Edmonton (Alta. ) - 1985 - Socio-demographic information package (1985-12-31) by Edmonton Tower Resource Centre Online Library

SD LIBRARY

5960

P010/0222h985 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION EDMONTON,HOUSING-AN

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION PACKAGE

elTHE CITY OF t

c 1505a 1.E3 E374 1985

SOCIAL SERVICES

Prepared by: Housing & Social Planning Branch

$5.00

Errata

a. Due to a binding error, this copy is cerlox bound rather than presented in a loose leaf format as stated in the Introduction. Future packages will be in a loose leaf format. b. Figure 4.05 should read: Population of Area of Residence

500,000 and over

100,000499,999

30,00099,999

Less than 30,000

Rural

INTRODUCTION Planning of effective social services is dependent on availability of up-to-date information. Maintaining service effectiveness in the face of continuous demographic, economic and societal change requires reference to and familiarity with current information which reflects these changes. While a great deal of information is available from many sources, it is often difficult to locate and often even more difficult to interpret it and apply it to the situation where it is needed. In the early 1970s the (then) Social Planning Unit of Edmonton Social Services began collecting information from various sources for its own use. Word of this resource soon spread and an increasing volume of requests for such information began to arrive from community organizations, other government departments, churches, business people, students and other individuals. Responding to these one at a time became very time-consuming. An informal study was undertaken which showed many commonalities among requests; many requests were for the same, or almost the same kind of information. To improve efficiency of information dissemination, information requests were compiled over a period of about three years and those which appeared with greatest frequency became the first Socio-Demographic Information Package, published in the Fall of 1978. In 1984, the volume of requests had again increased. Review of the first package showed that an update would require nearly as much time and effort as beginning anew. After a year of work, the new information package is complete. To facilitate updating, it is presented in a loose leaf format. Wider information needs in all social service related areas have resulted in a more comprehensive document. A few caveats: Nearly all the information contained herein is available elsewhere. Much of it comes from Statistics Canada and the Alberta Bureau of Statistics. Sources are indicated wherever appropriate. Since a lot of the information is from either Federal or Edmonton Civic Censuses, it is necessarily out of date, although it is the most recent available. While very little of the information is original, we hope its compilation in one package will make it more accessible, useable and used. To help you orient yourself, Figure A is an outline map of the City of Edmonton showing major transportation arterials. Figure B shows Edmonton's Census Tracts on which the majority of maps within the package are based on. Figure C is a list of Census Tracts and Enumeration Areas with corresponding neighbourhood names (note: these are approximations; Census Tract and Enumeration Boundaries often do not correspond to municipal neighbourhood boundaries). For further information, contact: Program Planning and Evaluation Section Housing and Social Planning Branch Edmonton Social Services - Telephone: 428-5793 428-4242 428-5959

FIGURE R

CITY OF EDMCNTON OMNI IMINO MINI Ell

Ira MIS IIM •

MI • NIA

—I

TRAIL

• 11 ION • In

NIBS

111111=1O

• MI I Ina •

81 78.03

78.04

78.05

76.02

76.01 75.0175.03,

78.01

77.01

65.02

65.03 65.01

79 75.02

77.02

75.06 75.07 5.04

75.05

83 64.02 64.01

51.02 52.01

58 42.02 42.01

52.02 53 4

6.01

28 38

93 6.02

6.05 6.03

7.01

20 17 16.02

19.02 19.01

6.04

16.01 7.02 90.01 0.02

0.03 90.04

1.01

6.06

90.10 90.08

.03 1.02 90.07

90.09

90.05

90.06

CENSUS TRACT (ENUMERATION AREA)

1.02 (1, 3, 4) 1.02 (5-7) 1.02 (8, 10) 1.02 (9,10) 1.03 (1-5) 1.04 (1, 2) 1.05 (1-4) 2.01 (1-5) 2.02 (1-4) 2.03 (1-3) 2.03 (4-8) 2.03 (9-11) 3 (1, 2, 5) 3 (3, 4) 4 (1, 2) 4 (3) 4 (4) 4 (5, 6) 5.01 (1-3) 5.02 (1-3) 5.02 (4-6) 5.02 (6) 6.01 (1) 6.02 (1, 7, 8) 6.02 (2 - 6) 6.02 (9) 6.03 (1 - 3) 6.04 (1,4, 6) 6.04 (2,3, 5) 6.05 (1-5) 6.06 (1-5) 6.06 (6, 9) 6.06 (6 - 8, 11) 6.06 (10) 6.06 (10) 6.06 (10) 6.06 (10) 7.01 (1, 2, 4, 5) 7.01 (3) 7.02 (1,4) 7.02 (2,3) 7.02 (5) 8 (1-4) 8 (5, 6) 9 (1, 3) 9 (4-7) 9 (8) 10 (1-4) 10 (1, 2) 10 (5) 11 (1, 2) 11 (3-5) H.g-?1, 2) 12.02 (1, 2)

CENSUS TRACTS AND CORRESPONDING NEIGHBOURHOODS EDMONTON CENSUS TRACT NEIGHBOURHOOD Steinhauer Ermineskin Keheewin Bearspaw Duggan Rideau Park Empire Park Greenfield Royal Gardens Sweetgrass Blue Quill Sky Rattler Malmo Plains Lendrum Place Lansdowne Aspen Gardens Westbrook Estates Blue Quill West Brookside Brander Gardens Ramsey Heights Rhatigan Ridge West Industrial Area La Perle Belmead Summerlea Thorncliff Lymb urn Callingwood North Aldergrove Ormsby Place Gariepy Callingwood South Dechene Donsd ale Jamieson Place Wedgewood Heights Elmwood Lynwood Westridge Patricia Heights Oleskiw Lynwood Rio Terrace Parkview Laurier Heights Quesnel Heights Belgravia McKernan Grandview Garneau McKernan Park Allen Allendale Allendale

(ENUMERATION AREA) 12.01 (3-5) 13 (1-6)

14 (1-6) 15.02 (1-5) 16.02 (1-3) 16.02 (4) 17 (1-4) 19.02 (1-4) 19.02 (5, 6) 20 (2-8) 20 (8-10) 21 (1) 21 (1-9) 22 (1-3) 22 (4-7) 23 (1, 2) 23 (3) 23 (4-7) 24 (1-3, 5) 24 (4, 6) 25 (1, 2) 25 (3, 4) 26 (1, 6-8) 26 (2-5) 27 (1-4) 27 (5-8) 28 (1-4) 28 (4) 28 (5, 6)

28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 34 34

35 35 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41

(5, 6) (1, 2, 7) (3-6, 8) (1) (1-6) (1-4) (5-8) 01 (1-5) 02 (1-7) (1-9) (1, 2) (3-5, 7-9) (6)

(10) (1) (2-5) (1-5) (1-5) (1, 2) (3-5) (1-5, 7) (6) (1, 2) 3 4) 2-4)

FleME C NEIGHBOURHOOD

Pleasantview Queen Alexandra Ritchie Hazeldean Avonmore Argyll King Edward Park Kenilworth King Edward Park Bonnie Doon Idylwylde Bonnie Doon Strathcona Garneau Strathcona Windsor Park University Garneau Crestwood Parkview Sherwood Jasper Place West Meadowlark Park Meadowlark Park Glenwood West Jasper Place Britannia-Youngstown Glenwood Canora West Jasper Place Grovenor Glenora Westmount Oliver Westmount Oliver Oliver Oliver Rossdale/Downtown Downtown Boyle Street/McCauley Riverdale Rossdale Cloverdale Strathearn Holyrood Ottewell Terrace Heights Ottewell Forest Heights Terrace Heights Cap ilano Fulton Place Capilano Gold Bar

2 CENSUS TRACT (ENUMERATION AREA)

NEIGHBOURHOOD

42.01 (1-3, 5, 6) Rundle Heights Beverly Heights 42.01 (4) Beverly Heights 42.02 (1-5) Stadium Station 43 (1-3) Boyle Street/McCauley 44 (1-7) Stadium Station 44 (8-10) Boyle Street/McCauley 45 (1-5) Central McDougall 46 (1-8) Queen Mary Park 47 , '1-11) Westmount 48 (1-5) McQueen 49 (1, 5) North Glenora 49 (2-4) High Park 50 (1, 2) Canora 50 (3-5) Mayfield 51.01 (1-3) Woodcroft 52.02 (1-3) Inglewood 52.02 (4, 5) Inglewood 53 (1-6) Prince Report 54 (1, 2) Spruce Avenue 54 (3-6) Norwood 55 (1-6) Parkd ale 56 (1-6) Northlands 57 (10 Bellevue 57 (2, 3) Highlands 57 (4) Beacon Heights/Bergman 58 (1-5) Abbotsfield 58 (6, 7) Montrose 59 (1-4) Newton 59 (5-7) Elmwood Park 60.01 (1-4) Coliseum Station 60.01 (4) Delton 60.02 (1) Eastwood 60.02 (2-6) Delton (1, 2) 61 Alberta Avenue (3, 4) 61 Westwood 62 (1 - 7) Sherbrooke (1-3, 6) 63 Prince Charles 63 (4, 5) Dovercourt 64.01 (1-4) Athlone 65.01 (1-3) Wellington Park 65.02 (1-4) Kensington 66 (1, 2) Calder 66 (3-5) Calder 67 (2) Lauderdale 67 (3-6) Kensington 68 (1, 2) Rosslyn 68 (3-8) Glengarry 69 (1-5) Killarney 70 (1-5) Balwin 71 (1-6) Delwood 72 (1-4) Belvedere 73 (1-5) Kenned ale 74 (1) York 75.01 (1, 2) McLeod 7) Casselman

CENSUS TRACT (ENUMERATION AREA) 75.03 (1, 2) 75.04 (1-3) 75.05 (6) 75.05 (6-9) 75.05 (1-5) 75.06 (1) 75.06 (2, 7) 75.06 (3-5) 75.06 (6) 75.06 (8) 75.07 (1-3, 5) 75.07 (6) 76.01 (1-3) 76.02 (1-5) 77.01 (1-3) 77.02 (1-7) 78.01 (1-3) 78.02 (1-5) 78.02 (6-8) 78.03 (1-4, 10-12) 78.03 (5-9) 78.04 (1) 78.05 (1-3) 78.05 (4, 5) 79 80 (1) 80 (2) 80 (3) 81(1) 82 (1) 83 (1) 84 (1, 3) 84 (2) 90.01 (1, 3, 4, 6) 90.01 (2, 5) 90.02 (1-4) 90.03 (1-4) 90.04 (1-3) 90.04 (4, 5) 90.04 (6-8) 90.05 (1-4) 90.05 (5, 6) 90.06 (1, 4) 90.06 (2, 5) 90.06 (3, 6) 90.08 (1-5) 90.09 (1-3) 90.09 (4-7) 90.10 (1, 2) 90.10 (3, 4) 90.10 (7) 90.10 (8) 90.10 (9, 10) 91 (1) 92 (2-4)

NEIGHBOURHOOD York Sifton Park Homesteader Overlanders Canon Ridge Clareview Campus Hairsine Bannerman Fraser Kirkness Belmont KerpOhafl Kildare Kilkenny Northmount Evapsdale Griesbach Caernarvon Carlisle D.unluce Bat uryn Lago Lindo Lorelei Beaumaris Brintnell North Sturgeon Annex South Sturgeon Annex Evergreen Castledowns Extension Northwest A.S.P. Mistitim Annex Big Lake Annex Parkland Annex Tweddle Place Michaels Park Richfield Lee Ridge Tipaskan Kameyosek Meyonohk Meyokumin Sakaw Pollard Meadows baly Grbve Crawford Plains Satoo Ekota Menisa Greenview Hillview Kiniski Gardens/Minchau Weinlos Bisset Hidden Brook/ Running Creek South East Annex

LIST OF FIGURES

1. GENERAL 1.01 Age and Sex Composition - Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981 1.02 Age and Sex Composition - Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983 1.03 Population Percentage Change by Five Year Age Groups, Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983 1.04 Fertility Rate, Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981 1.05 Population Growth by Component, Alberta 1976-1984 1.06 Birth, Death, and Natural Increase Rates, Alberta 1961-19841.07 Population Growth by Component, Edmonton 1961-1983 1.08 Birth, Death, and Natural Increase Rates, Edmonton 1961-1983 1.09 Population Change by Census Tract, Edmonton 1971-1981 1.10 Population Change by Census Tract, Edmonton 1981-1983 1.11 Population Projections, Edmonton 1989, 1994 1.12 Population by Marital Status and Sex, Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981 1.13 Young Dependency Ratio, Edmonton 1983 1.14 Old Dependency Ratio, Edmonton 1983 1.15 Population by Ethnic Origin and Sex, Edmonton 1981 2. MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04

Marriage Rates, Alberta and Edmonton 1961-1984 General Fertility Rate, Edmonton 1966-1984 Resident Live Births and Illegitimate Births, Edmonton 1971-1983 Average Age at First Marriage for Brides and Grooms, Alberta 1961-1983 2.05 Percentage of Resident Live First Births by Age of Mother, Edmonton 1966-1983 2.06 Families by Number of Children at Home, Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981

3. LONE PARENT FAMILIES 3.01 Number of Husband-Wife and Lone Parent Families, Canada 1931-1981 3.02 Number of Lone Parent Families by Sex, Canada and Provinces 1976-1981 3.03 Lone Parent Families by Sex of Head, Edmonton 1971-1981 3.04 Number of Lone Parent Families by Sex and Age of Parent, Alberta 1981 3.05 Average Family Income of Lone and Two Parent Families in Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton 1981 3.06 Average Family Income of Lone Parent Families by Size of Household and Labour Force Participation, Alberta 1981 3.07 Number of Lone Parent Families by Census Tract, Edmonton 1983

-2

4. FAMILY INCOME 4.01 Percentage Distribution of Families by Income Groups, Alberta and Edmonton 1982 4.02 Percentage Distribution of Families by Income Groups and Sex of Head, Canada 1983 4.03 Percentage Distribution of Individuals by Income Groups, Education and Sex of Head, Canada 1982 4.04 Average Total Family Income by Census Tract, Edmonton 1980 4.05 Poverty Lines (in dollars) Canada 1982-1985 5. SENIORS 5.01 Percentage Increase in Number of Seniors and Total Population, Canada 1901-1981 5.02 Number and Percentage of Seniors by Province 1981 5.03 Total Population and Seniors Projections, Edmonton 1984-2001 5.04 Poverty Rates of Senior and Non-Senior Families and Unattached Individuals, Canada 1969-1982 5.05 Poverty Rates of Senior Families and Unattached Individuals by Sex, Canada 1979-1982 5.06 Poverty Rates of Senior and Non-Senior Families and Unattached Individuals by Province, 1981 5.07 Percentage of Income by Source of Poor and Non-Poor Senior Couples and Unattached Individuals, Canada 1981 5.08 Percentage of Income by Source of Senior Couples and Unattached Individuals, Canada 1981 5.09 Dependency Ratios, Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981 5.10 Percentage of Seniors by Census Tract, Edmonton 1983 6. LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY 6.01 Income and Labour Force Activity, Non-Farm Families with Husband Aged 25-34 and 35-44, Canada 1973-1981 6.02 Participation Rates of Females in Husband/Wife Families by Characteristics of the Husband and Presence of Own Children, Canada 1976-1984 6.03 Percentage of Single Population 15 Years and Over in the Labour Force by Sex and Age Group, Alberta 1976, 1981 6.04 Percentage of Married Population 15 Years and Over in the Labour Force by Sex and Age Group, Alberta 1976, 1981 6.05 Percentage of Widowed and Divorced Population 15 Years and Over in the Labour Force by Sex and Age Group, Alberta 1976, 1981 6.06 Labour Force Participation by Sex, Edmonton 1971-1981 6.07 Unemployment Rate of Various Age Groups, Alberta 1979-1984

7. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 7.01 Unemployment Rates for Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton 1978-1984 7.02 Labour Force Characteristics, Metropolitan Edmonton 1978-1984 7.03 Consumer Price Index Increase over Previous Year, Edmonton 1978-1984 7.04 Consumer Price Index Main Components Increase Over Previous Year, Edmonton, 1979-1984 7.05 Value of Building Permits, Metropolitan Edmonton 1978-1984 7.06 Residential Dwelling Starts by Dwelling Type, Metropolitan Edmonton 1978-1984 7.07 Selected Interest Rates, Canada 1978-1984 8. SOCIAL CONCERNS 8.01 Divorce Rates, Alberta 1961-1983 8.02 Average Age at First Marriage for 'Brides and Grooms, Alberta 1961-1983 8.03 Suicide Rate, Edmonton 1951-1983 and Number of Suicides by Sex, Edmonton 1971-1983 8.04 Number of Suicides by Sex and Age, Edmonton 1983 8.05 Social Allowance Cases by Category of Assistance, Alberta 1977/78 - 1984/85 8.06 Social Allowance Cases, Single Parents and Employables, Alberta and Edmonton Region, April 1983 to March 1985 8.07 Edmonton Region Child Welfare Summary as Percent of Alberta Total April to October 1984 Average 8.08 Edmonton Police Department, Statistics 1983-1984

FIGURE 1.01

GENERAL

Age and Sex Composition - Canada, Alberta and Edmonton - 1971, 1976, 1981)

Age-sex pyramids show the percentage of population by sex and age groups for a given year. This figure presents the age-sex differences among the populations of Canada, Alberta and Edmonton for three time periods. In Canada, from 1971 to 1981, the population continued to age as fertility rates declined and younger age groups moved through the age structure. In Alberta, during this same time period, the proportion of population in the 55 years and over age groups remained relatively stable, while the percentage in the 19 years and under groups declined dramatically (from 42 percent to 34 percent of total population). This decline can be attributed to the younger age groups moving up through the age structure combined with decreases in the fertility rate and increases in other age groups. For example, the proportion of population in the 20-34 year age groups increased substantially (22 percent to 31 percent), during this ten year period. This was the result of high levels of in-migration caused by the positive economic climate in Alberta during the late 1970's and early 1980's, and by the maturing of the large youth population of 1971. In Edmonton, from 1971 to 1981, changes in the age-sex structure were similar to those experienced in Alberta. Two notable differences were in the 19 years and under age groups which declined, and in the 20-29 groups which increased substantially more in Edmonton than in Alberta. These differences may be explained by decreases in the fertility rate and the attractiveness of a large urban centre, such as Edmonton, to immigrants who were predominantly young adults. All three populations show a significant variation between sexes in the 70 years and over groups, with women on average, living longer than men.

FIGURE 1.02 (Age Sex Composition - Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983) This figure presents the age-sex makeup of the Edmonton population at four time periods between 1971 and 1983. During this period, Edmonton experienced a significant increase in the 20-34 years age groups (25 percent to 36 percent). This increase was due primarily to the influx of migrants (predominantly young adults) to Alberta as a result of the economic boom of the late 1970's and early 1980's, and to a lesser extent to the youth population moving up through the age structure. The 0-19 year age groups decreased substantially during t!lis same period (40 percent to 27 percent) because of a decline in the fertility rate and increases in other age groups. There was also a small increase in percentage of the population 50 years of age and over.

-2

FIGURE 1.03 (Population Percentage Change by Five Year Age Groups - Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983) This figure presents the population of Edmonton by five year age groups at four points in time between 1971 and 1983, as well as the percentage changes for three time periods. Edmonton's population is aging as younger age groups move up through the age structure. A declining fertility rate through the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a decrease in younger age groups while, for the most part, all other groups increased. In the 1970s, a large increase in the 20-34 year age groups was caused by extensive in-migration. A recent reversal in the decline in the 0-4 year age group may be due to a slight increase in fertility rate in the 1980s, perhaps a result of the significant increase in the number of women in their child-bearing years.

FIGURE 1.04 (Fertility Rate, Canada, Alberta and Edmonton 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981) This figure presents the fertility rate for Canada, Alberta, and Edmonton for five time periods from 1966 to 1983. Fertility rate is defined as the number of births in a given year divided by the number of women 15 to 44 years of age. All three populations, from 1966 to 1981, experienced a decrease in fertility rate, the decline being most pronounced from 1966 to 1971. Between 1976 and 1981 the fertility rate was relatively stable although continuing to decline slightly. In Edmonton, with 1983 data being the latest available, the rate increased marginally over 1981 from 68.3 to 71.1 per 1,000.

FIGURE 1.05

(Population Growth by Component, Alberta 1976 - 1984)

This figure shows Alberta's population growth by component from 1976 to 1984. (Components include Net Migration made up of Net Inter-provincial Migration and Net International Migration, as well as the Natural Increase calculated as Births minus Deaths.) In Alberta, from 1976 to 1978, population growth was relatively stable averaging approximately 70,000 persons per year. In 1979, growth increased rapidly reaching peaks in 1980 and 1981 of over 92,000 persons per year, then declining significantly over the next two years. In 1984, Alberta's population decreased by over 4,000 persons. The major factor affecting these changes in population growth was net inter-provincial migration which, at its peak in 1980, contributed over 50,000 persons to Alberta's population. In 1981, this began to decline. By 1983 and 1984 over 30,000 and 40,000 persons respectively, were lost through out-migration. These massive fluctuations can be traced directly to the economic boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s and the subsequent economic downturn.

-3

International migration was relatively more stable although it attained a peak of nearly 17,000 persons in 1981, declining to a low of 5,900 in 1984. Natural increase has continued to increase slowly from 1976 to 1983.

FIGURE 1.06 (Birth, Death, and Natural Increase Rates, Alberta 1961-1984) This figure presents the birth, death, and natural increase rates for Alberta from 1961 to 1983. The birth rate declined significantly between 1961 and 1973. The rate then stabilized and rose slightly in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The natural increase rate (births minus deaths) closely followed birth rate trends.

FIGURE 1.07 (Population Growth by Component, Edmonton 1961-1983) This figure shows Edmonton's population growth by component from 1961 to 1983. As with Alberta (Figure 1.05), migration was an important variable affecting Edmonton's population growth (note: 1962, 1964 and 1982 migration includes 8,964, 38,013, and 9,547 in annexed population, respectively). For the most part, Edmonton experienced a consistent influx of immigrants through the 1960s. By 1970, however, this situation had changed and little immigration was taking place. After two years of negative net migration in 1974 and 1975, a positive trend, caused by an upswing in the economy, was re-established for the remainder of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1983, net migration decreased significantly as a result of a downturn in the economy.

FIGURE 1.08 (Birth, Death, and Natural Increase Rates, Edmonton 1961-1983) This figure presents the birth, death, and natural increase rates for Edmonton from 1961 to 1983. The rates for Edmonton are similar to those for Alberta (Figure 1.06).

FIGURE 1.09 (Population Change by Census Tract, Edmonton 1971-1981) This map shows the percentage change of population for Edmonton by Census Tract from 1971 to 1981. During this period, almost all of Edmonton's inner city neighbourhoods (pre-1960) declined in population with the net loss being nearly 70,000 people. Exceptions were Census Tracts 30 and 31 (made up in part by the Oliver neighbourhood) and Tract 23 (the University area). A probable partial explanation for this trend is the family life cycle where children grow up and move away from home, choosing to live in other areas rather than in the inner city. Also, as families attain higher economic status they tend to move to the suburbs or beyond.

While Edmonton's inner city population declined, its suburbs increased by over 145,000 during this period. This was due primarily to immigration to Edmonton, although a significant portion was the result of individuals and families moving from the inner city.

FIGURE 1.10 (Population Change by Census Tract, Edmonton 1981-1983) This map shows the percentage change in population for Edmonton by Census Tract from 1981 to 1983. To maintain consistency, Civic Census figures are used. As in the previous ten years, Edmonton's inner city population continued to decline, losing approximately 12,000 people from 1981 to 1983. Suburbs maintained a high rate of growth gaining nearly 39,000 in this two year period.

FIGURE 1.11 (Population Projections, Edmonton 1989, 1994) This map shows Edmonton's 1983 population and 1989 and 1994 projections by traffic districts. Projections are that Edmonton's population will increase approximately 35,000 (6.2 percent) by 1989 and another 39,000 (6.5 percent) by 1984, with the majority of this growth absorbed by the suburbs. Concurrently, the trend in inner city neighbourhood population decline is predicted to continue, although at a greatly reduced rate.

FIGURE 1.12 (Population by Marital Status and Sex, Edmonton 1971, 1976, 1981) This figure presents Edmonton's population by marital status and sex for 1971, 1976 and 1981. From 1971 to 1981, the percentage of singles as compared to the total population, decreased slightly (48.8 to 45.4 percent). However, within this group the proportion under 15 years of age, again compared to the total population, declined substantially (29.8 to 20.4 percent).

FIGURE 1.13 (Young Dependency Ratio, Edmonton 1983) This map presents the ratio of the population 19 years of age and under, over the population 20 to 64 years of age. As expected, the young dependency ratio is the highest in newly developed suburbs where young families make up the majority of the population. The young dependency ratio diminishes toward the inner city where families are progressively farther into the life cycle. Both the married and widowed categories remained relatively stable during this time period. The number of divorced individuals more than doubled, increasing from 1.8 to 3.3 percent of the total population.

FIGURE 1.14

(Old Dependency Ratio, Edmonton 1983)

This map shows the ratio of the population over 64 years of age to the population 20 to 64 years of age. The old dependency ratio is highest around the inner city and declines toward the suburbs. Exceptions to this pattern are areas near the downtown which have been redeveloped for a younger, non-family population and in areas where educational institutions (i.e. University of Alberta, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology) are located.

FIGURE 1.15

(Population by Ethnic Origin and Sex, Edmonton 1981)

This shows the 1981 population of Edmonton by ethnic origin and sex. Over a third (37.9 percent) is comprised of individuals whose ethnic origin is British. Ukrainian, German, and French account for 10.1, 8.5 and 5.6 percent of the total population, respectively. The remainder (37.9 percent) comprises 32 distinct ethnic groups or combinations of groups.

FISUr.r: 1.31 AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION - CANADA, ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1971,1976,1981

ALBERTA - EDMONTON ( 1971)

CANADA - ALBERTA ( 1971) 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

1 1

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1 I

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1 1 1 1

CANADA

75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 A GE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 II 15

ALBERTA

I ALBERTA

CANADA - ALBERTA ( 1976 )

75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

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1 1 1

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1 1 1

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75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

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ALBERTA - EDMONTON ( 1981 )

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EDMONTON

CANADA - ALBERTA ( 1981) 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 M-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

ALBERTA - EDMONTON ( 1976 )

75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

I 1 1

1 I 15

1 5

POPULATION FOR CANADA, ALBERTA, AND EDMONTON BY FIVE YEAR AGE GROUP 1971-1983 CANADA

ALBERTA

AGE

1971

1976

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-.34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 75+

1,816,155 2,254,005 2,310,735 2,114,345 1,889,405 1,584,125 1,305,420 1,263,870 1,262,525 1,239,040 1,052,535 954,725 777,015 619,960 457,380 325,510 204,170 100,010 37,380 667,070

1,732,000 1,887,805 2,270,375 2,345,255 2,133,805 1,993,060 1,627,485 1,328,790 1,268,220 1,252,845 1,220,180 1,019,035 905,400 720,815 533,725 362,705 220,560 112,380 52,160 747,805

TOTAL

21,568,310

22,992,605

1981

1971

1976

1981

1,783,375 1,776,860 1,920,865 2,314,885 2,343,810 2,177,610 2,038,575 1,630,250 1,337,905 1,255,350 1,243,480 1,179,915 979,315 844,330 633,415 432,655 256,790 130,940 62,845 883,235

151,625 180,760 182,125 160,890 142,260 118,730 99,940 98,225 94,930 88,050 74,520 65,155 51,920 41,995 30,115 21,555 14,810 7,520 2,750 46,635

152,925 162,995 187,210 193,215 186,005 165,185 128,810 105,270 100,555 95,780 87,615 72,930 61,620 48,480 37,045 24,570 15,300 8,570 3,960 52,400

187,965 174,150 179,555 214,430 264,330 239,800 195,755 144,095 115,215 105,585 98,145 85,810 69,495 57,425 43,120 30,740 17,915 9,290 4,890 62,850

24,343,185

1,627,875

1,838,035

2,237,725

EOMCNTON AGE

1971

1976

1981

1983

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 75+

39,930 45,295 45,180 42,780 47,290 36,075 28,200 27,005 26,140 24,160 19,445 16,590 12,745 9,850 6,975 4,945 3,265 1,640 645 10,500

33,435 35,205 41,645 50,100 59,020 44,345 30,630 25,740 25,750 25,355 23,485 18,385 15,325 11,655 8,795 5,875 3,615 2,030 970 12,490

32,598 33,023 35,034 45,135 75,404 66,428 46,473 32,861 27,706 25,760 25,299 21,735 17,388 13,898 10,540 7,319 4,214 2,179 1,387 15,099

37,743 35,820 35,019 41,229 74,909 75,098 53,890 38,789 30,636 26,599 26,582 23,007 19,580 14,458 11,294 7,739 4,962 2,145 1,375 16,221

TOTAL

438,150

461,360

524,381

560,874

Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 92-715, 92-823, and 95-904 City of Edmonton Census 1981 and 1983

FIGURE 1.02 AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION - EDMONTON 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983

EDMONTON 1971 - 1976

AGE

75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

EDMONTON 1976 - 1981 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-749 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29

i 1 1 1

I EARLIER YEAR

26-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

I 15

1 1

1 15

1 10

1 1

1 10

EDMONTON 1981 - 1983 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-54 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

EDMONTON 1971 - 1983 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 15

E CMONTON 1976 - 1983 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

LATER YEAR

EDMONTON 1971 - 1981 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 AGE 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

E3 EIEEEE4

1 15

1 1

POPULATION AND EERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY SEX AND FIVE "EAR AGE GROUPS FOR EUIONTON 1971-1981 MALE AGE 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 75+ TOTAL

1971 20,550 23,120 23,180 20,810 22,570 18,355 14,275 13,895 13,455 11,945 9,565 8,075 6,230 4,710 3,250 2,140 1,460 710 280 4,590

1976

(9.4) (10.6) (10.6) (9.5) (10.3) (8.4) (6.5) (6.3) (6.2) (5.5) (4.4) (3.7) (2.8) (2.2) (1.5)

1981

(7.4) (7.8) (9.3) (10.8) (12.8) (10.1) (6.7) (5.5) (5.7) (5.6) (5.0) (3.9) (3.1) (2.4) (1.7)

(2.1)

17,145 18,045 21,380 24,830 29,540 23,185 15,470 12,775 13,095 12,845 11,425 8,865 7,185 5,415 3,940 2,505 1,400 810 370 5,085

218,570 (100.0)

230,235

1983

(6.4) (6.4) (6.9) (8.6) (14.3) (13.3) (9.3) (6.3) (5.2) (5.0) (4.9) (4.0) (3.1) (2.4) (1.7)

(2.2)

16,884 16,933 18,187 22,946 37,871 35,267 24,643 16,785 13,874 13,124 13,001 10,517 8,317 6,314 4,577 3,051 1,586 781 469 5,887

(7.0) (6.5) (6.5) (7.4) (12.9) (13.9) (10.1) (7.1) (5.5) (4.7) (4.9) (4.0) (3.3) (2.3) (1.7)

(2.2)

19,685 18,307 18,217 20,832 36,555 39,234 28,533 20,048 15,483 13,315 13,748 11,268 9,344 6,488 4,865 3,214 1,916 783 446 6,359

(100.0)

265,127

(100.0)

282,281

(100.0)

(2.2)

FErALE AGE

1971

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 75+

19,380 22,175 22,000 21,970 24,725 17,720 13,925 13,105 12,690 12,215 9,880 8,510 6,515 5,140 3,725 2,810 1,805 930 365 5,910

(8.8) (10.1) (10.0) (10.0) (11.3) (8.0) (6.3) (6.0) (5.8) (5.6) (4.5) (3.9) (3.0) (2.3) (1.7) (2.7)

TOTAL

219,575

(100.0)

Source:

1976

1981

1983

(7.1) (7.4) (8.8) (10.9) (12.7) (9.2) (6.6) (5.6) (5.5) (5.4) (5.2) (4.1) (3.5) (2.7) (2.1) (3.2)

15,714 16,090 16,847 22,189 37,533 31,161 21,830 16,076 13,832 12,636 12,298 11,218 9,071 7,584 5,963 4,268 2,628 1,398 918 9,212

(6.1) (6.2) (6.5) (8.6) (14.5) (12.0) (8.4) (6.2) (5.3) (4.9) (4.7) (4.3) (3.5) (2.9) (2.3) (3.6)

18,058 17,513 16,802 20,397 38,354 35,864 25,357 18,741 15,153 13,284 12,834 11,739 10,236 7,970 6,429 4,525 3,046 1,362 929 9,862

(6.5) (6.3) (6.0) (7.3) (13.8) (12.9) (9.1) (6.7) (5.4) (4.8) (4.6) (4.2) (3.7) (2.9) (2.3) (3.5)

231,130 (100.0)

259,254

(100.0)

278,593

(100.0)

16,285 17,165 20,270 25,270 29,480 21,160 15,160 12,965 12,655 12,510 12,055 9,520 8,140 6,245 4,850 3,370 2,210 1,220 595 7,395

Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 92-715 and 92-823 City of Edmonton Census 1981 and 1983

FIGURE 1.03

POP117-7:TION .7ERCENTA6E CHANGE EY FIVEIII7_1..3EIR7176, ED1-1NTON 197% 1976, 1981, "r.9113 60 1971-1976

0 1976-1981 0 1981-1983

40 30 20 10 â&#x20AC;¢

-10 -20 -30 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ AGE GR

AGE GROUPS, EDMONTO:

TOTAL POPULATION AND PERCENTAGE CHANGE BY FIVE Y 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983 POPULATION 1976 1981

PERCENTAGE CHANGE 1971-76 1976-81 1981-83

AGE

1971

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+

39,930 45,295 45,180 42,780 47,290 36,075 28,200 27,005 26,140 24,106 19,445 16,590 12,745 9,850 6,975 10,495

33,435 35,205 41,645 50,100 59,020 44,345 30,630 25,740 25,750 25,355 23,485 18,385 15,325 11,655 8,795 12,490

32,598 33,023 35,034 45,135 75,404 66,428 46,473 32,861 27,706 25,760 25,299 21,735 17,388 13,898 10,540 15,099

37,688 35,767 34,978 41,179 74,855 75,042 53,832 38,738 30,581 26,551 26,530 22,964 19,546 14,420 11,258 16,156

-16 -22 -8 17 25 23 9 -5 -1 5 21 11 20 18 26 19

-3 -6 -16 -10 28 50 52 28 8 2 8 18 13 19 20 21

16 8 0 -9 -1 13 16 18 10 3 5 6 12 4 7 7

TOTAL

438,150

461,360

524,381

560,085

Source:

1983

Statistic Canada, Catalogue Nos. 92-715 and 92-823 City of Edmonton 1981 and 1983 Census

FIGURE 1.04

FERTILITY RATE, CANADA. ALBERTA AND ELVIONTON 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981

CANADA

0 E3

1966

1971

ALBERTA EDMONTON

1976

1961

YEAR

FERTILITY RATE, CANADA, ALBERTA, AND EDMONTON 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1983 YEAR

FEMALES (15-44) YEARS

BIRTHS

FERTILITY RATE* PER 1,000

Canada

1966 1971 1976 1981

4,145,175 4,656,085 5,296,745 5,883,890

400,337 355,870 346,545 363,720

96.6 76.4 65.4 61.8

Alberta

1966 1971 1976 1981

298,832 350,940 429,445 565,030

30,625 30,160 31,525 40,135

102.5 85.9 73.4 71.0

Edmonton

1966 1971 1976 1981 1983 1984**

85,609 104,135 116,690 142.621 153,866 154,000

8,381 8,529 8,027 9,738 10,944 10,500

97.9 81.9 68.8 68.3 71.1 68.2

* Fertility rate equals number of births divided by females 15-44 years of age. ** Estimated Source:

Statistics Canada; Catalogue Nos. 92-611, 92-715, 92-823 and 95-904; City of Edmonton 1981 and 1983 Census

FIGURE 1.05

POPULATION GROWTDI -If COMPONENT. ALBERTA 1976-1904

PEOPLE

▪ POP.GR tH

100000

•

MIGRATICN

80000

•

INTER-PROV.

60000

•

INTERNATICNAL

CD NATURAL INCR.

40000 20000

-20000 -40000 1976

1977

1978

1979

1980 YEAR

1981

1982

1983

1984

POPULATIM GRC"-"A BY COMPONENT, ALBERTA 1976 - :984

YEAR 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

POPULATION GROWTH

NET MIGRATION

73,445

51,745

71,645 71,900 80,850 92,525

48,845 48,445 57,130 66,540 62,600 24,600 -21,900

92,500 56,600 10,900 -4,100

INTERNATIONAL NET MIGRATION

NATURAL INCREASE

38,345 37,670 40,140 45,890 50,080 45,700 9,200

13,400 11,175 8,305 11,240 16,460

21,700

-30,800 -41,300

8,900 5,900

INTERPROVINCIAL NET MIGRATION

-35,400

Source: Alberta Bureau of Statistics

16,900 15,400

22,800 23,455 23,720 25,985 29,900 32,000 32,800 31,300

F 1-RE 1.06

817:717-7. 7. 1TATH AND NATI.:17. E:: 1 1-19

RATE PER 1000 30

SE RATS, ALBERTA

RIRTH

25 1

'<-)- DEATH LI

20 15 10 5

II oa

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 YEAR

NUMBER A::0 RATE (V BIRTHS, DEATHS AD ;;a7.TURLL ALBERTA 1961 - 1984 BIRTH

DEATH

YEAR

Number

Rate Per 1000

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

38,914 38,804 38,467 36,169 32,664 30,592 30,691 30,149 30,855 31,967 30,545 29,282 29,288 29,813 31,624 33,063 34,406 35,396 37,003 39,749 42,638 41,240 45,100 43,700

29.2 28.3 27.4 25.3 22.5 20.9 20.6 19.8 19.8 20.0 18.8 17.7 17.4 17.4 17.8 18.0 18.0 17.8 18.0 18.6 19.1 17.8 19.1 18.5

Source:

Alberta Bureau of Statistics

Number 8,863 9,264 9,444 9,482 9,534 9,677 9,523 9,963 9,921 10,112 10,525 10,699 10,763 11,252 11,397 11,584 11,609 11,944 12,109 12,710 12,823 12,360 12,300 12,400

Rate Per 1000 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.3

NATURAL INCREASE Rate Number Per 1000 30,051 29,540 29,023 26,687 23,130 20,915 21,168 20,186 20,934 21,855 20,020 18,583 18,525 18,561 20,227 21,479 22,797 23,452 24,894 27,039 29,815 28,880 32,800 31,300

22.5 21.5 20.7 18.7 15.9 14.3 14.2 13.3 13.4 13.7 12.3 11.2 11.0 10.8 11.4 11.7 11.9 11.8 12.1 12.6 13.3 12.5 13.9 13.3

FIIVE 1.1 POPULATION GROWTH BY tnipenrit EDMONTON 1961-1:33

PEOPLE 60000

50000

40000

NET MIGRATIO-1

•

NATURAL IKR. 30000

El POP. GR * Includes Aar ixation (1962, 8964; 1964, 38013: 1982, 9547)

20000

10000

3•4•IMMI

-10000 1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

181

YEAR

POPULATIM AND POPULATIOE GROWTH BY C0.2UENT, EDMONTON 1S,51 - 1983

YEAR

POPULATION

POPULATION GROWTH

NET MIGRATION

NATUREAL INCREASE

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

276,018 294,967 303,756 357,696 371,265 381,230 393,563 410,105 422,418 429,750 436,264 441,530 442,365 445,691 451,635 461,559 471,474 478,066 491,359 505,773 521,205 551,314 560,874

6,704 18,949 8,789 53,940 13,569 9,965 12,333 16,542 12,313 7,332 6,514 5,266 835 3,326 5,944 9,924 9,915 6,592 13,293 14,414 15,432 30,109 9,560

2 11,906 2,714 46,701 7,045 3,656 5,911 10,185 5,/48 547 489 88 -4,339 -1,397 733 4,569 4,594 1,326 7,736 8,221 8,666 22,453 1,608

6,702 7,043 6,705 7,239 6,524 6,309 6,422 6,357 6,565 6,785 6,025 5,178 5,174 4,723 5,211 5,355 5,321 5,266 5,557 6,193 6,766 7,656 7,952

Source:

Local Board of Health, Annual Reports

1983

FIGURE 1.08

RATE PER 1000

BIRTH. DEATH AND NATURAL INCREASE RAT 5 EDMONTON 1961-1905

35 "4" BIRTH

DEATH 25

NATURAL INCR.

15 10 5 0 1961 1963

1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 YEAR

1975 1977

1979 1981 1983

NUL.LIR AND RATE OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND NVTURAL INCREASE EDMONTON 1961 - 1983 BIRTH YEAR

Number

Rate Per 1000

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

8,428 8,857 8,643 9,271 8,694 8,381 8,532 8,600 8,841 9,079 8,529 7,763 7,731 7,384 7,878 8,027 8,085 8,044 8,432 9,071 9,738 10,726 10,944

(30.5) (30.0) (28.5) (25.9) (23.4) (22.0) (21.7) (21.0) (20.9) (21.1) (19.6) (17.6) (17.5) (16.6) (17.4) (17.4) (17.1) (16.8) (17.2) (17.9) (18.7) (19.5) (19.5)

DEATH Number

Rate Per 1000

NATURAL INCREASE Rate Number Per 1000

1,726

(6.2)

6,702

(24.3)

1,814 1,938 2,032

(6.1) (6.4) (5.7) (5.8) (5.4) (5.4) (5.5) (5.4) (5.3) (5.7) (5.8) (5.8) (6.0) (5.9) (5.8) (5.8) (5.8) (5.9) (5.7)

7,043 6,705 7,239 6,524 6,309

(23.9) (22.1)

2,170 2,072

2,110 2,243 2,276 2,294 2,504 2,585 2,557 2,661 2,667 2,672 2,764 2,778 2,875 2,878 2,972 3,070 2,992

Source: Local Board of Health, Annual Reports

(5.7) (5.6) (5.3)

6,422 6,357

6,565 6,785 6,025 5,178

5,174 4,723 5,211 5,355 5,321 5,266 5,557 6,193 6,766 7,656 7,952

(20.2) (17.6)

(16.6) (16.3) (15.5) (15.5) (11.8) (11.7) (10.6) (11.6) (11.6) (11.3) (11.0) (11.3) (12.2) (13.0) (13.9) (14.2)

FIGURE 1.09

POPULATION CHANGE BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1971-1981

Increase 0% 7% -14% 21% -28%

Source 1971& 1981 Federai Census

Excluded -population less than 300

POPULATION - EDMONTON 1971 - 1983

CENSUS TRACT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

1971

FEDERAL CENSUS 1976

1981

3,476 9,900 6,557 5,297 2,042 697 7,350 4,137 7,704 5,067 6,848 9,812 4,747 5,347 5,541 4,886 4,936 385 5,628 7,859 6,402 4,387 4,664 4,917 4,667 8,366 7,807 6,893 7,419 3,497 5,102 7,631 5,165 7,180 4,345 5,302 6,333 5,243 7,893 7,115 6,275 7,658 4,046 6,905 3,029

11,925 10,006 6,545 5,433 5,713 8,062 8,060 5,194 7,272 4,709 6,034 9,064 4,075 4,543 4,511 4,114 4,172 279 4,982 6,913 6,449 4,479 5,878 4,558 3,995 8,048 6,808 7,408 6,820 4,646 5,440 7,260 4,637 5,618 3,589 4,489 5,643 4,520 6,677 5,100 5,422 9,192 3,585 6,423 2,802

17,473 17,303 5,465 6,121 6,858 27,116 8,600 4,423 6,254 4,142 5,538 7,915 4,128 4,084 3,777 3,556 3,728 215 4,371 6,339 6,090 3,894 5,280 3,981 3,492 7,229 6,236 6,876 6,204 4,470 5,261 7,289 4,659 5,816 3,112 3,968 5,250 3,998 6,056 5,294 7,682 8,859 3,115 6,163 2,194

CIVIC CENSUS 1981 1983 16,829 17,238 5,834 6,044 6,608 24,945 8,496 4,387 6,125 4,266 5,714 7,963 4,278 4,023 3,722 3,480 3,642 163 4,373 6,205 6,096 3,909 7,823 3,945 3,382 7,203 6,118 6,737 6,148 4,412 5,118 7,056 5,001 5,873 3,007 3,960 5,214 3,937 5,927 5,215 4,611 8,093 3,150 6,019 2,531

18,885 18,464 5,748 5,833 8,001 32,433 8,441 4,276 5,939 4,102 5,607 7,924 4,099 3,780 3,523 3,418 3,650 192 4,207 6,308 6,144 3,712 7,582 3,782 3,273 6,890 6,126 7,071 6,047 4,007 4,758 7,346 4,902 5,191 2,948 3,805 4,991 3,808 5,656 4,983 4,420 3,078 3,293 4,998 2,272

FIGURE 1.10

POPULATION CHANGE BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1981-1983

Increase 0% 2% 4% 6% — 8%

Excluded — populahon less than 300

75.02

77.02

76.02

77.01

76.01 75.01 75.03

90.10

92 Source 19818,1983 Co,c Census

Page 2 (CensusTract)

Census Tract 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 90 91 92 93 94 TOTAL

Source:

1971 4,786 6,794 4,743 5,369 5,359 4,156 5,170 5,354 5,370 5,752 5,188 4,255 5,824 8,105 8,090 4,896 4,349 6,556 3,585 8,687 6,131 6,001 7,320 5,026 6,284 5,786 5,883 5,234 152 7,638 7,047 1,892 4,540

373

FEDERAL CENSUS 1976 4,519 6,015 4,126 4,828 4,892 3,435 5,067 4,811 4,570 4,951 4,511 3,156 6,709 6,695 7,235 4,105 3,940 5,607 3,130 7,607 5,524 5,498 6,592 4,424 5,546 5,588 5,476 5,172 90 12,315 9,640 10,887 9,048

1981 4,697 5,950 3,735 4,228 4,680 2,928 5,338 4,427 4,108 4,223 3,962 2,633 6,792 6,473 7,015 3,722 3,418 4,610 2,596 6,463 5,006 5,008 5,778 3,867 4,813 4,848 4,832 5,031 57 31,154 8,683 10,516 25,735

13,353

47,852

461,360

532,246

Statistic Canada and Edmonton Civic Census

CIVIC CENSUS 1981 1983 4,701 4,675 5,687 5,768 3,702 3,616 3,998 4,083 4,449 4,523 2,917 2,803 5,362 5,110 4,086 4,338 4,169 4,246 4,307 4,065 3,813 3,692 2,471 2,566 6,718 6,604 6,105 6,270 6,839 6,838, 3,578 3,768 3,529 3,382 4,662 4,300 2,578 2,489 6,145 6,335 4,976 4,697 4,797 4,964 5,507 5,661 3,812 3,591 4,741 4,505 4,749 4,594 4,811 4,553 5,083 4,973 54 61 29,171 34,862 8,522 8,520 10,479 10,443 29,657 24,845 134 134 3,564 71 88 59 2,692 58,689 44,006 5 9 2,625 0 40 521,205

560,085

FCGM1E 1.11

POPULATION PROJECTIONS, EDMONTON 1989, 1994

450 450 450

TOTAL 560,080 (1983) 594,710 (1989) 633,459 (1994)

3,100 3,100 3,100

L LAND BANK i

1,430 7,775 14,040

27,390 (1983) 34,954 (1989) 42,193 (1994)

LAKE DISTRICT

51,020 47,828 45,422

CASTLE DOWNS

100

23,570 21,368 19,789

70 50

CALDER

25,280 29,280 33,048

40 40 40

CLAREVIEW

LONDONDERRY

MISTATIM

2,030 2,072 2,100

42,130 39,232 37,078

270 288 300

27,080 25,892 24,989

NORTH CENTRAL BEVERLY

DOWNTOWN FRINGE

WINTERBURN

40,090 39,016 38,240

N.W. INDUSTRIAL

60,620 56,408 53,289

17,440 16,636 15,570

6,610 6,184 5,860

34,820 32,708 31,144

CORE

UNIVERSITY

CAPILANO

JASPER PLACE

20,690 19,136 17,989

33,260 31,484 30,133

34,630 46,462 55,400

SOUTHGATE

590 595 3,090 WEST J.P.

CLOVER BAR

8,040 14,763 21,347

BOOMS D00

37,370 42,649 47,570

30 42 50

2,060 2,024 2,000 S.E. INDUSTRIAL

58,670 65,524 71,211

100 7,546 12,874

RIVERBEND KASK !TAYÂ°

190 210 224 LEWIS FARMS HERITAGE VALLEY W. Source Planning Department

SOUTH IND.

310 304 300 HERITAGE VALLEY E.

MIL LWOODS

670 670 4,114 DAON

MEADOWS

Flf

1.12

PERCENT OF POPULATION BY MARITAL STAT_ "TON 1971 - 1961 EL

Single Undar 15 Sinc 15+

Married

Widowed

Divorced

Soper

POPULATION BY MARITAL STATUS AND SEX, EDEUTON 1971, 1976, 1981 SINGLE TOTAL

TOTAL

UNDER 15

15 AND OVER

MARRIED

Male Female

218,570 219,580

112,575 101,155

66,850 63,555

45,730 37,600

Total

438,150

213,730

130,405

100.0

48.8

1976 Male Female

230,235 231,130

Total

DIVORCED

WIDOWED

99,990 100,520

3,035 4,760

2,970 13,145

83,325

200,510

7,800

16,115

29.8

19.0

45.7

1.8

3.7

116,455 101,160

56,565 53,720

59,890 47,440

102,825 102,030

3,505 5,080

4,460 7,130

2,985 15,725

461,365

217,615

110,290

107,325

204,855

8,585

11,595

18,710

100.0

47.2

23.9

23.3

44.4

1.9

2.5

4.0

Male Female

268,030 264,215

131,720 109,830

55,370 53,015

76,350 56,815

120,785 120,005

4,880 6,265

7,310 10,415

3,335 17,700

Total

532,245

241,550

108,385

133,165

240,790

11,145

17,725

21,035

100.0

45.4

20.4

25.0

45.2

2.1

3.3

4.0

SEX

SEPARATED

1971

% of Total

1981

% of Total Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 92-717, 92-824, and SDD-81A13

FIGURE 1.13

',TUNG DEPENDENCY RATIO, EDMONTON 1983

YOUNG DEPENDENCY RATIO = 0 to 19 years of age 20 to 64 0 10 20 30 40 50 per 100 \ Excluded — population less than 300

90 07

90.09

90.05

90.06

\ ..

.1,,..,X.,.\\•.,.,.: \ \. . :.‘, .\\., i‘v.i..\\,

Source 1983 C,v.c Census

DEPENDENCY RATTOS BY CENSUS TRACT, EDW7JON, 1983

POPULATION CENSUS TRACT

1 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 3/ 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

TOTAL

0-19 YkS

20-64 YkS

18,885 18,464 5,748 5,833 8,001 32,433 8,441 4,276 5,939 4,102 5,607 7,924 4,099 3,780 3,523 3,418 3,650 192 4,207 6,308 6,144 3,712 7,582 3,782 3,273 6,126 6,126 7,071 6,047 4,007 4,758 7,346 4,902 5,191 2,948 3,805 4,991 3,808 59 656 4,983 4,420 8,078 3,293 4,993 2,272

5,637 5,580 1,536 1,582 2,372 10,656 2,620 1,136 1,379 797 905 1,543 417 599 585 741 715 46 1,061 1,136 724 236 646 911 718 1,686 1,536 1,775 1,217 196 513 429 239 725 522 824 1,203 844 1,031 1,075 1,233 2,573 668 906 239

12,385 12,455 3,794 4,050 . 5,381 21,336 5,390 2,840 3,932 2,638 3,879 5,226 3,107 2,613 2,308 2,283 2,461 139 2,918 4,114 4,666 3,164 6,354 2,297 2,296 3,821 4,044 4,733 3,736 2,801 3,484 5,929 4,191 3,704 2,034 2,415 3,399 2,642 3,861 3,254 2,912 5,024 1,990 3,687 1,607

DEPENDENCY RATIO PER 100 65+ YRS

863 429 418 201 248 441 431 300 628 667 823

1,155 575 563 630 394 474 7 228 1,058 754 312 582 574 259 619 546 563 1,094 1,010 761 988 472 762 392 566 389 322 764 654 275 481 635 405 426

YOUNG 46

45 40 39

44 50 49 40 35 30 23 30

13 23 25 32 29 33 36 28 16 7 10 40 31 44 38 38 33 7 15 7 6 20 26 34 35 32 27 33 42 51 34 25 15

Young dependency ratio equals (0-19 years)/(20-64 years) per 100 per 100 ** Old dependency ratio equals (65+ years)/(20-64 year

OLD

7 3

TOTAL

52 48

5 5 2 6

44 49

52 57

16 25 21 22 19 22 27 17 19 5

51 55 45 52 32 45 53 50 48 36 44 53 32 17 19 65 43 60 51 49 62 43 37 24 17 40 45 58 47 44 46 53 32 61 65 36 41

8 26 16 10 9 25 11 16 14 12 29 36 22 17 11 21 19 23 11 12 20 20 9 10 32 11 27

FIGURE 1.14

D DEPENDENCY RATIO, EDMONTOX 1983

OLD DEPENDENCY RATIO = 65 years of age & over -- 20 to 64

12 18 24 30 per 100

Excluded â&#x20AC;&#x201D; population less than 300

02 Source 1983 Civic Census

Page 2 (Dependency Ratios B

Census Tract)

POPULATION Census Tract

TOTAL

0-19 YRS

20-64 YRS

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 90 91 92 94

4,675 5,768 3,616 3,998 4,449 2,803 5,110 4,086 4,246 4,065 3,692 2,471 6,604 6,105 6,838 3,578 3,382 4,300 2,489 6,145 4,697 4,797 5,507 3,591 4,505 4,594 4,553 5,083 54 34,862 8,520 10,479 30,955 134 3,564 71 88 59 2,692 21,857 1 923 14

608 863 685 894 1,266 747 952 704 879 941 933 540 2,142 1,413 1,649 803 566 1,072 615 1,763 1,127 1,240 1,333 1,203 1,157 1,404 1,380 1,450 14 12,930 2,952 3,932 11,093 39 1,074 27 9 12 814 58,689 5 3,213 40

3,866 4,470 2,469 2,487 2,935 1,888 2,889 2,885 2,438 2,577 2,284 1,487 4,058 3,874 4,457 2,270 2,537 2,765 1,628 3,994 3,079 3,112 3,423 2,172 3,015 2,917 2,947 3,114 33 21,368 5,283 5,978 19,445 79 2,224 39 70 39 1,749 35,960 4 2,156 21

DEPENDENCY RATIO PER 100 65+ YRS 201 435 462 617 248 168 1,269 497 929 547 475 444 404 818 732 505 279 463 246 388 491 445 751 216 333 273 226 519 7 564 285 569 417 16 266 5 9 8 129 872 0 134 5

YOUNG* 16 19 28 36 43 40 33 24 36 37 41 36 53 36 37 35 22 39 38 44 37 40 39 55 38 48 47 47 42 61 56 66 57 49 48 69 13 31 47 61 25 43 67

* Young dependency ratio equals (0-19 years)/(20-64 years) per 100 ** Old dependency ratio equals (65+ years)/(20-64 years) per 100

OLD** 5 10 19 25 8 9 44 17 38 21 21 30 10 21 16 22 11 17 15 10 16 14 22 10 11 9 8 17 21 3 5 10 2 20 12 13 13 21 7 2 0 6 24

TOTAL 21 29 46 61 52 48 77 42 74 58 62 66 63 58 53 58 33 56 53 54 53 54 61 65 49 57 54 63 64 63 61 75 59 70 60 82 26 51 54 63 25 49 91

FIZâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;-..E 1.15 POPULATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN AJ SEX, EG;:,VTON 1981

ETHNIC ORIGIN

MALE

British 101,125 Ukrainian 26,010 21,760 German 15,345 French 8,005 Chinese 7,415 Dutch 6,940 Scandinavian 6,020 Polish Italian 4,975 4,710 Indo-Pakistani 3,990 Native Peoples 1,785 Pacific Islands 1,975 Portugese 1,810 Jewish Asian Arab 1,905 1,750 Balkans 1,735 Indo-Chinese 1,500 North & South America 1,470 Hungarian 1,160 Spanish 1,165 Czech & Slovak Greek 1,020 African 960 820 Austrian 670 Russian 510 Romanian 480 Japanese 495 Belgian & Luxemburg 430 Baltic Finnish 395 430 Swiss 155 West Asian 15,700 British & Other 6,125 European & Other British & French 4,665 Multiple & Other Single Origins 4,255 French & Other 2,800 British, French & Other 1,865 1,650 Native Peoples & Other TOTAL

SOURCE:

266,065

FEMALE

TOTAL

PERCENT OF TOTAL

98,650 27,095 22,885 14,320 7,585 6,520 6,820 6,100 4,495 4,350 4,710 2,070 1,855 1,750 1,355 1,505 1,165 1,390 1,400 1,115 990 735 750 820 620 495 460 415 420 435 390 115 16,025 6,785 4,415

199,865 53,105 44,640 29,670 15,585 13,935 13,760 12,115 9,470 9,060 8,700 3,850 3,830 3,560 3,260 3,250 2,900 2,895 2,870 2,275 2,155 1,750 1,705 1,635 1,285 1,005 940 910 855 835 820 270 31,725 12,910 9,085

37.9 10.1 8.5 5.6 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 6.0 2.4 1.7

4,020 2,775 2,125 1,650

8,275 5,575 3,990 3,295

1.6 1.1 0.8 0.6

261,550

527,615

100.0

Stastics Canada; Catelogue No. 93-933

MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY

Many factors have a direct or indirect bearing upon the decision to marry. Number of marriages is a function of the length of formal education, changes in divorce legislation, variations in the level of economic activity and the number of people present in marriageable age groups. Marriage rates peaked in Canada in the early war years from 1940 to 1942 as well as in 1946 and 1947, as couples made up for war time delays. A rapid rise in the fertility rate, known as the post war baby boom, resulted from this increase. This baby-boom generation reached marriageable age by the late 1960s and 1970s, generating marriage rates in Alberta very close to Canada's post World War II levels. Marriage rates tend to be higher in those areas where economic conditions are favourable and where there is a young urban population of marriageable age. Both factors contributed to higher marriage rates in Alberta in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s (Figure 2.01). Figure 2.01 shows a decline in rate of marriage between 1975 and 1984 in Alberta and Edmonton. From 1982 the absolute numbers of marriages also decreased. A number of factors influenced this decline. The 1960s decline in fertility and birth rate (Figures 2.02 and 2.03) as more women entered the labour force, produced a smaller cohort eligible for marriage. Postponement or delay of first marriages has been a general trend in Canada since 1976 (Figure 2.04). The downturn in the economy since 1982 may have contributed to significant reduction in the Alberta and Edmonton marriage rates. Young couples may be postponing marriage until more favourable times. Accompanying the decline in marriage rate was a decline in birth and fertility rates (Figures 2.02 and 2.03). Figure 2.03 shows the birth rate peaked in 1982 and 1983 in Edmonton at 19.5 per 1,000. The rate for 1984, based on estimated population, is lower (18.6 per 1,000). The timing of births (Figure 2.05) shows that increasingly, women are postponing starting a family. In Edmonton, the long-term trend since 1968 has been for those aged 15-19 and 20-24 to postpone having a family until they are over 24 years of age. For those 15-19 the percentage having children dropped from 31.5 percent in 1966 to 13.7 percent in 1983. Conversely, for those aged 25-29 this percentage increased from 16.6 to 35.3. This trend, combined with lower birth rates, has contributed to a major change in the average size of the family. Greater age at first birth correlates with longer birth intervals and a preference for fewer children. Figure 2.06 shows a consistent decrease in family size between 1971 and 1981 from 3.6 to 3.1 persons per family, as a result of a decrease in the average number of children per family from 1.7 to 1.2. These multiple factors have been, and will continue to be, important determiners of Edmonton's population growth. The decline in marriage and fertility rates means that in future, migration will gain in importance as a determiner of Edmonton's population growth.

F17771 2.01

RATE PER 1000 12 T.

MARRIAGE RATES. ALDERT;. AND Eanowroti IcSI-I984

•''''. __<,,,,,i).--0-0-"-C)----0-0-°-it\ Afre'-411---

4.-4/-*--,-.„.N. ,-,___ ..._0,,6-0-• 0 4```,--.*

...-.- EDMONTON I

0- ALBERTA

4 2 ID

S1111111(11811111(111

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 YEAR

NUMBER AND RATE OF MARRIAGES, ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1961 - 1984 ALBERTA YEAR 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

NUMBER OF MARRIAGES 10,747 10,423 10,163 10,634 11,209 11,879 12,903 13,640 14,846 15,285 15,614 16,345 16,280 16,691 17,520 17,752 17,976 18,277 18,999 20,818 21,781 22,312 21,181

EDMONTON RATE PER 1,000 8.1 7.6 7.2 7.4 7.7 8.1 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.7 9.4 9.2 9.3 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.0

NUMBER OF MARRIAGES 3,112 3,208 3,119 3,126 3,374 3,833 4,133 4,416 4,811 4,942 5,102 5,001 4,956 4,873 5,212 5,324 5,245 5,144 5,225 5,698 5,729 6,082 5,681 5,339

RATE PER 1,000 11.3 10.9 10.3 8.7 9.1 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.3 11.2 10.9 11.5 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.6 11.3 11.0 11.0 10.1 9.5

Source: Alberta Bureau of Statistics and Edmonton Local Board of Health

CA" _RAL FERTILITY RATE. EDMONTON 1966 - 1984

RATE 100 -

80 -

60 -

40 -

20 -

0 1966

1971

1976

1981

1983

1984*

YEAP

* Estimate

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE, EDMONTON 1966 - 1984

YEAR 1966 1971 1976 1981 1983 1984**

LIVE BIRTHS

FEMALES (15-44) YEARS OF AGE

FERTILITY RATE PER 1,000*

8,381 8,529 8,027 9,738 10,944 10,500

85,609 104,135 116,690 142,621 153,866 154,000

97.9 81.9 68.8 68.3 71.1 68.2

* general fertility rate equals number of live births divided by females (15-44) years of age. * * estimate

Source: Local Board of Health, Annual Reports

FI3:17:61 2.0

_ES1)ELT LIVE BIRTHS BIRTHS

ILLE617- "NTE BIRTHS. ED1101 701 1971- 1983

12000 LIVE BIRTHS 10000

0 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS

8000 6000 4000 2000

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 YEAR

NUMBER OF RESIDENT LIVE BIRTHS AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS EDMONTON 1966-1983

YEAR

LIVE BIRTHS

BIRTH RATE PER 1,000

ILLEGITIMATE* BIRTHS

PERCENTAGE ILLEGITIMATE/LIVE BIRTHS

1966 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

8,381 8,529 7,763 7,731 7,384 7,878 8,027 8,085 8,044 8,438 9,071 9,738 10,726 10,944

22.0 19.6 17.6 17.5 16.6 17.4 17.4 17.1 16.8 17.2 17.9 18.7 19.5 19.5

908 891 890 926 942 1,064 1,124 1,204 1,211 1,325 1,578 1,730 2,045 2,070

10.8 10.4 11.5 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.0 14.9 15.1 15.7 17.4 17.8 19.1 18.9

* Data are based on the mother's response to the question which appears on the birth registration form, "are the parents married to each other?"

Source: Edmonton Local Board of Health, Annual Reports

F13117E 2.34

AEE AEZ FIST L41A6E FOR BELIES AND 1961 - 1983

1:27,-TA

AGE 27

BRIDES

GROOMS

25 24 23

22 21 I

1961 1966 1971 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 YEAR

AVERAGE AGE AT MARRIAGE LID AVERAGE AGE AT FIRST RIAGE, FOR BRIDES AND BRIDEGROOMS IN CANADA AND ALBERTA 1941 TO 1983 ALBERTA

CANADA Total Marriages

First Marriages

Total Marriages

First Marriages

YEAR

Brides

Grooms

Brides

Grooms

Brides

Grooms

Brides

Grooms

1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

25.1 25.3 25.3 25.0 24.7 24.4 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.4 25.6 25.8 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.8

28.9 28.6 28.3 27.9 27.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.4

24.4 24.1 23.8 23.4 22.9 22.6 22.6 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 22.5 23.7 24.0

27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.8 25.2 24.9 24.9 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.4 25.5 24.6 25.9 26.2

24.5 24.8 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.2 25.4 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.4

29.0 28.7 28.2 27.7 27.6 27.3 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9 27.9 28.1 28.1 28.3 28.6 29.1

23.5 23.4 23.1 22.7 22.3 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.5 22.5 22.7 22.0 23.3 23.7

27.8 27.3 26.6 26.1 25.9 25.3 24.8 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.2 24.3 25.7 26.1

Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 84-205, Marriages & Divorces

F IGUR: 2.35

PE.7.ZETA6E OF RESIOENT LIVE FIRST II.:THS BY AGE C: art-777.

EDMONTON 1966 - E983

1966 40

â&#x20AC;¢

1971 1976

O 1981 O 1983

15-19

20-24

25-29 AGE GROUP

PERCENTAGE OF RESIDENT LIVE FIRST BIRTHS BY AGE OF --.0THER, EDMONTON 1966, 1971, 1976-1983

AGE YEAR

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40+

1966 1971 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

31.5 26.5 24.0 23.7 20.5 19.0 18.0 18.8 15.1 13.7

45.9 46.6 42.7 41.4 39.4 41.3 41.1 38.8 38.9 37.6

16.6 20.6 25.9 26.6 29.7 29.7 30.5 31.1 32.9 35.3

4.2 4.9 6.0 6.9 8.3 8.2 8.7 8.9 11.2 11.4

1.5 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Source:

Local Board of Health, Annual Reports

FIC:::11 2.06

FAI..LiES ESY ,,UC-,_ ER OF CHILDREN AT HOtIE. EL

TON

1971. 1971. 1981

Families 50000 -

El 40000

1971

0 1976 0 1981

30000

20000

10000

0 0

2 3-4 NUMBER OF CHILDREN AT HOME

FAMILIES BY NUMBER AND AGE OF CHILDREN AT HOME, EDMONTON 1971, 1976, 1981

FAMILIES BY NUMBER OF CHILDREN AT HOME YEAR

TOTAL

1971 1976 1981

105,440 113,130 134,540

31,185 35,910 47,595

22,740 27,140 34,850

CHILDREN AT HOME

YEAR 1971 1976 1981

UNDER 6 YEARS 47,675 45,120

2 23,875 27,075 32,560

3-4

5 OR MORE

22,515 20,095 18,085

5,125 2,910 1,450

AVERAGE NUMBER

6 - 14

TOTAL

81,325 60,355

174,660 163,645 166,390

CHILDREN PER FAMILY 1.7 1.4 1.2

Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 93-715, 93-823, and 95-904

PERSONS PER FAMILY 3.6 3.3 3.1

LONE-PARENT FAMILIES

Growth rates for lone-parent families in Canada over the decade 1971-81 exceeded that for husband-wife families. Over the decade the increase of over 49 percent in lone-parent families was more than twice the 22 percent increase in husband-wife families (Figure 3.01). Improvements in life expectancy, the increase in separation and divorce rates, a decline in family reformation after divorce, and never-married mothers choosing to keep and rear their children have contributed substantially to the recent increase in single-parent families. This is most vividly illustrated by the fact that in 1931 approximately 75 percent of all lone-parent families were those with a widowed parent. In 1981 they constituted 33 percent of the total lone-parent group. In Alberta, the highest rate of increase in lone-parent families occurred between 1976 and 1981. This was made up of 3,580 additional male-headed and 12,135 female headed lone-parent families, representing an overall increase of 38 percent (Figure 3.02). Alberta had the highest rate of increase during this time of any province. There were 17,305 lone-parent families in Edmonton in 1981 as compared to 13,415 and 11,345 in 1976 and 1971, respectively (Figure 3.03). The vast majority of lone-parent families, over 80 and 85 percent in Alberta and Edmonton respectively, are headed by mothers (Figure 3.03). More than one-third (38 percent) are mothers under 35 years of age (Figure 3.04). Increasingly such lone mothers have sole responsibility for supporting, nurturing, rearing, socializing and educating dependent children in their formative years. Figure 3.05 shows the average family income of two parent and lone-parent families in 1981. In Edmonton, the average family income per female loneparent family was slightly under half ($15,784) the average family income of a two parent family. In contrast, male headed lone parent families had an average family income of $25,262 or approximately a third more than their female counterparts. This discrepancy also existed in comparisons of household size and labor force participation (Figure 3.06). Low levels of income, especially among lone-mothers leads to possible stressful family situations, as lack of resources results in an inability to assure the basic necessities for a decent life. Figure 3.07 shows the projected distribution of lone-parent families by Census Tract in 1983, based on 1981 Census data. In general, the tracts with the highest number of lone-parents are in the new suburbs where the largest proportion of community/subsidized housing (a major source of housing for lone parent families) are located.

FIGURE 3.01

1,12:ZE1 C:: EJSB:13-WIFE AND LONE PARELT F:111LUES. CANADA 1931-19131

Families 6000000

5000000 -

0 HUSBAND-WIFE 0 LCkE PARENT

4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 -

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

YEAR

NUMBER OF HUSBAND-WIFE AND LONE PARENT FLALIES CANADA, 1931 - 1981

FAMILY TYPE YEAR

TOTAL

1931 1941 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981

2,149,048 2,509,664 3,287,384 3,711,500 4,147,444 4,526,266 5,070,680 5,727,895 6,324,975

HUSBAND-WIFE 1,857,105 2,202,707 2,961,685 3,393,061 3,800,026 4,154,381 4,591,940 5,168,560 5,610,970

(86.4)* (87.8) (90.1) (91.4) (91.6) (91.8) (90.6) (90.2) (88.7)

* Figure in brackets is percent of total families.

Source: Census of Canada 1931-1981

LONE-PARENT 291,943 306,957 325,699 318,439 347,418 371,885 478,740 559,335 713,815

(13.6) (12.2) (9.9) (8.6) (8.4) (8.2) (9.4) (9.8) (11.3)

FIGURE 3.02

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY SEX CANADA AND PROVINCES, 1976-1981

YEAR 1976

1981

PERCENTAGE CHANGE

CANADA Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

94,990 464,340

124,180 589,830

30.7 27.0

NEWFOUNDLAND Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

2,195 8,600

2,720 10,760

23.9 25.1

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

505 2,375

610 3,050

20.8 28.4

NOVA SCOTIA Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

3,875 17,595

4,590 21,570

18.4 22.6

NEW BRUNSWICK Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

3,005 13,150

3,740 17,730

24.5 34.8

QUEBEC Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

26,330 132,565

35,115 173,315

33.4 30.7

ONTARIO Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

34,000 168,450

43,075 207,210

26.7 23.0

MANITOBA Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

4,070 20,665

5,105 24,170

25.4 17.0

SASKATCHEWAN Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

3,550 15,550

4,290 19,350

20.8 24.4

ALBERTA Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

6,645 34,555

10,225 46,690

53.9 35.1

14,150 64,560

35.9 29.7

BRITISH COLUMBIA Male lone-parent Female lone-parent

Source:

10,415 49,785

Statistics Canada, Canada's Lone-Parent Families, 1984

FE3URE 3.03

Lone Parent Families 18000 T

LONE PARENT FAMIL -Y SEX OF HEAL EF1C ,JTC 1971-1981 M TOTAL

16000

Ei MALE

14000

FEMALE

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1971

1981

1976 YEAR

NUMBER OF FAMILIES AND LONE PARENT FAMILIES, CANADA, ALBERTA, AND EDMONTON 1971 - 1981

LONE PARENT FAMILIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL PERCENT YEAR FAMILIES TOTAL PARENT PARENT MALE/FEMALE CANADA

1971 5,070,685 470,605 99,785 370,820 21.2 1976 5,727,895 559,335 94,990 464,345 17.0 1981 6,324,975 713,815 124,380 589,435 17.4

ALBERTA

1971 1976 1981

382,115 448,765 565,635

33,845 41,195 56,885

6,630 6,640 10,165

27,215 34,560 46,720

19.6 16.1 17.9

EDMONTON

1971 1976 1981

105,435 113,130 134,540

11,345 13,415 17,305

1,780 1,690 2,525

9,565 11,735 14,765

15.7 12.6 14.6

Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 95-904, 93-825, 93-721

3.04

PL:JEFT FAMILIES :7 F.,,EX AND AGE C: PAEL IT, ALBERTA I I

Lone Parent Fmmflies 18000 16000

D MALE PARENT

14000

0 FEMALE PARENT

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Under 35

35-44

45-54

55 & Over

AGE OF PARENT

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY SEX, AGE OF PARENT, AND AGE OF CHILDREN, ALBERTA 1981

AGE GROUP OF CHILDREN AT HOME

ALL CHILDREN 17 & UNDER MALE Under 35 35-44 45-54 55 & Over Total FEMALE Under 35 35-44 45-54 55 & Over Total

Source:

AT LEAST ONE CHILD 18 & OVER & AT LEAST ONE CHILD 17 & UNDER

ALL CHILDREN 18 AND OVER

TOTAL

% OF TOTAL

1,750 2,175 1,115 450

40 350 670 200

80 365 1,220 1,765

1,870 2,890 3,005 2,415

18.4 28.4 29.5 23.7

5,485

1,255

3,425

10,165

100.0

17,865 8,035 2,985 830

35 2,275 2,130 465

30 1,030 3,585 7,455

17,930 11,340 8,700 8,750

38.4 24.3 18.6 18.7

29,720

4,900

12,100

46,720

100.0

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 92-935

FICL12 3.5

AVER/47: FAMILY 11]7.0ME OF LONE AND TWO PARENT FAMILIES IN CANADA. ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1981

@I CANADA ALBERTA EIMO;-:7C:.1

Lone Parent

Male Lone Parent

Female Lone Parent

Two Parent

FAMILY TYPE

AVERAGE FAMILY INCL,LE AND NUMBER OF LONE AND TWO PARENT FAMILIES IN CANADA, ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1981

TWO PARENT FAMILIES

LONE-PARENT FAMILIES MALE

TOTAL

FEMALE

NUMBER

INCOME

NUMBER

INCOME

NUMBER

INCOME

NUMBER

INCOME

713,815

15,437

124,380

23,243

589,435

13,790

5,610,970

26,748

Alberta

56,885

17,001

10,170

26,149

46,715

15,010

508,720

30,390

El snton

19,400

17,215

2,925

25,262

16,470

15,784

166,510

31,998

Canada

Source:

Statistics Canada; 1981 Census 124.Pers

CCArS c

ti" 17041;7A14

Prn4

F I C- 171 3.06

AVERAGE FAMILY L=COME OF LONE PARENT FAMILES BY SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD AND LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATIOC, 1981

Dollars 50000 -

0 MALE PARENT

40000 -

0 FEMALE PARENT 30000 -

20000 -

10000 -

0 2 PERSONS IN LABOUR FORCE

Total

AVERAGE FAMILY INCOME OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD AND LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, ALBERTA 1981

NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE LABOUR FORCE 0 1 2 3 or more Total

Source:

MALE PARENT NUMBER OF AVERAGE FAMILIES INCOME 660 5,505 3,160 840 10,165

Statistics Canada, Catalogue

11,252 22,411 30,877 44,537 26,149

No. 92-935

FEMALE PARENT NUMBER OF AVERAGE FAMILIES INCOME 9,015 25,385 9,225 3,095 46,720

7,108 13,480 21,676 30,690 15,010

FIGURE 3.07

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1983

Number of Lone Parent Families 0 100 150 200 250 300

\\, Data unavailable

Source 1983 Civic Census

LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1983 CENSUS TRACT 1.02 2.03 1.04 1.05 2.01 2.02 2.03 3.00 4.00 5.01 5.02 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 7.01 7.02 8.00 9.00 10.00 11 12.01 12.02 13.00 14 15.01 15.02 16.01 16.02 17 18 19.01 19.02 20 21 22 23 24 25

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES 155 228 44 255 94 205 233 178 122 50 150 261 266 211 183 333 178 105 133 172 89 178 144 111 105 155 133 100 133 11 122 244 155 72 111 111 161

CENSUS TRACT

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES

27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 51 32 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 60 61

01 02

01 02 01 02

01 09

272 288 405 194 127 172 94 89 83 177 144 150 139 111 183 144 166 244 161 100 228 61 144 172 139 144 178 105 11 261 172 211 189 200 111 422 244 150 200 122

CENSUS TRACT 62 63 64.01 64.02 65.01 65.02 65.03 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75.01 75.02 75.03 75.04 75.05 75.06 75.07 76.01 76.02 77.01 77.02 78.01 78.02 78.03 78.04 78.05 90.01 90.02 90.03 90.04 90.05 90.06 90.07 90.98 90.09 90.10

NUMBER OF LONE PARENT FAMILIES 89 178 111 117 155 177 228 194 139 272 255 105 216 117 261 105 94 216 205 305 117 305 161 389 22 305 194 6 166 205 227 14-; 277 94 100 89 155 105 19,198

Source: City of Edmonton, 1983 Civic Census

4. FAMILY INCOME In 1983, families in Alberta and Edmonton had average incomes of $38,347 and $38,992 respectively. In Edmonton, approximately 18 percent of families had incomes below $20,000 per year, 30 percent between $20,000 and $35,000 per year, and 52 percent above $35,000 per year (Figure 4.01). The sex of the family head is a major factor in determining level of income (Figure 4.02), male headed families average income ($36,578) being nearly twice those of female headed families ($19,662). Over 62 percent of female headed families had incomes under $20,000 per year compared to 23 percent for male counterparts. It should be noted, however, that female heads of families are predominantly one parent families with a single income whereas male heads are traditionally from husband-wife families with the potential for two incomes (for more on lone parents' income, see the Lone-Parents Section). On average, incomes of families headed by seniors (65 years of age and over) are comparable, $24,118 for male headed families to $24,298 for females. Differences in the distribution of senior-headed families by income group and sex follow no consistent pattern. This may be due to the complexity and number of sources of seniors income. Income is directly related to education (Figure 4.03). It is also a function of sex, females receiving substantially less income than males with similar levels of education. In 1982, females with 0-8 years of education received less than half the average income of male counterparts $7,137 to $15,923). Although this ratio improves as education increases, the gap remains extensive with university educate females receiving, on average, over $13,000 less than males. Several factors may account for this discrepancy, including women being paid less than men for similar worked performed, women withdrawing from the labour force to have a family and re-entering the job market at a lower level than if they had continued to work, a greater proportion of women employed on a part time basis, and "traditional women's jobs" paying less than "traditional men's" jobs. As well, many female-headed lone-parent families depend on public assistance for their support. This helps bring the overall average of female income down substantially. Figure 4.04 shows family income for Edmonton by Census Tract. In 1980, the average family income in Edmonton was $31,998. The southwest sector of the City, along both sides of the river valley, had the highest average family incomes. Inner city neighbourhoods, north and east of the downtown, had the lowest. In general, older neighbourhoods north of the river valley had lower average incomes than similar neighbourhoods south of the river. For the most part, older northern neighbourhoods had average incomes below the Edmonton average while older southern neighbourhoods had a diversity of all income groups excluding the lowest group. New neighbourhoods, North Edmonton, West Jasper Place, and Mill Woods had incomes comparable to the Edmonton average. Figure 4.05 shows the National Council of Welfare poverty lines for Canada by family size and population of the area of residence. The Council's poverty lines are based on Statistic Canada's "low income cut-offs". These levels are set where, on average, 58.5 percent of income goes to the essentials of life (food, clothing, and shelter).

rIGUEI 4.01

PERCENTAGE DISMIUITION OF FAMILIES 87 !!!!:nriE 6ne!.IPS. ALBERT- AND EDMONTON. 1F.32 35 30 25

EJ ALBERTA 20

0 EDMONTON

15 10

5 0 0 5 7 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 30 35 40 45+ THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES BY INCOAE GROUPS, ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1982 INCOME GROUP Under 5,000 7,000 10,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000+

$5,000 6,999 9,999 11,999 12,999 13,999 14,000 15,999 16,999 17,999 19,999 21,999 24,999 29,999 34,999 39,999 44,999

TOTAL Average Income Median Income

ALBERTA 2.0 1.1 2.7 2.8 1.91_ 3.6 1.7 1.91-- 3.6 1.7 1.61-- 3.2 1.6 2.7 2.8 5.0 9.8 10.0 9.4 10.1 31.1

EDMONTON 1.1 0.5 2.6 2.8 2.0[_ 3.4 1.4 2.5 1.2 2.4 0.9 1.9 2.8 5.7 9.7 11.8 8.6 11.9 32.3

100.0

$38,347 $35,299

$38,992 $36,626

Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 13-207, Table 7

FIGURE 4.02

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION Of FAMILIES BY INCfliE GROUPS AND SEX OF HEAD. CANADA 1983

20 0 MALE HEAD 0 FEMALE HEAD

15 10 TV.

5 .11

14_1,

0 5 10 12 15 17 20 22 25 27 30 32 35 37 40 45 50 60+ THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIOr OF FAMILIES 65 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER BY INCOME GROUPS /D SEX OF HEAD. CANADA 1983 ')R

El 15

MALE HEAD FEMALE HEAD

10 -

,[1 ;',.? 25 27 30 32 35 THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS

PERCE- TAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES RY (77771S AND SEX OF HEAD, CANADA 1983

ALL AGE GROUPS

Under 5,000 10,000 12,000 15,000 17,000 20,000 22,000 25,000 27,000 30,000 32,000 35,000 37,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 60,000

$6,000 - 9,000 - 11,999 - 14,999 - 16,999 - 19,999 - 21,999 - 24,999 - 26,999 - 29,999 - 31,999 - 34,999 - 36,999 - 39,999 - 44,999 - 49,999 - 59,999 and Over

TOTAL Average Income Median Income

65 YEARS AND OVER

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

1.1 3.2 3.0 6.2 3.8 5.4 3.9 6.4 4.3 6.7 4.5 5.9 4.1 5.7 8.2 7.0 9.3 11.2

5.7 24.2 8.7 10.8 5.8 6.9 4.5 4.9 4.0 5.1 3.2 3.0 2.0 2.9 2.7 1.5 2.1 2.0

0.6 4.6 7.9 22.3 10.5 9.5 6.2 7.9 3.8 4.5 2.8 3.1 1.9 1.7 2.1 3.0 3.0 4.7

0.3 8.2 10.4 16.1 7.5 11.1 4.0 5.7 5.3 6.8 3.5 0.9 1.8 2.0 5.4 2.7 4.2 4.0

100.0

$36,578 $32,726

19,662 15,222

24,118 18,301

24,298 19,009

Source: Statistics Canada,Catalogue NO. 13-207, Table 4

FIGURE 4.03

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUALS Y INCOME GROUPS, EDUCATION AND SEX OF HEAD, CANADA 1982

0 - 8 YEARS

Under $1,000 1,000 - 1,999 2,000 - 2,999 3,000 - 3,999 4,000 - 4,999 5,000 - 5,999 6,000 - 6,999 7,000 - 7,999 8,000 - 8,999 9,000 - 9,999 10,000- 11,999 12,000- 14,999 15,000- 19,999 20,000- 24,999 25,000- 29,999 30,000+ TOTAL Average Income Median Income

Source:

SOME POST SECONDARY

POST SECONDARY DIPLOMA/ CERTIFICATE

UNIVERSITY DEGREE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

2.7 1.1 1.3 2.7 3.5 4.5 7.1 6.6 5.1 4.7 8.0 9.5 13.0 11.6 8.1 10.6

6.9 4.7 4.6 9.3 8.8 9.8 16.0 10.2 6.0 4.1 5.7 6.2 5.0 1.7 0.4 0.5

3.0 3.8 5.2 5.8 4.3 3.7 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.4 5.7 5.9 9.7 9.8 8.9 22.6

6.6 8.5 7.3 6.8 4.3 5.7 4.6 3.6 3.7 2.8 6.1 9.0 12.6 9.1 3.3 6.0

2.1 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.6 1.5 4.6 7.3 10.5 13.3 12.9 31.7

4.3 5.5 4.6 3.3 3.3 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.8 4.5 5.8 10.1 16.4 10.9 7.5 6.2

1.0 0.9 0.9 2.5 1.3 2.1 1.4 1.8 2.6 1.7 2.3 3.6 6.7 7.1 9.7 54.3

4.1 3.5 3.2 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 3.8 6.8 10.2 11.1 11.2 25.6

100.0

$15,923 $12,846

7,137 6,365

19,244 11,457 15,549 8,710

24,321 22,971

13,703 12,334

33,841 32,025

20,107 19,005

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 13-207, Table 44

FIGURE 4.04

AVERAGE TOTAL FAMILY INCOME BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1980

Income In dollars

40.500 33,000 28.000 23.000

/ Excluded

52.01

Source 1981 Federal Census

132.02

AVERAGE AND MEDIAN.FAMILY INCOME AND INCIDENCE OF LOW INCOME, EDMONTON 1980

AVG. $

CENSUS TRACT

1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 2.01 2.02 2.03 3 4 5.01 5.02 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 7.01 7.02 8 9 10 11 12.01 12.02 13 14 15.02 16.02 17 18 19.02 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

INCIDENCE MEDIAN OF LOW INCOME % $

37,589 34,108 35,552 35,124 43,137 37,295 21,595 19,523 43,019 40,974 33,232 30,629 37,350 31,699 34,322 31,954 52,409 61,081 44,191 37,961 31,265 29,279 25,273 23,977 31,070 30,567 32,923 31,483 33,789 30,692 30,134 29,166 56,524 42,084 39,142 58,471 54,070 44,326 31,020 27,799 31,056 28,599 28,723 27,874 25,045 20,303 23,001 21,076 28,648 27,134 33,784 31,610 27,850 27,181 26,783 30,349 34,807 30,973 29,600 26,792 27,340 23,737 25,030 24,129 43,655 34,925 51,080 40,439 26,370 24,940 34,102 32,350 27,529 25,987

5.0 12.4 4.6 22.6 4.0 11.0 7.4 13.1 4.3 4.1 9.2 11.1 23.8 11.2 12.1 15.3 11.7 7.2 7.3 3.1 4.8 11.3 7.1 7.6 12.3 16.5 11.5 6.0 11.8 14.3 5.6 10.3 15.2 12.3 8.1 3.9 14.2 7.9 13.6

*Census Metropolitan Area Source:

1983 Civic Census

CENSUS TRACT

28 29 30 31 32.01 32.02 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42.01 42.02 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51.01 51.02 52.02 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60.01 60.02 61 62

AVG. $

INCIDENCE MEDIAN OF LOW INCOME % $

23,782 21,155 38,247 32,082 30,654 28,242 25,857 22,249 25,688 23,385 39,856 32,534 28,364 25,480 20,048 17,593 28,832 26,899 31,107 28,732 36,636 34,437 37,994 33,260 31,143 27,521 39,474 36,578 35,499 32,680 24,338 22,339 28,989 28,282 30,537 28,699 21,102 18,967 19,908 15,599 19,785 18,899 22,608 21,249 27,721 24,937 31,883 29,380 26,135 26,009 29,110 28,749 21,871 18,899 25,739 22,642 23,369 20,780 25,900 22,405 23,857 22,565 21,958 20,099 26,068 23,713 22,984 20,657 24,510 22,569 22,659 21,594 23,403 23,710 23,813 21,512 23,670 19,481

21.8 20.5 10.2 13.8 16.0 7.6 11.8 28.2 9.8 11.4 6.3 3.3 6.2 6.2 8.1 23.5 11.0 8.3 26.2 31.4 23.2 20.6 11.6 6.3 14.8 10.8 4.7 14.6 17.7 18.3 17.2 20.1 16.0 24.6 15.8 20.9 20.1 19.7 16.4

CENSUS TRACT

AVG. $

63 64.01 65.01 65.02 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75.01 75.02 75.03 75.04 75.05 75.06 75.07 76.01 76.02 77.01 77.02 78.01 78.02 78.03 78.04 78.05 90.01 90.02 90.03 90.04 90.05 90.06 90.07 90.08 90.09 90.10

28,299 31,413 26,532 29,539 27,821 25,241 33,222 35,118 25,045 28,081 33,624 23,895

INCIDENCE MEDIAN OF LOW INCOME % $

31,425 31,237 27,372 29,843 28,189 27,329 28,110 30,925 32,334 32,636 36,206

26,207 30,103 24,149 28,888 25,906 24,056 30,696 31,867 21,624 26,769 31,175 23,053 30,055 27,820 26,919 25,653 25,822 28,962 28,451 29,412 26,174 32,356 24,442 26,553 29,744 31,355 30,676 30,026 26,720 27,385 27,135 26,409 26,816 31,730 31,374 31,361 34,610

TOTAL *31,998

29,348

31,680 28,354 30,120 25,497 26,392 28,561 27,592 30,664 27,392 33,203 25,789 27,289 29,656 32,413

13.8 8.5 11.9 12.7 12.9 12.9 8.4 8.4 18.4 14.6 7.0 20.5 3.6 16.2 9.6 18.6 13.8 8.1 12.5 10.2 15.9 9.6 23.0 1.0 11.2 5.4 10.8 9.5 18.4 14.9 10.4 6.9 5.0 8.1 6.4 4.4 7.9 10.7

F[2',1,7,7.4. -- 4.35

Poverty Lines (in dollars), Canada 1982-1985

Population of Area of Residence

Family Size 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 or more

1982* 8,914 11,761 15,732 18,129 21,126 23,073 25,396

8,466 11,162 14,909 17,229 20,002 21,800 24,047

7,941 10,414 13,934 16,107 18,654 20,377 22,475

7,342 9,663 12,961 14,982 17,379 18,953 20,901

6,592 8,615 11,537 13,336 15,507 16,930 18,654

8,400 11,016 14,739 17,037 19,731 21,554 23,773

7,766 10,221 13,710 15,847 18,383 20,048 22,108

6,973 9,113 12,203 14,106 16,403 17,908 19,731

8,108 10,671 14,313 16,544 19,192 20,930 23,081

7,280 9,514 12,740 14,727 17,125 18,696 20,599

8,432 11,098 14,886 17,206 19,960 21,767 24,004

7,571 9,895 13,250 15,316 17,810 19,444 21,423

1983* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or more

9,429 12,440 16,641 19,176 22,346 24,406 26,863

8,955 11,807 15,770 18,224 21,157 23,059 25,436

1984* 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 or more

9,844 12,988 17,373 20,020 23,330 25,480 28,045

9,349 12,327 16,464 19,026 22,088 24,074 26,555

8,770 11,501 15,388 17,787 20,599 22,502 24,819 1985**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or more

10,238 13,508 18,068 20,821 24,263 26,500 29,167

9,723 12,820 17,123 19,787 22,972 25,037 27,617

9,121 11,961 16,004 18,498 21,423 23,402 25,812

SOURCE: *Statistics Canada Low Income Cut-offs **National Council of Welfare Estimates (based on 1984 figures plus 4 percent inflation.

SENIOR CITIZENS

The Seniors Boom The growth rate of Canada's senior population has outpaced the rate of increase of the other broad age groups, namely children (0-14 years) and adults (15-64 years). Over the decade 1971-1981, seniors increased by 35 percent, compared with a 13 percent increase for the total population (Figure 5.01). In absolute terms this country's total senior population increased from 271,201 in 1900 (5 percent of total) to an estimated 2,496,500 in 1983 (10 percent of the total). Alberta's senior population in 1981 constituted 7.3 percent of the population (163,395) (Figure 5.02). Similarly, Figure 5.03 shows Edmonton's aged population in 1984 at 41,279 (7.3 percent of the total). The estimated proportion of seniors for Edmonton and Canada by 2001 may be quite similar at approximately 12 percent of the total population. A decline in birth rates is the major cause of aging of the population. The Canadian birth rate at the beginning of this century was 30 per 1,000 population compared with 21 per 1,000 in 1971 and 16 in 1981. Edmonton's birth rate is presently slightly above the national average at 19.5 per 1,000. Two other factors contributing to the aging are an increasing life expectancy, (presently 71.5 years for men and 78.7 years for women) and the aging of immigrants who migrated to Canada in the first decades of this century. Smaller immigration waves more recently involved people with an older age structure, further contributing to an older overall population. The increase of the senior population is most pronounced among women. In 1951 the number of senior men and women was almost equal. In 1981 there were four women for every three men. Due to women generally living longer than men, this trend will likely continue. The Risk of Poverty Considerable progress against poverty among seniors has occurred over time. In 1969, 41.4 percent of Canadian families with senior heads were poor; by 1982 the rate had fallen to 11.7 percent (Figure 5.04). Families headed by women over 65, however, run close to double the risk of poverty compared to those with male heads. Figure 5.05 shows the poverty rate among families led by senior women has increased since 1979. There has been some modest improvement in poverty incidence among unattached Canadians 65 and over, decreasing from 69.1 percent in 1969 to 66.3 percent in 1979 and declining steadily thereafter to 57.5 percent in 1983 and 50.4 in 1984. Women once again had a higher rate with 60.4 percent of unattached women being poor compared to 48.9 percent of men. Risk of poverty for senior Canadian also varies according to place of residence. Alberta families have the lowest levels of poverty at 10.5 percent (Figure 5.06) in 1981 while Quebec has the highest (22.2 percent). For unattached senior individuals however, Alberta's rate is almost as high as the other provinces at 51.9 percent.

-2

A partial reason for high incidence of low income among seniors is that their major source of income (as reported 1981) consists of government transfer payments. Senior couples living below the poverty line in 1981 received 93.2 percent of their income through such payments, for the most part, from Old Age Security and the Guaranteed Income Supplement, while poor unattached elderly Canadians received 86.8 percent of their income from such sources (see Figure 5.07). Government income security programs and public pension plans supply 45.5 percent of total income for aged couples (both spouses over 65) and over half (51.3 percent) the income of the unattached elderly. A very small percentage of senior couples' total income comes from private pensions. Only 11 percent of the total income for couples over 65 in 1981 was from this source (Figure 5.08). Thus, most seniors in Canada are not covered by private pension plans and have to rely on Old Age Security and the Guaranteed Income Supplement. The Dependency Burden According to Figure 5.09, the "total dependency ratio" - the number of aged and young (0-19 years) relative to the number of persons of working age (20-64 years) - in Canada declined between 1971 and 1981 (from 90.4 to 71.6 per 100). Similarly, for Alberta and Edmonton the decline was from 95.3 to 69.8 per 100 and 84.4 to 54.6 per 100 respectively over the same periods. This decline is primarily due to the pronounced decrease in youth dependency since 1961, overcoming the increase in aged dependency. Because seniors account for about three times as much public spending on a per capita basis as do young persons, government expenditures in the form of transfer payments will grow in future as Canada continues to age. By 2001, 6 of 10 senior Canadians will be women, most of them living alone. Without major reforms to pension systems the majority of these women will face old age with very limited income. Their needs will strain the health and home support networks and will require increased specialized accommodation, as well as more volunteer and other "friendly visiting" to overcome the loneliness which is often reported by seniors as their greatest problem. Figure 5.10 shows the percentage of seniors by Census Tract for Edmonton in 1983. In general, a higher proportion of seniors per Census Tract exists in the central area of the City, where families are further into the life cycle, and decreases towards the outlying areas, where families are relatively young. Figure 5.11 shows the location of senior citizen centres in Edmonton.

F150RE 5.01

PEL7.'CEL;.6E

NUMBER C7 SU10R3 CANADA 1901-19111

1901/11 1911/21 1921/31 1931/41 1941/51 1951/61 1961/71 1971/81 YEAR

PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN NUMBER OF SENIORS AND TOTAL POPULATION, CANADA 1901-1981

SENIORS

YEAR 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971

1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981

23.6 25.3 37.1 33.3 41.5 28.1 25.4 35.3

TOTAL POPULATION 34.2 21.9 18.1 10.9 21.8 30.2 18.3 12.9

Source: Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1961 Census of Canada Vol. I (Part 2); Statistics Canada, 1971 Census of Canada Vol. I (Part 2); Statistics Canada, 1981 Census of Canada Vol. I.

FIE= 5.E2

SL:::::,7s AS PERCENTAGE OF F. 7.7.7.INCI:1 POPULATION, 1981 14 12 -

10 -

20 Nfld. P.E.I.

NS.

N.B. Quebec Ont.. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Yukon N.W.T. PROVINCE

NUHBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SENIORS BY PROVINCE, 1981 PERCENT OF PROVINCIAL POPULATION

PROVINCE

NUMBER

Newfoundland P.E.I. Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta B.C. Yukon N.W.T.

43,780 14,895 92,555 70,555 569,380 868,190 121,820 116,170 163,395 298,175 735 1,320

7.7 12.2 10.9 10.1 8.8 10.1 11.9 12.0 7.3 10.9 3.2 2.9

1.9 0.6 3.9 3.0 24.1 36.8 5.2 4.9 6.9 12.6 * *

2,360,875

9.7

100.0

Canada

SENIOR POPULATION

*Less than one-tenth of one percent.

Source:

Statistics of Canada, 1981 Census of Canada, Vol. I Population: Age, Sex and Marital Status

FIGURE

PROJECTS of SENIORS AS FEINT OF TOTAL PC.1,-LATION. EDMONTON 1 --,.-2001

YEAR

TOTAL POPULATION AND SENIORS PROJECTIONS,

EDNONTON, 1984 - 2001

YEAR

TOTAL POPULATION

SENIORS

SENIORS AS PERCENT OF TOTAL

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

564,459 570,165 576,094 582,210 588,431 594,710 601,367 609,049 616,888 625,342 633,459 641,238 648,699 655,853 662,746 669,409 675,879 682,197

41,279 43,226 45,788 48,145 50,652 53,455 55,952 58,612 60,886 63,271 65,817 68,187 70,507 72,059 73,945 76,082 77,815 79,550

7.3 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7

Source:

City of Edmonton Planning Department, 1984

POVERTY RATES CF SENIOR FAMILIES AND UNATTACMED INDI'tTITA1S. CANADA 1 9-1982 100 16 FAMILIES BO -

UNATTACI-ED

1969

1979

1980 YEAR

1981

1982

POVERTY RATES OF SENIOR AND NON-SUIOR FAMILIES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS, CANADA 1969-1982

YEAR

1969 1979 1980 1981 1982 (estimate)

UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS

FAMILIES Seniors (Percent)

Non-Seniors (Percent)

41.4 21.9 14.2 14.5 11.7

17.7 11.8 11.9 11.6 14.2

Seniors (Percent) 69.1 66.3 61.5 58.7 57.7

Non-Seniors (Percent) 31.6 30.3 30.6 29.4 30.9

Source: Statistics Canada, Income Distributions by Size in Canada: Preliminary Estimates, 1982.

5.04

FIE, :5.05

POVERTY RATES OF SENIOR FAMILIES AND UNATT:_CC-= iNDIVIDUALS BY SEX. CANADA 197S-1982 100 I 80

FAMILIES (Female Head)

FAMILIES (Male Head) UNATTACHED (Female)

0 UNATTACHED (Male)

1979

1981

1980

1982

YEAR

POVERTY RATES OF SENIOR FANI-IES KO UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS BY SEX, CANADA 1979-1982

YEAR

SENIOR FAMILIES Female Head Male Head (Percent) (Percent)

1979 1980 1981 1982 (estimate)

Source:

22.2 21.2 24.7 24.6

21.8 13.3 12.9 10.2

SENIOR UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS Women (Percent)

Men (Percent)

68.8 65.4 62.2 60.4

58.6 51.9 48.4 48.9

Statistics Canada, Income Distributions by Size in Canada: Preliminary Estimates, 1982.

FIGURE 5.06

POVE;ITY Ez-J-Es OF SENIOR AND NON-SENIOR FA7t7IIES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS BY PROVINCE. d I 100 -

111 FAMILIES (Senior)

E [3

FAMILIES (Non-Senior) UNATTACHED (Senior) UNATTACHED (Non-Senior)

Nfld.

P.E.I.

N.S.

N.B.

Quebec

Ont.

Man.

Sask.

Alta.

B.C.

PROVINCE

* Unavailable

POVERTY RATES OF SENIOR AND 0%-,SEnOR FArMIES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS BY PROVINCE, 1981

PROVINCE

FAMILIES Senior Non-Senior (Percent) (Percent)

UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS Senior Non-Senior (Percent) (Percent)

Newfoundland Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia

17.7 * 17.6 15.7 22.2 10.6 13.8 13.6 10.5 10.1

17.3 16.4 15.0 17.9 13.8 9.9 14.7 15.2 8.1 9.2

* * 54.1 58.6 70.6 52.2 57.3 57.2 51.9 56.2

30.2 32.8 35.9 36.7 39.1 26.3 28.6 27.3 20.6 26.7

CANADA

14.5

11.6

58.6

29.4

* Not available due to insufficient sample size.

Source: Unpublished data from the 1982 Survey of Consumer Finances (1981 Income, economic families, micro data tape).

FIGUEZ i.J7

PERCE7T:3E CCZPLES

SC:TICE. AND NON-POOR SEAR INDLiALS, CANADA 1981

90 80 70 60 50 X

POU COUPLE

El El El

POOP UNATTACHED NON-POOR COUPLES NON-POOR UNATTACHED

40 30 20 I0 0 OAS/GIS

C/GPP

Other Gov't

Private Pen. INCOME SOURCE

Investment

Employment

PERCENTAGE OF INCOME BY SOURCE, POOR AND NON-POOR SENIOR COUPLES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS, CANADA 1981

INCOME SOURCE

OAS/GIS Other Government C/QPP Total Public Private Pensions Investments Employment Total Private Total

SENIOR UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS Poor Non-Poor

SENIOR COUPLES* Poor Non-Poor 78.7 3.2 11.3 93.2 2.3 3.8 0.7 6.8

31.6 2.8 9.1 43.5 12.0 28.8 14.4 56.5

74.6 4.5 7.7 86.8 3.3 8.6 0.8 13.2

19.6 2.8 8.8 31.2 15.3 42.3 8.9 68.8

100.0

*Couples in which both spouses were 65 or older in 1981.

Source: Unpublished data from the 1982 Survey of Consumer Finances (1981 Income, economic families, micro data tape).

FEE::-5.38

PERZENT:.SE OF INC..,1-r1 BY SOURCE OF SENIOR COUPLES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS. CANADA 1981 50

OAS/GIS

C/OPP

Other Gov't Private Pen. INCOME SOURCE

Investment

Employment

PERCENTAGE OF INCOME BY SOURCE OF SENIOR COUPLES AND UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS, CANADA 1981

INCOME SOURCE

SENIOR COUPLES*

OAS/GIS Other Government CARP Total Public Private Pensions Investments Employment Total Private

33.5 2.8 9.2 45.5 11.6 27.9 13.9 54.5

39.6 3.3 8.4 51.3 10.9 30.1 5.9 48.7

100.0

Total

UNATTACHED INDIVIDUALS

*Couples in which both spouses were 65 or older in 1981.

Source:

Unpublished data from the 1982 Survey of Consumer Finances (1981 Income, economic families, micro data tape).

FIGURE 5.09

.c?EtioErcv

T I OS EDMONTON 1971-1981

RATIO

1971

1976 YEAR

1961

DEPENDENCY RATIOS FOR, CANADA, ALBERTA, AND EDMONTON 1971, 1976, 1981 YEAR

YOUNG OLD TOTAL (0-19)i(20-64) (65+)รท(20-64) (0-19)+(65+)-1(20-64)

Canada

1971 1976 1981

75.0 65.0 55.0

15.4 15.7 16.6

90.4 80.4 71.6

Alberta

1971 1976 1981

81.0 69.0 57.4

14.2 13.7 12.4

95.3 83.1 69.8

Edmonton

1971 1976 1981

73.0 59.0 43.0

11.5 12.3 11.7

84.4 72.1 54.6

Source: Statistics Canada

FIGURE 5.10 PERCENTAGE OF SENIOR CITIZENS BY CENSUS TRACT, EDMONTON 1983

2.0% 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 \ Excluded - no population \\

77.01

76.01 75.01

90.01 90.02 90.03 94:04

Source

1983 Civic Census

NUMBER OF SENIORS BY SEX AND CENSUS TRACT, EDMOKTON 1983 CENSUS TRACT

MALE

FEMALE

TOTAL

CFNSUS TRACT

1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 2.01 2.02 2.03 3 4 5.01 5.02 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 7.01 7.02 8 9 10 11 12.01 12.02 13 14 15.01 15.02 16.01 16.02 17 18 19.01 19.02 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

0 29 51 82 159 72 54 41 189 104 28 94 1 53 35 42 28 49 142 45 143 300 291 284 276 156 186 219 0 249 0 183 211 5 0 110 404 267 109 297 278 129 228 222

0 48 57 147 290 59 66 137 229 97 28 98 1 60 46 36 40 53 188 56 157 328 376 539 493 230 389 349 0 381 0 211 263 2 0 118 654 487 203 285 296 130 391 324

0 77 108 229 449 131 120 178 418 201 56 192 2 113 81 78 68 102 330 101 300 628 667 823 769 386 575 568 0 630 0 394 474 7 0 228 1,058 754 312 582 574 259 619 546

28 29 30 31 32.01 32.02 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42.01 42.02 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51.01 51.02 52.01 52.02 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60.01 60.02 61 62 63 64.01 64.02 65.01

Source: 1983 Civic Census

MALE 214 455 299 248 78 268 210 409 170 258 186 146 313 300 128 36 195 272 172 258 79 160 152 292 113 78 10 0 382 195 363 227 181 187 193 359 122 174 220 133 205 107 0 84

FEMALE

TOTAL

349 563 639 1,094 711 1,010 761 513 134 212 776 508 262 472 762 353 222 392 566 308 203 389 176 322 764 451 654 354 275 147 65 29 416 221 635 363 405 233 426 168 201 122 275 435 462 310 617 325 130 248 75 153 15 5 0 0 887 1,269 497 302 929 566 547 320 475 294 444 257 404 211 818 459 274 152 458 284 505 285 279 146 463 258 246 139 0 0 170 86

CENSUS TRACT

MALE

FEMALE

TOTAL

218 107 111 65.02 0 0 0 65.03 491 252 66 239 445 207 238 67 465 751 286 68 216 98 118 69 333 178 70 155 273 142 131 71 113 226 72 113 282 519 237 73 7 74 1 6 66 28 38 75.01 77 147 70 75.02 69 34 35 75.03 17 32 15 75.04 49 29 75.05 20 82 43 75.06 39 119 56 75.07 63 67 118 51 76.01 167 86 81 76.02 435 260 77.01 175 75 134 59 77.02 9 18 9 78.04 16 6 79 10 266 89 177 80 5 1 4 81 9 4 5 82 4 4 83 129 62 67 84 129 46 83 90.01 37 70 33 90.02 67 34 33 90.03 234 138 96 90.04 53 28 25 90.05 70 34 36 90.06 2 2 0 90.07 48 19 29 90.08 63 32 31 90.09 64 136 72 90.10 0 0 0 91 134 57 77 92 0 0 0 93 5 3 2 94 17,647 24,187 41,834 TOTAL

LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY

Considerable prosperity in the 1950s led women into the labour force in increasing numbers. In Canada, women then constituted 22 percent of the labour force. In just two decades, their proportion increased to 33 percent. Growth of real wages and expansion of the service sector have been the most important reasons for the growth of female labour force participation. High fertility rates during the 1950s created a large cohort which later put pressure on the labour market for entry-level jobs. Maturation of the large youth cohorts of the 1950s, together with a decline in prosperity in the early 1980s, contributed to changes both in marriage rates and in reasons for female labour force participation. In contrast to Canada's relative prosperity between the end of World War II and the 1960s, the unemployment rate was high in the mid - 1980s. Failure of the 1980s to meet the rising tide of expectations of young men and women required married women to participate in the labour force, not to improve family income, but to maintain it at an adequate level. Figure 6.01 shows that for the first time in many years, earnings (after controlling for inflation) declined between 1979 and 1981. As a result, a greater proportion of family earnings is today accounted for by wives' labour force participation. Figure 6.02 shows the steady increase in labour force participation rate of married women with children. This trend is marked by increases of 6.8 percent and 5.2 percent between 1981 and 1984, for wives with pre-school children and children under 16 respectively. In contrast, divorced and separated women have traditionally worked, and their participation rates have grown only slightly. Recent labour force statistics in Alberta indicate that participation rates for both men and women increased between 1976 and 1981. The greatest percentage increase occurred for married women aged 15 to 34 years and widowed/divorced women aged 25 to 54 years (Figures 6.03 to 6.05). With the downturn in the economy since 1981 more women, especially married ones have entered the labour force not to improve family income and spending opportunities as in the 1950s and 1960s, but as a major and necessary source of basic family income. Labour force participation rate among women in Edmonton, regardless of marital status, has increased from 48.6 percent in 1971 to 63.1 percent in 1981, with the most significant proportion of this increase occurring between 1976 and 1981 (Figure 6.06). The participation rate for men, on the other hand, decreased from 89.5 percent in 1971 to 78.4 in 1976, then increased again to 85.0 in 1981. The unemployment rates for both men and women increased from 1979 to 1984. In general, however, the rate of increase was greater for men in all age groups than women in similar groups. For the most part, men had lower unemployment rates than women in the period of low unemployment and higher in the period of high unemployment (Figures 6.07 and 6.08).

FIGURE 5.11 LOCATION OF SENIOR CITIZEN CENTRES, EDMONTON 1985

1. Society for the Retired & Semi-Retired 10004 - 105 Street

8. Alex Taylor School Drop-in 9321 Jasper Avenue 9. Jewish Senior Citizens Drop-in 10052 - 117 Street

2. Strathcona Place Society 10831 University Avenue 3. Operation Friendship 10631 - 96 Street

10.South-East Edmonton Seniors Association 9350 - 82 Street

4. Senior Citizens Opportunity Neighbourhood Association 10440 - 84 Avenue

11.Edmonton Self-Starters Organization 9200 - 163 Street

5. Central lions Seniors Citizens Recreation Centre 11113 - 113 Street

12.West Edmonton Seniors 11353 Jasper Avenue

6. hbrthgate Lions Senior Citizens Recreation Centre 13824 - 74 Street

,smisiiiiiitaimasimssossms

XXII •

r X Int I XIII I ME X IMP IMN I =IL I Mt X

7. Calder Seniors Drop-in Society 12963 - 120 Street

10041

4•T W ft MID

IRIX

*40

1100

Nor

afli

•

)

INN

mit NE s

sonssassinssmsai

FIGURE 5.01

INCOME AND LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY, NON-FARM FAMILIES WITH HUSBAND AGED 25-34

1973

1979

1981

1973-79

1979-81

27,391 26,080 20,897 4,859

30,627 28,677 21,778 6,683

30,647 28,334 20,865 7,200

+3,236 +2,597 +881 +1,824

+20 -343 -913 +517

Wife's Earnings as % of Family Earnings

18.6

23.3

25.4

Mean Weeks Worked Family Husband Wife

70.8 48.9 20.6

76.3 47.9 27.4

77.6 47.5 28.8

+5.5 -1.0 +6.8

+1.3 -0.4 +1.4

% of Families with Wives Working 0 Hours

46.1

32.6

29.4

Mean Income in 1981 Dollars Family Income Family Earnings Husband's Earnings Wife's Earnings

INCOME AND LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY, NON-FARM FAMILIES WITH HUSBAND AGED 35-44

1973

1979

1981

1973-79

1979-81

30,821 28,952 23,847 3,853

35,416 32,957 25,092 6,203

36,156 32,887 24,306 7,232

+4,595 +4,005 +1,245 +2,350

+740 -70 -786 +1,029

Wife's Earnings as % of Family Earnings

13.3

18.8

22.0

Mean Weeks Worked Family Husband Wife

77.1 49.2 18.9

86.4 49.1 26.4

87.9 48.6 29.5

+9.3 -0.1 +7.5

+1.5 -0.5 +3.1

% of Families with Wives Working 0 Hours

51.7

37.8

31.7

Mean Income in 1981 Dollars Family Income Family Earnings Husband's Earnings Wife's Earnings

FIGURE 6.02

PARTICIPATION RATES OF FEMALES IN HUSBAND/WIFE FAMILIES BY CHARATERISTIC OF THE HUSBAND AND PRESENCE OF OWN CHILDREN. CANADA 19Th - 1984

HUSBAND PRESENT 100

I1 TOTAL

c41

WITH PPE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

Ei WITH CHILDREN UNDEP 16

W!THOUT CHILDREN UNDER 16

7-7

50 4C;

30 20

0 1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1961

1989

1983

1984

1982

1983

1984

YEAP.

NO HUSBAND PRESENT 100

TOTAL

wiTh PL-SCHOOL CHiLDREN : 80 f

.L.LJ WITH CHILDREN UNDER 16 I 0 WITHOUT CHILDREN UNDER 16 !

60 -L 4o 30 20

1976

1977

1976

1979

1980 YEAR

198)

PARTICIPATION RATES OF FEMALES IN HUSBAND/WIFE FAMILIES BY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HUSBAND AND PRESENCE OF OWN CHILDREN, CANADA 1976 - 1984

HUSBAND PRESENT

YEAR

TOTAL

1976

42.7

1977

44.0 46.2 47.4 49.0 50.7 51.3 52.4 53.8

1978

1979 1980 1981 1932 1983 1984

NO HUSBAND PRESENT

WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN <16 YRS

WITHOUT CHILDREN <16 YRS

34.9 36.6 40.7 42.1 44.3 47.1 48.2 51.5 53.9

42.0 43.8 47.1 48.4 50.7 53.6 54.5 56.4 58.8

43.5 44.3 45.1 46.3 47.2 47.7 48.3 48.6 49.2

ALL FAMILIES

YEAR

TOTAL

WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

1976

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

43.8 45.1 47.3 48.5 50.1 51.7

35.8 37.6 41.3 42.9 45.2 47.7

1982 1983 1984

52.2 53.1 54.5

48.8 51.7

53.9

WITH CHILDREN <16 YRS

WITHOUT CHILDREN

43.5 45.4 48.5 49.9 52.4

44.1 44.3 45.9 47.0 47.7

55.0 55.7 57.3 59-5

48.5 49.0 49.3 49.9

Source: Statistics Canada, Table FO9A

<16 YRS

TOTAL

WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN <16 YRS

47.2 47.7 49.9 51.7 52.4 53.8 53.8 53.9 55.1

43.9 46.8 45.2 49.6 53.2 51.2 51.6 50.8 50.5

53.4 55.7 56.1 58.3 61.6 61.5 60.9 59.9 61.5

WITHOUT CHILDREN <16 YRS 40.7 39.5 43.0 44.1 42.7 45.4 46.1 47.5 48.3

F I GURE 6.03

PERCENTAGE OF SINGLE POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, ALBERTA 1976, 1981

MALES 100 90 80 70 60 X 50 40 30 20 10 0 15-19

20-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65+

45-54

55-64

65+

AGE GROUPS

FEMALES 100 90 80 70 60 X 50 40 30 20 10 0 15-19

20-24

25-34

35-44 AGE GROUPS

POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER BY SEX, AGE GROUP AND MARITAL STATUS, SHUING LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY IN ALBERTA 1976 iED 1981

PERCENT IN LABOUR FORCE MARITAL STATUS AND AGE GROUP

Male

Female

1976

1981

1976

1981

61.7 86.1 86.4 82.4 77.5 63.8 19.8

60.9 92.9 95.0 91.2 85.7 63.0 25.7

52.0 81.3 83.0 75.6 72.4 57.7 18.8

53.2 39.3 90.8 85.6 82.4 65.5 20.6

85.8 91.9 93.7 94.4 93.5 83.3 26.4

91.5 96.5 97.7 97.7 96.2 81.4 24.1

51.0 57.5 51.0 58.7 55.9 38.2 9.5

62.8 68.7 61.0 65.8 59.1 37.2 6.5

86.8 89.5 90.0 85.0 67.4 14.2

96.7 95.6 90.3 68.2 17.0

73.0 73.1 71.3 67.0 47.8 7.1

80.5 83.8 84.2 76.2 52.5 7.1

Single 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65 and over

Married 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65 and over

Widowed and Divorced 15-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65 and over

Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 91-805 and 92-915

FIGURE 6.04

PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, ALBERTA 1976, 1981

MALES

100 90 80 70 60 so ao 30 20 10 0 15-19

20-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65+

AGE GROUPS

FEMALES

100 90

El 1976

1981

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 15-19

20-24

25-3.4

35-44 AGE GROUPS

45-54

55-64

65+

FIGURE 6.05

PERCENTAGE OF WIDOWED AND DIVORCED POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER DI THE LABOUR FORCE BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, ALBERTA 1976, 1981

MALES 100 -

M 1976

90 -

0 1981

80 70 II

60 -50 40 30 20 10 0 15-24 * Unavailable

25-34

35-44 45-54 . AGE GROUPS

55-64

65+

FEMALES 100 90 M 1976

70 X

1981

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15-24

25-34

35-44 45-54 AGE GROUPS

55-64

65+

Ff3URE 6.06

11./...0t... FORCE PART:CIPATION BY SEX. EDMONTON tg71-1981 100 90

0 MALE

0 FEMALE

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1971

1976 YEAR

1961

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATIU: BY SEX, EDMONTON 1971 - 1981

YEAR

INDIVIDUALS 15 YEARS & OVER

NO. IN LABOUR FORCE

PARTICIPATION RATE

MALE

1971 1976 1981

139,445 ' 173,665 210,840

124,850 136,185 172,080

89.5 78.4 85.0

FEMALE

1971 1976 1981

156,010 177,415 208,615

75,780 92,655 131,605

48.6 52.5 63.1

Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue Nos. 95-757, 94-801, 93-969

FIGURE 6.07

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE OF 15-19 AGE GROUP BY SEX. ALBERTA 1979-1984

RATE 30 25 -

â&#x2013;ª TOTAL O MALE

20 -

0 FEMALE

15 -

10 5

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

YEAR

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Of 20-24 AGE GROUP BY SEX. ALBERTA 1979-1984

RATE 30 25 -

TOTAL 0 MALE 0 FEMALE

1979

1980

1982

1981

YEAR

1983

1984

UNELPLOYMENT RATE BY AGE AND SEX, ALBERTA 1979 - 1984

TOTAL YEAR AGE GROUP

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-54

23.0 22.4 16.1 10.5 10.5 11.3 9.8

19.2 15.2 10.7 7.9 6.7 7.3 9.0

15.3 10.9 7.4 5.3 3.9 6.0

9.0 5.2 3.3 2.1 2.2 2.7

8.7 5.4 3.2 2.1 1.9 2.5

8.9 4.7 3.6 2.4 2.2 2.9

15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-54

24.3 26.0 16.4 10.5 11.3 12.5 10.1

19.8 17.6 11.6 7.9 6.4 8.4 9.4

16.8 12.7 7.5 5.4 3.6 6.0

9.4 5.2 2.9

8.5 5.7 2.7

8.8 4.3 2.7

2.3

2.1

2.2

21.7 18.2 15.8 10.5 9.2 8.8 9.4

18.6 12.2 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.4

13.7 8.7 7.3 5.3

8.6 5.2 3.9

8.9 5.0 3.9

9.0 5.2 5.0

6.0

3.3

3,3

4,1

MALE

FEMALE 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-54

Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 71-001

FIGURE 6.38

LTEL?L017ZEZT RATE OF 25-34 ASE EAGIP :11 SEX. ALBERTA 1979-1c34

0 TOTAL 0 MALE

0 FEMALE

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

YEAR

:1Z..:EPLCIVEE'ff RATE C17-* 25-54 AGE al3UP BY SEX. ALBERTA 1979-1984

TOTAL

El MALE 0 FEMALE

1979

1980

1981

1982 YEAR

1983

1984

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

The level of labour force activity is a clear indication of the economic conditions that exist within an economy. Figures 7.01 and 7.02 show the employment rates and the labour force characteristics for Edmonton from 1978 to 1984. Between 1978 and 1981, the economy was visibly healthy with unemployment averaging slightly over 4 percent. By 1982, however, the economy had clearly started to decline with the number of unemployed doubling (15,000 to 30,000) over the previous year and nearly doubling again (54,000) by 1984. The rate of unemployment rose from 4.1 percent in 1981 to 14.1 percent in 1984. A consequence of this downturn was a decline in the rate of increase in the cost of living as reflected in the consumer price index. Figures 7.03 and 7.04 present the changes in the index and its main components from 1978 to 1984 Figures 7.05 and 7.06 show the value of building permits and the number of dwelling starts, respectively, in Edmonton, from 1979 to 1984. These graphs/figures reflect the economic variations that took place over this time with development activity reaching a peak in 1981 and declining steadily after A major factor affecting the economic downturn was the increase in Canadian interest rates (Figure 7.07). With rates approaching 20 percent in 1981, development and growth was severely affected.

FIGJL;J: 7.0

UNEMPLOYL: IT RATES FOR C: :ADA. ALBERTA. AND EDHCATO 1 1978-1984

16 T CANADA

ALBERTA

EDMONTON

10 6 6 4 2 0 1978

1979

1980

1981 YEAR

1982

1983

1984

UNEMPLOVENT RATES FOR CANADA, ALBERTA AND EDMONTON 1978 - 1984

YEAR

CANADA

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

8.3 7.4 7.5 7.5 11.0 11.9 11.3

Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No.

ALBERTA 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 7.7 10.8 11.2

71-001

EDMONTON 4.7 3.7 4.1 4.1 8.0 12.1 14.1

FIGURE 7.02

LABOUR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS. METROPOLITAN EDMONTON 1978-1984

People in 1000S 600 SOO 400 300 200 100

1978

1979

1981 YEAR

IM POP. 15 & OVER 0 LABOUR FORCE

1982

EMPLOYED

1983

1984

0 UNEMPLOYED

LABOUR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS, METROPOLITAN EDMONTON 1978 - 1984 (in thousands)

YEAR

POPULATION 15 YEARS & OVER

LABOUR FORCE

EMPLOYED

UNEMPLOYED

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

438 453 481 502 518 528 523

305 322 347 371 377 377 381

290 310 332 356 347 332 328

14 12 14 15 30 46 54

Source: Alberta Statistical Review, Table 19

FIC_IE 7.03

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

4C EASE OVER PREVIOUS YEAR. 79-3

1979/76

/79

1981/80

1982/51

1983/82

/83

YEAR

CONSUMERPRICE !'!EX INCREASE OVER PREVIOUS EDMONTON 1976 - 1984

YEAR

1979/78 1980/79 1981/80 1982/81 1983/82 1984/83 Source:

ALL ITEMS

6.6 8.2 11.1 10.8 6.4 3.2

FOOD

8.5 8.1 9.9 7.7 3.8 5.1

HOUSING

CLOTHING

TRANSPORT

HEALTH

6.1 7.4 12.1 12.7 6.1 0.3

7.9 11.3 7.2 5.7 3.4 2.7

6.1 8.9 14.0 12.1 7.1 4.8

5.4 7.1 10.4 14.3 8.4 3.3

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 62-001

FIGURE 7.04

CC-TIMER PRICE INDEX MAIN COMPONENTS INCRE SE , NTON 1979-1984 /ER PREVIOUS YEAR, E6."11 FOOD

El HOUSING

le mums

O TRANSPORT

HEALTH

6 4 2 0 1979/78

1980/79

19 7A/50

1982/81

1983/82

1984/83

YEAR

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, ED:::MTO, 1978 - 1984

YEAR

ALL ITEMS

FOOD

HOUSING

CLOTHING

TRANSPORT

HEALTH

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

74.1 80.7 88.9 100.0 110.8 117.2 120.4

73.5 82.0 90.1 100.0 107.7 111.5 116.6

74.4 80.5 87.9 100.0 112.7 118.8 119.1

73.6 81.5 92.8 100.0 105.7 109.1 111.8

71.0 77.1 86.0 100.0 112.1 119.2 124.0

77.1 82.5 89.6 100.0 114.3 122.7 126.0

Source:

Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 62-001

FIGURE 7.05

(1,000s of Dollars) 1400000

VALUE OF BUILDING PERMITS, METROPOLITAN EDHONUNI 1978 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1984

IM TOTAL

200000

RESIDENTIAL

100 000 8000 600000 400000 200000

1978

1979

1EL.)

1 1 YEAR

1952

1983

VALUE OF BUILDING PERMITS - ALBERTA AND METROPOLITAN EDMONTON, 1973, 1978-1984 (in thousands of dollars)

ALBERTA

EDMONTON

YEAR

TOTAL

RESIDENTIAL

TOTAL

RESIDENTIAL

1973 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

762,927 3,033,824 3,354,566 4,015,037 5,130,940 2,911,003 1,870,959 1,386,289

399,768 1,650,409 1,805,956 1,743,694 2,373,167 1,059,328 809,209 501,720

254,684 938,166 985,886 1,269,933 1,374,132 919,515 688,588 378,760

139,871 600,899 522,720 465,713 627,545 388,339 288,194 156,189

Source: Alberta Statistical Review, Table 65 and 66

F1,71L1 7.06

SJ,EilTIAL DWELLING STARTS 3Y DWELLING TIE. PETROPOLITt!!! EDP1ONT6ii 1975-1964 TOTAL SINGLE 14000

TWO FAMILY

12000

ROW

10000

APARTMENT

6000 6000 4000 2000 0 1978

1979

1980

1981 YEAR

1982

1983

RESIDENTIAL DWELLING STARTS BY DWELLING TYPE FOR METROPOLITAN EDMONTON 1973, 1978-1984

YEAR

TOTAL

SINGLE DETACHED

TWO FAMILY

ROW

APARTMENT

1973 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

7,384 17,065 12,298 9,967 11,999 9,738 6,453 2,384

4,643 6,202 5,278 3,674 4,491 2,204 3,761 2,197

278 1,092 716 636 501 152 138 30

750 2,790 1,800 2,324 2,541 1,350 787 146

1,713 6,981 4,504 3,333 4,467 6,032 1,767 11

Source: Alberta Statistical Review, Table 60

FIGORE 7.07

SELECTE_ L JEREST RATES. Ci ADA 1978 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 20

El BANK

PRIME

I0 CONVENTIONAL MORTGAGE

14 12 10 8

4 2 0 1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

YEAR

SELECTED INTEREST RATES CANADA 1973, 1978-1984

CONVENTIONAL YEAR

BANK RATE

1973 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

6.12 8.98 12.10 12.89 17.93 13.96 9.55 11.31

PRIME RATE

7.64 9.69 12.90 14.25 19.29 15.81 11.17 12.06

Source: Alberta Statistical Review, Table 43

MORTGAGE RATE

9.59 10.59 11.97 14.32 18.15 17.89 13.29 13.58

8. SOCIAL CONCERNS Divorce Both the rate and number of divorces in Alberta increased dramatically after the enactment of the 1968 Divorce Act (Figure 8.01). For Alberta, the rate jumped from 12.5 per 10,000 in 1968 to 22.1 per 10,000 in 1969. After 1968 the rate gradually increased, albeit somewhat erratically, until 1982 when it reached a high of 38.3 per 10,000. Increasing societal acceptance toward divorce has contributed to this trend. The rate has declined slightly since 1982 to 36.0 per 10,000 in 1984. Probability of divorce is higher if the marriage occurs at a young age. Figure 8.02 shows that the average age at which couples first married declined between 1941 and 1975. Suicides The suicide rate in Edmonton has steadily increased (Figure_8.03), with minor fluctuations, from 1951 to 1984 (6.9 to 19.3 per 100,000). The majority of victims continue to be men, outnumbering women by approximately 2 to 1. There are indications in the 1980s, however, that suicides among women may be increasing relative to men. In general, since 1977 the highest risk of suicide among men has been in the 20-29 year age group, declining with age thereafter. The risk of suicide among women, on the other hand, has been relatively equal over the four age groups between 20 and 59 years. Social Allowance From 1977/78 to 1980/81, the number and rate of social allowance cases in Alberta decreased to a low of 30,010 cases (14.0 cases per 1,000) (Figure 8.05). After 1980/81 the number and rate increased to a high in 1985 of 47,898 (20.4 cases per 1,000). The distribution of social allowance cases by reason for assistance in Alberta shows that single parents comprise the largest group receiving social assistance, averaging approximately 40 percent of total cases over this eight year period. The proportion of employables shows the greatest variation from 12.6 percent of total cases in 1979/80 to 29.0 percent in 1984/85. This increase is directly related to the downturn in the economy (see Section 7) which substantially increased the number of long term unemployed in Alberta. Increases in other categories also may be due, in part, to the downturn. Figure 8.06 presents the numbers of single parents and employables receiving social allowance for Alberta and the Edmonton region from April 1983 to July 1985. On a population basis the Edmonton region had a higher proportion of single parents, employables and total social allowance cases than would be expected. In July 1985, the Edmonton region had 40.7, 39.3 and 40.3 percent

-2 of Alberta's single parents, employables, and total cases respectively, whereas, it had 34.7 percent of its population. This difference may be an indication that the economic downturn had a greater impact on the Edmonton region than other Alberta regions. As well, it points to the fact that Edmonton is the single large urban centre in the entire northern Alberta catchment area, attracting job-seekers and those looking for solutions to their social problems. Child Welfare Figure 8.07 shows population 0-17 years of age, children receiving child welfare services, and children allegedly neglected or abused by region as a percentage of Alberta totals. Considering population 0-17 yeas of age, the Edmonton region had a proportionate number of total children receiving services. Although the proportions of children allegedly abused and allegedly sexually abused was proportionately higher than expected, these should be interpreted with some caution (i.e. more efficient reporting systems may, by themselves, result in higher reported numbers and incidence). Police Statistics Figure 8.08 shows the number of offences by type and percentage change between 1983 and 1984 in Edmonton. In general, there has been a decrease in offences over the past two years. However, since the Police Department changed their reporting format after 1982, comparison prior to this period is not possible.

8.01 RATE. kLDIF-177:. 1961-1984

Rate per 10000 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 YEAR

NUMBER AND RATE OF DIVORCES, ALBERTA 1961 - 1983

YEAR

POPULATION

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1,332,000 1,369,000 1,403,000 1,430,000 1,450,000 1,463,200 1,490,000 1,524,000 1,559,000 1,595,000 1,627,900 1,657,300 1,689,500 1,722,400 1,778,300 1,838,000 1,912,700 1,983,100 2,052,000 2,140,600 2,237,000 2,318,000 2,354,000 2,350,000

Source:

NUMBER OF DIVORCES

RATE PER 10,000

1,039 1,084 1,268 1,389 1,348 1,567 1,736 1,916 3,446 3,771 3,656 3,772 4,435 4,947 5,475 5,697 5,843 6,059 6,531 7,580 8,418 8,882 8,758 8,454

7.8 7.9 9.0 9.7 9.3 10.7 11.6 12.5 22.1 23.6 22.4 22.7 26.2 28.7 30.7 31.0 30.5 30.5 31.8 35.4 37.6 38.3 37.2 36.0

Alberta Bureau of Statistics

E.02

AVIUGE AGE AT F..7.5T

JA 6E FOR BIL:riS AND E-7-0C-.'IS, :117.7.."TA 1961 - 1903

AGE II BRIDES 0 GROOMS

1961 1966 1971 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 YEAR

AVERAGE AGE AT MARRIAGE L.D AVERAGE AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE, FOR BRIDES AND BRIDEGROCAS IN CANADA AND ALBERTA 1941 TO 1983 ALBERTA