Transforming B Building in HCU City Nord Campus From a sustainable deconstruction towards a breathable inhabitated atrium.
Ida Waagø Adrián Peñalver Madrid
REAP Technologies for Sustainable Material Cycles Prof. Wolfgang Willkomm
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
Content Introduction
3
-The site
3
-B-building
4
-Our proposal
5
New function of City Nord
6
- Entrances
6
- Day light exposure
7
- Circulation and vertical connections
8
- Structure
8
-Flexibility studies
9
- Our proposal
11
New plans
12
Overview of Changes
14
Rooms
15
- Interior walls
15
- New walls
16
- Ceilings
16
- Doors
17
Staircase
18
- Glass facade dismounting
18
- Slabs and stairs demolishing
20
- Granite blocks dismounting and slicing process
21
Atrium
23
- Soil
23
- Covering
23
Summary and conclusion
26
Sources
27
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
Introduction The City Nord campus was erected between 1963-1968 as the campus for building engineering. The architect of the project was Friedel Helbrecht (1933-2009). Today the City Nord is one of the campuses of the Hafen City University. Since the HCU will re-locate all its departments to Hafen City in 2013, our assignment is to find a new future use of the campus. The site The City Nord campus is situated in Alsterdorf in the district Hamburg-Nord. It is lying between the U-bahn Sengelmannstrasse and the S-bahn Rübenkamp. The S1 goes directly from Rübenkamp to Hamburg airport with a travel time of 5 minutes. There are two parking lots on the campus and a bus stop in Hebebrandstrasse. West of the campus is a large office/business area and there is a hospital (Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, 80000 patients a year) in the west of the campus.
surroundings
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The campus consists of four different buildings - the A, B, C and D-building. The A, B and D-building is situated around a courtyard. The buildings are connected to each other by footbridges. In our project we have decided to work more in detail on building B. The B-building The B-building consists of two rectangular building volumes connected by two smaller volumes with stairs. These volumes create an outside atrium in the middle of the building. The building has three floors and a basement story. The building is lying on sloping ground and therefor half of the basement works as a normal ground floor(windows) towards east. There are two main entrances to the building (from the courtyard) and one on the east side. The daylight situation inside the building is good and there is little traffic noise on the site. On of the main reasons for working with building B is the atrium. When we studied the building we noticed how much unused potential this outdoor space has. Today the atrium appears closed and it is not used as a common space. In its current state the atrium´s qualities is not fully utilized and we wanted to look at different possibilities to make the atrium more open, usable and attractive in addition to be a resource for, and to correspond with the new use of the building.
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Our proposal Our approach to the project has been to look at the different structural possibilities of changes in the building. These structural studies have guided us to find a new use of the building. After we had a proposal for function, we started to find out if this was something the area needed. Our proposal for a new use is an hotel with both apartments for longer stays and ordinary rooms. In the atrium there will be a swimming pool. There is only one hotel in the area (Best Western Queens Hotel, 182 rooms). Potential guests for the new hotel can be people on conferences and other business matters (visitor lecturers, participants, business partners from out of town/overseas), visitors/relatives to patients at the hospital or surgeons/doctors from overseas. Hamburg is a business city and a lot of people are staying for only one or two month in connection with work. Because of the tight housing situation in Hamburg we believe there will be a good market for the short term apartments.
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New Function of City Nord For the study of a possible function change in the building, we have considered the following aspects: 1. Access and Entrances 2. Solar Exposure 3. Circulations 4. Structure 5. Flexibility Studies 1. Entrances We find five entrances in the B-building. Four of them are placed in pairs on east and west facades. The north facade has no entrances and the south facade has a small entrance to the current Sofa Café. The entrances placed on the east and west facades are homogeneous and have a cold barrier, which consists of a double door system. Currently the entrances that are used the most, are the small entrance to the Sofa Café and the entrances of the eastern facade placed next to it. Both are the nearest accesses to the main entrance of the Campus, as well as the main parking lot.
Enterances ground floor
One of the biggest changes on the building is the elimination of the southern staircase. This is done in order to generate a flexible opening that allows a better access to the atrium and swimming pool. Because we construct a flexible access wall and a transparent roof that can be opened if wanted, we will obtain a closed winter space, protected from the cold and wet Hamburg weather. In addition we also create an open summer space when parts of the wall and the roof will be removed. The necessity of centralizing the access to the Hotel through a unique hall and reception area, enables the elimination of the entrances of the Northeast facade. We will rather use this space for new rooms.
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The accesses on the west facade remain in their current state because they are still useful for the hotel staff and they are placed next to the cafeteria, the restaurant and the conference hall. However we move them two meters forward up to the same facade limit line, so we could make the indoor spaces of the cafeteria and the conference hall more flexible. 2. Day light exposure Sufficient daylight conditions is an essential premise for the bedrooms. The building has the advantage of having a big amount of window surface in the long facades. As showed in the Table, all facades have over a 15% or more of window surface. FLOOR
NUMBER OF WINDOWS
TOTAL SURFACE of WINDOWS (m²) (1,75m²/window)
FACADE SURFACE (including courtyard) (m²)
% OF WINDOW
2nd
104
182
1088
16,72%
1st
101
176,75
1088
16,24%
Ground.
89
155,75
1088
14,31%
Basem.
33
57,75
274
21,07%
TOTAL
327
572,25
3538
16,17%
The long shape of the building, and the daylight exposure of the facades make it possible for the bedrooms to be placed one next to the other along the long direction of the building. The large quantity of light coming through the interior courtyard and the wider size of the west wing, enables us to multiply by two the number of rooms of this wing on the first and second floor. ((These new rooms have a smaller size and we can access them through a central corridor. We can not follow the same strategy in the ground floor because the swimming pool is placed on this floor making impossible the dispose of the bedrooms towards the interior courtyard. The best use of solar incidence over the swimming pool ceiling will also be considered with the use of a motorised covering system that could be removed during the warm months and closed during the cold ones.))
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
Facade analyse
Window analyse
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3. Circulation and vertical connections The vertical connections in the new hotel consist of four lifts, a main staircase and two fire stairs. Three of the lifts are new. Two of the new lifts are placed next to the reception area and the third one in the south part of the west facade. The preexistent lift is placed in the middle of the corridor of the eastern wing. The new lifts are hydraulic ones, so they don’t need an upper installation over the last floor. However this means that they are not as fast as the non-hydraulic ones. 4. Structure. When it comes to the structure it is essential to consider it in order to know which possible patterns we could follow to redivide and reorganize the space for another use. In this case, the structure is organised in arcades of concrete beams and pillars that are placed repeatedly along a longitudinal axe, in both wings of the building. This is something positive when it comes to divide the space into new bedrooms because we can divide new spaces from pillar to pillar.
Diagram 1, basement
Diagram 3, 1. floor
Diagram 2, ground floor
Diagram 4, 2. floor
If we look more carefully at the structural diagrams 1-4, we can see that the structure in the basement has less number of pillars but bigger ones, while the upper floors have a higher number but slimmer ones.
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5. Flexibility studies We have made several studies about possible modifications on the building organisation and structure. These studies came out as a brainstorming of proposals whose different characteristics would be discussed later on. Below are some notes of our discussion.
Study 1: The changes are focused on replacing the staircases, so both rectangular volumes of the building will become independent. At the same time as we find obvious properties that could be desirable, like having two separated buildings, it is also obvious that the replacement of the staircases requires their deconstruction and reconstruction. This is translated into the need of new foundations and new concrete slabs and structure and a great deal of handwork. However, in terms of space and profitable surface, there are no changes; we have now two buildings, but their size is exactly the same. Would it not have the same effect to modify the building circulation by limiting the access to each staircase to one of each volumes? Study 1
Study 2. In this study we also intend to generate two different buildings, but this time by dividing the volumes by their middle. While we loose the longitudinal space enclosured in between the volumes on study 1, we obtain another middle space that could be used. Structural considerations evidence that this division of the volumes would, without any doubt, make the building collapse. As we already know, the campus was built on the 60s and so the economical tight situation influenced on the quality of the construction of the decade. We have to consider as well that this modification is giving us less profitable space for the interior of the building. Study 2
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Study 3. This case is about adding. As it appears on the image, we intend to close the atrium in order to use this space for interior programs. On first instance, this would decrease the amount of sunlight in the building, excluding the last floor that could have a translucent ceiling. Again we find that structural modifications would be needed to support the weight of this new space. Also, adding for weight to the terrain of the atrium could displace the current foundations of the building and cause cracks on the walls or even the structure collapse. In terms of space quality, this proposal would erase any kind of breathability of it. Energetically we would need a higher consume of electricity for artificial lightening, and supporting ventilation systems.
Study 3
Study 4. On this study we only add two more entrances to the atrium on the long sides of it. This action is useless unless leisure activities or different programs were placed on it. However climatic conditions of Hamburg would only make the atrium accessible and enjoyable during a few months of the year. This fact points to the need of a flexible enclosure for this space. In comparison with studies 1, 2 and 3, there is no structural modification.
Study 4
Study 5. It consists on removing one of the staircases so the atrium could be opened towards the A building of the campus. Again we find the lack of climate conditioning for its winter use. However, in structural terms, is technically affordable. If we consider more specific technical requirements, such us fire exists, it comes to our mind that emergency staircases should be placed next to the volumes where the previous staircase was removed.
Study 5 Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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Study 6: Our proposal Our proposal is related to studies 4 and 5. On the fifth one we realised that the potential of the use of the atrium is directly affected by its closing situation. Its current relation with the rest of the building is almost hermetic and it is only used as a source of natural light. On the fourth study, the need of an enclosure for the ceiling comes up in the moment we intend to intensify its use during the whole year. For these reasons, we have decided to remove the southern staircase and place a swimming pool in the atrium. This space will be covered with a removable polycarbonate and aluminium framing cover. Accesses between and in the south part of both volumes of the building will be possible through the ground floor and basement.
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New plans
DINING ROOM CONFERENCE ROOM CAFETERIA
DININD ROOM SERVICE/ KITCHEN
KITCHEN
MEN TOILET
WOMEN TOILET
CLEANING
WATER BOMB/
WATER BOMB/
HEATING
HEATING
INSTALATIONS
INSTALATIONS STORAGE OFFICES/STAFF ROOM WATER TANK SWIMMING POOL STAFF CHANGING ROOM
Existing basement
Basement
Basement We have placed common spaces, such as cafeteria, conference room and dining room, on the east wing of the basement. They all have natural light as the ground level of the east wing is one floor lower. Removable high acoustic performance poly carbonate twin-walls are placed on the conference room and the cafeteria, so these spaces could admit a higher number of people when necessary. The placement of the kitchen and the dining room in this wing is also suitable due to the higher installation and conditioning supplies that previous workshops had, that could be readapted now keeping its infrastructure. On the west wing of the basement we place offices, bathrooms, staff room, and storage room, as well as the swimming pool maintenance room.
Existing ground floor
Ground floor
Ground floor As explained before, hotel rooms are placed on the ground-, first- and second floor. However, on the ground DINING ROOM
CONFERENCE ROOM
CAFETERIA
DININD ROOM SERVICE/ KITCHEN
KITCHEN
floor the rooms have kitchen-living rooms, so they could be rented out as small apartments. Lifts are placed next to the hall and emergency fire staircases are placed next to the new lifts. Changing rooms for the swimming pool are added to the existing bathrooms and the access to the swimming pool is regulated with polyMEN TOILET
CLEANING
WOMEN TOILET
carbonate compact walls. On the south corner, where the Sofa café is today, the reception and lounge area for WATER BOMB/
WATER BOMB/
HEATING
HEATING
INSTALATIONS
INSTALATIONS
STORAGE
OFFICES/STAFF ROOM
WATER TANK SWIMMING POOL
the hotel will be placed. Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
STAFF CHANGING ROOM
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Existing 1. floor
1. floor
DINING ROOM CONFERENCE ROOM CAFETERIA
DININD ROOM SERVICE/ KITCHEN
KITCHEN
DINING ROOM
CONFERENCE ROOM CAFETERIA
DININD ROOM SERVICE/ KITCHEN
KITCHEN
MEN TOILET
CLEANING
WOMEN TOILET
MEN TOILET
CLEANING
WOMEN TOILET
WATER BOMB/
WATER BOMB/
HEATING
HEATING
INSTALATIONS
INSTALATIONS STORAGE
WATER BOMB/ HEATING INSTALATIONS
WATER BOMB/
OFFICES/STAFF ROOM
HEATING
WATER TANK SWIMMING POOL
INSTALATIONS
STAFF CHANGING ROOM
STORAGE OFFICES/STAFF ROOM
WATER TANK SWIMMING POOL STAFF CHANGING ROOM
Existing 2. floor
2. floor
First - and second floor On first and second floor we find hotel rooms of different size. On the east wing, individual rooms are placed, while on the west wing double bedrooms and bigger individual bedrooms are placed. On the first floor, the footbridges that connect B building with A and D buildings are respected and leaved for future possible relations.
todays sections
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
new sections
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Overview of changes In this report we have linked the different topics to three main parts of the transformation: the new rooms, the atrium with swimming pool and the southern staircase that will be deconstructed. This topics include reuse of building components, recycling and reuse of building materials, light weight materials and growing materials
_rooms
An overview of the different changes:
_staircase
_atrium
Reuse or Recycle?
Removing:
Adding:
Material:
Recycled or reused as:
Soil from the swimming pool
Soil for landscaping
Brick walls
Brick rubble for landscaping
Brick walls
Wooden walls
Insulation from walls
Insulation
Stairs of masonry, concrete
Elevators
and wood
Doors
Concrete in staircase
Concrete aggregate
Doors
New ceilings of wood
Aluminium
Recycled to new aluminium
Ceiling boards
Bricks for infill in walls
Doors and windows
Reused as component
Windows
Bathrooms
Insulation
Waste
Technical installations
Paint for existing brick walls
Ceiling gypsum boards
Recycled new boards(not on site)
Concrete for swimmingpool
Soil from atrium
Soil for landscaping (on site)
(on site) and concrete aggregate Granite blocks, stairs
Sliced in tiles for landscaping (not on site)
New roof over swimmingpool
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The rooms Interior walls We have tried to keep as many of the existing internal walls as possible when we made the division of the new rooms. The existing walls are made of bricks (and insulation). BRICK WALL LENGHT (m)
BRICK WALL SURFACE (m²)
TOTAL AMOUNT (T) (68 bricks/m²) (1,8kg/brick)
2nd
234,22
1873
229,5
Ground.
195,8 881,32
2042,6
191,6
TOTAL
255,3
1566
250,02
FLOOR
REMOVED BRICK WALL LENGHT (m)
REMOVED BRICK WALL SURFACE (m²)
TOTAL AMOUNT REMOVED (T) (68 bricks/m²) (1,8kg/brick)
2nd
93,95
751,6
92
Ground.
20,75
1st
196
Basem.
1st
1568
7049,6
95,34
Basem.
863,02
762,72
93,35
166
79,35
TOTAL
191,9
20,4
634
289,39
77,6
2314,32
283,35
TOTAL AMOUNT (T) (68 bricks/m²) (1,8kg/brick)
TOTAL AMOUNT REMOVED (T) (68 bricks/m²) (1,8kg/brick)
REMAINING AMOUNT (T) (68 bricks/m²) (1,8kg/brick)
863,02
283,35 (32,83%)
579,67 (67,17%)
The bricks we remove from the building can be used in three different ways: as aggregate for concrete, rubble for landscaping or to reuse the brick. All these ways can be carried out at the construction site, something that is more sustainable.
Landscaping
Brick wall
Crusher on site
Rubble
Concrete
The bricks can be recycled by crushing them and use the brick rubble as concrete aggregate. A better option than recycling it to concrete aggregate might be to use some or all of the rubble to landscaping together with the soil from the swimming pool. This layer of brick rubble will function as a drainage layer. The option of separating the bricks for reuse depends on the type of mortar used (Addis, 2006). In our case the separation of the units would be difficult because the mortar used in buildings after 1945 are made of cement and not lime. The cement makes it difficult to separate the units without damaging the bricks (Hendriks & Nijkerk, 2000). Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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New walls The new interior walls we are inserting between the hotel rooms will be timber frame walls. By using timber frame construction the construction process will be faster than with other building materials and there is possible to recycle the timber in a future demolition. Another environmental aspect of using wood is that trees help reducing global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Timber is a renewable building material and according to the UK Timber
Tegn
A10
Type
Situ
Frame association 0,8 tonne of CO2 is saved for every cubic metre of wood used instead of other building materials.
Insulation
Nail
Wooden panel
Guide strip Variable joint Top beam
Ground beam
Index
Rubber list
Loka
Wooden panel
Nail
Pros
Timber frame
Connection wall - floor
Connection wall - roof
Fase
Pr
Titte
Ceilings The existing suspended ceilings are made of fiber gypsum boards. We want to remove these ceilings in the hotel rooms due to aestehtical reasons and replace it with a new wooden suspended ceiling. The gypsum ceilBIM modell ArchiCAD 14 NOR
Filplassering: Macintosh HD:Users:ida:Arkitektur:Materials 2011:details.pln
ing fiber boards can be 100% recyclable. First they have to be sorted in its own containers before it is sent to the recycling site. Here the boards will be put through a grinder that makes the gypsum boards into powder. This powder can now be sent to gypsum boards manufacturers and they can make new gypsum boards of the BIM modell ArchiCAD 14 NOR
Filplassering: Macintosh HD:Users:ida:Arkitektur:Materials 2011:details.pln
powder (www.gypsumrecycling.biz).
Gypsum boards
Classified
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
Grinder
Gypsum powder
New boards
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Ti N pr 14
Ad Po
Pros
Pr
Type
Sit
Doors The doors will not be reused in our project but taken to the appropriate recycling industry. 99 doors are made of timber and 40 is made of glass and steel. The glass doors will be disassembled into glass and metal. The metal will be sent to recycling and the glass can be reused. When it comes to the wooden doors we have two different options; to reuse them as components or to recycle the wood in the doors. The doors can be sold as components after the door handles and the metal details have been removed. For the recycle option the demolishers will sell the timber in the doors to merchants. They will remill the timber by manually scanning it with a metal detector and this allows the timber to be denailed and sawn to size. When the timber is re-milled it can be sold to consumers (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, (Ed.), 2009, p 97). Because of the difficulty of finding a company that buys building components in the near of our building site, we think it could be interesting to show how a recycling project on site could be carried out. In the case study “Feasibility of Producing Value-Added Wood Products from Reclaimed Hemlock Lumber (Falk, Kimmel, Jeffery, 2007) they evaluate the feasability of production value for wood products from hemlock lumber salvages from a old building in the USA. The case study says: “ About 6,000 board feet of lumber [...] was remilled into four products including log cabin siding, V-groove paneling, beadboard (wainscoting), and tongue and groove flooring. The general quality of the products produced was high and little loss was found after processing, although checks, ringshake, and face-nail holes were found in some pieces. The yield of valueadded products was rather low (about 33%) and was constant over lumber size and product type. The authors believe yield could be increased with better on-site trimming (Janowiak, Falk, Kimmel, 2007, ). In terms of commercial viability the study says that it is possible to establish a viable business of remanufacturing this material. But the final price of the recycled lumber should be minimized and an efficient metal removal processes must be developed, so a network of niche-market customers could be established.
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Staircase When it comes to the removal of the staircase there will be different phases of the disassembly. The first step would be the dismounting of the glass facade and then the disassembly of the staircase and its
1
2 3
Interior Courtyard
masonry slabs. 1. Glass facade dismounting In general terms there are three general types of glazing that can be a reclaimed and reused. These are panes from single-glazed windows, sealed-unit double-glazing and glass panels made of toughened or laminated glass from facade or cladding systems (Addis, 2006, p. 69). The windows from the staircase are precisely sealed-unit double-glazing with aluminium frames. A total amount of 177 windows will be removed in addition to the aluminium doors on the ground floor. This will be 203,55 m² of sealed double-glazed windows, not including the aluminium frame. We have two options: recycling or reusing them. We have to consider different concerns such as the danger of damage of the glass and the requirement for increased thermal and acoustic insulation in new buildings. Sealed double-glazed can be dismantled, cleaned and reassembled achieving improved insulation, if necessary, with a larger void between the two panes. However the current glass wall of our project is no more than 10 years old and is in a good condition and therefore achieves the requirements of insulation. This make the glass form the staircase suitable to be reused. Let’s consider nevertheless some aspects about how we could recycle this windows. As they are still a component, we must separate the glass from the aluminium in order to be able to recycle both materials in separate processes. Aluminium Aluminium is a non-ferrous metal and its production has a higher cost than the ferrous metals production. A key difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals is that the later are not made in standard sections with the exception, perhaps, of the copper pipes and electric cables. (Addis, 2006, p. 67) Aluminium is a recyclable material and the recycling process creates high quality aluminium that loses none of the physical properties that the primary aluminium had. Recycled aluminium also uses just 5% of the energy it takes to create primary aluminium. In addition, recycling of aluminium products only emits 5% of the greenhouse gases emitted in primary aluminium production. The recycling of aluminium scrap from used products saved over 70 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2005. Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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Since its inception, the recycling of old scrap has already avoided over one billion metric tonnes of CO2 emissions. This is why aluminium in generally regarded as a sustainable building material. The International Aluminium Institute (IAI) estimates that 55% of world aluminium production is powered by renewable hydroelectric power. The life cycle of aluminium products is measured in terms of decades rather than years. Some of the advantages of aluminium is its durability, its resistant to corrosion and the little long term maintenance that is needed. (Smarts Systems, 2008).
Source: Global Aluminium Recycling: A Cornerstone of Sustainable Development: International Aluminium Institute
Aluminium Material Flow
Glass The glass is easy to recycle, but the remelting of it is an energy-intensive process. Today a majority of the glass from building sites are crushed and used in the manufacture of new glass containers or fibre glass insulation, but only a few of this products are used in the building industry.
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Staircase
116
5,22
2. Slabs and Stairs Demolishing In the interior of the staircase we find the steps made of granite blocks and the handrail that is made of ELEMENT
REMOVED WINDOWS (60/floor))+doors
TOTAL SURFACE OF GLASS (m²) (1,15 m²/window)
177
203,55
ELEMENT
REMOVED MATERIAL
TOTAL AMOUNT
REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB*
118 m³
92,7 T
PLASTER CEILING*
11,79 m³
5,05 T
wood and steel. Our proposal is to first dismount these elements in order to demolish the reinforced concrete Staircase structure of the staircase.
*REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB: 275/375 kg/m² as we asume it is a REINFORCED CONCRETE MADE ON SITE SLAB. 84,7 m² x 4floors x 275Kg/m²) = 92,7 T *PLASTER CEILING: 84,7 m² x 4floors x 15kg/m² = 5,05
T
ELEMENT
REMOVED MATERIAL
TOTAL AMOUNT
HANDRAIL OAK WOOD
1,75 m³
1,75 T
HANDRAIL STEEL
176,4 m
1,85 T
Squared Metalic Profile 75x75 mm, 6mm thickness, 10,5kg/m Oak Wood wieght: 1kg/dm³
Handrail dismount: steel recycling ELEMENT
NEW GLASS SURFACE ADDED
As we already have explained the recycling parts CLOSING STAIRCASE OPENINGprocess for timber, wooden 52,2 m² from the handrail will follow this process and we focus now on the steel recycling process. We have an amount of 1,85 tons of removed steel, as the handrail is 176,4 m long and it’s made of a squared metallic profile (75x75 mm, 6 mm thickness, and 10,5 kg/m). Steel is one of the most recycled materials in the world. The most commonly recycled items are containers, automobiles, appliances and construction materials. The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75 %, which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year. According to the U.S Environmental Protection Agency there are two processes to produce steel: the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process, which uses 25 to 35 percent recovered steel, and the electric arc furnace (EAF) process which uses nearly 100 percent recovered steel. The last one is the one that is used for structural beams, plates and rebar (www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/steel.htm). Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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3. Granite blocks dismounting and slicing process Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite usually has a medium to coarse-grained texture. Granite is nearly always hard and massive and is therefore popular as a construction stone. (Wikipedia, 2012) FLOOR
EXISTING GRANITE BLOCKS
TOTAL AMOUNT T (45kg/block)
2nd
104
4,68
Ground.
58
2,61
1st
159
Basem.
7,15
58
Basem.
2,61
379
17,05
ELEMENT
REMOVED GRANITE BLOCKS (29/floor))
REMOVED TOTAL AMOUNT (T) (45kg/block)
REMAINING AMOUNT
Staircase
116
5,22 (30,61%)
110,78 (69,39%)
In the staircase the blocks measure 70x25x17 cm and they are attached to the stairs structure with cement. Their geometry, big size and quantity make them suitable to be removed manually and be taken to a special factory in order to be sliced and transported back to the building site. We want to do it in this way because the machinery needed to tile them is too heavy to be transported and the tools to do it manually require too much time and handwork. The granite blocks can be reused as tiles for a new landscape area or for the floor of the atrium. Their precise geometry, if maintained, make them have a particular beauty and narrative suggestion. Although this process could be expensive, as it needs handwork and transport, it could make the process of reuse/recycle readable for the new users of the building. Is it a positive aspect that reusing/recycling processes could be understandable for users? Should architects try their best to make this happen in order to generate some kind of environmental consciousness?
How to slice the tiles Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
New tiles for landscaping
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Reinforced slabs demolishing and the recycling process. We assume that the concrete slabs of the staircase are made of reinforced concrete. We have a total amount of 92,7 T. These kind of slabs are between 275 and 375 kg/m² and we have four floors of 84,7 m² each. Taxes on landfill and the extraction of virgin aggregate have been introduced in many countries to influence the market and encourage a reduction in the use of virgin aggregates and the reuse of crushed concrete arising from demolition. According to Addis (2006) there are five options available for reducing the environmental impact of concrete disposal (p 68): 1. prolonging the service life of concrete 2. replacing virgin aggregate by other materials 3. reusing concrete components reclaimed from buildings after deconstruction 4. replacing lime-cement by other materials 5. finding uses for crushed concrete from demolition waste From this five options we have focused on option number 2 and 3. To replace virgin aggregate by other materials can be done by using the aggregate materials we already have from the crushing of the bricks. As mentioned previous this crushing process can be done on site so transport fees are avoided. To achieve option number 3 we have to proceed in a different way. Due to the bulk of the reinforced concrete waste, it is generally not economical to transport it over great distances (Addis, 2006). Also the fact of not having the needed machinery to separate the reinforce metal bars from the concrete and crush it, makes it not suitable to be reused in our new building. However, it is possible to take it to the appropriate recycling industry in ordered to recycle it for latter constructions. This will be our proposal to recycle the reinforced concrete.
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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The Atrium In the atriums current state it appears closed and the atriums qualities is not fully utilized. In our proposal we have tried to make it more open and attractive. For achieving this we have as previous mentioned removed the southern staircase. We also want to make a svimmingpool there combined with an outdoor leisure area. The swimmingpool will be covered by a glass and aluminium canopy which can be opened in the summer and closed during the winter. Soil The 378m3 of soil we remove from the atrium first has to be assessed in three ways before we consider the reuse of it. The three ways are its load-carrying capacity, its permeability to water and its ecological properties and suitability for growing plants (Addis, 2006). Soil removed from construction sites will be considered waste and often much of this soil is sent to landfill sites. In order to avoid this we want to use most of it on site. Today there are plants and vegetation on the ground of the atrium, we therefor think the ecological properties of the soil is good enough for being reused for landscaping. The landscaping will be made in the courtyard area and in connection with the new entrance situation.
378m3 soil
Suitable for growing plants?
Landscaping
Covering The creation of a swimming pool in the hotel atrium requires a removable cover in order to make this space efficient in terms of climate response during the warm and cold months of the year. It is also a way to obtain a flexible and more breathable space, where natural ventilation and lightening play a key role.
Swmmingpool cover Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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The structure of the pool cover is filled with twin-walled poly carbonate: 10 mm, 8 mm or clear, compact 4 mm polycarbonate. We use twin-wall or four-walled poly carbonate. The polycarbonate filling causes the socalled greenhouse effect.
Compact polycarbonate
Twin-walled polycarbonate www.poolcover-ipc.com
Sunbeams dispersed in the atmosphere even on overcast days cause heating of the water and air in the swimming pool cover. At night or on cold and cloudy days, the water and air cool down more slowly. The outer surface of all polycarbonate boards is covered in a high-quality UV stabilization layer, which absorbs the effects of harmful UV radiation and prevents impairment, cracking and unwanted colour changes in the polycarbonate. The tracks are made of anodized or powder-lacquered aluminium sections. The track is fixed to an even surface horizontally, vertically – on a wall of an existing wall. The number of rails of the track corresponds to the number of segments which form the pool enclosure. The pool enclosure may be equipped with a solar electric drive (www.spaandpoolenclosures.com/all-about-enclosures/polycarbonate/).
The cover helps collect the heat during the day
The cover prevent heat loss during the night
Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic and this means it is a polymer that turns to a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when cooled sufficiently. Thermoplastics can go through melting/freezing cycles repeatedly and the fact that they can be reshaped upon reheating gives them their name. This quality makes thermoplastics recyclable. The processes required for recycling vary with the thermoplastic.
Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adrián Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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Recycling of thermoplastics
“Injection moulding is just one of the many process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavit (Rosato, 2000, 2nd Ed, p.13) This material could proceed from previous thermoplastic products as they could be remelted. The recycling process requires a meticulous cleaning and plastic classification before the material granulating and preparation for the inyection. The injection moulding cycle has different phases. First, the mould closes and polymer is injected into the mould cavity. When the cavity is filled, a pressure is main is maintained to compensate for material shrinkage. In the second phase the screw turns feeding the next shot to the next screw. When the part is sufficiently cold the mould opens and it is removed (Rosato, 2000, 2nd Ed, p.13).
The new atrium Technologies for Sustaineble Material Cycles Adriån Penalver Madrid & Ida Waagø
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Summary In this assignment we have changed the use of the B-building in the City Nord campus from a university building into an hotel. We believe a hotel is a suitable program to for the surroundings because it is economically profitable and could be a necessary service for this loaction. We have focused on the potential of the atrium in order to place an attractive service that could be a positive aspect for the hotel. Our attitude in this project has consisted on keeping as much of exicting elements as possible. We have tried to reuse, in first instance, and to recycle on-site as far as possible. The new materials we have added in the building can easily be recycled or reused in a future deconstruction, such as wood. tehrmoplastics and alluminium.
Conclusion A good understandig of the structure and organisation grid is essentional for optimizing the election of the new use of the building. This should come togeteher with a detailed analyse of the surroundings. When it comes to re-selling or recycling materials, the size, weight and amount of them are essential aspects to considerate, as transport costs could make our decisions not worthable. Recycling on site is positive, but not always possible. Some recycling processes require specific and non transportable machinery. Flexibility could easely be reached by good communication and circulation changes in the building. New laws and restrictions from the governments can contribute to a more widley counstiusness of recycling and reuse in the near future. Politics are essential to ariese the interest for companies for this business.
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Sources Books: Addis, B. (2006). Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials. UK: Earthscan Hendriks, F., Nijkerk,A. A., & Koppen, A. A. (2000). The Building Cycle. The Netherlands: Aeneas Technical Publishers Norges Byggeforskningsinstitutt (2001). Treteknikk - treteknologi. Trebaserte byggekonstruksjoner. Lillestrøm: Byggenæringens forlag Rosato M.G & D.V Rosato (2000), 2nd Ed, Injection Molding Handbook. Miller F.P, (2009) Recycling: recycling Sustainable design. Beau Bassin : Alphascript Publ. HCU library archives (history, plans and sections) Websites: Construction Materials Recycling Association. Recycling Gypsum Drywall at the Construction Site. http:// www.drywallrecycling.org/consite.html UK Timber Frame Acossiation. Benefits of Timber Frame. http:// uktfa.com/benefits-of-timber-frame/ Gypsum Recycling International. Why recycle gypsum waste? http://www.gypsumrecycling.biz/6688-1_ Whyrecycle/ IPC Partner Site (2009) Polycarbonate. www.spaandpoolenclosures.com/all-about-enclosures/polycarbonate/ Janowiak, J. J, Falk, R. H, Kimmel, J. D. (2007). Feasibility of Producing Value-Added Wood Products from Reclaimed Hemlock Lumber. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp645.pdf U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Steel. www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/steel.htm
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