Architectural Graduation Thesis Book by Afra Mehar Badaruddeen

AGRO CONNECT CONNECTING COMMUNITY HOUSING THROUGH AGRICULTURE

Afra Mehar Badaruddeen

AGRO CONNECT CONNECTING COMMUNITY HOUSING THROUGH AGRICULTURE An Undergraduate Architectural Thesis submitted to Department of Architecture & Design Abu Dhabi University

By Afra Mehar Badaruddeen 1064435 Under the supervision of Dr. Apostolos Kyriazis

December, 2021

CONTENTS

TABLE OF

INTRODUCTION

PRECEDENT STUDIES

SITE ANALYSIS

DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

PROGRAMMING

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN/PRELIMINARY DESIGN

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

1.0 1.1

IDENTIFYING THE PROJECT

1.2

RATIONALE BEHIND SELECTING THE PROJECT

1.3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.4

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT & CURRENT STATE

1.5

RESEARCH STATEMENT & GOALS

1.1 IDENTIFYING THE PROJECT Community housing refers to a cluster of houses creating a neighborhood with shared spaces like cafe, plaza, library, gardens, courtyards, event spaces, etc. where people from different background and culture come together creating a community. Community housing bring together the value of private homes and the advantages of shared public spaces. (What is Cohousing, n.d.) Community housing mainly focuses on connectivity that facilitates social interaction, sustainable design and shared resources. This improves the lifestyle of the people. A research shows people live longer and healthier lives when they are socially connected to others. (Why Community Housing?, 2021) In the past few years, the Urban Land Institute has recognized that integrating food and farming into urban, suburban and rural real estate development projects is a rapidly growing trend. Integrating farming into community housing provides several benefits. It encourages community involvement and also helps in the food production. (Chatterjee, 2020)

Fig: 1.1.2 Green roofed modular housing

A community farming creates scenic trails that invites families, friends and tourists to explore the community together and improves the relationship between people and their land and food. Agriculture has long been pushed away from urban growth. By presenting it as a part of this growth, it has the opportunity to become the heart of a community. Integrating farmland close to where people live creates the opportunity for people to be intimately connected to the land, their food. This also creates an opportunity for people to get educated as well as participate in farming and produce their own food. (Cockrall-King, 2012)

Fig: 1.1.3 Community farming

Fig: 1.1.1 Farming in eco-village, Central Bergen

Integrating farming with housing developments cultivates healthy communities and promotes healthy lifestyles. Development of these communities, or Agrihoods, can provide the land, capital, infrastructure and time for a community farm to take root and thrive.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Connecting community housing through agriculture. The selected project is a community housing that integrates farming along with many other public spaces and facilities creating a community. It aims to provide private, secure and affordable housing units along with private farming spaces. Flexible apartment layouts will be provided to the users. The types of layouts include: studio, 1 bedroom, 2 bedroom, 3 bedroom and shared units. The project also provides a common communal farming space. The farming facilities will be integrated through various methods of vertical farming. The project aims to create a sustainable way of living creating a healthy environment inside and outside of the community. Integrating farming helps people to stay connected to nature as well as help to produce their own fresh farm food. This encourages people to take part in farming practices and keeps them engaged. The project also provides various other facilities such as library, cafe, entertainment zones, fitness center, restaurant, fresh produce market, open spaces and courtyards. This helps people to stay connected and provides leisure.

Vertical farming model is proposed with the aim of increasing agricultural produce by building upwards. The area required to produce crops can be reduced by constructing a high rise or a building that can accommodate racks of crops. The vertical farming is essentially indoor based. Typical features include use of recycled water increased by rainwater or water from a desalination plant, automatic air-temperature and humidity control, solar panel lighting and heating, and tunable 24-hour LED illumination. (Benke, 2017). Vertical farming could be a strategy to connect urban dwellers with nature. Vertical farming includes various methods such as: Hydroponics – This method consists of growing plants on neutral and inert substrate like sand, clay and rock materials, which regularly irrigated with minerals and nutrients that is required to sustain the plant growth. Hydroponics systems use 60-70% less water compared to the traditional outdoor farming (Despommier, 2019). Hydroponics is the most accepted method of indoor farming. It accommodates large scale growing (Hill, 2020).

Fig: 1.2.2 Hydroponics system

Fig: 1.2.1 Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District

Aeroponics – In this method, the plants are grown without the use of soil or any substitute for soil. The roots of the plants are hung in the air inside a closed container and exposed to a fine mist of nutrient-laden water, regularly sprayed through a nozzle (Despommier, 2019). Aeroponics is a really fast and extensive growing system. It is very efficient and saves quite a lot on water costs (Hill, 2020).

The advantage of this system is that the water filtration is built in, so there won’t be the necessary to take the waste out of the system. This waste is used as a fertilizer (Hill, 2020).

Fig: 1.2.3 Aeroponics system

Aquaponics – This is a hybrid method that integrates fish production along with hydroponics scheme of growing plants. It uses fish waste as nutrients for the plants. It operates as a closed loop ecosystem for indoor farming. (Despommier, 2019).

Fig: 1.2.4 Aquaponics system

1.3 RATIONALE BEHIND SELECTING THE PROJECT Over time, UAE has developed in urbanization. With the growing population, the demands for housing also increases. There is a significant rise high-rise building and many other housing developments across UAE, but there is a lack of community housing that provides not only private homes but also various facilities that helps the people to socilaize and interact. UAE has adapted a transient culture and community housing will benefit to such culture as it encourages social bonding and creates a sense of community. Community housing gives an opportunity for people from different backgrounds to live together and socially interact. Community housing provides social support and security for families from their other fellow community members.

Fig: 1.3.1 Living garden, Vienna

Fig: 1.3.2 Farming in Home-Agrihood

With the major rising of upscale and luxury housing in variuos parts of UAE, there is a major lack of affordable housing. The majority population of UAE includes expats and there is a increasing need for affordable housing that can accomodate these exapts but also provide various other facilities that will help them to socialize and lead a healthy life. This will help the low and mid-income families to afford a housing with proper neeeds. Abu Dhabi has developed in urbanization. Even though a lot of open community spaces, parks and gardens are developed in the city, the real interaction between people and farming are missing. Moreover, the current generation lacks the knowledge of how the food they consume daily are produced. So, bringing an urban agriculture into urban architecture creates a sense of community and social practices but also helps in the production of food for the growing population. (etrich Henckel, 2014)

1.4 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT & CURRENT IMPLIMENTATION The Emirati Sha‘bī House3 was introduced by the founder of the UAE, Sheikh Zayed, in the late 1960s. It was meant to house a largely Bedouin population by resettling them in urbanized areas thus tying them to the land. This sedentarization was seen as an essential condition for the establishment of a modern state. This housing type is characterized by its modernist interpretation of Bedouin living habits. Houses were constructed in the form of compounds whose living spaces were deemed to accommodate the prevailing life style at the time. The specific forms were uncompromisingly modern, largely comprised of cubist concrete boxes with minimum ornamentation. Yet it is precisely this sparseness that was initially sought, seen as it were as an expression of a modern and progressive life style which was also evident in the functional distribution of spaces. (Elsheshtawy, 2019)

Sha‘bīya neighborhoods were introduced in 1966 to accommodate what was then a largely transient population living in traditional houses constructed using Arish (palm leaves) and tents made from camel hair. Bedouin lives were indeed characterized by constant movement within certain circumscribed areas in search for food. (Elsheshtawy, 2019)

Fig: 1.4.3 Bedouins at the entrance of an enclosure constructed from palm fronds. Līwā, Western Region, 1948.

At the same time, residents in urbanized areas such as Abu Dhabi and Dubai lived in compounds that were fairly permanent and built from more durable materials. With the formation of the Union in 1971, one of the first tasks of the new state was to urbanize the nomadic population and also to upgrade living conditions for city inhabitants. (Elsheshtawy, 2019)

Fig: 1.4.1 Image from the late 1960s in Abu Dhabi showing the final stages of constructing a Sha‘bī house.

Fig:1.4.2 Completed Sha‘bī Housing prototype and Inspection visit by Sheikh Zayed.

Fig: 1.4.4 Isometric Drawing for Housing Type B.

The United Arab Emirates is experiencing a challenging turn towards sustainable social housing. Conventional neighborhood planning and design principles are being replaced by those leading to more sustainable urban forms. (Hilotin, 2020)

The growing eco-development, surrounded by desert on the outskirts of Dubai near Emirates Road, is fast becoming famous for its harnessing of the environment to power modern life.

Fig: 1.4.5 Sustainability City, Dubai

Fig: 1.4.6 Badia Farms, UAE

1.5 RESEARCH STATEMENT & GOALS The research aims to the study the importance of community housing in the UAE, as well as how to integrate farming practices to create a healthy environment and living space and also help people to stay connected to nature. It also aims to understand the possible architecture solutions that can help to create a social community that helps people to interact and get connected with each other.

The research not only focuses on providing secure housing but also on other various facilities that serves as a means for leisure and recreation for people. The research is done through precedent studies and data collection in an effort to achieve a community housing that encourages people to live a healthy and active social life.

Research Goals

Secure & affordable community housing

Fresh farm produce

Healthy living environment

Integrating farming

Open courtyard & public spaces

Leisure & recreational spaces

CHAPTER PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.0 2.1

HOME FARM

2.2

REGEN VILLAGE

2.3

SHARED ROOFS

2.4

AGROTOPIA

2.5

PRECEDENT STUDIES COMPARISON

2.1 HOME FARM

Fig: 2.1.1 Home Farm, SIngapore

Location: Singapore Design Firm: Spark Architects Status: Proposal

2.1.1 REASON OF SELECTION The project was selected as it shows how agricultural practices can be implemented in our daily life in a residential and housing facility. It promotes a healthy lifestyle and creates an active environment which encourages people to participate in farming and also helps them to earn income. It helps us to understand the importance and the value of farming and is also a platform to learn how the food is produced and distributed. Another important aspect of this project is also the architectural elements that are used to create this community space and housing facility. It has a very unique curvilinear terraced formation, green façade, and open spaces.

2.1.2 DESIGN CONCEPT Home farm is a project that blends retirement housing with urban farming. The project focuses on Singapore’s senior citizens that not only provides affordable housing but also integrates commercial vertical farming facilities, open terraces and gardens with outdoor activities. (Rosenfield, 2014) It is considered as a private rather than public entity within the reach of senior cictizens that faces financial stress. The architecture has been conceived for economic construction using simple materials and modular parts. The concept offers multi-dimensional benefits related to economics, food security and quality, social engagement, health, sustainability, place making, and healthcare provision.The architects address a solution through this project for two challenges faced by Singapore, i.e., how the city can support the senior citizens and how to improve the country’s food security.

The senior citizens lining in the residential will be offered job in the farm, however it is not a requirement to get an accommodation. This helps in those who need financial support and can earn an income on their own. This not only encourages them to take part in farming activities but also creates a sense of active community. (Rosenfield, 2014)

2.1.3 DESIGN PROGRAM The building provides various types of housing typology from studios to 4-bedroom apartments that accomodates people with different needs. All the apartments provides views to the central courtyatd and the open market.

Fig: 2.1.2 Farming types diagram

It also has various facilities like health center, agricultural center, produce market, kindergarten, library, seniors’ hall, central plaza, water catchment, and parking. It is a great example to show how agricultural practices and knowledge can be promoted through a housing community (Rosenfield, 2014).

Fig: 2.1.3 Apartment typology diagram

Fig: 2.1.4 Home Farm, Site plan

Fig: 2.1.5 Ground floor plan

Fig: 2.1.6 Third floor plan

2.1.4 OBSERAVTION ANALYSIS For the vertical farming, it uses aquaponic farming system which is adapted on the building façade (stevens, 2014). And the vertical planting beds use soil-based farming method.

In this system, the nutrients is obtained from the fish waste while water is collected from rainwater and treated grey water. The agriculture waste is disposed into an onsite biomass power plant.

Fig: 2.1.7 Aquaponics farming

Fig: 2.1.8 Farming system diagram

Fig: 2.1.9 Home Farm, Aerial view

Fig: 2.1.10 Home Farm, Section

Fig: 2.1.11 Home Farm, Terrace farming

2.1.5 CONCLUSION In conclusion, Home Farm shows the possiblity of having a housing community that incorporates farming. Various methods of vertical farming are implemented in the design.

There are many other various activities and facilities in the building that helps the people to get engaged and socialize with each other creating a healthy and social community.

Fig: 2.1.12 Home Farm, Communal farming spaces

2.2 REGEN VILLAGE

Fig: 2.2.1 Regen Village, Netherlands

Location: Almere, Netherlands Project Area: 15500m2 Client: ReGen Villages Holding B.V Design Firm: EFFEKT Year: 2016

2.2.1 REASON OF SELECTION The project was selected because it shows how a community is created with buildings that produce their own food and energy. The design allows the residents to stay connected to the nature as well as be a part of the community.

2.2.2 DESIGN CONCEPT ReGen villages designed by EFFEKT, aims to tackle wide spectrum of global issues such as food and water crisis and the rise of CO2 emissions. The project is an alternative to mass urbanisation, which forecasts over 2.5 billion people moving to cities in the next 50 years. It also is a solution to rising land prices and increasing scarcity of resources. (Frearson, 2016)

The project aims in creating self-sufficient and resillient communities using sustainable farming that can be installed in and around the housing units. It also aims to imrove the quality of life for the community by encouraging the residents to socially engage and participate in farming. The project includes community spaces like public dining areas, playground and learning centers. The food production will be done by vertical farming methods like hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics. The nergy is obtained from solar panels and biogas will be generated from local waste and the water will be recycled and reused. The village applies technology that connects various interconnected systems from energy to storm water management prodiding clean water, food and energy for the community. (Frearson, 2016)

2.2.3 DESIGN PROGRAM The design layout of the project consists of 25 housing units arranged in the outskirts of a circular model. The farming and food production facilities are added in the center of the village and the social places are added in between the housing units and the farming facilities creating a connection between them. This encourages the residents to take part in activities and improves social engagement.

The program includes public spaces like public dining areas, playgrounds, watwerpark, gardens and learning centers. They integrated various types of vertical farming for the food production. (Frearson, 2016)

Fig: 2.2.2 Regen Village, Program

Fig: 2.2.3 Regen Village, Site Plan

Fig: 2.2.4 Regen Village, Zoning

Fig: 2.2.5 Housing typologies

2.2.4 OBSERAVTION ANALYSIS The domestic waste from the residentials are separated into different categories and it is recycled and reused for various purposes. The compost from the waste management is used as food source ofr the livestock and soldier flies. The soldier flies are fed to the fish in the fish farm. The bio-waste that cannot be combusted is used in the biogas facility. (Frearson, 2016)

The waste from the livestock is used as fertilizers for the seasonal gardens. The fish feces are used as fertilizers for vertical farming in the aquaponics farm. The ReGen village has different types of farming methods. The produce food from seasonal gardens, greenhouse, heated greenhouse and aquaponics. The main type of farming is the aquaponic farming. This method uses the waste from the fish farm. (Frearson, 2016)

Fig: 2.2.6 Regen system

Fig: 2.2.7 Regen Village, perspective view

2.2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusion, ReGen shows how efficiently they designed a sustainable community that provides safe and secure housing units as well as public spaces that integrates farming. The project not only integrated farming but also various sustainable methods to reduce and recycle.

The village encourages people to take part in the farming activities that only helps them to stay connected to nature but also helps in the food production. This creates a healthy living environment where people are socially connected to each other.

Fig: 2.2.8 Types of farming methods

Fig: 2.2.9 Vertical farming units

2.3 SHARED ROOFS

Fig: 2.3.1 Shared Roofs, France

Location: Paris, France Project Area: 54900ft2 Architects: Hubert & Roy Architects Construction Cost: 6000000 € Year: 2015

2.3.1 REASON OF SELECTION The project was selected because it shows how farming is integrated into an apartment building in the middle of on urban block. This project involves the future inhabitants and users participation to live together with a strong social and environmental motivation.

An existing metal covered market located at the bottom of the lot was repurposed inot a nursery that can accommodate 45 childeren. The project encourages the participation and involvement of the residents to create a active social life. The program mixes all generation, and the inhabitants includes all types of diverse backgrounds and ages. (‘Shared Roofs’ ● Social and Community Housing and Nursery, n.d.) The project includes shared and public spaces for the residents. This helps them to connect socially with each other. It also provides various activities for the residents that strengthen the social bonds and fit into the community.

2.3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT The project site is a parcel of land surrounded by high walls, inserted into the middle of an urban block, with a narrow opening onto the street.This project is a redevelopment of a former industrial site and craeted three residential buildings containing 25 apartments. Fig: 2.3.2 Shared Roofs, Central courtyard

Fig: 2.3.3 Shared Roofs, Terrace farming

Fig: 2.3.4 Zoning Diagrams

2.3.3 DESIGN PROGRAM The program provides all type of accommodations like rental social housing, publlicly-assisted and market-rate housing for sale are incorporated into one entity. The project offers several shared spaces like community cafe, multi-purpose room, guest room and vegetable gardens on the roofs which is open for all the residents as well the neighborhood.

The project also includes a fair trade store for the residents. A full height gap created into the front building is the focal point of the building. The archtectural layout reverses the perception of an isolated site by creating an elevated public promenade that leads to the apartments and to the shared spaces. (‘Shared Roofs’ ● Social and Community Housing and Nursery, n.d.)

Fig: 2.3.5 FLoor plan

Fig: 2.3.6 Sections

2.2.4 OBSERAVTION ANALYSIS Urban farming is developed on the total roof area. The greenhouses are set up under the metal frame of the former covered market. The project uses sustainable methods for farming. They recycle and reusue the waste from the residential to turn it into compost that is used as fertilizers for the vegetable gardens.

The project also reuse and store the rainwater. The rainwater is stored in a water tank that is used for the irrigation. The shared spaces extends along the plot from the street to the nursery’s playground, and from ground to the rood levels, where everyone can enjoy sunlight and panoramic views of the skyline. (‘Shared Roofs’ ● Social and Community Housing and Nursery, n.d.)

Fig: 2.3.7 Shared Roofs, Farming systems

Fig: 2.3.8 Shared Roof, Courtyard

2.2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this project shows how a community can be created in the middle of a city that integrates farming activities. The project aims in creating a community that encourages the active participation of the residents.

The project has included several shared spaces for the residents to develop a social bond between them. It aims to create a healthy social life.

Fig: 2.3.9 Shared Roofs, Greenhouse

2.4 AGROTOPIA

Fig: 2.4.1 Agrotopia, Belgium

Location: Roselare Belgium Project Area: 9500m2 Architect: Van Bergan Kolpa Architects, Meta Architects Client: Inagro & REO Veiling Date: Construction 2018-20 Budget: 10 mi euro

2.4.1 REASON OF SELECTION Rooftop greenhouse Agrotopia is an ambitious project for research and demonstration of vegetable cultivation that will further connect Inagro, the Flemish institute for agriculture, to the agro-logistical sector and the food-consumer. (Rooftop Greenhouse Agrotopia, n.d.) The project was selected as it shows how vertical farming is implemented along with other facilities like research center, market. It encourages the community to visit and experience farming. The project promotes innovation in different types of farming that can help in the increased production of food which can help the economy and increase profit for the city. It is a study that shows how various facilities can be implemented along with farming.

2.4.2 DESIGN CONCEPT This project is set to be an example of food production for the 21st century that focuses on the use of less space, energy and water and integrates sustainable horticulture. It includes research facilities for fruit and vegetable production. The project is designed on the roof of fruit and vegetable wholesale market; REO, so that it encourages the farmers to visit the facility often allowing them to voice their ideas. It also includes a living lab for urban farming and an observation space to display latest innovations.

2.4.3 DESIGN PROGRAM The project not only includes vertical farming but also has facilities that involves the community and encourages them to visit and experience farming. It has a research center that educates the community on farming and food production. The greenhouse design is made up of steel and glass that creates a transparent view from in and out.

It aims to work on developing improved technology to make greenhouse horticulture more sustainable. The project focuses on hydroponics farming, using the space for multiple purposes in conservatory, utilization of artificial lighting, good security, multiple stacked layers of farming, controlled climate and energy efficient techniques.

Fig: 2.4.2 Agrotopia, Vertical farming units

2.4.4 OBSERAVTION ANALYSIS The project includes: 1. Farming space 6000m2 2. Hydroponic growing pods 3. 5 sections for fruit & vegetable manufacture 4. A 12m high greenhouse 5. Offices 6. Meeting rooms 7. Technical rooms for processing products Fig: 2.4.3 Agrotopia, Interior space

Fig: 2.4.4 Floor plan

Fig: 2.4.5 Section diagram

2.4.5 CONCLUSION

Fig: 2.4.6 Agrotopia, Perspective view

In conclusion, Agrotopia shows how vertical farming can be implemted along with a research center that researches on various types and methods of vertical farming.

The project also shows how to involve and attract the community and people to visit the facility as well take part in the farming practices.

Fig: 2.4.7 Agrotopia, Aerial view

Fig: 2.4.8 Agrotopia, Perspective view

Fig: 2.5.1 Home Farm

Fig: 2.5.2 Regen Village

Fig: 2.5.3 Shared Roofs

Fig: 2.5.4 Agrotopia

2.5 PRECEDENT STUDIES COMPARISON Home Farm

Location

Typology

Singapore

Senior housing, Urban agriculture

ReGen Village

Netherlands

Community Housing, Urban agriculture, Sustainable

Shared Roofs

France

Community Housing, Urban agriculture, Sustainable

Status

Proposal

2016

2015

Area

Unknown

15500m2

54900ft2

Concept

Project Aim

Farming Methods

Affordable senior housing along with commercial vertical farming facilities creating employment opportunities after retirement. To support senior citizens.To increase food production and improve food security.

Vertical Farming Aquaponics Traditional soilbased farming Roof garden

Agrotopia

Belgium

Research center, Urban agriculture

Construction 2018-20

9500m2

Community housing with farming creating a healthy environment and a sustainable.

Redeveloped apartment building that integrates farming with sustainable features.

Research facility which will be a conservatory space for training and education along with sustainable farming.

To tackle environmental issues and create a socially healthy living environment

To create an active social community that encourages people to take part in the farming and activities.

Create innovative methods of farming. Increase profit in an urban environment. Create sustainable greenhouse horticulture.

Vertical Farming Aquaponics Seasonal gardens Greenhouse

Vertical Farmin Rood gardens Greenhouse

Vertical farming Horticulture Hydroponics Greenhouse Farming

CHAPTER SITE ANALYSIS

3.0 3.1

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

3.2

TOPOGRAPHY & CONTOUR

3.3

NATURAL FEATURES

3.4

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

3.5

ZONING & PLOT REGULATION

3.6

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

3.7

STREET NETWORK & ACCESSIBILITY

3.8

VISUAL DOCUMENTATION

3.9

SERVICES & INFRASTRUCTURE

Fig: 3.1.1 Location of UAE on World map

3.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA Al Bahia,Shahama Abu Dhabi, UAE 24.5457° N, 54.6737° E

The site was selected due to various reasons: The site has easy access for the visiters. It is located on the suburbs next to various types of housing as well as farms. The site is close to public attractions like the Emirates Zoo. The site has a large open space that can accommodate all the required facilities.

Fig: 3.1.2 Location of site on UAE map

3.2 TOPOGRAGHY & CONTOUR

12m 12.5m

13m

13.5m 14m 14.5m 15m A B

15.5m 16m 16.5m 17m 17.5m 18m 18.5m

Fig: 3.2.1 Map showing the contour lines of the plot

Fig: 3.2.2 Elevation profile AA

Fig: 3.2.2 Elevation profile BB

The site has noticable significant changes in the topography. It varies by 3-4m in both the elevations.

3.3 NATURAL FEATURES

Fig: 3.3 Map showing nearby landscaping and natural vegetation

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Sun & Wind Path

Fig: 3.4.1 Map showing the sun path and wind direction

Average Temperature & Precipitation

Shadow Analysis

9 AM

2 PM

Fig: 3.4.5 Shadow study on a sample model Summer Solistice - June Fig: 3.4.2 Graph showing UAE’s average temperature & precipitation

Maximum Temperature in Abu Dhabi

9 AM

2 PM

Fig: 3.4.6 Shadow study on a sample model Winter Solistice - December

Wind Rose Fig: 3.4.3 Graph showing UAE’s maximum temperature

Cloudy, Sunny & Precipitation Days

Fig: 3.4.4 Graph showing UAE’s cloudy, sunny & precipitation days

Fig: 3.4.7 Graph showing wind rose in UAE

3.5 ZONING & PLOT REGULATION Zoning

Fig: 3.5.1 Map showing the land use zoning around the selected site

School Residential

Hospital

Courtyards

Mosque

Hotel/Resort

Retail

Parks National Park/Zoo Farms

2030 Land Use Framework

Fig: 3.5.2 2020 Vision - Land Use framework of UAE

Building Heights

Site Location

Fig: 3.5.3 2020 Vision - Building heights of UAE

3.6 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

1990

In 1990, Al Bahia as a whole was not developed at all except for few houses in blocks.Compared to 2007, in 2010 there is a roadLane 309 developed on the site itslef that leads to the horse riding school and Al Bahia Equstrian Club.

2007

2010

By 2013 and 2016, there are many residential villas developed in the nearby sites and plots. Cafes and restaurants were developed near the emirates zoo. Few farms were also developed.

2013

2016

2021

There are no major developments other than the residential villas. Small plots nearby and in between are occupied with villas. Community villas are developed throughout in the neighbourhood. Fig: 3.6 Historical development of the selected site

3.7 STREET NETWORK & ACCESSIBILITY Street Network

Fig: 3.7.1 Map showing the street network around the selected site

Controlled Access Highway

Local Roads Arterial Roads

Public Transportation

Fig: 3.7.2 Map showing the public transportation network around the selected site

Local Roads

Bus Stops

Arterial Roads

Site Accessibility

Fig: 3.7.3 Map showing the accessibility of the selected plot

2030 Transportation Network

Fig: 3.7.4 2030 Vision - Transportation network of UAE

3.8 VISUAL DOCUMENTATION The Site

Fig: 3.8.1 Images of the selected site

Sikka & Passages

Fig: 3.8.2 Images of sikka & passages around the selected plot

Bus Service On Site

Color Scheme

Stop ID - 28898 A Bus Number - 223 Al Tawasul Steet Al Bahia - Deerfields

Fig: 3.8.3 Image of the bus stop on the plot

Fig: 3.8.4 Color scheme of the site surroundings

On Site Vegetation

Fig: 3.8.5 Images of vegetation on the selected plot

Views From The Site

7 6 5

4 1 2

Fig: 3.8.6 Images of the views from the selected plot

Landmarks 2 3 1

4 6 5

1 - Aspen Heights British School 2 - Al Shaheed Mosque 3 - Abdulla Bin Alarqam Mosque

4 - Emirates Park Zoo Various other facilities, activities and cafe/restaurants are included in this compound like Emirates Park Resort, Heritage Village, The Hide, Tajmeel Kids Park Medical Center, Void Cafe and more.

5 - Global Outlet Mall 6 - Hyper Ramez 7 - Deerfields Mall 8 - Al Bahia Educational Complex

Fig: 3.8.7 Images of the landmarks around the selected site

3.9 SERVICES & INFRASTRUCTURE 1

Fig: 3.9 Images of services & infrastructure in the selected plot

1 - Electric Unit 2 - Stormwater 3 - Telecommunication Tower 4 - Electric Unit

CHAPTER DATA COLLECTION

4.0 4.1

FUNCTION LISTS

4.2

SPACE STANDARDS

4.3

LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CODES

4.4

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

4.1 FUNCTIONS LIST

Admintrative Residential

Reception

1 Bedroom

Farming

Vertical Plaza/Open farming pods space

Lobby

2 Bedroom Aquaponic pods

Lounge

3 Bedroom

Secuirity Room

Shared units Greenhouses

Duplex

Recreational/ Technical Community

Communal farms

Swimming pool

Library

Gym

Electrical room

Technical room

Waste room

Services

Cafe

Restaurants

Public toilets

Prayer Room

Communal Farms

Organic Market

Roof Gardens

4.2 SPACE STANDARDS Flats

Bedroom

Bathroom

Living Rooms

Kitchen

Dining

Housing Density

Stepped Housing

Multi-storey Housing

Restaurant

Library

Gym

Organic Market

Swimming Pool

Parking

Vertical Farming

Fig: 4.2.1 Vertical Harvest-EYe Design

Fig: 4.2.2 Vertical Harvest-EYe Design plans

Fig: 4.2.3 Vertical Harvest-EYe Design Farming systems

Fig: 4.2.4 Vertical Harvest-EYe Design sections

Fig: 4.2.5 Fresh from the sky: HIVE-INN Farming systems

Fig: 4.2.6 Fresh from the sky: HIVE-INN vertical farming units

Fig: 4.2.7 Fresh from the sky: HIVE-INN Farming systems

Fig: 4.2.8 Fresh from the sky: HIVE-INN vertical farming units

Fig: 4.2.9 Home Farm Vertical farming systems

Fig: 4.2.10 Home Farm types of farming methods

Fig: 4.2.11 Home Farm Vertical farming

Greenhouses

Roof Garden

4.3 LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CODES Estidama Pearl Rating System

LEED Construction Checklist

Barrier Free Access

Recommended Design Requirements

100

Ergonomics

101

102

4.4 DESIGN OBJECTIVES Residential Space The design objective of residential space should provide a range of different options in housing typology ranging from studio, 1 bedroom to 3 bedroom as well as shared units and duplexes. Aims to design spacious and affordable housing units with neccessary facilities and utilities.

The design aims to create affordable housing units that can accommodate families, couples, students and bachelors. The design objective should ensure best quality products and materials used for the construction.

Recreational & Communal Space 1. Library

4. Cafe & Restaurants

The library should be designed in a way that is accessible to all the housing units easily at the same time away from the other public spaces and activitiess so that noises and disturbances can be avoided. The design should aim to accommodate book shelves, reading tables and private rooms.

Cafe spaces and restaurants should be desinged in a well distributed manner so that the residents can access it easily. The design space should be able to accommodate enough people. Neccessary furnitures and utilities should be provided. The design should also provide kitchen space and areas required for waste disposal.

2. Gym & Swimming Pool Indoor gym and swimming pool should be desinged in a way that is easily accessible for all the residents. Rest rooms, washrooms and other facilities are to be provided for male and female separately. Fully equiped and safe gym space will be provided. Swimming pool for both adults and kids will be designed. The pool area can be assisted by a life-guard. Other facilities like jacuzzi and sauna can also be provided.

Plaza & Open Spaces The design aims to provide plazas and open spaces creating a public space for people to connect. With proper landscaping and vegetation, the area can create a healthy environment. The main objective of this design is to connect all the facilities and spaces of the building. This way, people can navigate from one part of the building to another. Providing open spaces will also help to create a sense of community where people can interact and spend time.

3. Organic Market The fresh farm produce from the communal farms and from the private farming can be distrivuted and used to sell for the residents as well as for external visitors. The design should provide enough space for the produce and counters for checkout. Store room and other facilties should be provided that will help to store the products.

103

Farming Space 1. Vertical Farming The design aims to provide vertical farming facilities for every housing units. The apartments will be provided an area like a balcony where they can grow their own produce. Various types of vertical farming can be implemented in the facade of the building as well.

Proper irrigational systems and facilities will be provided to carry out this design. The communal farms will be located in a way that all the residents can access as well as connected to other open spaces and plazas.

With proper infrastructure and materials, vertical farming system can be implemented into the design. The design objectives for this will follow a clear and well researched operating and matketing concept.

3. Greenhouse

2. Communal Farms

The design aims to create a closed yet an open space for the residents to enjoy the vegetation.

The design of the greenhouse will follow a well studied and clear structural concept. This is a design that has access to all the residents.

This space follows the traditional farming methods. A well planned and designed outdoor area will be assigned for a communal farming where people can participate together in farming practices.

104

CHAPTER PROGRAMMING

5.0 5.1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.2

HOUSING ZONE

5.3

FARMING ZONE

5.4

RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY ZONE

5.5

ADMINSTRATIVE ZONE

5.6

TECHNICAL ZONE

5.7

SERVICES

5.8

PROGRAM MATRICES

106

5.1 PROJECT DECRIPTION Agro-Connect is a community housing that integrates agriculture in the form of vertical farming which is a sustainable farming practice creating a healthy living community in the city. This proposal aims at creating a community that encourages the residents to practice farming whcih will help them to produce their own organic food. The project will include facilities like housing units of various typology, vertical farming pods, aquaponic pods, open greenhouse, communal farms, roof gardens, cafe, organic market, swimming pool, gym, library, etc. The required spaces and areas for the program are studied and analysed from case studies and the space standards from Neufert. The program is divided into different zones according to their functions. Each zone will be analyzed and studied to understand the area requied for each facility of the proposed functions.

Housing

Farming

Recreational/ Community

AgroConnect

Technical

Adminstrative

107

5.2 HOUSING ZONE Building Heights 2030

Residential Density 2030

Plot

Typical height - 20m (5 storeys typical) Plot Area Max Height Average Household Size Density

Plot Typical density - 5-10units / gross hectare

227,702 m2 20 m 4.1 5-10 units/ hectare Table: 5.2.1 Maximum height and density for the selected site

Total number of housing units: = plot area * density = 22.7702 ha * 10 = 228 units

Total number of people: = no. of units * average household size = 228 * 4.1 = 935 people

10 units/hectare is chosen to provide high density housing for the users. Users

Ratio

No. of Units

No. of People

Families

60%

137

561

Students

20%

187

Bachelors/Working individuals

20%

187

Table: 5.2.2 Users ratio, no. of units and people

108

Users

Unit Type

Families

Students

Bachelors/Working individuals

Ratio

No. of Units

No. of People

Studio

15%

1 Bedroom

15%

2 Bedroom

20%

3 Bedroom

10%

Shared Units

10%

4-8

Micro Units

10%

Shared Units

10%

4-8

Micro Units

10%

Table: 5.2.3 Program matrix for the users of housing

Laundry Room

Enclosed

Maid’s Room

Semi-enclosed Store Room

Kitchen

Housing Unit

Open Mandatory Adjancy

Bedroom

Desired Adjancy

Living Bathroom Balcony/ Vetical farming pods

Table: 5.2.4 Bubble diagram for housing zone

Table: 5.2.5 Proximity matrix for housing zone

109

Unit Type Studio

1 Bedroom

2 Bedroom

3 Bedroom

Shared Units

Micro Units

Type

Spaces

Area (m2)

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bed Area

Open

Bathroom

Enclosed

Balcony Misc

Open Enclosed

6 6

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom

Enclosed

Bathroom(2)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom(2) Bathroom(3)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc Kitchen

Enclosed

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom(3)

Enclosed

Bathroom(4)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Living

Open Open

Bedroom(2)

Enclosed

Bathroom(2)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Living

Open Open

Bedroom

Enclosed

Bathroom

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Area of 1 Unit (m2)

Total Area (m2)

54 * 34 = 1836

83 * 34 = 2822

108

108 * 46 = 4968

132

132 * 23 = 3036

130

130 * 46 = 5980

46 * 45 = 2070

20,712m2 Table: 5.2.6 Program matrix for housing zone

110

5.3 FARMING ZONE Space

Type

Area (m2)

No. of Units

Total Area (m2)

Vertical Farming Pods

Semi-enclosed

100

5000

Aquaponic Pods

Semi-enclosed

100

2500

Greenhouse

Semi-enclosed

3000

Communal Farms

Open

Storage

Enclosed

750

750 11,250m2

Table: 5.3.1 Program matrix for farming zone

Communal Farms

Vertical Farming Pods

Enclosed Semi-enclosed Open

Greenhouse

Mandatory Adjancy Desired Adjancy

Aquaponic Pods

Storage

Table: 5.3.2 Bubble diagram for farming zone

Table: 5.3.3 Proximity matrix for farming zone

111

5.4 RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY ZONE Space

Type

Area (m2)

No. of Units

Total Area (m2)

Plaza/Open space

Open

Library

Enclosed

1000

Gym

Enclosed

500

Swimming Pool

Semi-enclosed

1000

3000

Roof Garden

Open

Organic Market

Semi-enclosed

100

200

Cafe/Restaurants

Semi-enclosed

200

1200

Lounges

Enclosed

300

1800 7,700m2

Table: 5.4.1 Program matrix for recreational/community zone

Plaza/Open space

Enclosed

Library

Semi-enclosed

Gym

Open

Swimming Pool

Organic Market

Roof Garden

Mandatory Adjancy Lounge

Desired Adjancy

Cafe/Restaurants

Table: 5.4.2 Bubble diagram for recreational/community zone

Table: 5.4.3 Proximity matrix for recreational/community zone

112

5.5 ADMINSTRATIVE ZONE The design of the program is planned out to be divided into six different building of housing units and other facilities. So the adminstrative zone is divided into six units for each building.

Space

Type

Lobby, reception, lounges and security room will be available in each building and therefore the area is divided into each units accordingly.

Area (m2)

No. of Units

Total Area (m2)

Lobby

Enclosed

600

Reception

Open

100

Lounge

Open

600

Enclosed

100

Security Room

600 1,900m2

Table: 5.5.1 Program matrix for adminstrative zone

Reception

Enclosed Semi-enclosed

Lobby

Open Mandatory Adjancy

Lounge

Desired Adjancy

Security Room Table: 5.5.2 Bubble diagram for adminstrative zone

Table: 5.5.3 Proximity matrix for adminstrative zone

113

5.6 TECHNICAL ZONE Space

Type

Area (m2)

No. of Units

Total Area (m2)

Electrical Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Telephone Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Garbage Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Service Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Fire Fighting

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Mechanical Room

Enclosed

Fuel Tank

Enclosed

Gas Room

Enclosed

Water Tank

Enclosed

300

Fan Room

Enclosed

BMS Room

Enclosed

GSM

Enclosed

AC Equipment

Enclosed

Generator Room

Enclosed

Transformer Room

Enclosed

740m2

5.7 SERVICES Space

Table: 5.6.1 Program matrix for technical zone

Type

Area (m2)

No. of Units

Total Area (m2)

Public Toilets

Enclosed

100

Prayer Rooms

Enclosed

100

Storage

Enclosed

75 275m2

Table: 5.7.1 Program matrix for services

114

5.8 PROGRAM MATRICES Unit Type

Spaces

Type

Area (m2)

Area of 1 Unit (m2)

Total Area (m2)

54 * 34 = 1836

Housing Studio

1 Bedroom

2 Bedroom

3 Bedroom

Shared Units

Micro Units

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bed Area

Open

Bathroom

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom

Enclosed

Bathroom(2)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom(2)

Enclosed

Bathroom(3)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom(3)

Enclosed

Bathroom(4)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom(2)

Enclosed

Bathroom(2)

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

Kitchen

Open

Living

Open

Bedroom

Enclosed

Bathroom

Enclosed

Balcony

Open

Misc

Enclosed

83 * 34 = 2822

108

108 * 46 = 4968

132

132 * 23 = 3036

130

130 * 46 = 5980

46 * 45 = 2070 20,712m2

Farming Vertical Farming Pods Aquaponic Pods

Semi-enclosed

100

5000

Semi-enclosed

100

2500

Greenhouse

Semi-enclosed

3000

Communal Farms

Open

Storage

Enclosed

750

750 11,250m2

115

Recreational & Community Plaza/Open space

Open

Library

Enclosed

1000

Gym

Enclosed

500

Swimming Pool

Semi-enclosed

1000

3000

Roof Garden

Open

Organic Market

Semi-enclosed

100

200

Cafe/Restaurants

Semi-enclosed

200

1200

Lounges

Enclosed

300

1800 7,700m2

Adminstrative Lobby

Enclosed

600

Reception

Open

100

Lounge

Open

600

Enclosed

100

Security Room

600 1,900m2

Technical Electrical Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Telephone Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Garbage Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Service Room

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Fire Fighting

Enclosed

5 (all floors)

Mechanical Room

Enclosed

Fuel Tank

Enclosed

Gas Room

Enclosed

Water Tank

Enclosed

300

Fan Room

Enclosed

BMS Room

Enclosed

GSM

Enclosed

AC Equipment

Enclosed

Generator Room

Enclosed

Transformer Room

Enclosed

740m2 Services Public Toilets

Enclosed

100

Prayer Rooms

Enclosed

100

Storage

Enclosed

75 275m2

Grand Total (net sqm)

42,577sqm

Circulation (+30%)

12,773 sqm

Structural Features (+12%)

5397 sqm

Total Area

60,747 sqm

Table: 5.8.1 Detailed Program matrix

116

Storage

Open Space/ Plaza

Roof Garden

Communal Farms

Greenhouse

Vertical Farming Pods

Cafe/ Restaurants

Organic Market

Housing Units

Aquaponic Pods

Lounges Library

Gym Lobby

Swimming Pool

Public Toilets

Reception Prayer Rooms

Lounge

Security Room

Enclosed Semi-enclosed Open

Mandatory Adjancy Desired Adjancy

Table: 5.8.2 General bubble diagram of the program

117

Table: 5.8.3 General proximity matrix of the program

118

Table: 5.8.4 Alluvial diagram showing Space, Type and NSM

119

Table: 5.8.5 Program cluster showing Space, Type and NSM

120

CHAPTER CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

6.0 6.1

CONCEPT INSPIRATION

6.2

RESPONSE TO SITE

6.3

SKETCHES

6.4

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

6.5

ZONING

6.6

3D PERSPECTIVES

122

6.1 CONCEPT INSPIRATION The site Al Bahia is located in the sub-urban area of Abu Dhabi surrounded by housing and farming. The concept of the project is inspired by the connectivty of the housing units and the farming spaces in the neighboring plots.

Grids from neighboring plots are drawn into the site that represents housing, farming and communal spaces each. These grids are combined to develop masses connecting housing, farming and communal spaces.

6.2 RESPONSE TO SITE The plot is surrounded by community housing facilities, private villas and farms. Three different grids are formed from these surrounding housings, farms and communal spaces.

Grid 1 (housing) is used to develop the mass for the housing units. Grid 2 (farms) is used to develop the farming spaces for the design. Grid 3 (communal spaces) is used to develop community and recreational spaces of the project.

Housing Farming Communal

123

6.3 SKETCHES

124

6.4 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

1. Placed different clusters for community housing following the housing grid.

2. Subtracted a level from the volume to create podium.

3. Created voids and terraces to create open spaces following the communal spaces grid.

125

4. Added structural grids every 8m following the housing grid for support.

5. Created farming spaces following the farming grid.

6. Added vertical and horizontal circulation. The horizontal circulation - bridge passes through vertical farming units connecting the housing building.

126

6.5 ZONING Residential

Residential Communal Spaces

Communal Block/Terraces/Roof Garden

127

Farming

Greenhouse

Open Markets

Vertical Farming Units Open Spaces

Open Spaces

Entrances

Parking 128

6.6 3D PERSPECTIVES

129

130

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

Specht, K. (2014). Urban agriculture of the future: an overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings . Agriculture and Human Values volume, 33-51. Urban Agriculture. (2021). Retrieved from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ urban-agriculture Benke, K. (2017). Future food-production systems: vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 13-26. etrich Henckel, A. D. (2014). Farming in and on urban buildings: Present practice and specific novelties of Zero-Acreage Farming (ZFarming). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 43-54. Dane, K. (2020, August 17). An Introduction to Urban Farming, Types, Ideas, and Benefits. Retrieved from Agricultural Goods: https://agriculturegoods.com/urban-farming/ Despommier, D. (2019). Vertical farms, building a viable indoor farming model for cities. The journal of field actions, 69-73. Hill, A. (2020, June 12). Aeroponics vs. Hydroponics vs. Aquaponics - What's the difference? Retrieved from Mini Garden Guide: https://minigardenguide.com/aeroponics-vs-hydroponics-vs-aquaponics/ Rosenfield, K. (2014, December 1). SPARK Proposes Vertical Farming Hybrid to House Singapore's Aging Population. Retrieved from ArchDaily: https://www.archdaily.com/573783/spark-proposes-vertical-farming-hybrid-to-house-singapore-s-aging-population-2 stevens, p. (2014, December 1). SPARK combines residential living with urban farming in singapore. Retrieved from designboom : https://www.designboom.com/architecture/spark-architects-home-farm-singapore-12-01-2014/ Rooftop Greenhouse Agrotopia. (n.d.). Retrieved from van Bergen Kolpa Archtecten. ‘Shared Roofs’ ● Social and Community Housing and Nursery. (n.d.). Retrieved from Architecture-by Nature: http://architecture-bynature.com/projects/shared-roofs-social-and-community-housing-and-nursery/ Rooftop greenhouse Agrotopia is taking shape. (2021, January 7). Retrieved from HortiDaily: https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9281252/rooftop-greenhouse-agrotopia-is-taking-shape/ Alipour, S. M. (2021, January 6). Assessing the effect of urban form on social sustainability: a proposed ‘Integrated Measuring Tools Method’ for urban neighborhoods in Dubai. Retrieved from Springeropen: https://cityterritoryarchitecture.springeropen.com/ articles/10.1186/s40410-020-00129-4 Benefits of community housing. (n.d.). Retrieved from Dwell: https://dwell.org.nz/about-2/benefits-of-community-housing Chatterjee, A. (2020, February 25). Implication of Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming for Future Sustainability. Retrieved from intechopen: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71024 Cockrall-King, J. (2012). Food and the City: Urban Agriculture and the New Food Revolution. Retrieved from Alternatives Journal: https://www.alternativesjournal.ca/book_review/food-and-the-city-urban-agriculture-and-the-new-food-revolution/ Elsheshtawy, Y. (2019). The Emirati Sha‘bī House: On Transformations, Adaptation and Modernist Imaginaries. Retrieved from Open Edition Journals: https://journals.openedition.org/cy/4185 Frearson, A. (2016, May 20). EFFEKT designs ReGen Villages that could produce all their own food and energy. Retrieved from dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/20/effekt-designs-regen-villages-produce-own-food-energy-danish-pavilion-venice-architecture-biennale-2016/ Harrouk, C. (2020, April 14). White Arkitekter + ReGen Villages Create First Circular, Self-Sufficient Communities for Sweden. Retrieved from Archdaily: https://www.archdaily.com/937475/white-arkitekter-plus-regen-villages-create-first-circular-self-sufficient-communities-for-sweden Hilotin, J. (2020, August 17). Skyscraper farming in the UAE: Less water, more food. Retrieved from Gulf News: https://gulfnews. com/business/skyscraper-farming-in-the-uae-less-water-more-food-1.1597592762548?slide=1 Joffe, D. “. (2018, August 7). 7 REASONS TO ADD AGRICULTURE TO YOUR COMMUNITY. Retrieved from FarmerD: https:// farmerd.com/2018/08/07/7reasonstoaddagtoyourcommunity/ What is Cohousing. (n.d.). Retrieved from AARP: https://www.aarp.org/livable-communities/learn/housing/info-2013/what-is-cohousing-aarp.html Why Community Housing? (2021, September 9). Retrieved from Chiavic: https://chiavic.com.au/community-housing/why-community-housing/

132