a strong employment base in ancillary activities such as trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real-estate and retail, which employ three times more people than the IT industries. The service industry in this arena remains a dominant, with 90% of the workforce.

6.8

INFRASTRUCTURE OF HYDERABAD: Infrastructure Elements of the city Status of the infrastructure in the city  City has current supply of water from six sources namely Osman Sagar, Himayat sagar, Manjira river, Singur dam, Krishna project and Godavari project Water Supply  Water is also drawn from ground water  The gross supply of water is 120 to755 MlD  The municipal water supply is two hours alternate day and daily in major areas  The 2011 census reports that 93% of households have access to treated water supply in Hyderabad  The city has underground sewer network to collect the sewerage.  The approximate amount of waste water generWaste water Treatment ated is more than 1800 MLD  Treatment plants can treat only 715 MLD of waste water  The sewerage network falls short in terms of coverage.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

62 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

  Solid Waste Management  

 Roads and Transportation

   

Storm water and Drainage

 

The average daily waste generation from GHMC is around 5030 MT/day, with a per capita generation of about 599 gm 3R approach i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle is applicable both at source as well as at the different levels of solid waste management chain including collection, transportation, treatment an final disposal.

Most of the construction wastes are going into water bodies, rain water drains, low lying areas, forest areas, greenbelt areas, parks, etc.

MCH/GHMC has been asked to develop scientific land filling but so far no tangible action was taken by the government due to various reasons.

Hyderabad has 9,099 km of roads out of which 4,173 km are BT roads A 50 km long inner ring road was constructed to decongested traffic.

A 158 km long Outer ring road was constructed.

12 km long Elevated highway was constructed to connect city to airport.

Hyderabad has 30 flyovers at present and 16 more have been proposed.

Hyderabad is divided into 16 storm water zones Present storm water drainage is around 1500 km long which has to be increased and integrated to 5000 km due to spatial increase of Hyderabad.

Table 15:Other Infrastructures in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

63 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

7

Data collection and Survey:

7.1 DATA COLLECTION FRAMEWORK The data collection from site was divided into two main sets, Primary and secondary. For the appropriate data required to meet the necessity of the study, agencies involved were approached. The following flowchart shows the division of the data.

Data collection

Secondary

Primary

Existing green/ blue infrastructure of city

Government Agency

GHMC

HMDA

Perception study and observation

Stake holder perception

Interview

Parks and Gardens

Environment Department

Developers

Biodiversity

Future developments

HMRA

Citizens

Governmtn officials

Figure 18: Framework of data collection 7.2

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION:

Coming from global to national/state to local scenario of green infrastructure, it is very important to understand how much green infrastructure exists at the city level and what is its condition of the existing green infrastructure. Various components of green infrastructure that could be found at the city level have been considered to prepare a checklist of data for secondary data collection from various agencies. The secondary data collected will give an insight into all the public green infrastructure assets present in the city.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

64 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Water bodies

Number

Location

Area

Any recent change/ conversion

Managing department/agency

Lakes Ponds Streams River Physical environment Natural

Manmade

Lakes

Gardens/Parks

Ponds

Zoo

River

Lakes

Undeveloped Land

Road side green

Rocky and hill areas

Lake redevelopment

Urban forest

Dividers

Protected areas

Footpath Parking

Data Checklist – 1 Green /open Number /recreational spaces Gardens Parks Open space reserves Play grounds Urban forest Protected area Green belts Urban groves Data Checklist - 2

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

Location

Area

Any recent change/ conversion

Managing department/agency

65 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Other Land- Number scapes

Location

Area

Any recent change/ conversion

Managing department/agency

Green streets Road side green Tree avenues Traffic islands Divider plantation Pervious footpath Pervious parking area Energy efficient street lights Data Checklist – 4 Management and maintenance 1. Current programes/ policies/actions taken by the ULB to manage these assets 2. Fund allocation towards management of these assets and funding agencies 3. Development and maintenance mechanism 4. Operation and maintenance procedure and costs 5. Constraints faced to manage these assets 6. Organizational structure of the managing department/agency 7. Functions of the managing department/agency Data Checklist – 5

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

66 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 7.3 PRIMARY SURVEY: The primary survey mainly consisted of interviews of different stakeholders who are affected by the increase or decrease in the green infrastructure share of the city and who can help to eliminate the barriers to further incorporate green infrastructure in the city. The main stakeholders who were consulted are builder/developers, citizens using the public green infrastructure assets, L&T Hyderabad metro rail Authority who had taken up landscaping and planting seedling to cover the loss of greenery and the most important government officials who are responsible for implementation of green infrastructure in the city. The interview mainly stressed on capturing the perception of various stakeholders about green infrastructure. Apart from that visit to the existing green infrastructure assets of the city carried out to observe the maintenance of these assets. We can see the perception of different stakeholders below.

7.4

GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY:

What is meaning of Green Infrastructure? 

Parks and gardens present each and every neighborhood combined, open spaces, shrub lands along with other planned initiatives such as green roof, tree plantation on the roads

Categories of green infrastructure in TP scheme? 

Parks, Gardens, playgrounds, waterfront landscapes, other landscapes, private parks, community parks, colony parks, rain water harvesting etc.

How much Percentage of open spaces, gardens and playgrounds in directed in TP scheme? 

5% of the plot is to be maintained green. But not very often it is followed.

How can green infrastructure be allocated in current land use?

Following steps if adopted could help in allocation of green infrastructure in current land use. 

In current land use, more % of plot level can be encouraged by giving incentives or increasing FSI of building for new buildings.



Giving incentives for existing buildings in BRS (Building regularization scheme) which violated mandated FSI if at least 5% of plot is allocated for greenery and penalization could include the residents planting and maintaining the trees in neighbourhood area.



Launching awareness programs for Greener Hyderabad especially on weekends.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

67 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Is current green cover sufficient? How much more will be needed? 

Current green cover is clearly not sufficient in Hyderabad which was well known for its parks and water bodies once upon a time

How can green infrastructure me made more accessible to public? 

Several infrastructure projects have been undergoing in Hyderabad which were not inclusive of replacing the destroyed green cover which is reduced since in 2011. GHMC and HMDA have undertaken planting lakhs of trees along the roads and many new parks are planned.



Another major blow is after the construction of ORR the 1 km buffer on both sides of ORR have been declared growth corridor. Government can reconsider the decision as still not major development have taken place yet.

 7.5

Best practices around the world should be replicated BUILDERS/DEVELOPERS

What is green infrastructure? 

It is something that’s related to parks, gardens, greenery in Hyderabad.



Green Infrastructure can be used as marketing strategy to attract buyers



Customers would like green ambience around their residences



Green Infrastructure will have positive impact on property value, if well maintained



Lot of parks and gardens are planned some are implemented and some are not. The ones which are not, plots turn into dump yards. The one’s which are implemented are not well maintained thus decreasing property value



Government should increase the green infrastructure in the city and maintain the existing GI assets properly.

How can builders accommodate green infrastructure? 

Strictly following the GHMC and HMDA guidelines and giving appropriate amount of open and green space.



Developing and maintaining nearby public spaces as a part of CSR for big builders



Recycle of grey water for maintenance.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

68 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 7.6 CITIZEN’S PERSPECTIVE: • More participation of citizens of Hyderabad is required in development of Hyderabad. However there is lack of awareness amongst the citizen regarding green infrastructure. The knowledge is limited to green cover.

•

Government should take concern to maintain existing green infrastructure assets

•

Green infrastructure in the city promotes tourism

•

Green infrastructure improves the image of the city

•

Increase safety in the city

•

Green infrastructure assets should have access to all

•

Green infrastructure assets should within the walking distance

•

Showed willingness to contribute towards enhancement of green infrastructure in the city

•

Showed willingness to pay for maintenance of green infrastructure in the city.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

69 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 7.7

L&T HYDERABAD METRO RAIL AUTHORITY:

It is one of the largest PPP metro project aiming at providing last mile connectivity along with NMT, pedestrian facility, street facility, eco- friendly station with natural ventilation and other commuter friendly facility.

HMR has translocated around 2000 trees in the affected areas where the project was being built and also planted four lakh sapling at various sites including educational institutes.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

70 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

8

Status of Urban Green infrastructure in Hyderabad:

It is important to evaluate the current status of green infrastructure due to following reasons. 

To evaluate the performance of the city, compared with the standard indicators or the best practices around the globe.



Assessment of current status helps us to plan the use of resources efficiently for optimum output.



The assessment helps to identify the sectors which require maximum attention.



It also helps to establish the strength and weaknesses of the municipality and community leading to set targets and improved planning for better performance.

8.1

TREE PLANTATION AND TREE CENSUS:

GHMC and HMDA have proposed to increase the green belt by planting 2500000 saplings on 11th July, 2016 at various places like road-side avenues, rivers and canal banks, barren hills, tank bunds and foreshore areas, institutional premises, religious places, housing colonies, community lands, grave yards, industrial parks, etc. 

Prior to 1995, only 4.5% of geographical area of HUDA was under green cover, now the green cover increased to 26%.



A total of 154 lakh saplings were planted, protected and nurtured



A spatial area of 193.36 sq.km is brought under Green Cover



320 km of roadside strip plantations have been developed covering 60 peri-urban villages



Of particular interest is to note that low-income group housing areas where interest is passive special emphasis was given to introduce parks and recreation areas.



HMDA has taken up afforestation in 32 degraded reserve forest blocks in and around HMDA area covering an area of 26.48 sqkm and has brought them under effective Green cover with a mixtures of species simulating natural forest and useful to the local villagers giving free access for fodder, twig fuel and medicinal usufructs.



Green cover in and around any developing city is an asset as it would reduce pollution increase ground water recharge and improve the aesthetic value. HMDA (erstwhile HUDA) has taken efforts along with its other greening partners, the then MCH,

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

71 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 

HMWS&SB & Forest Department to increase the green cover to 26%.

Block Plantation

Year Wastelands

199495 199596 199697 199798 199899 199900 200001 200102 200203 200304 200405 200506 200607 200708 200809 200910 Total

Residential colony plantation

Greenbelt along road margins

Total

Area Ha/ km

Area Ha/km

Seedlings

Area Ha/km

Seedlings

Area (Ha)

Seedlings

Area (Ha)

Seedlings

Institutional lands Area Seed(Ha) lings

20

19200

63

60000

34.5

31192

43/43

42400

160.5

152792

50

50000

85

66000

149

109490

32/32

32500

316

257990

63

62500

96

84500

140

139200

23/23

23000

322

309200

177

175200

53

55200

122

118400

24/24

24000

376

372800

147

139500

100

102200

90

84170

337

325870

204

214933

50

49000

120080

36/36

36000

409.5

420013

112

112700

72

70310

119.

5 131

129120

69/56

49798

384

361928

429

507146

219

201633

323

373870

360/117

46800

139/90

80310

1470

1209759

1356

337

245730

464

457321

886/288

2336457

257757

559

578591

3708

2197628

287

204800

250

270975

1550/50 5 505/161

13427 4 10738 0

3289

391

11542 0 20218 1 64449

246/138

704

138371 2 105171 9 655750

1746

1195974

356

364874

126

138838

136/44

17675

280/91

36566

898

521387

200

200000

201/65

26180

133/43

17255

534

243435

179

183525

177/57

23071

178/64

25601

534

232197

146

154492

97/31

12658

127/41

16510

370

183660

102/33

13375

166/54

21599

268

34974

4114/1301

521899

1646/85 1

610627

15122

10356064

1058

5201

5275251

Silvipasture

1753

1397130

2508

255124 7

Seedlings

150/116

Table 16: Tree census in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

72 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 8.2

PARKS AND GARDENS IN HYDERABAD:

Parks are green landscaped areas that act as lungs of the city. Different activities can be accommodated in parks depending upon their size and location. Parks should be distributed such a manner that their catchment area covers most of the residential areas within a comfortable walking distance. Parks and gardens can be classified into four categories.

Neighbourhood Park: These parks are small but more evenly distributed throughout the residential areas and usually serve the adjoining residential neighbourhoods which are within a comfortable walking distance.

Community/colony Park: These parks usually serve multiple residential neighbourhoods within comfortable walking distance and support more active recreational activities and landscape features.

City Park: These parks are important at the city level. City parks are large landscaped areas with a wider range of recreational facilities and features and are usually easily accessible by public transport.

Regional Park: They are large areas, corridors or networks of open space which are publicly accessible and provide a range of facilities offering ecological or green infrastructure benefits.

Sl. No. 1

Resource

No.

Area in sqkm

49

Area in acres 266.91

Major parks

2

Colony Parks

521

210.9

0.84

3

Tree Parks

288

176.26

0.71

4

Traffic Islands & Central Media Total

159

40.33

0.16

1017

694.4

4.386

2.676

(Corporation, n.d.) Table 17: GHMC parks in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

73 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Area in sqkm 0.16

0.71

1.076

0.84 Major Parks

Colony Parks

Tree Parks

Traffic Islands & Central Media

Figure 19: Area of various types of parks in Hyderabad

% of park/zone 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00

0.7% avg of Hyderabad

0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 East Zone

South Zone Central Zone West Zone

North Zone Cantonment

Figure 20: Percentage of Parks per Zone According to the data given from GHMC, of 670 sqkm area under GHMC, Parks contributed only 4.4 sq km in area, only 0.7% of the land use. Central zone, which is a part of older Hyderabad has more number of parks than other zones of Hyderabad. Cantonment and East zone has the lowest number of Public gardens.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

74 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Types of Parks and its area Zone wise: Park

Resource

No.

1

Major parks

49

Area in acres 266.91

Area in sqkm

2

Colony parks in East Zone

65

27.36

3

Tree parks in East Zone

29

11.6

0.05

4

Traffic islands and central media in East Zone

5

0.43

0.002

5

Colony parks in South Zone

115

46.83

0.19

6

Tree parks in South Zone

122

43.04

0.17

7 8

Traffic islands and central media in South Zone Colony parks in Central Zone

30 212

8.39 83.31

0.03 0.34

1.08 0.11

9

Tree parks in Central Zone

22

59.14

0.24

10

Traffic islands and central media in Central Zone

59

16.29

0.07

11 12

Colony parks in West Zone Tree parks in West Zone

58 46

30.88 38.74

0.12 0.16

13

Traffic islands and central media in West Zone

22

11.51

0.05

14

Colony parks in North Zone

71

22.52

0.09

15

Tree parks in North Zone

69

23.74

0.10

16

Traffic islands and central media in North Zone

43

3.71

0.02

17

Fountains

85

18

Cement pots for plants

19

Native trees for Urban Landscape

4778 127

Table 18: GHMC parks zone wise

Figure 21: Major Parks in Hyderabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

75 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Wards 2, 6, 16 and 17 namely Uppal, Rajendranagar, Alwal and Malkajgiri doesn’t have a city level Major Park. Rajendranagar is still in the outskirts where development in there but has lesser population density. But Uppal, Alwal and Malkajgiri have been growing since 2001. Uppal has many major government institutes such as National geographic research of India (NGRI), Indian Institute of Mapping and Survey, Survey of India, Indian Statistical Institute which have maintained the greenery in the area. Alwal and Malkajgiri are near the cantonment area.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

76 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 8.3

NDVI ANALYSIS

Definition of NDVI: NDVI is an index describing vegetation by showing the difference between near-infrared (which is strongly reflected by vegetation) and red light (which is absorbed by vegetation).

(Geography, 2017) NDVI Formula: ND VI = (NIR – Red) / (NIR + Red)

Table 19: Vegetation calculated by NDVI analysis

Figure 22: NDVI of Hyderabad 2001-2006-2011-2016

.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

77 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Circle

vegetative 2001

vegetative 2006

vegetative 2011

vegetative 2016

Kapra

0.36

1.56

3.43

0.88

Uppal

3.42

4.73

3.62

1.00

LB Nagar

1.08

3.30

4.13

1.83

Erstwhile Circle – I

0.55

1.51

2.06

0.99

Erstwhile Circle – II

0.08

0.60

1.84

1.35

Rajendranagar

0.36

2.49

4.74

1.40

Erstwhile Circle – IV

0.40

1.53

3.33

0.25

Erstwhile Circle – VI

0.00

0.03

0.04

0.01

Erstwhile Circle – III

0.04

0.18

0.37

0.14

Erstwhile Circle – V

0.03

0.40

0.88

0.98

Serilingampally north

0.25

1.72

2.38

0.92

Serilingampally south

0.29

1.02

1.01

0.84

RC Puram/ Patancheru

0.88

2.26

2.40

0.89

Kukatpally

0.34

1.92

3.38

1.02

Qutubullahpur

0.32

0.78

1.80

0.41

Malkajgiri

0.18

0.96

2.53

0.42

Alwal

0.17

0.45

0.76

0.29

Secunderabad

0.05

0.79

1.43

0.40

Cantonment

0.04

0.85

5.10

0.54

Total

8.82

27.09

45.22

14.57

Figure 23: Area of vegetation in all circles of HYD

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

78 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Circle vegetative 2001

vegetative 2006

vegetative 2011

vegetative 2016

Kapra

0.81

3.53

7.73

2.00

Uppal

17.35

23.98

18.35

5.07

LB Nagar

1.62

4.95

6.19

2.75

Erstwhile Circle – I

1.55

4.25

5.80

2.78

Erstwhile Circle – II

0.43

3.38

10.34

7.58

Rajendranagar

0.63

4.33

8.24

2.44

Erstwhile Circle – IV

1.28

4.93

10.69

3.14

Erstwhile Circle – VI

0.00

0.49

0.84

0.12

Erstwhile Circle – III

0.21

1.04

2.07

0.77

Erstwhile Circle – V

0.07

0.87

1.91

0.54

Serilingampally north

0.36

2.52

3.50

1.36

Serilingampally south

1.07

3.77

3.77

3.13

RC Puram/ Patancheru

4.36

11.25

11.93

4.44

Kukatpally

0.74

4.23

7.45

2.26

Qutubullahpur

0.65

1.59

3.65

0.84

Malkajgiri

0.75

4.12

10.84

1.78

Alwal

0.92

2.50

4.23

1.60

Secunderabad

0.21

3.08

5.54

1.56

Cantonment

0.08

1.64

9.82

1.04

Table 20:Change in percentage of green cover in each circle

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

79 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

% of vegetation circle wise 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00

vegetative 2001

vegetative 2006

vegetative 2011

vegetative 2016

Figure 24:% of vegetation Circle wise in Hyderabad Greenery Circle wise from 2001 to 2016 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00

vegetative 2001

vegetative 2006

vegetative 2011

vegetative 2016

Figure 25: Change in greenery circle wise(2001-2016) NDVI shows that green cover of GHMC area was only 1.31% in 2001. GHMC realizing the situation had undertaken many projects to increase the green cover in Hyderabad. However, many of those projects did not concentrate the core of Hyderabad but in the newly developed areas. Also there where many huge institutes in the areas such as Uppal, L.B.Nagar, Rajendranagar. By 2006, green cover increased to 4.04%. While greenery in almost all circles in Hyderabad has grown, there was very little Aditya Mane.PP0000315

80 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

% of change in vegetation from 2001 to 2016 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00

17.35

7.58 5.07 2.00 0.81

3.14 3.13 2.75 1.62 2.78 1.55 0.43 2.44 1.36 0.63 1.28 0.00 0.21 0.54 0.12 0.77 0.07 0.36 1.07

vegetative 2001

4.44 4.36

2.26 1.78 0.92 1.60 1.56 1.04 0.74 0.84 0.65 0.75 0.21 0.08

vegetative 2016

Figure 26: % of change in vegetation (2001-2016) % of change in vegetation from 2011 to 2016 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00

18.35

7.73 5.07 2.00

6.19 5.80 2.75 2.78

11.93

10.69

10.34 7.58 8.24

10.84

9.82

7.45

2.44 3.14

5.54 4.44 4.23 3.65 3.50 3.77 3.13 2.26 2.07 1.91 1.36 1.78 1.60 1.56 1.04 0.84 0.84 0.12 0.77 0.54

vegetative 2011

vegetative 2016

Figure 27: % of change in vegetation from 2011 to 2016 From 2001 to 2016, the vegetation in Uppal has reduced from 17.35% to 5.07%. In 2011 it was 18.35%. While in Circle-II, the NDVI shows increase in green cover from 0.43% in 2001 to 7.58% in 2016. In 2011, the % of green cover in this circle was 10.34%. In circle IV, the increase in green cover is hardly increased by 1%. Circle IV is the smallest circle and has the least % of green cover.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

81 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Circle

Green per-capita

park area in hectares/1000 ppl

Kapra Uppal LB Nagar Erstwhile Circle – I Erstwhile Circle – II Rajendranagar Erstwhile Circle – IV Erstwhile Circle – VI Erstwhile Circle – III Erstwhile Circle – V Serilingampally north Serilingampally south RC Puram/ Patancheru Kukatpally Qutubullahpur Malkajgiri Alwal Secunderabad Cantonment

6.01 8.53 5.69 1.10 2.75 9.77 0.44 0.08 0.24 1.75 11.97 10.97 10.16 3.49 1.77 3.97 1.50 0.98 2.48

0.23 0.26 0.22 0.07 0.18 0.64 0.35 0.12 0.19 1.41 0.82 0.74 0.68 0.24 0.13 0.24 0.09 0.08 0.78

Table 21: Green per-capita and UDPFRI guidelines for Parks in circle URDPFI guidelines state that for a city the green per-capita should be 10 sq m. – 12 sq m. Per person and in major cities, the parks should be 1.2 to 1.4 ha per 1000 people.

Figure 28: UDPFRI and green per-capita

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

82 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

Green per-capita 14.00

9 sqm - WHO recommended

12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00

Figure 29: Green per-capita in circles of Hyderabad park area in hectares/1000 ppl 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

1.2 - 1.4 hectares/1000 people UDPFRI Guidelines

Figure 30: Park area in Hectares/1000 people Green per-capita is more than recommended 9 sqm per person in Rajendranagar, Seri-Lingampally north and south and also in R.C. Puram and is slightly less in Uppal. Whereas it is really poor in erstwhile circle III, IV and VI. According to UDPFRI, 1.2-1.4 hectares of the land use of city should be dedicated to parks and gardens. Only erstwhile circle V is under such criteria.

From the NDVI 4 circles have to be looked into based on NDVI. They are Uppal, erstwhile Circle II, R.C. Puram and erstwhile circle VI.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

83 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Uppal Kalan Municipality: Due to its proximity to Osmania University, many educational and research institutes have come up in Uppal Municipality. These institute are spread over large areas and have sufficient green cover. Also Musi River exits GHMC boundary in Uppal municipality. Uppal had right balance of population density and green cover. However, in late 1990’s Hyderabad started growing at the rapid pace . Most of the greenery in the research institute is still maintained and hence Uppal has second most area under green cover. In Uppal Kalan area, the green cover decreased up to 12% since 2001. There is rapid decrease in green cover since 2011 also because of Hyderabad metro, where a huge chunk of land was used to build metro depot and other huge chunk of land was used to make pre-cast concrete blocks for construction of metro.

Figure 31: Uppal in pictures

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

84 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Erstwhile Circle II Municipality: Erstwhile circle II municipality is one of the densely populated regions of Hyderabad. There are 14 wards in the circle. Musi River flow through this circle and also there is Nehru Zoological Park in the circle. There are few educational institutes and also Taj Falaknuma. Green cover is mainly due to few parks, Zoological Parks and Musi Rejuvenation project. Green cover increased from 0.43 to 7.43% of the area mostly due to Musi Landscape project which undertook as a part of development of Mahatma Gandhi Bus Stand which lies just outside the circle II.

Figure 32:Circle II in Pictures Ramachandrapuram Circle: R.C.Puram is the west most corner of the GHMC boundary. It is also known as BHEL colony.

Large area of this circle is open undeveloped Land. BHEL colony has good number of parks and playgrounds and also abundant green cover. From 2001 to 2016, the land under green cover increased but eventually due to the development in 2016 is remained almost as much as it was in 2001.

Figure 33:R.C.Puram

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

85 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Erstwhile Circle VI: It is the smallest circle in Hyderabad in terms of area, but also is one of the core areas.

The land use here is mostly mixed use. Also this is one of the hills which is mostly rocky. State assembly building and Public gardens lies just outside this circle. Nampally Exhibition open ground, Birla temple, L.B.Stadium and Osmania Hospital lies in this circle. Trees has been cut to increase the size of the roads before 2001 as one of the arterial road passes through this area. NDVI shows green cover has been less than 1% since 2001 till 2016.

8.4

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP GREENERY:

There are many initiatives taken by government to improve Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad, which are being discussed below: Urban Forestry Wing was created in HMDA (erstwhile HUDA) in the year 1986 with the objective of bringing open spaces under greenery by raising different types of plantation models like block plantation, avenue plantation, tree parks, colony parks and gardens in order to improve the overall environment of Hyderabad for better quality life.

The following are the HMDA's Urban Forestry initiatives: 

Telanganaku Haritha Haram(TKHH)



Plantation



Nurseries



Green Hyderabad Environment Programme (2002-2006)



Greenery Development In Industrial Areas



One Day One / Two Lakh Plantation



Plantation Programme On National Highways/Outer Ring Road



Tree Park At Trumpet Junction, Shamshabad

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

86 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 

Nurseries



Parks Developed By Urban Forestry Wing



Environmental Initiatives In Bpp Area Buddha Pournima Project:

Buddha Purnima Project Authority (BPPA) was originally constituted for the development of Hussain Sagar Lake and its environs covering an area of 902 Hectares. On 12th December, 2000, the surrounding area of Hussain Sagar Lake was declared as a special development area.

Objectives of BPP are: 

Growth of the lake



Environmental up-gradation



Development of the Area for Special purposes viz.,



Tourism



Ecotourism



Water sports



Theme parks



Creation of recreational spots of international standards



Infrastructure development

The major pockets developed in the BPPA are: 

Lumbini Park



NTR Gardens



Necklace Road



Peoples Plaza



NTR Memorial



Sanjeevaiah Park



Lakeview Park



Lumbini Laserium



P.V. Gyan Bhoomi



Hussain Sagar Lake



Sewerage Treatment Plant

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

87 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

9 Budget: To know the share of Green Infrastructure in city it is necessary to know the expenditure and budget for the development and maintenance of the green assets in the city and their share in the total municipal budget of the city.

For the year 2015-2016, GHMC has set the budget at 5550 crores and for year 2016-2017, the budget has been fixed at 5600 crores.

Head Budget 2015-2016 (Rs. In crores)

Budget 2016-2017 (Rs. In crores)

1732 3818 5550

Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Total GHMC Expenditure

2768 3630 5600

As per the GHMC budget, 5.75% of the budget was allocated for improvement of greenery in the city in the year 2015-2016 of which 15% was spent on parks of the city.

For the year 2016-2017, 6% of the budget was allocated for improvement of green infrastructure in city of which 60% was spent on Parks. Considering this, it can be said that government has started taking drastic steps to improve the green of the city.

Head Budget 2015-2016 (Rs. In crores)

Budget 2016-2017 (Rs. In crores)

60 50 50 50 50 60 320

44.64 33.27 201 0 0 55.73 334.64

Play ground Graveyard Parks Telangana Haritha Haram Lakes Rejuvenation Musi Rejuvenation Total Budget

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

88 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

10 Management and Issues: GHMC maintains most of the parks in Hyderabad. Currently Urban bio-diversity wing in GHMC office are in charge of most of the parks under GHMC areas. After formation of HMDA, the upcoming parks in Hyderabad are being planned by them as they are making a master plan of Hyderabad for year 2031. Some of these parks are under GHMC areas too. As per GHMC website there are total of 1017 parks in Hyderabad ranging from major parks to median parks.

Whereas, HMDA are maintaining only 36 parks. The annual revenue generated from GHMC parks are about 1 crore and revenue generated from HMDA parks are about 40 lakhs.

There are talks of privatizing the maintenance of some of the major parks under GHMC due to the sorry state of parks.

Major parks maintained by GHMC are:

ZONE East East East

CIRCLE 1 1 3

East South South South Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central

3 4 5 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10

Central Central Central Central Central

10 10 10 10 10

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

PARK_NAME Dr. A.S. Rao Nagar Park Major Park Sainikpuri 'E' Sector Park Major Park NGO's Colony Park Vanasthalipuram Major Park Sachivalaya Nagar Park Major Park Palmetum Park Theme Park Imlibun Park City level Park Moosi Landscape Garden Major Park Red Hills City Level Park Major Park Cha Cha Nehru Park City level Park Feroz Gandhi Park Major Park Gun Park Major Park Sundaraiah Park Major Park Indira Park City level Park Herbal Garden Theme Park NTR Park Lumbini Park Sanjeevaiah Park K. Laxminarayana Yadav Park City level Park Krishnakanth Park City level Park Butterfly Garden Theme Park Bamboo Garden Theme Park Rainbow Garden Theme Park Japanese Garden Theme Park

AREA 2 2 2 2 1 9 3.5 1.52 12.75 0.6 0.99 4 69.4 12 36 7.5 0.37 8 22 8.5 1 15 1.5

89 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central West

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11

KBR Park Lotus Pond - II Theme Park Theme Park Lotus Pond - I Theme Park Theme Park Sacred Plants Garden Theme Park Bougainvillea Garden Theme Park Kamalapuri Park Major Park Climber Garden Theme Park Jalagam Vengal Rao Park City level Park Ficus Garden Theme Park BHEL Old MIG Navabharath Park Major Park BHEL MIG 'F' Park Major Park BHEL MIG Vivekananda Park Major Park HUDA Trade Centre Major Park Gulmohar Park Major Park BHEL MIL Colony Park at Surkhi Office Beside Vani School Major Park

390 2 15 0.65 2.42 1.9 1.2 9.85 18 1.3

West West West West West

11 11 11 11 11

West 11 West 12

Telecom Nagar Park - I Major Park Jayaprakash Nagar Colony Park-II Serilingampally Major Park

2.5 2

West 12

Deepthi Srinagar Park Serilingampally Major Park

2.8

Pragathi Enclave Park Major Park Mayuri Nagar Colony Park - I Major Park Annamaiah Colony Park Major Park Balavihar Colony Park Major Park HIG Park – I Major Park Kukatpally Phase – VII colony Park - I Major Park Kukatpally Phase – IX colony Park - I Major Park Prashanth Nagar colony Park Major Park Ushodaya Park Major Park Minakshi Estate Major Park SR Naik Nagar Park Major Park Clock Tower Park Major Park Picket Garden Tirumalgiri park Bolaram Garden Mini Park

1.6 1.5 1.3 1.7 2 2.1

West West West West West West

12 12 13 13 13 14

West 14 West North North North North Cantonment Cantonment Cantonment Cantonment

14 15 15 15 18 19 19 19 19

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

1.2 1.5 1.7 3.2 3.5

0.6 0.62 2 1.01 1.2 1.8 7.8 1.89 8.01 0.29

90 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Shown below is the table various departments of government handling various projects in Hyderabad

Projects

H M D A

H U D A

H A D A

G H M C

B P P A

N G O

D T P C

T F D

T H H

P W D

Ca nto nm ent

P P P

TSR TC

H M W S

Urban Development Town Planning Housing Lakes/Ponds River Nala Lake protection Greening of Hyderabad City Park Colony Park Forest Environment Industries Real estate Health & Sanitation Solid Waste Management Sports and Playground Engineering Works Infrastructure Roads and Transport Metro Project Outer Ring road Airport Protected Area Educational Institutes Military Cantonment

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

91 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

92 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad

11 Conclusion In an attempt to answer the research questions of the research problem, the study gave an understanding about what is green infrastructure and how its benefits can improve the quality of life by not only enhancing the environment but also providing social and economic upliftment.

The study also gave an overview about what are the current approaches by the government at national /state /local levels and what is the situation of the existing Green Infrastructure assets at the city level. It can be seen that share of Green Infrastructure is very less in the government approaches, especially in terms having a policy/ programmes/ schemes/ plan entirely dedicated towards Green Infrastructure. A comparative study of the city level Green Infrastructure with existing national standard and good practices shows a huge deficiency in Green Infrastructure provisioning. The main reason for this is the benefits of Green Infrastructure are not realised by the community and the local authority. It can be presumed that provision of funds and land for development of new Green Infrastructure assets is usually considered as an additional cost bearing for the city. Thus very less priority is given to planning and implementation of Green Infrastructure. As the situation is so, the study tries to recommend some strategies which will help to increase the share of Green Infrastructure in government initiatives and to overcome the obstructions in development and maintenance of the Green Infrastructure in the city.

11.1 RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendation and strategies are suggested after very careful understanding of the strategies or techniques used by best practices or successful cases of cities. The study also refers to guidance for enhancing Green Infrastructure provided by institutions such as Natural England, US Environment Protection Agency, American Planning Association, European Commission etc.

Recommendation 1: Preparation of an exclusive Green Infrastructure Plan for the city which provides a visionary and strategic framework for integrated development and helps to maintain a consistent data base of existing assets (ecological, recreational, landscape and historical), which can be analysed to identify gaps and opportunities in the ecological and recreational networks.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

93 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Recommendation 2: Inclusion in Development Plan process Even though the local authorities do not formulate strategies for Green Infrastructure, it is highly important that Green Infrastructure should be included in the plan making process. Green Infrastructure can be included in the plan making process at the following stages: 

At the visioning stage



When compilation of data base is being done



Development of policy and spatial options



At the stage of implementation Recommendation 3: The following steps will help in incorporating Green Infrastructure into development plan making process:



Firstly it is to be identified how Green Infrastructure will be addressed in the Local Development Framework.



What are the local need for Green Infrastructure functions to be established



Deficiencies in existing Green Infrastructure (amount and type) to be identified



Broad opportunities and key agencies who will deliver to be identified



Database for Green Infrastructure to be prepared



Green Infrastructure opportunities to identified and supporting policy options to be developed



Green Infrastructure stakeholders to be consulted



Spatial plan for Green Infrastructure network to be developed



Implementation and long term management mechanism to be defined



Performance monitoring of Green Infrastructure to be done, this may include site inspection by local authorities or through visitor survey.

Recommendation 4: Define a multiple hierarchy of Green Infrastructure, in terms of function, location and size, use levels, by analysing the natural, historic and landscape assets and identify the areas where there is requirement of additional Green Infrastructure. (Adopted by East of England Plan, 2008)

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

94 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Recommendation 5: Propose “Natural Improvement Areas” based on assessment of restoring

opportunities and

connection with nature at a significant level. These areas can be established through partnerships of local authorities, local communities, landowners, private parties, and conservation organisations.

Recommendation 6: To adopt “Biodiversity offsets” approach. These approaches have activities designed to conserve and deliver biodiversity benefits in compensation for losses in a measurable way. This approach provides for compensating the biodiversity loss due to development, through compensatory natural habitat expansion or restoration elsewhere.

Recommendation 7: Green Infrastructure and biodiversity should be one of core considerations in the preparation of Local Area Plans. Green Infrastructure opportunity mapping could be included as part of the Local Area Plans, where data on existing Green Infrastructure and biodiversity, coupled with information about land use, topology, soils, hydrology and other physical parameters could be mapped And this information can help in identification of areas where proper management can lead to restoration or creation of new Green Infrastructure assets.

Recommendation 8: Encourage or make compulsory the inclusion of Green Infrastructure concepts as suitable for all the new settlement developed or yet to develop.

Recommendation 9: Propose measurable standards to check the facility provision and the performance of the already provided Green Infrastructure assets. (For example Accessible Natural Green space Standards prescribed by Natural England).

Recommendation 10: Funding options to encourage Green Infrastructure: 

Identify funding sources for creating, managing and monitoring Green Infrastructure within the Local Plan.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

95 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad 

Independent trusts is an option to vest the Green Infrastructure assets in a trust or non-profit company, seeks additional funds from Green Infrastructure assets or other sources for longterm management of Green Infrastructure assets. The trust focuses on the needs of a Green Infrastructure network without distraction to other duties.



Funding through public private partnership – encouraging private parties to invest in management of Green Infrastructure assets and provide additional rights or incentives against.

Recommendation 11: To adopt “Value Engineering” for implementation of Green Infrastructure in projects. This approach allows the community for a comparison of the costs and values of green infrastructure with that of traditional infrastructure. The “value engineering” approach involves the following steps



Identify benefit or any elements of value that can be used to measure and compare project components



Develop a schematic of the project using traditional forms of infrastructure, and estimate value of benefit provided, including the capital and life cycle costs



Analyse by comparing the two different approaches to identify which provides the best value Recommendation 12: Encourage Green Infrastructure as a part of new or existing land uses Recommendation 13: Research and dissemination of information is necessary for broadening the number of communities adopting Green Infrastructure practices. More research should be conducted on planning and evaluating systems for Green Infrastructure. Information on options to quantify benefits and to reduce risks should be developed. This will help the local authorities to realize the benefits of Green Infrastructure. Also technical assistance to local authorities and communities should be provided for proper implementation of Green Infrastructure.

Recommendation 14: Increase awareness and understanding of Green Infrastructure among emerging engineering and design professionals.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

96 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Recommendation 15: Inclusion of Green Infrastructure in development permits, enforcement orders and long term control plans.

Recommendation 16: Economic development agencies can encourage Green Infrastructure to improve neighbourhoods to increase property values Recommendation 17: Vacant properties can be converted into green belts either as permanent landscape or as an interim land use.

Recommendation 18: Implementation of pilot projects. Pilot projects allow relevant agencies to figure out the logistics implementing Green Infrastructure practices from design, implementation and maintenance to basic permitting protocols.

Recommendation 19: To start award and recognition programmes for Green Infrastructure provisioning that will provide marketing opportunities and public outreach and monetary benefits.

Recommendation 20: To local authorities to use the IGBC (Indian Green Building Council) Green Landscape Rating system. It is a measurement system designed for rating new and existing parks/gardens which are broadly classified into two categories: Small parks/gardens (less than 5 acres); Large parks/gardens (more than 5 acres). This certification system will help in proper maintenance of the existing Green Infrastructure assets and also help in development of new Green Infrastructure assets.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

97 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Recommendation 21:

3

3

3

1

1 1

3

2 3 3 3

1) Un-maintained green cover- There are three major chunks of green cover in the middle north of Hyderabad, where there is unmaintained green sprawl, which becomes lush green in rainy season and dries up in summer. The natural cycle of these lands are affected due to the impact of the city in the surrounding. These areas more over are not accessible to general public. Some part of the largest sprawl is under the airport, which can be ignored. But the rest of the sprawl can be converted into huge tree parks or urban forests like what Washington DC. 2) Musi river passes through south of central area of Hyderabad. Much of the Hyderabad’s density is in the area. The central part of Hyderabad is part of old Hyderabad which developed around Musi River. These areas used to flourish in the older times but today lies in state of neglect. Sewage pipes are emptied in this river. For most of the year the river is dry bed. But this is the only area available in denser part of Hyderabad that could have network of green cover. Singapore ABC program can be replicated here. Active,

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

98 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad Beautiful, Clean can be a part of Musi too. But first all the drainage pipes have to be diverted to STP’s first outside the city. Then make the area available for the people.

Reviewing Musi River could bring back the much needed green cover. Also success of this could also enlighten the people regarding the importance of green cover.

3) There are many areas in around the edges of GHMC boundaries which are open lands.

These lands are not yet developed, but they are already planned for. Here there is more scope for introduction of green infrastructure in these parts of city.

Recommendation 22:

This is 2031 development plan of Hyderabad. The 1km area on both sides of outer ring road is classified as growth corridor. But that area can be converted into urban forests and slowly the green cover could seep into Hyderabad from all the sides.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315

99 | P A G E

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad References Anish, C. (n.d.). Urban Forestry. Ahmedabad: CEPT University.

Anusree, S. (2014). Exploring the potential of green infrastructure in Indian cities.

Ahmedabad: CEPT University.

Bhalla, P., & Bhattacharya, P. (2015). Urban Biodiversity and Green Spaces in Delhi: A Case Study of New Settlement and Lutyens' Delhi. Journal of human ecology (Delhi, India) 51(12):83-96, 83-96.

Blum, J. (2015). Urban Forests: Ecosystem Services and Management. Oakville: Apple Acadamic Press.

Carter, E. J. (2010). The Potential of Urban Forestry in Developing Countries: A Concept Paper. Minnesotea: Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1993.

Chaudhry, P., Bagra, K., & Singh, B. (2011). Urban Greenery Status of Some Indian Cities: A Short Communication. International Journal of Enviromental Science and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, 98-99. (n.d.). City Development Plan. Chandigarh: JNNURM, Ministry of Urban Developmen. (n.d.). City Development Plan. Bangalore: JNNURM, Ministry of Urban Developmen.

Civic, K., & L.M, W. J. (2014). Implementing Green Infrastructure and Ecological Networks in Europe: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives. Journal of Green Engineering. commission, E. (2013). Building a green infrastructure for Europe. Belgium: European Union.

Corporation, G. H. (n.d.). GHMC Parks and Urban Diversity. Retrieved from www.ghmc.gov.in.

Environment, D. o. (n.d.). www.environment.sa.gov.au. Retrieved from http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home EPA, U. (n.d.). EPA. Retrieved from www.epa.gov: https://www.epa.gov/greeninfrastructure/what-green-infrastructure forests, M. o. (2006). National Environment Policy . Retrieved from www.moef.gov.in: http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/introduction-nep2006e.pdf Fund, T. C. (n.d.). www.conservationfund.org. Retrieved from The Conservation Fund: http://www.conservationfund.org/ Geography, G. (2017, January 23). how to ndvi maps arcgis. Retrieved from http://gisgeography.com: http://gisgeography.com/how-to-ndvi-maps-arcgis/ GUDA. (n.d.). Development Plan. http://www.waterandmegacities.org/wastewater-treatment-in-hyderabad/. (2015). Retrieved from www.waterandmegacities.org.

India, G. o. (n.d.). National Action Plan on Climate Change. Retrieved from www.moef.nic.in: http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/home/Pg01-52.pdf Institute, E. P. (2015). State of Environment Report Telangana. Hyderabad: Telangana Government.

Mell, I. C. (2015). Establishing the rationale for green infrastructure investment in Indian cities: is the mainstreaming of urban greening an expanding or diminishing reality?

AIMS Environmental Science.

Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, M. (n.d.). UDPFI Guidelines. GOI. MoEF. (n.d.). National Lake Conservation Plan. National River Conservation Directorate.

NCT, D. o. (n.d.). Congress on Urban Green Space.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315 PAGE

100 |

Potential for Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure in Hyderabad ORGANIZATION, T. A. (2015). URDPFI Guidelines. Retrieved from www.cseindia.org: http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/URDPFI.pdf Padigala, B., & Acharya, S. K. (2012). Role of green infrastructure for climate change resilient cities - a case study of Pune. Ahmedabad: CEPT University.

Protection, N. D. (2012). The NYC Green Infrastructure Plan.

Ramachandran, T. (2015). IISc. Raval, V. M., & Ray, C. (2000). Ahmedabad green partnership (AGP) : an innovative urban community forestry model. Thesis. 2000: CEPT University.

Aditya Mane.PP0000315 PAGE

101 |