AEROMAG SPECIAL ISSUE FOR THE GOLDEN JUBILEE OF ISRO by Aeromag

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ISRO SPECIAL ISSUE

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August 2019

Indian Space Dreams On Full Blast at 1969 - 2019

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ISRO: Taking India to space

Editorial Advisory Board Dr. C.G. Krishnadas Nair Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamy (Rtd) PVSM, AVSM, VM & Bar Air Marshal P. Rajkumar (Rtd) PVSM, AVSM, VM Air Marshal Ajit Bhavanani (Rtd) PVSM, AVSM, VM Rear Admiral K. Mohanan (Rtd), AVSM Mr. Pushpindar Singh Chopra Dr . K. Ram Chand Mr. J.K.Sharma Mr. Arunakar Mishra Berlin, Germany Detlef Becker E : dw.becker@arcor.de T : + 497 112317595 M : + 491 701626053 Paris, France Marie-Thérèse Bonfigli E : mt.bonfigli@indavia.com M : +33 (0)6 89 20 95 68 Moscow, Russia George Smirnov E : gs1972@yandex.ru M : +7 (906)711-0351 / (495)644-17-33 Sunny Jerome Managing Editor Preethi M. Associate Editor David Barnabhas Design

For Publishing Articles, Advertisements Editor, Aeromag Asia Aeronautical Society of India Building Suranjandas Road, Off old Madras Road, Bangalore 560075. Karnataka, INDIA Call: +91 94490 61925 Tel: +91 80 43747492 | 25284145 Email: info@aeromag.in www.aeromag.in

Dr C G Krishnadas Nair Honorary President, SIATI

he Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is celebrating the successful launch of the second Mars mission, Chandrayaan-2. However, the space agency does not wish to rest on its laurels and has lined up a series of ambitious projects for the future, including human spaceflight programme or Gaganyaan, India’s own space station, interplanetary missions to the Sun as well as Venus and space science programmes. Ever since its formation on August 15, 1969, ISRO has been going from strength to strength. Fifty years ago, ISRO lacked space infrastructure and expertise to launch big rockets. Aryabhata, India’s first own satellite, took off from the ground on April 19, 1975 in a Russian rocket. But over the years, it has overcome each technological hurdle. Initially, ISRO launched sounding rockets carrying a payload of 30-70 kg to 150 km altitude from Thumba in Thiruvananthapuram. But now the agency sends 4,000-kg payloads to the geostationary orbit at 36,000-km altitude. Some of the major milestones of ISRO include development and launch of SLV, ASLV, INSAT, IRS, PSLV, GSLV, GSAT, Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan and Chandrayaan-2. The space agency has also placed in orbit EMISAT to help the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). All these years, ISRO has also given much stress to developing space technologies that would benefit the common man. The agency has, in fact, been attempting to fulfill the vision of the father of Indian space programme Vikram Sarabhai, who always pushed for using space technology for the welfare of society. With resources on Earth like water and energy fast depleting, humans may have to depend on other celestial bodies in future to fulfill basic needs. ISRO is now launching interplanetary missions to find a way to reach these planets. Among the immediate plans of ISRO is a Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, which can be assembled in just 3-4 days as compared to 30-40 days for a normalsize PSLV and a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). Among the biggest achievements of ISRO has been launching major missions successfully on small budgets.

Printed and Published by Sunny Jerome, Managing Editor, Aeromag Asia, Aerosun Media, Aeronautical Society of India Building, Suranjandas Road, Off Old Madras Road,Bangalore 560075, Karnataka. Printed at Rashtrotthana Mudranalaya, 19/1, K.G.Nagar, Bangalore-19.

Content 10 ISRO Five Decades of Glory in Space Research 12 ISRO @ 50 : A golden voyage to space

20 Vikram Sarabhai - the visionary who took India to space 24 India celebrates Mission II to Moon 30 Expanding India’s Space Horizons

36 ISRO Centres:A countrywide presence 40 Odysseys to Expanding Frontiers 48 ISRO: Expanding global tie-ups 52 Space programmes can tap business worth Rs. 50,000 crores 58 India yet to achieve full potential in world space arena 60 Space programmes have spurred national development

63 BEL eyes pie of space electronics business 64 ISRO Chairmen: A distinguished line-up 70 VSSC: ISRO’s Lead Centre in Launch Vehicle Technology 76 Role of IIRS in Capacity Building: Current Trends & Practices 79 GMR setting up India’s largest Airport city in Hyderabad 85 AEPL-ISRO: An effective partnership 86 Additive Manufacturing and Its Applications Beyond Skies

88 Bacterially Induced Galvanic Corrosion On Al 7075 Alloys 90 Comsat Systems greets ISRO on its Golden Jubilee 92 Varsity: Providing custom solutions for wiring needs 93 Optimization Module Tackles Tough Materials 96 Lakshmi Vacuum – Revolutionizing Vacuum Heat Treatment

ISRO

Five Decades of Glory in Space Research India’s manned mission to space – Gaganyaan is on target. With a budget of Rs.10,000 crores, ISRO has put the required infrastructure in place. ISRO is planning to have the first unmanned (without astronaut) mission of Gaganyaan, in December 2020 and the second unmanned mission in July 2021. Finally, the first Gaganyaan mission with astronauts will be executed in December 2021. With the organization turning 50 this year, it can proudly say that throughout the last five decades, ISRO has upheld its mission of bringing space to the service of the common man, to the service of the nation.

Sunny Jerome Managing Editor Aeromag Asia

ealizing the belief that ‘space’ as a scientific field had emerged as the next frontier for human race, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) have come a long way, ever since its inception in 1969, marking India’s space research identity in global arena. From launching small rockets of just 30-70 kg payloads to carrying 4,000 kg payloads to the outer space, the list of ISRO’s achievements is long enough and is second to only a very few organizations around the world. Hence with the organization turning 50 this year, it can proudly say that throughout the last five decades, ISRO has upheld its mission of bringing space to the service of the common man, to the service of the nation.

This glory has risen further last month when its GSLV MkIII-M1 successfully launched Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft which a few days back entered lunar transfer trajectory. It is an advanced version of the Chandrayaan-1 mission planned 10 years ago. The aim of this is to conduct experiments on the moon and relay crucial information back to earth by placing a rover on the south pole of the moon. India’s manned mission to space – Gaganyaan is on target. With a budget of Rs.10,000 crores, ISRO has put the required infrastructure in place. ISRO is planning to have the first unmanned (without astronaut) mission of Gaganyaan, on December 2020 and the second unmanned mission on July 2021. Finally, the first Gaganyaan mission with

astronauts will be executed on December 2021. ISRO has become one of the six largest space agencies in the world. Over these years it has conducted 101 spacecraft mission and 72 launch mission. ISRO has launched 269 foreign satellites belonging to 32 countries. The launch missions include 3 Nano Satellite and a Micro Satellite. ISRO maintains one of the largest fleet of communication satellites (INSAT) and remote sensing (IRS) satellites, that cater to the ever growing demand for fast and reliable communication and earth observation respectively. ISRO develops and delivers application specific satellite products and tools to the Nation: broadcasts, communications, weather forecasts, disaster

management tools, Geographic Information Systems, cartography, navigation, telemedicine, dedicated distance education satellites being some of them. To achieve complete selfreliance in terms of these applications, it was essential to develop cost efficient and reliable launch systems, which took shape in the form of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The famed PSLV went on to become a favored carrier for satellites of various countries due to its reliability and cost efficiency, promoting unprecedented international collaboration. Future readiness is the key to maintaining an edge in technology and ISRO endeavours to optimise and enhance its technologies as the needs and ambitions of the country evolve.

ISRO @ 50 : A golden voyage to space India’s first space agency Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962. It subsequently grew and became Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on August 15, 1969. As ISRO passes 50 glorious years, a journey celebrating the major milestones in India’s space programme

ndia is now a leading player in the international space arena. However, the beginnings of the country’s space missions were modest. Early milestones included the first rocket launch of Rohini-75 from Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala in 1969 and fabrication of the first Indian satellite Aryabhata in a work shed at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru in 1975. Space research activities were started in India during the early 1960s. Even advanced countries were only conducting experiments on the applications of satellites at that time. When the live transmission of Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964 across the Pacific by the American Satellite ‘Syncom-3’ displayed the power of communication satellites, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founder Indian space programme, recognized the benefits of space technologies for India. Sarabhai realized that the resources in space have the potential to address the real problems of people. He had already set up Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, where a big team of brilliant scientists, anthropologists, communicators and social

scientists were ready to spearhead the Indian space programme. But even earlier, modern space research in India can traced to the 1920s, when scientist S K Mitra conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by applying groundbased radio methods in Kolkata. Later, Indian scientists like C V Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences. The period after 1945 that saw important developments in space research. Two scientists led the initiatives, Vikram Sarabhai and Homi Bhabha. Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of

cosmic radiation, high altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the Kolar mines and studies of the upper atmosphere. Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations. In 1950, the Department of Atomic Energy was founded with Bhabha as its secretary. The department provided funding for space research throughout India. During this time, tests continued on aspects of meteorology and the Earth’s magnetic field. In 1954, the Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Space research

was further encouraged by the government of India. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch. Subsequently the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by the efforts of India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Since inception, the Indian space programme has maintained three distinct elements: Satellites for communication and remote sensing, the space transportation system and application programmes. In 1967, the first ‘Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES)’ located in Ahmedabad was operationalized, which also doubled as a training centre for the Indian as well as International scientists and engineers. INCOSPAR subsequently grew and became ISRO on August 15, 1969, also under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). In 1972 Government of India set up a Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS), bringing ISRO under the DOS. The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalized space research activities in India. It is managed by the Department of Space, which reports to the Prime Minister of India. Realizing that a satellite system can contribute to the national development and that it need not wait for its own satellites to begin application development, ISRO used foreign satellites in the initial stages. Accordingly, a TV programme on agricultural information to farmers ‘Krishi Darshan’ was started and it received good response. The next step was the Satellite

Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), hailed as ‘the largest sociological experiment in the world’ during 1975-76. This experiment benefited around 2 lakh people, covering 2,400 villages of six states and transmitted developmentoriented programmes using the American Technology Satellite (ATS-6). It also trained 50,000 science teachers primary schools in one year. SITE was followed by the Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP), a joint project of ISRO-and Post and Telegraphs Department (P&T) using the FrancoGerman Symphonie satellite during 1977-79. Conceived as a sequel to SITE which focused on television, STEP was for telecommunication experiments. STEP was aimed to provide a system test of using geosynchronous satellites for domestic communications, enhance capabilities and experience in the design, manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of various

ground segment facilities and build up requisite indigenous competence for the proposed operational domestic satellite system, INSAT, for the country. SITE was followed by the ‘Kheda Communications Project (KCP)’, which worked as a field laboratory for needbased and locale specific programme transmission in the Kheda district of Gujarat State. KCP was awarded the UNESCO-IPDC (International Programme for the Development of Communication) award

for rural communication efficiency in the 1984. Meanwhile, the first Indian satellite ‘Aryabhata’ was developed and launched using a Soviet launcher. The ISRO-built satellite was sent to space by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1975. It was named after the mathematician Aryabhata. In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indianmade launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and Earth observation satellites. Satellite navigation systems like GAGAN and IRNSS have been deployed. In January 2014, ISRO used an indigenous cryogenic engine in a GSLV-D5 launch of the GSAT-14. Another milestone in the history of ISRO is sending a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, on October 22, 2008 and a Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, on November 5, 2013, which entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014,

making India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt to Mars, and ISRO the fourth space agency in the world as well as the first space agency in Asia to reach Mars orbit. On June 18, 2016, ISRO launched twenty satellites in a single vehicle, and on February 15, 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37), a world record. ISRO launched its heaviest rocket, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch VehicleMark III (GSLV-Mk III), on June 5, 2017 and placed a communications satellite GSAT-19 in orbit. With this launch, ISRO became capable of launching 4-ton heavy satellites. Future plans of ISRO include development of the Unified Launch Vehicle, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, and development of a reusable launch vehicle, human spaceflight, a space station, controlled soft lunar landing, interplanetary probes, and a solar spacecraft mission. Motto and missions The motto of ISRO is, ‘Harness space technology for national development, while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.’

The space agency’s missions include: • Designing and developing launch vehicles and related technologies for providing access to space. • Designing and developing satellites and related technologies for earth observation, communication, navigation, meteorology and space science. • Indian National Satellite (INSAT) programme for meeting telecommunication, television broadcasting and developmental applications. • Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) programme for management of natural resources and monitoring of environment using space based imagery. • Space-based Applications for development of society. • Research and Development in space science and planetary exploration. ISRO now has a budget of Rs 11,538.26 crore (USD 1.7 billion) in 2019–20 (estimated) and has a staff strength of 16,072. Its website is www.isro.gov.in Early landmarks An early landmark of ISRO was the development of the first launch vehicle SLV-3 with a capability to place 40 kg in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which

had its first successful flight in 1980. Through the SLV3 programme, competence was built up for the overall vehicle design, mission design, material, hardware fabrication, solid propulsion technology, control power plants, avionics, vehicle integration checkout and launch operations. Development of multistage rocket systems with appropriate control and guidance systems to orbit a satellite was a major milestone. In the experimental phase during 1980s, end-to-end capability demonstration was done in the design, development and in-orbit management of space systems together with the associated ground systems for the users. Bhaskara-I & II missions were pioneering steps in the remote sensing area whereas ‘Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE)’ became the forerunner for future communication satellite systems. Development of the complex Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), also demonstrated newer technologies like use of strap-on, bulbous heat shield, closed loop guidance and digital autopilot. This paved the way for learning many nuances of launch vehicle design for complex missions, leading the way for realisation of operational launch vehicles such as PSLV and GSLV. During the operational phase in 1990s, major space infrastructure was created under two broad classes: one for the communication, broadcasting and meteorology through a multi-purpose INSAT and the other for IRS system. The development and operationalisation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and development of Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) were

significant achievements during this phase. Some ISRO success stories Vikram Sarabhai, the founder of the Indian space programme, had realised the potential of space communication systems in putting television to use as a mass education tool throughout the country. He visualised and suggested this as early as 1966-67, just three years after the first geosynchronous satellite, Syncom, was launched. In 1967 he initiated studies with a view to using space communication systems for operational television broadcasting. A joint study by ISRO and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States was conducted in 1967 which recommended a hybrid system of direct broadcast by satellite combined with terrestrial TV transmitters as the most effective means of countrywide TV coverage. In 1968, a National Satellite Communication (NASCOM) study group was set up by the government. These studies and deliberations paved the way for the acceptance in 1969 by the government of the proposal to conduct the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) with NASA’s ATS-6 satellite. In 1969 studies were also conducted on the use of communication satellites for meteorological earth observations. Based on these studies and a joint study with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1970, ISRO evolved in the early 1970s the unique multipurpose nature of the INSAT system that included direct TV broadcasting, communications and meteorological observations and it was

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95% of its planned objectives. On July 2, 2016, NASA used ground-based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan-1 in its lunar orbit, more than seven years after it shut down.

firmed up during 1975-77. LEOS (Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems) is situated at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru where the first Indian Satellite Aryabhata was fabricated in 1975. Chandrayaan 1 Chandrayaan-1 is a Sanskrit term that translates as ‘Moon vehicle’. It was the first Indian lunar probe and was launched by ISRO in October 2008. The probe operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, C11, on October 22, 2008 at 00:52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The mission was a major boost to India’s space programme, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on November 8, 2008. The duration of the mission was planned as two years, but the final recorded time was 10 months and 6 days. The last contact with the spacecraft was on August 28, 2009, 20:00 UTC. On November 14, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 14:36 UTC and struck the South Pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. The probe hit near the crater Shackleton at 15:01 UTC, ejecting sub-

surface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The location of impact was named as Jawahar Point. The estimated cost for the project was ₹386 crore. The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg at launch and 675 kg in lunar orbit. It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a twoyear period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The Polar Regions are of special interest as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. Among its many achievements was the discovery of widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. After almost a year, the orbiter started suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding; Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals about 20:00 UTC on August 28, 2009, shortly after which the ISRO officially declared the mission over. Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved

Mangalyaan The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a space probe launched by ISRO orbiting Mars since September 24, 2014. It is also called Mangalyaan. The word is derived from Sanskrit and means ‘Mars-craft.’ ‘Mangal’ stands for Mars and ‘yana’ for craft or vehicle. Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013. It is India’s first interplanetary mission and made ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It also made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so in its maiden attempt. The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre using a PSLV

rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on November 5, 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on October 28, 2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven apogeeraising orbital manoeuvres before trans-Mars injection on November 30, 2013 (UTC). After a 298-day transit to Mars, it was inserted into Mars orbit on September 24, 2014. The mission is a ‘technology demonstrator’ project to develop the technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an interplanetary mission. It carries five instruments that will help advance knowledge about Mars to achieve its secondary, scientific objective. The spacecraft is currently being monitored from the Spacecraft Control Centre at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru with support from the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) antennae at Byalalu, Karnataka.

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Vikram Sarabhai - the visionary who took India to space Vikram Sarabhai, whose birth centenary falls in August 2019, set up several landmark institutions in the country. However, the establishment of ISRO 50 years ago was his greatest achievement. Sarabhai could convince the Central government of the importance of a space programme for a developing country like India

he history of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) cannot be written without highlighting the contributions of Dr Vikram Sarabhai, who is regarded as the father of India’s space programme.

Incidentally, 2019, the year when ISRO is celebrating 50 years of its glorious existence, is also the birth centenary year of Sarabhai. Hailing from an affluent family of industrialists based in Gujarat, Sarabhai set up several landmark

institutions and was part of the family business ventures too. However, the establishment of ISRO was his greatest achievement. He could convince the Central government of the importance of a space programme for a developing country like India after the Russian Sputnik launch. The stress Sarabhai gave to the space programme can be realized from his quote: “There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of

nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.” Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai was born on August 12, 1919 in Ahmedabad, Bombay Presidency, British India. His father Ambalal Sarabhai was an industrialist who owned many mills in Gujarat. Vikram Sarabhai was one of the eight children of Ambalal and Sarla Devi. Vikram matriculated from the Gujarat College in Ahmedabad after clearing the Intermediate Science examination. He subsequently moved to England and joined the St. John’s College, University of Cambridge. He received the Tripos in Natural Sciences from Cambridge in 1940. When the Second World War escalated, Sarabhai returned to India and joined

The Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dr. K. Sivan along with other dignitaries releasing an album on the life story of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, during the inaugural function of birth centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, at Gujarat University Convention & Exhibition Center, in Ahmedabad on August 12, 2019.

Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO inaugurating the exhibition ‘Space on Wheels’, during the birth centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.

the Indian Institute of Science (IISC) in Bangalore, where he began research in cosmic rays under the guidance of Sir C. V. Raman, the Nobel Prize winner. He headed to Cambridge again after the war in 1945 and was awarded a PhD degree in 1947 for his thesis titled ‘Cosmic ray investigation in tropical latitudes.’ Returning to a newly Independent India from Cambridge, Sarabhai was instrumental in establishing the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad in 1947. Known as the cradle of space sciences in India, the PRL had a modest beginning at his residence, the ‘Retreat’, with research on cosmic rays. The institute was formally established at the MG Science Institute, Ahmedabad, on November 11, 1947. The initial focus was research on cosmic rays

and the properties of the upper atmosphere. Research areas were expanded to include theoretical physics and radio physics later with grants from the Atomic Energy Commission. For establishing PRL, Sarabhai had persuaded charitable trusts controlled by his family and friends to endow a research institution in home town. He was only 28 at that time. Sarabhai was a creator and cultivator of institutions and PRL was the first step in that direction. He also led the Sarabhai family’s diverse business interests. His interests varied from science to sports to statistics. He set up Operations Research Group (ORG), the first market research organization in the country. Most notable among the many institutes he helped set up are the Nehru Foundation for Development in Ahmedabad, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), the Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association (ATIRA) and the (CEPT). Along with his wife Mrinalini Sarabhai, he founded the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts. Other institutions established by him include the

Faster Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) in Kalpakkam, Variable Energy Cyclotron Project in Calcutta, Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) in Hyderabad and Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) in Jaduguda, Jharkhand. Sarabhai also started a project for the fabrication and launch of an Indian satellite. As a result, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was put in orbit in 1975 from a Russian cosmodrome. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, widely regarded as the father of India’s nuclear science program, supported Dr. Sarabhai in setting up the first rocket launching station in India. This centre was established at Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram on the coast of the Arabian Sea, primarily because of its proximity to the equator. After a remarkable effort in setting up the infrastructure, personnel, communication links, and launch pads, the inaugural flight was launched on November 21, 1963 with a sodium vapour payload. As a result of Sarabhai’s dialogue with NASA in 1966, the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was launched during July 1975 - July 1976. However, Sarabhai had passed away by that time. Sarabhai was very interested in science education and founded a Community Science Centre at Ahmedabad in 1966. Today, the Centre is called the Vikram A Sarabhai

Community Science Centre Vikram Sarabhai married the classical dancer Mrinalini in 1942. The couple had two children. His daughter Mallika gained prominence as an actress and activist, and his son Kartikeya Sarabhai too became an active person in science. Indian Postal Department released a commemorative Postal Stamp On his first death anniversary, December 30, 1972. In 1973, the International Astronomical Union decided that a lunar crater, Bessel A, in the Sea of Serenity will be known as the Sarabhai crater. Vikram Sarabhai died on December 30, 1971 at Kovalam, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. He won various awards, including Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award (1962), Padma Bhushan (1966) and Padma Vibhushan (posthumous - 1972). The distinguished positions held by Sarabhai included President of the Physics section, Indian Science Congress (1962), President of the General Conference of the I.A.E.A., Verína (1970) and Vice-President, Fourth U.N. Conference on ‘Peaceful uses of Atomic Energy’ (1971). Another honour is naming of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, (VSSC), a research institute specialising in solid and liquid propellants for rockets located in Thiruvananthapuram after him.

Prime Minister hails father of Indian Space Programme, Vikram Sarabhai

oday (August 12, 2019), it is a special for all Indians as we celebrate the 100th birth anniversary of the late Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. This has come at a time when India is going to land on the moon next month and this will be a special tribute Dr. Sarabhai from 130 crore Indians. The two government departments of Space and Nuclear Energy have organised a series of celebrations to mark the birth centenary of Dr. Sarabhai and I congratulate both the organisations. In January this year, I unveiled the bust of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmedabad which is both birth place and ‘Karmabhoomi’ of Dr. Sarabhai. He set up the Physical Research Laboratory, the Space Application Centre, the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, thus contributing significantly to India’s development. While the scientific community knows his contribution to India, it is necessary to take his inspiring life to the common man, particularly youth who need to be drawn to science. Dr. Sarabhai’s life story is inspiring as he was drawn to science from his childhood. Mentored by Dr. C.V.Raman, he became an ardent science student. It became a mission for him to pursue science for the common good of people. For him science and technology were to be deployed for the benefit of the country. He used to tell that people’s problems can be solved through science. His vision was to use science and technology to make India a great power and it truly has. Space and nuclear technology are now being used for the safety and security of Indians. The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) which experimented with education, the Kheda communication project (which decentralised television broadcasting) and many other programmes were initiated by Dr. Sarabhai and today Indians are proud of this. Following the death of Dr. Homi Bhabha, there was a vacuum in the scientific community and it was difficult to fill that space. But Dr. Sarabhai not only filled that void but also gave a new boost to science.

Narendra Modi Hon’ble Prime Minister of India The rocket which he launched from Thumba is now enabling us to reach the moon and Mars. The world is seeing us and praising us for our space endeavours. Dr. Sarabhai was not only a superb scientist but also a great human being. However busy he was, he found time to be with children as he believed the future belonged to them. He had great foresight and he was a true soldier of science. Not only science, he promoted Indian culture and languages. He believed it was necessary for scientists to be objective and to be detached. He firmly believed that if science and technology did not

help in solving the problems of the nation, then it was useless. I urge the youth of the country to innovate and invent. Dr. Sarabhai has left a legacy behind and we should reach it to the people such that they can be inspired. I request all Indians and students in particular to take part in the online space quiz which has started on August 10 and will go on till August 20. The winners will be invited to Sriharikota to witness Chandrayaan-2 landing on the moon on September 7. (Prime Minister’s Speech)

India celebrates Mission II to Moon India has created history by sending a second spacecraft to Moon. The mission, Chandrayaan-2, includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover and will explore the littleknown area near the lunar South Pole.

ndia displayed its prowess in Moon missions once again by launching Chandrayaan-2, the country’s second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh on July 22, 2019 at 2.43 pm Indian Standard Time (IST). The launch vehicle was a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). Chandrayaan-2’s orbit has a perigee of 170 km and an apogee of 45,475 km. Chandrayaan-2 consists of a lunar orbiter, a lander named Vikram and a lunar rover called Pragyan. The lander and the rover will land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south. The wheeled Pragyan rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis for a period of 14 days, which is one lunar day. It can relay data to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and lander, which were launched together on the same rocket. The orbiter will perform its mission for one year in a circularized lunar polar orbit of 100 × 100 km. Launch of Chandrayaan-2 was originally scheduled for July 15, 2019 at 2:51 IST but was called off due to a technical snag noticed while filling the cryogenic engine of the rocket with helium about one hour before launch. The countdown was frozen at T minus 56 minutes, 24 seconds (56 minutes and 24 seconds to launch). With Chandrayaan-2, India is aiming to be the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after

the space agencies of the USSR, the USA and China. Chandrayaan-2 is expected to be the southernmost lunar landing, aiming to land at 67°S or 70°S latitude. Chandrayaan-2 will be exploring the Moon’s South Polar Region, an area where no country has ever gone before. Objectives The scientific objectives of Chandrayaan-2 and the reasons for exploring the Lunar South Pole are as follows. Humanity has observed the Moon since time immemorial. It offers the best clues to understanding Earth’s early history. However, the origin

of Moon still needs further explanations. Extensive mapping of lunar surface to study variations in lunar surface composition is essential to trace back the origin and evolution of the Moon. Evidence for water molecules discovered by Chandrayaan-1 requires further studies on the extent of water molecule distribution on the surface, below the surface and in the tenuous lunar exosphere to address the origin of water on Moon. The lunar South Pole is especially interesting because the lunar surface area here that remains in shadow is much larger than that at

the North Pole. There is a possibility of the presence of water in permanently shadowed areas around it. In addition, South Pole region has craters that are cold traps and contain a fossil record of the early Solar System. Chandrayaan-2 will attempt to soft land the lander Vikram and rover Pragyan in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70 degrees south. It will be the first space mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon’s south polar region. India’s home-grown technology will be used for the purpose.

Evolution of Chandrayaan-2 The Indian government had approved Chandrayaan-2 mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet held on September 18, 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The design of the spacecraft was soon completed in August 2009. Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 as per schedule, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016. The mission has an allocated cost of ₹978 crore which includes ₹603 crore for space segment and ₹375 crore as launch costs on GSLV Mk III.

Image Source : TWITTER @NARENDRAMODI

Prime Minister Narendra Modi watching the launch of Chandrayaan-2 from his office. Orbiter The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km. The orbiter carries five scientific instruments. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass will be 2,379 kg. The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The orbiter’s structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on June 22, 2015. Vikram lander The mission’s lander is called Vikram, which is the Sanskrit term for ‘valour’. It is named after Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian space programme. The Vikram lander will detach from the orbiter and descend to a lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km using its 800 N liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of all its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing, deploy the rover, and perform some scientific activities for approximately

15 days. The approximate combined mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg. The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. Initially, the lander design employed four main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. Vikram can safely land on

slopes up to 12 degrees. Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, navigation camera, hazard avoidance camera, an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine, attitude thrusters, altimeter, velocity meter, and the software needed to run these components. Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district

of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander’s sensors to select a landing site. Pragyan rover Pragyan, wisdom in Sanskrit, is the rover of Chandrayaan-2. Its mass is about 27 kg and the operation is by solar power. The rover will move on 6 wheels traversing 500 metres on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm per second,

performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the lander, which will relay it to the Earth station. Stereoscopic camerabased 3D vision: Two 1 megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs in front of the rover will provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and

Payload ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander, and two for the rover. The orbiter’s payloads are: Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) developed by ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bengaluru.

Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2) Quadrupole Mass Analyzer from Space Physics Laboratory (SPL), Thiruvananthapuram to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere. Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology. Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere - Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL. Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard free spot for landing. Imagery from OHRC will later help prepare Digital elevation model of lunar surface. The payload on Vikram lander includes: Instrument for Lunar Seismic

help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain. Control and motor dynamics: The rover has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering. The expected operating time of Pragyaan rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days but its power system has a solar-powered sleep/ wake-up cycle implemented, which could result in longer service time than planned. IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.

Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad for mapping major elements present on the lunar surface. Dual Frequency L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) from Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad for probing the first few tens of metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents, including water ice. SAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice below the shadowed regions of the Moon. Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) developed by SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present.

Activity (ILSA) Seismometer by LEOS for studying Moonquakes near the landing site. Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) Thermal probe for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface. RAMBHA-LP Langmuir probe for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface plasma. A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance. Pragyan rover payload includes: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) from Laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore. Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad. Website: www.isro.gov. in/chandrayaan2-home

Cryogenic stage at vehicle assembly building for vehicle integration

Expanding India’s Space Horizons With the successful launch of Chandrayaan-2, India’s second mission to Moon, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is brimming with confidence about the country’s future space plans. Dr K Sivan, who took over as the Chairman of ISRO on January 15, 2018, has set big goals for India’s space agency

Dr K Sivan, Chairman, ISRO

second mission to Moon, plans for sending a human to space, India’s own space station and voyages to Venus and Sun. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is scaling bigger heights. In an interaction with regional, national and international media persons at ISRO Headquarters, Bengaluru Chairman of ISRO Dr K Sivan had outlined the space agency’s vision on space science and interplanetary missions. “Understanding the secrets of the inner solar

system is an aspiration of both national and international scientific community,” he said. Chandrayaan-2 success, bigger goals After the successful launch of Chandrayaan-2 mission, Sivan said ISRO had bounced back “with flying colours” after a technical snag led to the mission being called off at the eleventh hour during the first attempt on July 15. The Chairman said the team swung into action after the setback and within 24 hours, the issue had been rectified.

“Our task is not over. We will work on the next mission now. This year, we will have a series of missions. This is my duty to salute all people who made this possible,” Sivan added. Among the missions planned is India’s own space station. As part of this plan, ISRO has asked researchers to use the fourth stage of its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle to find ways to dock a robotic arm with the spacecraft. The significance is that the fourth stage of the vehicle can be used for the experiments that will be conducted in the space station. If successful in building its own space station, India will be the fourth country, after Russia, the US, and China, to set up a space station. In recent years, India’s goals regarding space have been expanding beyond having planetary missions to antisatellite missile tests, creating a Defence Space Agency, and its own space station by 2030. Meanwhile, ISRO new commercial arm NewSpace India has also been officially inaugurated. Plans for India’s space station A space station is a spacecraft which revolves around the Earth and provides a small space for a few humans to live for a few days to carry out cutting-edge scientific research in an environment that cannot be simulated on earth. At present, the International Space Station (ISS) is the

only functional space station in the earth’s lower orbit, where at any point in a year, six astronauts conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, and meteorology. The 360-tonne space station is circling the earth 400 km above its surface. The ISS is a multinational collaboration among the European Space Agency, NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Canada CSA, and Roscosmos of Russia. India’s space station will not be as big as ISS. It will probably weigh around 1520 tonnes, will be used for microgravity tests, and will be able to accommodate a small group of persons for 15-20 days. According to Sivan, the plan for India’s own space station is a logical extension of the Rs 10,000 crore human space programme scheduled for 2022. “Without a space station, the human space programme will not have a conclusion,” said the ISRO chief. After ISRO develops the technology to send humans into space, the next step will be to make arrangements to allow humans to live in space. The space station will be an extension of the Gaganyaan Mission which involves sending three Indian astronauts to space for seven days in lower earth orbit (of 120-400 km). The space station is expected to help accelerate the development of reusable

rockets, in-orbit docking systems and manned missions. The station will create new opportunities for other spacecraft to dock as well as allowing for cross-collaboration experiments. This is important considering that ISS is likely to be wound up by 2028. ISRO has said that it intends to build a space station by 2023. After the likely closure of ISS in 2028, China’s space station would be the only crewed space station left. Human space flight centre Another ambitious project of ISRO is setting up a human space flight centre in Bengaluru for manned missions. Speaking about the project, Sivan said in an interview: “It’s not simply about sending a man into space. The entire country’s understanding of science and technology will rise. It will inspire youngsters to do something new and encourage them to participate in science programmes. This particular project has many institutions and industries associated with it. In that sense, it is not just an ISRO project, but a national one. Every Indian agency involved can showcase its skills and the nation can be proud that, in science and technology, we are equal to the developed countries.” According to Sivan, when a human is launched, apart from the engineering and technical aspects, the human element, life sciences, also come in. “We have to ensure that the human inside the module is safe and all conditions are similar to those on Earth. Simulating such conditions and creating such an environment is a challenge for us, but it is new to us,” he said. The Institute of Aerospace Medicine in Bengaluru has

the facilities for training astronauts, he added. The Institute had done a similar thing for Rakesh Sharma, India’s first man in space, he pointed out. “But we will need more rigorous training. Given the target set by the Prime Minister - 2022 - we may need international collaboration and the use of outside facilities

and systems,” said Sivan. On the cost of the human in space project, Sivan said that it would be Rs 10,000 crore. “This amount is not very high as almost all the critical technology has been developed by us. The vehicle is also already available. Our only remaining job is to build a training facility and

infrastructure for the launch,” explained the ISRO chief. Partnership with industries According to Sivan, the next big thrust to expand ISRO’s commercial ventures would be ‘Baby PSLV’. It will be a smaller, modular rocket for ondemand launches. “There is also a huge scope for re-usable

Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman,ISRO with former Chairmen Dr.Kasturirangan and Kiran Kumar during the centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.

rocket technology, another ongoing project, which would further reduce the cost of launch,” he continued. In another interview, the ISRO Chairman said though the space agency has plans to send a man to the moon, the immediate requirement of the country is more satellites. “At ISRO, we seek cooperation from industry in manufacturing parts of satellites and this is not something new. Even today, hardware or the physical work is done partially by the industry. We have been doing this for years. In this sense of the term, we want privatisation to happen and industry should play a role in helping ISRO. Let me give an example. Two of our navigation satellites have been developed with the help of private parties. We have signed contracts to make 20 satellites with three agencies. It has been the mission of ISRO’s founding fathers that there should be an interplay of industry, academia and ISRO,” said Sivan. The ISRO chief stresses that India needs many more satellites. “Our focus right now is to serve the country and

see how space programmes will serve common people. At the moment we have around 45 satellites in space, but the national demand today is another 45,” he added. A major milestone Among the milestones during Sivan’s term as Chairman so far is laying the foundation stone for ‘Space situational awareness control centre’ at Peenya, Bengaluru. Space Situational Awareness & Management (SSAM) is an internationally significant area due to the ever growing manmade space debris population and the increased collision threat with operational spacecraft. The control centre would facilitate the intensified activities foreseen for SSAM, in view of increasing debris population and operational space assets. The control centre would host a range of activities pertaining to protection of Indian space assets from inactive satellites, pieces of orbiting objects, near earth asteroids and adverse space weather conditions. For sustainable use of space, the control

centre would enable research activities pertaining to active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation. Shining achievements Kailasavadivoo Sivan, who took over as the Chairman of ISRO from A S Kiran Kumar on January 15, 2018, has enjoyed a glittering track record. Sivan was born on April 14, 1957 at Mela Sarakkalvilai, near Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state in India. His parents are Kailasavadivoo and Chellam. Sivan, who belongs to an agricultural family, studied in a Tamil medium government school in Mela Sarakkalvilai Village and later in Vallankumaranvilai in Kanyakumari district. He later graduated with a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Madras Institute of Technology in 1980. Sivan then earned a master’s degree in aerospace engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru in 1982, and started working in ISRO. He earned a doctoral degree in aerospace engineering from Indian Institute of

Technology, Bombay in 2006. Sivan is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, the Aeronautical Society of India and the Systems Society of India. In ISRO, Sivan is popularly known as the ‘Rocket Man’ for his significant contribution to the development of cryogenic engines, for India’s space programme. Sivan worked on the design and development of launch vehicles. Sivan joined ISRO in 1982 to participate in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) Project. He was subsequently appointed as the director of ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) on July 2, 2014. On June 1, 2015, he became the Director of VSSC (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre). In PSLV Project, he has contributed immensely towards end-to-end mission planning, mission design, mission integration and analysis. The mission design process and innovative mission design strategies perfected for PSLV have become the foundation for ISRO launch vehicles like GSLV, GSLV-MK3 and RLV-TD. Sivan is the chief architect

Inauguration of Launch view gallery in SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota by Dr. K. Sivan, Secretary, DOS and Chairman, ISRO. of 6D trajectory simulation software, SITARA, which is the backbone of the real-time and non-real-time trajectory simulations of all ISRO launch vehicles. The ISRO Chairman has commissioned a worldclass simulation facility in ISRO for mission synthesis and analysis which is used for mission design, sub-system level validation and integrated validation of avionics systems in all ISRO launch vehicles. During his career at ISRO, Dr Sivan has held many responsibilities like Group Director, MSSG; Project Director, RLV-TD; Deputy Director, Aeronautics Entity; Deputy Director, Structures Entity; Project Director, GSLV and Chief controller. In fact, it was Sivan’s expertise that gave ISRO the ability to send 104 satellites in a single mission, setting a world record on February 14, 2017. He was the key person who worked on the technicalities of how the satellites would be placed in orbit. The new ISRO Chairman

has also played a key role in developing the indigenous Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle MK II, and was part of the team that ideated on the Swadeshi space shuttle. Under his chairmanship, ISRO launched Chandrayaan 2, the second mission to the moon on July 22, 2019. Recognition Considering his immense contributions to India’s space missions over the years, Dr K Sivan has been selected for a series of awards. They include the Shri Hari Om Ashram Prerit Dr Vikram Sarabhai Research award in 1999; ISRO merit award in 2007; Dr Biren Roy Space Science award (2011); Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2013 from MIT Alumni Association, Chennai and Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2018 from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In addition, Sivan was conferred with the Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) from Sathyabama University, Chennai in April

2014. In August 2019, he was selected for the Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Award of the Tamil Nadu government. Temple visit Among the interesting incidents during the ISRO Chairman’s term has been a visit to Tirumala temple to pray for Chandrayaan-2. Like his predecessors, who used to worship at the hill shrine before every major space mission, Sivan also sought Lord Balaji’s blessings. Sivan, who was accompanied by some ISRO scientists, visited the temple along with the replica of Chandrayaan-2 to receive the “benign blessings of Almighty”, according to the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD), which manages the affairs of the renowned temple. Sivan was later offered an ‘edasirvachanam’ at Ranganayakula Mandapam by Vedic pundits at the temple. ‘Theertha Prasadams’ were also given to the ISRO Chairman.

Sivan also sought divine blessings at Sri Chengalamma temple in Sullurupet, near the launch centre at Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

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ISRO Centres: A countrywide presence

ISRO operates from various locations in the country. Each centre of the space agency plays a crucial role in making the missions successful. A brief look at the major centres

he Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) functions from various centres spread across the country. Each centre carries out several crucial functions. The ISRO units are located in the following cities: Chandigarh (1 centre), New Delhi (3), Dehradun (2), Lucknow (1), Kolkata (1), Shillong (1), Nagpur (1), Hyderabad (1), Tirupati (1), Port Blair (1), Sriharikota (1), Mahendragiri (1), Thiruvananthapuram (4), Aluva (1), Bengaluru (12), Hassan (1), Byalalu (2), Mumbai (1), Bhopal (1), Mt. Abu, Ahmedabad (3), Udaipur (1), and Jodhpur (1). VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, is the lead centre of ISRO responsible for the design and development of launch vehicle technology. VSSC pursues active research and development in the fields of aeronautics, avionics, materials, mechanisms, vehicle integration, chemicals, propulsion, space ordnance, structures, space physics and systems reliability. The Centre undertakes crucial responsibilities of design, manufacturing, analysis, development and testing related to the realisation of subsystems for the different missions.

VSSC has extension centres at Valiamala housing major facilities of mechanisms, vehicle integration and testing and at Vattiyoorkavu for the development of composites. The Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant (APEP) has been set up by VSSC at Aluva near Kochi. The major programmes at VSSC include Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Rohini Sounding Rockets as well as the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mk Ill, Reusable Launch Vehicles, advanced technology vehicles, air-breathing propulsion and critical technologies towards human spaceflight. Website: www.vssc.gov.in LPSC Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is the centre for

design, development and realisation of liquid propulsion stages for ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Launch Vehicles. Development of fluid control valves, transducers, propellant management devices for vacuum conditions and other key components of liquid propulsion systems are also under the purview of this centre. LPSC activities and facilities are spread across its two campuses namely, LPSC, Valiamala, Thriruvananthapuram and LPSC, Bengaluru, Karnataka. LPSC, Valiamala is responsible for R&D, System Design, Engineering and Project Management functions. The Fluid Control Components Entity and the Materials and Manufacturing Entities are located here, in addition to the Earth Storable and Cryogenic Propulsion Entities, handling the core tasks of the centre. LPSC, Bengaluru is responsible for design and realisation of propulsion systems for remote sensing and communication satellites and other scientific missions. Development and production of transducers and sensors are undertaken here. Website: www.lpsc.gov.in SDSC Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota, the Spaceport of India, is responsible for providing Launch Base Infrastructure for the Indian Space Programme. This centre has the facilities for solid propellant processing, static testing of solid motors, launch vehicle integration and launch operations, range operations comprising telemetry, tracking and command network and mission control centre. The centre has two launch pads from where the rocket

launching operations of PSLV and GSLV are carried out. The mandate for the centre is to produce solid propellant boosters for the launch vehicle programmes of ISRO; to provide the infrastructure for qualifying various subsystems and solid rocket motors and carrying out the necessary tests and to provide launch base infrastructure for satellites and launch vehicles. SDSC SHAR has a separate launch pad for launching sounding rockets. The centre also provides the necessary launch base infrastructure for sounding rockets of ISRO and for assembly, integration and launch of sounding rockets and payloads. Website: www.shar.gov.in URSC U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), Bengaluru, formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) is the lead centre for building satellites and developing associated satellite technologies. These spacecraft are used for providing applications to various users in the areas of Communication, Navigation, Meteorology, Remote Sensing, Space Science and interplanetary explorations. The centre is also pursuing advanced technologies for future missions. URSC is housed with the state-of-the-art facilities for building satellites on end-to-end basis. ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment (ISITE) is equipped with state-of-theart clean room facilities for spacecraft integration and test

facilities including a 6.5 Metre thermo vacuum chamber, 29 Ton vibration facility, Compact Antenna Test Facility and acoustic test facility under one roof. Assembly, Integration and Testing of all Communication and Navigation Spacecraft is carried out at ISITE. A dedicated facility for the productionisation of standardised subsystems is established at ISITE. URSC has a unit called Laboratory for Electro Optics System (LEOS), which is situated in Peenya, Bengaluru and is mainly responsible for research, development and productionisation of sensors for ISRO programmes. Since inception, URSC has the distinction of building more than 100 satellites for various applications like scientific, communication, navigation and remote sensing. Many private and public sector industries are also supporting the centre in realising standard satellite hardware. Website: www.isac.gov.in IPRC ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu is equipped with the state-of-the-art facilities necessary for realising the cutting edge propulsion technology products for the Indian space programme.

Formerly, IPRC was known as LPSC, Mahendragiri and was elevated as IPRC with effect from February 1, 2014. The activities carried out at IPRC, Mahendragiri are: Assembly, integration and testing of earth storable propellant engines, cryogenic engines and stages for launch vehicles; high altitude testing of upper stage engines and spacecraft thrusters as well as testing of its sub systems and production and supply of cryogenic propellants for Indian cryogenic rocket programme. A Semicryogenic Cold Flow Test facility (SCFT) has been established at IPRC, Mahendragiri for the development, qualification and acceptance testing of semicryogenic engine subsystems. IPRC is responsible for the supply of Storable Liquid Propellants for ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s launch vehicles and satellite programmes. Website: www.iprc.gov.in SAC Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad is spread across two campuses having multi-disciplinary activities. The core competence of the Centre lies in development of space borne and air borne instruments / payloads and their applications for national development and societal benefits. These applications are in diverse areas and primarily meet the communication, navigation and remote sensing needs of the country. Besides these, the centre also contributed significantly in scientific and planetary missions of ISRO like Chandrayaan-1 and Mars Orbiter Mission. The communication transponders developed at this Centre for Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and Geo Synchronous Satellite (GSAT) series of satellites are used by government and private sector for VSAT, DTH, Internet, broadcasting, telephones etc. This centre also designs and develops the optical and microware sensors for the satellites, signal and image processing software, GIS software and many applications for Earth Observation (EO) programme of ISRO. These applications are in diverse areas of Geosciences, Agriculture, Environment and Climate Change, Physical Oceanography, Biological Oceanography, Atmosphere, Cryosphere and Hydrosphere. SAC has active collaborations with industry, academia, national and international institutes for research and development. The centre also conducts nine-month post graduate diploma courses for students from the Asia Pacific region under the aegis of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education (CSSTE-AP) in satellite meteorology and communication. Website: www.sac.gov.in NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is

responsible for remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management. NRSC has a data reception station at Shadnagar near Hyderabad for acquiring data from Indian remote sensing satellites as well as others. NRSC Ground station at Shadnagar acquires Earth Observation data from Indian remote-sensing satellites as well as from different foreign satellites. NRSC is also engaged in executing remote sensing application projects in collaboration with

Brunei, Biak (Indonesia) and the Deep Space Network Stations. In keeping with its long-established TTC support responsibility, ISTRAC has also been mandated to provide space operations support for Deep Space Missions of ISRO, undertake development of radar systems for launch vehicle tracking and meteorological applications, establish and operationalise the ground segment for Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System, provide Search & Rescue and Disaster Management Services and support space based services like telemedicine, Village Resource Centre (VRC) and tele-education. Website: www.istrac.gov.in

the users. The Aerial Services and Digital Mapping (ASDM) Area provides end-to-end Aerial Remote Sensing services and value-added solutions for various large scale applications like aerial photography and digital mapping, infrastructure planning, scanner surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, large scale base map, topographic and cadastral level mapping etc. Website: www.nrsc.gov.in RRSCs Regional Remote Sensing Centres (RRSCs) support various remote sensing tasks specific to their regions as well as at the national level. RRSCs are carrying out application projects encompassing all the fields of natural resources. RRSCs are also involved in software development, customisation and packaging specific to user requirements and conducting regular training programmes for users in geo-spatial technology, particularly digital image processing and Geographical Information System (GIS) applications. ISTRAC ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bengaluru is entrusted with the major responsibility to provide tracking support for all the satellite and launch vehicle missions of ISRO. The major objectives of the centre are: Carrying out mission operations of all operational remote sensing and scientific satellites, providing Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC) services from launch vehicle lift-off till injection of satellite into orbit and to estimate its preliminary orbit in space and hardware and software developmental activities that enhance the capabilities of ISTRAC for providing flawless TTC and Mission Operations services. Towards these objectives, ISTRAC has established a network of ground stations at Bengaluru, Lucknow, Mauritius, Sriharikota, Port Blair, Thiruvananthapuram,

MCF Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh monitors and controls all the

Geostationary / Geosynchronous satellites of ISRO, namely, INSAT, GSAT, Kalpana and IRNSS series of satellites. MCF is responsible for Orbit Raising of satellites, In-orbit payload testing, and On-orbit operations all through the life of these satellites. MCF activities include round-the-clock Tracking, Telemetry & Commanding (TT&C) operations, and special operations like Eclipse management, Station-keeping manoeuvres and recovery actions in case of contingencies. MCF interacts with User Agencies for effective utilisation of the satellite payloads and to minimise the service disturbances during special operations. Website: www.mcf.gov.in IISU ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram is responsible for the design and development of Inertial Systems for Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft programmes of ISRO. Major systems like Inertial Navigation Systems based on mechanical gyros and optical gyros, Attitude Reference Systems, Rate Gyro Packages and Accelerometer Packages

production and transmission and training. It works with user agencies and experiments with innovative configurations to meet their requirements and facilitates in covering the ‘last mile’ in space applications to reach the unreached. The major programmes carried out by DECU include Telemedicine (TM), Tele-Education (TE), projects resulted as an outcome of the national meet of space technology and tools and other SATCOM based applications for the national development. are developed indigenously and used in various missions of ISRO. IISU also designs and develops Actuators and Mechanisms for spacecraft and allied applications. IISU is engaged in continuous Research and Development too.

IIRS Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) at Dehradun is a premier institute with the objective of capacity building in Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics and their applications

LEOS The Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS), Bengaluru is responsible for design, development and production of electro-optic sensors and optics for spacecraft use. Sensor system includes earth sensors, star sensors, sun sensors, magnetic sensors, fiber optic gyro, temperature

sensors and processing electronics. Optics system includes optics for remote sensing cameras, radiometers, star sensor optics, optical filter, optical masks, optical coatings, IR detectors and MEMS based inclinometer. LEOS is actively involved in the development of new technologies for present / future satellites. This includes development active pixel sensor star tracker, Charge Coupled Device (CCD) based star tracker, Fiber Optics Gyro, Optical inter satellite link, high resolution camera optics, optical coatings and MEMS devices (magnetometer, accelerometer etc.). LEOS is situated at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru where the first Indian Satellite Aryabhata was fabricated in 1975. DECU The Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) at Ahmedabad, is dedicated for realizing satellite communication based societal applications in the country. The major activities of DECU are – SATCOM networks configuration, implementation, upgradation, migration, utilisation, sustenance, social research and evaluation, programme

through education and training programmes at postgraduate level. The Institute also hosts and provides support to the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP), affiliated to the United Nations. Website: www.iirs.gov.in DOS The Department of Space (DOS) has the primary objective of promoting development and application of space science and technology to assist in all-round development of the nation. The Secretariat of DOS and ISRO Headquarters are located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bangalore. Programme offices at ISRO Headquarters coordinate the programmes like satellite communication, earth observation, launch vehicle, space science, disaster management support, sponsored research scheme, contracts management, international cooperation, safety, reliability, publications and public relations, budget & economic analysis, civil engineering and human resources development. Website: www.dos.gov.in Antrix Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL), Bengaluru is a wholly owned Government of India Company under the administrative control of the Department of Space. Antrix Corporation Limited was incorporated as a private limited company owned by Government of India in September 1992 as a marketing arm of ISRO for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO. Another major objective is to facilitate development of space related industrial capabilities in India. As the commercial and marketing arm of ISRO, Antrix is engaged in providing space products and services to international customers worldwide. Website: Website: www.antrix.co.in

Odysseys to Expanding Frontiers Padma Vibhushan Dr Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, who steered India’s Space programme for nine years during the millennium transition, as Chairman of ISRO, Chairman of Space Commission and Secretary of the Department of Space, Government of India, recalls how he was instrumental in triggering the Nation’s endeavours for planetary explorations, missions to reach out to the Moon, Mars, Venus and beyond, as he highlights the major milestones of ISRO’s golden jubilee saga. Excerpts from an in-depth interview:

Dr K Kasturirangan Former Chairman, ISRO You joined the exultant chorus of proud jubilation as India’s second lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 2 took off from Sriharikota. You hailed it as the most complex, the most ambitious mission that ISRO has undertaken in its 50-year-old saga. As an astrophysicist who specialized in Experimental High Energy Astronomy, and space scientist, what would be the most intriguing features of this mission for you? Dr Kasturirangan: My observation

about the complexity of Chandrayaan-2 mission and its characterisation as the most ambitious mission ever undertaken by ISRO so far, stems from the technological and mission management challenges on one side and the promise of rich science that waits to be harvested on the other side. I won’t call the challenges in technology as intriguing, but realisation of the same called for bringing to bear the most advanced space technology concepts in control

guidance and navigation, complex trajectory calculations towards intricate trajectory manoeuvres and the issues of managing some of the most difficult terminal guidance operations in the vicinity of the Moon together with robotic means of exploration around the landing point of the craft on the lunar surface. Scientifically, Chandrayaan-2 will intensify the search for water, conduct detailed studies of chemical and mineralogical characteristics of lunar

regolith, map the topography of the lunar surface including cratering as well as a precise characterization of the lunar ionospheric and neutral particle environment. The measurements being carried out for the first time in the vicinity of the lunar South Pole, the scientific outcomes are likely to be a new addition to the understanding of the lunar science. You steered India’s Space programme for nine years, from 1994 to 2003, during the millennium transition, as the head of ISRO, Chairman of Space Commission and Secretary of the Department of Space, Government of India. Looking back, how were you paving the way for the first lunar mission that was launched 11 years back, and this advanced mission to explore the South Pole of the Moon, the Earth’s only natural satellite? The story of India’s foray into planetary exploration is an interesting one. On the eve of the celebrations of Pokhran-2 in May 1999, the then Minister of Science and Technology, Prof. MM Joshi asked me, as the then Chairman of ISRO, to make a presentation on India’s Space Program in Delhi to a large gathering of intellectuals, including scientists, policy makers, leaders from different political affiliations and other professionals from different walks of life. As a part of this presentation, I included a couple of slides about ISRO’s technological ability to conduct space missions to Moon, Mars, Venus etc. Besides triggering tremendous interest among the erudite audience present at the lecture, the subsequent media reports, further revealed a national curiosity about this aspect of India’s unique capability. This

made us (ISRO) to explore further this new dimension to India’s space endeavour, by conducting a series of consultations among a number of stakeholders including making a presentation to the Standing Committee of the Parliament. After making a fairly detailed assessment of the scientific, technological, financial and the overall mission scenario including the related timelines, the matter was brought to the attention of the then Prime Minister, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The Hon’ble Prime Minister got enthused after hearing the level of groundwork done and hence went ahead to make an announcement to the nation on the eve of the Prime Minister’s Independence Day address in August 2003. Thus, was born India’s Planetary Program, with the initiation of the efforts for Chandrayaan-1. This maiden mission to a planetary body, Moon, and the interesting scientific outcomes including the first time indication of the presence of water, further inspired the scientific community to make more detailed studies and that became the genesis of Chandrayaan-2. Needless to emphasise, the engineering community, together in consultation with scientific groups decided to go for a more advanced mission that would include both a Lander and Rover, besides the Orbiter, indeed a quantum jump to our planetary exploration capability! You were involved, as the Director of Satellite Centre of ISRO, in the flight testing of PSLV, and further in the development and flight testing of GSLV. Now that the 4-tonne class GSLV-Mk III, the heaviest rocket built indigenously, has put the Chandrayaan-2

DR. K.Kasturirangan receiving Padma Vibhushan from President of India Dr.K.R.Narayanan. in the designated orbit in a most spectacular way, how do you assess India’s trajectory of growth in this critical part of space-faring – developing launchers for manned space mission? I may mention that India’s launch vehicle development program has been very well planned, right from the beginning of India’s space endeavours. Through a well thought out development strategy, starting with SLV-3 with a 40 Kg Near Earth Orbit (NEO) capability, the organisation moved to ASLV with a 110 Kg NEO capability and moving further to PSLV, the present work horse for polar launches to the level of 1- 1.8 tonnes. The next important step was to realise Geosynchronous capability through Geosynchronous launch vehicles (GSLV). Through the first phase of development including GSLV Mk I and subsequently that of GSLV Mk II, we reached a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) capability of 2.4 tonnes. A parallel design effort mounted to boost the geosynchronous capability to 4 tonnes has been successfully accomplished. Certainly, GSLV Mk III which has been used for

the launch of Chandrayaan-2, with certain modifications including limited uprating and ensuring improved safety features will be used for immediate manned space missions. However, keeping in view the long term goal of heavier capsules for manned missions, the development of a new GSLV, that can place 6 tonne payload into GTO, with semi-cryogenic engines replacing the present Earth storable L110 core booster stage is being planned. Even as we design and evaluate approaches like recoverable and reusable systems as futuristic concepts, the present plans to develop capability to realise upto 6 tonnes to GTO will be certainly a very major step in enhancing the conduct of manned space missions in the near future. Going back to your forte, overseeing design and development of the world’s best civilian satellites - new generation INSAT-2, IRS- IC, IRS-ID Remote Sensing, Bhaskara Earth Observation, Ocean Observation satellites could you give us an overview of India’s unique achievements in this niche space technology? India’s satellite programs have

been primarily focussed on the use of satellites for applications in the area of communications, broadcasting, navigation, remote sensing for earth and ocean observations, disaster management besides, conducting scientific missions. In the initial stages, an innovative feature of India’s INSAT series of satellites has been the unique integration of communication, broadcasting and meteorology services into a single platform. This of course, helped to conduct easier on orbit operations and mission management, besides the considerations of economy. Today, the system has grown into a constellation of INSAT and GSAT series of satellites operating in L-band, S-band, C-band, extended C-band, Ku band and Ka band. Besides the normal communication configurations employed by INSAT and GSAT series of satellites, ISRO has also developed through GSAT-11 mission, a multi-beam, highthroughput communication satellite operating in Ku and Ka bands, employing a new heavy bus platform designated as I-6K. This new version of GSAT provides 32 user beams in Ku band and 8 hub beams in Ka band. On the other side, India has also established a satellite navigation program designated as NavIC, which is the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), capable of providing accurate position information service to both users in India as well as in the region extending up to 1500 Km from the Indian boundary. This again is a system specially tailored for Indian use with focus on Indian regional requirements. The system is serviced by 7 satellites with 3 in geostationary and 4 in inclined geosynchronous orbit with the navigation

payload transmitting signals in L5 and S-band. The technological developments in the context of remote sensing series of satellites has resulted in building series of 3-axis stabilised bus with high attitude stability with all the features of a state of the art technology satellite like precise orbit and attitude control using reaction wheels, gyroscopes, attitude sensors, hydrazine propulsion systems and high data rate system operating in S & X band communication frequencies. Further, additional features include onboard data storage, intricate temperature control systems for the payload which by itself used the then emerging charge coupled devices for imaging & unique optical telescopes and innovative antenna design for data transmission. This bus has been the mainstay of the earlier IRS series like IRS 1A/1B/ 1C with imaging capability up to 5m spatial resolution. Subsequent upgradation and modification of this bus was employed for building satellites for ocean surface studies and more versatile resource series of satellites and also for mapping applications with high resolution cameras designated as the CARTOSAT series. The meteorological component of earth observation has been also employed through their integration into the multipurpose INSAT 1 & 2 series, besides, exclusive missions with multi-channel sounder systems in addition to visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared systems in 3D/3DR. Since 2012, microwave remote sensing capability has also been added to the family of remote sensing by RISAT-I and its follow on, thus, providing Day/Night capability for sensing the Earth.

In a nutshell, one should recognise the extraordinary versatility of the Indian earth observation systems both through polar orbiting satellites and geosynchronous missions, providing a comprehensive service in the context of generating precise and accurate earth observation data including meteorological and weather applications. Being part of India’s most celebrated gallery of Space legends, how do you envisage India’s future in this field – both on the scientific front as well as the far-reaching human development aspects? India, today, has a comprehensive capability to conduct a multifaceted space program and can be rightly designated as a leading (of what we call as a) space-faring nation. With the capability to put multi-tonne satellites into GTO through GSLV Mk III and a well-proven polar satellite launch vehicle PSLV, India is now in a position to conduct a variety of space applications, science and planetary missions. The corresponding designs for the spacecrafts have been also mastered in terms of a variety of satellite buses and payloads defined for different missions. Very sophisticated and multi-capability mission management and control centres have been established to operate the various

satellites in Space. The related establishment of infrastructure for specialised manufacture, assembly and testing has also been put in place. Several industrial establishments have been brought into the area of space manufacture with the attendant demands on quality and reliability. This multi-faced investment into the various requirements of a space program makes India one among the top few as a space-faring nation. With the important decision of the present Government to go for a human spaceflight program, the first of which is slated for realisation by 2021, India will become one among the top four nations with proven human spaceflight capability. Needless to point out, this comprehensive Indian space program clearly points to its ability to undertake future space initiatives, both nationally or being a part of major international missions. The technological credentials, qualified human resources, availability of relevant industrial infrastructure, the political will to provide all the support needed to take the country to higher pedestals of performance, besides a conducive international environment for collaboration and co-operation among others place India in a unique and favourable position to be a part of any major new developments in this

field at the frontiers of complexity both at national and international levels. Certainly, we need to create more centres of excellence for research in space science, technology and applications, particularly in the University system, and strengthen the role of industries in private and public domain to play a more proactive role in the building of total system hardware and provision of a variety of services. We need to enunciate clearly the policies to facilitate such a transformation in what today is mostly a public funded activity being carried out by Government funded institutions. Another dimension relates to strengthening the framework of international collaboration through being a major partner in mega space programs including building of futuristic international space stations and human space flights of international character to different objects in the solar system with objectives of exploration and exploitation of resources. A certain level of alignment with some of the projects and programs being conceived by other major space-faring nations is called for, including being a part of the initial planning and clear delineation of India’s own role in such initiatives. The context of what I am trying to highlight in this narrative is that space as a final frontier for human kind to expand beyond the confines of our own planet, is likely to influence the policies of many countries with notable space endeavours, to forge alliances and making this endeavour a truly global one in the coming years. Could you share your views on the most critical features involved in the proposed Gaganyaan,

manned mission project? Moving from the present level of India’s maturity in its space endeavours to a new dimension, that of human spaceflight, calls for a major commitment towards a longterm sustained and assured support from the Government, in terms of human and financial resources and appropriate policy framework to deal with certain aspects of national policies facilitating working with multiple agencies in the civilian and military domain, as well as, fostering international linkages. The timeliness of initiating this activity with the political decision to fix targets for realisation of the initial goals certainly is a significant step in this context. Series of notable successes that ISRO has achieved in the area of space transportation including GSLV Mk III, the increased confidence to undertake more complex mission coming out of successes in India’s planetary program coupled with significant interest among the international community to work with ISRO in its various space endeavours have all been important considerations. Further, at national level, there is interest to give increased thrust towards advanced technology development and innovation within the country, together with the creation of a wider ecosystem for academia-industry partnership in the context of the broader national developmental needs and the growing economic strength of India all of which have also been factored in the Government’s decision to give a green signal to Gaganyaan mission. The broader international role that India will come to play in many crucial endeavours particularly involving science, technology and innovation has been an

additional consideration. On the technological front, human spaceflight efforts imply launch capability with added demands of safety features, crew in habitat module development and evolving methodologies for the safe return from orbit. Several elements such as testing crew escape systems, specialised launch vehicle-spacecraft interfaces, aerodynamic characterisation, life support systems etc are new elements to be developed and validated. Further, a carefully planned series of technological demonstration test flights need to be undertaken to gain the necessary confidence to have assured success for the first actual human spaceflight. A space-faring nation which has successfully demonstrated human spaceflight capability is certainly an important credential as a near-time goal for our country, especially recognising India’s determination to reach a position as the third largest economy in the coming decade with all its multiple ramifications, especially those representing technological frontiers. Now that ISRO is marking 50 years of unparalleled growth in Space Science and Technology, what do you foresee in ISRO’s vision for larger public-private industry participation in the development of rockets, satellites and other strategic products and equipment? I consider public-private industry participation as a significant next step in transforming the space activities of our country. The vision that the present Government and the country has about ISRO’s future directions certainly implies improved capabilities of the present operational systems,

both launch vehicles and satellites, enhanced capacities to meet the increasing demands on the space services within India, potential exploitation of the growing markets for space systems and services coming from large parts of the world and the need to primarily concentrate through public funding on research and development, as well as conceiving newer innovative space systems relating to science, technology and applications. All add up to the need to create larger space related ecosystem beyond the public funded institutions. Further, we have reached a stage, where there is a sense of urgency to move towards this new regime, where private industries take charge of sustaining the already operational space systems through their replacement and upgradation. ISRO will provide the much needed research and development support and proof of concept demonstration before such products and services are moved to the private and other industrial domains.

This enhanced space activity should provide a major platform through research and development in academic institutions including Universities. Some of the major government funded facilities and infrastructure that are already in place, such as use of launch pads, major test facilities, space mission control centres and such similar large scale establishments could be hired by industries through appropriate contracts and agreements. An appropriate policy taking due cognisance of the national security interest and patent regime among other things to facilitate such arrangements need to be put in place. Thus, I do see the importance of this step if we have to substantially enhance the space activity keeping in mind its commercial potential. Tell us about some of the most illustrious space scientists of India, some of your predecessors and contemporary personalities who have influenced you the most, since we are focusing on the phenomenal

history of ISRO and India’s Space odysseys. There are many who influenced the course of my life which included my close relatives including maternal grandparents, my teachers in school and college, friends and well-wishers, besides several colleagues with whom I worked with at different stages of career. Coming to space, my first major contact took place when I met Dr Vikram Sarabhai for a discussion to assess my eligibility to work as a PhD student in his department. This discussion led me to the opportunity to join the research team under Dr Vikram Sarabhai, who was leading groups in astronomy and astrophysics at Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad for pursuing my PhD degree. I may mention that PRL served as the cradle of Indian Space Program under the visionary leadership and guidance of Dr Vikram Sarabhai. It is here I learnt the methods of scientific research which in turn shaped my capabilities of training the mind for incisive

thinking and critical analysis. A good research worker is also expected to acquire a broad knowledge base encompassing several subjects and themes and also the ability to explore connections between multiple subjects with no obvious linkages on the surface. Dr Sarabhai was instrumental in the first major decision relating to my professional career. I had completed my PhD and was ready to accept a Post-Doctoral fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley. When Dr Sarabhai heard about this, he immediately reacted to it by giving me an alternative for my future, particularly emphasizing the emerging challenges and excitements in the new field of space research on which the country was embarking. He went on to emphasise there is nothing like working in your own country when such opportunities present themselves. The deep conviction in his advice and the persuasive powers of his arguments left me with no alternative than to work in my own country. In retrospect I don’t regret following his prophetic advice. The untimely death of Dr Vikram Sarabhai in December 1971 resulted in Professor MGK Menon taking up the responsibility of the Chairman of ISRO as an interim measure. Over the years, I came in contact with Prof. Menon in different capacities for different contexts. During my tenure as Chairman, ISRO, I often had the privilege of meeting Prof. Menon through my relations with the different science academies such as Indian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Science, India. Further, in spite of his very short association with ISRO as its Chairman, during the times

of Prof. Dhawan and Prof. U R Rao and subsequent years, Prof. Menon made it a point to attend most of the major launch events from Sriharikota. This was a major source of inspiration for many of us. To me personally, Menon has been a mentor, guide and a constant source of inspiration. The depth of his affection and feelings for me I could gauge when I fell sick in Delhi and was admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences for a serious health problem. He came, made enquiries and most importantly came to me saying a lot of encouraging words and blessed me by touching my head. I was deeply touched by this Father figure, whose blessings I knew will definitely go a long way in my fast recovery which I did. Men like Professor Menon are far and few, difficult to imagine a world where such human beings are becoming more and more rare to come across. I would conclude the narration of Prof. MGK Menon with the observations of Prof. CNR Rao: “In the post-independent India, Goku was one of the handful of scientists who could’ve won a Noble Prize, if only he continued his research with the same level of rigor and depth that were a part of his early legacy. But, the country needed him for many other purposes and he made a great sacrifice to take up science management and leadership, at an obviously personal cost.” I will always remember this observation of Professor CNR Rao in understanding Professor Menon’s entire professional career. Prof. Dhawan, a distinguished professor in Aeronautics and an educationist, succeeded Dr Sarabhai as the Head of India’s Space Program. He was a man who sought high

degree of professionalism and perfection in any task that he assigned to his juniors. Working with him gave me insights into the intricacies of management of a system as complex as space, also the process of decision making and the culture of transparency. He insisted on adopting practices of rigorous analysis and in identifying multiple pathways to decision making and thus providing an optimal solution as distinct from a perfect one. Prof. Dhawan was a fine human being with sensitivity towards social causes. His vision to use space capabilities for grassroot level applications, therefore contained in many cases a good reflection of this attitude. India is one of the unique countries that have used the high-tech capabilities of space for down to earth applications such as addressing the issues of rural development, environment, wasteland mapping and strategies for developing remedial measures, approaches for water conservation, preservation and management, coastal zone management including issues of aquaculture and preparing timely weather predictions for agriculture and so on. He created unique institutions like planning committee for National Natural Resource Management System, bringing together several stakeholders interested in the use of space data and information. I learnt quite a lot about the art of leadership, particularly the best practices for dealing with your seniors, contemporaries and juniors. I would always treat him as an extraordinary personality to have led ISRO in its most crucial years. The third Chairman of ISRO with whom I worked, Prof. U R Rao, was a wellknown cosmic ray physicist

and an astronomer, a man in a hurry. His dynamism, restlessness to achieve the results quickly and with right application of mind stemming from his deep familiarity with scientific methods made him a unique leader. Working with him in building India’s first satellite- Aryabhata was a great experience of practicing scientific rigour, technological challenges, adhering to strict controls on schedules and budgets, creating new organisational structures and above all working with the culture of another country, at that time the Soviet Union. It was a total experience, systemic, if I am permitted to say so, and it gave me crucial insights about how to deal with realising multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary outcome. What is equally important to recognise is that starting from scratch and with the need to learn the ABC of building a satellite, we were given just 36 months to complete the task and we did in 40 months. My association with Prof. U R Rao

was certainly not an ordinary experience. He virtually treated me as a sounding board, while addressing technical, managerial, financial and many other related issues. We discussed between us over long periods while dissecting a problem and he had great reliance on my judgement and fully trusted me. Prof. UR Rao had great concern for my personal wellbeing and I could say without hesitation he had a very critical role in shaping my professional career that brought me to the highest levels of management in ISRO. Two of my contemporary colleagues, Dr George Joseph and Dr B N Suresh, symbolize another class of relationship during my career in space. Dr George Joseph came with a background of nuclear instrumentation from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and joined Space Application Centre headed by Prof. Yashpal. George proved to be one of the scientists whose exceptional insights of both science and engineering giving him a special place in the team that Prof. Yashpal was setting up to build unique cameras for our remote sensing satellites. He designed and established a very sophisticated electrooptical systems laboratory and recruited a team of engineers and scientists who proved to be the most brilliant, innovative and highly motivated. Thus, under his leadership, ISRO realised world-class remote sensing satellite systems with very unique earth observation cameras. This in turn made us rank as virtually number one at a particular time among the then operating remote sensing satellites. His leadership qualities, engineering insights, knowledge of physics and paying due attention to the

demanding aspects of project management such as schedule and budget control gave him a very respected position in the organisation and not from the considerations of seniority alone. I always sought his advice and views on several matters during my years as project director of Bhaskara and IRS and subsequently when I became the Chairman and he served as Director, Space Applications Centre. Dr B N Suresh is an engineer extraordinaire, whose systemic understanding of a launch vehicle can be simply put as ‘Awesome’. He symbolises the highest degree of what you characterise as professionalism in an ISRO engineer. His deep knowledge of the discipline of control, guidance and navigation coupled with his thorough understanding of the systemic aspects of a launch vehicle made me depend on him for advice on very difficult technical and strategic matters. The best example of my dependence on his wisdom can be gauged by the fact that every launch which took place under my Chairmanship and which needed my green signal never happened without a final word from Dr Suresh. I used to walk down to his console as a final act of giving the go ahead and used to check with him if he is fully satisfied with all aspects of the mission until then. This was the last clearance that I took but which was “not part of the procedure in the manual.” In the Academic world, the National Education Policy that you drafted on behalf of the National Democratic Alliance Government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been at the centre of heated discussions all over the country. Politics apart, what are the major

proposals in your Draft Policy that would change the way Science and Technology is dealt with in various levels of education in India? I am indeed privileged to have been assigned the task of chairing the draft National Education Policy under the Hon’ble Shri Narendra Modi Ji’s Government by the then MHRD Minister Shri Prakash Javadekar. In spite of the excellent background work done by a committee under Shri TSR Subramanian and subsequently a document created by the MHRD, our committee considered it apt to revisit the entire exercise after many additional and important aspects were pointed by the members of the Committee which needed appropriate considerations and response. Further, the then MHRD Minister also suggested that we draft a policy which should have a longevity of at least two decades. Since you have used the word politics in the question, I should emphatically say that the Committee had the full freedom to consider and incorporate all aspects which it felt fitting within the framework which we

ourselves formulated. In the context of science and technology, the school education part of our recommendation duly recognises developmentally appropriate education, particularly in the early stages. The school curriculum emphasises developing knowledge proficiency, scientific temper, sense of aesthetics and ethical reasoning and digital literacy. Further, there will be no hard seperation between curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular areas and no separation between arts and sciences. What strengthens this science and technology component of the education is by adopting a holistic approach in school education at the level of integrated curriculum and appropriate pedagogy and further conducting modular board exams to test core concepts and skills along with higher order capacities. On the higher education’s side, the committee has recognised research and innovation leading to knowledge creation as central to growing and sustaining a large and vibrant economy and

uplifting society. Accordingly, we have made a very strong plea to set up a National Research Foundation (NRF) with particular focus on all universities and colleges. NRF will provide funds to seed research in all Universities and colleges so that the synergies between research and quality education can be leveraged maximally. The fund will cover support for research in four major divisions to start with â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sciences, Technology, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, with provision to create more. Besides building research capacity at academic institutions, the effort also will involve creating beneficial linkages between researchers, government and industry. Further, we have made recommendations for restructuring the governance of Universities as well as the structure of education at the Centre and State level recognising its multidimensional character. You were a member of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, and the Planning Commission of India â&#x20AC;&#x201C; two dynamic aspects of Indian Polity: How would you reconcile Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s futuristic vision for economic growth and development with its devastating impact on our fragile environment and the livelihood of marginalized people? We are currently witnessing an economic growth pattern which promises to take us to a five trillion economy in the next 3-4 years. Further, with the expected growth pattern, with an annual GDP growth rate of 8% or so, well within our means to achieve, we could even climb to be a ten trillion economy in a decade or so, thereby becoming the third largest in the world.

Certainly, such economic growth would call for stepping up the scale of several endeavours in this country besides the transformational effects resulting from the fourth industrial revolution. Obviously, the country has to grapple with resulting challenges from various aspects of development in the context of its environmental impact. Having been associated with both the Rajya Sabha and subsequently the erstwhile Planning Commission, I am convinced that we have developed over the years several legal structures to preserve and protect the environment in the context of different types of activities. These have translated themselves into a number of policies, regulations and procedures, both at the Centre and State levels. There is no doubt that the existing provisions in this connection are quite comprehensive and to a good extent address futuristic demands on environmental protection in the context of the imperatives of economic growth. However, I should also remark that the enforcement of these policies and regulations at different levels have been well below the expectations. One of the major immediate tasks is to tighten the enforcement related approaches to ensure the present policies and regulations are effectively implemented. In my own experience, a very exhaustive evaluation and the resultant strategy for the conservation and preservation of the Western Ghats ecosystem is still encountering opposition from the concerned States. It is important in this connection that an appreciation of the criticality of protecting the fragile environment has to

find its place at all levels, beyond Central and State governments, also at the level of local institutions, as well as Citizens themselves. There is a need for a major cultural change in this context at the level of society. I am also happy to note that the Government is taking several steps in the context of reducing carbon footprint in various national endeavours, introducing electric mobility gradually replacing fossil fuel based transportation, introduction of larger quantum of nuclear power, increasing the contribution from solar, hydro and wind power in the overall energy mix, and improved power consumption efficiency of routinely used appliances. Some of the important additional initiatives announced by our present government include Swach Bharat, better water management, establishment of smart cities, increasing activities of planting trees at the level of schools and other educational institutions and as a part of other activities, all could add up to further positively impact moving towards a cleaner environment.

On the issue of the livelihood of the marginalised people, my own exposure both from my Rajya Sabha days and subsequently with the erstwhile Planning Commission has convinced me that adequate financial resources to be allocated for improving the livelihood of marginalised people have always been high on the agenda of the different governments. Further, the governments concerned are always ready to review any additional financial and other support at any point of the yearly plans. My concern here too is whether in reaching out the benefits to the concerned we have the requisite efficiency and a sense of urgency. Some of the recently introduced modalities such as direct cash transfer mechanisms and other means could start making a positive impact on this front in the not so distant future. I may also mention that the underdeveloped areas of the country are receiving special allocation of funds for infrastructure creation including roads and water supply, educational institutions, healthcare systems, creation of rurally relevant industrial base etc.

ISRO: Expanding global tie-ups The Indian space agency has maintained excellent relations with its counterparts around the world and shares several projects with them for furthering the cause of science and technology. Examining the evolution of ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s international partnerships down the years

Jean Yves Le Gall, President, French National Space Agency (CNES) meeting Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO at ISRO Headquarters, Bengaluru on July 27, 2019

ince the early stages of its space programme itself, India has ensured cooperation with various other countries. In fact, international partnership is a strategic area in space as relationships with other countries are influenced by political, economic, cultural and personality factors as well as the scientific and technological aspects. Over the years, as ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) has matured in experience and technological capabilities, the scope for cooperation has become multifaceted.

While exploratory missions beyond the earth are the natural candidates for such cooperative efforts, there are many other themes like climate change impacts on earth,

space science and planetary exploration that are of interest to international cooperation because of their global impact.

Establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), conduct of Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project (STEP), launches of Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE), IRS-IA, IRS-IB satellites, INSAT series of satellites and Chandrayaan missions have the components of international cooperation. ISRO is pursuing bilateral and multilateral relations with space agencies and spacerelated bodies with the aim of building and strengthening

existing ties between countries; taking up new scientific and technological challenges; refining space policies and defining international frameworks for exploitation and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes. Internationally, India is viewed by space faring nations as an emerging space power, capable of achieving its goals in a more cost-effective and time-efficient manner. Specifically, the developing countries look to India for assistance in building up their capabilities to derive benefits of space technology. The scope of international tie-ups

M.Bychkov - Head of Defense Technologies and Space Department, JSC “Rosoboronexport”, at ISRO with Dr.K.Sivan, Chairman ISRO.

has become wider and diverse, as ISRO has made tremendous progress in recent times. Formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either agreements or memoranda of understanding

with international multilateral bodies like European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), European Commission, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological

by any of the previous missions of such nature. Megha-Tropiques The Indo-French joint satellite mission called MeghaTropiques was launched in

provided the satellite platform, launch and operations for this joint mission. The data from the altimeter is currently made available to global scientific community.

Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO and Dr. Jean Michel Contant, Secretary General, International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) after the inauguration of ‘IAA Subsidiary Office’ at Bangalore. Dr. B. N. Suresh, P. Kunhikrishnan, Director, URSC, Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, HSFC, Dr. V.R. Lalithambika, Director, DHSP; and A. Rajarajan, Director, SDSC SHAR are also seen. (MoU) or framework agreements have been signed with Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Norway, Portugal, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russia, SaoTome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sultanate of Oman, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, The Netherlands, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Vietnam. Also, formal cooperative instruments have been signed

Satellites (EUMETSAT), European Space Agency (ESA) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Highlights of a few achievements through international cooperation include: Chandrayaan-1 ISRO’s maiden mission to Moon, the Chandrayaan-1, has been an exemplary example of international cooperation with its international payloads. It has also earned several national and international laurels and was instrumental in the ISRO-NASA joint discovery of water molecules on the moon surface, unattained

2011 for the study of the tropical atmosphere and climate related to aspects such as monsoons, cyclones etc. The data products from this satellite are made available to the international scientific community. Saral Another joint mission with France, named SARAL (Satellite for ALTIKA and ARGOS) for studying ocean from space using altimetry was successfully launched on February 25, 2013. French space agency CNES provided a radar altimeter instrument called ALTIKA and an onboard relay instrument for the international ARGOS data collection system, while ISRO

Astrosat ISRO and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) have jointly realized Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) that was accommodated as one of the five scientific instruments in India’s first dedicated astronomy satellite ‘Astrosat’ launched in 2015. The observatory is opened to national and international astronomy community for submitting proposals for observation. Ongoing activities ISRO and NASA are realizing a joint satellite mission called NISAR (NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) for earth science studies. As part of the Indo-French cooperation, ISRO

Nikolay Kudashev, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Russia to India visited ISRO HQ and Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC). The Ambassador and the delegation with Dr.K.Sivan, Chairman ISRO.

and CNES are conducting a feasibility study on realizing an earth observation satellite mission with thermal infrared imager, named as TRISHNA. As part of ISRO’s prestigious Gaganyaan man mission programme, the cooperation opportunities with countries and space agencies having expertise in human space flight are being explored. The cooperation activities are focused in astronaut training, life support systems, radiation shielding solutions etc. Unnati ISRO has announced an 8-week capacity building programme on nano satellite development, named as UNNATI ( UNispace Nanosatellite Assembly & Training by ISRO) as an initiative of UNISPACE+50 (the 50th Anniversary of the first United Nations conference on the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space). The programme will be conducted at U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) of ISRO at Bengaluru for three years. Role in international bodies India continues to play an active role in deliberation on Scientific and Technical and Legal sub-committees of the United Nations Committee

on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS). India also has a major role in other multilateral fora including United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), International COSPAS-SARSAT system for search and rescue operations, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), International Institute of Space Law (IISL), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Inter Agency Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG), Coordinating Group on Meteorological Satellites (CGMS),International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG), International Global Observing Strategy (IGOS), International Space University (ISU), Asian Association for Remote Sensing (AARS), International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). Internationally, ISRO also shares its expertise and satellite data for the management of natural disasters through various multi-agency bodies like International Charter for Space and Major Disasters,

Sentinel Asia and UNSPIDER. The Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) has been set up in India under the initiative of UN Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN OOSA) and offers nine-month post graduate diploma courses in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (every year), Satellite Communication (every alternate year), Satellite Meteorology and Global Climate (every alternate year) and Space and Atmospheric Science (every alternate year). After completion of the course, students have opportunity to carry out research in their own country for one year leading finally to the award of a Master’s Degree from Andhra University. Strong ties In another development, the chief of the US space agency James Bridenstine has said the cooperation of NASA with ISRO remains intact, days after he criticised India and termed its anti-satellite weapon test a “terrible thing” for creating about 400 pieces of orbital debris. In a letter to ISRO Chairman K Sivan, NASA Administrator Bridenstine said, “based on the guidance received from

the White House”, he looks forward continuing to work with ISRO on a host of issues including human space flights. “As part of our partnership with you, we will continue to work on issues using the NASA-ISRO Human Space Flight Working Group, Planetary Science Working Group, US India Earth Science Working Group, and the Heliophysics Working Group,” Bridenstine said. Meanwhile, speaking at an event, Jean-Yues Le Gall, President of CNES, the French space agency, mentioned the long cooperation between ISRO and CNES and the role of industries in French space programme. “India is becoming the hub of space missions. We have many technologies to offer for India’s human space programme, including on the space medicine front,” he said. Furthering international cooperation, in November 2018, ISRO issued an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) to international science community for space-based experiments to study Venus. Earlier, in September 2018, Chairman of Algerian Space Agency Governing Body & Director General of Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) visited ISRO.

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“Space programmes can tap business worth Rs. 50,000 crores” At the time of writing, Chandrayaan-2, India’s second lunar exploration mission, had successfully completed the fifth earth-bound orbit-raising manoeuvres. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said further major activities include earth-bound manoeuvres, trans-lunar insertion, lunar- bound manoeuvres, Vikram Separation and Vikram Touch down. And each of these activities is as advanced and as complex it can get and ISRO has shown its prowess in space programmes. India’s space capabilities have come about, thanks to visionaries and leaders such as Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan, Dr. Abdul Kalam, Prof. U.R.Rao, Prof. M.G.K.Menon, K.Kasturirangan, G.Madhavan Nair, K.Radhakrishnan, A.S.Kiran Kumar and the present incumbent K.Sivan. Here, Dr. Madhavan Nair talks about Chandrayaan-2 and India’s quest in space. It was on July 22, 2019 that India’s most power rocket in ISRO’s arsenal, the GSLV-MkIII-M1, launched Chandrayaan-2 from the spaceport of Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. The 3,850 kg and Rs. 978 crore spacecraft in its 48-day journey is primarily aimed at landing a rover in the unexplored lunar south pole. Here we have the former Chairman of ISRO and the architect of Chandrayaan-1, Dr. G.Madhavan Nair talk about the space programme and more.

Dr. G Madhavan Nair Former Chairman, ISRO

By R.Chandrakanth First and foremost congratulations to you and other Chairmen of ISRO for having led the organisation to great heights. Could you tell us why Space Programmes are important for a country like ours which has its own challenges when it comes to poverty, infrastructure issues etc? When ISRO was founded in the mid sixties, it’s founding father Dr. Vikram Sarabhai had envisioned that India should be second to none in the complex space technology and utilise it for the benefit of the common man in the country. ISRO has truly lived up to his expectation and today we are proud to say that we are a member of elite space

club with countries like USA, Russia, Europe, China and Japan. Not only that we have mastered building of rockets space craft etc and used them for providing socially relevant services such as earth observations for resource utilization, communication connectivity like DTH for entertainment and VSAT for commercial connectivity .Above all the space segment has got integrated as part of daily life of people in India. If such services are interrupted for even one hour loss to our country will be thousands of crores of rupees. The investment what we have made in space takes India to the forefront of nations in high technology and also provides

socially relevant services like disaster management support, telemedicine and tele-education. You have said that Chandrayaan-2 is a complex mission, could you tell us in brief the complexity of the mission?

Through Chandrayaan -1 we have sent a spacecraft to moon for mapping it’s surface and mineralogy .Also we have placed the Indian national flag on the surface of the moon to confirm the Indian presence there. The unique finding from this mission was finding water on the surface of moon. The

Chandrayaan-2 was planned at that time as a follow on mission to take samples and analyze the chemicals spotted by remote sensing in the previous mission. This mission Chandrayaan-2 has in addition to the spacecraft revolving around the moon a lander named Vikram which will make a soft landing near the south pole of the moon carrying a set of instruments and a rover which will pick up samples analyze and send back the data. The resultant spacecraft with lander weighs nearly double than Chandrayaan-1.For lifting this, from the earth’s orbit needs a heavy launcher and a newly developed GSLV MKIII will be used for this purpose. To make the soft landing from the spacecraft moving with about 1.6km/s velocity which has to guided precisely to the designated landing site near the south pole is extremely difficult. Variable thrust rocket engines imaging cameras, laser altimeter and sophisticated navigation and guidance algorithm in the onboard computer are highly demanding and being developed by ISRO for the first time. Thus the operation of landing with a soft touch down

at a totally unknown territory is a complex operation .Such missions have been achieved by USA, Russia and China. Thus a sophisticated spacecraft with a new launch vehicle trying to land at another planet of explored territory is really complex. What benefits will the country get from this mission? India’s status in the space club will go one notch higher. Chandrayaan-2 is expected to bring more scientific knowledge on the origin of the moon and confirm the mineralogy especially availability of Helium 3, Titanium, Atomic material and above all the quality and quantity of water. The more details about the surroundings near south pole will enable us to plan for future missions of establishing manned or unmanned observatories.

career is the realization of PSLV launch vehicle which has become workhorse of Indian Space Programme. Could you tell us whether you had any unfulfilled dream or project at ISRO? I left the human spaceflight programme after it was conceived this was under cold storage for long time. I am happy that Modiji has given clearance for undertaking this programme and Dr. Sivan and his team ISRO are committed to achieve this. However, my dream of giving an indigenous passenger aircraft to the country for which the project proposal

was submitted to government in 2011 is still gathering dust in the cupboards of some technocrats. What are ISRO’s strengths – its scientific community; government’s unstinted support in space programmes…. ? ISRO is a family with 15,000 people working in total harmony to realise advanced technologies and used for the benefit of common man. Availability of all technologies under one roof, cooperation with the industry and academia unstinted support of the government are the key factors of its success story. We are given to understand with ISRO’s capabilities, India can earn substantial revenues from offering space related development to other countries, could you tell us what are the areas which can fetch us revenue and the quantum of returns, if at all it can be quantified. Already ISRO has captured about 1% of global space business. This is mainly for providing launch services, earth observations and spin off technologies. There is a potential of this business growing to nearly Rs.50,000 crores in the next 5 years.

You are the architect of Chandrayaan, could you tell us what was the highpoint of your career in ISRO? Chandrayaan was really an exciting mission and I was proud that the Indian National Flag could be placed on the moon for the first time but my high point in my

Chandrayaan-1: When India set foot on Moon

ISRO achieved a major milestone when it launched ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the first Moon mission, in 2008. One of the major achievements of the mission was the discovery of widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil

ndia joined the elite club of countries which made its presence felt on Moon with Chandrayaan-1. It was the first Indian lunar probe under the country’s Chandrayaan programme and was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in October 2008. In Sanskrit Chandrayaan translates as ‘Moon craft’ and the mission operated until August 2009. Comprising a lunar orbiter and an impactor, Chandrayaan was launched using a PSLVXL rocket on October 22, 2008 at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota. The mission was a major boost to India’s space programme, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The

vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on November

8 the same year. On November 14,

PSLV-C45/EMISAT MISSION

the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. The probe hit near the crater Shackleton, ejecting subsurface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The location of impact was named as Jawahar Point. The estimated cost for the project was Rs 386 crore. The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg at launch and 675 kg in lunar orbit. It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a twoyear period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of

One of the segments of PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage during vehcile integration special interest as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. Among its many achievements

was the discovery of widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. After almost a year, the orbiter started suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding. Chandrayaan-1

stopped sending radio signals on August 28, 2009, shortly after which the ISRO officially declared the mission over. Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95% of its planned objectives. The then Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee had announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on August 15, 2003. The mission was a major boost to Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space programme. The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Astronautical Society of India (AeSI) carried forward the idea in 2000. Soon after, the ISRO set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon. In April 2003, over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences, Earth sciences, physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics and engineering and communication

sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon. Six months later, in November, the Indian government gave the nod for the mission. Chandrayaan-1 had the following stated objectives: · To design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indianmade launch-vehicle · To conduct scientific experiments using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data · Preparation of a three-dimensional atlas with high spatial and altitude resolution of both the near and far sides of the Moon ·Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, iron, titanium, radon, uranium, and thorium ·To test the impact of a sub-satellite (MIP) on the surface of the Moon as a forerunner for future soft-landing missions

Fully integrated PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage with one of its strap-ons by its side

The mission defined these goals: · High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north- and south-polar regions · Searching for surface or sub-surface lunar water-ice, especially at the lunar poles · Identification of chemicals in lunar

highland rocks · Chemical stratigraphy of the lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), an expected site of interior material · Mapping the height variation of features of the lunar surface · Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon’s surface with 5 m resolution · Providing new insights in understanding the Moon’s origin and evolution After scientific analyses of the received data from the MIP, ISRO confirmed the presence of water in the lunar soil and published the finding in a press conference addressed by its then Chairman G. Madhavan Nair. The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped with the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), a NASA instrument on board the orbiter. The presence of iron was reiterated and changes in rock and mineral composition have been identified. The Oriental Basin region of the Moon was mapped, and it indicates abundance of ironbearing minerals such as pyroxene. In 2018 it was announced that M3 infrared data had been re-analyzed to confirm the existence of water across wide expanses of the Moon’s polar regions. ISRO announced in January 2009 the completion of the

mapping of the Apollo Moon missions landing sites by the orbiter, using multiple payloads. Six of the sites have been mapped including landing sites of Apollo 15 and Apollo 17. In November, the indigenous Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) acquired images of peaks and craters. This surprised ISRO officials because the Moon consists mostly of craters. On March 25, Chandrayaan beamed back its first images of the Earth in its entirety. These images were taken with the TMC. Previous imaging was done on only one part of the Earth. The new images show Asia, parts of Africa and Australia with India being in the center. Chandrayaan’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper has

confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis, meaning that the Moon was once completely molten. The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan-1, besides producing more than 70,000 three dimensional images, has recorded images of the landing site of US spacecraft Apollo 15. TMC and HySI payloads of ISRO have covered about 70% of the lunar surface, while M3 covered more than 95% of the same and SIR-2 has provided highresolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the Moon. ISRO said interesting data on lunar polar areas was provided by Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) and High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) of ISRO as well as Miniature Synthetic Aperture

Hoisting of PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage at Vehicle Assembly Building

Radar (Mini-SAR) of the USA. LLRI covered both the lunar poles and additional lunar regions of interest, HEX made about 200 orbits over the lunar poles and Mini-SAR provided complete coverage of both North and South Polar Regions of the Moon. Another ESA payload – Chandrayaan-1 imaging X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) – detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission duration. The Bulgarian payload called Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) was activated on the day of the launch itself and worked until the mission’s end. ISRO said scientists from India and participating agencies expressed satisfaction on the performance of Chandrayaan-1 mission as well as the high quality of data sent by the spacecraft.

In November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of 100 km. During its 25-minute descent, Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time. In September 2009, ‘Science’ journal reported that the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon. But, on September 25, 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP, another instrument on board Chandrayaan-1, had discovered water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it three months before NASA’s M3. The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.

India yet to achieve full potential in world space arena

Many experts have suggested that ISRO should allow increased civilian involvement and form partnerships with private industry and entrepreneurs to become a bigger player on the world stage

ccording to present estimates, the value of the global space industry is estimated to be 350 billion US dollars and is likely to exceed 550 billion US dollars by 2025. Despite the Indian space agency ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) making impressive strides, Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share is estimated at a mere 7 billion US dollars, which is just 2% of the global market. ISRO has grown steadily over the years since its formation in 1969. The agencyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual budget has crossed Rs 11,500 crore (1.45 billion US dollars now, while it was around Rs 6,000 crore

five years ago. ISRO has been involved in fabrication of satellites, space-launch vehicles and a range of associated capabilities. However, it has been pointed out that demand for spacebased services in India is far greater than what ISRO can supply. Many experts have suggested that ISRO should allow larger civilian involvement and form partnerships with private industry and entrepreneurs to meet the demand. But changes in legislation may be needed for this. Since its formation, ISRO has been guided by both social objectives and core thrust areas. The primary focus was on

satellite communication to address the national needs for telecommunication, broadcasting and broadband infrastructure. Now around 200 transponders on Indian satellites provide services linked to areas like telecommunication, telemedicine, television, broadband, radio, disaster management and search and rescue services. Earth observation and using space-based imagery for meeting national demands, ranging from weather forecasting, disaster management and national resource mapping and planning, has been another focus. Resources covered include agriculture and

watershed, land resource, and forestry managements. A third focus area is satelliteaided navigation. The Global Positioning System (GPS)aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN), a joint project between ISRO and Airports Authority of India, has increased the GPS coverage over India, improving accuracy of civil aviation applications and aiding better air traffic management over Indian airspace. This was followed up with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), a system-based on seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. IRNSS provides accurate positioning service, covering a region extending to 1,500 km beyond Indian borders, with accuracy greater than 20 m. Higher accuracy is available for security agencies. In 2016, the system was renamed NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). Since its formation, ISRO has built a strong association with the industry, particularly with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited and large private sector entities like Larsen and Toubro, Godrej and Walchandnagar Industries. However, most of the private sector players are Tier-2/Tier-3 vendors, providing components and services. In 1992, ISRO set up Antrix, a private limited company as its commercial arm to market its products and services and interface with the private sector in transfer of technology partnerships. After the moon mission Chandrayaan 1 and the expedition to Mars Mangalyaan, ISRO is planning a manned space mission,

IRNSS-1H

Gaganyaan, set for its first test flight in 2021. All these are expected to increasing the standing of India in the world space arena. Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics have led to the emergence of ‘New Space’,

which is a disruptive area. Startups in this sector need an enabling ecosystem, a culture of accelerators, incubators, Venture Capitalists and mentors. However, India has a long way to go in this regard. Another revolution in which ISRO has a key role

is regarding small satellites. The Indian space agency has achieved several milestones in this regard, including launching 104 small satellites in one mission. Other major space powers often utilize ISRO’s resources to send their satellites to space.

Space programmes have spurred national development

ugust 15, 1969 is a red-letter day in the annals of Indian history. India celebrated Independence Day with the ‘launch’ of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), under the Department of Atomic Energy, thanks to the single-handed and persistent efforts of the late Vikram Sarabhai, who is considered the father of Indian space programmes. It was during the tenure of Prime Minister the late Jawaharlal Nehru that the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was established. INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO and there has been no looking back. Gradually, over the years ISRO has catapulted itself into the realm of space with considerable expertise, steered by eminent space scientists, and made India truly proud.

No ambiguity of purpose We need to go back to the vision of Vikram Sarabhai to understand the ethos of ISRO. In 1969, he said “There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems

is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms.” Second to none in application of advanced technologies Years later, when some sceptics questioned India’s space programmes while millions of Indians continued to live in poverty, the former President of India and eminent scientist, the late A.P.J.Abdul Kalam said “Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were

to play meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might.” Humble beginnings The untiring efforts of space scientists, beginning with very humble beginnings in an industrial shed, India’s space programmes have the underpinning of national development. Headquartered in Bengaluru, ISRO’s vision is to ‘harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.” From the first sounding rocket which was launched from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station on November 21, 1963, the organisation has

come a long way and as we write Chandrayaan-2 is in on its lunar mission, even while scientists at ISRO are working relentlessly on Gaganyaan (sky vehicle) to put three Indian astronauts in space for seven days. The Indian human spaceflight programme will cost around Rs. 9,000 crore and the launch of India’s first manned space mission is slated for 2022, when India celebrates its 75th year of Independence. Many milestones India’s space journey has many milestones, starting with the first satellite – Aryabhata – which it built and launched in 1975, followed by Rohini which was the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching

satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous

Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and earth observation satellites. Chandrayaan-1, the first lunar orbiter in 2008 and the Mars Orbiter Mission in November 2013, the latter placed India as the first nation to success on its maiden attempt to Mars and ISRO, the fourth space agency in the world and the first in Asia to reach Mars orbit. On February 15, 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37), a world record. Harnessing benefits of space technology While ISRO continues to create milestones, the questions many do ask how it contributes to national development. Here I am citing the paper of outstanding scientist and Associate Director, ISRO, Dr. V.Bhanumurthy, which was

presented at the Geospatial World Forum. He states “Over the decades, the Indian Space Programme has progressed through increasing in-house capabilities, industry partnerships and collaborative efforts with academia. Space applications, derived through synergistic use of earth observation, communication & navigation satellites and complemented with ground based observations play a key role in harnessing the benefits of space technology for socio-economic security, sustainable development, disaster risk reduction and efficient governance.” He has listed the geo-spatial technology applications under one head – socio-economic security which has categories such as a) food b) water c) infrastructure d) energy e) health f) information and g) shelter. ISRO provides inputs on food availability, improving production; and storage and distribution. It gives data on water availability; improve availability and distribution. ISRO helps map renewable energy potential, site suitability, near real-time information and prospecting. With regard to health, it provides input on e-health services, site suitability for medicinal plants, forewarning of vector borne diseases & risk zone mapping. As for infrastructure, it supports planning, monitoring and communication and navigation solutions. For the category of shelter it gives information on monitoring of dwelling construction and site suitability and building typology. As for as information is concerned, ISRO gives citizen advisories, tele-education, Information Systems, Secure e-commerce, SatCom/ Nav applications for Internet of Things (IoT). ISRO’s capabilities include in

providing reliable information on Floods (inundation mapping, hazard zonation and early warning); Cyclone (damage assessment, landfall prediction and early warning); Forest fire (detection and alert within 30 minutes of acquisition); Landslide (inventory and early warning); and Earthquake (damage assessment). The Disaster Communication Network comprises a Decision Support Centre, National Database for Emergency Management and North Eastern Regional Node for Disaster Risk Reduction. ISRO Vision 2030 Dr. Bhanumurthy lists out ISRO’s vision for 2030 and that includes Water Security (water availability both surface and ground, water harvesting & conservation, irrigation management, conjunctive use, water quality and water informatics); Food Security (crop acreage & production, crop intensification, produce management, seasonal adversaries management and crop insurance); Energy Security (potential renewable & non-renewable resources and site suitability); Shelter Security (habitation suitability, construction monitoring and building typology); Disaster Risk Reduction (early warning systems, near real time geospatial products and services, Post disaster management, Long-term management and communication & navigation; Health Security (e-health services, disease forewarning , risk zonation and control management) and Infrastructure Security (planning & site suitability, route alignment, monitoring of infrastructure development and environmental impact assessment). He mentions that towards

integrated space technology solutions that the ISRO has capabilities include digital elevation model; optical and microwave multi-spectral, multi-spatial and multi-temporal); Gagan-enable solutions; mobile data collection and in-situ measurements. Reducing gap between space programmes and common man The former Chairman of ISRO, Kiran Kumar mentions how space technology is reducing the space between the common man and scientists by coming up with applications that impact daily lives. He recalled how the father of Indian Space, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai for the first rocket launch had to request the priest of a local church near Thumba to get the fishermen to vacate from the place where they were fishing on the promise that they would benefit in the years to come from space technology. That had come true with space technology from 1999 onwards provided information to fishermen where to go fishing. Dr. Kiran Kumar mentions how ISRO recently provided fishermen

with a gadget that worked as a compass and indicated to the fishermen where they would have a good catch. The trial run for a week had fishermen of Kerala excited about the app as they had not seen so many fish at one place. Similarly, he states that ISRO was helping in MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) upload data for monitoring and disbursing of funds. “On a daily basis, about 60,000 to 70,000 data is getting uploaded.” ISRO is continuously working to bridge the gap between the common man and space programmes. The Indian industry is now becoming a part of ISRO’s efforts and according to Dr. Kiran Kumar nearly 80 per cent of the components for launch vehicles are provided by the industry. “We have reached the stage where the industry is not only supplying to ISRO but also is capturing part of the global market.” The eco-system is more amenable for considerable growth. Space is a new frontier and it has tremendous scope to help India march towards sustainable development.

BEL eyes pie of space electronics business

Anandi Ramalingam Director - Marketing, BEL

efence has been the mainstay of Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). This Bangalore-based Navratna PSU has, for long, been enjoying leadership position in the Strategic Electronics sector in India. However, with changes in Government policies and opening up of the Defence sector to private participation, the Defence major is faced with increased competition. BEL is, therefore, eyeing diversification as is its new mantra for growth. As part of its diversification efforts, BEL has forayed into several new areas like Satellite Integration and

Space Electronics, Multi Junction Solar Cells for Space Applications, Missile Seekers, Homeland Security & Smart City Business, Navigational Complex Systems, Airborne Radars, Unmanned Systems, Inertial Navigation Systems, Electronic Ammunition Fuses, Composites, Cyber Security and Railways. Satellite Integration & Space Electronics BEL is getting into the area of Satellite Integration and Space Electronics in a big way. The Company had received an order from ISRO for Satellite AIT (Assembly, Integration & Testing. As part of this, 65 BEL personnel were

trained at ISRO. Under the supervision of ISRO, the BEL team successfully completed Satellite Integration & Testing of the recently launched allweather Imaging Satellite. BEL also has plans to establish a separate exclusive facility for Satellite Integration in Bangalore. The PSU is also working closely with ISRO in developing technologies such as Space grade Travelling Wave Tubes Amplifiers (TWTAs), Geosynchronous Satellites (GSAT) Terminals, Satellite Hubs, Satcom Communication Network solutions, Navigation Receivers, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, Monolithic Microwave

Integrated Circuit (MMIC), Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) based substrates and assemblies for use in Defence and Paramilitary applications. Multi-Junction Solar Cells BEL has been selected by ISRO for the manufacture of Multi Junction Solar Cells for Space Applications in Government Owned Company Operated (GOCO) model. The plant with a capacity of about 60,000 multi junction Cells per annum will be set up by ISRO and the complete manufacturing operation of the plant will be managed by BEL.

ISRO Chairmen: A distinguished line-up Starting from the legendary Vikram Sarabhai, the Indian Space Research Organisation has been led gloriously by eminent scientists, each of whom has made immense contributions to the cause of India’s space missions. Here is a short summary of their tenures

Dr. K Sivan Chairman Isro

he Chairman is the topmost official of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). India’s first space agency, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), was found in 1962 with Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman. ISRO in its modern form was also created by Sarabhai in 1969. The first chairman held the post during 1963-1972 He was followed by: M.G.K. Menon (1972) Satish Dhawan (1972 - 1984) U. R. Rao (1984 - 1994) K. Kasturirangan (1994 - 2003) G. Madhavan Nair (2003 - 2009) K. Radhakrishnan (2009 - 2014) Shailesh Nayak (2015) A. S. Kiran Kumar

(2015 - 2018) K Sivan (Incumbent) (From January 15, 2018) A S Kiran Kumar Immediate past Chairman of ISRO Alur Seelin Kiran Kumar, Distinguished Scientist (Apex) and Director, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, assumed the office of the Secretary, Department of Space, Chairman, Space Commission and Chairman, ISRO on January 14, 2015. He held the post till January 14, 2018. Kiran Kumar is a highly accomplished space scientist and engineer with a distinguished career spanning over four decades in ISRO in the satellite payload and applications domains. He has made immense contributions to the design and development of Electro-

Optical Imaging Sensors for Airborne, Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit satellites starting from Bhaskara TV payload to the Mars Orbiter Mission payloads. Kiran Kumar was instrumental in evolving the successful strategy for steering the Mars Orbiter Spacecraft towards planet Mars as well as its Mars Orbit Insertion. He has also made significant contributions for evolving the observation strategy encompassing land, ocean, atmospheric and planetary studies. Kiran Kumar is an alumnus of National College, Bangalore. He obtained his Physics (Honours) Degree from

Bangalore University in 1971 and later obtained his Master’s degree in Electronics from the same university in 1973, and thereafter his MTech Degree in Physical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1975. Kiran Kumar began his career in ISRO by joining Space Applications Centre (SAC) in 1975. Later, he became its Associate Director and

Shri. A S Kiran Kumar

Dr. K Radhakrishnan in March 2012 took over as the Director of SAC. At SAC, Kiran Kumar steered the design, development & realisation of payloads and application activities of earth observation, communication, navigation, space science and planetary exploration. Kiran Kumar is a recipient of many national and international laurels/awards including the Padma Shri in 2014, International Academy of Astronautics’ Laurels for Team Achievement Award for Cartosat in 2008 and for Chandrayaan-1 in 2013, Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS) Award for the year 1994, VASVIK award (Electronic sciences and technology) for the year 1998, Astronautical Society of India Award (Space Sciences and Applications) for the year 2001, ISRO individual Service Award 2006, Bhaskara Award of ISRS in 2007 and ISRO Performance Excellence Award 2008. Dr. K Radhakrishnan Dr. Koppillil Radhakrishnan was born on August 29,

1949 at Irinjalakuda, Kerala. He graduated in Electrical Engineering from Kerala University (1970), completed his PGDM from Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (1976) and obtained Doctorate for his thesis titled ‘Some Strategies for Indian Earth Observation System’ from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (2000). He is a Fellow of Indian National Academy of Science (FNASc), Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering (FNAE); Honorary Life Fellow of The Institution of Engineers, India; Honorary Fellow of The Institution of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineers, India; and Member of International Academy of Astronautics. Starting his career as an Avionics Engineer in Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, he held several decisive positions in ISRO in the domains of space launch systems, space applications and space programme management. He had commendably held the post of Director, Vikram

Sarabhai Space Centre, the lead centre for launch vehicle technology in ISRO and Director, National Remote Sensing Agency. In his brief stint (2000-2005) in the Ministry of Earth Sciences, he had also been the Founder Director of Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and the first Project Director of Indian National Tsunami Warning System. He also held several important positions at the international level including Vice Chairman of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (2001-05), Founder Chairman of Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System (2001-06) and Chairman of the Working Group of the Whole UNCOPUOS STSC (2008-2009). Since October 2009, Indian Space Programmes carried the signatures of. Radhakrishnan with focused thrust towards space applications for societal services and national imperatives; creation, management and sustenance capability and capacity for space systems; undertaking new and path-breaking

missions; development of several critical technologies ; and ensuring synergy of 16,000 strong ISRO Team with Indian Industry, Academia, User community and several National R&D Laboratories. Dr G Madhavan Nair Dr G Madhavan Nair was born on October 31, 1943 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He graduated in Engineering from Kerala University in 1966 and underwent training at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Bombay. He joined Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1967. Since then, he has held various positions posting illustrious milestones on his way to the position of Chairman ISRO. During his tenure of six years as Chairman, ISRO/Secretary, DOS, 25 successful missions were accomplished i.e., INSAT-3E, RESOURCESAT-1, EDUSAT, CARTOSAT-1, HAMSAT-1, INSAT-4A, PSLV-C5, GSLV-F1, PSLV-C6, CARTOSAT-2, INSAT-4B, SRE-1, PSLV-C7, PSLV-C8, GSLV-F04, INSAT-4CR, PSLV-C10,

Dr G Madhavan Nair

Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1, PSLV-C9, CHANDRAYAAN-1, PSLV-C11, PSLV-12, PSLV-C14 and OCEANSAT-2. He has taken initiatives towards development of futuristic technologies to enhance the space systems capabilities as well as to reduce the cost of access to space. He has given major thrust for evolving application programmes such as tele-education and telemedicine for meeting the needs of society at large. More than 31,000 classrooms have been connected under the EDUSAT network and telemedicine is extended to 315 hospitals - 269 in remote/rural/ district hospitals including 10 mobile units and 46 super speciality hospitals. Madhavan Nair has initiated schemes for Village Resource Centres (VRCs) through satellite connectivity which aims at improving the quality of life of the poor people in the villages. More than 430 VRCs

are facilitating access to spatial information on important aspects like land use/land cover, soil and ground water prospects and enable the farmers in taking important decisions based on their query. VRCs also enable online interaction between the local farmers and agricultural scientists. It also provides information of many governmental schemes, farming system, action plans based on weather, community specific advice on soil and water conservation, etc. During Madhavan Nair’s tenure as the Director of the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre from 1995-99, India’s efforts towards indigenous development of cryogenic technology took concrete shape and vital infrastructures were built and critical technologies were developed. In his role as the Director of VSSC from 1999 till he took over the position of ISRO Chairman, Madhavan Nair led VSSC, the largest

Centre of ISRO with about six thousand employees working in various engineering and scientific disciplines towards the development of India’s Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) capable of orbiting 2000 kg class of satellite into Geo Transfer Orbit, which had its successful flight in the very first attempt, and declared operational after its successful flight in 2003. In the international arena, Madhavan Nair has led the Indian delegations for bilateral cooperation and negotiations with many Space Agencies and Countries, especially with France, Russia, Brazil, Israel, etc., and has been instrumental in working out mutually beneficial international cooperative agreements. G Madhavan Nair has led the Indian delegation to the S&T Sub-Committee of United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS) since 1998. G Madhavan Nair focused on achieving self-reliance in the high technology areas and to bring the benefits of space technology to the national development, specially targeting the needs of the rural and poor sections of the society. Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan steered the Indian Space programme for over nine years as Chairman of the ISRO, of Space Commission and Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Space, before laying down his office on August 27, 2003. He was earlier the Director of ISRO Satellite Centre, where he oversaw the activities related to the development of new

generation spacecraft, Indian National Satellite (INSAT-2) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS-1A & 1B) as well as scientific satellites. He was also the Project Director for India’s first two experimental earth observation satellites, BHASKARA-I & II and subsequently was responsible for overall direction of the first operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-1A. Kasturirangan took his Bachelor of Science with Honours and Master of Science degrees in Physics from Bombay University and received his Doctorate Degree in Experimental High Energy Astronomy in 1971 working at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. Under his leadership, as Chairman, ISRO, the space programme witnessed several major milestones including the successful launching and operationalisation of the India’s prestigious launch vehicle, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the first successful flight testing of the all-important GSLV. Further, he has also overseen the design, development and launching of the world’s best civilian satellites, IRS-1C and 1D, realization of the second generation and initiation of third generation INSAT satellites, besides launching ocean observation satellites IRS-P3/P4. These efforts have put India as a pre-eminent space-faring nation among the handful of six countries that have major space programmes. As an Astrophysicist, Kasturirangan’s interest includes research in high energy X-ray and gamma ray astronomy as well as optical astronomy. He has made extensive and significant contributions to studies of Cosmic x-ray sources,

Prof. U R Rao celestial gamma-ray and effect of cosmic x-rays in the lower atmosphere. He is a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences of India, Indian National Academy of Engineering, Astronautical Society of India, National Telematics Forum, The Indian Meteorological Society and The Third World Academy of Sciences. Prof. U R Rao Prof. U R Rao was an internationally renowned space scientist who made original contributions to the development of space technology in India and its extensive application to communications and remote sensing of natural resources. He was the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad and the Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space

science and Technology at Thiruvananthapuram. After working as a Faculty Member at MIT and Assistant Professor at University of Texas at Dallas where he carried out investigations as a prime experimenter on a number of Pioneer and Explorer spacecrafts, Rao returned to India in 1966 as Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. Realizing the need to use space technology for rapid development, Rao undertook the responsibility for the establishment of satellite technology in India in 1972. Under his guidance, beginning with the first Indian satellite ‘Aryabhata’ in 1975, over 18 satellites were designed and launched for providing communication, remote sensing and meteorological services. After taking charge as Chairman, Space Commission and Secretary, Department of Space in 1984, Rao accelerated

the development of rocket technology, resulting in the successful launch of ASLV rocket and the operational PSLV launch vehicle, which can launch 2.0 ton class of satellites into polar orbit. Rao initiated the development of the geostationary launch vehicle GSLV and the development of cryogenic technology in 1991. Rao had published over 350 scientific and technical papers covering cosmic rays, interplanetary physics, high energy astronomy, space applications and satellite and rocket technology and authored many books. He was also the recipient of D.Sc. (Hon. Causa) Degree from over 25 Universities including University of Bologna, the oldest University in Europe. Rao was awarded ‘Padma Bhushan’ by the Government of India in 1976 and ‘Padma Vibhushan’ in 2017. He became the first Indian Space Scientist to be inducted into the highly Prestigious ‘Satellite Hall of Fame’ at Washington DC, USA on March 19,

2013. Rao became the first Indian Space Scientist to be inducted into the highly Prestigious “IAF Hall of Fame” at Guadalajara, Mexico. Prof. Satish Dhawan Prof. Satish Dhawan (September 25, 1920– January 3, 2002) was an Indian rocket scientist who was born in Srinagar, India and educated in India and the United States. He is considered by the Indian scientific community to be the father of experimental fluid dynamics research in India and one of the most eminent researchers in the field of turbulence and boundary layers. He succeeded Vikram Sarabhai, the founder of the Indian space programme, as Chairman of the ISRO in 1972. He was also the Chairman of

Prof. Satish Dhawan

cosmic ray studies and on the high-energy inter-actions of elementary particles.

Prof. M G K Menon the Space Commission and Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Space. In the decade following his appointment he directed the Indian space programme through a period of extraordinary growth and spectacular achievement. Even while he was the head of the Indian space programme, he devoted substantial efforts towards boundary layer research. His most important contributions are presented in the book ‘Boundary Layer Theory’ by Hermann Schlichting. Dhawan was a popular professor at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He is credited for setting up the first supersonic wind tunnel in India at IISc. He also pioneered research on relaminarization of separated boundary layer flows, threedimensional boundary layers and trisonic flows. Dhawan carried out pioneering experiments in rural education, remote sensing and satellite communications. His efforts led to operational systems like INSAT- a

telecommunications satellite, IRS - the Indian Remote Sensing satellite and the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) that placed India in the league of space faring nations. Following his death in 2002, the Indian satellite launch centre at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, located about 100 km north of Chennai, was renamed as the Prof. Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Prof. M G K Menon Prof. M G K Menon (28 August 1928 - 22 November 2016), was an Advisor in the Department of Space/ ISRO. He was the President of Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta (1990- 2016). Menon took his PhD from the University of Bristol, UK in 1953, He has a large number of honorary doctorates from universities in India and abroad Menon was Fellow of all the three Science Academies in India; and was President of each one of them. Menon has done Scientific Work in Cosmic Rays, Particle Physics. He is distinguished for investigations in the field of

Dr Vikram Sarabhai Dr Vikram Sarabhai is considered as the Father of the Indian space programme; he was a great institution builder and established or helped set up a large number of institutions in diverse fields. He was instrumental in establishing the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad. Sarabhai was a creator and cultivator of institutions and PRL was the first step in that direction. He was also Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. He along with other Ahmedabadbased industrialists played a major role in the creation of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Some of the most wellknown institutions established by Dr. Sarabhai are: PRL, Ahmedabad; Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad; Community

Science Centre, Ahmedabad; Darpan Academy for Performing Arts, Ahmedabad (along with his wife); Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram; Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad; Faster Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), Kalpakkam; Variable Energy Cyclotron Project, Calcutta; Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Hyderabad; and Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL), Jaduguda, Bihar The establishment of the ISRO was one of his greatest achievements. As a result of Dr. Sarabhai’s dialogue with NASA in 1966, the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was launched during July 1975 - July 1976 (when Sarabhai was no more). Sarabhai started a project for the fabrication and launch of an Indian Satellite. As a result, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was put in orbit in 1975 from a Russian Cosmodrome.

Dr Vikram Sarabhai

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August 69

VSSC: ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lead Centre in Launch Vehicle Technology

n the early 1960s, the Indian National Committee on Space Research, the Indian counterpart of the Committee for Space Research of the United Nations, was formed under the leadership of Dr. Vikram A Sarabhai. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) was named in fond memory of the great visionary. With the modest beginning from sounding rockets, the organization has now reached the capability of launching 4 Ton class satellite to GTO. Over the years, organization has matured in experience

S. Somanath Director VSSC

and technological capabilities and thus we could accomplish deep space complex missions like Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan and demonstrate Reusable Launch Vehicle technology. Humble beginning: Space research commenced at Thumba in 1963 with the launch of Nike Apache rocket. It was followed by launch of indigenous Rohini-75 rockets in 1967. This marked the beginning of the indigenous capability demonstration in the rocket science at ISRO. St. Mary Magdalene church at Thumba was the hub of

research and epicenter of space research in 70s. Nurturing Leaders: Leaders are born rather than taught, but spotting & nurturing leaders is the critical responsibility of the organization. VSSC holds history of nurturing & providing great leaders, with various domain expertise, for ISRO & as well as for the country. Ex-President of India, Honâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ble Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a great leader who rose to heights with his humble beginning in VSSC. Other great leaders like Shri. G Madhavan Nair & Dr. K Radhakrishnan are stalwarts in rocket technology who lead VSSC before spearheading ISRO. Dr. K Sivan, who is currently at the helm of affairs of ISRO, is an expert in aerodynamics,

mission design & simulations fostered by VSSC. Shri. S Somanath, currently Director VSSC, is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles and has made significant contributions in domains like overall architecture of launch vehicles, propulsion systems, structural and structural dynamics, separation systems & vehicle integration.

Launch Vehicle Projects: The primary mandate of VSSC is the design and development of launch vehicles and related technologies for providing access to space. Projects in VSSC started with development of Satellite Launch Vehicle 3 (SLV3), which demonstrated the solid rocket motor technology, avionics, structural engineering & integration capabilities with payload capability of 40kg

Mission simulation facilities (1st row), Hypersonic wind tunnel & Supercomputing facility (2nd row)

S200 motor

Sine burst testing of Crew module

HSP – Crew Escape System

Foam insulated LH2 tank

Fire resistant CASPOL coating demonstration

to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Subsequently, Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) demonstrated the strap-on configuration and other host of improvements with payload capability of 150 kg to LEO. With large solid motor – S139, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) along with indigenous liquid engines, boosted the payload capability to 1.2 Tons to GTO. PSLV continues to be the work horse launch vehicle with high degree of mission flexibility for catering to our satellite requirements as well as for international customers. Successful demonstration of complex Cryogenic engine technology lead to the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) capable of 2.2 Tons to GTO. With the increasing demand for launching 4Ton class satellite, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle MkIII (GSLV MkIII) with biggest solid rocket motor (S200), liquid stage (L110) and a massive cryogenic engine (C25) was developed and demonstrated. The capability and robustness of the launch vehicle was proven by successive successful launches of D1 & D2.

A small satellite launch vehicle (SSLV)is also being realized which can cater to requirements of launching small satellites upto 500kg into low earth orbit (500kmx500km), with minimum turb around time & reduced cost. VSSC is the lead center of ISRO for Space Transportation Systems. All launch vehicle Projects are spearheaded by VSSC. The unique project management system and system engineering practices evolved in India’s space programme have been developed & nurtured in VSSC. The matrix project management structure with the lead centre as VSSC integrates the activities distributed across various work centers, up to the final vehicle integration, tests & launch. Centre of Excellence for multidisciplinary research: Launch vehicle development being a multidisciplinary activity, entails hardcore research across VSSC in various disciplines like mission design, materials, propellants, chemicals, structures, composites, avionics, ordnances, metallurgy etc., These lead to the domain specific expertise in VSSC, now hosting

RLV â&#x20AC;&#x201C; fuselage structural testing multidisciplinary experts in the above mentioned fields. 1. Mission design & aerodynamic characterization Mission design and simulation is an important domain expertise of VSSC. Launch vehicle mission design process consists of trajectory design, guidance

S200 nozzle

and control design, control power plant modelling and integrating them through closed loop simulation where all the systems dynamics are captured. The propulsion system, aerodynamic and structural models are suitably integrated. The robustness of the vehicle design is evaluated through such extensive simulations. Real Checkout systems time mission simulation test beds have been developed which include On board computer In-Loop Simulation (OILS), Hardware In-Loop Simulation (HLS) and Actuator In-Loop Simulation(ALS) for validation of Navigation, guidance and control(NGC) systems. Hardware & software elements of launch vehicle control systems will undergo mission simulations before final integration to launch vehicle. VSSC also holds facilities like hypersonic wind tunnels and aerothermal test facilities for design validation and material qualification for launch vehicles. Work is under progress for establishing a state of the art Trisonic wind tunnel & 2 Peta Flop supercomputing facility at VSSC.

5 m dia. Composite PLF

2. Propellants & chemicals

Vikram Processor Solid propellant is a noteworthy technology developed in VSSC for all ISRO missions. Burgeoning from PVC based propellants, P-BAN, HEF-20, LTPB and the present work-horse HTPB propellants are the fruits of untiring research of stalwarts in Solid propulsion at VSSC. The present solid propellants find its application right from main stages of PSLV to most advanced Crew Escape System (CES) for the upcoming Gaganyaan mission. VSSC encompasses expertise in the field of polymers and special chemicals,

Various capacity Li-ion cells which caters to the needs of ISRO for adhesives, thermal paints, insulations, specialty coatings, sealants, thermal protections, high temperature ceramics etc., Majority of aforesaid specialty chemicals required for launch vehicle & satellite missions of ISRO are developed & produced in-house. 3.Structural engineering Design of spacecraft and rocket structures is a specialized area due to its importance it plays in realizing a rocket with minimum structural mass and a good payload fraction. The loads acting in a launch vehicle is to be well understood and captured through specific analysis. The design margins are normally kept very small to ensure the optimum mass of structures. The team has expertise in the field of structural design & analysis of launch vehicle systems, qualification testing of metallic and composite structures, structural dynamic characterization & testing, acoustics and aero-elastic analysis & testing. The notable contribution by VSSC in this field is the development of finite Element Analysis of Structures (FEAST) software, which is widely used in ISRO, industries

& educational institutions for structural analysis. 4.Material & fabrication VSSC works on developing, processing and realizing quality materials and hardware for expendable & re-usable launch vehicles and space-crafts both from in-house facilities and through external industries. VSSC has core competency in the development of high temperature and futuristic materials, computer-aided design, advanced aerospace manufacturing, Precision engineering, metrology and non-destructive testing, which find immense application in varied ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s missions. 5. Composite hardware Induction of composites in launch vehicles provides substantial mass savings. VSSC has design expertise and hosts advanced composites processing facility capable of producing large composite structures and ablatives. Composite structural hardware & ablatives for both launch vehicle & satellite are designed & developed in VSSC. 6.Avionics The avionics systems which form the brain of launch vehicles are designed and developed in VSSC. Avionics for operational launch vehicles

ADMIRE vehicles with vertical landing capability and the developmental missions are realized in-house and also through industries. Avionics systems perform mission critical navigation, guidance & control activities which help in steering the launch vehicle to the desired destination. VSSC has developed state of the art onboard computers, which take real time decisions based on navigation sensor information and generate the required sequencing and control commands for control power plants. Launch vehicle stabilization is done using in-house developed high power electro-hydraulic & electro-mechanical power plants, located at various stages. Development of highly reliable, redundant and rugged avionics for human rated launch vehicle, meeting the stringent safety requirements for transporting humans, is in progress.

7. Energy systems VSSC has immensely contributed to ISRO and as well as to society in the field of energy systems. Li-ion cells are designed, developed and demonstrated in-house in varying capacities from 1.5Ah to 100Ah. Indigenous State of the art Li-ion cell production facility is available in VSSC to cater to internal needs. Li-ion cells are used for powering launch vehicle control electronics, actuators & pyro systems and also in ISROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s satellites. Recently the technology was transferred to Indian industries to commercial exploit the potential of the technology. Considering the future of electric mobility in the country, this contribution of VSSC is extremely important. 8. Space physics VSSC also hosts domain

expertise in space physics, with a dedicated team carrying out basic and applied research on the lower and upper atmospheres, ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth and other solar system bodies (planets, planetary satellites and comets), using a suite of state-of-the-art experiments; ground-based, aboard ships and aircrafts, balloon and rocket -borne, and satellite payloads. In addition to having a domain expertise in varied field of rocket science, VSSCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strength is the system engineering approach towards complex tasks. These strengths of VSSC has culminated in pursuing complex missions in addition to our operational launch vehicle missions. VSSC has taken up activities related to advanced missions including stage recovery, reusable winged body vehicles, air-breathing propulsion etc.

Human rated GSLV MkIII

Orbital Re-entry Vehicles Advanced Mission & Recovery Experiments (ADMIRE) aims at development of a throtlabble liquid engine based test vehicle capable of vertical take-off and landing. The vertical landing capability will be a proving ground for future reusable vehicle booster stages. The test vehicle will also be used for demonstration of high altitude crew escape systems, scramjet propulsion, orbital reentry, Inflatable aerodynamic decelerator system etc., Hypersonic Air-breathing Vehicle with Airframe integrated structures (HAVA) project is to realize a lifting body hypersonic vehicle integrated with Scramjet engine and sub systems like fluid storage and feed system, air intake opening mechanism, ignition system, control surface actuation system, avionics system and thermal protection system. The experiment validates design and demonstration of an autonomous navigation, guidance & control system which operates from the instant of separation of HAVA from the ADMIRE booster to the end of Scramjet experiment. VSSC is gearing up towards developing fully Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) with two stages. Aerodynamic characterization of winged

reentry body along with autonomous mission management was carried out through successful RLV TD HEX 01 mission. Presently, a landing experiment is planned where autonomous landing of winged body will be proved followed by second phase of orbital re-entry. Gaganyaan Major systems for Gaganyaan including crew module where the threemember crew is housed and the crew escape system, in case of exigencies, is being developed at VSSC. Human rating of GSLV MkIII is important activity. The existing systems of GSLV MkIII is subjected to analysis & testing and improvements in the systems are also carried out for higher levels redundancy and reliability as per international human rating standards. Heavy-lift Launch Vehicle (HLV) To cater to the requirements of launching satellite of 5 to 8Ton to GTO, an all-new heavy lift launch vehicle employing Semicryo & cryo stages is under development. Mission studies with various versions of the launch vehicle is in progress. A version of the launch vehicle with a recoverable booster stage is also under consideration.

VSSCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to society: VSSC being an organization committed towards advanced rocket technology, often end up in technologies having huge potential for the society. Much of the technologies developed for the launch vehicles, find direct or indirect application for mankind. Such technologies are identified and transferred to industry to exploit the market potential. Nearly 300 technologies developed in VSSC has been transferred to Indian industries. New development such as Liion cells, Search & rescue beacon, fire resistant CASPOL coatings and Silica Aerogels are the perfect examples of in-house born technologies. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, being the epicenter of space research in India since the launch of Nike Apache rockets in 1963, is the lead centre of ISRO. Various specialized domains such as Liquid propulsion, Inertial systems, Spacecrafts, Human spaceflight & Space applications have emerged out of VSSC and has become centre of its own. Thus, true to the vision of the legendary founder Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, VSSC strives to benefit the common man, by providing major contribution to various advanced ISRO missions.

Role of IIRS in Capacity Building: Current Trends & Practices leading to livelihood security and understanding the impact of climate change. The Institute campus also houses the headquarters of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP), affiliated to the United Nations and first of its kind established in the region in 1995. IIRS provides support to conduct all its remote sensing and GIS training and education programmes at postgraduate level. The headquarters of Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS), one of the largest non-governmental scientific society in the country, is also located in the Institute campus.

Dr. Prakash Chauhan Director, IIRS Introduction Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun is one of the units of ISRO to realize the Indian space vision, as a key player, in capacity building for successful implementation of earth observation (EO) programme for societal benefits. While nurturing its primary endeavor to build capacity among the user community by training mid-career professionals, the Institute has enhanced its capability and evolved many training and education programmes that are tuned to meet the requirements

of various target groups, ranging from fresh graduates to policy makers including academia. IIRS is a premier institute with internationally acclaimed expertise in the area of training, education and research in use of geospatial technology for applications covering agriculture, soil, geology, water resources, forestry and ecology, environment, urban development, groundwater and mineral prospecting, watershed management and monitoring, drought and flood assessment, ocean resources and disaster management,

Brief History & Milestones Formerly known as Indian Photo-interpretation Institute (IPI), the institute was founded on 21st April 1966 under the aegis of Survey of India (SOI). It was established with the collaboration of the Government of the Netherlands on the pattern of Faculty of Geo-Information science and Earth Observation (ITC) of the University of Twente, formerly known as International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, The Netherlands. The original idea of setting the Institute came from Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, during his first visit to The Netherlands in 1957. The Instituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building at Kalidas Road, Dehradun was inaugurated on May 27, 1972. Today, it has programmes for all level of users, i.e. mid-career professionals, researchers, academia, fresh

graduates and policy makers. The sustained efforts by its dedicated faculty and management have made the institute remain in the forefront throughout its journey of about four and a half decades from a photo-interpretation institute to an institute of an international stature in the field of remote sensing and geo-information science. Vision Achieve excellence and remain in the forefront for capacity building in Remote Sensing and Geo informatics and their applicationsâ&#x20AC;? Mission Transfer technology through capacity building and research in the field of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geo informatics for sustainable development. Objectives Capacity building in the field of remote sensing and Geo informatics through: Quality education and training programmes as per the need of stakeholders, through regular feedback and updation. Ensure quality of education and training programmes through regular evaluation of the student performance, improved infrastructure and linkage with institutes of high repute. Ensure quality of trainers / faculty through regular training/seminar/publication in peer review journals. Considering the imminent need towards focused efforts in Training and Education for efficient utilization of the

ISRO’s forthcoming advanced Earth Observation Systems, IIRS has been given the status of a Unit of ISRO with effect from 30th April 2011. The Director who reports to Chairman, ISRO/Secretary, Department of Space heads it.The overall activities of the institute are guided by Management Council, while the academic programmes are guided by a Academic Council and Board of Studies. A highly motivated and dedicated team of multidisciplinary scientists and engineers contribute towards realizing the Institute’s objectives. Capacity Building Programmes of the Institute The training and education programmes of the Institute are designed to meet the requirements of various target/user groups, i.e. for professionals at working, middle and supervisory levels, fresh graduates, researchers, academia, and decision makers. The duration of courses ranges from one-week to two-years. The training programmes

conducted by the Institute are broadly grouped into – (1) Postgraduate Diploma programmes, (2) Certificate programmes (including NNRMS-ISRO sponsored programme for University faculty), (3) Awareness programmes, (4) Special on-demand/ tailor-made courses. The Postgraduate Diploma programmes are of 10 months duration; the Certificate Programmes are of 8 weeks duration; the Awareness programmes for Decision Makers are of 1 week duration; and Special courses are of 1–8 week duration. The education programmes conducted by the Institute include: (1) M.Tech, course of 24 months duration being conducted in collaboration with Andhra University, Visakhapatnam; and (2) M.Sc. course of 18 months duration being conducted in collaboration with the Faculty of Geo-information Science & Earth Observation (ITC) of the University of Twente (UT), The Netherlands. In addition, the Institute also provides support to the

CSSTEAP, affiliated to the United Nations, to conduct the RS & GIS training & education programmes at postgraduate level. The international partner of IIRS, The University of Twente (UT) is known as ‘the enterprising university’ in The Netherlands. Established in 1961 at Enschede, UT is one among the top European universities. The Masters Degree programmes are run in collaboration with – (1) Andhra University (AU), Visakhapatnam, India (for M.Tech. Degree in RS & GIS). The Centre for Remote Sensing and Information system in the Department of Geo-Engineering, with whom IIRS is partnering for M.Tech Programme in RS and GIS is one of the Centres of Excellence in the AU. Both the capacity building partners of IIRS, i.e. AU (http://www. andhrauniversity.info/) and University of Twenty (http:// www.utwente.nl/), are the premier education and research institute in India and The Netherlands, respectively.

The Institute has trained has trained 12,030 professionals (till July, 2019), including 1,197 professionals from abroad representing 96 countries. A total of 198 students in M.Sc. and 377 Students in M.Tech. courses have graduated since 2002. Special tailor-made/ on-demand courses are conducted at the request of the User Departments, both national and international. In the last few years, demand for such tailor-made courses has increased significantly. In addition to aforesaid activities, IIRS also supports activities of UN-CSSTEAP which has conducted Post Graduate in the five disciplines and short courses in various themes. Till date the Centre has conducted 58 PG courses and several short courses and workshops in past 23 years. These programmes have benefitted 2090 participants from 36 countries from Asia-pacific region and 19 countries from outside Asia Pacific region.PG Courses have benefitted 966 participants while Short Courses have benefitted 1124 participants. IIRS also conducts internetbased distance learning courses under its Outreach Programme. which initiated in 2007. Currently, these courses are offered in the following two modes: (1) Live & interactive classroom based courses, and (2) e-learning courses. Over 95,000 participants from about 910 institutions (including academic institutions, government organisations, industry and NGOs) across the country have been benefitted through the live & interactive course. The summary of capacity building programmes conducted by IIRS are listed in the following Table.

Various capacity building Programmes at IIRS S. No.

Programme

Duration

M.Tech. in Remote Sensing & GIS (Affiliated with Andhra University) Specializations in – Sustainable Agriculture; Forest Resources and Ecosystem Analysis; Geosciences; Urban & Regional Studies; Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources; and Satellite Image Analysis & Photogrammetry, Geoinformatics

24 months 40

M.Sc. in Geo-Infromation Science & Earth Observation (Affiliated with ITC, University of Twente, The Netherlands) Specialization in – Geoinformatics

18 months 10

Post-Graduate Diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS 8 Specializations – Sustainable Agriculture; Forest Resources and Ecosystem Analysis; Geosciences; Urban & Regional Studies; Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources; and Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Management

10 months 48

Post-Graduate Diploma in Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (Affiliated 10 months 10 with ITC, University of Twente, The Netherlands) Specialization in – Geoinformatics

Certificate Course in Remote Sensing Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (for Indian User participants)

8 weeks

International Programme – Certificate Course in Remote Sensing, Geoinformatics (Sponsored by ITEC, Govt. of India) Remote Sensing (with emphasis on Digital Image Processing); Geoinformatics

8 weeks

NNRMS, ISRO-Sponsored Certificate Course in Remote Sensing and GIS for 8 weeks University Faculty 8 Specializations - Cartography and Mapping; GIS Technology and Advances; Soils & Land Use Planning; Forestry/ Ecology /Wildlife / Env. Sciences; Geosciences; Coastal & Ocean Sciences; Urban and Regional Planning; Water Resources

Awareness Programme Remote Sensing – An Overview for Decision Makers

1 week

Tailor-Made On-Demand Courses

1 to 8 weeks

Variable

External students (~300 annually) pursuing professional courses (B.Tech., M.Tech., MCA, etc.) from various University and affiliated Colleges have also benefited by completing Dissertation/ Project-work at IIRS. Research has always been an integral part of capacity building with participation of IIRS in National Mission Projects also. The IIRS-Management Council The activities of the Institute are guided by the IIRSManagement Council (IIRSMC). It has the following role: • To review the institute’s programmes (ongoing

•

and new initiatives); To review the annual budget proposals and manpower requirements; and To provide overall direction for the development of the Institute.

• The Academic Council The academic programmes of the institute are guided by an Academic Council consisting of leading experts in the field. The Academic Council has the following terms of reference: • To provide the overall guidance to the academic programmes of the Institute and suggest revisions as

•

and when required; To review and implement the recommendations of the Board of Studies; To advise on the research and faculty improvement programmes; and To recommend pedagogy, quality and standards, admission and evaluation policies and academic equivalencies.

The Board of Studies The Board of Studies (BoS) consisting of domain experts reviews and approves the course curriculum and syllabus of different academic

No. of Seats

programmes designed by the faculty in consultation with the external experts from academia and industry. The BoS has the following terms of reference: • To review the course contents and curricula based on the latest developments in the RS & GIS technology and applications; • To review the quality and contents of lecture materials, practicals and tutorials; and • To analyse the effectiveness of teaching methods, conduct of examinations and students’ feedback of the courses.

GMR setting up India’s largest Airport city in Hyderabad city and pollution-free and well-planned ecosystem. There is a Notified Area Committee (NAC) which is a one-stop clearance window for all building plan approvals – thus contributing towards ease of doing business. It focuses on sustainable development using Green Technologies and new generation Smart digital infrastructure along with quality physical infrastructure. Aerospace & Industrial Park The key attraction of Hyderabad Airport City is GMR Aerospace & Industrial Park, which is a modern, state-of-the-art airportbased multi-product Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The Park offers Special Economic

Aman Kapoor CEO GMR Airport Land Development

irport City or Aerotropolis is an urban ecosystem that is anchored with an airport at its core. Over the past few years, the development of Airport City has gained substantial momentum with its popularity spreading rapidly on a global scale. In India too, the concept of Airport City is gaining traction, especially after the introduction of Public Private Partnership (PPP) model in airport development. GMR Group, the reputed infrastructure company and airport developer & operator has made some pioneering endeavours towards conceptualizing and developing Airport City in India. GMR Hyderabad International Airport Ltd. (GHIAL), a GMR Group Company which is operating

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), Hyderabad, is developing India’s largest Airport City around the Airport. Hyderabad Airport City offers an integrated ecosystem covering commercial office space, retail, leisure & entertainment, hospitality, education, healthcare, aerospace and logistics. Being a Greenfield project, the master plan of RGIA envisioned creating a world class Aerotropolis right from its inception. The Hyderabad Airport City offers best-in-class infrastructural support for the prospective and existing businesses with built in Power, Telecom & IT infrastructure for 24x7 operations; dedicated power link-up with the state grid for reliable power supply, round-the-clock security, express connectivity with the

Zone (SEZ) facilities for units with predominantly exportoriented business as well as non-SEZ land for customers who wish to deal in the Domestic Tariff Area within India. The Park also houses India’s first Airport-based Free Trade Zone - GIFTZ (GMR International Free Trade Zone). GMR Aerospace & Industrial Park provides ‘ready-touse’ industrial infrastructure allowing companies to focus on their core business. The Park enjoys greater security by virtue of being housed within RGIA. Supply of utilities like power and water are highly reliable. The Park also enjoys the complete airport ecosystem like proximity to Air Cargo Terminal, availability of five-star hotel, reliable

and affordable transportemergency services etc. A major USP of the Park is its Airside facing land in both SEZ and non-SEZ locations. This land can be utilized for setting up of Final Assembly Line of small & medium aircrafts, helicopters and drones. The adjacent taxiway and runway system are available for live testing of aircraft systems, as permitted by the Air Navigation bodies. The Airframe MRO facility at the SEZ offers complimentary services to the needs of Airlines, Aircraft manufacturers and other Aerospace companies and is a win-win situation for all. The Park counts some of the renowned global companies as its partners, such as CFM, Safran, Pratt & Whitney and Filtration Group. Mr. Aman Kapoor, CEO, GMR Airport Land Development, says, “Hyderabad Airport City is creating a paradigm shift in the way of doing business in India. The Airport city brings speed, agility and connectivity as unique business propositions. Offering a gateway Airport with growing air connectivity, passenger traffic and smart technologies in place, the Hyderabad Airport City is unfolding an urban model that is competitive, attractive and sustainable. We aspire to grow intelligently, bringing about good returns to the Airport, its users, businesses, surrounding communities and the entire region we serve.”

Space Technology Application tools for development & progress of North East

P L N Raju Director NESAC he North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), a joint initiative of Department of Space (DOS)

and the North Eastern Council (NEC) is a society registered under the Meghalaya Societies Registration Act, 1983. The Centre has provided

Summary list of thematic activities of NESAC

more than 17 years of dedicated service to the eight states of North Eastern Region (NER) of India using space science and technology. The major objectives of the Centre are: • To provide an operational remote sensing and geographic information system aided natural resource information base to support activities on development / management of natural resources and infrastructure planning in the region. • To provide operational satellite communication applications services in the region in education, health care, disaster management support, and developmental communication. • To take up research in space and atmospheric science area and establish an instrumentation hub and

networking with various academic institutions of NER. • To enable single window delivery of all possible space based support for disaster management. • To set up a regional level infrastructure for capacity building in the field of geospatial technology. The scientific programs of the Centre are guided by the needs of the region and are reviewed periodically. Over the years, NESAC has taken up and completed multiple projects covering the NER states in the areas of natural resources management, infrastructure planning, health, education, satellite communication and atmospheric science research. The centre has implemented a number of application projects sponsored by user agencies in the region, National/regional projects funded/coordinated by ISRO-DOS Centres, research and developmental projects under Earth Observations Applications (EO-A), Satellite Communications (SATCOM) programs, Disaster Management Support (DMS) program under the North Eastern Regional node for Disaster Risk Reduction (NER-DRR) and Space & Atmospheric Science Programs under the Atmospheric Science Program (ASP) and ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programs (IGBP). Till now, NESAC has completed more than 100 projects, has released 3500+ data/maps related to Users, and served more than 50 User Departments across eight States of NER.

Phase wise Sericulture Development map of Tripura

Rice acreage estimation of Tripura In the area of remote sensing applications, following are the major themes of activity of NESAC. Forest & Ecology: Under this program, NESAC does following major activities: • Preparation of Forest Working Plans for forest departments of NER states. • Forest Phenology mapping for entire NER. • Assessment of spatial distribution of bamboo in NER with Bamboo Resource Mapping for Nagaland. • Studied dynamics of Shifting Cultivation

using Ecological and Social Approach. • Vegetation Carbon Pool Assessment (VCP)

Digital Tea Garden (DTG) • Invasive Species monitoring, Forest stress study in Nagoan & Kamrup

Sericulture Development: NESAC is doing a project on Space Technology Applications for Sericulture Development throughout the country with Central Silks Board. Under this, major activities and achievements are: • Mapping of potential areas for sericulture in 178 districts covering 26 states (70 districts in Phase II) has been completed. • All the data has been made available in public domain through SILKS web portal. • NESAC has initiated a project on Development of Decision Support System for early warning of selected Silkworm diseases with financial assistance from Central Silks Board, Bengaluru.

Various Forestry related products generated for state user departments for Meghalaya • UAV application for

Summary of Flood Early Warning System as a part of NER-DRR

District, Assam. Agriculture & Allied Sectors: NESAC has used state-of-the-art space technology to benefit the farmers with following: • Various crop yield estimation in many NER states. • Mapping of potential areas for expansion of major crop in many states • Site suitability analysis for Organic farming • Mapping of suitable areas for horticultural crops under CHAMAN project, • Crop Damage assessment using UAVs etc.

Hydrology & Water Resources: In this area, major activities are • Flood Early Warning System (FLEWS) program for all states of NER. • Inundation and embankment study in Brahmaputra Basin. • River Atlas of Assam was successfully completed. • Monitoring and evaluation of projects implemented under Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) in NER. Disaster Risk Assessment & Reduction: Under the

Urban Planning inputs for Nongpoh town ambitious NER-DRR program, currently 6 services have been made operational, namely Flood Early Warning, Landslide Hazard Zonation, Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment, Forest Fire dashboard, Japanese Encephalitis Warning System. The Flood Early Warning System program though was started initially for few districts of Assam, has now covered all districts of Assam as well as some areas of other NER states as well. Till now, NESAC has given more than 3500 flood warnings to the Government Departments. New initiative for Thunderstorm Nowcasting has started experimentally. Urban and Infrastructure Planning: As part of Urban and Infrastructure Planning, NESAC has been carrying

been organized for decision makers, mid-level officers as well as junior officers and more than 100 officers representing different states of the country were trained. Geo-Web Services: Under various Geo-Web services, NESAC offers decision making platform (like NEDRP) for the Governance applications in many Government Departments and agencies for their planning and monitoring activity, Sericulture Info System, Project Monitoring, ElectionGIS, GeoTourism etc. NESAC has received National e-Governance Award for NEDRP project.

Screenshot of NEDRP Application showing various thematic resources for planning out GIS based master/ development plan for Shillong Planning area under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) sub-scheme. Capacity building programme under AMRUT sub-scheme has

NESAC has released Election E-Atlas for Meghalaya. Another major work under GeoWeb services has been

Election e-Atlas for Meghalaya and its Dashboard with various administrative tools

Summary of Project Monitoring activities for various NEC projects

Schematic diagram of Tele-Education program

development of Mobile App for project monitoring of various NEC projects.

Aerial View of NESAC taken with UAV

Various UAV data outputs generated for Users

Photogrammetry & UAV Remote Sensing: NESAC has expanded the activities of Photogrammetry and UAV Remote Sensing over the years. NESAC has conducted more than 80 UAV surveys for different users and research work in the NER. SATCOM : Under SATCOM operational programs, the major activities are: • Tele-Education project for all the eight states of NER. Currently, there are seven Tele-Education Hubs and 350 Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs) in the entire NER. • One of the major activities

of the SatCom division of NESAC is Communication Support in Disaster Management through setting up communication gateways through satellite communication. NESAC is equipped with state-ofthe-art satellite telephony terminals developed by ISRO called as Sat Sleeve. • ISRO-CNES-ONERA joint Ka-Band propagation Experiment. Space and Atmospheric science activities: The space and Atmospheric science group at NESAC has been engaged in research in the areas of Atmospheric science and Space science. Major activities of the division have been as follows:

• Providing experimental lightning early warning for NER of India.

Thunderstorm potential Map and Warning issued by NESAC and DWR image validating the thunderstorm formation • Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of major climate change drivers through collection and analysis of in-situ data from fixed stations and land campaigns and satellite data and products.

• Short and medium range weather forecasting for NER of India to support disaster management. • The first S-band Polarimetric radar installed at Cherrapunjee has been operationalized.

A lecture going on in Smart Classroom in NESAC Outreach Facility as part of Basic Course in RS & GIS

A lecture of the ISRO Young Scientist Program at NESAC Outreach Smart Classroom

Capacity Building activities: As a part of Capacity Building & Outreach activities, following activities have been taken: • State-of-the-art infrastructure facility with lecture halls, practical laboratories, 80 bedded hostel with dining facility has been operationalized. • Every year training programme on various themes are successfully completed. • A large number of students from educational institutes of NER choose NESAC for their external

project work. • Students representing various academic institutions have visited NESAC in study tours over the years. • NESC has also started giving Online Courses for all NER students and young Professionals in collaboration with IIRS, Dehradun. Till now, NESAC has conducted 20 Short term courses, 10 Certificate courses, 15 Exhibition, 03 Distance learning programs. More than 4000 plus Officials have been sensitized and more than 3000 students have been trained.

A National Level Workshop going on at NESAC Outreach Building

Students’ visit to NESAC

AEPL-ISRO: An effective partnership

R. Sundaram, CEO, Aerospace Engineers EPL has enjoyed a fruitful association with ISRO since 2006. The company has been dealing with VSSC Valiamala, ISRO Bangalore and LPSC Thiruvananthapuram for the supply of rubber moulded components; hydraulic and lubrication hoses and valve assemblies. Several major technologies and products have been developed by AEPL for the Indian space industry. For instance, the company has supplied hydraulic hoses used in Reusable Launch

Vehicle. This partnership was with VSSC Valiamala. Moreover, AEPL has received ROCASIN Rubber Technology from ISRO for rocket motor lining. In fact, AEPL’s surface treatment plant (SS Passivation and Aluminium Anodising) is approved by ISRO. The company has also received an order for making valve assemblies for fuel systems. Exports and international collaboration are also an important part of AEPL’s portfolio. AEPL is a Tier 1 supplier for metallic assemblies and Tier 2 for detail parts. Rubber parts are some

major exports of the firm. Recently, AEPL was certified for ‘Production organization exposition’ by DGCA as per CAR 21. Moreover, the company signed a long-term contract for a period of five years with the Egyptian Air Force for supply of Aerospace Components. AEPL has a clear idea about the future. The company is into 100% aerospace product manufacturing of metallic and non-metallic components. It has plans to go for NADCAP certification

for the ‘Rubber manufacturing and surface treatment plant.’ AEPL also envisages setting up clean room facilities for composite manufacturing. Major integration activities like A/C sub-assemblies, hose assembly and testing and composite clean room are planned in the plant at Hosur, near Bangalore. AEPL’s plants are located at Salem and Hosur under the Defence corridor. An investment of about US Dollars 15 million is now planned at the units.

Additive Manufacturing and Its Applications Beyond Skies

he Indian space program has been active for 50 years! Over these past decades, ISRO has emerged as an innovative, highly costeffective launch services provider and technology developer to become one of the six largest space agencies in the world with one of the largest fleet of communication and remote sensing satellites. With the Chandrayaan 2 mission, ISRO is set to create history. Countries with mature and nascent space programs alike are recognizing India, its space scientists and the rapidly growing Indian space ecosystem as a force to reckon with. Humanity’s advent into outer space with recent efforts to access space in ways never explored, is reaching almost science-fiction like realms. These exciting “moon shot” efforts have also spawned and provided significant impetus to technology innovations and adaption of emerging horizon technologies in areas such as communication, propulsion, advanced fuels and materials. Additive

manufacturing or 3D printing is one such technology that is going to play a disruptive and enabling role in development of space technology and its applications. Additive Manufacturing The aerospace sector was among the early adopters of additive manufacturing, given the obvious benefits in terms of speed, total cost of ownership, design freedom & optimization, as well as manufacturing flexibility, to name a few. Many of these potential benefits and use cases are also relevant for Space applications There are already several and constantly increasing instances of high technology space startups as well as global corporations adopting 3D printing to reduce time-to-launch, increase efficiency, improve performance, and work with otherwise difficult to process materials, allowing them to achieve faster maturity across various platforms, payload categories and application that they offer to the market. In 2014, SpaceX, for instance,

launched its Falcon 9 rocket with a 3D printed Main Oxidizer Valve (MOV) body in one of the nine Merlin 1D engines. The mission marked the first time SpaceX had

Inconel. The prototype igniter was made as one single part instead of four distinct parts that were brazed and welded together in the past. Thales Alenia Space has been using

NUFACTURING AND ITS APPLICATIONS BEYOND SKIES

ce program has been active for 50 years! Over these past has emerged as an innovative, highly cost-effective launch er and technology developer to become one of the six largest s in the world with one of the largest fleet of communication nsing satellites. With the Chandrayaan 2 mission, ISRO is set y. Countries with mature and nascent space programs alike g India, its space scientists and the rapidly growing Indian m as a force to reckon with.

vent into outer space with recent efforts board GSAT19 to access space in plored, is reaching almost science-fiction likepart,realms. These 3D Printing since 2015 and ever flown a 3D-printed is now into production to with the valve operating shot” efforts have also spawnedsuccessfully andwithprovided significant make components for telecom high pressure satellites. Spacebus Neo will liquid oxygen, under cryogenic feature four reaction wheel temperatures chnology innovations and adaption ofand high emerging horizon brackets, which are 30% vibration. This was followed lighter than the conventional by several other successfuladvanced areas such as communication, propulsion, fuels design, made of aluminum projects such as engine

North-West Feed Cluster by Wipro3D currently into orbit on-

GSAT 19

chambers, and eventually the entire rocket engine. NASA went a step further with a bi-metal 3D printed igniter made of copper and

and antenna deployment and pointing mechanism (ADPM) brackets. Closer home, ISRO and Wipro3D additively engineered

acturing or 3D printing is one such technology that is going to 86 e and enabling role in development of space technology and

as Thrusters, Main Oxidizer Valves, Combustion Chamber Liners and Propellant Injectors. Below are some exhibits of applications of Additive Manufacturing by Wipro3D -

Spotlight: Structural Bracket Showcased here is the additively designed topology-optimized bracket, which was achieved using Wipro3D’s proprietary Additive Thinking Framework. The part was fabricated in M400 machine and the part dimensions were quite large at 390 x 225 x 180 mm with appreciable weight-reduction achieved.

India’s first functional 3D printed component in space. Labelled the North-West Feed Cluster 2x2 (GS19), the “feed” was designed by the Space Application Centre of ISRO, and then Additive Engineered and Manufactured by Wipro3D in close collaboration with ISRO scientists. It stands 320 mm tall with a wall thickness of 2mm with x-y footprint of approx. 240 by 240 mm. It was developed using a range of Additive Manufacturing competencies and went through the required validation tests before it was launched into orbit aboard the GSAT19. Startups such as Rocket Lab and Relativity Space are attempting projects to realize the entire rocket engine within

aggressive timelines. as 3D printing offers good potential for high performance, complex and low volume or short series production right away, as well as indirect applications such as tooling. As we see maturing of emerging additive technologies that promise to deliver on cost and speed both, we see the space sector contributing significantly to large scale industrial adaption of additive manufacturing. Various surveys and reports indicate substantial rise in the usage of 3D printing products and services in the Space Industry. Additive Manufacturing proves effective for wide range of space applications like RF components, structural components (Brackets and Frames) and applications such

From Additive Components to Additive Solutions We see an interesting opportunity for an integrated digital manufacturing solution that combines additive engineering, additive manufacturing, materials development, prove out and validation cycles with automation and robotic interventions, to create nonlinear value for space programs. Solution providers, who work with stakeholders in the space faring ecosystem, to conceptualize and implement AM-optimized components & sub-assemblies, associated redesign of systems, proven out process packages and deploy additive manufacturing lines & supply chains will help in creating differentiated value for space programs. At Wipro3D we

spend considerable effort in addressing one of the main headwinds to the adaption of metal 3D printing in the space industry: process and material prove out. Our experience in the Aero/Space sector as regards 3D printing process package and material development, as well as prove out for various components including engine parts, gives us confidence that the Space Industry will see wide spread adaption of Additive Manufacturing across the value chain in the near future. It is imperative for space faring companies to chalk out a thought-through long term adaption roadmap. At typical best practice adaption roadmap, would includes component, subsystem and system level Additive Engineering opportunities, , material development , substitution and prove out plan, design and deployment of an AM production line, as well as adaption of existing supply chains for a sustainable business outcome.

Spotlight: Anti-Icing Article Showcased above is a critical aerospace application. The Anti Icing Assembly was Additively Manufactured by Wipro3D in multiple alloys. A realization duration of 18 months was reduced to 7 months with the added benefit of conformal channel design. It is used to re-circulate hot compressed air to prevent icing while the aircraft is operating at high altitude

Bacterially Induced Galvanic Corrosion On Al 7075 Alloys

ones showing the most severe cases of staining. The most logical conclusion would be to blame the biocide. Actually it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t. The biocide is not the root cause for the staining. The answer of this technical riddle is that the usage of biocides and staining are the unexpected side consequence of a higher level issue, the presence of bacteria. When bacteria grow, they release acidic compounds that eventually lead to a drop in pH. At a pH of <=8.7, galvanic corrosion can occur between the aluminium parts and the steel chassis

Patrice Sajkiewicz Global Director â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Aerospace, Quaker Houghton

ay I ask you to imagine a typical workshop, fully dedicated to producing aluminium parts? This workshop is well organized, with four rows of eight identical CNC machines. Life would be excellent for the production manager, if aluminium staining issues were not recurring on a couple of these machines. And staining issues also imply non-conformances, reworks and lost productivity. Of course, the water soluble

coolant in place had all the approvals and Aerospace certifications required for the job. And all the usual suspects can be eliminated; there is no obvious external contamination, water hardness is OK and the concentration of chlorides is well under control. The puzzle starts becoming a bit clearer after a correlation is made between the bacterial stability of each machine and the likeliness of seeing stained parts. The machines that require frequent additions of biocides, are also the

of the machine tool. In order to prove the point, the laboratories of Houghton International designed a series of experiments. The pH evolution of coolants would display the typical scenario for the pH evolution of most aerospace grade coolants. Freshly introduced in the machine tool, the coolant will have a pH near 9.5 for a couple of hours. After a day or two, the pH will have stabilized, generally around between 8.9 and 9.1. And pH will stay at this level. But when bacteria attack the system over time, the pH will eventually drop down below a pH=8.77,

JSC: Specialists in Custom Engineering

ounded in 1985, JSC has specialized in custom engineering, power system integration, sales/marketing and maintenance of a range of power electronic equipment and components for a wide spectrum of users in TV and Radio broadcasting, Space power simulation, Telecommunication, Defence and Radar Communication systems, Airborne Systems, Computers, Meteorology, Electroplating, Test/measuring instruments and Distributed Process Control Systems. Over the years, the Company has earned recognition for incorporating the latest technologies in the field of power conversion and built an image for quality, reliability, cost effectiveness and timely deliveries. The Company also continuously strives for excellence in offering integration and

maintenance support. Headquartered in Bangalore, India, 25 qualified, trained and experienced personnel are intensely involved in promoting the Company’s objectives. With customers/

array simulators and battery simulators as ideal solutions for ground-based testing of satellites. These, together with programmable variable switching power sources which control infrared lamps

have found widespread use in the professional electronics industry. This broad spectrum of contacts has driven JVC to continuously strive for product approvals from various test and approval agencies. For this, the Company has invested in many test facilities to make its systems rugged to withstand stringent environmental/climatic, mechanical endurance and EMI/EMC specifications. At this stage of operations, the Company is ready (financially and technically) to associate with similar industries in and outside India and build a strong base in these challenging, liberal and free market conditions which the world economy is now experiencing. Company address: Jai Sales Corporation; 103, Blue Cross Chambers 11; Infantry Road Cross, Bangalore- 560001. Tel: +91-80-40849899

s Corporation, since inception in 1985, has been catering to the diver Electronics Segment with emphasis on custom-engineered Power C active support from our Defence, Space and Public Sector Or users being of the highest calibre among electronic engineers and scientists, JSC allocates large financial outlays for continuous product upgradation through vigorous developmental and engineering efforts. For instance, exciting new technologies in space power simulation systems have helped evolve solar

and heaters, simulate actual light and heat conditions which satellites encounter in space. These products have made the Company a leading supplier to India’s ambitious space programmes. The Company’s range of PWM-based Battery Chargers, Inverters, Frequency Converters and high voltage power supplies

been encouraged to take up challenging projects to provide indigenous s Converter requirements.

MUNICATIONS

MILIT

Communication Systems

the level at which galvanic corrosion starts occurring. This aspect can be

LICATIONS

demonstrated when two aluminium test coupons and a mild steel panel are put

in physical contact for 24 hours at pH=9.1. All three test panels would be shiny and do not show any sign of corrosion nor of staining. When the experiment is repeated at pH =8.3, red rust is visible on the steel panel, and test coupon Al 7075 has stained quite heavily, while Al 2024 has been less impacted with only a moderate staining. Once the diagnosis is established, the cure is easy to propose. For such situations, Houghton International has developed a dedicated technology: HOCUT® 4260. This product is a multiapproved Aerospace grade semi-synthetic, biocide-free

fluid with a Best-In-Class feature: pH stability. If most other coolants stabilize at a pH = between 8.8 – and 9.1, Hocut HOCUT 4260 typically stabilizes at a pH= between 9.1 – and 9.3. This seemingly small difference in pH actually means a lot for users, as it creates a strong safety net and prevents the pH from entering into the galvanic corrosion danger zone too quickly. In conclusion, staining of aluminum can occur due to drop in pH caused by the presence of bacteria. This issue may be managed with the use of more pH stable metal removal fluids.

Rugged Pow

RAD

Comsat Systems greets ISRO on its Golden Jubilee

S John Managing Director, Comsat Systems

n the eve of Golden Jubilee celebrations of ISRO, Comsat Systems Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad has extended the space agency’s fraternity and its employees - past and present - special accolades on the successful launch of Chandrayaan-2. The wishes of Comsat Systems said: “A happy anniversary and many more eventful years in the future to come.” Comsat Systems has a unique association with almost all the constituent centres of ISRO, having supplied Satellite Communication Antenna Systems from 1992 onwards to date. Managing Director of Comsat Systems, S John, in fact, started his career in satellite communications with ISRO- MASEG & ECIL before

turning an entrepreneur. ISRO, with indigenization as one of its goals, has helped Comsat Systems grow to its present stature through timely technical guidance and encouragement. Comsat Systems is a leading manufacturer of large steerable antenna systems in the country, supplying Antenna Systems to ISRO and other reputed organisations in the Defence sector; government departments; PSUs; networking companies like Hughes, HCL and Airtel; and broadcast & communication firms. In other words, Comsat Systems has rightfully joined ISRO’s Golden Jubilee celebrations with gaiety as a large number of antennas have been supplied by the company to all the ISRO constituent centres.

PARTICULARS ANTENNAS SUPPLIED & IN OPERATION Sl. No.

ISRO Organizations

National Remote Sensing Centre

Master Control Facility

ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network

Space Applications Centre

1992 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2009

Remarks

2010 -2019

Remarks

2 No of 7.5Mtr Antenna System For NRSC, Shadnagar, NCAOR,Goa 1 No of 3.8Mtr Ku Band Antennas

1 No of 2.4 Mtr Ku Band Mobile Antenna System

4 Nos of 7.5Mtr. Cassegrain antenna system Ext C Band and step tracking system 2 Nos of 6.3Mtr. 4 port EXT C Band Cassegrain feed System with King post Mount System 1 No of 6.3Mtr. Ext-C,C Band Cassegrain Transportable Antenna System 2 Nos of 4.5Mtr Parabolic Antenna System 7 Nos of 3.8Mtr Ext C Band Antennas 1 No of 1.2 Mtr Ku-Band Mobile Aluminium Reflector Antenna System

2 Nos of 11Mtrs Fast Tracking C/ Ku Band Antennas 1 No of 9.3M Ku Band Antenna System for DES 8 Nos of 7.2M C Band Full Coverage Antenna System 1 No of 7.2M Ku Band Antenna System at Bhutan 3 Nos of 3.8Mtr Ku Band Antennas Through Infinium (India) Ltd

Through GCEL

Through ArrayCom

1 No of 7.5Mtr C Band Antenna System 1 No of 7.5mtr C Band Antenna System For ISTRAC,TTC Station,Lucknow 1 No of 6.3Mtr C Band Antenna System 2 Nos of 3.8Mtr C- Band Antenna System 2 Nos of 2.4Mtr C Band Antenna System 1 No of 2.4Mtr Ku Band Antenna System 28 Nos of 2.4Mtr C Band single Picece GFRP Penetrating Mount Antenna

Through ADTL

Through ADTL Through Hughes Through Commedia

Through Infinium Through Hughes

2 No of 11M C Band Antenna Systems for AES & DES 1 No of 7.5Mtr C -Band Antenna System For DES, New Delhi 1 No of 6.3Mtr S and L Band Antenna System 2 Nos 1.8Mtr (wire rope technology), Extn C Band Mobile Antenna

Through GNVFCL

Through Infinium 5

Antrix Corporation Limited

1 No of 6.3Mtr. C Band Cassegrain Antenna System.

Indian Space Research Organisation

1 No of 6.3Mtr. Ku Band Cassegrain Antenna System with penetrating Mount , 2 Port Tx-Rx Feed 17 Nos of 1.8Mtr Ext C-Band Mobile GFRP Antenna system 2 Nos of 1.2Mtr Ku-Band Mobile GFRP Antenna system

Through BEL

Varsity: Providing custom solutions for wiring needs

ounded in 1968 in modest circumstances as an authorized distributor of test and measurement equipment, Varsity subsequently expanded the product offerings to electronic passive and RF components in the distribution section. Later in 2003, Varsity went through a transformation to manufacture custom solutions for wiring needs of customers. With over 50 years of excellence in serving customers as India’s fastest growing Wire Harness (WH) manufacturer, Varsity produces top quality ‘Make in India’ products for prestigious partners such as DRDO. The firm’s proud customers have no reluctance to attribute their

scoping of a requirement at a concept stage to designing and delivering prototypes before manufacturing custom solutions on a large-scale. The company has a large team of highly skilled operators with a wealth of experience and knowledge who can even manufacture environmentally sealed cable harness as per IPC / WHMA 620-C Standard. project success to Varsity, which has a zero-defect facility that delivers off-the-shelf, build-to-spec and build-toprint products. Varsity owes its success to higher product knowledge, its ability to adapt to new technologies and to its industry relationships built over the past 50 years. Varsity Cable Harness offerings Varsity provides turnkey solutions for complex and niche wiring harness systems for small, medium and large production of wire harness & cable assemblies complying with the mission critical requirements of Aerospace & Defence. Varsity is AS9100D certified and has in-house capability right from

Built-to-specification Varsity’s engineers work closely with customers to understand the requirements and suggest cost-effective design to meet the form, fit and function with COTS (Commercial off-the-shelf) or custom-designed parts. Built-to-print The company’s engineers also work with the documents provided by the customer to realize the product as specified in the drawing. The systematic approach and reviews will ensure that the end product will be delivered without any flaws. State-of-the-art infrastructure Highlights of Varsity’s

infrastructure include a capacity of 50 medium size harnesses per day and MK Automated Test systems with a capacity to test 5,400 points at a time. Varsity has a built-up area of 20,000 square feet of shop floor, 20 % greenery and water harvesting facilities. The company has production with real-time viewing system and 2,000 square feet for warehousing. There is also a 1,500 square feet training centre equipped with a Video Wall. Other features include a fully automated climatecontrolled environment via Toshiba VRV Systems and an arrangement to control dust-free and foreign object debris. The lighting is provided by 1,100 + lux LED glareless day lighting from world class Japanese maker Endo. In addition, there are dedicated quality inspector cabins in the production area. Varsity has 400 KVA 100% Power Backup with CAT generator and 40 KVA APC Make UPS. Connectivity is by BSNL High Speed 100 MBPS dedicated Internet line with 24x7 Voice 2MBPS line. There are also Video Wall-equipped video conference rooms. Other features include temperature-controlled stores for consumables and an amphitheatre with aesthetically pleasing landscape. Varsity Instruments can be contacted at +91 91001 41414 or email nsm@varsityinstruments.com

Optimization Module Tackles Tough Materials

In VERICUT Force, blue line “spikes” reveal excessive or unsafe cuts in the original program, while red lines show gains and corrections made by optimizing. (All images provided by CGTech.)

ost anyone who’s worked in a machine shop for any length of time has at some point attended a trade show or machine tool distributor’s open house. There they see canned demonstrations of CNC machines busily carving up chunks of brass, mild steel, or aluminum into business card holders and tic-tac-toe games. While these giveaways are fun stuff, wouldn’t it be refreshing to see some real parts being machined, preferably from a difficultto-machine material? That’s what took place at the Okuma Winter Showcase, an annual event the machine builder hosts for 600+ attendees. At the event, attendees were treated to more than two-dozen CNC machine tools under power, most of them making chips. These included an MU-8000V LASER EX super multitasker with laser metal deposition and the GENOS M460V-5AX,

a trunnion-style, five-axis vertical machining center offering high productivity, a small footprint, and a surprisingly low-price tag. There was also an LB3000 EX-II lathe with barfeed vibration detection, a MULTUS B300II turn-mill center with collaborative robot part handling, MA-500HII horizontal and MCR-A5CII double-column machining centers, and a MULTUS U3000 multitasking machine. An impressive lineup, to be sure, but there was one demo that had a large number of show attendees talking, even those responsible for setting it up. “It was pretty cool to see, especially when you consider that we were cutting titanium, a very hard and difficult-to-machine material,” says Okuma Applications Engineer Lee Johnston. He’s talking about CGTech’s Force, a physics-based NC program optimization module that works within the company’s flagship VERICUT

toolpath simulation software. Working with representatives from CGTech and Sandvik Coromant, Johnston programmed a Ti-6Al-4V titanium bracket being made for an aerospace customer, then optimized its toolpaths with VERICUT Force. “We had the same demo on two vises and ran them side-

by-side, one with the standard program and one that was optimized,” said Johnston. “We reduced cycle time from an hour to just under 40 minutes, and you could also hear and see the difference in how the tools were cutting and tell that the optimized program was easier on the machine. This is probably the best thing to happen to programming since trochoidal toolpaths.” VERICUT Product Specialist Pete Haas explained that Force works by analyzing the NC toolpath, evaluating the changing cutting conditions, and increasing or decreasing the feed rate to achieve the ideal chip thickness for any given material. Compared to CAM systems and online machining calculators, which attempt to determine average chip thickness and base the feed rate on that, Force calculates the optimal feed rate for every single line of machining code. “As an example, think

In the Okuma demonstration, the VERICUT Force Optimized finished part on the left was produced more than 20% faster than the original programmed part on the right.

about driving to work each morning,” Haas said. “You encounter straight sections, curves, and sharp turns, and have to slow down or speed up depending on the road conditions. Machining also involves constantly changing conditions, but some CAM systems don’t account for this. They generate a single feed rate that may be too aggressive on tight turns and too slow on the straightaways. Force, on the other hand, uses physics to calculate cut-bycut throughout the changing conditions and determine the optimal feed rates.” The result, according to Haas, is greatly reduced cycle time, improved tool life, better part quality, and less wear and tear on CNC machine tools. It works on any material and any machine, and can even be used on legacy programs. Johnston wasn’t the only one surprised by Force’s capabilities. Even CGTech Technical Support Engineer Chris Davala—someone with 20 years of experience as a machinist and programmer who now works with VERICUT customers across the country—said the demo was an eye opener. “To be honest, I was a little skeptical,” he said. “This was my first hands-on experience with the product, and it’s not that I didn’t have faith in the people who developed it, but there were some bold claims made about the potential gains. I can truly say that, after

seeing Force in action, it’s made a believer out of me.” That’s an easy thing to say for someone employed by the product’s developer. But Sandvik Coromant MTS specialist Richard Howard, who worked alongside Davala and Johnston setting up the demo, backs it up. He supplied the cutting tools and toolholders used for the demo and specified the initial machining parameters. “As a tooling specialist, I am extremely impressed with how ‘spot on’ the Force software is,” he said. “CGTech has done an amazing job of optimizing programs while taking into consideration tooling geometries and resulting loads. Anyone interested in higher efficiency and prolonging tool life should look into this.” Anyone familiar with Okuma machine technology might consider Force unnecessary. That’s because the OSP control

offers advanced features such as Machining Navi, SERVONAVI, Super-NURBS, and adaptive machining technology. How can a third-party software package make a top-notch machine tool perform even better? There are several answers: Force has the ability to break up the NC code into smaller bites, adjusting feed rates to maximize chip thickness and keep it constant. Its optimization capabilities are proactive, not reactive, so everyone knows what to expect before pushing the cycle start button. Performance issues are clearly identified up front, and the programmer can examine the Force Charts that illustrate projected cutting forces, chip thickness, feed rates, tool deflection and more. For new materials, new machine tools and cutters, or even new programmers, Force eliminates the guesswork that would otherwise occur. The result is an NC program that’s both safer and more predictable, with low risk of tool breakage or scrapped parts. Operators have more confidence. Lights-out machining is performed with confidence. Profit margins are improved. And

Force-optimized toolpaths “save a great deal of time during roughing,” says Sandvik’s Howard. Parts are machined faster and cutting tools last longer. Haas summed it up like this: “Force charts provides NC programmers with useful information they never had before. They can quickly and easily visualize what’s happening cut-by-cut as the tool moves through the material, and it’s now possible to visualize excessive forces, inefficient cutting parameters, metal removal rate, power consumption, torque, and tool deflection. Force charts also expose cutting condition improvement opportunities. With one click on the Force chart, the user is taken to the exact location in the program and to the graphical review window for further analysis. The end result is full utilization of the cutting tool and the machine tool.” Okuma’s Lee Johnston agreed. “At the event we were cutting titanium and saw significant improvement, but I think Force is just as suitable for machining easier materials like aluminum, and for other general purpose work. I look forward to using it on future projects.” //bumper//

Partnering in the Space Journey with ISRO: Centum perspective

he technological advancements reached by ISRO, the ever-increasing complexities of its satellites and launch capabilities and the establishment of a strong and self-reliant ecosystem in the country in the form of its Industry partner base, have been major milestones of ISRO in the last many years. With the launching of its 100th satellite earlier this year and the Chandrayaan-2 steadily surging towards the moon, ISRO has come a long way in its journey of five decades, since its formation as ISRO. The forthcoming missions like Gaganyaan and the space station, indicate that the roadmap also looks quite exciting. Hearty Congratulations to Team ISRO and we wish the very best

Vinod S Chippalkatti President, Strategic Electronics Business Unit, Centum Electronics Limited, Bangalore for their future endeavours. It was in the year 2000, Centum approached ISRO to get their Microelectronics facility qualified for space standards. The rigorous qualification exercise of almost 18 months resulted in Centumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s line certification and since then, there has been no looking back. Today, Centum is the leading Electronics Industry Partner for ISRO and is involved in the design, development, qualification and productionization of niche components, modules and subsystems for multiple applications in Satellites and Launch vehicles. The journey in Space, as shown in Fig-1., is technically challenging, exciting and satisfying and has been a great learning experience. The modes of engagement

with ISRO centres have been both in Build to Specification (BTS: Design to manufacturing) and Build to Print (BTP: Only manufacturing) for turnkey deliveries. Centum is one of the leading Industry beneficiaries of the excellent Vendor / Partner development systems that ISRO follows. The stringent quality and reliability requirements coupled with the detailed qualification / certification programs are the key success factors for the establishment of ISRO partners like Centum who are continuously increasing their contributions to ISRO. At Centum, a team of more than 600 members work for ISRO projects starting from design (with specialisations in Analog, Digital, Power, RF, Mechanical and mixed mode), selection and procurement of space grade components, fabrication and testing of space hardware and delivery covering extensive documentation. The products from Centum for Satellite applications cover several types of Microelectronics

Modules, DC-DC Converters, Power Conditioning Processing Units, Driver Amplifiers, Sensors and Sensor Electronics, Accelerometer Electronics and various timing devices. The launch vehicle products cover various Data Acquisition Units, Power Converters, Bus Interface systems and modules for Advanced Inertial Navigation Systems. In one of the recent missions, Centum developed and delivered a digital Payload for strategic applications. Some of the examples of space products are shown in Fig-2. In conclusion, the association with ISRO has set the quality and reliability standards very high for all the products designed and developed at Centum. The increased visibility and volumes projected by ISRO has enabled Centum to further invest significantly in infrastructure, test facilities and people. The journey with ISRO in Space has been demanding and technically rewarding with tangible and intangible benefits to Centum to grow as an international player.

Lakshmi Vacuum â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Revolutionizing Vacuum Heat Treatment

akshmi Vacuum group is a pioneer in Vacuum Technology in India since 2003. It is one among few companies who provide end to end solutions from Raw materials (Steel) to Vacuum Furnace Manufacturing and Providing Service (vacuum heat treatment) for Thermal Industry under one umbrella. Lakshmi Vacuum is a leader in design, development and manufactures state of the art Vacuum Furnaces to various industries. Innovation has always been the driving force at Lakshmi Vacuum, through which the company offers cutting edge technology and scientific excellence to contribute positively to the environment making this technology environment friendly. The company is convinced that their customers, business partners not only asks them to innovate heat treatment and services but more importantly wants to promote responsible, sustainable, renewable processes so that the future is green.

Today they are present in almost every industrial and manufacturing hub across India. From Tooling industry, to Automotive component industry, to Precision products to Aerospace Industry, to Medical Industry, Lakshmi Vacuum group of companies has proudly catered services to many esteemed institutions across these industries in India and abroad. Business Verticals 1.Vacuum Heat Treatment Services. Vacuum Heat Treatment service has been the core business of Lakshmi Vacuum through strong technological background and efficient work force spread out at 10 places in India. Lakshmi Vacuum Heat Treaters is the number one choice of the various OEMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to outsource their components, dies, materials for vacuum heat treatment. 2. Vacuum Furnace manufacturing. State of the art equipments are manufactured by Lakshmi Vacuum, which are compliant

to International standards and have a wide band of product line for all heat treatment process like Quench hardening, Surface treatments, Stress Relieving Treatments etc. To Aerospace industries the High Vacuum Furnaces range are a number one choice for their unmatched quality and durability. Through the course of its inception Lakshmi Vacuum is privileged to have supplied to all major Aerospace Companies in India. Facilities are fully equipped with world class vacuum furnaces along with highly sophisticated laboratories for metallurgical analysis, validation of processed materials. 3.Atmospheric Furnace Manufacturing. Lakshmi Vacuum has increased its portfolio to manufacture atmospheric and inert heat treatment furnace which have high quality standards. These furnaces are capable of varied process with minimal investments. These furnaces are also capable of handling material where vacuum is not needed for heat treatment.

4.Distribution of Special Tool Steel. In the highly advanced manufacturing era, the need for better materials with excellent durability and effective cost reduction is the most important factor for the leading manufacturing companies. To approach a solution to this challenge Lakshmi Vacuum is proud to introduce an imported special tool steel whose properties are unmatched compared to other raw materials in the market. Our Locations Bangalore/ Manesar/Coimbatore/ Hyderabad/Mumbai/ Pune/Chennai/Hosur www.lakshmivacuum.com Email: marketing@ lakshmivacuum.com Tel: 7022038671 /9243435002

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