ROME The eternal city Popescu George Gabriel Clasa a-VIII-a C Şcoala Generală nr.
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The history of Rome spans 2,800 years of the existence of a city that grew from a small Latin village in the 9th century BC into the centre of a vast civilisation that dominated the Mediterranean region for centuries. The population of the city fell drastically in the Late Empire after Rome ceased to be the capital of the Empire, and remained far lower than its ancient peak until Rome became the capital of a reunited Italy in the late 19th century. This assured the survival of very significant ancient Roman material remains in the centre of the city, some abandoned and others continuing in use.
For most of the centuries in between, the Papacy was the ruler of the city and Rome became the capital of the Papal States, which grew to include large parts of central Italy. Although economically weak, Rome remained a centre of pilgrimage and also tourism.
Its political power was eventually replaced by that of peoples of mostly Germanic origin, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages. Rome became the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of a sovereign state, the Vatican City, within its walls.
Today it is the capital of Italy, an international worldwide political and cultural centre, a major global city, and is regarded as one of the most beautiful cities of the ancient world.
The traditional date for the founding of Rome, based on a mythological account, is 21 April 753 BC.
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Early history
Livy
753 BC - According to Livy, the city was founded in this year by Romulus and Remus. During the war that followed the abduction of the Sabine, Sabines Tarpeia open the gate attacking Rome, but after the intervention of the Sabine war peace ends.
Titus Tatius King Sabine
Calendar of Numa Civil calendar
c. 715 BC - The Roman King Numa Pompilius created a 12 month calendar.
Religious calendar
According to Macrobius[4] and Plutarch[6]
According to Ovid[7] Decemviri, 450 BC)
According to Fowler[8]
Ianuarius (29)
Ianuarius
Martius
Februarius (28)
Martius
Aprilis
Martius (31)
Aprilis
Maius
Aprilis (29)
Maius
Iunius
Maius (31)
Iunius
Quintilis
Iunius (29)
Quintilis
Sextilis
Quintilis (31)
Sextilis
September
Sextilis (29)
September
October
September (29)
October
November
October (31)
November
December
November (29)
December
Ianuarius
December (29)
Februarius
Februarius
Julius Caesar, as Pontifex Maximus, reformed the calendar in 46 BC. The new calendar became known as the Julian Calendar. The calendar reforms were completed during the reign of his successor Augustus, who renamed Quintilis as Iulius (July) in honour of Julius Caesar in 44 BC and Sextilis as Augustus (August) in honour of Augustus in 8 BC. The common calendar widely used today known as the Gregorian Calendar is a refinement of the Julian calendar where the length of the year has been adjusted from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days (a 0.002% change).
700 BC - Near Rome, the Etruscan civilization began. 659 BC - The enemy city of Alba Longais destroyed by the Romans. 616 BC - The first Etruscan king of Rome, Tarquinus Priscus established a Forum and a Circus Maximum. c. 600 BC – Cloaca Maxima sewer system was probably first built around this year.
Map of central Rome during the time of the Roman Empire, showing Cloaca Maxima in red
Etruscan pendant with swastika symbols Bolsena Italy 700 BCE to 650 BCE.
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
578 BC – Servius Tullius became the next Etruscan king of Rome 565 BC - Servian Walls were built. 534 BC - King Servius was assassinated. 510 BC - Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol was completed and consecrated 509 BC – Lucius Junius Brutus founded the republic and expelled the Etruscans and Tarquin de Proud from Rome.
Servius Tullius king of ancient Rome
508 BC - A Treaty was made between Rome and Carthage. 507 BC – A war against the Etruscans began, with hero Horatio
Lucius Junius Brutus
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Horatius Cocles
Republic 499 BC - A battle against foreign tribes commences, including the construction of the Temple of Castor and Pollux. 396 BC - The Etruscan city of Veio is defeated by the Romans. 390 BC - the Gauls attempt to invade Rome, including the famous story of the quacking geese. 380 BC - The once destroyed Severian wall is reconstructed. Forum Romanum
312 BC - The Via Appia and Aqua Appia are constructed.
Severian wall
264 - 241 BC - The period of the First Punic War 220 BC - Via Flamina is constructed. 218 - 202 BC - The Second Punic War 168 BC - The Romans have a great victory in the Macedonian War, conquering Greece. Photo of the remains of the naval base of the city of Carthage
149 - 146 BC - The Third Punic War
Hanibal Barca
The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
71 BC - Spartacus is killed and his rebel army destroyed. 60 BC - Pompey, Crassus and Caesar rule Rome jointly.
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Gaius Julius Caesar
Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman Politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. 51 BC - Caesar conquers Gaul
Imperial city
49 BC - Caesar crosses the Rubicon in order to take Rome 44 BC - Caesar elects himself dictator, and in March is killed by Brutus and Cassius
Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger
Gaius Cassius Longinus
Augustus Octavian Caesar
27 BC - Augustus is made Rome's first emperor. 13 BC - The Ara Pacis is constituted since Augustus secured his empire. Altar of Augustan Peace
42 AD - The apostle St Peter arrives in Rome. 64 AD - Rome burns, and by popular myth, was caused by Emperor Nero, who apparently fiddled when it happened. c. 65 AD - Christians are first persecuted and killed by Nero. 67 AD – St Peter is crucified in Rome, and similarly St Paul is executed. 72 AD - Work on the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) begins. St Peter
The Colosseum
St Paul
The Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Roman Emperor Trajan's rule.
Roman soldiers defending a fort against the attack of the Dacians
Marcus Ulpius Traianus
125 AD - Emperor Hadrian has the Pantheon reconstructed to more or less how it is today. 212 AD - All the inhabitants of the empire are granted citizenship. 216 AD - Work on the Baths of Caracalla is finally over, as the building gets completed. 270 AD - The Aurelian wall is begun. 284 AD - The Roman Empire is divided into Eastern and Western ones.
Early Medieval period 312 AD – Constantine the Great achieves winning the Roman Empire after the Battle of Milvian Bridge. c. 320 AD - The First St. Peter’s Basilica is constructed. 380 AD - The Christian emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion of Rome, persecuting pagans and destroying temples. 395 AD - Ravenna becomes the capital of the Western Roman Empire, whilst Constantinopole that of the east. 410 AD - Rome is sacked by the Goths. 422 AD - The Church of Santa Sabina is founded. 455 AD - Rome is even more destructively sacked by the Vandals. 476 AD - The Western Empire falls, and Constantinopole becomes the sole capital of the remaining Roman Empire. 496 AD - The first pope to achieve the Pontifex Maximus is Anastasius II.
Constantine The Great
C. 590 - 604 AD – Pope Gregory the Great makes the Christian church exceedingly strong. 609 AD - The Pantheon becomes a Christian church. 630 AD - The Church of Sant' Agnese is the first Roman church to be constructed in Byzantine style. 725 AD - The King Ine of Wessex is the first man to create a hostel for pilgrims to Rome. 778 AD – Charlemagne conquers Italy and Rome. 800 AD - Charlemagne is crowned the emperor in St. Peter's Basilica. 880 - 932 AD - A rare occasion, the city is governed by women, Theodora and later her daughter Marozia. Marozia
Pope Gregory the Great
Otto the Great
Charlemagne
961 AD - King Otto the Great of Germany becomes in Rome the world's first Holy Roman Emperor
High Middle Ages 1084 AD - The city of Rome is attacked by the Normans 1200 AD - The city becomes an independent commune 1232 AD - The cloisters in the Basilica of St. John Lateran are finished.
Main façade of the Basilica of St. John Lateran
View over the Avignon and “Pont d'Avignon” at left
1300 AD – Pope Boniface VIII proclaims the First Holy Year. 1309 AD - The Papacy is moved to Avignon under Pope Clement V 1347 AD - The patriot and rebel Cola di Rienzo tries to restore the Roman Republic. 1348 AD - Just like across Italy and parts of Europe, the Black Death strikes Rome.
Roman Renaissance
1377 AD - The Papacy returns to Rome with Pope Gregory XI. 1417 AD - The Great Schism of the 14th century is ended by Pope Martin V 1452 AD - Old St. Peter's Basilica is demolished and a new one is begun. 1486 AD - The Palazzo della Cancelleria is built.
Pope Gregory XI
The Palazzo della Cancelleria
The Old Basilica St Peter
1506 AD - The first significant works on the New St. Peter's Basilica re begun with Pope Julius II.
Pope Julius II
1508 AD - Michelangelo paints the famous Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564)
The Last Judgement
The dome of St.Peter’s Basilica
1519 AD - The famous frescos of the Villa Farnesina are finally completed. 1527 AD - Charles V's troops attack Rome, looting and ruining the city. 1547 AD - Michelangelo is appointed by Pope Paul III as the main architect of St. Peter's Basilica. Pope Paul III
Baroque period 1568 AD - The Jesuits build the early Baroque church of the Gesu. 1585 AD - Rome's streets are re-planned by Pope Sixtus V 1595 AD - The frescos in the Palazzo Farnese are begun by Annibale Carracci
Pope Sixtus V
Galleria Farnese
Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne
1600 AD – Giordano Bruno (philosopher) is burned at the stake for his heresies.
Giordano Bruno
1624 AD - Apollo and Daphne, the sculpture by Bernini, is made in this year. 1626 AD - New St. Peter's Basilica is finally completed. 1633 AD - Galileo is condemned for heresy. 1651 AD – Piazza Navona is fully re-designed by Bernini. 1656 AD - Bernini's colonnades in St.Peter’s Square are begun.
St.Peter’s Square (cca 1700)
St.Peter’s Square (cca 1800)
1694 AD - The Palazzo di Montecitorio is finished. 1732 AD - Work on the Trevi Fountain begins. 1734 AD - The Palazzo Nuovo is made by Pope Clement XII the Pope Clement XII world's first public museum. 1735 AD - This is the year in which Rome's Spanish Steps are designed. 1751 AD - The Views of Rome by Piranesi revives interest in Rome's classical ruins.
1762 AD - The Trevi Fountain is completed.
1797 AD – Napoleon Bonaparte has Rome captured. 1799 AD - Napoleon is driven out of Rome and Italy by the russians and the austrians
19th century and Risorgimento 1800–1801 AD - Napoleon retakes Italy and Rome. 1816 AD - Work on thePiazza del Popolo begins. 1820 AD - There are a series of revolts in Rome and the rest of Italy. 1848 AD - Uprisings in Rome. 1849 AD - The Pope is restored to power in the city, with French help. 1860 AD - Garibaldi and his famous 1,000 soldiers take Naples and Sicily. Piazza del Popolo Napoleon
Giuseppe Garibaldi Born: 4 july 1807 Nice, First French Empire
Died: 2 june 1882 Caprera, Kingdom of Italy
1861 AD – The Kingdom of Italy is founded with Turin as its capital. 1870 AD – Rome is made part of the Italian kingdom. 1871 AD – after French troops left the city, and Italian forces had taken Rome, it was declared capital of the new Italy.
20th century and Modern Rome 1915 AD - Italy enters the World War I 1922 AD - March on Rome On 24 October 1922, Mussolini declared before 60,000 people at the Fascist Congress in Naples: "Our program is simple: we want to rule Italy." On 28 October, the King handed power to Mussolini 1926 AD - Any party opposing Fascism is banned.
Fascists travelling towards Rome.
1929 AD - A separate country, the Vatican City is created with the Lateran Treaty. 1940 AD – Esposizione Universale Roma begins, and the nation enters World War II.
EXPO Rome 1942
Emilio De Bono, Benito Mussolini, Italo Balbo and Cesare Maria De Vecchi
1944 AD - Rome is liberated by the Allied troops from the Germans. 1946 AD - A National Referendum states that Italy becomes a Republic. 1957 AD - Treaty of Rome officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), is an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958. It was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The Treaty of Rome signing ceremony, at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on Capitoline Hil
1960 AD - Rome hosts the Olympic Games with great success. 1962 AD - Roman Catholic church reforms are brought about with the Second Vatican Council.
1978 AD - Italian prime minister Aldo Moro is kidnapped and later killed by the Brigate Rosse; 1978 AD – Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II are made popes in this year. c. 1978 – 1990 AD - Years of Lead was a period of socio-political turmoil in Italy that lasted from the late 1960s into the early 1980s. This period was marked by a wave of terrorism, initially called "Opposing Extremisms" . Aldo Moro 1981 AD - An assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II is made this year in St. Peter's Basilica Square. Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II), sometimes called Blessed John Paul or John Paul the Great, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was the head of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death in 2005. He was the second longest-serving pope in history and, as a Pole, the first non-Italian since Pope Adrian VI, 455 years earlier. Pope John Paul II
1990 AD - Rome hosts the football (soccer) World Cup. 1993 AD - Francesco Rutelli becomes the first elected mayor of Rome. 2004 AD - A new constitution of the European Union signed in Rome. 2005 AD - Pope John Paul II dies in Rome, and Pope Benedict XVI takes his place. On 11 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict XVI would resign the papacy on 28 February 2013
Pope Benedict XVI
Francis (Latin: Franciscus; Italian: Francesco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church, having been elected on 13 March 2013 Bishop of Rome and absolute Sovereign of the Vatican City State. Francis is the first Jesuit Pope, the first Pope from the Americas, the first Pope from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first non-European Pope since Pope Gregory III, 1272 years earlier.
The history of Rome was said and will not ever be able to say everything. History of Rome is sometimes confused with the history of the world and Christendom. To paraphrase an Italian saying that I think fits better Rome conclude by saying:
"Vedi Roma e poi muori!"
"See Rome and then you die!"