AP AP LUR RE PRO ALIS I AN NTE ACH TIC PO AG GRA TO PU ING TIN G LA TIO N
EN CO RE !
A n t h o n y M a i o l a t e s i | A d v i s o r s : A n n e M u n l y & V i c t o r T z e n | FA L L ‘ 1 2 T h e s i s
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
1
Thesis Contention Background
Heterotopias
4
Background Principles 1 & 2 Principles 3 & 4 Principles 5 & 6
Case Studies
19
Defining Typologies “Stealth Care� Case Studies Health = Wealth Shrinking Safety Net Human Infrastructure
Examining DC
41
Nursing Homes and Retirement Communities in the Metro Area Distribution of 65+ Population Median Housing Values Land Use Patching the Quilt
Proposal
53
Contention Encore Career Consituents of the City Program/Spatial Investigations Mapping/Site Considerations Formal Transformations Plans/Section Perspectives Embracing H Street Live/Work/Learn Unit
Bibliography
90
Abstract THIS THESIS CONTENDS by re-thinking the social, spatial, and programmatic constructs of conventional senior housing facilities and removing them from their current heterotopic conditions, a new typology can be developed which investigates opportunities for social reintegration provided by the emerging phenomenon of the encore career. The concepts of aging-in-place and universal design have become obfuscated in their meaning and broader applications of residential architecture. Accommodating the various physical abilities of residents within a community is merely addressing the most basic human rights. However, designing for aging-in-place does not limit solutions to the “who” but includes a very critical “what, where, when, why and how”. By 2030, approximately 50% of the population will be 50 years or older and nearly one in ive will be 65 and older. The “Baby Boomer” generation has been a major driving force for this demographic shift. AARP surveys reveal that approximately 90% of this population wishes to remain in their own homes and communities in which they have become established. This response is not surprising; however, this ideal situation may not be plausible or appropriate for all in this category. A combination of social stigmas and physical limitations affecting accessibility and mobility make it dif icult to age in place and age with dignity. Newer, or arguably revived, housing models which promote integrative living are replacing the notion of independent living and retirement homes as a practical solution. With medical treatment improving and life expectancy increasing, there are less and less younger people present to
BY 2030 APPROXIMATELY 50% OF THE POPULATION WILL BE 50 YEARS OR OLDER AND NEARLY ONE IN FIVE WILL BE 65 AND OLDER.
assist the elderly. Baby boomers are retiring much later than the previous generations and a “typical” family structure no longer exists. With these paradigm shifts, a need for a new, lexible housing solution arises. A paradoxical challenge presents itself in which permanence and adaptation must occur simultaneously to provide a forum of continuous change in order to sustain this growing population. Post World War II saw the invention of the welfare state intended to provide assistance for a retiring population, but also served to release the younger generation from the burden of the older generation. From this came a new model of care but also a segregation of a signi icant part of the population. Development of the nursing home typology was derived from the combination of the hospital and home, blending surveillance and simulation into an inauthentic representation of “home”. The ef iciency of operation in nursing homes and retirement communities portrayed them as a feasible solution to accommodate this portion of the population; however it only further reinforced the stigmas and fears associated with aging. In order to dissolve these negative social constructs the typology of the retirement community, assisted living and nursing home must be radically transformed. A reinvention of these typologies would provide the potential for the elderly to reintegrate with society through intergenerational exchange and cultivate a forum for reciprocity. Restrictions imposed by aging infrastructure and prohibitive living situations in American cities make it dif icult for exclusively one particular built environment to remain a viable place to live, work, and foster social encounters. Although most Americans prefer to remain in
their homes as they age, the reality is that many will move up to three times in the last three years of their lives. It’s a scary phenomenon that has become acceptable in society, but this doesn’t have to be the case. Matthias Hollwich of HWKN Architecture and the organizer of the 2010 New Aging conference in Philadelphia contests that 50% of people in nursing homes need to be there for health reasons, whereas the other half have lost their spouse or ind it dif icult to live alone. In addition, some retirement communities and nursing homes require residents to sign agreements that force them to move out as their health declines or their mobility becomes challenged (ie the need of a wheelchair). In addition, the phenomenon of compartmentalizing people based on age and ability perpetuates these problems. In order to create a truly livable urban community we must consider how the city functions on multiple scales. By integrating architecture with phenomena around the city and adapting to the speci ic lifestyle changes of the people, we can imagine a cross-pollination of catalytic typologies that works with residents of all ages instead of against. I intend to examine the city of Washington DC and propose how to implement strategies for aging in place and universal design, focusing on attracting, assimilating and sustaining an emerging elderly demographic while addressing the various needs its neighborhoods.
Background Principles 1 & 2 Principles 3 & 4 Principles 5 & 6
HETEROTOPIAS
Heterotopias Heterotopias, in the context of space and the built environment, were irst discussed by the philosopher Michel Foucault in 1967 when he presented a lecture entitled Of Other Spaces. “We are in the epoch of simultaneity; we are the epoch of juxtaposition; the epoch of the near and far, of the side-by-side, of the dispersed.� Heterotopias represent dualities and contradictions that exist within societies created from social constructs, both physical and mental. They describe simple phenomena that deal with our immediate perceptions and complex relationships that de ine our existence. Site is one such relationship de ined by relative adjacencies and proximities between points or elements. Therefore, we allow ourselves to be situated within a context in order to de ine a condition, or are placed by other people. Foucault believed that much of the fears and stigmas within society led to and were perpetuated by our anxiety of spaces. Methods of organizing and appropriating space led to a obsequious regulations that created sharp dualities. Typologies of institutions remained unchallenged and unchanged. This can also be said about institutions for the elderly since Post World War II. Born out of the typology of the hospital and built around a culture of surveillance, the nursing home is one such institution that has become more ef icient rather than innovative in the US.
HETEROTOPIAS
“WE ARE IN THE EPOCH OF SIMULTANEITY; WE ARE THE EPOCH OF JUXTAPOSITION;THE EPOCHOFTHENEAR AND FAR, OF THE SIDE-BY-SIDE, OF THE DISPERSED.” -Michel Foucault, 1967 Of Other Spaces
ANXIETYOFSPACES Private Space
Public Space
Family Space
Social Space
Cultural Space
Useful Space
Leisure Space
Work Space
Private Space Public Space Family Space Social Space Cultural Space Useful Space Leisure Space Work Space
HETEROTOPIAS
“THE ANXIETY OF OUR ERA HAS TO DO FUNDAMENTALLY WITH SPACE…” The sancti ication of space essentially is what allows the typology of institutions to remain unchanged. The typology of housing for the elderly exists out of an anxiety of space. Also known by Foucault as a Heterotopia of Deviation emerging out of the crisis of aging, these typologies represent a struggle between a desired independence and a necessity for surveillance. The typology of the nursing home has not successfully differentiated itself from the Hospital. Arguably, the nursing home blends the typology of the hospital with a home, characterized by its domestic kitsch (ie wood inishes, aluminum siding, stone hearth, etc). However, these institutions still involve an anxiety that allows them to exist in the irst place, creating an environment associated with the physical and mental condition of its residents. This is where we can challenge the sanctity of the space and reinvent the nursing home with a cross-pollination of typologies.
PRINCIPLE 1 & 2
Acceptible Condition Deviant Relation to Society
Crisis Heterotopias The sancti ication of space essentially is what allows the typology of institutions to remain unchanged. The typology of housing for the elderly exists out of an anxiety of space. Also known by Foucault as a Heterotopia of Deviation emerging out of the crisis of aging, these typologies represent a reaction to a condition identi ied as being abnormal. Foucault adds, “Old age is a crisis but is also a deviation since in our society where leisure is the rule, idleness is a sort of dedication.” While these places are simultaneously real and unreal, and though many of these heterotopias have disappeared in modern society, the compartmentalizing of society based on age still exist.
Fringe Placement in Society
Isolation Reaction by Society
“OLD AGE IS A CRISIS BUT IS ALSOADEVIATION SINCE IN OUR SOCIETY WHERE LEISURE IS THE RULE, IDLENESS IS A SORT OF DEVIATION.”
HETEROTOPIAS
Walled City of Kowloon, Hong Kong
Heterotopias of Deviation Institutions where individuals are placed whose behaviors are considered abnormal are considered heterotopias of deviation. These may included hospitals, prisons, or cemeteries. A response for the crisis of aging would be to isolate the elderly into nursing homes or other such institutions which are derived from the typology of the hospital.
Society can rede ine heterotopias or replace values as time passes or conditions change. This means that we may transition from one heterotopia to another, ignoring the connotations associated with one, effectively dissolving the heterotopia. For instance, sickness may de ine the need for someone to enter a heterotopia of crisis (hospital) before returning to health.
PRINCIPLE 3 & 4
Microcosm & Superimposition Foucault states that Heterotopias can be simultaneously single real spaces which juxtapose multiple spaces. He cites several examples such as gardens and movie theaters. Gardens, for example are constructed to be microcosm of real climates/environments. Theaters, likewise see the projection of 3d space on a 2d screen in a room that loses its contextual setting.
“THEHETEROTOPIA IS CAPABLE OF JUXTAPOSING IN A SINGLE REAL PLACE SEVERAL SPACES, SEVERAL SITES, THAT ARE IN THEMSELVES INCOMPATIBLE.”
HETEROTOPIAS
Heterotopia 2
Heterotopia 1 SPACE
Space is activated TImeline New Era is Defined
TIME Event
Event
Heterotopias of Time Understanding time as a Heterotopia allows us to logically organize events and details chronologically. Time exists as an element to be observed and experienced. Museums, for example, hold objects from many periods, however they replaced in a context where they exist simultaneously and outside of time. Time also exists to activate heterotopias, like the social construct of
adolescence or old age, and allow us to transition from one into another. An event such as the year 2000 exists as a phenomenon wherein no physical changes occurred, rather it radically affected social perception of the zeitgeist.
PRINCIPLE 5 & 6
Ritual Space and Changing Heterotopias Ritual spaces can be described as Heterotopias since they become spaces of modulation. They are both accessible and non-accessible depending on the meaning assigned to them by different groups of people. They are simultaneously physical and mental spaces where entering becomes contingent on order of ritual. Foucault also states that heterotopias, though constructed for one purpose, may be re-purposed or used beyond their original intent as time passes.
Heterotopias re lect the rules established by the culture that constructed, therefore, when these rules change or progress it may in luence the heterotopia, requiring it to take on a new form or function. He uses the cemetery as an example, stating that it has changed its position from within the city to outside the boundaries because of an evolved social perspective.
HETEROTOPIAS
Heterotopias of Illusion and Compensation Heterotopias of Illusion create sites which reveal the real space of the city by contrast. These are spaces of fantasy removed from the context of the city. A contemporary example of this situation, however kitsch, is Disney World where visitors are immersed into a realm of fantasy, and where speci ic areas are themed into distilled, idealized simulations of the real thing.
Heterotopias of compensation, by contrast, intentionally create real spaces. New urbanist communities and retirement communities, for example, are real spaces constructed on utopian ideals. These environments are as perfect and organized as our own lives are chaotic. They serve as alternatives and are constructed on a strict set of governing rules.
Defining Typologies “Stealth Care” Health = Wealth Shrinking Safety Net Human Infrastructure
CASE STUDIES
Independence
Third Party
Resident Community
Environment
I
I
Activities
Lifestyle Ammenities
E
A
LA
E
A
LA
NATURALLY OCCURING (NORC)
2,000*
250
I
A
COHOUSING VILLAGE BOFÆLLESSKAB
RETIREMENT COMMUNITY E
LA
ACTIVE ADULT COMMUNITY INDEPENDENT LIVING
Cohousing is type of community which is planned, owned and managed by the residents. The design of these communities is intended to foster social interaction, and encourage collaborate, but also respond to the individual needs and privacies of the residents. Cohousing originated in Denmark and was brought to the US by architects Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durret in the 1980s. Cohousing is built around a true cooperation between neighbors, often for the goal of the greater good; socially and environmentally.
CASE STUDIES
6 Characteristics (de ined by The Cohousing Association of the US): • Participatory process. Residents participate in the design of the community. • Neighborhood design. The physical layout and orientation of the community encourages a sense of community. • Common facilities. Community spaces are provided for daily use, such as kitchens, dining area, playrooms, laundry, library, etc.) • Resident management. Residents manage their community and are responsible for maintenance. • Non-Hierarchical structure and decision-making. No one person exists as a leader in the community. Each person takes roles within the community that complement their skills, abilities and interests. Decisions are made by consensus. • No Shared community economy. The community is not a source of income for the members.
A
I E
LA
Retirement communities, also known as age-restricted communities, usually accommodate residents over a certain age (usually 55 years and older). Many age-restricted communities are master planned census-designated areas consisting of suburban-style single family houses with community centers. Homes in these communities will employ universal design to allow residents to age in place comfortably and accommodate different levels of accessibility and mobility. Some age-restricted communities require that residence are retired, or at least semi-retired, while others do not, as it is becoming increasingly common (especially among the baby boomer population) to work much later in life. Unlike Cohousing where the residents make most of the decisions and are responsible for maintenance, a homeowners association is responsible for developing rules and maintaining facilities and landscaping for the residents. Retirement communities that cater to the speci ic interests and hobbies of the residents are known as Active Adult Communities. Less formal retirement communities, or Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) offer many of the same amenities for older residents. These communities were not initially created for older residents, but as they age in place or attract new residents they adapt to accommodate the emerging demographic. NORCs represent a large portion of the aging population that prefer to age in place, without sacri icing the authenticity of home. NORCs can exist anywhere in most housing typologies (apartment buildings, homes, etc)
DEFININGTYPOLOGIES
16,100
6,315
ASSISTED LIVING RESIDENTIAL CARE HOME SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITY
A
I E
LA
Assisted living does not necessarily entail the institutionalization of individuals who need 24-hour supervision and assistance with daily living (like that provided by a skilled nursing facility). Assisted living may refer to the services provided by a health care professional who may also monitor residents for their safety and health. This care may be provided at the individual’s own residence or may actually may be provided at a facility. The need for assistance is contingent on the individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), which are outlined by the Assisted Living Foundation of America. Some activities include: • Personal hygiene • Dressing and undressing • Self feeding • Functional transfers • Use of restroom • Ambulation According to the Assisted Living Foundation of America more than 1 million Americans live in assisted living communities. Assisted living communities provide more personal care than independent living models of Retirement communities. Services and amenities include: • Three meals a day in a dining area • Housekeeping • Transportation • 24-Hour security • Exercise and wellness centers • Laundry services • Social and recreational activities Personal Care tasks include: • Assistance with eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, and walking • Medical care, physical therapy and hospice. • Medication management • Care for cognitive impairment
NURSING HOME SKILLED NURSING UNIT CARE HOME
A
I E
LA
A nursing home, or Skilled Nursing Facility is an institutions that provides the highest level of care for individuals. Nursing homes may be differentiated from other facilities such as assisted living homes by the level of care in which they provide. Although both offer the same type of care and assistance, assisted living facilities may require residents to ind a new housing situation that may cater to their worsening physical and mental condition (ie. the need of a wheelchair, etc). The nursing home typology is most closely modeled off the Hospital since they are medically-oriented and designed to make care more ef icient, in addition to the fact that individuals may be moved to a nursing home after recovering from a hospitalization. The necessity for an individual to move into a Skilled Nursing Facility usually comes from their ability to live independently. Much like the ADL guidelines of assisted living, if the individual requires more care than can be provided by a primary caregiver, than a 24-hour monitoring facility may work best. Skilled Nursing Facilities also provide care for individuals with degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Caring for these individuals may be done in a specialized facility where monitoring patience and accommodating their unique needs are a higher priority. The level of care and surveillance provided by a Skilled Nursing Facility is valued at an average annual cost of $70,000 per resident . Because of the growing number of individuals that may require the services of a Skilled Nursing Facility, it will continue to put a strain on government services like Medicare that provide inancial assistance for health care.
“STEALTH CARE” Case Study: Arons Gelauff Architects A common perception of housing for the elderly is one of nostalgic imagery with wood inished and stone ireplaces when reality is a clinical, even hospital-like environment. They are organized around an ef icient model of surveillance and repetition, resulting in the removal of individual expression and identity. The older an individual becomes--for reasons of declining health and decreased independence--support space for residential typologies often replace lifestyle and recreational program with health care needs. Arons Gelauff Architects of Amsterdam state in an interview, “In housing for the aged the private realm shrinks in size, but it should grow in quality and be supplemented by possibilities for collectivity and high quality, buzzing public space around.” Dubbed “Stealth Care,” the concept behind the housing projects of architects like Aron Gelauff Architects in Amsterdam is to preserve a certain level of autonomy amongst
residents. The image of downsizing to an apartment from a single-family house, for instance, is glamorized instead of stigmatized. As the residents age they will be able to take advantage of discreetly placed amenities which cater to emerging needs caused by decreased mobility and independence. These projects not only respond to the general needs of an aging population, but to the collective identity of a generation. Who are the people retiring today? Where were they 30 years ago and what major events have they experienced that shaped their unique personalities? The architects state that the original model for placing nursing homes and health care facilities on the fringe of urban development, or out in the countryside were to encourage the healing power of fresh air and sunlight. Today, however, this type of isolation is counterproductive. The conventional model must be challenged.
T
OR
PP
SU S
ED
NE
INDEPENDENCE
INDIVIDUAL
INDEPENDENCE
INDIVIDUAL
SUPPORT NEEDS
CASE STUDIES
De Plussenburgh in Rotterdam. Displays a playful expression meant to display the individuality of residents not willing to accept the stigmas of aging. It combines lexible apartments and quality public space with inconspicuous health care needs.
Case Study (Cont.) The Rotterdam Seniors Housing Trust is the governing body that creates policies speci ically affecting the design of projects like Arons Gelaouff’s De Plussenburgh. In the Netherlands housing for the elderly has achieved a level of balance between active urban lifestyles and necessary health services, a combinatory typology that has not existed in other countries. One policy advocates the homogenization of age groups between 55-85. It’s not such a drastic span that residents become uncomfortable with their neighbors, but it prevents an unfortunate phenomenon from occurring where residents pass away in a relatively short window of time. This can become a depressing setting, but it is also unpractical economically with regards to occupancy. Many of these projects imbue a certain list of essential elements that improve the quality of housing for the elderly: • • • • •
Intelligently organized plans prevent excess space lost to widened corridors. Flexibility allows for tenants to anticipate future changes. Promote a sensible mix of age groups. Provide amenities that target speciϐic groups within urban setting (rotate population around the city) Locate housing for seniors within the city.
CASE STUDIES
“WITH STEALTH CARE WE MEAN THAT NECESSARY QUALITIESMUSTBE ‘EMBEDDED’, THAT YOUCANCONTINUE TO LIVETHERE LATE IN LIFE.” -Floor Arons, Arons Gelauff Architects
LEFT: Oosterhoogebrug, Groningen (Arons Gelauff Architects) RIGHT: De Rokade, Groningen (Aron Gelauff Architects)
FORMAL LESSONS Case Study: De Rokade, Arons Gelauff Architects
CASE STUDIES TRANSFORMATION
BUILDING FOOTPRINT
MINIMIZE OBSTACLES
CARVE AWAY TO MAXIMIZE VIEWS AND EXPOSURE
CORE
EMBED STRUCTURE TO GAIN FLEXIBILITY
A
B
Case Study: Nursing Home, Kronaus + Kinzelbach
CASE STUDIES TRANSFORMATION
PUSH INWARD TO IMPROVE VIEWS OUTWARD
PUSH OUTWARD TO BREAK LENGTH OF CORRIDOR
USE POCHE SPACE TO DECENTRALIZE CARE SUPPLY
PUSH INWARD TO IMPROVE VIEWS OUTWARD
Case Study: Intergenerational Learning Center, Of ice dA
CASE STUDIES UNIVERSAL DESIGN AS A VEHICLE
SOCIAL INTERACTION
OVERLAPPING SHARED SPACE
Case Study: Oosterhoogebrug, Arons Gelauff Architects
CASE STUDIES SCALAR SHIFTS
COMMON
SERVICE/ SURVEILLANCE
COMMON COMMON
SERVICE/ SURVEILLANCE
COURTYARD
COMMON COMMON
SERVICE/ SURVEILLANCE
COMMON
33%
33%
COMMUNITY SCALE
60 APARTMENTS FOR ELDERLY
33%
MULTIPURPOSE/COMMUNITY
CHILD CARE CENTER
MULTIPLE CONSTITUENCIES
CARE UNITS FOR ALZHEIMER’S
DE-CENTRALIZE
CENTRALIZED
HEALTH =WEALTH WORKING
LEARNING
WORKING
LEARNING
WORKING
REST
REST
?
REST
?
ENCORE
LEARNING
Linking Longevity with Economic Growth Post war practices reinforced a triptych model of aging; learning phase; working phase; and retirement phase. Much like the heterotopias of time in which Foucault describes, this model separates the population by age further encouraging the consequences that come with it, including age discrimination. However, better access and improvements in health care lead to an increase of life expectancy and a growing elderly population. Therefore, the triptych model would be reevaluated wherein the threshold between work and rest would be blurred. Life expectancy in the US is currently at 78 years and rising 1.5 years every decade. With 10,000 baby boomers turning 65 every day this population has the potential to grow to 70 million by 2030 (Starobin). The implications of this projection might
LEARNING
suggest a serious inancial burden on society, however, as life expectancy in the US grew in the last 50 years so has the domestic product. Contingent on health and public policy, it is more likely that the quickly rising elderly population would be more of an economic asset than a burden. It’s becoming more common where seniors are contributing to the workforce, whether in their original ield of work or a new one. There also exists a potential for the senior workforce to contribute to communities that may not have the inancial resources to pay union or market rate prices for services, while also being compensated for their work and allowing them to re-integrate with the community.
CASE STUDIES
Case Study A veritable new stage of life has wedged itself between the ages 50 and 75, occurring after the prime working years and before retirement. A survey by Penn Schoen Berland shows that a signi icant amount of seniors who return to work often ind jobs in the public sector; which is not only socially rewarding, but convenient in communities where these jobs are in high demand and underfunded.
With the new “Encore�of our lives we may feel the need to continue working or pursue other dreams. From 1996-2010, 11 of those 15 years saw higher rates of entrepreneurs between the ages of 55 and 64 than any other ages. Washington passed a law promoting Encore Fellowships for adults interested in pursuing new careers in non-pro it or public-sector jobs, although there is still no funding available. Entrepreneurship among this demographic may provide a valuable catalyst to cities in need of assistance. Washington DC may provide a meaningful site to test this theory.
THESHRINKINGSAFETYNET 6% of GDP 5% 4% 3% 2% 1%
‘80
‘90
‘00
SOCIAL SECURITY
MEDICAID
MEDICARE
UNEMPLOYMENT
‘10
‘20
‘30
‘35
Source: Bureau of economic analysis
Linking Longevity with Economic Growth One of the more impending issues regarding the graying of the United States is the increasing dependency on government bene it programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. As the baby boomer generation reaches the age of entitlement a major strain will be placed on these programs which simply can not sustain the growing demand. Compounded by a weak economy and unemployment as well as political unresolved, Social Security could reach insolvency by 2033. The program accounts for 6% of the country’s GDP , but the fastest growing concern is Medicare which grew from 1.6% of the GDP in 1985 to 3.6% in 2010 and is expected to reach 7% by 2035. In a report by Paul Storbin of The Atlantic Magazine, it is said that by “2050, Medicare is on track to pay 83 million retirees--nearly
twice as many as now--an average lifetime bene it (in 2010 dollars) of $554,942. This increase of necessary funding to these programs is understandable considering the number of baby boomers that are expected to retire in the near future, however a major fundamental problem exists when considering that the current American workforce which is funding it probably wont see a dime of this money. One solution to this inancial crisis is to postpone eligibility for these programs. The age to qualify for Social Security bene its currently stands at 65, but will increase to 67 by 2027, however there are no plans to increase this age as life expectancies inevitably improve.
CASE STUDIES $12,000 per person $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000
‘60
‘70
‘80
‘90
‘00
‘10
TAX REVENUES GOVERNMENT SPENDING
ENTITLEMENT SPENDING
“THE TRUST FUNDS THAT SUPPORT SOCIAL SECURITY WILL RUN DRY IN 2033 – THREE YEARS EARLIER THAN PREVIOUSLY PROJECTED.” -Trustees of the Social Security Program
Source: Bureau of economic analysis
Another solution involves increasing the budget of certain government programs working to ind cures for diseases like Alzheimer’s, which costs Medicare and Medicade $130 billion annually in treatments (according to the same report in The Atlantic Magazine). By comparison only $469 million of the National Institute of Health’s budget is devoted to research. Although this solution involves greater risk if research proves unfruitful results. The most elegant solution to save these programs depends greatly on our society’s ability to capitalize on the health of the aging population. Even with an ever-increasing life expectancy, American cities should continue to explore ways of promoting healthy and integrative lifestyles.
HUMAN INFRASTRUCTURE Intervention
Primary Paths
Academic Stimulation
Mechanisms
+ vocabulary + alphabet recognition
Outcomes
Academic Performance
+ reading - disciplinary removals
Participation
Behavioral Management
- aggression + social skills + school attendance + motivation to learn
Readiness For Learning
+ concentration + school service
Classroom Behavior
Case Study, Cont. A study by Experience Corps was conducted to test the hypothesis that adults over the age of 55 represent an enormous potential of human infrastructure which could literally be employed to work with children to improve their skills in the classroom.
• •
The study challenges situational norms in American classrooms and suggests a list of recommendations that would encourage positive participation of young and old. This study recognizes that older adults have accumulated a great amount of skills and knowledge in which they can share with younger generations.
• •
• •
Strengthen the Infrastructure Challenge Stereotypes. Adults over 55 aren’t readily seen as ideal mentors despite their skills and knowledge. Allowing them to work with children provides valuable intergenerational exchange and reduces age discrimination. Recruit for talent, not age. Enlist experienced individuals in administrative or managerial roles. Adults over 55 have skills other than working with children, therefor they can assume other roles as well. Reward Services. Compensation can be provided to adults who are in need in exchange for their services. Use Existing model practices.
CASE STUDIES
Nursing Homes and Retirement Communities in the Metro Area Distribution of 65+ Population Median Housing Values Land Use Patching the Quilt
EXAMINING WASHINGTON DC
NURSING HOMES & RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES IN THE METRO AREA
Catoctin Creek Cohousing Eco Village Cohousing
Meadow Glen of Leesburg Morningside House of Leesburg
“IN NURSING HOMES PEOPLE ARESTOREDAWAY FROM SOCIETY. DO YOU WANT TO BE STORE AWAY FROM SOCIETY?”
Ashby Ponds
Tall Oaks Village Center
40 mi
30 mi
20 mi
The Vi
Regency at Dominion Valley Emiritus at Manassas
Fairmount Independent Retirement Living
-MATTHIAS HOLLWICH on the Aging City (PICNIC FESTIVAL 2011)
Emiritus at Lak
MAPPING DC
Morningside House of Friendship Asbury Methodist VIllage
Bedford Court National Lutheran Homes
Sunrise Senior Living
Potomac Valley Cohousing Classic Residence by Hyatt Sunrise at Fox Hill
Regency Park
Kensington Park Retirement Community HeartFields Assisted Living at Bowie
Sunrise of Annapolis
Eastern Village Cohousing
Eastern Village Cohousing Methodist Home of DC Lisner-Louise Dickson Hurt Home Barney Neighborhood House Senior Program Sunrise on Connecticut Ave Takoma Village Cohousing Ingleside at Rock Creek Arleigh Burke Pavilion Friendship Terrace NMS Healthcare IONA Senior Services Carroll Manor Nursing & Rehab Sunrise of Grand Oaks Seabury Ward 5 Aging Services Stoddard Baptist Nursing Home Vinson Hall Terrific Inc. Collington Episcopal Life Care Community Family Matters Aging Services Ward 6 Rock Creek Manor Blueberry Hill Cohousing Residence at Thomas Circle Deanwood Rehab & Wellness Center St Mary’s Court East River Family Strengthening Collaborative The Jefferson Emiritus at Arlington
10 mi
irginian Washington Nursing Facility The Fountains at Washington Goodwin House Nursing Home
The Manor at Victoria Park Family Matters of Greater Washington
Woodbine Healthcare Center Leewood Nursing Home Heatherwood Retirement Community Paul Spring Retirement Community
ke Ridge
Southwinds Active Adult Community CCNRC Family of Care
Morningside House of St Charles
Ginger Cove
Green House Cohousing Chase - Lloyd House
Kris-Leigh Assisted Living
DISTRIBUTION OF 65+ 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Armature Behavior
AR
M
AT U
RE
Distribution Behavior
DO WN TO WN Understanding the Population The distribution of the 65+ population in DC reacts in a radial repulsion from center of the city. The physical characteristic of the L’Enfant Plan--developed 1791 and revised by the McMillan Commission in 1902--reveal an economic and monumental core of the city. Radiating out from that center is a relative gradient of intensity in commercial and residential typologies. It can also be characterized by a gradient of intensity of ceremonial forms which begin at the more sacred axis created by the National Mall. Moving outward from this core there are smaller pocket
park which occur at the bisection of the regular grid by diagonal avenues. These avenues, which also act as gateways into the city, each provide an armature to support a second level of programmatic density to occur. Essentially, the layering of these systems de ines pockets of continuity which yield neighborhood identities. Unfortunately, these identities are further delineated by less rational political boundaries, school districts, strict zoning regulations.
65
64
62
58
56
100 200 300
59
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.0 2 55
53
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50
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.0 1 27 .0 2
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.0 4
.0 3
.0 2
.0 1
.0 1 19 .0 2 20 .0 1 20 .0 2 21 .0 1 21 .0 2 22 .0 1 22 .0 2 23 .0 1 23 .0 2 24
19
18
18
18
.0 1 17 .0 2
18
17
.0 2 16
15
14
.0 1
.0 1
.0 2
14
13
13
.0 1
.0 2 12
11
9. 02
10
10
9. 01
8. 02
8. 01
7. 02
7. 01
6
5. 01 5. 02
4
3
1
2. 01 2. 02
Census Tracts (Subdivision of Wards)
TAKOMA VILLAGE 17.1 18.1
15
CHEVY CHASE 14.1
14.2
FRIENDSHIP HEIGHTS
11
17.2
4
18.4
18.3
19.1 19.2 95.5
20.1
95.7 21.1
21.2 95.8
13.1
22.1
10.1
95.9
22.2
12 26
3
9.1
25.1 95.4
95.1
24 25.2
CLEVELAND PARK
6
28.1
27.1
28.2
5.2 5.1 39
7.2
ARMED FORCES RETIREMENT HOMES 94
29
4
37
38 40.1
23.2
32
1
27.2
7.1 9.2 8.1
95.3 23.1
13.2 10.2
93.1
31
30
93.2
36
35
PALISADES VILLAGE
33.2
42.2 8.2 53.1
1
2.1
52.1
49.1
50
55
54.2
56
49.2
53.2
54.1
87.2
87.1
57.1
89.5
96.1 78.6
89.3
88.2
86
47
51
85 84.1
89.4
78.9
96.2
78.7
84.2
58
83.1
57.2
2
88.4
88.3
48.2
52.2
GEORGETOWN
90
48.1 46
2.2
91.1
91.2
33.1
44
43
42.1
41
92.4
92.3 34
KALORAMA VILLAGE
3
5
92.1
83.2
59
79.1
80.1
79.3 96.4
81 82
96.3
80.2
62.2 66
62.1
68.1
67
69
65
60.1
61
6
7 78.3
CAPITOL VILLAGE
77.3
77.8
68.2
78.4 78.8
99.4
99.7
70
60.2 72 63.1
71
77.7
77.9 99.1
76.1
99.2
PENN AVE VILLAGE
64 63.2
76.5
74.1
76.4
75.3 75.4 75.2
8
74.8 98.9 74.4
73.2
73.1 98.3
97 98.1
98.2 98.7 98.6
73.8
74.3
74.9
73.4
98.4
98.8
76.3
74.7
74.6
751-900 601-750 451-600 301-450 151-300 0-150
99.3
99.6
99.5
.0 3 98 .0 4 98 .0 7 98 .0 9 98 .1 1 99 .0 1 99 .0 2 99 .0 3 99 .0 4 99 .0 5 99 .0 6 99 .0 7
.0 1 98 .0 2
16
98
98
95
.0 1
.0 3 95 .0 4 95 .0 5 95 .0 7 95 .0 8 95 .0 9 96 .0 1 96 .0 2 96 .0 3 96 .0 4 97
95
.0 1 92 .0 3 92 .0 4 93 .0 1 93 .0 2 94
92
91
88
.0 3 88 .0 4 89 .0 3 89 .0 4 90
.0 2 88 .0 2
.0 1 87 .0 1
87
.0 1 83 .0 2
83
84
82
72
.0 1 73 .0 4 74 .0 1 74 .0 3 74 .0 4 74 .0 6 74 .0 7 74 .0 8 74 .0 9 75 .0 2 75 .0 3 75 .0 4 76 .0 1 76 .0 3 76 .0 4 76 .0 5 77 .0 3 77 .0 7 77 .0 8 77 .0 9 78 .0 3 78 .0 4 78 .0 6 78 .0 7 78 .0 8 78 .0 9 79 .0 1 79 .0 3 80 .0 1 80 .0 2 81
71
73
70
.0 1 68 .0 2
69
67
68
66
MAPPING DC
MEDIAN HOUSING VALUES *INFORMATION FROM WWW.ZILLOW.COM
GEORGETOWN
$600
$500 CAPITOL HILL
$400
WASHINGTON DC $300 DUPONT PARK $200
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Understanding the Population (Cont.) The diagram at the right is a continuation of the diagram on the previous page which describes the distribution of the 65+ population in DC using information from the 2010 Census. How does this information help with making projections for the future? The DC Of ice of Planning reported that housing prices have outpaced the income growth rates. Properties in well-established neighborhoods, like those in the Northwest of the city, become a strong source of wealth, however, they also make it dif icult for new residents to ind housing. This also perpetuates conditions that restrict inclusive and/or diverse neighborhoods.
“The overarching goal for housing is: Develop and maintain a safe, decent, and affordable supply of housing for all current and future residents of the District of Columbia. (DC Ofϔice of Planning)” DC must increase the rate at which it supplies a diverse mix of housing stock in order to meet projected needs in the 20 years or so. In addition, the city has determined that it has the land resources to satisfy the space for new housing, however the location of this land makes it dif icult to guarantee that it will be accessible and affordable to all existing and new residents.
MAPPING DC
TAKOMA
CHEVY CHASE FRIENDSHIP HEIGHTS
AFRHS
CLEVELAND PARK
WOODRIDGE FORT LINCOLN
KALORAMA VILLAGE PALISADES
GEORGETOWN
PER SQ. FT
CAPITOL HILL
$600 $400 $300 $200 $100
DUPONT PARK FAIRLAWN
FORT DAVIS
NE
RD NE
USET
LANG PL NE
NE
NE S ST
17TH PL NE
STA PLE
EN ORR
18TH ST NE
N ST
L ST NE
NE
19TH ST NE
FLO RIDA
20TH ST NE
AVE
13TH ST NE
5TH ST NE SW
IO DR SW
ST NE 20TH
18TH
17TH
ST NE
ST NE
14TH ST NE
NE
PL NE
AVE
ST NE
25TH
PL NE
24TH
OKL AHO MA
23RD
20TH ST NE
18TH ST NE
NE
NES
19TH ST NE
17TH PL NE
ANACOSTIA AVE NE
16TH ST NE
22ND ST NE 22ND ST SE
22ND ST SE
19TH ST SE
14TH ST SE
18TH ST SE
12TH ST SE
SE ANACO STIA
FWY
17TH ST SE
AVE
FWY
SE
LINA H CARO
LINA H CARO
AVE
D ST SE
SE
5TH ST SE
E 695
CAPITOL SQUARE PL SW
D ST SE
D ST SE
SOUT
SE
ELY PL SE
S
E ST SE
F ST SE
INTERSTATE
INTERSTATE 395
BURKE ST SE
C ST SE
8TH ST SE
OH
SOUT
Parks and Open Spaces
D ST SE
E ST SE
DUDDINGTON PL SE
INTER STAT
BAY ST SE
SE
32ND ST SE
CAR
NOR ST
E ST SW
E ST SW FRONTAGE RD SW
INTE
AVE
ANACO STIA
5TH ST SE
1ST ST SE
TH L
4TH ST SE
E
CA NA SE
E ST SW
D ST SE
6TH ST SE
AV
SW
SW
LINA H CARO
10TH ST SE
2ND ST SW
4TH ST SW
SOUTH CAPITOL ST
A AVE N
IA AVE AVE
OLIN
TO
SW
6TH ST SW
SE
IVY ST SE
ING
VIRGIN VIRGI NIA
E SE
C ST SE
SOUT
SH
SW
C ST SE
SEWARD SQ SE
D ST SE
WA
9TH ST SW
13TH ST SW
SE
BLVD
L'ENFANT PROMENADE SW
ETT C ST SE
Y AVE
TON
AVE
SCHOOL ST SW
SAC HUS
JERSE
D ST SW
MAS
EWARD SQ SE
NEW
3RD ST SW
SW
C ST SW
D ST SW VIRGI NIA
D ST SW
BAY ST SE
WALTER PL SE
C ST SW
11TH ST SE
DR RAOUL WALLENBERG PL SW
EAST CAPITOL ST
A ST SE
SE A AVE OLIN INDEPENDENCE AVE SE
9TH ST SE
H
HING WAS
D ST SW
SW
CAR
1ST ST SW
NC
SW
D ST SW
AVE
7TH ST NE
TH NOR
C ST SW
LAND
5TH ST NE
1ST ST
5TH ST SE
7TH ST SW
12TH ST SW
SW ST H
A ST
INDEPENDENCE AVE SW
SW
MARY
AVE
MARY
EAST CAPITOL ST
EAST CAPITOL ST
SW
7TH ST SE
12TH ST EXPY SW
17TH ST SW
EAST CAPITOL ST
16TH ST SE
12TH ST EXPY NW
HEN
NW DR OHIO
15T
AVE LAND
LAND
SW
A ST NE
NW
4TH ST NW
17TH ST NW
AVE LAND MARY
JEFFERSON DR SW
MARY
AVE
A ST NE
2ND ST SE
16TH ST NW
NW DR ON
NE AVE
9TH ST NE
2ND ST NW
10TH ST NW
20TH ST NW
22ND ST NW 23RD ST NW
BAC RY
CAR
AMES PL NE
AVE
EAST CAPITOL ST
C ST SW
MAI NE
ND
MAR
SW
FRE
23RD ST SW
YLA NW
MADISON DR NW
C ST SW
SW
Public, Quasi-Public, Institutiona
NE A AVE OLIN TH NOR
S AVE
NE AVE
1ST ST
C
INDEPENDENCE AVE SW
PARK ST NE
NE
IEL
ORIA MEM
NE
SAC ETT
DAN
SW L BRG ON
Institutional
BENNING RD
HUS
Transport, Communication, Utilit
Mixed Use
NE
E ST NE
12TH ST
C ST NE
CONSTITUTION AVE NE
PENN NIA
Industrial
LE ST
MAS
ELLI
SYLVA
Commercial
NE
TEN
CORBIN PL NE C ST NE
CONSTITUTION AVE NW
PSE
CONSTITUTION AVE NW
14TH PL NE
T ST NE
PICKFORD PL NE
D ST NE
NE
C ST NE
C ST NE C ST NW
ROSEDA
F ST
SEE
NW
IAN UIS LO
C ST NW
NW
S AVE
INDIAN
ATE 66 INTERST
NE
EAMES PL NE
MBUS COLU NE AVE
E AV
ETT
15TH ST NE
A AVE
E
ISHERWOOD ST NE
DUNCA
HUS
14TH PL NE
NW
EMERALD ST NE
DUNCAN PL NE
SAC
WARREN ST NE
AVE
AVE
LEXINGTON PL NE
MAS
1ST ST NE
NIA
NW
LE ST
NE CIR
1ST ST NW
D ST NW
D ST NW
SYLVA
C ST NW
ND
MAR
NE
12TH PL NE
13 1/2 ST NW
E AV
PENN D ST NW
RD
ST NE
NE YLA
ACKER PL NE
E ST NE
A
A D ST NW
NE
IAN UIS LO
11TH ST NE
NW
E ST NW
KRAMER
F ST NE
E ST
E ST NW
DELAW ARE
8TH ST NW
E ST NW
3RD ST NW
EXPY
2ND ST NW INTERSTATE 395
14TH ST NW
PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW
D ST NW
ST NE
ROSEDA
ALEXANDER HAMILTON PL NW
YORK
GALES
F ST NW
F ST NW
MITCH SNYDER PL NW
STATE PL NW
MORRIS PL NE
NW
NW
H ST NE
ST NE
G ST NW
Y AVE
AVE NEW
H PL NE
G ST NE
G ST NW
G ST NW
JERSE
F ST NW
E ST NW
E ST
INTERSTATE 395
8TH ST NW
G PL NW
EAST EXECUTIVE AVE NW
NW
ROCK CREEK & POTOMAC PKWY NW
G ST NW
G ST NW
AVE
NE
LINDEN PL NE
AVE
NEW
NEW
IA
WEST EXECUTIVE AVE NW
HAM
GIN
I ST
WYLIE ST NE
H ST NE
G PL NE
26TH ST NE
PARKER ST NE
NW
15TH ST NW
20TH ST NW
VIR
RD
SUM MIT
ENS RO
AVE
LEVI S ST
K ST N
10TH ST NE SACH
LEY
18TH PL NE
NE ST
LYMAN PL NE
BUR
N
NE
BLAD
NE
ST
IDAD
NE
8TH ST NE
L ST
TRIN
ABBEY PL NE
4TH ST NE
IS
9TH ST NE
2ND ST NE
18TH ST NE
G RD
NE
3RD ST NE
NE
16TH
NE AVE MON
L NE
NEA
7TH ST NE
5TH ST NW
MAS
VAL
AV E IA GIN VIR ST
NE
ST
NE
MORTON PL NE
H ST NW
H ST NW
NE
E AV OL
NE PL 11TH ST 6TH
TEL LO
ST
EEN LEV
ST
I ST NE
AVE NW
H ST NW
MADISON PL NW
JACKSON PL NW
NEW NW AVE PSH
IRE
G ST NW
C ST NW
MEM
SS
ES
E ST
1ST ST NW
NW
NW
PSH
I
T AVE
VERM ONT
TICU
AVE
NEC
HAM
I ST NW
USET TS
Medium Density Residential
Local Public
ST
CHIL DRE
NE
OAT
3RD ST NW
ACH
I ST NW
E ST EXPY NW
NGT ARLI
M
ST
ORLEANS PL NE
I ST NW
NW
TS
F ST NW
L AVE ORIA
RAU
WE
1ST TER N
7TH ST NW
10TH ST NW 12TH ST NW
18TH ST NW
K AVE
OD WO
BEE
NE
NE
EEN
M NORTH CAPITOL ST
NW AVE VERM ONT
19TH ST NW
CON
I ST NW
H ST NW
Federal Public
N
KENT PL NE
MT VERNON PL NW
27TH ST NW
26TH ST NW
YOR NEW
NW
High Density Residential
S PL
TER
NE
AVE
I ST NW
RD
MEIG
B
K ST NE
K ST NW
SYLV ANIA
Low-Medium Density Residentia
L ST NE
K ST NW
K ST NW
I ST NW
PENN
I ST NW
Low Density Residential
EA
NE
N
NE
1ST ST NE
NE DELAW ARE
AVE
1ST PL NW
PIERCE ST NE
CONGRESS ST NE
24TH ST NW 26TH ST NW
29TH ST NW
THOMAS JEFFERSON ST NW
CECIL PL NW
NW
WHITEHURST FWY NW
Existing Land Use
NEW
ATE RST INTE
POTOMAC ST NW
YO L ST NW
AVE
RD NE
NE
AZAL
ST
PEN
OWE N PL
L PL NW
395
L ST NW
H
NE
ATE RST INTE
SYLV ANIA
M
NE
KIRBY ST NW
PIERCE ST NW
L ST NW
PENN
ST
N ST NE
M ST NE
DE SALES ST NW
SOUTH ST NW
CA PIT
ON PL
1ST ST NW
N ST NE
M ST NW
M ST NW
NW
CH NE
RAU
CRABTREE RD NE
PATTERSON ST NE
VE
1ST TER NW
AVE
RD
S PL
SE
USET TS
OLIV ET
SIMM
NE
YO NEW
M ST NW
NW SACH
9TH ST NW
M ST NW
NT
NEA
MOR
VERM ONT
TER
NE RD
MOU
MT HAMILTON
N ST NW
ST NW
RIDGE ST
LAND MAS
NE D PKWY TWOO
NE
W
HIGH
NW
NE
BREN
K AVE
L PL
3RD ST NW
AVE
16TH ST NW
21ST ST NW
23RD ST NW
ND ISLA
N ST
YOR NEW O ST NE
HANOVER PL NW
D
31ST ST NW
DE RHO
PEN
P ST NE
T NW
1
BATAAN ST NW
CORREGIDOR ST NW
17TH ST NW
HAM NW
HARRY THOMAS WAY NE
ECKINGT
4TH ST NW
P ST NW 3RD ST NW
8TH S COLUMBIA ST NW
NW
N ST N
15TH ST NW
NW AVE IRE PSH
22ND ST NW
PL
PORTER PL NE
NW AVE
13TH ST NW
IN ST FRANKL
P ST NW
AVE
NW
N ST NW
NEW
POTOMAC ST NW
NW
11TH ST NW
27TH ST NW
AVE
JEFFERSON PL NW RD
POTOMAC ST NW
MARION ST NW
FLOR
W
NW 30TH ST NW
ETTS
SUNDERLAND PL NW
WA
OLIVE ST NW
T ST NW
33RD ST NW
AVE
N
RD NE
AVE
NW
ND ISLA
Y AVE
NW
ST NW
DE RHO
O ST NW
JERSE
T AVE
NW
WATER
ND OD
W
SSAC HUS
OR ARTON ST NW
D
VERM ONT
IDA
NW
TICU
N AVE ONSI O ST NW
RCH ST NW
KINGMA
AVE
ELLIPSE
28TH ST NW
TS
NEC
DUMBARTON ROCK CT NW
AVE
USET
O ST NW
PRO
19TH ST NW
SACH
P ST NW
POPLAR ST NW
NEW
34TH ST NW
EAST PL N
CON
WISC
33RD ST NW
MAS
NW
32ND ST NW
VOLTA PL NW
P ST NW
ORCORAN ST NE
BATES ST NW
Q ST NW
EAGLE NEST
NE
NE
LAND USE
G ST SE
G ST SE
VIRG SE
I ST SE
SAC
G ST SE
HUS ETT
E 295
L ST SE
S AVE SE
K ST SE
SE
STAT
295
LYN DA
INTER
SE
PEN
10TH ST SE
AVE
SE
NSY
OTA NES
E
LVA NIA AVE
A DR OSTI
SE
SE 12TH ST SE
9TH ST SE
M PL
POTOMAC AVE SE
10TH ST SE
PARSONS AVE SE
ISAAC HULL AVE SE
WARRINGTON AVE SE
MAS
SE
295
INTERSTATE
M ST SE
Y CIR BARNE
IVES PL SE
KS
TATE
30TH ST SE
POT
E 295
INTERS
ANAC
SE
MIN
M
NEL SON
ST
SE
P
ST TER WA
NAS H PL
SE
30TH ST SE
7TH ST SE
3RD ST SE
5TH ST SE
2ND ST SE 1ST ST SE
HALF ST SE VAN ST SE
SW
ST
SW L ST
E EY CK BU
SW ST H 14T
CANA
DR
SW
SW BRG U
395 E
AM BEA
TAT ERS
RO CH
SW
INT
MO
BRG
IVES PL SE
LE PL SE
SE
SW
ME RIA
U
ST
W Y
L PKW
AM BEA
R
G SW
RO CH
C AVE OMA
BRANCH AVE
6TH ST SW
L ST SW
TE M ST SW
CUSHING PL SE
HALF ST SW
MAKEMIE PL SW
K ST SW
K ST S
WA
Water Vacant
I ST SW
WESLEY PL SW
UnDetermined
K ST SW
H ST SE
SE
SW INTERSTAT
Transportation Right of Way
BAYLEY PL SE
SE
SE
AV
I PL AVE
I ST SE
WN
E 695
SE
FAI RLA
ST
I ST SE
15TH ST SE
E AV
I ST SW
14TH ST SE
H ST SW
13TH ST SE
SW
CROISSANT PL SE
1ST ST SE
AL
INE MA
DR
SE
STAT IO
VIRGI NIA
INTER CAN
OH
EAST BASIN DR SW
31ST ST SE
AVE
H ST SE
AVE
T SW
SW
KY
IAL PKWY
TUC
MEMOR
KEN
G ST SW
GW
Roads; Alleys; Median
32ND ST SE
INIA
Parking
M ST SE
WASHINGTON MAPPING DCDC
GARDENS/PARKS
PATCHING THE QUILT Sites with Potential One policy as outline by the DC of ice of planning, in conjunction with the Comprehensive Plan states, “Strongly encourage the development of new housing on surplus, vacant and under utilized land in all parts of the city. Ensure that a suf icient supply of land in planned and zoned to enable the city to meet its long-term housing needs, including the need for low-and moderate-density single family homes as well as the need for higher density housing.” The off ice of Planning also states that 15% of new housing stock and 10% of job growth will placed on newly developed large sites outside of the economic core of Washington DC. These large sites represent an aggregate of nearly 57 million square feet scattered east of the city’s N-S 16th St meridian.
UNDEVELOPED/UNDERUTILIZED SITES
WALTER REED MEDICAL CENTER 4,922,280 SQ FT
ARMED FORCES RETIREMENT HOME 12,022,600 SQ FT MCMILLAN WATER FILTRATION PLANT 12,022,600 SQ FT FORT LINCOLN (REMAINDER) 3,490,000 SQ FT UNION STATION RAIL YARD (850,000) SQ FT
NW NW
RFK STADIUM AND PARKING LOT 3,000,000 SQ FT SOUTHWEST WATERFRONT 1,960,200 SQ FT POPLAR POIINT (ANACOSTIA) 2,613,600 SQ FT
57,000,000 SQ. FT
ST ELIZABETH HOSPITAL 14,636,160 SQ FT
DC VILLAGE 7,274,500 SQ FT
UNDEVELOPED/UNDERUTILIZED SITES
GARDENS/PARKS
GREENBELT PARK
FORT DUPONT PARK
ANACOSTIA PARK
BERNARD HILL PARK ANACOSTIA PARK NATIONAL ARBORETUM
CONGRESSIONAL CEMETERY
FORT STANTON PARK
EAST POTOMAC PARK ANACOSTIA PARK BRENTWOOD PARK LINCOLN PARK FORT BUNKER HILL PARK
FORT TOTTEN PARK
SHERMAN CIRCLE GRANT CIRCLE PARK SENATE PARK FORT CIRCLE PARK
PINEY BRANCH PARK MERRIDIAN HILL PARK CONSTITUTION GARDENS
ROSE PARK DUPONT CIRCLE
WOODLAND NORMASTONE TERRACE PARK ROOSEVELT ISLAND DUMBARTON OAKS NATIONAL MALL ROCK CREEK PARK/PUBLIC GOLF COURSE
ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
FORT BAYARD PARK GLOVER ARCHBOLD PARK
BATTERY KEMBLE PARK WESLEY HEIGHTS PARK
MAPPING DC
Contention Encore Career Consituents of the City Program/Spatial Investigations Mapping/Site Considerations Formal Transformations Plans/Section Perspectives Embracing H Street Live/Work/Learn Unit
PROPOSAL
THIS THESIS CONTENDS... BY RE-THINKING THE SOCIAL, SPATIAL, AND PROGRAMMATIC CONSTRUCTS OF CONVENTIONAL SENIOR HOUSING FACILITIES AND REMOVING THEM FROM THEIR CURRENT HETEROTOPIC CONDITIONS, A NEW TYPOLOGY CAN BE DEVELOPED WHICH INVESTIGATES OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL REINTEGRATION PROVIDED BY THE EMERGING PHENOMENON OF THE ENCORE CAREER.
PROPOSAL
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ENCORE LEARNING
WORKING
REST
TRADITIONAL PHASES (PRE-BABY BOOMER)
LEARNING
WORKING
REST
?
INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL “ENCORE” PHASE
ENCORE
SENIOR SE
LEARNING
WORKING
REST
ENCORE CAREER FEEDBACK LOOP
?
SCALES OF INVOLVEMENT small
medium
large larg ge
TUTORING
COACH/INSTRUCTOR
CLASSROOM
LEARNING YOUNGER GENERATIONS
Why the Arts? Many studies have pointed to the bene its of art and art education for seniors and children. Among children, such programs have been shown to improve social interaction as well as increase the child’s comprehension of other subjects such as math and reading. Among the elderly, the programs have been shown to improve overall physical health (resulting in fewer doctor visits), less medication use, increased morale, and overall level of happiness.
PROPOSAL HIGHEST RATES OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN THE US RANK 2008
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RANK 1990
1 WASHINGTON DC 2 BRIDGEPORT, CT 4 SAN JOSE; SUNNYVALE; SANTA CLARA, CA 3 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 7 BOSTON; CAMBRIDGE, MA 8 RALEIGH, NC 5 MADISON, WI 6 AUSTIN, TX 11 MINNEAPOLIS; ST. PAUL, MN 9 DENVER; AURORA, CO
SOURCE: BROOKINGS INSTITUTE
Why DC? Washington DC was chosen for the simple reason that it has consistently been ranked as the most educated city in the US. For reasons of posterity, it makes sense to assume that the educated population living in and around the DC Metro area will continue to age here, providing the critical human infrastructure needed to support this new typology.
CONSTITUENTS OF THE CITY CHILDREN
REINTEGRATE
LIFESTYLE CHANGE (HOUSING) APPROPRIATE SPACE FOR CHILDREN
ELDERLY
PROPOSAL
Aligning Opportunity OPEN PLAY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION FAMILY CONDITION (ie FOSTER CARE) ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION/AFTERSCHOOL
RECIPROCITY THROUGH INTERACTION IMPROVE ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL SKILLS IMPROVE PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE ABILITY DECREASE STIGMAS
DISABLING ENVIRONMENTS AND ISOLATION HEALTH CONCERNS $
ACCESS TO INCOME
Social constructs have placed senior housing within a crisis condition that removes and sometimes quarentines this group from mainstream society because they are no longer seen as contributing members. The baby boomer generation, however, is consistenly challenging lifestyle patterns that have resulted in existing housing typologies. Age no longer de ines when an individual stops working, though retirement from one job could mean the beginning of another, most of which take the form of entrepreneurship and public service. Constructive dynamisms exist between the interactions of the “creative senior” residents and the urban youth, de ining the opportunity for educational exchange based on the residents’ expertise. As the residents continue to practice their personal interests in verious mediums of artistic expression, afterschool programs can provided students with a focused secondary curriculum in valuable arts topics.
CONSTITUENTS OF THE CITY AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS
DCPS AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS
Academic Power hour and enrichment and wellness programming
Proving What’s Possible Program (PWP) Major Grants ($250,000-$400,000) Targeted Grant ($50,000-$100,000)
Partners with community-based organizations (CBO) and neighborhood-based organizations (NBO)
Office of Out-of-School Time Program (DCPS) Specific to school curriculum
CASE STUDY: WARD 6 SCHOOLS CAPITOL HILL MONT.
LUDLOW TAYLOR ES
CHARTER 211
J.O. WILSON ES
TIER 2 367
TIER 2 226
IN BOUNDARY: 35%
IN BOUNDARY: 21% MATH: 51.9% READING: 45.7% Out-of-School Time 3:30 -6:00 PM
TIER 4 86
IN BOUNDARY: 0%
MINER ES
TIER 3 496
IN BOUNDARY: 34%
MATH: 53.4% READING: 53.4%
MATH: 24.7% READING: 12.3%
MATH: 33.1% READING: 36.5%
Out-of-School Time 3:30 -6:00 PM
Proving What’s Possible (PWP) Grant
Out-of-School Time 3:30 -6:00 PM
2:30 -6:00 PM
WHEATLEY CAMPUS
TIER 4 463
STUART HOBSON MS
TIER 1 403
IN BOUNDARY: 57%
IN BOUNDARY: 20%
MATH: 20.4% READING: 18.7%
MATH: 62.2% READING: 67.2%
Proving What’s Possible (PWP) Grant
3:30 -6:00 PM
Out-of-School Time 3:30 -6:00 PM
ome
7:00
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- 7:
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“Springboard” 3:30 -4:30 PM
PROSPECT CENTER
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ISSUES SURROUND CHILDREN
HOW DOES THE STUDENT GET TO AND FROM SCHOOL? IS THERE A GUARDIAN OR CARE-GIVER PRESENT WHEN THE STUDENT ARRIVES HOME? DOES THE STUDENT NEED HELP WITH HOMEWORK? DOES THE STUDENT HAVE ACCESS TO AFTER SCHOOL CARE PROGRAMS? IS THE STUDENT INTERESTED IN AFTER SCHOOL CURRICULA? IS THE STUDENT CONTRIBUTING TO HIGHER/LOWER MATH/READING SCORES? DOES THE STUDENT COME FROM A HOUSEHOLD BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL?
PROPOSAL
STUDENT COMMUTE PATTERNS BY PERFORMANCE CLUSTER
PROGRAM INVESTIGATIONS COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
GYMNASIUM AUDITORIUM THEATER GALLERY LIBRARY PARK LIVE/WORK COMMUNITY PERCORSO HEALTH CENTER OFFICE
GYMNASIUM
COMMUNITY
LIVE/WORK
BASKETBALL COURTS
MEETING ROOM
DOMESTIC
CARDIO ROOM
DIGITAL IMAGING
UTILITY
LOCKERS
KICTHEN
FLEXIBLE
YOGA
STORAGE
TRANSPARENT
THEATER
UPPER LOBBY
REHEARSAL ROOM
VESTIBULE
FLYLOFT
ASSEMBLY SPACE
BACKSTAGE
STORAGE
DOUBLE-SIDED STAGE
PERCORSO
VISAUAL CONNECTION PROGRAM LINKAGE ASSEMBLY
LIBRARY
ART STUDIO
INFIRMERY
READING AREA
NORTH EXPOSURE
CLINIC
COLLECTION
UTILITY SINKS
PHYSICAL THERAPY
CIRCULATION DESK
STORAGE
HEALTH CENTER
FREIGHT ELEV.
STORAGE
GALLERY
OFFICE
DANCE STUDIO
VESTIBULE
SUPPORT STAFF
VIEW TO STREET
ART STORE
INFO/RECEPTION
FRONTAGE TO L/W
ARCHIVE STORAGE
MEDICAL STAFF
SQUARE PROP.
FEATURE SPACE
BREAK ROOMS
PROPOSAL
The Public Realm This thesis challenges the notion of singularity among constituancies and programmatic separation seen in traditional models of senior housing, through the introduction of a gradient of privacy levels. An interstitial space would slide between public and private realms in order to avoid an otherwise inevitable empty corridor condition. This interstitial space would also mediate the connection between the residential units and the adjacent public program by acting as a threshold. The radicalization of the senior housing typology with a hyper-public space is an organizational strategy used to promote the reintegration of the residents with the events and activities occuring in the city. A list of primary and secondary (support) spaces were hypothesized to foster healthy social interaction among various age groups. They include spaces for visual and performing arts, spaces to congregate, as well as more intimate spaces for more private and specialized lessons, and inally spaces designated for speci ically the residents or support staff.
SPATIAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATIVE AREA
ADJACENCIES
ADJACENCIES
ART STORE CARE GALLERIES AUDITORIUM
PRIVATE
DANCE STUDIO ART STUDIO MEDIA CENTER EXERCISE
PRIVATE
SEMIPRIVATE
SUPPORT STAFF COURTYARD INTERSTITIAL CIRCULATION/PERCORSO
PUBLIC LIVE/WORK
PUBLIC PUBLIC PRIVATE
THEATER/GALLERY INVESTIGATION
ENTRANCE INVESTIGATION
SEMIPRIVATE
INTERSTITIAL
PROPOSAL LEVEL OF PRIVACY
SECTIONAL CONFIGURATION
PRIVATE
CIRCULATION/PERCORSO
CONVENTIONAL MODEL
PUBLIC
PROPOSED MODEL
LIVE/WORK LIVE/WORK
ART STUDIO
ART STUDIO DANCE STUDIO
“PERCORSO”
LIVE/WORK
PUBLIC
INTERSTITIAL
SEMI-PRIVATE
PRIVATE
DANCE STUDIO
LIVE/WORK
AUDITORIUM CARE MEDIA CENTER
AUDITORIUM
SUPPORT STAFF COURTYARD
GALLERY GALLERY
EXERCISE
ART STORE
EXERCISE GALLERIES ART STORE
STREET
MAPPING AMMENITIES H M metro
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SITE CONSIDERATIONS A Palimpsest H STREET HISTORY US Soldiers Home authorized by Congress (1851)
RECONSTRUCTION DC Streetcar begins operation with horses (1862)
7 Little Sisters of the Poor arrive from France (1871)
1850
1860
1870
7 Little Sisters of the Poor move to 220 H Street Building (1872)
1880
DC Streetcar Electrified Cable Cars (1890)
1890
Washington Brewery Co. begins Operations on 4th and E (1890)
1900
PROGRESSIVE R RE ERA Union Station Begins Operation (1908) Apollo Theater Opens on H Street (1913)
1910
Washington Brewery Co. Closes (1917)
Apollo Theater Closes (1922)
1920
1930 Atlas Movie Theater Opens on H Street (1938)
1940
POST P OS WWII WWI
1950
DC Streetcar Operation Ends (1962)
DECLINE NE
1960
DC Riots destroy properties along H Street (1968)
Construction of H Street Bridge forces Little Sisters of the Poor to relocate. (1976) Atlas Theater Closes (1976) Capital Children’s Museum Opens in former 7 Sisters Home(1979)
1970
1980
H Street Community Dev. Corp Reopens Atlas Theater (1985) Strip Mall built between 8th and 10th (1985)
1990
RENAISSANCE ENA AIS H Street Playhouse Opens 100-seat black box Theater (2002) Capital Children’s Museum Vacates Building (2005) Atlas Performing Arts Center Opens (2005) Construction for New Streetcar System Begins on H Street (2008) Burnham Place Union Station Railyard Revevelopment announced (2012) New H Street Streetcar line to begin operation (2014)
2000
2010
2020
Several considerations were made when picking the site of this building. First, there needed to be a plethora of local ammenities to support the basic needs of the residents. This includes grocery stores, pharmacies, access to health care clinics, clothing, and restaurants. Second, the residents would need access to convenient public transportation. This site along H street is within walking distance to Union Station (the largest intermodal hub in Washington DC), as well as several bus lines and the planned streetcar line which stop at the corner of 3rd and H. Tertiary considerations include proximity to other visual and performing arts programs as well as local schools. While looking into the history of the site, I discovered that the renovated lofts directly north of the site once housed the Litte Sisters of the Poor, a care facility for the aged. More recently, it was the location of the Capital Children’s Museum before it vacated in 2005. This serendipidous coincidence was one of many that can be noted along the H Street NE corridor. The street itself is a veritable palimpsest still bearing traces of its eventful, sometimes infamous past. Important to note, H Street was one of the major sites of violence during the 1968 riots after the assassination of MLK Jr. To this day buildings destroyed in ires set during the riots remain as strip mall parking lots or vacant sites. However, these physical characteristics become reminders of H Street’s rich heritage.
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LR Y EP IS EA CO TE PA FO W R/O FO ( L FO A R U M CH S R R M ER RM HI I U ER R ER NG SM M CH TO AN ST O L Y R N R C T U EE IO LI CO HE N TC N L VY ’ E S I AR A S D EP RE EU TR N M T. AN U D ST A) N O S I O O FE U N R G R E LA TE PO S R M IN M IN T EM A L O R M IA AR L KE G M AL ET T LA H U OD D IS ET T U CH N IV UR TR D ER C IN R M SI H ID .G ED TY A R D IT A N ER N AT V E R IG IL LA AN LE H S BO EA M PE R N O H R O N O FO R EI O E R G D H M H O BO IN M G E R H AR O O TS D CE N TE R
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PROPOSAL
Collective Urban Character The H-Street corridor consists of several neighborhoods, including Capitol Hill, NoMa, Carver Langston, and Trinidad, and runs in an EW direction. The NE portion of H-Street has been the subject of much talk and action regarding revitalization in Washington DC. Some of the major catalysts responsible are the numerous arts venues, Atlas theater renovation, and the upcoming streetcar. Although several of ice and apartment buildings have been developed along H-Street, the character of the street remains as a patch-work, with inconsistent building heights, intermittent
vacant lots, parking lots, and strip malls. This portion of H-Street has only recently been connected with the rest of the city west of Union Station (as of the 1970’s) after experiencing devestating effects from ires set during the riots of 1968. Today these scars remain, and the street is inally experiencing a rennaisance that has avoided overt gentriication. Instead, we see a “softening” of the city, which proves to be a choice fronteir for experimental activity. Case in point, the city decided to place the irst lengtyh of track of the new streetcar system exclusively along H-Street.
PROPOSAL
COLLECTIVE SITE FORCES
PROPOSAL
FORMAL TRANSFORMATIONS
PROPOSAL
PROPOSAL
ROOF
ROOF
SIXTH FLOOR/ROOF
E-W SECTION
6
1/8” - 1’
1/16” - 1’
LOUNGE
MOVIE TERRACE
TERRACE
FIFTH LEVEL
N-S SECTION_3
5
1/8” - 1’
1/16” - 1’
ART STUDIO
DANCE STUDIO
DANCE STUDIO
EXAM 1
CARE
EXAM 2
OFFICE
FOURTH LEVEL
EXAM 3
N-S SECTION_2
4
1/8” - 1’
1/16” - 1’
LIBRARY
LIBRARY
LIBRARY LOBBY
4
AUDITORIUM
REHEARSAL
DEMONSTRATION KITCHEN
EXAM 1
CARE
EXAM 2
OFFICE
THIRD LEVEL 1/16” - 1’
3
EXAM 3
N-S SECTION_1 1/8” - 1’
3&H ART SUPPLIES
EMBRACING THE STREET
HST RE ET
“PERCORSO”
COLLECTION OF URBAN CHARACTER
H-STREET
PROPOSAL
The “Percorso”
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
The collective urban character of H Street, de ined by its charming irregulatities (inconsistent building heights and ornamentation, intermittent vacant lots, and the wide variety of program), represents a prime model for integration. Up to this point, the social reintegration of the elderly population was addressed through policies and programmatic considerations. In order to accommodate these ideas within another scalar shift (from the Street to the block; block to the building, and now the building to the interstitial spaces) we must consider the advantages of a street-like organization. The narrative here describes the collective urban character of H Street and the city in iltrating the site and meandering its way through the building, connecting critical public/semi-public program. Within the building this intergenerational pathway is known as the “Prcorso.” This Percorso enters the building from the corner of 3rd and H Street, passes through the entrance gallery to the lower gallery and archive, and begins its ascent up the series of ramps and through the corridors to the live/work/learn units. It’s adjacency to the units is inteded to encourage a public in iltration to occur around the residents, in order to avoid visual, physical, and social isolation that may occur in a conventional senior housing model.
EMBRACING THE STREET
PROPOSAL
PRIVATE LESSON/TUTORING
CLASS DEMONSTRATION
LIVE/WORK/LEARN
1
5
WIDE OPEN SPACE As people age they tend to collect artifacts, whether bought or handmade. Lifestyle changes usually mean down-sizing, forcing the owner to redistribute their belongings due to smaller dwellings. The Live/Work/Learn unit is intended to provide ample space for the creative senior to practice their particular form of artistic expertise. Utilizing, double-sided sliding storage partitions, occupants can store and collect their belongings and multiply spaces.
GALLERY/CLASSROOM Because these units are designed for the creative senior, there not only becomes a need for ample storage space, but for display space as well. By opening the front doors the occupant creates a welcoming environment to encourage public infiltration. In the case of an exhibit opening the occupant can display their work, while keeping the private realm of the bedroom and bathroom hidden. This arrangment is also convenient for small student groups to assemble for group lessons, and tutoring sessions.
2
6
COOKING The ability to eat and cook for one’s self are metrics of ADLs (activities of daily living) used to quantify a person’s level of independence. As a person ages and inevitably loses the ability to perform ADLs independently, or in the case of a life-changing injury needs special assistance, certain ammenities become unsafe or unnecessary. Without having to move out of the unit, appliances can be disconnected and safely hidden behind a sliding storage partition.
2 BEDROOM There are several scenarios that would necessitate multiple bedrooms or an additional partitioned space: sub-letting the unit with a roommate or business partner or even providing a bedroom for visiting family members. Occupants may even desire a private studio or office. Additionally, as occupants become older and lose the ability to care for themselves, they could bring in a personal skilled live-in or on-call assistant.
PROPOSAL
3
7
UTILITY As some occupants will be practicing forms of artistic expression that result in large messes, whether from paint splatter or dust particulate, there arises the need to provide for hygiene and cleanliness. A utility area placed along a shared “wet wall� provides occupants with laundry hook-ups and a large utility sink. Here, paints and chemicals can be stored, brushes can be soaked, and clothes can be washed and dried. The concrete floor also provides an easy to clean surface that can eventually be laminated with a safer material later on.
WALK-IN CLOSET Whether occupants need the space or not, conventional built-in closets create an obstruction and take up useful space. By implementing the same sliding storage partition system, closets can occupy less space and hold more. By sliding out just a few feet, the occupant[s] can move between the storage units and easilty access all articles of clothing. In addition, this condition also provides privacy while they dress.
4
8
SECONDARY STORAGE By overlapping the sliding partition storage units with wall-mounted storage, the occupant[s] can define a hierachy of space. Doors on both sides of the sliding storage units will ensure the occupant would never have to continuously alternate their positions to access stowed items. The utility are can be closed off, masking noxious odors of paints and chemicals, and keeping hazardous items out of the reach or visiting children.
DINING In addition to cooking, residents will have the opportunity to entertain guests. The sliding storage unit adjacent to the kitchen has a telescoping serving counter where food can be placed within reach to the dinner table. Cabinets on casters have folding table surfaces that can be articulated for events expecting several guests.
ENCORE IMAGES 3RD ANDAND H STREETCAR STOP 1_3RD H STREETCAR STOP
2_ENTRANCE GALLERY AND ART STORE LOBBY GALLERY AND ART STORE LOBBY G ALLERY A ND A RT S TORE
PROPOSAL 3_LOWER GALLERY AND ARCHIVE
4_AUDITORIUM ATRIUM
5_EXERCISE ROOM AND GARDEN
BIBLIOGRAPHY “Aging Boomers Will Strain Senior Services - AARP Bulletin.” Aarp, n.d. http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/government-elections/info-06-2011/aging-boomers-will-strain-senior-services.html. “Anything But Grey”, 2011. http://www.aronsengelauff.nl/A&G-book.pdf. Bronson, A. A., Arons & Gelauf, Paul Meurs, Deanne Simpson, Geoff Manaugh, and and many others. Volume 27: Aging. Edited by Archis + AMO + C-LAB. Archis, 2011. Bureau, U.S. Census. “American FactFinder”, n.d. http://fact inder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. Chapter 3 Land Use Elements. Volume 1 Acknowledgments, Introduction and Citywide Elements. DC Of ice of Planning, n.d. http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Across+the+City/Comprehensive+ Plan/2006+Comprehensive+Plan/Volume+1+Acknowledgements,+Introduction+and+Citywide+E lements/Land+Use. Chapter 8 Parks, Recreation and Open Space Element. Volume 1 Acknowledgments, Introduction and Citywide Elements, n.d. http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Across+the+City/Comprehensiv e+Plan/2006+Comprehensive+Plan/Volume+1+Acknowledgements,+Introduction+and+Citywide +Elements/Parks+Recreation+and+Open+Space. Chapter 9 Urban Design Element. Volume 1 Acknowledgments, Introduction and Citywide Elements, n.d. http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Across+the+City/Comprehensive+Plan/2006+ Comprehensive+Plan/Volume+1+Acknowledgements,+Introduction+and+Citywide+Elements/ Urban+Design. Freedman, Marc. “An ‘Encore’ Life Beckons...” The Atlantic Magazine, no. Winter 2011-2012. The Next Economy (n.d.): 8–9. “Medicare, Social Security Finances Strained By Aging Workforce And Slowing Economy.” Huf ington Post, April 23, 2012. http://www.huf ingtonpost.com/2012/04/23/social-security-medicareinances_n_1445752.html. Rebok, George, Michelle Carlson, and Thomas Glass. “Short-Term Impact of Experience Corps Participation on Children and School: Results from a Pilot Randomized Trial.” Journal of Urban Health: Bullitin of the New York Academy of Medicine 81, no. 1 (n.d.). Shane, David Grahame. Recombinant Urbanism: Conceptual Modeling in Architecture, Urban Design and City Theory. 1st ed. Academy Press, 2005. Starobin, Paul. “No, Malthush, No: Living Longer Is a Blessing Not a Curse.” The Atlantic Magazine, no. Winter 2011-2012 (n.d.): 8–13.