EMU-Semester 02

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City STRATEGIES AND DESIGN FOR CITIES AND TERRITORIES

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 1

2011

URBANISM EUROPEAN POSTGRADUATE MASTERS IN

student work Design Studio

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Colophon

European Postgraduate Masters in Urbanism strategies and design for cities and territories STUDENT WORK DESIGN STUDIO EMU spring semester 2011 TUDelft Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City European Higher Education Consortium in Urbanism Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 134 01WEST800 The Netherlands Tel. +31 15 27 81298 EMU coordinator TUDelft:

ir. Daan Zandbelt (d.d.zandbelt@tudelft.nl)

Websites :

www.emurbanism.eu / www.bk.tudelft.nl

Course director:

Prof.dr.ir. V.J Meyer

Responsible chairs:

Urban design & Landscape Architecture

Responsible coordinators: Prof.dr.ir. V.J Meyer (V.J.Meyer@tudelft.nl) ir. Inge Bobbink (I.Bobbink@tudelft.nl) Course instructors: Prof.dr.ir. V.J Meyer (V.J.Meyer@tudelft.nl) ir. Inge Bobbink (I.Bobbink@tudelft.nl) ir. Willem Hermans (W.J.A.Hermans@tudelft.nl) Dr. Machiel van Dorst (M.J.vanDorst@tudelft.nl) Drs. Fransje Hooimeijer (F.L.Hooimeijer@tudelft.nl) Ing Steffen Nijhuis (S.Nijhuis@tudelft.nl) dr.ir. Meta Berghauser Pont (M.Y.BerghauserPont@tudelft.nl) Drs. Fransje Hooimeijer (F.L.Hooimeijer@tudelft.nl)

Dr.ir. F.H.M. van de Ven (F.H.M.vandeVen@tudelft.nl) Edited by :

Birgit Hausleitner - EMU TUD program assistant (b.hausleitner@tudelft.nl) Number of copies: 30

2011

colophon

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 2

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City EMU TU Delft Spring Semester 2011

.4

0

INTRODUCTION

.10

1

REGIONAL APPROACH

.18

2

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

.24

3

DESIGN PROPOSALS

.26

3.1 LAUREN ABRAHAMS

.32

3.2 ELINE BUGARIN FIGUEROA

.38

3.3 ADRIAN HILL

.44

3.4 ADVAIT JANI

.50

3.5 JOONWOO KIM

.56

3.6 VAHID KIUMARSI

.62

4

CONCLUSIONS

table of contents

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 3

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Figure 1 Urbanized rivers, coastlines and deltas in Europe, Steffen Nijhuis

4

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 4

1

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City Introduction This EMU-semester addresses the design and construction of urban form in the complexity of the delta-landscape. The semester focuses on the development of the whole spectrum of urban patterns in the Dutch delta: from the transformation of the port-areas in Rotterdam to the regeneration of small settlements in the polders and islands south of Rotterdam. Which types of urban form are able to develop a sustainable relationship with the capricious water-landscapes ?

The semester focuses on the area between the river-mouths Nieuwe Maas and Haringvliet. Here we find the urban Rotterdam-South, dominated by a change from port-industry to a new metropolitan reality, but also a number of small towns and villages in the polders IJsselmonde and Hoeksche Waard, with the most fertile agrarian areas of the Netherlands and a large potential for recreation and tourism.

The area is part of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, struggling with new expectations and considerations concerning water-management, flooddefence, urbanization and landscape qualities.

A fundamental revision of the ‘delta-works’ will have a substantial impact on the quality and possible land-use of the whole area, and puts the question of the design of urban form at the top of the agenda.

The studio challenges the students to develop and elaborate urban typologies, addressing the issues of de-industrialization, the need of new spatial and economic perspectives for the area, the new potential possibilities of the riverfront and docklands, the possibilities of urban agriculture and the necessity of a new organization of water-systems and flood-defence systems.

The students have to elaborate key-projects in the urbanized area of Rotterdam as well as in the rural polder-landscape.

A dynamic urban landscape: from periphery towards….?

From several points of view this whole area between the river-mouths Nieuwe Maas and Haringvliet has the character of a periphery. The origin of this peripheral position is based on the strong relation between the urbanization-process in Holland and the water-managementsystem. From the 13th century already, the river Nieuwe Maas can be regarded as a strong separation-line: at the north the ‘peat-continent’ of the county of Holland; at the south the delta-archipelago. The peatcontinent of Holland was relatively safe for urbanization, surrounded by natural and man-made flood-defences: a row of dunes at the westside, long dike-systems at the north (along the ‘Y’) and south (along the ‘Nieuwe Maas’). In hydraulic terms the area is known as ‘Dike-ring 14’. At present, this dike-ring is the territory of the urban system which we know as ‘Randstad Holland’. This urbanized area has the highest safety-standard of the Dutch flood-protection system (1:10.000, which

intro 5

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 5

27/06/11 9:42 AM

means a chance of flooding of once in 10.000 years).

During the course of centuries, the islands of the delta were increased by continuing reclamation projects and used for agricultural purposes.

The fertile clay-grounds were (and still are) much more productive for agricultural purpose than the swampy areas in the Randstad Holland.

So the river Nieuwe Maas defined a sharp boundary between different geomorphologic structures, between different landscape patterns, between safe and less safe, between urban and rural.

Figure 6 - Dike-rings in the Western part of the Netherlands

The sharp character of this boundary changed in the last part of the 19th century, when Rotterdam ‘jumped over the river’ to extend portand urban areas at the south-banks of ed the river p character of his boun ar chan theHowever ast par Rotterdam of t e 19 South still‘ is a different the Rotterdam on the terdam umped o erkind th ofr city ver than to extend port- and ur right an river-banks.

Not only spatial also stil the socio-economic nks o the river.

H the wever R morphology, tterdam-South s a differe t structures areon different: originally strongly related portindustry, Rotterdam the r ht ri er-ban s Not onlywith hethe spat a morp in present cdays sufferingare high ifferent: unemployment-rates.

And a so the -econom structures ori na ly trongl e a safety ed w standards aredays different: duringh the flood disaster of almost n p esent suffering gh big nemployment ra 1953 es And a all o the islands of the dur delta-archipelago weredisaster flooded, of inc1953 udingalmo large parts s are di ferent: ng the b g flood t all of Rotterdam-South.

-archipelago were xc

6

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 6

27/06/11 9:42 AM

During the second half of the 20th century, the ‘Delta-works’ were constructed, closing all the estuaries of the South-west delta with dams and storm-surge barriers – except the Nieuwe Waterweg (access to the port of Rotterdam) and the West Scheldt (access to the port of Antwerp).

Rotterdam-South and the southern islands became much safer than before – but still less safe than Dike-ring 14: the safety-standard for the areas south of the river Nieuwe Maas is 1:4000.

Now, in the first decades of the 21st century, we are facing a new challenge. The primary reason is the climate change and the expected effects on sea-level rise and increase of river-discharges.

The Rotterdam- region has been addressed as the meeting-point of the problems of increasing peak-discharges of the rivers and a rising sealevel. The coincidence of a peak-discharge of the rivers with a storm surge on sea would have effects even worse then the flood of 1953, when a big part of the Southwest of the Netherlands was flooded and almost 2000 people drowned.

The ‘Delta-works’ provided more safety, but resulted also in the loss of valuable natural environments and eco-systems. The new delta-program aims to combine new approaches of safety against flooding with more attention to biodiversity and natural life, summarized in the slogan ‘working together with water’.

For this moment, several different approaches for the Rotterdam-region are in discussion. In these approaches the future roles of the two rivermouths Nieuwe Maas/Nieuwe Waterweg and Haringvliet concerning the discharge of the river-water will be crucial. Each approach will have different effects and create different conditions for the spatial development of this region between the two river-mouths. However, instead of just focusing on the effects of new hydraulic interventions, we want to investigate in what sense we can regard this development as an opportunity to address the peripheral position of this region. We would like to investigate which chances and challenges can be addressed from the point of view of the (potential) spatial and functional quality of the region.

In this considerations we should also involve the changes in the economic structure of the area. Important part of this economic structure is the port of Rotterdam. In total the non-protected port-area of Rotterdam occupies 11.500 hectares. It is the largest area in the Netherlands which is not protected against flooding by any dikering. In the same time it is the most important area for future urban development in the Netherlands, because of structural transformations of the port-economy and port-technology. The port is changing from a river-port to a deepsea port, concentrated on the new reclaimed areas in the sea Maasvlakte 1 and Maasvlakte 2.

During the last 25 years, already 500 hectares derelict port areas were transformed to urban areas. For the next 25 years, another 1000 hectares (the so-called ‘City-Ports’ area) is supposed to loose its port-function and will be available for urban development. And on the long term, it is obvious that more port-area will become available for other use.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 7

7

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Also the agricultural economy in the rural parts of the area is changing. Many farmers are developing experiments with biological and sustainable farming. And also the villages and small towns in the area are changing. Originally centres of the agricultural economy, they tend to change to commuter- and holiday villages. The challenge of a new water-strategy will be to combine new approaches concerning safety and nature with a strategy concerning spatial quality and functional renewal of the region.

Assignment of the studio The studio focuses on a series of sites in the Rotterdam-region, in a strip between the river Nieuwe Maas and Haringvliet.

The strip is part of the dynamic delta-landscape. When we compare the spatial character of this landscape in the year 1830 with the situation in the year 2000, many changes have taken place. During this period many interventions have taken place: An ongoing construction of dikes and dams, reclamations, canals, roads, urban extensions, ports and industries, a large scale re-parcelling of agricultural land and radical changes in the water-structures.

The changes concern the spatial composition of the region as a whole, but also the position and composition of sites in the area. It is not only a transformation from rural to urban, but also a change of the way how (semi-) urban sites are related with the landscape and especially with the water.

When we focus on the strip between Nieuwe Maas and Haringvliet (Figure 4), we find a variation of different types of urban patterns: from the urban context of Rotterdam-South, dealing with changes in the portareas, to the more village-like and rural settlements in the southern part.

The dynamic character of this region will not be finished. Also in the next future processes can be expected which will create new conditions for the position and spatial possibilities of the different sites. In the design-studio we will focus on the question how the urban landscape, and especially the different sites, can take profit of the future developments as much as possible.

8

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 8

27/06/11 9:42 AM

Figure 7 - South-Holland delta 1830 with the strip

Figure 8 - South-Holland delta 2000 with the strip

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 9

9

27/06/11 9:42 AM

landfill urban landscape productive lands agricultural

urban

industrial

Natural territory

Territorial occupation

10

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 10

27/06/11 9:43 AM

REGIONAL APPROACH Port/City/Polder In delta regions, the only certainty about the future spatial impacts of a changing climate is, in fact, uncertainty. port: high elevation, artificial landfill

city: primarily low lying, heavily transformed by urbanisation

According to the 2008 report, ‘The Delta Committee concludes that a regional sea level rise of 0.65 to 1.3 m by 2100, and of 2 to 4 m by 2200 should be taken into account.’1 This has profound consequences for the future of the South-West delta, not only in relation to water safety and security but also concerning key issues such as urbanisation, energy, agriculture and ecology. The research and design carried out this semester attempts to address this complexity and uncertainty by envisioning possible futures for the region.

An initial analysis of the region led to two important observations that have formed the lens through which all the projects address the region.

These observations are as follows:

polder: primarily high quality clay soil, concentrated low lying peat lands

port: primarily industrial, concentrated office space

city: primarily mixed use settlement, minimal agricultural use/ glasshouses, concentrated industrial use at harbour

polder: primarily agricultural (high productivity), small settlements, village character, concentrated industrial/ logistics use

Territorial occupation

1) The region is marked by three distinct territorial occupations; port, city and polder.

2) The regional dynamics, within and between port, city and polder, operate at nested scales of influence; from local to global.

This approach to the region has led to the main research question that has guided both the group work and the individual design proposals.

The future will require both unique and collective methods to deal with changing climate and water conditions.

What could be possible spatial responses and how will the identities of and relationships between port, city and polder change?

1

group work:

Regional dynamics

Deltacommissie, Working together with water: A living land builds for its future. 2008

Regional Approach 11

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 11

27/06/11 9:43 AM

1938

1947

hard

1908

soft

1954-2011

Water urbanism

1) The port area operates on tight logistics schedules making the port a large part of the regional economy depend on un-interrupted access.

2) With alluvial soils, containing peat soils and timber pylon construction, subsurface water levels must be maintained at a constant level otherwise risking unstable ground conditions.

3) Glasshouses have become dependent on water which is sourced well beyond their immediate environment. This has created demand on resources from areas which are now suffering environmental issues due to artificial damming.

1) 2) 3)

12

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 12

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Water Urbanism

port: significant development outside of dike area, fresh water transported from haringvliet

The Dutch polder landscape contains many unique qualities found in few other regions. Water has not only provided the region with its alluvial riches but also proves an ongoing threat. The technical issues associated with living with water, is ingrained in the Dutch character – and thus for foreigners it is necessary to identify some of these issues before considering regional strategies. Water in the Netherlands can be divided into two functions; firstly use of water and secondly protection from water.

city: significant development outside of dike area

Water used within industry and agriculture has allowed the region to prosper as a gross food producer and one of the world’s largest agricultural exporters. The vast glasshouses use water pumped from fresh water sources beyond their immediate environment. Providing this fresh water has placed a large pressure on the environments from where it is extracted thus making it difficult to resolve environmental issues.

polder: soft southern edge outside dike, agricultural dependence on fresh water from haringvliet

Water also provides a potential threat. The Netherlands is considered one of the most vulnerable regions to water, due to development below sea-level however one of the best protected. However over time, much of the region is slowly subsiding due to oxidisation of the organic soils to air as a result of low water tables. In other words – too much and too little water can be an issue for the region.

SALT WATER

4) As much of the Dutch Delta sits over a vast salt water aquifer and much of the highly productive agricultural regions are located below sea level farmers use fresh water to not only irrigate their crops but to also ‘flush’ out the denser salt water.

As many of the lucrative crops have low salt tollerances, farmers are demanding secure supplies of fresh water.

5) Natural/undisturbed intertidal areas along the river front are almost non-existent due the to the highly plastic soils and the disturbance caused through shipping.

6) The dammed arms of the Dutch Delta after the Delta Commission mixed with poluted water from agricultural run-off has allowed toxic algae to proliferate in areas.

5)

4) 6)

13

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part.indd 13

27/06/11 9:49 AM

1450-1550: Development of the polder

1300

1400

1500’s: Rotterdam becomes the new trade centre

1500

1600 < iif Floods cat i nono 1570 otttt

1550â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s: Rotterdam

170 < East India Company, Ro

Flood 570 < Fort Fo ood ds <fication 530 30 of Rotterdam < Floods 1404, 1421 + 1424

<F

530

e o da < Dordrecht floods l d 1 4effected 1 2 by 42 trade moves to Rotterdam e u b-s s ep o < the windmill leads to the growth of < Dordr cht eff ct the sub-sea leve polder trade

ROW RO

H> GROWTH >

<04Floods < Fo+ 1530 f c24ti 421 1421

influence of water port city polder < Development of Dordrecht

Morphology of settlement over time - a perpendicular dyke settlement:

14

2) Extension of settlement along dyke (water for transport).

Church or city hall located at the end of the perpendicular dyke.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 14

fo

2) Additional growth parallel to dyke.

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Development of the territory

m

fortified

1860’s-1930’s: Nieuwe Waterweg, port + the Golden age

700

1800

ny, Rotterdam grows

2011: the port, the city and the polder

1900

19588 De 2000

< Comple l N < Completion of the Nieuwe < Ste Waterweg m + in erna n

1 0

< Steam +Nieuw internal Ro combustion engine grows Rotterdam port team + int rn l grows com

2100

cy

200

< 1958, Developing Housing Policy < Wo l fWa a < 1953, Deo ta ood

958 Developin

< World < 9 War 3 De2 Rotterdam bombing < World War 1

< The Future?

< Growth Gr for the o f he h Eur < ‘Room River’ < Growth of the Europort.... < Development of South Rotterdam

Morphology of settlement over time - the polder settlement:

1) Dwellings develop at an intersection of two roads, typically associated with a church or other social building.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 15

2) Extension follows the roads.

15

27/06/11 9:43 AM

‘same, same but different’ In this approach, the Harignvliet remains closed and measures to protect the fresh water supply are taken.

‘back to the future’ In this approach, the Harringvliet is slowly opened, introducing brackish water into the system. More land is given back to the river.

Uncertain Futures One strategy to address the uncertainty of future climate change is to develop scenarios that describe possible futures. Rather than using the making of scenarios as a tool to create alternate master plans for the region, two extreme and opposite cases were explored as a means to better understand implications and responses of decision making. The main variable that defined the different approaches was the attitude towards water and thus its management. Two common assumptions underpinned the different approaches: 1) both options took an ecological approach 2) both options aimed towards mediating all involved interests

16

At one extreme, a softer, more open system was considered in which brackish water replaced much of the fresh water supply. At the other extreme, a harder, more engineered approach to water defense maintained the valuable supply of fresh water in the system.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 16

27/06/11 9:43 AM

‘back to the future’

‘same same but different’

(saline / soft)

(fresh / hard)

diversity - relationships through proximity

concentration & specialisation relationships through price

» decentralised port operations { depend on smaller ports -i.e. Antwerp, Dordrecht- for redistribution} » Very small localised ports » More ports

» port divided into function & access requirements {containers / fuels / bulky goods / large scale engineering / small scale boat works / hybrid city} » centralised port continues as major distribution point

» Ijsselmonde densifies » hybrid types { floating agriculture + water based industry + living on the water } » water front parks » high density » water front buffers [ space for the river]

» Growth through expansion = low density urbanisation » high fresh water accessibility » combined open space on dikes » “on water”urbanisation » more rigid structures

» ‘experimental agriculture’ { aquaculture + salt water agriculture} » large water storage » opportunities for tourism [EU scale] + recreation » more ‘natural’ / soft edges » restoration of ecological systems » polder based communities = increased environmental awareness

» highly productive agriculture » ‘super dikes’ suitable for live-stock » factories + industry » moves towards greater urbanisation

port

city

polder

17

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 17

27/06/11 9:43 AM

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS Learning from other Deltas In April 2011, the EMU group travelled to Hamburg to research approaches being taken to water management and urbanisation in the Elbe delta region, Hamburg. Despite the many differences that characterise the two deltas, they are both being faced with the same challenges in relation to climate change. The comparisons of the two regions (Elbe delta + South-West delta) were organised along three themes:

Elbe Delta

South-West Delta

1) Hafencity This large scale, mixed use development project in an out of dike area provided an interesting case study in relation to the post-port harbour sites in the city of Rotterdam.

2) Elbe Island As the site of the IBA (Internation Building Exhibition), the Elbe islands provided an interesting case study in relation to the Hoeschke Waard.

3) Water Edges A catalogue of different treatments of the interface between land and water was compiled looking to the varied conditions that characterise Hamburg and its relationship to water. Other international cities were considered were interesting solutions to these edges were found.

1.8 million inh

10% live in flood risk areas

hamburg group work:

Intern. Comparison

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 18

36% of the land is at fllood risk

1.17 million inh

100% live in

flood risk areas

rotterdam 89% of the land is at fllood risk

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Hafencity

Hambu g

Hafencity has been innovatively designed according to the raft principle; new built layers are constructed as platforms or rafts atop the existing ground level. There are three layers; the pantoon level floating at the river surface, the historical +5m quay level and finally the new flood safe +7.5m level. The rafts are also associated with accessibility and mobility systems. Pedestrians move freely amongst all three levels with numerous food and retail outlets located along the base quay level (+5m) and at parks. Fast mobility systems (motorised and cyclist) are restricted to the flood safe level (+7.5m) while boats are moored on the pontoons rather than the former quays.

The horizontal program, consisting of landuse and accessibility, has been designed to encourage activity and shared use of amenities, parks, retail and gastronomy. The site generally contains a mixed residential/commercial expecting to accommodate 5,800 new residents and 48,000 new jobs – an expansion of 40% of the Hamburg city precinct. The masterplan contains a determined landuses. As the land is owned by the state, it is released according to demand – currently there is a large demand for residential with little demand for commercial. To avoid ‘dead ends’ and to encourage pedestrian atmosphere, the cultural or ‘destination’ sites have been located at the ends of the former quays or in the corners of the site – this includes the new Opera House, the maritime museum, a planned science museum and the Hafencity University.

Hafenc ty

base level (+ 4.5-5m) Old po t a ea ( 5m)

New flood p otection level ( 7.5m)

Exist ng dykes heightened fo flood p otect on ( 7.5m)

Hambu g

Hafencity

flood protection level (+ 7.5-8.5m) New development Histo ical wa ehouses

Hambu g

Hafencity

mix of old and new structures Ground Floor for public use ( 5m)

Above floo s fo comme cial o es dent al use

Ex st ng po t bu ldings (Single use)

urg old city centre

multi-level programme functions

19

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 19

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Simple principles, great results: explorations of technical details

sandtorkai quartier | floating pantoons

magdeburger hafen | open public spaces

road network distriburion | source: Dwellings in Hafencity and Hamburg by Silvia Scholl

dalmannkai quartier | access and flood levels

housing

housing

housing High Flood Line & Building Ground Floor Level

-6.5m

}

+4 5 to 5.0m 75 F

offices

Promenade

commercial | retail parking

housing +7.5m

}

offices

Road Level

}

+7.5m

housing

}

commercial | retail parking

+7.5m

High F ood L ne

flooding levels

River Bed

typical vertical program distribution

h storical warehouses

+7.5m

-6.5m

High Flood Line

strandkai quartier | public space facing the elbe

Within the broader design principles of the Hafencity development, unique solutions to local problems were required. These strategies and design details operate within the framework of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;raft principleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The following section elaborates on five specific strategies and details that enhance the horizontal and vertical connections between the main programmatic levels and issues of safety and spatial quality.

Resident al | Commercial Development

+7.5m Emergency Exit +4.5m histor cal level

+7.5m

New Development

+7.5m

High F ood Line

R ver Bed

connection between the new flood protection level (+7.5m) and the existing historic fabric level (+4.5m) across the canal.

Road and Building level

+7.5m High Flood Line

+4.5m Promenade

appropriation of the historic level (+4.5-5m) to a public promenade.

20

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 20

27/06/11 9:43 AM

lessons learnt

1. Getting there

5. Activity needs a destination

Hafencity proves that a comprehensive transport network is necessary. The network must develop a system that creates accessibility benefiting the strengths of each mode - favouring neither private transport, public transport, pedestrians or cyclists.

Private transport must be accessible to major destinations but not all destinations. Public transport must be near and easily found. There must be a range of destinations accessible by the public transport system – in Hafencity’s case there are connections to the bus and subway system easily connecting the city with one or two transfers.

By distributing activities across the site, people are encouraged to inhabit public space. Hafencity contains a number of major destinations which encourage people to move between them and activate the foreshore – these include: the Opera House, the cruise ship terminal, the shopping centre, the maritime museum, the proposed science museum and the numerous restaurant areas.

2. Blurring the edges A smooth transition between the historical city centre and Hafencity is critical. In addition in Hafencity, the ‘dead ends’ remnant from the old quay system have been resolved by creating bridges or major destinations at their ends.

3. Don’t be scared of the water Hafencity offers a brave system for connecting people with the river - despite the flood danger. Pedestrians are unaware of the flood protection system as public space and restaurants are located in the flood zone protected during flooding events.

4. People like people People enjoy watching people from different angles, doing seemingly mundane things such as walking or working. This has been accentuated throughout Hafencity’s public spaces by the level change between the floodable 5m quay level and the new flood safe level.

6. It’s not always about the ends but the means Sometimes the pathway to the destination is more alluring than the actual destination. The theatre of people moving between two points can become a spectacle and major destinations should be complimented with interesting pathways.

7. Mash-up Hafencity proves the importance of a considerable landuse mix. This extends activity in public spaces throughout the day, improves the value of groundfloor space and allows greater balanced demand for public space and services throughout the day.

8. Location has its price Due to development costs, land values (particularly housing) are considered expensive.

This is understandable considering Hafencity Development Corporation’s prerogative to re-invest profits in the public domain and avoid debt. However this may also be considered an issue as it may impact complexity and encourage developers to be attracted by the highest price rather than providing a balanced urban mix.

21

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 21

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Elbe Islands - dike edges Territorial Occupation

Elbe islands area: 52km 2 population: 55 000 major flood event: 1962 dikes: 27.3km creeks: -

Flood Protection

Hoeksche waard area: 265km2 population: 83 000 major flood event: 1953 dikes: 335km creeks: 172km

Dikes Typology Reinforce dike type + Using dike type 3 reinforce dikes and variation of each type - reinforce to up way / to front way / to back 3 using dike types and application types - cross the dike / view point / access to water

Elbe Island represents many qualities of the Dutch Delta, however at a much smaller scale. The Island was developed following a dutch polder pattern, developed over centuries, although now only contains a single dike surrounding the entire island. This dike is managed by a board whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sole objective is protect the island from flooding. This however has meant the island contains a single engineered dike type and due to its scale disconnects the landscape from the river. With the International Building Exhibition (IBA) hosted on the Elbe Island, designers have considered alternative ways of relating with the water edges by redesigning the traditional dike.

The objectives of the project involves; creating a multifunctional protection landscapes, making the processes visible to promote awareness and learning about threats and opportunities of delta living.

22

The method involves; categorizing the existing protection structures into dike types, mapping the landscape types adjacent to the dikes and finally testing design opportunities at multiple scales.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 22

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Water edges 1)

urban beach

river (500m)

port

2)

3)

Hamburg offers a number of water edge treatments, which encourage people to interact with the water systems. While appearing possibly superficial, these small details make a significant difference in the way people relate to and value the water areas. There were three precedents for considering design interventions for Rotterdam.

1) Altona Beach. This site is located on the Elbe foreshore adjacent one of the city’s most active container terminals. A relaxing beachside environment and a container terminal would appear to be contrasting activities however they were not incompatible neighbours – beach goers appeared to enjoy the commotion and activity in the port creating a kind of spectacle. The most significant design treatment is the ‘soft’ ballast edge located along the river,

2) Alster Lakes. The Außenalster and Binnenalster are located away from the river edge however offer a number of lessons, which may not be completely by design, however sensible precedents. Firstly, the dominating scale of the church steeples in the city centre provide a continual reference point around the lake. Second, there is a clear distinction mobility system from slowest to fastest; pedestrians and meander beside the water edge, followed by cyclists and then cars. Finally, there was a clear gradation from formal to informal as the distance increased from the city centre.

3) The Osterbekkanal. Contemporary housing environments may resolve social issues and/or provide activity along water edges. This area has been recently granted building rights, with innovative house-boats, occupying a section of the canal which is otherwise relatively quiet.

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 23

23

27/06/11 9:43 AM

1.Port + Polder

3. City + Port

5. Polder + City 2.City + Polder 4. Inner Polder

6. Ou

ter P

older

24

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 24

27/06/11 9:43 AM

DESIGN PROPOSALS

City + Port

Port + Polder

City

site 1: Port + Polder

City + Polder

Port

Port + Polder + City

site 2: City + Polder Inner Polder

Polder

Outer Polder

site 3: City + Port

Testing grounds

site 4: Inner Polder

site 5: Polder + City

Six â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sitesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; were chosen as design testing grounds that exemplify different relationships between the three main regional phenomena; port, c ty and polder. The process of working both at the scale of the region and at a more local scale allowed for a feedback loop to occur, mutually informing both scales. While this exercise revealed added layers of complexity in terms of the issues specific to each of the local environments, it also exposed opportunities both within the individual sites and regarding their connections at the scale of the region.

r ections

The following six projects represent independent visions for the future of the delta region while simultaneously contributing to a broader body of research, investigating possible futures that respond to uncertainty at multiple, nested scales. The proposals range in scale and scope, but share a common exploration into future responses to changing water conditions. They all prioritise flexible, time-based interventions over top down master plans.

site 6: Outer Polder

individual work:

DESIGN PROPOSALS 25

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 25

27/06/11 9:43 AM

Island Structure itineraries Through showcasing, the island as a landscape laboratory becomes a place for diverse types of recreation. The new water system, green dikes and wetlands provide an environment to play and learn in the landscape. zones experiential

The historic polder pattern is mapped, determining four flexible zones defined by the following characteristics: (a) soil type, (b) degree of openness, and (c) allotment size. Within these zones, landscape changes and development can occur, guided by an envisioned specialisation of each zone; determined by their unique set of qualities. Performance based design guidelines have been formulated to steer the decision making regarding territorial occupation.

These rules address both the specialisation of the zone and the adjacent framework edges. framework

flexible fixed

26

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 26

This infrastructural layer reinterprets the island’s creek and dike topography to create a fixed framework. The existing dikes are adapted and re-configured, most significantly along the southern edge where the sea dike is breached to create new floodplains. The historic creek system is restored and is also given a hierarchy, led by two new ‘river branches’ that act to control flooding while providing an ecologically rich recreational green structure through the new green dikes. Finally, a high water network grafts onto existing dikes and transports fresh water for irrigation stored in reservoirs in the south-east edge of the island.

3.1

27/06/11 9:43 AM

NATIONAL LANDSCAPE LABORATORY Rethinking the Hoeksche Waard Polder System

?

Island as Laboratory

Blue/green recreational structure

Re-wetted peatlands

A National Landscape

In 2005, the Hoeksche Waard was designated as a National Landscape. Three distinct qualities of the island underpin this national status: (1) creek and dike topography, (2) polder pattern and (3) openness.1 While these characteristics are present throughout the island, contemporary building and agricultural practices have led to increased homogeneity; the uniqueness and variety within the landscape is fragile.

Furthermore, the productivity of the farmland is highly dependent on the Haringvliet for a stable supply of fresh water. If an open system is considered, allowing brackish water to fill the Haringvliet, current farming practices will be undermined. In the face of these facts and given its strategic agricultural position, this project seeks an alternative future for the Hoeksche Waard; transitioning from a ‘passive’ National Landscape to an ‘active’ National Landscape Laboratory.

In response to changing climate conditions in the southwest delta, can the island be restructured as a national landscape laboratory for experimental, productive landscape processes while retaining/enhancing the characteristics of a national landscape?

The project is structured along three layers: framework, zones and itineraries. This structure reinterprets the National Landscape characteristics to create both fixed and flexible components.

(1) creek and dike topography — fixed framework (2) polder pattern — flexible zones (3) openness — interaction between framework & zones As a laboratory, there are opportunities to link successful experimental processes and new structures beyond the polder to the region.

Fresh water network 1

Structuurvisie Hoeksche Waard: Ruimtelijk Plan. 2009

LAUREN ABRAHAMS 27

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 27

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Framework

A A

C

B

C B

Re-configured Dikes

Water System

sea dike

brackish

breached dike

waterway (new river branches

new sea dike (heightened polder)

creeks

polder dike

fresh

green dike

high water network

green dike (forested)

reservoirs

outside dike

outside dike

A Heightened sea dike [6m]

A Heightened river dike [4m]

B Breached sea d ke (wetlands) [6m]

B New green dike [4m]

C New sea dike (heightened polder dike)

C New green dike (forested) [4m]

28

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 28

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Performance based design guidelines provide suggestions regarding possible development within the four different polder zones. These guidelines operate at two interacting scales (1) districts and (2) lots along three categories: (i) areas (land use relationships between built area , productive land and water storage), (ii) density indicators (L, GSI), and (iii) edges (adjacencies to framework).

View over â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wet-landsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (zone A): These before and after images show the rewetted peatlands and expansion of the river and river banks for rereational purposes. D ke ponds are developed for cultivation as well as flood protection.

Together, the fixed framework and the performance based guidelines for zone development embed an ecological approach without compromising flexibility required to confront future uncertainties. The dynamic and evolving landscape laboratory performs on many levels: it enhances the historic characteristics of the island, regaining lost differentiation between the polders; it stimulates micro-economies and acts as a regional economic engine; it rethinks the relationship between food production and consumption, it posits new living patterns in better balance with the environment; and it provides diversity in the landscape that supports recreation.

29 Source: Adapted from http://www.marcovanburen.nl/KAP/gallery/

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 29

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Zones

Performance guidelines

lot The lot is the sum of the built and non-built area. Existing creeks may pass through the lot. The limits of the lot are defined according to the rules pertaining to each zone.

1.1 ZONE

1.1.1 LOT

1.1.2 DISTRICT

1.1.3 AGGREGATION

AREAS

AREAS

DENSITY INDICATORS

DENSITY INDICATORS

EDGES

district The district is the sum of the lot areas and non-built area.

Existing creeks may pass through the district. The limits of the district are defined by the lines of the framework.

lot rules

DESIGN MATRIX

lot

interaction between district and lot rules

laboratory

district rules

district

districts defined by interaction between framework & zones

zones B C A fixed framework D lot rules dependent on adjacencies to framework

zones

30

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 30

27/06/11 9:44 AM

design matrix

existing condition

landscape laboratory

zone A peat soil open small lots

wet-lands de-poldered paludiculture

zone B clay soil open large lots

grow-lands agro+ closed loop

zone C cplay soil half open small lots

live-off-thelands autocracy

zone D clay soil half open large lots

depot-lands reservoirs floating agro

31

Source: Adapted from google earth, [A], paludiculture.botanik.uni-greifswald.de/documents/paludiculture_peat_formation_and_renewable_resources_from_rewetted_peatlands.pdf [B] www.ethand.net/xceth/feasibility.html,[C] farm6.static.flickr.com/5091/5485272814_b21dbc6832.jpg, [D], www.rebeccapasternack.com/stroopwafels/

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 31

27/06/11 9:44 AM

1975-1999 | Overexpansion of the port aggravates new conditions - brielse maas becomes fresher

1945- 1975 | Delta works change territorial conditions - brielse maas becomes brackish

1800s -1945 | Industrialisation sets new networks - highly saline water

A SYSTEM OF ISLANDS

32

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 32

3.2

27/06/11 9:44 AM

BRIELSE MAAS: RESTORING DYNAMICS INTEGRATIVE PLANNING APPROACHES IN THE DELTA REGION _As the port of Rotterdam embraces new programmatic conditions as an alternative strategy to its oil based economy; can new opportunities arise to restore some of the national landscape conditions conceded for its growth? _Can more integrative systems on water management be regarded as more durable and beneficial?

17th - 18th century | Brielle as the main gateway to inland ports - highly saline water

These fundamental questions are addressed through the study of the Brielse Maas and its surroundings; where systems which cope with water instead of resisting it, may trigger a number of multiscalar effects.

SETTING A FRAMEWORK WITH MULTISCALAR EFFECTS

ELINE BUGARIN FIGUEROA 33

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 33

27/06/11 9:44 AM

34

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 34

27/06/11 9:44 AM

rewetting the landscape to restore lost ecosystems

35

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 35

27/06/11 9:44 AM

(SEMI) FLEXIBLE FSI

considered measure for setting maximum footprint

Initial 3-storey height allowance for all plots

possibility to increase height allowance

GUIDED FLEXIBILITY

following developments most follow a larger distance restriction

A maximum amount of 6 storeys is allowed to avoid overshadowing

sun compensation scheme through renewable energy

36

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 36

27/06/11 9:44 AM

TESTING POSSIBILITIES TRANSITIONING THE PORT FROM OIL BASED TO SHOWCASE testing sites on greenhouse innovation | vertical farming

1 2 3

Maximizing GSI values through regulation of distances between built elements Allow flexible spatial configurations to increment FSI Sun exposure is a priority which cannot be compromised by flexible parameters 37

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 37

27/06/11 9:44 AM

1.5

3.3

2

2

MWh/yr

MWh/yr

30% THERMAL ENERGY

1.4

6.6 1

4

3

70% APPLIANCES

MWh/yr 20% LIGHTING

5.2

MWh/yr

34% SML APPLIANCES 46% LGE APPLIANCES

MWh/yr

6

6

126

670 5

L/day

543

L/day

L/day

BELOW: Energy and water consumption rates have escalated dramatically over the last 100 years, and this rate looks unlikely to stabilise as travel patterns increase and new economies with large middle classes demand equivalent comforts to those in developed nations. The Dutch energy resources, oil and gas, provide a robust but short-term profit. However, with Dutch energy prices considered one of the highest in Europe, this energy loosely benefits municipalities and local areas whom still pay high energy bills. Local regions have not only the incentive but the need to find alternative energy sources.

27% TOILETS 18% WASHING 34% SHOWERS 08% TAPS 02% FOOD PREP 03% BATHS 02% DISH WASHERS 06% OTHER (LEAKS)

85% COOLING ABOVE: Understanding flow consumption helps to target strategies. By observing both energy and water consumption, it is clear that domestic consumption accounts for a very small portion of the overall budget. In addition there are areas which consume large amounts of resources (transport and heating) which can be targeted.

*

** Biofuels

5000

Hydroelectric

100

Solar

4000

Nuclear

3000

80 60

Coal

2000

Natrual Gas Shale/ Tar Sands

1000

Crude Oil (new fields)

Water

20

Crude Oil

38 1920

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 38

40

1960

2000

2040

27/06/11 9:44 AM

RESOURCEFUL MANAGING REGIONAL ENERGY + WATER lot

block

district

With world’s resource patterns will soon undergo a significant revolution. Fossil fuel consumption, attributed as a major contributor to climate change, has been the most effective means of producing energy.

Suitable alternative systems have not yet been found or adopted within the world market - which may be attributed to the still plentiful supplies of oil, gas and coal or a lack of incentive.

Fossil fuel consumption ultimately benefits those nations that produce it or the producers of machines that consume it. The Netherlands is in a fortunate position as a gross energy producer however mineral production is known to create a ‘double-economy’ which can have devastating social and economic effects when resources are consumed. In the future energy production potential and energy costs will correlate with a nation’s development power and growth potentials. Continuing use of non-renewable forms of energy could lead to unnecessary economic import dependencies unless a local energy producing economy is developed.

This project anticipates the change in energy consumption over the next 20-30 years and aims to develop a locally produced energy sector which shall innovate through need rather than opportunity. This concept follows a statement by development economist Ester Boserup; “necessity is the mother of invention” (1965).

national

region ABOVE: The project looks possible interventions at four scales: the lot (the individual dwelling), the block (also known as the island), the district (such as a suburb or municipality) and finally the region which includes an urban area and its periphery. This provides scopes for competency and responsibility.

“From little things big things grow”

centralised

decentralised “Grass Roots” - individual initiatives

“Community bonds”

municipal level

local

RIGHT: There are four typical resource (energy + water) producing groups which can be plotted across two axis – local/national and decentralised/centralised groups. ‘Centralised’ refers to a single operator who may manage a number power stations. Decentralised refers to a number of operators who contr bute their energy to the grid. In this project two groups will be explored – ‘local/decentralised’ (including the Freiburg, Bedzed and Samsø examples) and ‘local/centralised’ (including Woking and Kristianstad) operating at the Municipal level.

“Feed the nation” - top down

ADRIAN HILL 39

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 39

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Technology and growth

1

There are many renewable energy producing technologies that can be employed at an urban level however very few offer potential to be effective for current demands. The few regions which claim to be self-sufficient in terms of energy production contain very low populations and are not highly urbanised (such as Samsø in Denmark and the Jünhde region in Germany). These regions have employed technologies such as wind, biogas (typically from faecal collection in dairies) and incineration of organic matter. Very few cities have adopted radical policies for self-sufficient energy. Freiburg, Germany, is one exception providing a sobering example energy generation with 14,000 m2 of solar panels accounting for 3.5% of the city’s energy. Current generations of solar energy systems and experimental technologies such as biofuel generation from algae and cellulosic ethanol offer great potential but require dedicated application on an urban scale.

2

The Hoekse Waard offers the ideal location for this type of experimentation, as the site is an island without industrial developments that require a constant and reliable source of energy. The Hoekse Waard also contains comparable density (260 p/km2) to the Netherlands as a whole (320 p/km2). The Hoekse Waard must establish means to produce their own water and energy requirements, with necessary levels of state development assistance. This technology, when necessary, can be scaled up to a national level with knowledge and technology generated on the site. Planning regulation shall thus reflect the opportunities established by energy availability rather than by central planning objectives.

3

The Hoekse Waard region shall provide up to 50% of all resource requirements (energy and water) to assist with base energy loads.

Each polder region must provide at least 50% of their own resources or account for it through trade with other polders. Polders must also consider energy required for retaining water levels (see Figure 1.1).

Development potential shall be realised based on either resource availability or potential resource production on individual sites.

40

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 40

ABOVE + ABOVE RIGHT 1. Household energy - Fre burg, Germany 2. Housing community - Bedzed, England 3. Concept of resilience - Edmonton, Canada 4. The energy bunker – Elbe Island, Germany 5. Farmer owned windmill – Samsø, Denmark

27/06/11 9:44 AM

impact

4 Lot

Freiburg, Germany

Block

Bedzed, England

District

Elbe Is, Germany

1

2 1

3

4 2

5

6 3

7

8 4

9

10 > 5

Kristianstad, SE

Region

Samsø, Denmark

5 Woking, England

Edmonton, Canada

RIGHT: Masterplan of site site.

•

• •

•

• •

1st Stage – Regional Level - Invest in simple and reliable technology such as wind and solar, encourage farmers and landowners to inves (0-5yrs) 2nd Stage – Lot Level - Provide subsidies for insulation, solar panels and water tanks 3rd Stage – Block Level – Encourage self sufficient development, encouraging development along the dikes to increase safety levels.

4th Stage – District Level – Peri-urbanagriculture on the periphery to encourage a softer transition between urban rural and to encourage intensive farming near the population.

5th Stage – Regional Level – water tanks for fresh water irrigation during the summer months.

6th Stage – Regional Level – new agricultural centres at intersection of roads and near energy source (windmils)

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 41

41

27/06/11 9:44 AM

TECHNOLOGY: development + resources

RULES 1. densify urban areas first.

2. densify areas that are well serviced (IE shops, schools, collective transport) 3. development may occur only if there is sufficient energy or if energy is being produced by the developer.

4. to preserve spatial orientation within the landscape, urban development may not exceed the median base spire/tower height of the most significant civic building/s.

5. building may occur in agricultural areas if; a) the building generates its own energy, by nature agricultural and c) does not affect scenic quality.

b) if the development is

Bus (200m radius)

RULE 1+2 - develop well connected urban areas first

market (400m radius) school (400m radius)

intersected region - central areas for intensification

RULE 4 - maximum building heights Max construction height

RULE 5 - sunlight commerical + industrial may be deeper dependent on function however may be required to have a higher floor to ceiling height

residential and mixed use with internal courtyards

42

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 42

45°

45°

45°

27/06/11 9:44 AM

RETROFITTING

1 Kerkstraat + Karel Doormanstraat

2 Van Speijkstraat + Evertsenstraat

3 Boerderijweg + Korengracht

4 Grebbestraat + Van Rijsdaelstraat

5 Jan Tooropstraat + Mondriaanstraat

Area Coverage Dwellings Dwellings p/Ha Dwelling size (msq)

8680 3933 35 40 247

11816 3262 56 47 117

17509 4012 50 29 185

16500 5372 48 29 246

11900 2770 40 34 139

GSI FSI L N

0.45 1.00 2.2 0.051

0.28 0.55 2 0.046

0.23 0.53 2.3 0.0355

0.33 0.72 2.2 0.0286

0.23 0.47 2 0.0316

Coverage p/Dw Energy (MWh) Energy (Solar) - roof surface (msq) Water - roof surface required (msq)

112 115.5 1732.5

58 184.8 2772

80 165 2475

112 158.4 2376

69 132 1980

11935

19096

17050

16368

13640

Water calculations*: water consumed per person per year annual precipitation assumed harvestable amount

44.6 m3 500mm 300mm / 0.3sqm

Energy calculations*: Energy per dwelling, per year 15sqm of solar panels

3.3 MWyr 1 MWyr

NEW DEVELOPMENT

2

2a

2b

2c

2

2a

2b

2c

Area Coverage Dwellings Dwelling size

11816 3262 56 117

11816 4700 196 120

11816 4700 95 124

11816 6800 -

GSI FSI L N

0.28 0.55 2 0.046

0.40 1.99 5 0.046

0.40 0.99 2.5 0.046

0.58 2.88 5 0.046

Coverage p/Dw Energy (MWyr) req.

Energy (Solar) - roof potential yield (Mwyr)

58 184.8 217

24 646 313

49 314 313

453

Water - potential harvest from roof (m3)

979

1410

1410

2040

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 43

43

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Low rise, low density residential development along the metro line

44

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 44

3.4

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Spijkenisse Satellite to City Spijkenisse is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality had a population of 74,482 in 2006, and covers an area of 30.23 km² (of which 4.07 km² water). It is part of the Rotterdam metropolitan area. The origins of the town date back to the early 1200s, when Spijkenisse was just a small fishing hamlet along the Oude Maas. The town has had a steady growth over the centuries. The major growth phase of the tow took place after the war, during which the town was planned as a satellite of Rotterdam.

Spijkenisse Centrum

Riverfront with the Oude Maas

The town of Spijkenisse was planned mainly as a residential township for Rotterdam. It is well connected by Metro and has three stations.

It is also the last stop on the Metro line coming from Rotterdam. Spijkenisse is island surrounded by water on all sides. Towards the north is the Botlek area of the Port of Rotterdam. The Botlek area is a storage and distribution hub for petrochemical companies. This area manages large volumes of ship movement. Towards the North-East is the town of Hoogvliet. This town is of similar character to Spijkenisse in terms of its size and use. To the south and south west of Spijkenisse is the large polder landscape. The land is mainly used for agriculture purpose but however does not have high yield and economic value. The polders are dotted by several small farming communities.

Spijkenisse was planned as a satellite town for Rotterdam. The sudden growth of the port of Rotterdam and the city had direct impact on its surrounding towns. The sudden growth of Spijkenisse gives it a unique character. The town has certain pros and cons to it. Due to its sudden growth, the city is disconnected to its surroundings. It has no interaction with the rivers or with the polder landscape. The town has turned its back to nature. The town has a feeling of being over planned in every aspect and gives a sense of artificialness. Since the town was planned as a satellite of Rotterdam, there is a lack of different uses in the town.

It is predominantly a residential town with very few other kinds of land uses.

The metro line running from Rotterdam is an important connection to Spijkenisse. The town has 3 elevated metro stops. The town is also well connected by road. The metro line is however underutilized due to the use of private vehicles. The area around the stations is mainly low- rise low density residential development. However over the past few years there have been a few new high rise buildings around the station that have come up.

ADVAIT JANI 45

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 45

27/06/11 9:44 AM

The potential for Spijkenisse is far more than what it is today. There are great potentials in the growth of the city itself but also of the surrounding landscape. In an ever changing world where climate change and political decisions play an important role, the need for intervention in Spijkenisse is all the more necessary. The decision to open the Haringvlietdam combined with the rapid climate changes can have serious effects on Spijkenisse and the surrounding cities. An open system could mean entry of salt water into the fresh water system thereby reducing the productivity of the agriculture land and also the kind of marine environment that is present right now. The open system also means possibilities of more fluctuations in the water level due to the changes in the tides at sea. It is keeping these conditions in mind that Spijkenisse and the surrounding areas need change.

Design Process Keeping in mind the present conditions and the possible future scenarios, the best way forward for Spijkenisse was to propose a condition which would be most suitable for a ‘open approach’ but that which can be adopted to a ‘closed approach’.

The open system would mean that the present river network around Spijkenisse would be prone to the changes at sea. The high tides in the sea could directly mean an increase in the water level in the river network. The entry of sea water during high tide will not only increase the salt content in the rivers thereby changing the character of the area, but also make the low lying area prone to frequent flooding. Factors such as global warming would also play a significant role in the way the river network affects the land. Increase in average flood level would mean that the existing dyke network would have to be reinforced by a meter or more.

Apart from issues of flooding Spijkenisse has certain other conditions that need to be addressed. The low density and urban sprawl are a major issue too. With a metro line running through the city the area around the node are extremely low dense and under utilize the metro line.

There is a need to prevent the current urban sprawl from continuing and let the city grow within its physical boundaries.

Conceptual master plan of Sp jkenisse

Opening up of the Haringvliet dam could affect the hydrodynamics of the water system

The main idea was to give more room for the river to spread or flood and in the process to create a new landscape environment in the polder. To take, Spijkenisse from a satellite of Rotterdam to a self reliant city. Keeping these two main principles in mind the area of was categorized into four parts.

1, Hydro-Net 2, Green Arc 3, Suburb and 4, Metro Zone More chances of flooding and high tides in the future due to climate change and opening of the dam

46

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 46

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Hydro-Net: This is a 1400 Ha water network system created in the existing polder area in the south-west region on the town. The main purpose of this network is to give more room for the river in case of high tide or flooding. However during the non-peak discharge season the area could be used as a rain water reservoir or several recreational and economic purposes such as boating, fishing, aquaculture, hydroponic agriculture, shrimp harvesting and farming.

The system would require construction of up to 10Km of construction of new dikes and also reinforcement of 30Km of existing dikes. The new water storage areas are all interconnected for water to flow from one reservoir to another. The existing dikes within the polder are which are not used need to be connected to form a secondary dyke line. The secondary dyke line separates the polders into smaller units to give it a unique function. The changes in the polder landscape can take place over a period of time. Certain areas with lesser agriculture yield can be converted first and then continuing further on.

Green Arc: Spijkenisse maybe a completely planned city, but there are certain aspects that the city has missed out on. The city has turned its back to the river and the polders. The dikes all around the city have cut the interaction of the city with water. The green spaces are isolated and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t respond to the surroundings. Over the past few years some attempt has been made improve the spatial quality of the river edge at certain pockets.

Flooding of the polders can open up new economic opportunities for the region

The Green Arc is an attempt to improve the spatial and recreational qualities of the city and improve the interaction of the city with its surroundings. This is a green corridor running on the periphery of the city connecting the Park Vogelenzang in the South-West with Hartelpark in the North and new riverfront edge near Oostbroek in the east. The green arc is connected to the cycle and pedestrian trail on the new dyke line to form a new recreational ring around the entire city. The Green Arc acts like a connection between the city â&#x20AC;&#x201C;water and city-polder. It also connects the new polder landscape with the river edge on the other side. It opens up new possibilities for this region in terms of its recreational value.

Potential for Nature based recreational area is immense in the region. View of Zuidpark, Rotterdam

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 47

47

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Suburb: The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Suburbâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; concept is an attempt to replicate a certain type of housing settlement already existing in the region. They are new low rise, low density residential settlements that are planned on the periphery of the city. Settlements such as Hekelingen in Spijkenisse and Pernis or Heijplaat which are located within the Port of Rotterdam are replicated to create a rural environment. The idea behind this is to retain certain identities of the area and replicate them thus not changing the spatial qualities of the city too much.

Metro Zone: As per the present conditions in Spijkenisse, the average FSI around the metro stations is 0.5 with a building height of 2.89. It is necessary to change these statistics and make these areas denser but keeping in mind the existing quality of space. This requires special guidelines in order for the final goal to be achieved. The guidelines are made in order to encourage the densification of the areas. The idea is to create new transit oriented development (ToD) around the nodes of the city. As time progresses the development could spread further outwards and overlap with other similar developments.

New suburban development-keeping the present in mind

The new rules include flexibility in the overall development of the area, but also pertaining to specific buildings. The rules are categorised into fixed and flexible. The fixed rules give an overall FSI, GSI and OSR of the area in order for it to densify. The flexible rule can be applied to individual buildings in order to further increase the FSI. There are three main flexible rules.

FSI-Open Space rule: Extra building floor space possible in return of certain floor space for public purpose in the ground floor.

FSI-Surface Water rule: Extra building floor space possible in return of rain water harvesting and storing within the building.

FSI-Solar rule: Extra building floor space possible in return of provisions made within the building to produce certain energy within the building.

The special guidelines for the Metro Zones could add up to 3 million square meters of sellable floor space to the city; keep the geographical boundaries on the city the same.

New Metro Zones can be planned once the metro line is extended. The extension of the metro line not only creates new opportunities of development on the city edge, but can also connect towns like Rozenburg and Brielle. A change in the function of the port in the Botlek area can also make the extension of the metro line more feasible.

New rules could encourage the right kind of development at transit nodes

48

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 48

27/06/11 9:44 AM

Conclusions The potential for Spijkenisse are lot. From being a satellite town of Rotterdam it has the possibility to growing into a self sustaining city.

Climatic changes and political decisions can be used in the favour of Spijkenisse to create something new. The city has all the resources and infrastructure it requires to grow on its own. The development model should not only work in any condition in Spijkenisse, but also for any other city similar to it. The rapid growth of Rotterdam and the decline of the port in the future should act as a catalyst. The possibilities in the polder are endless. The polders have the potential of being a dynamic landscape and a forefront in the field of experimental food production.

There is also a possibility of creating a completely new environment out of the polder landscape.

It is however important that the development in the city happen in a phase manner in order for it to adapt to changes beyond its control. The development model should also be able to adapt itself with other conditions.

From satellite to city

49

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 49

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Design process

50

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 50

3.5

27/06/11 9:45 AM

BEYOND BORDERS

: HOEKSCHE WAARD

TRANSITION POLDERS Problem The river Haringvliet was closed by dams and storm-surge barriers.

These walls was constructed by the ‘Delta-works’ during the second half of the 20th century. However, this works lead to natural change on the river mouths and upper region. Also this area is facing new transition on the effect of sea-level rise by the climate change and increase of river-discharges. I want to proposal the new way that combine with ecological approach and realistic approach. That way closes to aim of the new delta-program, ‘working together with water’.

Water Level The water level on the river mouths of Haringvlit is important to design dikes. Existing water level on this area is starting from -0.45m to +0.70m, and normal tidal changing is 0.20m. If the dam at the river mouth opens to the sea, it will change more drastically like Hamburg.

So, we have to recognize the change of water level for open dike system. Also, the climate change is important to delta area. There are some scenarios of water level change. I will use the number of change 0.40m that number made by middle scenario from KNMI. I will select the number of water level change 6.2m by open system and climate change. This number used on preference design proposal about super dike.

D kes before 1470 D kes between 1470 – 1650 D kes between 1650 - 1860 D kes between 1860 - 1920

Super Dikes

Reinforce Dikes

Fresh water protect

History of Delta The area of Hoeksche Waard is the land reclaimed from sea. These polders made during the middle of the 15th century to the first half of the 20th century. The polder work started for defense of flood, and then changed to expansion the land. This work was more enlarged by combined with mechanization and technique. However, there was other flow of the polder work that considers the nature and biodiversity. Now, we are facing new step of the polder work with diversity of worth. I want to find the way within ecological values and existing values.

Ideas There are some ideas about dikes and polder system. These ideas help to design the new dike system on Hoeksche Waard. Some ideas are about water system for safety of people and agriculture. Existing town and houses need to protect from water, and agriculture environment also need to protect for local economy. Other ideas are about dike system for ecological environment and safety. It will be help to make new dike structure on various cases. Some ideas have economical strength by combining other functions.

JOONWOO KIM 51

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 51

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Opportunities for Transition Polders

Salt farm (ex. Marsala, Italia)

Oyster farm (ex. Brittany, France)

Fish farm (ex. Vancover, Canada)

Waterscape / Water Room Dike Town (ex. Arcachon,France) (ex. Palm jumeirah,Dubai)

Masterplan

tion

Sec

A

Dike Town

Se

ctio

nB

Oyster Farm

Fish Farm Salt Marshes

Sec

Salt Farm

tion

Section C

Water Village

D

Water Room Yacht harbor

Waterscape Park

Sections Section A

Section C

A

Fresh water Protect

A’

Section B

52

B

Water V llage

C

Dike town

C’

Section D

Oyster Farm

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 52

Dike Town

B’

D

Waterscape park

Sa t Farm

D’

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Main proposal on Transition Polder I plan specific plans on this transition Polder. These plans’s main issues are safety, fresh water, testing ground and ecological environment.

There are four proposals on transition polder, ‘Multi defense line’, ‘Fresh water protect’, ‘Find opportunities’ and ‘Multi functional dikes’. These proposals are presented on master plan and detail plan.

Existing Condition

5m One layer defense

3m

Multi Defense Dikes

5m Nomal condition defense

6 2m Extreme condition defense

System of Fresh water protect Wind power Pumping

Salt water

Fresh water

undergroundwater level

Multi defense line Firstly, I concern about safety issue for existing condition. The water level will be change, around 5.45m, by open system and climate change. However, priority dikes on outside of island are around 5m.

So, Hoeksche Waard will be needed to higher dike for safety. I plan new defense system that is safer and flexible. Existing outside defense dikes are maintained for normal condition and new dikes that is 6.2m are added on secondary dike on inside land. New dikes will protect the inside land for extreme condition. These multi defense dikes will guard the inside ground more safely on extreme condition.

Fresh water protect The inside land of the Hoeksche Waard need to fresh water for living and agriculture. There are many fresh water farming that is main source of income of local community. However, there are some adverse effects by salt water, if it is planned to open system. So, I plan to divide fresh water form salt water on outside new dikes by fresh water ditch and reservoir. It will be possible to supply fresh water to inside land by these techniques.

Find opportunities on Transition Polder The transition polder between new dikes and existing outside dike needs new opportunities for salt water or brackish water. These grounds are almost 2670ha, so I have to proposal new programs on this area. New programs are concerned by topography and new dike system. Also some programs are compared with other case for finding at adaptable place. I propose ‘oyster and fish farm’, ‘salt farm’, ’water room’, ‘Yacht harbor’, ‘water village’ and ‘water and marsh landscape’.

These opportunities are influenced by detail condition of water and soil.

So, they have to reconsider next by specific condition.

Opportunity Analysis

Typology of Dike Function (Source : DEICHPARK ELBINSEL, IBA)

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 53

Multi functional dikes New dikes lines are designed using concept of super dike. The widths of new dikes are between 100m to 200m. So, I add other functions on this new dike for diversity utilize. These dikes will be ways of connect, not be wall, for every side by combining other functions. I think about possible functions to mix on new dikes that are ‘dike town’, ‘natural landscape/park’, ‘meadow’, ‘road’, ‘view line’, ‘sea coast’ and ‘base of natural energy’. There are many other opportunities for multi functional dikes. The way of multi function will help to find validity by multi using and move up the value of developing.

53

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Rules of site selection - Layer Model

Layer 1

Built Area

Protect Built Area : Protect existing Town and Housing Layer 2

Water Risk

Maintain Safe Area : Keep safe area for economical open system Layer 3

: Border area, 0~2km from water

+

Ground Height

Except Unadaptable Land :Ground below -1m is not good for salty-farming Layer 5

-

Distance from water

Adaptive Openness Layer 4

-

-

Dike Height

Multi-Defense Line : Think with existing Dike system

+

New Protect Dike Line

54

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 54

Primary Dike Secondary Dike

27/06/11 9:45 AM

TECHNOLOGY : Rules of Hoeksche Waard References

- Stability of the seaward slope of berm breakwaters (Jentsje W.1992)

There are two part of technology topic about Hoekche Waard. I try to link technology class to studio. First topic is rules of site selection on Hoekche Waard. It helps to make the logic which area will be protected or open. Second topic is rules of town on dikes. This topic is making basic rules for design town on new dikes area. These rules help to start design the dikes, house and town.

1. Rules of site selection I focus on polder area in Hoekche Waard. There are not urban area and almost area use for agriculture. I plan this area on open water system.

So, the border area of Hoekche Waard will be changed to other type of land use. I evaluate all of polder area in Hoekche Waard, and then select area to open and find protect dike line by layering process.

2. Rules of Town on Dikes These rules are made from existing rules of other cases. I search similar references of my site and select basic rules for starting designing. Basic rules contain general and minimum rules for various designs.

These rules need to feedback work after detail designing.

Rules

- Solar Angle at Rotterdam (solraelectricityhandbook.com)

Rules of Dike Slope

Image

1:3

Detail - Slope of Dike = 1:3 - North Side of Dike = Below 14˚ for winter season

14˚

South

North

FSI: 1.0

- FSI = 1.0 - GSI = 0.5 -L=2 - OSR = 0.5

L: 2

Rules of Density

- The Spacemate (Mate Berghauser Pont, Per Haupt, 2005)

G SI: 0.5

- Plot Depth = 20m (existing depth of town on dike) - Plot Width = 20m (existing house sampling) - Building Height = 2 floors (1F = 3m ~ 5m)

Rules of Plot

Solar access space

Rules of Solar Access

- Roof Slope = Below 14˚ for North side housing - Space for Solar Access

14˚

Rules of Streets - Rules of Block / Lot / Building / Street (New York)

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 55

Setback 2.0m

- Street wall ratio = 0.5~1.0 - Setback & Place of wall= 2.0m - Maintain Guideline for Setback area

55

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Delfshaven during construction

Delfshaven in 1997

warehouses

dike and railway

Development port outside dike fence and warehouse

delta in transition

Barriers between urban fabric and waterfront

56

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 56

port

transition zone

city

3.6

27/06/11 9:45 AM

Transition on the Edge Waalhaven as an urban scale laboratory Will water takes over empty spaces?

Waalhaven is part of city-port districts in Rotterdam which due to its strategic position in the city has been recently aimed for the future developments. Rotterdam City-port territories are confronting the same challenges, moving out port activities and energy transition which leads to huge amount of abandoned space and unemployment. Socioeconomic problems are results of this unwilling process as it is obvious in Waalhaven district.

Besides, climate change makes this story even more complicated. Rising water is an urgent thread to the city and to city-port areas as immediate waterfront.

Turning challenge to opportunity The core strategy to tackle these urgent problems lies at the heart of them. These huge problems could be the most valuable opportunities.

Rotterdam has something that many large cities can only dream of.

Space. More than 1600 hectares, right in the middle of the city along the river and with good connections to international transportation links.

On the other hand the growing issue of water rising, shortage of fresh water and energy transition could be seen as a great opportunity to create new programs and bring investments, knowledge and jobs to the area. Rotterdam profiles itself as a city with special expertise in everything related to water, as well as a leader in the area of sustainable energy and climate change.

Waalhaven can provide the space and facility for enterprises, as well as exceptional residential locations both on and alongside the water. Coming the new educational and research centres and knowledge people to the area would have a great contribution to solve the socioeconomic problems of the districts next to Waalhaven like Charlois.

Dynamic delta Always in transition, the issue that is extremely applicable to Waalhaven.

Unlike other used to be port-city areas in Rotterdam -which transition has happened outside dike- it was inside dike consisting of several polders.

Turned to airport, ruined in WWII and depoldered and changed to a massive harbour during .... gives a spacial charactristic to Waalhaven.

polders

VAHID KIUMARSI 57

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 57

27/06/11 9:45 AM

58

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 58

27/06/11 9:45 AM

transformation of land in the process

adding floating lands

super dyke

fresh water network -

Space/Program: A dual core strategy Strategies addressed in this study have two natures which are profoundly inter-connected and inter-stimulating. Interpreting urban development as an ongoing process, spatial interventions stimulate new programs by creating new opportunities for R&D programs. These interventions are trigger projects that are starting point for a new process.

Conversely, innovative ideas coming from researches conducted in the site have the chance to implement in the site. Moreover thy attract investment, knowledge and people. So Waalhaven would be a urban scale laboratory which addresses some of the most urgent development problems in the next century.

Networks Waalhaven is an area with three main clusters with different spatial and program characteristics. In order to making an integrated urban fabric and strong connection to waterfront, a set of networks have been considered. These networks will have strong inter relationship and support each other to establish vital public spaces and ecological corridors.

It consists of: Fresh water network, green corridor and mobility network. These network are highly connected to existing network, trying to strengthen them.

Dike-scape Dike is not a barrier. Interpreting dike as an extensive component of landscape is part of the development strategy. Since the port docks are high enough (3.5m) to create a safe zone for 40 years, making an integrated super dike is part of gradual developing process. Dike-scape is highly integrated in city fabric and landscape, making an interesting space for interaction between inside and outside dike.

Multi-modal public transportation Proposing a multi-modal public transportation is part of the integrated strategy which encourages investment and densification in the area.

There would be a comprehensive modal system consisting of tram line, bus and water bus and taxi system. The main nodes in the system are connected to centres and support urban public spaces. making the lake by a dam

existing land

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 59

Lake, a new urban ecosystem How can we manage the fresh water shortage?

How can we control the risk of flooding?

How can we make a diverse urban space in order to attract a wide variety of life style to the area?

Creating a lake using existing docks could be an integrated solution to the mentioned issues. It makes a new ecosystem contributes to a process of making desirable situation.

59

27/06/11 9:45 AM

The framework

Buildings

Fresh water network

Green network

Mobility network

60

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 60

27/06/11 9:46 AM

Dynamic Density Regarding ambitions for the development of the site four main themes were considered. Interrelationship among these themes make four qualities which connection among them makes a two fold model. The first fold results in a framework which are fix elements of design. The second fold leads to some rules that has the responsibility of a dynamic development. Considering the situation of the site and the nature of its development, these rules have two function: stimulating function and controlling function.

Stimulating rules • The are in public transportation catchment could have more density.

• The area near urban services could have more density.

• If the developers create certain capacity, public sector establishes relative public transportation system.

• Developers can make the maximum density based on the relative type of public transport.

• The density here is population density in catchment area.

• I developers creates new urban services capacity they are allowed to increase the density.

• The maximum density depends on the capacity of the urban services.

Controlling rules To guarantee the quality of space some controlling rules is established.

In this study the focus is on the solar and water issues.

Solar rules • All units should have access to sun light.

• All buildings have to produce a part of their energy by solar panels.

Water rules • All the fresh water needs should be meet by the inside district saving system.

• All the rain water in two hours raining should be able to collect inside the district

61

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 61

27/06/11 9:46 AM

2000

2050

1

today Overtime, the common approach towards water safety has required enormous engineering interventions neglecting natural water related dynamics. This project envisions a future taking 1) a more integrated water defense system approach. 2) Rewetting low lying polders allows restoration of lost ecosystems and fresh water storage. 3) As the port declines, emplate space becomes available for food and renewable energy production posing a possibility for a closer synergy with surrounding communities.

2000

2050

today

2

1

an e 2000

2100

3

4

tion p 2050

2100

2

today 1

The Waalhaven looses its function to the city 1), who appropriates the space for new urban areas 2). The vast harbours degrade over time, due to nature or design. What remains is a softer, more organic environment which encourages the river to become the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new focal point.

fl ff 2000

2050

today

2

1

2000

t d y 1 With energy development in the agricultural areas, the polder prospers (1). Soon after the urban areas develop their own energy developing technology (2) which creates a series of small growths. There is an eventual reduction in demand for energy sources through the port (3).

Increased fosil fuel prices pushes up import costs which further reduces port activity and again increases local food production. However new technology (4) returns international specialisation and port growth .

2100

3

4

2050

2

today 1

2000

These lines are drawn on open water system. Water level will be drastic and rapidly higher when open the dam placed on the river mouths of Haringvlit. Polders will decrease by open water system, whereas ports will increase because more land is well linked to water and sea. (1) Preparing phase to open system. (2) The dam will open at 2050. So, polder and water line rapidly change. (3) Adapting period to open water system.

3

C Pr Pt

today With constant change in the climatic conditions and a poss bility of an open system, changes in the polder landscape are imminent. The future of Spijkenisse poses certain clear conditions; (1) The polder landscape reduces due to the increase in average sea level and flooding. (2) The restriction of urban sprawl, but the city growing within its boundaries. (3)template Depletion of oil resource means different use for the port

This project re-purposes the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;polderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; towards a more flexible system that can address both fresh water and brackish water conditions. Firstly (1) de-poldering occurs in strategic locations and wetlands are created. Agricultural processes are tested using varied quantites of fresh and brackish water, eventually determining the most successful crops (2). Urbanisation occurs slowly and alongside agricultural and ecological development (3).

Eventually, a balance is reached between urban and landscape procestemplate ses, supported by the new water system (4).

2100

2

2100

3

4

2050

today

1

2

2100

3

62

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 62

27/06/11 9:46 AM

CONCLUSIONS Territories in Transition What is the fate of the Dutch Delta region – what future will be played out? Will rising sea levels have a dramatic impact on the coastal areas? Will the Port of Rotterdam leave the city or will Rotterdam remain connected to its port activities? Will the petrochemical industry vacate the port area or will it be replaced by a similar industry?

Brielse Maas: restoring dynamics

Spijkenisse: Satellite to City

Transition on the Edge: Waalhaven

National Landscape Laboratory

Resourceful: managing energy & water

Beyond Borders: Transition Polders

CONCLUSIONS

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 63

As shown through this regional design and planning exercise, the future depends significantly on one’s vantage point. Qualities such as integrating food and energy emerge from both city and polder. Lives, homes, work and local economies are also strong themes. On the other hand, international connectivity, global markets and even polycentric themes are not highly represented – in other words connecting a neighbourhood rather than connecting a world.

What is the fate of the port? All approaches speculate tentatively about the future of the port. This is unsurprising as the port represents a giant organism vulnerable to technological change and economic trends. As seen in Waalhaven, the port’s older/smaller and now redundant territory is still overwhelming and inhospitable – to move forward it is felt that this ‘old order’ must be broken down and reformed for people rather than machines. Furthermore, what will happen to existing technology such as cars and trucks? Will they operate on fuels or on energy? How will this change the nature of the port? Will the next energy revolution occupy the same footprint as the existing model?

What is the fate of the city? City of Rotterdam has not developed around the river – at times turning its back to this industrial and ‘working’ area. The city has expanded to areas which only recently were quiet polders, however these areas are now neither city or polder. How do these new outlying areas create an identity for themselves which does not rely on the city for social and cultural stimulation?

What is the fate of the polder? Agricultural areas are the most dramatically effected by natural systems. Can they evolve into a form of agriculture which weathers dramatic seasonal change? Agricultural areas may be winners or losers – depending on either the economy of the cities. However can the polder region leverage itself into a position of advantage over the city? The energy economy may provide such an opportunity.

Is there a regional strategy? This project shows the importance of integrated local strategies rather than a single regional strategy. The six projects are neither intentionally complimentary nor contradictory.In the face of uncertainty, local strategies, developed by communities or municipalities, generate the most effective solutions when driven towards their own fortunes or against potential failure.

63

27/06/11 9:46 AM

STUDENT WORK DESIGN STUDIO

spring 2011

more info www.bk.tudelft.nl / www.emurbanism.eu/

Cover page image reference: www.wilhelminapier.nl (2008)

FINAL BOOKLET LA group part indd 64

27/06/11 9:46 AM