Edmonton (Alta.) - 1979 - Climate report

For further information, contact:

0069 0023

)IITODI

Planning and Developmerd

124622 ain

Edmonfon Business Development Department 1328 Imperial Oil Building 10025 Jasper Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5J 1S6 Phone: (403) 428-5464

LIBRARY

The City of Edmonton

on Bu CII7akt C o Edmonton

THE CITY OF

on

@ THE CITY OF t

CLIMATE Canada's City of Opportunities!

REPORT

8014a .E3 E333 1979

INDEX

Page I.

SUMMARY

II.

INTRODUCTION

1

2

III. ANALYSIS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN MAJOR CENTRES . .

3

Chart 1 - A Comparison of Relative Climatic Discomfort at Select Locations in Canada

4

Chart 2 - Wind Chill Normals - January

6

Chart 3 - Hours of Bright Sunshine

7

Chart 4 - Mean Total Precipitation

8

Chart 5 - Number of Days With Frost

9

40690023 n.d. 140124622 City of Edmonton, Business Development Department 1 CLIMATE REPORT DA1E OUT

NAME

PHONE NO.

DATE IN

Q069 0023 n.d. Ac# 124622 City of Edmonton, Business Development Department CLIMATE REPORT

IV.

Chart 6 - Average Wind Speed

10

Chart 7 - Air Pollution - Comparative Plot of 1978 Annual Mean Readings

12

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX A

- Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals

13

14

Depicting 30 year climate normals at each of the six cities in the analysis.

APPENDIX B

- Wind Chill Factor Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Service

20

I.

SUMMARY

One of Edmonton's principal attributes is a most enjoyable and pleasant climate, yet this is probably one of the least known facts about the city. This analysis compares the Edmonton climate to that of Vancouver, Calgary, Winnipeg, Toronto, and Montreal.

Edmonton enjoys four distinct seasons. Summers are warm, with daytime temperatures averaging 22째C (72째F) and evening temperatures cooling to a pleasant 15째C (60째F). Winter is characterized by clear blue skies, temperate weather, and the occasional cold spell.

Since Edmonton has very low winds and a very low humidity, wind chill temperatures are moderate. Spring and autumn in Edmonton are sunny and mild.

In addition to its pleasant climate, Edmonton offers virtually pollution-free air to breathe, and more hours of sunshine than any other major city in Canada.

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and weather-associated calamities such as tornadoes are unknown in this part of the world. Edmonton enjoys very peaceful weather patterns and a temperate climate which compares very favourably with the other major cities in Canada.

1

III. II.

INTRODUCTION

ANALYSIS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN MAJOR CENTRES Human comfort, in the context of climatic conditions, is determined by a combination of factors, namely: temperature, wind speed,

Alberta has what is commonly known as a continental climate, however, it is modified by the mountain barriers to the west.

Summers are characterized by long warm days with occasional rain showers. Precipitation is slightly greater in the northern part of the province than in the south in summer. This is evidenced by the greater vegetation cover in the north which also contributes to the fact that winds are less prevalent and of lower speeds than in the southern part of the province.

humidity, precipitation, sunlight and the amount of pollution in the air.

If we consider temperature in terms of degree days (which is the product of the number of degrees the temperature falls below 18°C (65°F) multiplied by the actual number of days on which this occurs), this provides both the number of degrees by which the temperature falls below a level of comfort and the aggregate duration of the discomfort. The effect of temperature on human discomfort levels is amplified by the amount of humidity and the wind speed.

Winter snowfall is relatively light on the plains, with frequent chinooks in the plains and foothill areas. The melting of snow in spring results in increased soil moisture levels and in the greater part of the annual runoff of streams.

The data in the Environment Canada 30 Year Normals tables (Appendix A) are plotted on Chart 1 which is simply a comparison of units we shall refer to in terms of "units of climatic discomfort" which encompass degree days, humidity and wind speed.

The capital city, Edmonton, is situated in the gently rolling, well wooded agricultural area best known as the "Parklands". This zone of rich, productive soil is interspersed with many lakes and streams, and enjoys low wind speeds and low precipitation levels. The city is located in the sheltered valley of a major river, the North

Chart I clearly illustrates that, of the six cities compared, Vancouver has the most desirable weather in terms of the three factors plotted. Edmonton and Toronto are tied for second place, closely followed by Calgary and Montreal.

Saskatchewan, which provides an abundant supply of fresh water.

- 2

- 3

Wind Chill

CHART 1 A COMPARISON OF RELATIVE CLIMATIC DISCOMFORT

Another way of measuring climatic discomfort by taking the factors

AT SELECT LOCATIONS IN CANADA

of temperature, wind velocity and humidity into account, is to calculate "wind chill" as described in the Environment Canada brochure in Appendix B.

150January is recognized as being the coldest month of the year at all of the major cities in the analysis. Wind chill normals at these cities are as follows: Humidity Vapour Pressure

Vancouver:

- 2°C

Calgary:

-18°C 0 -17 C 0 -28 C

Edmonton: Winnipeg:

100~

Toronto: Degree Days Below 18°C (65°F)

Montreal:

-13°C 0 -18 C

The wind chill comparison for January normals closely corresponds

UNITS

to the pattern displayed by the 30 Year Annual Normals in Chart 1.

Vancouver has the lowest wind chill factor, followed by Toronto and Edmonton.

Average Wind Speed

50-

Charts 1 and 2 depict the determinants of physical comfort or discomfort which are usually assessed; however, there are a number of other climatic factors which relate to psychological comfort as well as physical comfort. For example, the number of hours of bright sunshine, the amount of precipitation, the velocity of the wind, the number of days in which there is frost, and the cleanliness of the air have a great deal to do with mental and emotional 0

AIWNEMEN.

•••••••111

NEWSMEN.

attitudes as well as physical comfort and productivity.

Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal CITIES

Edmonton fares particularly well in these categories.

Source: Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals

4

5

CHART 2

CHART 3

WIND CHILL NORMALS - JANUARY

HOURS OF BRIGHT SUNSHINE

-30 -

2,300

-25 —

2,200 —

-20—

2,100 —1

HOURS DEGREES „ CELSIUS -15-

2,000 —

-10 —

1,900 —

5 Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal CITIES Source: Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals

0 Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal CITIES

Chart 3 illustrates that Edmonton enjoys more hours of bright sunshine than any of the other major cities.

Source: Meteorological Branch, Department of Transport, Ottawa

6

7

CHART 5

CHART 4

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH FROST

MEAN TOTAL PRECIPITATION

2001,200 —

150 —

1 ,000 —

DAYS

100

800-

50 — 600— MILLIMETRES

0 Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal

400-

CITIES Source: Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals 200Chart 5 illustrates that Vancouver has the fewest days with frost, while Calgary has the highest number.

0 Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal Edmonton enjoys a warm growing season which is conducive to the CITIES Source: Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals

cultivation of a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops. The favourable climate and rich soil in the area nurtured the local food production and processing industries which now

Chart 4 illustrates that Edmonton has a very desirable level of

account for approximately one Quarter of the city's domestic output.

precipitation. The tables in Appendix A show that the city enjoys

Sufficient precipitation and the longer growing season are evidenced

324.5 mm of summer rain and 132.1 mm of winter snowfall.

by the vigorous natural growth and forest cover in the 4,450 hectares (11,000 acres) of parkland which earned Edmonton the "Green Survival Award" from the American Horticultural Society; the only city in Canada to attain this honour.

- 8

- 9

.

.

CHART 6 AIR POLLUTION

AVERAGE WIND SPEED 1978 ANNUAL MEAN READINGS

20-

Suspended Particulates

Urban Rank

COH Units per 1000'

,m3 Pg''

(1= best 6 = worst)

1.7

0.33

82

3

4.6

2.2

0.24

96

4

2.0

4.3

1.7

0.20

59

1

*

..2

2.9

1.8

0.15

76

2

Toronto

1.2

2:8

3.8

1.9

0.59

140

6

Montreal

2.8

3.6

3.0

3.0

0.45

121

5

Soiling Index

Sulphur Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

(SO ) 2

(CO)

(NO ) 2

(0 ) 3

(COH)

pphm

ppm

pphm

pphm

Vancouver

*

1.3

2.7

Calgary

*

2.8

Edmonton

*

Winnipeg

City

Ozone

15 — KILOMETRES PER HOUR

,

1 0 —5 Source:

Annual Means are from the Annual Summary, National Air Pollution Surveillance Report, September, 1979, Environment Canada

*Amount too small to measure Chart 7 on the opposite page depicts the data contained in

Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg Toronto Montreal

Environment Canada Report #EPS5-AP-78-26 which clearly indicates

CITIES

that Edmonton has the cleanest air, by a wide margin, of all Source: Environment Canada - 30 Year Normals

of the major cities in Canada.

The Edmonton air shed does not

.

frequently experience inversion, entrapment or other problems.

Chart 6 illustrates the beneficial effects of forests and vegetation in reducing wind speed. Vancouver and Edmonton, followed by Montreal, are iess subjected to wind than the cities in more exposed locations.

,

- 10 -

.

CHART 7 AIR POLLUTION COMPARATIVE PLOT OF 1978 ANNUAL MEAN READINGS IV. 150

CONCLUSION

1: Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) pphm Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm

This analysis makes a comprehensive comparison of Edmonton's climate with that of five other major Canadian cities.

Ei Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) pphm 130 Ozone (03) pphm

110

In the comparison of climatic comfort which considers the combined

El Soiling Index (COH) COH Units per 1000'

effect of temperature, humidity and wind speed, it is demonstrated

I Suspended Particulatesiag/m3

in Chart 1 and in Chart 2 that Vancouver enjoys the most comfortable climate. It may be surprising to learn, however, that Edmonton and Toronto occupy second place, while Montreal and Calgary are at a third level, and Winnipeg is in the fourth, or most uncomfortable

90

tier of normal climatic conditions.

Edmonton enjoys the greatest number of hours of bright sunshine

70

of the cities in the analysis and the lowest level of air pollution.

UNITS Annual precipitation is sufficient to maintain the lush green appearance in the growth of vegetation and forested areas, yet

50

there is much less rain and cloudy weather than experienced in

z

Vancouver, Toronto or Montreal.

5.0-

The growing season, as evidenced by the number of days without frost, is only slightly longer than that of Calgary or Winnipeg,

4.0

but shorter than the other three cities. However, the season is 3.0 -

of ample duration to foster a flourishing agricultural sector.

2.0Average wind speeds are low, second only to Vancouver. Low and

1.0 -

infrequent winds, slight precipitation, long hours of bright sunshine, agreeable temperatures and humidity levels, and clean

*

0 Vancouver

Calgary

Edmonton

Winnipep

Toronto

Montreal

CITIES

air all combine to give Edmonton one of Canada's most pleasant climates.

Source: Environment Canada Report #EPS5-AP-78-26 National Air Pollution Surveillance, September, 1979 *Amount too small to measure.

- 12 -

- 13 -

APPENDIX A .9.5. '50-76 4.5. r/F-11

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FEET ASL) PIEOS MEN)

16 OCT OCT

••••••••A Enwr.ronmt

NORMALES

NORMALS

I

NORMALES

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- 14 -

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- 15 -

H.S. 452-75

N.S. 465-76

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NORMALS

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NORMALES

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Ann SE,

r .„ °' ' OR. Ol,

METRES =, MOV. NOV

OEC.. one.

AnonduAL ArocueLL4

Mem maximum oannentom 1

Tomplraosno amionele memorn

•C

-10.1

-5.6

-0.6

9.6

17.0

20.4

23.4

21.7

16.7

11.1

0.1

-6.4

8.1

.0

-19.4

-15.5

-10.3

-1.7

4.7

8.9

11.5

10.1

5.0

-0.2

-8.4

-15.0

-2.5

Mem minimum unman.

1

Tomonnoton onion*. mono. *me from onminrarniminimon

1

Memnon dm aratinuedminirmie Entnne mann*, rampant*

1

STATION: WINNIPEG INT ' L A, 4804.

•Inien PAni00% ,

Tamparmon me orn* omega

-14.7

7

-10.5

-5.4

4.0

10.9

14.7

17.5

15.9

10.9

5.4

-4.2

-10.7

1

"C

11.7

Tmoirrouni mann*

13.9

20.6

31.1

30.6

34.4

34.4

32.2

33.9

28.3

21.7

16.1

34.4 7

I

Tompinnono minim'.

-44.4

Pnwin.d. Oun en al

Joon --:

Mean mina Ilmona dio 66 M191141 *on m000lail Prkiennion mono*, de nrago

mo

1411

-46.1

-36.1

-25.6

-12.2

-1.1

0.6

0.6

-11.7

-25.0

-32.8

-48.3

-48.3 7

Orn

1

1

•C

No. of days win Ma

31

28

30

20

4

•

0

0

4

16

10.4

1.0

0.3

1,0

9.4

34.5

71.7

83.3

71.6

34.0

26.7

21.8

17.0

14.2

2.8

T

0.0

0.0

1.8

Munn total ernigution 1a. 25.1 Pricipitotion on* moony*

20.1

16.8

23.4

37.3

74.7

83.3

71.6

35.8

18.5

28

31

192

3.3

1.0

324.5

16.8

22.9

132.1

18.5

21.3

Memo, 6. gun nomional• en 24 Moroi 7

Groom ornownll M 24 lin Ham ar,* mig. maxim* m 24 Mum

Pracipintion nolaiononn m 24 Imorm Pistalar ni dnft min mime* nerlall 1

No** 6 inmost olun memorable

446.4 I

9.4

1.5

6.6

27.2

43.9

78.0

114.0

51.6

51.3

18.0

8.9

5.8

114.0

on

13.7

18.0

18.0

343.1

13.5

1.0

0.0

0.0

7.1

21.6

39.9

21.1

39.9

4941

13.7

19.1

18.0

38.1

43.9

78.0

114.0

51.6

51.3

24.4

33.9

21.1

111.0

1

*

1

4

8

. 12

13

12

9

5

2

1

68

1

12

10

10

5

1

•

0

0

1

3

7

11

60

I

72

10

10

a

9

12

13

12

9

6

9

11

121

1

47.4

82.1

215.2

388.4

665.5

890.4

5589.8

1 1

i

Joy.

Nombre 6 noon non C0. n immoral* Nernlon of don nth ammurably encipintien

Dan

835.9

727.1

420.5

222,1

109.1

461.7

303.6

194.8

28.9

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.7

16.4

158.6

337.8

1501.0

3.6

5.9

25.7

146.5

338.5

440.5

541.8

493.5

327.3

186.0

33.1

5.5

2547.9

Demo** Arm 0.0•C Oma* egdoomo an n 6 o.rc

0.1

Onnedon-d oon mn 6 s.rc

0.3

2.7

48.0

189.0

290.5

386.8

338.5

185.0

70.6

4.1

0.2

2518.8

Denreudays aeon 111.1PC

4

0.0

Damigrion *dam. de 10.EPC

0.0

0.0

7.6

68.1

144.5

231.9

185.6

70.1

13.9

0.1

0.0

3

3

Amnion no novo

,

1

-23.2

-21.1

-13.3

-1.9

4.1

10.3

13.5

12.2

6.6

1.1

-8.4

-9.2

7.8

-18.2

-3.2

•C

-18.3

-15.7

-8.1

3.3

10.6

16.5

19.7

18.7

12.6

6.6

-4.4

13.7

2.3

'C

7.13

11.7

23.3

33.9

36.1

36.7

37.8

40.6

35.6

29.4

19.4

11.7

40.6

•C

-42.2

-45.0

-37.8

-25.0

-11.1

-3.3

1 7

0.6

-7 2

17.2

32.2

-37.8

-45.0

30

21

8

1

0

0

3

24

28

31

195

6.1

25.4

54.6

80. 3

80.3

73.7

52.6

29.2

7.1

0.8

411.2

24.8

19.8

21,1

/I 9

2.5

T

0.0

0.0

0.3

5.6

21.3

73.9

131.3

mm

23.5 19 1

2E.2

37.3

57.2

80 . 3

80 ,3

73.7

52.6

34.8

27.2

22.9

535.2

mm

3.8 7.6

30.0

33.3

36.5

60.7

59.1

83.8

65,0

74,4

17.0

5.5

83.6

23,6

05.6

21.3

21.2

0.3

0.0

0.0

1 ,4

13. 2

27.7

22.6

35.7

29.1 33,6

35,5

33,3

36.6

807

69.1

83.8

65.3

74.4

27_7

22.6

83.8

12

11

10

10

6

3

I

68

•

0

•

2

10

8

29.1

Don

Normoratjeursern plue mamma.

NOtraln al dem rnth menaeble enamlell

OM

Mon* ol dm reek ameareel• elmipiutiee

•

1

5

9

9

4

I

9

a

10

Jove. .lons 13em

12

10

12

11

10

1

11

58

11

121

inum

Onritioulsw-dowitode II re 0.144.11.4441.1..0.0*C 018(“iftlf 1 su.damous d. 0.0C Comm-deyt dem 0.0C Omni Don mo-demos 6 0.0'C

1125 6

953.1

809. 4

411 I

206.3

75.5

20.9

37.5

774.8

355. 7

674.1

983.0

5887 4

567.7

445.2

267.4

30.3

J 1

0.0

0.T

0.0

0.1

8.2

157.1

425.5

1903.5

0.1

0.3

15.6

130.1

330.1

495.8

611.9

578.4

376.1

211.0

23.3

0.5

2773.2

113.3

175.8

224.0

271.6

265.2

306.3

269.2

184.9

160.6

104.6

79.9

2246.0

13.4

13.5

14.5

16.4

16.9

16.3

14.8

14.0

15.8

15.0

14.3

13.7

14.8

S

S

5

5

S

S

5

S

S

S

S

4 km/h

141414

3

k Pa

93.52

93.39

93.41

93.37

93.43

93.29

93.53

93.49

93.45

93.32

93.33

93.30

93.40

NP.

102.01

101.75

101.68

101.46

101.38

101.16

101.39

101.35

101.42

101.38

101.56

101,67

101.52

kPa

.19

.27

.34

.48

.70

1.01

1.27

1.24

.87

.58

.37

.25

.63

0.0

2.9

49.8

186.5

345.8

456.9

423.4

229.8

93.1

2

0.0

1790.7

0.0

0,2

13.7

78.7

198.5

301.9

268.6

105.1

28.3

0.0

0.0

995.0

Morahan oft** Awe. Med epeed

112.5

139.4

170.4

208.5

244.4

258.9

310.8

276.2

182,6

158.4

81.0

86.2

2231.5

km/h

19.5

18.8

79.8

21.7

21.1

16.3

17.1

18.8

20.3

20.3

19.5

19.3

OP.

98.96

98.90

98.82

90.59

98.53

98.31

98.17

98.19

98.51

98.51

98.63

98.77

98.62

kPe

102.10

102.01

101.87

101.55

101.14

101.17

101.33

101.35

101.41

101.45

101.65

101.86

101.60

5

79

1.25

1.57

1.45

1.02

.71

0

.22

.72

Noun Hems

lxi

Diontion domino. du moo &linen memo.

S

Premien El. curiae Su leeel eramun 3

3

Amnon ou none dot. non Y, am prem.

Pa

1

5

S

NNE

Pa..,, de nom

- 16 -

18

ells 1.0801.0 4. net Pnemem mod dons., 4

liThl

0.0 0.0

frapiujoun eu-demn 6 5.rc Clemeemems above lo.rc Deerkeimile ardesee de 10.0C Ingo amshine

1 90.8

Soo Mot gm* hralen 1., Mem de la mar Vapour perm

•C

-0.

Orrpondras bra* 11.11"C

721.0

Moran limns

Direction dominant. du rent

homin i la anion

11.9

inn

1

Brannon pm* 3

18.4

no.UAL A/

Omme-ders .on.. aCfC

Orpromran non 5.0C

Vim= mav4mal do 9961 Emmeline mind direction

25.0

flambee al days meth ineminem rained

Nombre de Mere rem oreeM44.44 mmem4M 1016.1

Dmragoon oradmoul de 0.0°C

4

25.9

Gramm rain1a14 in 24 Int

/Meet. de jeun met mop memorable

lrain

1

Imalmion *Ham* Annan mind spend

22.7

PrICnntahon !Mill,. In 24 hems

Deennudaya below o.rc

'Met **in

17.1

Broome printoiratiOn in /A nn

Ono

Oinonjouts anhomus 6 18.PC

1

8.6

Grum mune: in 20w.

lihnew-den below 111.ITC

1

OlC. OAC.

-2.9

*gm S.,o nummaie an 14 home

7

1

FEET 1.55L) PIEDS (ME NI

786

se.

Ann

mama 4. raui. mu,maio on 14 Mon

7

1

Mem lone oracionatoon

Au. AO,.

-10.4

nracioitnion loon. mAyilnn• own

GM joun

Nenran 6 Mrs arra prineitnien memrabk

'°

Jut_ JIM._

-13.4

Ma- evade' 1cm Inner...non morn. S. C.

Plvm1444 .4 4.9. won mama* norehdl I

Tonragown mamma Evil* mum °'" T4rnoinue• monionia

Grimm pronertionen in 24 En 7

Nevem.. 16 naxitnaleinnnion.

Entrere niminium ramoenrern

Yon IVI

A.m.

Aool

•C

No. al dem mele frOSI Oars 101 28 Nam. de gees de eml Joun Mara ratong 1 mm 0.3 0.8 Nem., de aloe temente

Gramm randall in 24 rat 1

Mem tom munnems/mmormem

.1. mAi

/AB 'kV

Temperate,. relent* moyenre

2.8

Exuma Tinian. trt11,111.

7

Mem mann. lam...tun

mAn. .

11..14.

ELEVATION: ALTITUDE

LONG. 97° 14'6

49° 546

JAN. .1•Av.

tont urocrl

ELEMENT

Nam minimum MInn.ltal "C

1.AT.

- 17 -

5

5

5

N.S. 014-76 14.5. 118-76

I.

I nmerNNNA ErmsavoNNNO Gafte•

NORMALES

NORM ALS

nmeewmf •

AANNoN.N IN•nammouNd ONANNINAM •ONNANNONo

tAvrtinewAVA ,

NORMALES

NORMALS

NONOINONC OrrennoTol FrAssrovsev *is

STATION. TORONTO ELDER STREET. ONT. IMNION INNO004

ELEMENT Nermi ISONOVIN immormann

1

I 1

TOMONNTOPI NOON. SWOON MOO iiiiimmus wripmer.

TEAM* ritirimr smarm Irmo hem *aiormorr.rimar Meamms am mrsimelohnitinim6

1

1

1

I 1 1

1 I

Emma ram ram 6.0.**4

LAT 13.40'5 LOST

*irk

*v.

ONO *Pa

ARIL

AD,

MAT KAI

JAL

AAA -

.NO...

AJII-

AVG

*OJT.

SR.

um.

OLT

act.

NOV.

Nov.

IOC om-

4.2

11.9

17.9

21.2

26.8

25.9

21.6

15.3

7.9

1.2

13.0

•C

.7.7

-7.3

-2.9

3.2

8.4

14.1

16.8

16.2

12.3

7.1

1.8

-4.8

4.8

.8

«4.4

-3.8

0.6

7.6

13.2

19.2

21.8

21.1

17.0

11.2

4.8

-1.8

8.9

-c

16.1

13.9

26.7

32.2

34.4

36.7

10.6

18.9

37.8

30.0

23.9

16.1

40.6

2 2 2 2 -32.8

-31.7

-26.7

-15.0

-3.9

-2.2

3.9

4.4

-2.2

-8.9

-20.6

-30.0

-32.8 2

Oar

Inmal* dm Mar do* /4.. mail*

rer

18

14m de Pale *ma* Na, inm1.41 Pr:rim mirmi• a rip 14•11.1949 Micros MEM,. mar rammer Drama *NIA 10 24 kr me 14 Arra

Gm mm461ii• 24 Ma

1

ml. noir maims* ma 21 hair.

Gamma parporm It 24 tam

1

Imripirs0.0 *rim* m 11 Mum DM** el arm orma mirmrable *NIA

26

22

7

•

0

0

0

0

I

11

25

120 2

ma

25.1

23.1

42.2

60.2

72.6

63.0

80.9

67.3

61.2

61.0

57.2

35.1

648.8

mr

37.1

33.3

23.6

7.4

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

10.2

28.7

141.1

mmi

62.5

56.6

65.5

67.3

72.9

63.0

80.8

67.3

61.2

61.5

67.3

64.0

789.9

Es

63.5

43.4

43.7

59.7

68.6

63.5

98.6

93.5

87.9

66.9

79.5

49.5

98.6

0.0

0.0

T

12.2

30.5

48.3

49.3

I

1

1 I I I I 4 4

4 4

NamMa a Prom rod PI* ram.96 Mesas 41 giro wiely ramiraolit orrirlaN Ilmindna. run arid rip or*** Ihmtler .1 dmim sir mirmisla priarcrim Norm dm ONNI MO ONNONOINTON immaralm 0mamara561mi.11.0"C

as rm.

1 4" roars Oar Jams 059i

39.9

45.7

Driimmis mu-4mm dm arc Ormakip ram 'arc

Dm*** miedarr da 5.6CC Dermarr Mem 113.1n

91sm• arm., A. MO Prwrima marl dam* Dinar. dirriirrine IN mom SONO sam Primir 1 r mumim Sam *al p.m*

40.6

21.1

7.6

T

NOINN a. ma *poem pm

52.6

13.7

59.7

68.6

63.5

98.6

93.5

87.9

86.9

79.5

49.5

91.6

PM a mama

2

2 2

4

4

7

11

12

9

9

9

9

9

10

6

99

12

9

7

2

•

o

o

0

0

•

3

a

41

15

12

12

12

12

1

9

9

9

9

13

13

114

694.4

615.0

539.0

313.4

157.8

31.7

3.7

7.4

70.0

212.0

394.8

613.5

3652.7

155.0

123.9

52.1

1.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.2

96.3

411.4

16.5

17.1

71.2

229.1

409.7

575.9

677.3

654.0

509.3

348.6

154.4

40.9

3706.0

1.8

0.8

15.8

99.5

255.3

425.9

522.3

499.0

359.3

196.6

51.0

6.4

2433.7

0.0

0.0

2.2

27.8

116.6

276.3

367.3

344.0

211.9

74.1

6.9

0.3

1427.4

Nom 11...rmm

86.8

110.1

145.2

179.4

220-9

256.4

281.1

267.3

196.6

153.1

82.2

77,1

2046. 7

kWh

22.2

20.8

20.0

18.3

15.8

13.8

13.0

13.2

14.3

15.6

19.3

20.3

17.2

4

NW

NW

kV

E

E

SW

NW

116

59

SW

5111

NW

4

SW kPa

100.30

100.16

100.13

100.04

100.15

100.08

100.13

100.16

100.35

100.37 100.10

100.25

100.19

(Pa

101.76

101.64

101.61

101.45

101.57

101.46

101.49

101.53

101.77

101.77

101.48

101.73

101.61

ItPa

.37

,38

.47

.11

.99

1.40

1.68

1.71

1.42

1.02

,69

.46

.94

POSY Mil

4

2

Z 2

2 2

2

Orar-irsin mird.re 6. arc Ornsvrim ram &ITC

Inmratim ...Mt Arnim Mewl 90•61

63.5

rum

Oriprioirro mamas de 18.1*C Wpm** *Mr orc

13.14Mairt mamma dm 10.0% Iiirt motrin.

2

2

146mrad

I

'IMOD POINJOE

-0.3

•C

2 2

z 1

3 3

ELEMENT MOO FNIAVAVAI strammaira Timor... agaaarela rrnwangs INININ OMINVJA. umptun ro Imp*** Mar mamma Main hetn. AMLAVIVAAVAIVVFAVAI Mamma dm irsimirrimmimir Extm rad.* umeraara Tasmirram ramisni.

Error. minimum teirimrivrt Trimaran* 11156160 Na. el 4.vm with tram Norsam 4. run a. pi M. rand mill 144.nerr sr P.M maram Mims raver Priori.on mama. die mip 14.m tali radian..

Pricipirtion nor rivsymnir Gramm rainfall in 24 nrs Natal as ruim maxi.* en 24 Amnia Gm snarl* imi 24 nds Small *ism* mmicare .n 24 Awns Gm pripintion in 24111.

LINT,

VNITE

L0116,

73

ELEVATION: ALTITU 0E:

45'W

FEET (MU PIE01111E91

98

All.

AM_

NLM3.

.417

MI. sr.

OCT. OCT.

NOV. NOV.

=

1410.1.41.

NONUILL1

23.8

26.3

25.1

20.4

1/.0

5.6

-2.9

11.1

•C

-14.3

-13.4

-6.4

1.1

7.4

13.2

16.0

14.7

10.1

4.7

-1.1

-10.4

1.8

•C

-9.9

-8.9

-2.3

5.9

12.8

18.5

21.2

19.9

15.3

9.4

2.3

-6.6

6.5

•C

13.9

12.2

25.6

27.2

33.9

35.0

35.6

35.6

32.8

28.3

21.7

16.7

35.6

'C

-37.8

-33.9

-29.4

-15.0

-3.9

1.1

7.2

3.3

-2.2

-5.6

-19.4

-32.2

-37.8

30

28

28

12

2

0

0

0

•

6

18

29

153

min

22.9

14.7

34.3

64.0

65.5

83.1

85.1

86.6

79.8

73.7

65.8

31.8

707.3

a

54.9

58.2

35.1

8.6

1.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

1.5

22.1

57.4

239.6

75.7

70.9

70.6

73.7

67.1

83.1

85.1

86.6

80.0

74.9

87.1

86.4

941.2

am

31.0

31.5

31.0

32.3

37.6

54.1

55.4

68.8

70.1

54.9

55.1

42.9

70.1

ast

25.9

39.4

30.5

18.3

21.8

0.0

0.0

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- 18 -

LAT: 450 29•9

STATION ICNTREAL INT ' L A. QUE.

ANNUAL

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FEET IASU FIRES 16E91

350

"C

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ELEVATION. ALTITUDE.

LONG: 790 23•14

5

13

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60

17

15

13

13

13

12

12

11

12

12

16

17

163

865.4

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636.4

368.6

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105.8

268.6

471.4

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4471.9

311.6

252.1

110.3

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31.0

221.8

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2.8

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555.8

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617.2

458.4

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61.1

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405.8

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368.6

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256.1

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WSW

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511

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SW

SW

SW

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101.25

101.13 101.07

101.02

101.06

100.90

100.96 101.03

101.29

101.29

101.17

101.27

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101.63

101.51

101.44

101.39

101.42

101.26

101.32

101.39

101.65

101.66

101.54

101.65

101.49

kPa

.26

.28

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1.45

1.71

1.62

1.32

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NOM

- 19 -

APPENDIX B

CANADA - DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE

WIND CHILL FACTOR

WIND CHILL COOLING RATES (Watts Per Square Meter)

0-

VERY

2. The ability of an engine block heater to keep a car engine warm decreases with increasing wind chill factor.

3. The length of time a car can be left turned off before reaching the surrounding air temperature decreases with increasing wind chill factor.

4. With increasing wind chill factor there is an increase in the fuel needed to heat buildings, particularly when the, building is poorly insulated.

5. Exposed flesh freezes more rapidly with higher wind chill factors.

MILE S

WIND CHILI. FACTOR Nearly everyone is aware of how much colder it feels outdoors on a windy day as compared to when there is no wind, particularly in the winter. This apparent 'coldness' is due to the more rapid cooling effect produced by the wind to make it feel colder than it really is. Thecombined effect of wind and low temperatures is experienced by most Canadians in just about every part of Canada. The effect can produce serious and often dangerous conditions.

Wind Chill Factor as described in this pamphlet is a measure of the combined chilling effect of wind and temperature. Although the actual calculation of the factor is based upon how fast water will cool with the combination of low temperature and wind, it has been found to be equally applicable to the cooling effect experienced by the human body and by an inanimate object.

The advantage of Wind Chill Factor over other measurements methods is that it represents a real rate of cooling, in other words how fast an object cools.

For example, the combination of a specific temperature and wind speed can be related to how fast exposed flesh will freeze. On the average the value of 1625 watts per square meter represents the condition where exposed flesh will freeze. It also gives an indication of how difficult it is to maintain an object, for example a house, at a given temperature.

In the past it has been common practice to use an equivalent temperature (wind chill temperature) to relate wind and temperature. Unfortunately the values obtained by this method often have been beyond the experience of most people. For example, -50°C occurs in relatively unpopulated areas of Canada. More importantly the equivalent temperature still does not relate to the combined effect of wind and temperature on the human body.

It also is too easily confused with the actual temperature.

25

40

WIND SPEED-

30

20

32

„le

c, Wind Chill

Ar'

ilk

EXAMPLES OF WIND CHILL FACTOR

1. Water will freeze more quickly at high wind chill factors than at low.

NAM

16

Comments

Factor 700

Conditions considered comfortable when dressed for skiing.

1200 Conditions no longer pleasant for outdoor activities on overcast days.

1400 Conditions no longer pleasant for outdoor activities on sunny days.

1600 Freezing of exposed skin begins for most people depending on the degree of activity and the amount of sunshine.

2300 Conditions for outdoor travel such as walking become dangerous. Exposed areas of the face freeze in less than 1 minute for the average person.

Exposed flesh will freeze within half a minute 2700 for the average person.

The units of Wind Chill Factor used in this pamphlet are watts per square meter.

,••••

2.5

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

- 35

To determine the wind chill factor follow the temperature across and the wind speed up until the two lines intersect. The value of the wind chill factor can be interpolated using the labeled wind chill factor curves.

- 21 -

a 4

-40

-45

AIR TEMPERATURE - DEGREES CELSIUS

Saskatchewan Research Council has assisted in in providing information contained in this pamphlet.

Refer to diagram on opposite page for graph to calculate Wind Chill Factor.

- 20 -

-•••••

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECT OF WIND CHILL FACTOR

24

For example, at -10°C with a wind speed of 20 miles per hour the point of intersection lies between 1500 and 1625, or approximately 1570.

It is not recommended that wind chill factors be calculated for wind speeds below 5 miles an hour, since it is difficult to determine wind chill factors at these wind speeds and because other factors such as relative humidity become important.

W INDSPEED - KILOMETRES PER HOUR

HIGH