Report of the 1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing

www.africaharvest.org

Report of the

Ist National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing Kenyatta International Conference Centre Nairobi, Kenya 21 November 2008

Africa free of hunger, poverty and malnutrition

Report of the

Ist National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing Kenyatta International Conference Centre Nairobi, Kenya 21 November 2008

Submitted to

The Ministry of Energy, Government of Kenya Contact Person

Permanent Secretary, Patrick M Nyoike Report prepared by

Africa Harvest Biotechnology Foundation International Contact Person

Dr. Florence Wambugu, Chief Executive Officer, Africa Harvest fwambugu@ahbfi.or.ke

Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International (AHBFI) Nairobi • Johannesburg • Washington DC

2009 i

Citation: Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International (AHBFI) 2009. Report of the Ist National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008. Nairobi, Kenya; Johannesburg, South Africa; Washington DC, USA. 52 pp.

All information in this booklet may be quoted or reproduced, provided the source is properly acknowledged, as cited above. © 2009 Africa Harvest ISBN 978-0-620-43530-7

For further information about Africa Harvest or additional copies of this publication, contact Africa Harvest at: NAIROBI (HQ) 3rd Floor, Whitefield Place, School Lane, Westlands PO Box 642 Village Market 00621 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: + 254 20 444 1113 Fax: + 254 20 444 1121 Email: kenya@ahbfi.org

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Or visit the Africa Harvest website: www.africaharvest.org Report compiled by Dr Rose Njeru, Africa Harvest

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Contents

List of Tables

IV

List of Figures

IV

Executive Summary

1

SESSION I

3

Opening remarks: Opportunities for tree commercialization Mr. Patrick M Nyoike, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Energy

3

Keynote Speech The Honorable Minister for Energy, Kiraitu Murungi

5

Overview of commercial forestry with special reference to production of poles for use in power distribution Mr Anthony Maina, Deputy Director, Forest plantations and enterprises, Kenya Forest Service

7

Role of forestry research in production of quality power distribution poles Dr Paul Konuche, Director Kenya Forestry Research Institute

Technology of producing high quality, fast-growing plantlets in relation to production of power distribution poles Dr Florence Wambugu, CEO Africa Harvest

9

11

SESSION II

14

Sourcing, supply, grading and marketing of power distribution poles Eng Benson Muriithi & David Gatumo, Kenya Power and Lighting Company

14

Experiences of the national tree farmers association in commercial tree production Mrs Bella Ocholla Wilson, Kenya Forest Growers Association

17

Demand, supply and contracting poles for rural electrification Ng’ang’a Munyu, Chief Manager, Corporate Planning Rural Electrification Authority

19

Cost-benefit analysis of producing power distribution poles in Kenya Prof. Kingiri Senelwa, Department of Forestry & Wood Science, Moi University

20

Mobilizing the youth in the production of power distribution poles Kinuthia Murugu, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

24

Legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing Dr George Wamukoya, Managing Partner Wamukoya G. & Associates

26

Legislative and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing in Kenya Mr. J. Muthomi Mathiu, Senior Manager, Legal Affairs, Energy Regulatory Commission

32

SESSION III: Group Discussions and Plenary

34

Group 1: Discussion on production

34

Group 2: Marketing and pricing of poles

34

Group 3: Legal, regulatory and policy framework in the tree sector

36

iii

SESSION IV: Closing Session

38

Remarks by Hon Titus Mbathi, Chairman, KEEP

38

Vote of thanks by Mr K.Onyonyi; KPC

38

Closing statement by Mr Patrick M Nyoike, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Energy

38

APPENDIX I: Program: 1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing

40

APPENDIX II: List of participants

41

Acronyms and Abbreviations

48

List of Tables Table 1: Income from one hectare of Eucalyptus

4

Table 2: Consumption of poles by KPLC 2007/8

5

Table 3: Demand for poles, years 2008, 2009 and 2013

5

Table 4: Seedlings distribution by KPLC in 2007

5

Table 5 : Benefits of forestry versus agricultural land use

7

Table 6: Recommended sites for planting Eucalyptus and Corymbia species

9

Table 7: Advantages and disadvantages of different pole types

14

Table 8: Local power distribution poles treatment plants approved by KPLC

15

Table 9: Basic standard parameters for power distribution poles in Kenya

15

Table 10: KEFGA cluster representatives

18

Table 11: Stakeholders interviewed in the study

20

Table 12: Farming methods practised

21

Table 13: Use of marginal lands by communities

21

Table 14: Willingness to expand tree production

21

Table 15: Land availability in various zones and agricultural practices that influence tree growing 22 Table 16: Comparison of profitability for three enterprises

22

Table 17: Cost dynamics for establishing one hectare of forest

25

Table 18: Issues and recommendations

35

Table 19: Policy objectives

36

List of Figures

iv

Figure 1: Honorable Minister Kiraitu Murungi giving the keynote speech at the 1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing in Nairobi, Kenya.

1

Figure 2: A section of participants at the Conference

2

Figure 3: Map of gazzetted forests in Kenya

7

Figure 4: The devastating effects of deforestation in parts of Kenya

11

Figure 5: Whole value chain approach

12

Figure 6: Results of river line rehabilitation

13

Figure 7: Projected demand and supply for power distribution poles by KPLC

15

Executive Summary

Figure 1: Honorable Minister Kiraitu Murungi giving the keynote speech at the 1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing in Nairobi, Kenya.

Through the initiatives of the Ministry of Energy (MOE), the Kenya Energy Sector Environment and Social responsibility Program (KEEP) was launched in 2008. The medium- to long-term development agenda of KEEP is to create visible and nationwide environmental restoration and conservation projects with high impact and sustainable socio-economic benefits. To achieve its milestones, KEEP engaged a consultant, Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International, to undertake start up activities towards the implementation of tree for energy project. This Conference focuses on partnerships for energy delivery through commercial production of power distribution poles in Kenya.

This was the first Conference on Commercial Tree Growing to be held in Kenya, and was jointly convened and financed by the Ministry of Energy and Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International. The one-day Conference brought together about 200 participants from over 15 organizations, including forestry professionals, researchers, tree growers and nursery operators, non-governmental organizations, consumers of power distribution poles and policy makers, to discuss the challenges facing commercial tree growing, develop strategies to address them, and explore existing market opportunities.

The Conference, which attracted extensive media coverage, consisted of presentations, group discussions, a plenary session and an exhibition by 10 key stakeholders. There were ten presentations, which focused on an overview of forestry in Kenya, technology for production of power distribution poles, demand for power distribution poles, experiences of tree growers, costs and benefits of producing poles and the legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing. In addition, an action plan was developed by the participants. The Conference was officially opened by the Honorable Minister for Energy, Kiraitu Murungi.

This was the first commercial tree growers’ conference held in Kenya and was jointly convened and financed by the Ministry of Energy and Africa Harvest, and brought together about 200 participants from over 15 organizations.

Executive Summary 1

Figure 2: A section of participants at the Conference

Background Energy is central to achieving interrelated economic and social goals for Kenya’s sustainable development. Also, agenda 21 on sustainable development requires that the needs of the present generation be met without compromising on the ability to meet future generations’ needs. Therefore, access to energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices is essential. The energy sector in Kenya is dominated by wood fuel which provides about 70% of primary energy. A further 20% and 10% is from petroleum and electricity sources respectively. In view of this, the MOE accords great importance to the planting of trees to meet Kenya’s energy needs.

The MOE endeavors to promote efficient wood fuel conversion and utilization in both domestic and industrial establishments, conservation of water catchment areas with a view to reducing the level of siltation in hydroelectric power generation dams, preservation of hydrological cycle, alleviation of poverty levels and environmental degradation resulting from human activities. In addition, the MOE wishes to develop a local supply of electricity distribution poles.

It is against this background that the MOE in collaboration with Africa Harvest organized a national Conference, which brought together key stakeholders, including private commercial tree growers. The broad goal of the Conference was to share ideas on the opportunities, challenges, policies and current trends in commercial tree growing in Kenya.

Specific objectives were to: • Outline the government policy on growing Eucalyptus on a commercial basis.

• Sensitize participants to the current and future demand for power distribution poles.

• Inform participants of the appropriate technology to produce high-quality planting material.

• Illustrate cost-benefit analysis of growing Eucalyptus for distribution poles vis a vis other crops.

• Describe species matching guidelines on growing quality power distribution poles.

• Handling and value addition.

• Develop an action plan.

The broad goal of the Conference was to share ideas on the opportunities, challenges, policies and current trends in commercial tree growing in Kenya.

2

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

SESSION I Session Chair: Mr Z Ayieko, CEO, Rural Electrification Authority Rapportuers: Mr N. Manyeki, Ministry of Energy Mr Paul Mbuthi, Ministry of Energy Dr Rose Njeru, Africa Harvest

Opening remarks: Opportunities for tree commercialization Mr. Patrick M Nyoike, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Energy Hon. Kiraitu Murungi, EGH, MP, Minister for Energy; Major (Rtd) Kinuthia Murugu, CBS, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Youth and Sports; Dr Florence Wambugu; Managing Directors and CEOs of Ministry of Energy Parastatals; Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to welcome you all to this Conference, which is a follow up on activities of the Kenya Energy Sector Environment and Social Responsibility Program (KEEP). KEEP is a 10-year program with the principal objective of: • Providing quality but cheap power distribution poles.

• Creating alternative sources of income and employment through commercial tree and biofuel crops.

• Improving energy efficiency.

• Providing carbon sinks for emissions generated through combustion of fossil fuels.

• Promoting soil conservation and preservation of catchments.

KEEP’s medium-to-long-term development agenda is to create visible and nationwide environmental restoration and conservation projects with high impact and sustainable socio-economic benefits through value adding partnerships for energy delivery and production, catchments preservation, afforestation, training and public awareness.

Through KEEP, the MOE and its Parastatals including other stakeholders will achieve the following milestones: • Resource mobilization to finance activities relating to the production of wood fuel, power distribution poles and appropriate crops for production of bio fuels.

• Tree growing for soil conservation.

• Preservation of catchment areas for hydropower stations.

To achieve its milestones developed in April this year, KEEP engaged a consultant called Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International (AHBFI) to undertake start up activities towards the implementation of the action plan.

Africa Harvest will implement the 15-month Tree Energy Project in collaboration with 10 MOE Centers with the following tasks: I. Investigating and mapping out the availability of key improved tree seedling nursery producers.

II. Establish the availability of land for tree growing for both commercial and institutional energy needs.

III. Creating awareness in tree planting as well as commercial ventures.

The objective of this Conference is therefore to sensitize private investors and other stakeholders on existing market opportunities in the production of electricity distribution poles. Among other things, the Conference will address issues relating to the present and future demand for such poles, given the government’s policy objective to connect at least one million households to grid electricity by 2012.

Opening remarks 3

Table 1: Income from 1 ha of Eucalyptus.

Land size

Spacing

Total trees

Survival rate

Maturity period

Producer price per pole

Income generated

1 ha

2.5 x 2.5 M

1,600

80%

7 yrs

3,000 Ksh

3.84 Million Ksh

IV. Capacity building in tree husbandry processes; including imparting special skills in tree production and particularly the cloning technology.

V. Increased growth of trees for wood fuel, catchment preservation and commercial utilization as an overall output.

The potential to produce electricity distribution poles in medium potential lands cannot be over emphasized. By a simple calculation, 1 ha of Eucalyptus will produce as shown in Table 1.

This deemed income would be far higher than what tea and coffee farmers earn in high-potential areas. The expected income, coupled with the rising need for electricity poles for increased electricity connectivity is a great impetus for farmers to increase their poles production as the market is ready.

Ladies and Gentlemen: the demand for electricity has been rising fast at about 13% per annum over the last 3 years, translating to more than 108,000 new connections per annum. This remarkable growth rate calls for commensurate efforts in providing sufficient quantities of electricity distribution poles, given that the rate of connectivity is expected to be at least 200,000 new consumers per annum over the next 5 years.

The objective of this Conference is therefore to sensitize private investors and other stakeholders on existing market opportunities in the production of electricity distribution poles. Among other things, the Conference will address issues relating to the present and future demand for such poles, given the government’s policy objective to connect at least one million households to grid electricity by 2012.

To facilitate realization of the policy objective the participants will be taken through: • Strategies for producing high quality, but cost effective poles.

• Economics of commercial tree farming through cost-benefit analysis of growing Eucalyptus for power poles.

• Shared experiences in commercial tree farming.

• Legal, regulatory and policy framework for commercial tree production.

It is expected that this Conference will bring out concrete and actionable recommendations that need to be addressed in order to realize KEEP’s objectives in a timely and sustainable manner.

With these few words, I now wish to invite Hon. Kiraitu Murungi, Minister for Energy, to give his keynote address and officially open the Conference.

4

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Keynote Speech The Honorable Minister for Energy, Kiraitu Murungi

Mr. Patrick Nyoike CBS, Permanent Secretary; Major (Rtd) Kinuthia Murugu, CBS, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Youth and Sports; Dr Florence Wambugu; Managing Directors and CEOs of Ministry of Energy Parastatals; and Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with great pleasure that I preside over the Opening Ceremony of this Conference. This Conference brings together key national actors and stakeholders in the commercial tree farming sector in Kenya. The purpose of this workshop is to promote commercial tree farming in Kenya to meet the huge demand for wood products in the energy sector.

As you are all aware, the current national electricity connectivity stands at 18% of the national population; with only 10% of the rural areas connected.

Due to the above position, which is further compounded by the high cost of heating alternatives like gas, 70% of the rural poor depend on firewood for their lighting and heating needs. Even as we talk about the high cost of electricity and petroleum products, we should not forget the high cost of charcoal, which is hurting our poor rural households.

The dream for universal electricity connectivity is seriously challenged by various factors, the key one being the limited availability of affordable power distribution poles. To effectively and efficiently distribute power to both urban and rural areas, the country requires sufficient and affordable distribution poles. This year alone, the rural electrification authority has so far consumed 40,000 poles.

The following statistics show the consumption of poles by Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) in 2007, 2008, as well as the projection for the years 2009 and 2013.

The tables below summarize the demand versus the cost implications for local and imported poles. Notably, the cost of importing is higher than producing locally. Importing poles not only denies Kenyans revenue directly but also lowers the gross output that would be gained from the entire tree farming enterprise and other complementary industries.

Local farmers have taken up the initiative to cash in on the ready market for electricity distribution poles and are producing for both KPLC and Rural Electrification Authority (REA). The government’s fundamental duty is to create wealth, fight poverty as well as create jobs for youth, thus we should do everything possible to support local commercial tree farmers.

Table 2: Consumption of poles by KPLC 2007/08.

Parameters

Consumption of poles

Local supply

Imports

Number of poles

558,464

298,861

259,603

Cost

6.3 billion Ksh

3 billion Ksh

3.3 billion Ksh

Average cost of single pole

N/A

10,038 Ksh

12, 712 Ksh

Table 3: Demand for poles, years 2008, 2009 and 2013.

Year vs. cost of poles required

2008 (rural only)

2009

2013

Demand for poles

100,000

300,000

440,000

3.5 billion

6.6 billion

Total cost

Keynote speech 5

Table 4: Seedlings distribution by KPLC in 2007.

Total seedling production and distribution in 2007.

250,000 seedlings

40 %

10 %

50 %

Given freely to farmers

Given to institutions and KPLC staff

Planted in degraded areas of Timboroa forest.

I would like to commend KPLC for their corporate social responsibility initiative by which they operate a nursery at Eldoret with a capacity of 350,000 seedlings annually. In the year 2007 the nursery produced 250,000 seedlings that were distributed as in Table 4.

The above initiative led to the increase of forest cover by 42.3ha ; with a survival rate of the forests reported to be 54% as was the case between 2001 and 2006. This intervention not only created wealth but effectively enhanced environmental conservation efforts. However, in spite of KPLC’s efforts to outsource poles by engaging commercial farmers as growers, only 243 poles were delivered to KPLC, which indicates glaring gaps in developing local sources of poles.

During the launch of the Kenya Energy sector Environment and Social Responsibility Program (KEEP) in June 2008, I did state that KEEP is critical in conservation efforts and will address important energy sector needs while also checking the depletion of the country’s forest cover.

KEEP is also mandated with a major objective to ensure the development of a local supply of electric poles; in line with the Ministry’s objective to progressively phase out importation of poles with a goal of sourcing all poles locally by 2013. To achieve this goal of supplying electric poles locally the land required for plantation development is 1200 ha, which can only be achieved by the involvement of numerous players and stakeholders.

The high cost of importing poles justifies the need for developing a local supply, which is also impeded by the lack of funds for initial investment by the small-scale farmers. The minister, therefore urged financial institutions to play a major role in facilitating tree farmers to establish a vibrant wood industry. Other industries that will benefit from tree farming are the transportation sector, treatment plants, timber industry and the charcoal trade; which fulfill the mandate of the government to create jobs for youths.

Ladies and Gentlemen: Eucalyptus is being grown successfully in the country for the last 100 years. Available research indicates that Eucalyptus clones grow much faster than conventional seedlings. Site matching should also be done for the different agro ecological zones in Kenya.

I want to sincerely thank Dr. Florence Wambugu and Africa Harvest for their pioneering role in Eucalyptus farming that led to the successful establishment of fast-growing Eucalyptus clones as opposed to the slow-growing traditional species. On the same note I would like to urge our researchers to emulate the benefits of scientific research, especially biotechnology, and use it to change rural livelihoods that rely on agriculture.

It is in this respect that it has been found necessary to organize this Conference whose participation is very diverse in order to chart a way forward for this important sector.

I am confident that the participants will come up with innovative, practical and implementable ideas from their deliberations that will ensure that the demand of power distribution poles and the energy need for the poor are met.

With these few remarks it is my pleasure to declare the Conference officially open and to wish you fruitful deliberations.

Thank you.

“I would like to urge our researchers to emulate the benefits of scientific research, especially biotechnology, and use it to change rural livelihoods that rely on agriculture.”

6

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Overview of commercial forestry with special reference to production of poles for use in power distribution Anthony Maina, Deputy Director, Forest plantations and enterprises, Kenya Forest Service.

Background The importance of forests dates back to 1905 when forests heavily supported the construction of the East Africa railway. In addition, forests are an important source of foreign exchange earnings through timber exports and also play a key role in conservation of the environment. With increased exploitation of forests, researchers recognised that a new strategy was needed to sustain forest supplies and three major exotic species were identified as nucleus of plantation program to buffer natural forests. By 1970, the extent of State forest cover comprised natural forests (2 million ha equivalent to 2.5%) of the country forest cover and plantations consisted of 170,000 ha. By 2007, the natural forests cover stood at 2% (1.68 million ha) while plantations cover was 125,000 ha. The gazetted forests in Kenya are as shown in Figure 3.

Importance of forests Trees are important for their impact on the environment, economic values as well as social values. These values include: • Environmental goods and services: • Soil and water conservation • Biodiversity conservation • Carbon sequestration • Climate amelioration Economic goods and services: • Timber • Poles • Fuel wood including charcoal • Non-wood forest products • Recreation values Social values: • Spiritual (e.g. Kayas and sacred groves) • Generational Bequeaths • Environmental Health (moderate environment) • Cultural rituals

Figure 3: Map of gazzetted forests in Kenya

practices occasioned by an unresponsive forest policy, inadequate legal provisions, weak institutional arrangements, inadequate incentives, low participation of stakeholders in forest management, among others.

Due to the above scenario several corrective measures were put in place, namely: • In 1994, a comprehensive analysis of the Forest Sector was carried out and the Kenya Forest Master Plan (KFMP) came up with the following key recommendations: Legislative reforms, Policy reforms, Institutional reforms, Program reforms

living

Despite the importance of forests, they continue to be under threat especially from conflicting demands to cater for urbanization and agriculture. However, the monetary benefits from forests outweigh those from agriculture ventures as summarised in Table 5.

By early 1990s, the forestry sector was characterized by a breakdown of sound forestry management

• However, in spite of the revelations the process took more than 10 years to midwife the birth of Kenya Forest Service (KFS) in February 2007.

• KFS is mandated with the task of establishment, development and sustainable management, including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the socio-economic development of the country.

• Functions of KFS I. Management of all state and provisional forests II. Provision of forest extension services III. Promotion of forestry education and research Overview of commercial forestry 7

Table 5 : Benefits of forestry versus agricultural land use.

Forest benefits (Ksh/ha/yr)

Agricultural benefits (Ksh/ha/yr)

1. Watershed value

51,000

2. Carbon storage

78,800

3. Fuel wood

2,400

4. NTFP

6,000

5. Recreation

6,000

6. Biodiversity

60,000

Total

Tea

Excludes social costs e.g. soil erosion control, clean water, sedimentation

204,200

50,000

IV. Law enforcement—Forests Act 2005 enforces rules and regulations on:

77,100

3 Improved forestry extension services 3 Efficient forest industries

-

Charcoal making

-

Logging

3 Improved regulatory framework particularly for charcoal and non-wood forest products

-

Utilization

Programs for promoting sustainable forest management

-

Disposal of forest products

• Natural forest conservation

-

Marketing of forest products

• Industrial plantation development • Farm forestry development

Global status of plantation forests Plantation forests have expanded in area for several reasons which include: • Demand for industrial round wood for either pulp and paper, timber, energy or provision for environmental services.

• Land availability and tenure issues • Incentives provided through environmental services

payment

for

Policy perspectives in Kenya To enhance productivity of industrial forest plantations and improve recovery of forest products, mechanisms should be put in place to ensure private sector engagement in development and management of plantations. Forest plantations are efficiently managed and operated on a commercial basis, and the species base is broadened through special consideration of indigenous as well as the requirement of the market.

Specific policy perspectives state as follows: 3 Placing all types of forests under sustainable management 3 Introduction of forest certification as a soft policy 3 Provision of incentives to attract forestry investments 3 Access to forest credits

• Dryland forestry development • Forest health and protection

Issues and challenges I. Increasing forest cover against Vision 2030 targets of, • 4% or 232,000 ha by 2012

• Technological factors including tree breeding and biotechnological advances

8

Maize

• 10% or 580,000 ha eventually II. Management of local authority forests III. Clearing of silvi-cultural backlogs IV. Upgrading dilapidated forest infrastructure V. Enhancing efficient utilization of timber by forest industries VI. Improving forest productivity VII. Promotion of investments in the forestry sector VIII. Improvement of service delivery IX. Promotion of non wood forest products (bio-fuels, essential oils, gums, resins, honey) X. Payment for environmental services XI. Promoting partnerships between local authorities, communities, private sector XII.Development of nature-based micro-enterprises XII.Promoting bamboo industry In view of the above, the participants were challenged to come up with strategies to promote increase in forest cover in their areas of reach.

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Role of forestry research in production of quality power distribution poles Dr Paul Konuche, Director Kenya Forestry Research Institute

Background The Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI) has the national mandate to conduct research on forestry and disseminate the results to ensure that forests are managed well. KEFRI runs various programs, and those related to production of power distribution poles include: Tree Seed, Farm Forestry Research, Plantation Forestry Research and Technology Dissemination. The specific roles of KEFRI are: • Offer advisory services on suitable species and silvi-cultural practices • Develop high-yielding material • Supply high-quality germplasm • Monitor pests and diseases and develop control strategies • Participate in setting standards for power distribution poles • Disseminate research findings Details on the contributions of KEFRI in the roles mentioned above with special focus on production of power distribution poles are provided below.

Eucalyptus species for production of power distribution poles • The main Eucalyptus species for production of poles are Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna with the former being more widely grown in Kenya.

• Both species have bending strength of 111 mega pascols (Mpa) • Species with higher qualities in terms of bending strength are: - E. paniculata (172 Mpa) - E. regnans (112 Mpa) - Corymbia maculata (172 Mpa) - C. citriodora (163 Mpa) Research findings from KEFRI established the optimal conditions for growing different Eucalyptus and Corymbia species, and these are shown in Table 6.

Development of high-yielding materials • Initial introduction of Eucalyptus did not produce pure plantations of E.grandis and E. saligna although early trials showed that pure E. grandis grew faster than E. saligna. Reintroduction of pure E. grandis

Table 6: Recommended sites for planting Eucalyptus and Corymbia species.

Species

Altitude (meters)

Minimum annual rainfall (mm)

Recommended areas for planting

1000

Greater districts of Bungoma, Kakamega, Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Nandi, Kericho, Kisii and Kiambu

2500–3000

1000

Molo and Nyandarua

E. regnans

2500–3000

1000

South Kinangop, Molo, Timboroa, Londiani and other high-altitude areas

E. paniculata

1600–2000

1000

Nairobi, Nakuru and Nanyuki

E.maculata (Corymbia maculata)

1600–2000

1000

Nyeri, Nairobi, Nakuru, Nanyuki

0–1400

600

1400–2000

1000

Lower area of Nyanza, Nakuru, Nyeri, Nanyuki

E. urophylla

0–1400

1000

Has been tried at the Coast and Lower Nyanza. Showing promise

GC hybrids

0–1700

750

Karura, Coast

E. grandis

1400–2200

E. saligna

1600–2500

E. globulus

E. camaldulensis E. citriodora (Corymbia citriodora)

Dry areas of Nyanza, Coast and semi-arid lowlands

Role of forestry research 9

The main Eucalyptus species for production of poles are Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna with the former being more widely grown in Kenya.

started in 1980 and individual family introduction began in 1989.

• Tea companies in Kericho and Sotik also did individual family introduction, which showed a 50% increase in yields.

• Introduction of South Africa hybrid clones began in 1997. Selection of plus trees (most outstanding traits in growth, stem form and branching habits) started in 2001, and was undertaken in Muguga, Turbo, Kericho and Sotik to support breeding program. A total of 300 plus trees were selected and 15 of them propagated as clonal hedges at Karura.

This forms the basis for clonal Eucalyptus planting material under the Kenya Tree Biotechnology Program Trust (KTBPT). Seeds from selected plus trees were used to establish progeny trials and hybridization work is on-going using selected plus trees of E. Grandis, E. urophyll, E. regnas and E. camaldulensisi.

Provision of tree seed KEFRI has established over 100 ha of seed stands and are in production. About 700 kg of Eucalyptus seeds (90% E. grandis) is collected annually, and this can yield 6 million seedlings. The seeds are supplied to different clients.

Monitoring of pests and diseases The pests reported on Eucalyptus in Kenya are snout beetle, termites and blue gum chalcid. Chalcid is found in elevations below 1500 m and damage levels are low.

Snout beetle mainly attacks E. globulus. No severe diseases of Eucalyptus have been reported in Kenya and the common but mild diseases observed in the country are stem cankers and leaf diseases.

10

Generation of data on strength properties KEFRI has a Forest Products Research Centre (FPRC) at Karura. The Centre determines strength properties of tree species and several Eucalyptus species have been tested. Currently KEFRI is testing the strength properties of Pinus patula using Gilgil Telecommunications Institute (GTI) facility. KEFRI staff sits in the National Wood Poles Technical Committee (NWPTC), which formulates and develops standards using generated data. The committee also assesses developed standards for compliance with national standards.

Dissemination of research results and linkages with other institutions KEFRI disseminates research findings through field days, open days, participation in agricultural shows, publications, conferences, KFS extension staff, NGOs and response to individual requests.

To achieve the organization’s mandate, KEFRI maintains linkages with the following organizations: • KFS on provision of extension services, seed production and distribution • TBTP on evaluation of South African clones • Tea companies (Brook Bond, James Finlay, Sotik) in germplasm procurement.

• Dominion Kenya Ltd, Homa Lime, Kakuzi on provision of land for trials • PPM on seed procurement • Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) in setting standards • GTI and KPLC in testing pines • Tree growers in seed procurement, exchange of information and provision of advisory services • Individual tree growers and companies supply testing material

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Technology of producing high quality, fast-growing plantlets in relation to production of power distribution poles Dr Florence Wambugu, CEO Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International

Background

Project justification

Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International or Africa Harvest (AH) is an NGO with its head office in Nairobi. The vision of Africa Harvest is an Africa free of hunger, poverty and malnutrition; and the mission is to use science and technology, especially biotechnology, to help the poor achieve food security, economic well being and sustainable rural development. Africa Harvest is strategically positioned to engage core key partners, namely grassroot communities, governments and development partners at different levels to create sustainable, life-changing impact and to share its now well-tested models with others. The organization has outstanding record in community mobilization and impact at grassroots level. This is evidenced by the impact of tissue culture banana, a technology that resulted in the recognition of Africa Harvest’s CEO, Dr. Florence Wambugu as the winner of the 2008 YARA Prize award by Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). Through competitive bidding, Africa Harvest won ‘The Trees for Energy Project’, which is an initiative of the MOE. The Project falls under the department of renewable energy and is funded by KEEP & MOE Parastatals.

The forest cover in Kenya is currently 1.7% while the recommended minimum is 10%. Consequently, the effects of deforestation witnessed in Kenya include flooding, uncontrolled erosion and excessive siltation of dams. Deforestation threatens Kenya’s energy supplies more so because hydro-electricity forms at least 70% of Kenya’s power and relies on rivers originating from the five towers namely: Mt Kenya, Aberdares, Cherangani Hills, Mau complex and Mt Elgon. In addition, over 90% of Kenya’s rural population relies on wood fuel as a source of energy. The high dependence on fuelwood for domestic as well as industrial use by the Kenyans calls for immediate, deliberate efforts to increase tree farming; not forgetting the economic benefits to be derived by the farmers. In addition, Kenya spends over 3 billion shillings importing KPLC poles from South Africa and other countries annually. There is need to produce electricity distribution poles locally so as to reduce expenditure on foreign exchange, create employment and promote rural electrification. Globally, there is a shift to reduce dependence on fossil fuels through promoting use of biofuels. Therefore, there is need to investigate the potential of biofuels in Kenya.

Figure 4. Shots showing the high demand for charcoal and firewood (top) and their effect on environmental degradation (bottom) in parts of Kenya.

Technology of producing high quality, fast-growing plantlets 11

The tree for energy project focuses on the following objectives: • To rehabilitate degraded water catchments and river lines • To promote on-farm tree planting for wood fuel • To promote production of power distribution poles • To investigate the potential of Jatropha for biofuel production in Kenya

• Review and document existing information to avoid re-inventing the wheel • Benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation and to develop effective feedback mechanism

The implementation strategy

Rehabilitation of degraded river lines

Project implementation involves the following key strategies:

Degraded sites, including river lines have been mapped and rehabilitation commenced. Over 25,000 indigenous trees have been planted along a 10-km stretch of the degraded river line of River Rutui in Kirinyaga district, Central Kenya. The river has seven micro hydro power plants that supply power to the adjacent communities, and is a source of 55 registered water intakes belonging to farmer groups, institutions and coffee factories. The river also supplies water to over 1,258 rural households in addition to the population of Kerugoya town.

Also, rehabilitation of river Iraru river line in Imenti South is in progress and over 18,000 trees have been planted. Rehabilitation activities in other sites are in an advanced stage and will soon commence. The local communities have benefited from rehabilitation activity in the following ways:

I. • • • • • • • • • •

Partnership with collaborators Ministry of energy centers Kenya Forest Service Water Resource Management Authority Ministry of Agriculture Tree Biotechnology Project Trust Kenya Forestry Research Institute Maendeleo ya Wanawake Private and public nurseries Micro-finance institutions Local communities

II. Whole value chain approach The approach has been tested by Africa Harvest as an effective technology transfer model in rural community outreach and comprises the phases shown in Figure 5.

III. Outreach strategy Africa Harvest field officers are recruited from target districts. The officers also disseminate information through local vernacular FM radios and participate in barazas, because there is no language barrier. They are also provided mobile phones, and regular sharing of information is achieved through field days, exchange visits and traveling workshops. Information is also disseminated by use of electronic and print media.

IV. Conducted baseline survey A major baseline survey was conducted in June 2008 to establish the following: • Energy demand and supply • Land available for tree planting

Highlights of project achievements to date The first phase of the tree energy project began in April 2008. The achievements to date include:

• Access to clean water • Received training on tree agronomy and group governance • Through the use of a micro hydro power there is clean energy source for over 400 households • Community empowered, users association formed; active involvement of key actors Planting woodlots for supply of wood fuel Africa Harvest is working in collaboration with grassroots organizations, including Maendeleo ya Wanawake (MYWO) and youth groups. The groups have identified sites for establishing nurseries with support letters from the District Commissioners to ensure land is committed for the course. MYWO field officers have been trained on the whole value chain approach and the groups have also benefited from traveling workshops, received high quality seeds and starter material to establish nurseries.

Figure 5: Whole value chain approach.

12

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Figure 6: Results of river line rehabilitation. (Current status of River Rutui after rehabilitation (right) and a degraded river line before rehabilitation (left).

Promoting production of power distribution poles in Kenya

Current production status in Kenya and advantages of hybrid clones

The main partners in the production of power distribution poles are the private sector and out-grower schemes for small-scale farmers. Consumers for these poles are KPLC and REA. Africa Harvest is promoting growing of Eucalyptus trees.

Over 12 million clonal seedlings have been produced by four nurseries in Kenya in the last 8 years. With just 6,000 ha under Eucalyptus, Kenya lags behind South Africa and Ethiopia with 477,000 ha and 250,000 ha respectively. There is a huge commercial opportunity in clonal tree production.

Different species of Eucalyptus, native to Australia, are used for pole production, and are propagated through seeds. In Kenya, E. grandis, E. saligna and E. camaldulensis are produced by KEFRI. Over time, major constraints have been experienced on seed quality and availability. This resulted in seed imports from South Africa and Australia to supplement Kenyan sources that are both expensive and insufficient.

Currently, there are two nurseries supplying Eucalyptus hybrids in Kenya, and clonal technology holds the key to efficient production of high-quality poles.

Clonal technology to produce fast-growing trees The process of tree breeding and development of hybrids took over 20 years. The use of seeds leads to gene segregation; and clones are used to avoid this segregation.

Clones that were developed by Mondi Forest in South Africa were introduced in Kenya through initiatives of International Service for the Aquisition of Agri Bio Tech Applications ISAAA and Gatsby Kenya among other partners. Mondi has more than 200 clones.

Twelve clones were donated for research by Mondi forest to Tissue/Biospecimen Banking and Technology and are currently being grown in Kenya. Evaluations by KEFRI in various agro-ecologies are ongoing, and data on site matching is available. Monitoring shows that no disease outbreaks on clones have been reported to date. Capacity building in clonal technology is being undertaken by TBPT. The donated clones can be commercialized without payment of loyalties but future supply from Mondi will require a commercial license.

The advantages of hybrid clones are: • Hybrid vigor, thus they grow faster than traditional species (8 yrs versus 12) for power distribution poles.

• Uniformity in growth, which facilitates harvesting and marketing at the same time.

• Straight trunks and self-pruning.

• Higher biomass production per unit time.

• Better performance in Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASAL) areas • More efficient water usage unlike the traditional species.

In promoting commercial tree growing, several policy issues need to be addressed. These include: • Clone technology stewardship, to know which clone is growing where; avoid bogus clones, ensure genetic diversity, site matching, ease of monitoring.

• Seedling subsidy to provide matching grants.

• Mapping to show which clones can be grown at various sites to be facilitated and funded by the government.

• Elimination of the need for a permit to cut private trees.

Over 12 million clonal seedlings have been produced by four nurseries in Kenya in the last 8 years. There is a huge commercial opportunity in clonal tree production.

Technology of producing high quality, fast-growing plantlets 13

SESSION II Session Chair: Engineer J Njoroge, MD, Kenya Power & Lighting Co Rapporteurs: Mr J Mbithi, Ministry of Energy Mr Michael Njuguna, Africa Harvest

Sourcing, supply, grading and marketing of power distribution poles Eng Benson Muriithi & David Gatumo, Kenya Power and Lighting Company

Background The Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) has the national mandate to supply electric power to Kenyans. Currently, the national connectivity stands at 18% with only 10% of the rural population being connected. Power distribution poles are essential if KPLC is to achieve its mandate. Various types of poles used by KPLC are:

The poles fall in four different height categories, namely: 10, 11, 12 and 14 m. The demand for poles is rising each year, with 10 m poles having the highest demand.

The projected demand and supply of power distribution poles over the next 5 years is as shown in Figure 7, and clearly underscores the importance of promoting local production.

I. Concrete poles that were mainly used in the 1960s.

They are either hollow or solid formations and are used on 66 and 11KV lines in Nairobi.

Factors likely to influence demand & supply of power distribution poles

II. Steel poles that were mainly used in Nairobi and Mombasa in the 1960s. They come as hollow tubular or steel lattice structures.

III. Wood poles that have been in use since 1922. Most commonly used poles are from Pine and Eucalyptus species. More than five Eucalyptus species are approved for use in power distribution poles.

The advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of different types of power distribution poles are as outlined in Table 7.

The demand and supply of power distribution poles is affected by the following factors: • Increased new customer connectivity of up to 200,000 per annum.

• Replacement of ageing distribution network.

• Increased investment in commercial tree growing and maturing of grown Eucalyptus clones planted since 2000.

• Increased local investment in pole treatment facilities.

Table 7: Advantages and disadvantages of different pole types

14

Type

Advantage

Disadvantage

Concrete

• •

Long lasting (over 50 yrs) User friendly after installation (aesthetics)

• • •

More expensive From non-renewable source Bulky (about 1 ton/pole)

Steel

• •

Long lasting User friendly after installation

• • •

More expensive (LME based) From non-renewable source Bulky about 600 kg

Wood

• • •

Cost effective Lighter and easy to install (300 kg) From a renewable source

• • •

Deforestation Requires more frequent replacements (15–25 yrs) Toxic and largely non-biodegradable preservatives

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Figure 7: Projected demand and supply for power distribution poles by KPLC

Power distribution poles treatment plants Currently there are seven approved treatment plants for power distribution poles. Most of the plants are located in the western region of Kenya and their total capacity is relatively low. The details of these units are provided in Table 8. Distance to treatment plants directly correlates to the transportation costs incurred

by farmers engaging in production of poles. KPLC has developed stringent guidelines for the production of power distribution poles. For Chromium Copper Arsenic (CCA) and Creosote treatment, retention strength should be at least 20 and 100 kg/M³ respectively. Other requirements for a 10M pole are outlined in Table 9.

Table 8: Local power distribution pole treatment plants approved by KPLC PLANT

LOCATION

EST. ANNUAL CAPACITY

MODE OF TREATMENT

TTI (EA TEC)

Eldoret

80,000

Creosote/ Chromium Copper Arsenic (CCA)

Tipsywood Preservation

Eldoret

60,000

CCA

Timsales

Elburgon

Comply Industries

Nakuru

Cabro (EA)

Kariandusi

GTI

110,000

Creosote/CCA

40,000

CCA

100,000

CCA

Gilgil

50,000

CCA

Muringa Holdings

Kinare

50,000

CCA

Kakuzi

Makuyu

10,000

CCA

Table 9: Some basic standard parameters for a 10M power distribution pole in Kenya Parameter

Minimum requirement / Eucalyptus

Minimum requirement / Pine

Length (M)

10

10

Top Ф (mm)

150

150

Ground line Ф (mm)

220

230

Sapwood thickness (mm)

15

15

Ultimate load (KN)

8.64

8.13

Pre-treatment moisture content

25%

28%

Sourcing, supply, grading and marketing of power distribution poles 15

The Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) has the national mandate to supply electric power to Kenyans.

Currently, the national connectivity stands at 18% with only 10% of the rural population being connected. Power distribution poles are essential if KPLC is to achieve its mandate.

The following steps are important in procuring wood poles for power distribution.:

• Grading, banding, machining, dressing , dentification and serialization.

• Survey to determine tree size, quantity, quality and accessibility.

• Chemical impregnation and fixation (48-72 hrs).

• Felling, skidding, sizing and stacking for seasoning.

• Loading and transportation to treatment plant.

16

• Delivery to user.

Commercial tree farmers must also consider the sites in their farms they intend to plant the tree on, to avoid incurring high handling costs at felling.

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Experiences of the national tree farmers’ association in commercial tree production Mrs Bella Ocholla Wilson, Kenya Forest Growers Association

Background The current Kenya forest cover is below the 10% minimum level recommended by the United Nations.

Therefore, there is urgent need to increase forest cover in order to protect water catchment areas, conserve biodiversity and endangered ecosystems. For Kenya to meet some of the key objectives articulated in vision 2030, the national forest cover must be increased significantly. Therefore, commercial forestry has a crucial role in addressing forest degradation and must be supported like other agricultural land uses through policy and regulatory frameworks. In spite of scientific recognition of the positive role forestry can play in meeting multiple objectives, commercial forestry and private forest management has not been given much attention in Kenya as has been done in countries such as Australia, S. Africa and New Zealand which have huge industries based upon privately managed forests.

Also unknown to policy makers is that, apart from large private commercial companies that run private forestry, today there are 12,000 Private forestry and commercial tree growers in Kenya. In the last 6 years, private growers have spent about Ksh 1.2 billion (excluding the value of land), to plant over 16 million high quality seedlings and clonal hybrids of Eucalyptus species. This represents an approximately 10,000 Ha of additional forest cover mainly in non-forest areas. This investment continues to increase as more private growers enter the forest sector. It is some of these tree farmers that have recently formalized their existence by forming Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA)

Kenya Forest Growers Association Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA) is a national association that brings together private and commercial tree growers whose main aim is to represent and promote commercial forestry and farm tree growers in Kenya.

The mission statement of KEFGA To Serve the Interests of all Forest Growers in Kenya for enhanced Sustainability & Profitability of their activities and to promote the Growth & Development of the Forest Sector” Objectives of KEFGA In line with the objectives set out in the Government‘s strategic document’ the key objective of KEFGA is to raise awareness and promote the development and sustainable

management of commercial forests as an alternative land use for environmental, economic and social benefits Aims of KEFGA I. Represent and promote commercial forestry and farm tree growers in Kenya.

II. KEFGA believes that commercial forestry has real potential to produce wealth for the poor either through direct participation as growers or through employment creation.

III. Seeks to pursue the need for ecologically sustainable forest management, in order to increase and maintain necessary forest cover in Kenya.

IV. To have commercial tree farming accepted as a legitimate land use in Kenya that provides multiple economic as well as environmental and social benefits.

KEFGA and Vision 2030 KEFGA is anchored on Vision 2030 (under the Agricultural Sector) whose aim is to increase value in agriculture by introducing new land use policies. The private sector is being called upon and challenged to either partner with the government or place pro-poor models on its own, which will result in employment and wealth creation. In view of the above, KEFGA will undertake the following: • Work for the welfare and benefit of private commercial forest growers.

• Establish branches to serve members in all provinces of Kenya • Seek and enter into an arrangement with the Government and obtain certain rights, privileges and concessions • Seek financial and non-financial support for members for growth, policy support and development of forestry • Promote, support and encourage capacity building, research and innovations in the forest sector.

KEFGA seeks to partner with various arms of the Government in order to contribute to the achievement of strategic objectives leading to employment and wealth creation. The association has representatives drawn from different provinces of Kenya as outlined in Table 10.

KEFGA membership and benefits to members Membership is open to commercial tree growers.

Members benefit in the following ways: Experiences of the national tree farmers’ association 17

1. Promote sustainable management of forests for the environmental, economic and social benefits 2. Seek and enter into an arrangement with the government and obtain certain rights, privileges and concessions 3. Seek financial and non-financial support for members for growth, policy support and development of forestry.

4. Enhance biodiversity and ecosystems and improve water quality, as well as provide an opportunity for enterprise development throughout the country.

5. To develop Kenya as a carbon sink and be able to trade carbon credits for financial benefits. (No individual farmer can afford to go through the process of verification and qualification on their own).

6. Develop Code of Ethics for commercial tree growers and ensure that KEFGA members adhere to a Code of Conduct and Certification Programmes of timber grown by its members.

7. Engage in the development of energy conversion kilns so that the use of biomass is made more efficient.

The key objective of the Kenya Forest Growers Association is to raise awareness and promote the development and sustainable management of commercial forests as an alternative land use for environmental, economic and social benefits

• Lack of extension Services • Major Research issues need to be addressed to guide tree growers • Tree growers need to have their skills enhanced

KEFGA’s recommendations • To see concerted government support for the growth of private forestry.

8. Educate communities in the adaptation of ommercial tree growing.

• The government to create an environment where private tree growers can trade in and benefit from carbon credits.

Impediments

• The government to actively source poles for power distribution from Kenyan private tree farmers.

Barriers to private forest plantation growth exist and they include: • Legal and policy Forest Governance not well articulated • Limited market information and outlets of forest produce • Few financial incentives

• The government support in developing more efficient use of timber as an alternative energy source through more modern charcoal production methods.

• Kenya creates more conducive regulatory environment where tree farmers can benefit from sustainable charcoal production.

Table 10: Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA) cluster representatives.

18

Name

Province represented

Hon. Cyrus Njirongo

Western

Ruth Njoroge

Rift Valley

Gen. Mutai S.K

Rift valley

Bilal Chaudhri

Coast

Hon. Sammy Weya

Nyanza

John Kimanthi

Eastern

Eng. Joseph Muriuki

Central

Bella Wilson

Kajiado

Benson Kanyi

Nairobi

Rose Makena

Eastern

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Demand, supply and contracting poles for rural electrification Ng’ang’a Munyu, Chief Manager, Corporate Planning Rural Electrification Authority

Background REA is a state corporation established under the Energy Act No.12 of 2006 and became operational in July 2007. The primary mandate of REA is the provision of electricity supply in the rural areas and has taken over rural electrification activities previously undertaken

by KPLC and the MOE. Currently, it is estimated that only 10% of the rural population has electricity. REA’s mandate is therefore to provide electricity to 90% of the rural population. With a goal of achieving 100% connectivity by 2030 in line with Vision 2030, this will be accomplished in three phases namely: 1. Phase I runs from 2008 to 2012 and targets to supply electricity to all public facilities in Kenya and increase connectivity to 22%.

2. Phase II runs from 2013 to 2022 and targets to supply electricity to 65% of the areas.

3. Phase III will run from 2023 to 2030 and targets to supply electricity to all households. During phase II and III, the focus will be electricity supply for domestic households.

REA has developed a Five Year Strategic Plan covering Phase I (2008-2012).For the first year of Phase I (i.e., 2008/09) REA has identified around 600 projects to be implemented. These projects will electrify about 1,000 public facilities including trading centers, secondary schools and health centers. Implementation of these projects involves sourcing of various types of materials including poles. Poles constitute a major component of the cost of a rural electrification project. Contracts have been awarded for supply of materials and deliveries have started. Currently, survey and design work for the identified projects is in progress. REA expects to commence erection work across the country around January 2009.

Demand for power distribution poles

1,900 projects is about 160,000 pieces (HT- 80,000 and LV-80,000) Demand to meet 2008/09–2012/13 projects The goal of REA is to electrify all public facilities by 2012. To this end, about 8,000 public facilities have been identified across the country as REA’s target over the period 2008/09–20012/13. These include trading centers, secondary schools and health centers among others. To meet this rural electrification target, a total of about 550,000 poles of all sizes (10, 11, 12 and 14 m) will be required between 2008/09 & 2012/13.

The value of this total quantity is about Ksh.5.5 billion at current prices. Out of this total quantity, REA has awarded contracts for supply of 40,000 poles for 2008-09 worth Ksh.430 million. The deficit for the remaining four years is therefore about 510,000 pieces, which is on average, 1,300,000 poles per year from 2009–2010.

Supply of poles Poles for rural electrification have been sourced from within and outside the country. Import sources have largely been South Africa and Tanzania. REA’s policy is to source poles from within the country and the firms awarded contracts for supply of poles in 2008-09 are sourcing from within the country. Firms contracted

by REA to supply poles for the financial year 2008-09 have been selected through open tenders. This is in accordance with the Public Procurement & Disposal Act, No.3 of 2005. From 2009-10, REA will partner with local farmers in the provision of poles. The proposal is to procure poles from small-scale farmers through agents.

The objective is to promote local farmers growing commercial trees. This will facilitate farmers with a few trees to be able to sell them at relatively better prices.

Demand to meet completion of ongoing projects (target for December 2008) Over the years, wooden poles have primarily been used in rural electrification. Since 2003, the government has financed about 1,900 rural electrification projects from internal sources at a cost of 12.7 billion Ksh. These projects, which have been implemented by KPLC, have targeted public facilities. Nearly 90% of these projects have been completed and the balance will be completed by the end of 2008. The requirement for poles for the

These projects will electrify about 1,000 public facilities including trading centers, secondary schools and health centers.

Demand, supply and conracting poles for rural electrification 19

Cost-benefit analysis of producing power distribution poles in Kenya Prof. Kingiri Senelwa, Department of Forestry & Wood Science, Moi University.

Background Tree cover will continue to decline as people harvest more to satisfy basic needs. Therefore, markets for tree products will continue to expand and from a farmer’s perspective, tree growing will remain profitable. Kenya is likely to become increasingly dependant on externally sourced tree products which means lost business opportunities, revenues, profits and jobs for Kenyans.

Two important strategies adopted to compensate for declining supplies and continue providing services are enhanced scientific management and conservation undertaken by KFS and KEFRI and the Development of Compensatory forestry by establishment of plantations and on-farm tree planting. The latter efforts require active involvement of public and private sectors, and are in line with the Kenya Forest Policy and Vision 2030.

Although commercial tree growing has been successful in other countries, Kenya has not adequately embraced the concept of tree growing as a viable commercial farming activity. Recently study was conducted in Kenya to evaluate the feasibility and opportunities for commercial tree growing with respect to stakeholders’ perceptions and farmers’ willingness to enhance tree growing, and cost benefit analysis of tree growing as a commercially viable activity.

Methodology

Data was collected through observations, structured questionnaires, discussions with individuals and farmer groups; researchers, extension agents, NGOs, CBOs, and private sector organizations.

Specific information was sought on: • Farming characteristics i.e. on-farm tree growing practices and configurations • Land suitability and availability • Farmer willingness to expand tree production • Peoples’ perceptions of forestry and commercial tree growing • Feasibility and opportunities for tree growing A total of 239 stakeholders from 6 interest groups in 23 Districts of five provinces were interviewed (Table 11).

Farming characteristics, capacity and willingness to enhance tree growing There were significant variations in the farming characteristics • Farm holdings varied in size with largest sizes in Rift Valley • Farms in Western, Central and Eastern regions were generally small • Large-scale commercial tree farmers were rare

The study initially started with areas seen to have good potential for forestry, namely the seven agro ecological zones (AEZ) described by Jaetzold & Schmidt (1982) i.e. Zone 1 (Humid), Zones II (Sub-Humid) and III (Semi-Humid), Zones IV (Medium to semi arid), Zones V (Semi Arid), Zones VI (Arid) and VII (Very Arid).

• Fallow land (24%) potentially available for tree farming • Marginal lands were present in all areas • Tree growing is not unique to Kenyans • Majority of respondents practised mixed farming

Table 11: Stakeholders interviewed in the study General farmers

Commercial tree farmers

Indursties /users

NGOs/ CBOs

GoK Officers

Finance institutions

Regional total

Central & Eastern

27

3

3

7

6

5

51

North Rift

23

9

8

1

8

4

53

Nyanza

29

3

1

0

4

4

41

Coast

16

6

1

2

2

4

31

Western

30

24

4

0

5

0

63

Grand total

125

45

17

10

25

17

239

Region

20

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Tables 12 and 13 show the farming methods and land use practices.

Recently, a study was conducted in Kenya

Key observations

to evaluate the feasibility and opportunities

• Under-utilization of marginal land is greatest in Central and Coast provinces.

for commercial tree growing with respect

• Where marginal land is used, most of it is under tree growing. The majority of farmers were willing to expand and/or enhance tree growing.

willingness to enhance tree growing, and

to stakeholders’ perceptions and farmers’ cost benefit analysis of tree growing as a

Tree growing is not unique to Kenya – but how are we doing our tree-growing business?

commercially viable activity.

It was observed that most farmers practice block planting and boundary planting, especially in the Coast, Central, Rift Valley and Western provinces.

Intercropping or agroforestry is the next most popular form of tree configuration on farms

Farmers’ willingness to expand tree production In seeking to find out what people think about tree growing, and whether they would be willing to enhance tree growing efforts (Table 14) it was apparent

Table 12: Farming methods practised Region / Type of farming

Rift Valley / Western

Nyanza

Central

Coast

Overall

Percentage

Subsistence

12.8%

27.6%

3.6%

53.3%

22

20%

Commercial

5.1%

10.3%

7.1%

-

14

13%

Mixed

82.1%

62.1%

89.3%

46.7%

75

67%

39

29

28

15

111

Sample size

Table 13: Percentage of usage of marginal lands and farmers willingness to expand tree growing Unused land

Used land

Region

Willingness to expand tree growing

Uses of marginal land Tree growing

Grazing

Sugarcane

Bush stones

Fish pond

Rift Valley/Western

58.6

41.4

31

3.4

3.4

-

3.4

96.8

Central

100

0

-

-

-

-

-

92.3

Nyanza

56.6

43.4

31

3.4

3.4

-

3.4

66.7

Coast

93.3

6.7

-

-

-

6.7

-

100

Total*

75

25

17

2

2

1

2

94

*percentage of total marginal land in Kenya

Table 14: Willingness to expand tree production Farmers willing to plant trees (first time)

Region

Farmers with trees on farms

Yes

No

Undecided

Yes

No

Nyanza

82.8

13.8

3.4

88.2

11.8

Central

85.7

3.6

10.7

96.4

3.6

Rift Valley/Western

84.6

7.7

7.7

93.1

6.9

Coast

20.3

73.3

6.7

60

40

Total

76

17

7

88

12

Cost-benefit analysis of producing power distribution poles in Kenya 21

What is the potential for tree growing?

that willingness varied with region, and depended on whether farmers were already engaged in commercial tree growing or not.

Other factors that determine commercial tree farming according to the farmer’s view point is the availability of markets and final returns expected, as well as the availability of land.

These results were useful in developing intervention measures, for instance they depict Coast Province as having the highest number of unwilling people.

Land availability for tree growing

Why do farmers grow trees?

From the two scenarios, 25% of the available land would be available on farmers land. At a stocking of 1000 trees/acre, this would be 17 billion trees extra in Kenya. All this land would be under productive commercial plantation, being about 7, 14 and 28 times the size of land currently under plantation forest. This extra land would suffice to increase current round wood production in Kenya by the same magnitude (Table 15).

There are a number of factors largely influenced by issues of land, land tenure, culture, socio-economics and more increasingly, livelihoods.

I. Important factors include: • Demand for basic wood requirements especially construction poles, timber, charcoal and fuel wood • Most farmers grow trees as an alternative cash crop

Is tree farming profitable to farmers?

• Boundary demarcation

Profit margins accrued from planting Eucalyptus when compared to that of wheat or maize on one acre in ten years is detailed in Table 16.

• Shade to other crops • Forest harvesting ban, a key motivating factor over the last few years

Table 16 shows that planting Eucalyptus is more profitable than growing any of the two cereals. However it must be noted that the scale of operation and the tree species planted has implications on the success of commercial tree growing.

II. For most farmers who were interviewed, environment was a driving force although water catchments protection was not a factor that influenced their decisions to grow trees.

• The question then is – “Are the massive campaigns on forestry, environment, deforestation, biodiversity, water catchments well informed?”

Large-scale growing should focus on : i) Eucalyptus ii) A. mearnsii; iii) Pinus and iv) Cypress species.

Table 15: Land availability (sq km) in various zones and agricultural practices that influence tree growing Zone

Total land area

Parks and reserves

Gazetted forest

Available for use and cultivation

I: Per Humid

2,240

350

1,210

680

II: Sub- Humid

22,290

1,030

2,050

19,210

III: Semi-Humid

70,440

1,980

6,170

62,290

IV: Medium to Semi Arid

94,860

9,500

1,630

83,730

V: Semi-arid

163,050

23,590

6,520

132,940

VI: Arid to very arid

223,190

4,970

1,620

216,600

Totals

576,070

41,420

19,200

515,450

Table 16: Comparison of profitability for three enterprises (Ksh).

Enterprise vs revenue

Maize

Wheat

Eucalyptus

10-year revenue

260,000

468, 000

879, 000

Total input costs

217,350

265, 500

313,880

42,650

202,500

565,120

10-year gross margin

22

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Small-scale growing should focus on: i) G. robusta; ii) Casuarina spp; iii) Eucalyptus species woodlots.

Conclusions and recommendations • There is sufficient land to plant more trees in Kenya, farmers are willing to venture into commercial tree growing and there is ready market for tree products. Commercial tree growing could revitalize rural areas, and provide an engine for growth throughout the country; thus contributing to the objectives in our policy instruments.

• Success in achieving national energy needs, conserving environment, creating jobs and improving livelihoods requires a concerted and coordinated effort for education, research, development and a plan for extension by various key actors, including governments, KFS, private sector, research institutions and NGOs. • Priority issues needing attention include:

-

Species/provenances evaluation and trials in different zones & soils

-

Growth and yield studies

-

Performance of different species in agro forestry configurations

-

Impact of enhanced tree growing on the environment (hydrology, soil fertility),

-

Socio-economics of tree growing - potential and challenges

-

Species-regional mapping for suitability of different species

-

Possibilities of tapping into the “trendy” carbon markets, and the role of Kenyan farmers in contributing to mitigation of climate change impacts • KEFRI and others have been undertaking research studies in several of these areas for a number of decades. They should be implored upon to fast track outreach programs for farmers to benefit from the many years of research efforts.

Cost-benefit analysis of producing power distribution poles in Kenya 23

Mobilizing youth in the production of power distribution poles Kinuthia Murugu, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Background In engaging youth in development, it is important to note that youth fall in the age bracket of below 30 years, making up 75% of Kenya’s population. Currently, 42% of Kenyans are below 15 years, and by 2012, there will be 16 million youth between 18 and 35 years of age while by 2017, they will be 24 million. Thus, youth have a significant role to play in charting the future of Kenya. For example, in December 2007, youth voted out 68% of members of parliament and during postelection disturbances in January 2008, they destroyed property and infrastructure worth over 100 billion Ksh. While some actions attribute for negative publicity, youth constituting a majority of the work force, are hardworking and educated. They have revolutionalized the music and arts industry in Kenya, successfully competing with and even outshining their counterparts in other countries. The youth’s continued attempts at placing Kenya on the world map through sports serves as a great impetus to promote them further.

Youth development Kenya will not meet national targets or the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) without addressing youth development. To this end, the Government created the Ministry of Youth Affairs (currently, Youth Affairs and Sports in December 2005.

Vision and mandate of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports The Vision of the MOYAS is “A responsible and empowered youth, building a better Kenya” MOYAS is responsible for the following: • National Youth Policy • National Youth Council

VI. Youth empowerment and participation VII. Youth and employment VIII. Youth education and training

Youth and employment While many challenges face young people, undoubtedly the most acute is the inability to access employment, thus the lack of opportunities to earn a decent and honest living. It is this disadvantageous position that drives young people into crime and drugs, and into a general state of hopelessness and despair.

In addressing the issues affecting the youth, three simple facts must be remembered at all times. These are: a. Economic growth does NOT equal job creation b. Our youth behave differently under the following situations; • If they are better educated • When they seek short cuts • If they are politically instigated c. Every administration has its challenges: The first Kenyan administration had the challenge of Africanization and landlessness, while the second had to tackle that of HIV and AIDS. The current government must address issues affecting the youth and indeed, the government is committed to empowering the youth; especially in putting them to work. But where will the economic activities come from?

• Coordination of Youth Organizations

A simple concept by MOYAS “Trees for Jobs Program” seeks to address the twin problems of deforestation and unemployment.

• National Youth Service

The objectives of the Trees for Jobs Program are to:

• Youth Resource (Empowerment) Centres

• Youth Polytechnics • Development of Sports MOYAS has eight thematic areas in achieving the above mandate. These are: I. Youth and health II. Youth, crime and drugs III. Youth leisure, recreation and community service IV. Youth and environment 24

V. Youth and Information Communication Technology

• Initiate massive tree planting to address serious re-afforestation backlog. Kenyans need to plant 90 million seedlings per year. Currently, statistics show that Kenya is planting 50 million trees annually.

• Provide employment opportunities for youth and youth groups. Over 29,000 youth to be employed over a 2-year period.

• Create a greener, cleaner environment for present and future generations.

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

The implementation following:

procedure

entails

the

• The ministry field officers facilitate the identification of land where trees will be planted.

• All the relevant stakeholders are brought on board, and agree to the modalities..

• The ministry field officers conduct sensitization and mobilization seminars on the Trees for Jobs Program.

• Seedlings suitable for specific environments are identified and prices determined in consultation with KFS, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife.

• Seedlings are procured from various youth groups and the same youth are also engaged in planting them at 8 Ksh per seedling.

• The youth are also engaged in nurturing the seedlings for 18 months at a monthly cost of 7 Ksh per surviving tree.

Target areas The Tree for Jobs Program targets the following areas for tree planting: • Highways and road reserves • Public places and parks

Lessons learnt • • • • •

Youth are enthusiastic Resources are required to sustain the program.

Youth appreciate the money they receive.

The program can help in afforesting the country.

The Program positively engages youth.

Areas of engagement with the private and public sectors • Provision of funds for planting and maintenance of trees.

• Provision of land to plant trees.

• Establishment of Institutional Forests, e.g., UN Forest, East African Brewery’s forest, etc., to be created by the youth.

Benefits of the program to the private sector • Branding of established forests.

• Economic empowerment of young people, hence increased security.

• Healthy bio-diversity (mitigating rising costs of energy and water).

• Clean, beautiful and sustainable environment leading to reduced conflict.

• Profits for commercial tree growers

• Gazetted forest areas

Cost dynamics

• Water catchment areas • Private land

Establishing 1 ha of forest under Trees for Jobs Program would cost as shown in Table 17.

In particular, the following sites have been identified for tree planting

At 435,000 Ksh one ha of forest can be established and a large number of youth can have sources of livelihood.

• Ngong forest • Ollobolosat • Timboroa • Trans African Highway • Mau summit forest • Upper Eastern and parts of North Eastern • Mt. Kenya • Kilima Mbogo • The Aberdares

Piloting Piloting has been done in two of the identified sites.

These are: • In Nakuru, along River Ngosur, where 16,500 trees have already been planted and 100 youths engaged.

• Yatta NYS station, where 98,000 trees have been planted by engaging 300 youth. The trees are now being nurtured by NYS servicemen.

There have been many achievers in the world who started their innovations at an early age, and by persistence and determination, made their mark in the world. Some examples include Albert Einstein, Sir Isaac Newton, and even Dr. Martin Luther King Junior whose dream has recently been fulfilled in the election of Barrack Obama as the first black American President.

Participants must involve youth in development causes as they have the capability and skills, and experience has proved that their potential needs to be exploited for a better life for all.

Table 17: Cost dynamics for establishing 1 ha of forest.

Cost of Total Cost of Seedling digging cost Number surviving Total Youth cost hole, per of engaged (Ksh) pitting seedling months hectare trees (Ksh) (Ksh) (Ksh) 2,500

15

15

15

8

18

435,000

Mobilizing youth in the production of power distribution poles 25

Legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing Dr George Wamukoya, Managing Partner Wamukoya G. & Associates

Background Hundreds of rural families rely on forests for food, fuel, medicine, shelter and cash income. Forests help feed their cattle, replenish soils and protect their water supplies. Forest habitats house much of Kenya’s biodiversity and the carbon they store serves to slow down global climate change.

provisions in the Act that have a bearing on the commercial tree growing initiatives. The import of this provision is that there is public participation in decision making, and once the strategy has zoned the critical catchment areas, no such areas can be used for commercial tree growing.

But as we all know, Kenya’s forests have declined over the years and currently stand at less than 2%, thus putting in danger all those who depend on them. There is a need to increase the forest cover and learn to manage the new emerging landscapes, namely farm forestry, secondary forests, dryland forests and plantations.

• The Agriculture Act Cap 318, especially with regard to land preservation has elaborate provisions on the preservation of soil and its fertility.2 In addition, it has provisions on requiring, regulating or controlling, inter alia, the afforestation or reforestation of land and the protection of slopes and catchment areas.

Legal and institutional arrangements should be enabled to regulate state, local authority and private forests, including commercial tree growing. There are salient provisions that may support or hinder commercial tree growing and these are highlighted below.

• The Environmental management and coordination (EMCA) Act, 1999 is the principal umbrella legislation regulating the environment in Kenya.

There are salient provisions in the EMCA that may have a bearing on commercial tree growing, especially the right to a clean and healthy environment.

• The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the implementing agency of the EMCA, and has supervisory functions over all the lead agencies on matters of environment.

• The EMCA decentralizes the management of the environment to the district level. The District Environment Committee (DEC) is responsible for the proper management of the environment in its jurisdiction.1 The DEC is under obligation to identify areas that require afforestation or reforestation.

• The Forests Act No. 7 of 2005 is the principal legislation on the establishment, development and sustainable management, including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the socio-economic development of the country. The Act applies to all forests in Kenya.

• The Water Act No. 8 of 2002 is the principal legislation for water resources management in the country. It divides water resources into water resources management and water supply. There are 1. Sec 30, EMCA

26

Details of the four acts that have a bearing on commercial tree growing—Environmental Management and Coordination, 1999, Forests Act No. 7 of 2005, Water Act No. 8 of 2002 and The Agriculture Act Cap 318—are provided below.

Legal and regulatory framework 1.1. Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8 of 1999 is the principal umbrella legislation regulating the environment throughout the country. The EMCA defines the term ‘environment’ very broadly to include “the physical factors of the surroundings of human beings including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odour, taste, the biological factors of animals and plants and the social factor of aesthetics and includes both the natural and built environment.” Some of the salient provisions in the EMCA which may have a bearing on commercial tree growing are discussed below.

1.1.1. A right to a clean and healthy environment The EMCA confers every person in Kenya the right to a clean and healthy environment and the duty to safeguard and enhance the environment.3 The Act further provides orders that persons claiming the violations of the Act may receive from the High Court.

These include: (a) Prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission deleterious to the environment.

2.

Sec. 48, Agriculture Act, Cap 318.

3.

Sec. 3, EMCA

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

(b) Compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or omission deleterious to the environment.

Legal and institutional arrangements should be enabled to regulate state, local authority

(c) Require that any on-going activity be subjected to an environmental audit in accordance with the provisions of the EMCA. (d) Compel the persons responsible for the environmental degradation to restore the degraded environment as far as practicable to its immediate condition prior to the damage. (e) Provide compensation for any victim of pollution and the cost of beneficial uses lost as a result of an act of pollution and other losses that are connected with or incidental to the foregoing.

1.1.2. Role of the National Environment Management Authority The National Environment Management Authority is the implementing agency of the EMCA. Its functions4, inter alia, include: (a) Coordinate various environmental management activities and promote the integration of environmental considerations into development policies, programs and projects, with a view to ensuring proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement of the quality of human life in Kenya. (b) Establish and review land use guidelines. (c) Examine land use patterns to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of natural resources. (d) Carry out surveys that will assist in the proper management and conservation of the environment. (e) Monitor and assess activities in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such activities, environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning in impending environmental emergencies is given.

The import of this provision is that NEMA has supervisory function over all the lead agencies on matters of environment. Furthermore, Section 12 affirms this position as per its provision given below: “The Authority (read NEMA), may after giving reasonable notice of its intention so to do, direct lead agency to perform, within such time and in such manner as it shall specify, any of the duties imposed upon the lead agency by or under the EMCA or any other written law, in the field of environment and if the lead agency fails to comply with such directions, the Authority may itself perform or cause to be performed the duties in question, and the expense incurred by it in so doing shall be a civil debt recoverable by the Authority from the lead agency.�5 4.

Sec. 9, EMCA

and private forests, including commercial tree growing.

1.1.3. Environmental Planning—National Environment Action Plan The EMCA requires NEMA to formulate a National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) every 5 years.6 Some of the salient features of NEAP inter alia include: (a) Contain an analysis of the natural resources of Kenya with an indication as to any pattern of change in their distribution and quantity over time. (b) Contain an analytical profile of the various uses and value of the natural resources incorporating considerations on intra generational equity. (c) Recommend appropriate legal and fiscal incentives that may be used to encourage the business community to incorporate environmental requirements into their planning and operational processes. (d) Set out operational guidelines for the planning and management of the environment and natural resources. (e) Identify actual or likely problems as may affect the natural resources and the broader environment context in which they exist. (f) Identify and recommend policy and legislative approaches for preventing, controlling or mitigating specific as well as general adverse impacts on the environment. (g) Prioritize areas of environmental research and outline methods of using such research findings.

The NEAP is binding on all persons and all government departments, agencies, state corporations or other organs of the Government upon adoption by the National Assembly.

The import of this provision is that it will be imperative to clearly identify areas for commercial tree growing and have such areas integrated in the NEAP. 1.1.4. Powers of the District Environment Committee The EMCA decentralizes the management of the environment to the district level. The District Environment Committee (DEC) is responsible for the proper management of the environment in its jurisdiction.7 The DEC is under obligation to identify areas that require afforestation or reforestation.

5.

Sec. 12, EMCA

6.

Sec. 38, 39 and 40, EMCA

7.

Sec 30, EMCA

Legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing 27

The EMCA provides enforcement mechanisms for noncompliance to the directions of the DEC. A person who fails to comply with lawful direction issued by the DEC commits an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not exceeding Ksh. 350,000 or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding 18 months or to both such fine and imprisonment.8

issued by NEMA with or without conditions to proceed with the commercial tree growing.

1.1.5. Provision of Tax and Fiscal Incentives

The EMCA requires that all ongoing activities must undergo an environmental audit and monitoring.

Every proponent shall prepare and submit an annual environmental audit report. It is the responsibility of NEMA to monitor the impact of any development on the environment.

Under Section 57 of the EMCA, the Minister responsible for Finance may, on the recommendation of the National Environment Council (NEC), propose to the Government tax and other fiscal incentives, disincentives or fees to induce or promote the proper management of the environment and natural resources or prevention or abatement of environmental degradation. Such tax and fiscal incentives, disincentives or fees may include: (a) Customs and excise waiver in respect of imported capital goods that prevent or substantially reduce environmental degradation caused by an undertaking. (b) Tax rebates to industries or other establishments that invest in plants, equipment or machinery for pollution control, recycling of wastes, water harvesting and conservation, prevention of floods and for using energy resources as substitutes for hydrocarbons.

1.1.7. Environmental Audit and Monitoring

The effect of this provision is that the operator shall establish an environmental management plan upon which to benchmark the monitoring.

1.2. The Forests Act, 2005 The Forests Act No. 7 of 2005 is the principal legislation on the establishment, development and sustainable management, including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the socioeconomic development of the country. The Act applies to all forests in Kenya, including State Forests, Local Authority Forests and Private and Farm Forestry.

1.2.1. Role of Kenya Forest Service

(c) Tax disincentives to deter bad environmental behavior that leads to depletion of environmental resources or that cause pollution.

The Forests Act establishes the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) as the implementing agency. The functions of the KFS9, inter alia, include:

(d) User fees to ensure that those who use environmental resources pay proper value for the utilization of such resource.

(a) Formulate policies and guidelines regarding management, conservation and utilization of all types of forest areas in the country.

The import of this provision is that those persons, who may invest in commercial tree growing with a view to reducing environmental degradation, reduce use of hydrocarbons and enhance environmental sustainability, may benefit from tax and fiscal incentives.

(b) Manage all state forests.

1.1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment

(e) Provide forest extension services by assisting forest owners, farmers and associations in the sustainable management of forests.

Pursuant to Section 58 (1) as read with the Second Schedule, and forestry-related policy, program or project is subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Any person desirous of engaging in commercial tree growing is obligated by law to prepare or cause to be prepared an EIA Study Report before financing, commencing, proceeding with, carrying out, executing or conducting or causing to be financed, commenced, proceeded with, carried out, executed or conducted by another person such undertaking.

The EIA is undertaken by NEMA, an accredited EIA expert in accordance with the Environmental (Impact Assessment & Audit) Regulations, 2003. Once complied with this provision, an EIA license will be 8.

28

It is important to note that the EIA Process as currently implemented in Kenya is a lengthy process that may not be completed within a period of 6 months.

Sec. 47(4), EMCA

(c) Collaborate with individuals and private and public research institutions in identifying research needs and applying research findings. (d) Promote forestry education and training.

(f) Enforce conditions and regulations pertaining to logging, charcoal making and other forest utilization activities. (g) Enforce provisions of the Forests Act and any forestry or land use rules and regulations made pursuant thereto or to any other written law.

Overall, KFS will play an important role in matters relating to commercial tree growing.

1.2.2. Forest Conservation Committee The Act recognizes that central government acting alone is no longer capable of managing forests 9.

Sec. 7, Forests Act

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

effectively for the benefit of all. This realization has led to decentralization and devolution of authority and resources to the conservancy level with a view to involving local communities and other resource users in decision making. In this regard, the country is divided into 10 conservancy areas with corresponding Forest Conservation Committees (FCC) for each conservancy area.10 The functions of the FCC’s are to: (a) Inform the Board on the ideas, desires and opinions of the people within the forest conservancy areas in all matters relating to the conservation and utilization of forests within such area. (b) Monitor the implementation of the Forests Act and other forest regulations within the area; (c) Review and recommend to the Board applications for licenses and renewals thereof. (d) Regulate the management of forests in the relevant conservancy area, including the setting of charges and retention of income. (e) Assist local communities to benefit from royalties and other rights derived from flora and fauna, traditionally used or newly discovered by such communities. (f) Identify areas of un-alienated Government land or Trust Land to be set aside for the creation of forests. (g) Recommend to the Board the establishment of forest division conservation committees. (h) Perform such other functions as the Board may require or delegate to it.

The import of this provision is that wherever commercial tree growing will be undertaken, the local FCC will have jurisdiction.

1.2.3. Forest Management and Conservation Fund The Forests Act establishes the Forest Management and Conservation Fund11 whose main purpose, inter alia, include: (a) Development of forests (b) Promotion of commercial forest plantations (c) Provision of forest extension services (d) Promotion of community-based forest projects. (e) Facilitation of education and research activities (f) Establishment of nurseries and production of seedlings (g) Silvi-cultural practices and tree improvement (h) Such other purposes as may be prescribed by rules made under this Act

1.2.4. Private and Farm Forestry The Forests Act requires a person who owns a private forest, including a forest in the course of establishment, on land owned by the person to apply to the Service for registration.12 The Board will approve such registration upon fulfillment of the criteria promulgated under the regulations.

The effect of registration is that it allows the owner of a private forest to: (a) Receive from the Service technical advice regarding appropriate forestry practices and conservation. (b) Subject to availability of funds, loans from the Forest Management and Conservation Fund for the development of the forest. (c) Apply to the relevant authorities for exemption from payment of all or part of the land rates and such other charges as may be levied in respect of the land on which the forest is established.

The import of this provision is that, for a person to be exempted from payment of land rates or any other charges, the private forest must be so registered.

1.2.5. Declaration of provisional forest The Forests Act has provisions to ensure sustainable management and rehabilitation of mismanaged or neglected local authority or private forest. Such forest shall be declared a provisional forest where, inter alia, the forest supports an important industry and is a source of livelihood for the surrounding forest communities.13 The implication of this provision is that, where commercial tree farming is established as a private forest and is mismanaged or neglected, leading to adverse effects on the forestry sector industry, such a forest may be declared a provisional forest and the management of such a forest is conferred upon KFS. 1.2.6. Management of plantation forests owned by the State/Concessions The Forests Act has provisions aimed at stopping the Central Government from managing state plantation forests. The primary objective of the plantations is the production of wood and other forest products and services for commercial purposes.14 The Act, therefore, provides for a license, concession, contract or joint agreement through a competitive process. The resultant management agreement shall specify, inter alia: (a) The duration of the agreement (b) The terms and conditions under which the applicant shall manage the forest

12.

Sec. 25, Forests Act

10.

Sec. 13, Forests Act

13.

Sec. 26, Forests Act.

11.

Sec. 18, Forests Act.

14.

Sec. 37, Forests Act

Legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing 29

(c) Any charges payable to the Service (d) A management plan to be followed by the applicant (e) The mechanism under which the agreement may be terminated.

Before the Board enters into such a management agreement, it shall call for an independent inventory of the forest and other relevant data to enable it to determine the true value of such forest. The applicant may assign, exchange, transfer or convey the agreement if the agreement has been in existence for at least 6 years and upon approval of the Board.

Any activities within a forest area that are not included in a management plan shall only be undertaken with the consent of the Board, after an environmental impact assessment study.15 These provisions enable any person to enter into management agreement with the Service upon such terms as may be prescribed for commercial tree farming in state plantation forests. The same shall apply to local authority forests.16 1.2.7. Community participation and Community Forest Associations The Forests Act enlists the participation of local communities in forest conservation, development and utilization through Community Forest Associations (CFAs). The CFAs shall be registered under the Societies Act and shall seek approval from the Director of the Service.17 The CFA may enter into a management agreement with the Service to manage a part or whole of a forest.

A management agreement between the CFA and the Service shall confer on the association, all or any of the following forest user rights18: (a) Collection of medicinal plants (b) Harvesting of honey (c) Harvesting of timber or fuelwood (d) Grass harvesting and grazing (e) Collection of forest produce for community-based industries (f) Ecotourism and recreational activities (g) Scientific and education activities (h) Plantation establishment through non-resident cultivation (i) Contracts to assist in carrying out specified silvicultural operations

(j) Development of community wood and non-wood forest-based industries The Act provides for circumstances under which the management agreement with an association may be terminated or withdrawn.19 The effect of this provision is that a person desirous of undertaking commercial tree planting in a state forest will need to know the rights and obligations of the CFA(s) and where CFA(s) has entered a management agreement with the Service, the relationship between the CFA and the investor.

1.2.8. Restraint of breaches of the Act The Forests Act empowers members of the public to bring an action in court whenever they are of the opinion that the Act is being violated. The Court is empowered to give any of the following orders20: (a) A declaration that the provisions of the Forests Act are being or have been or are about to be contravened. (b) An injunction restraining any specified person from carrying out such a contravention. (c) The writ of mandamus against any officer or person who has failed to perform any duty imposed by or under the Forests Act. (d) Or any remedy at law or equity for preventing or enforcing the provisions of the Forests Act. Given that commercial tree growing falls in the realm of the Forests Act, anything done which can be seen by the members of the public, especially the nongovernmental organizations, to be in contravention of the Act may cause the group to take cause of action in court with far-reaching consequences.

1.3. The Water Act, 2002 The Water Act No. 8 of 2002 is the principal legislation for water resources management in the country. It divides water resources into water resources management and water supply. There are provisions in the Act that have a bearing on the commercial tree growing initiatives.

1.3.1. Role of Water Resources Management Authority The Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is the implementing agency for water resources management.21 Its functions, inter alia, are to: (a) Monitor, and from time to time, re-assess, the national water resources management strategy. (b) Regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts. (c) Manage and protect water catchments.

15. Sec. 45, Forests Act

30

16. Sec. 39, Forests Act

19. Sec. 49, Forests Act

17. Sec. 46, Forests Act

20. Sec. 58, Forests Act

18. Sec. 47, Forests Act

21. Sec. 8, Water Act

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

The question to pose is: should commercial tree growing be classified as a special crop?

If the answer is in the affirmative, then, the law obligates the Minister responsible for agriculture to establish an authority to promote and foster the development of that crop for such area. The effect is that commercial tree growing shall cease to be a forestry activity and instead it shall become an agricultural crop.

1.3.2. National water resources management strategy

1.4. The Agriculture Act, Cap 318

The Water Act obligates the Minister responsible for water to formulate and publish in the Gazette, a national water resources management strategy.22 The strategy shall prescribe, inter alia, the principles, objectives, procedures for the management, protection, use, development, conservation and control of water resources. In particular, identifying areas that should be designated protected areas and ground water conservation areas.

1.4.1. Land preservation rules

The implication of this provision is that if the strategy has identified areas for protection and conservation of water resources, it will exclude certain uses such as planting of certain tree species.

1.3.3. Catchment areas and Catchment Management Strategy The Act requires all areas from which rainwater flows to be designated water catchment areas.23 It is a legal requirement that there be formulated a catchment management strategy for the management, use, development, conservation, protection and control of water resource within each catchment area. The catchment strategy shall encourage and facilitate the establishment and operation of water resources users’ associations whose main function shall be for conflict resolution and cooperative management of the water resources in catchment areas.

The Act further provides that where WRMA is satisfied that special measures are necessary for the protection of a catchment area, it may declare such an area to be a protected area and may impose, regulate or prohibit for the protection of the area and its water resources.24 The import of this provision is that there is public participation in decision making and once the strategy has zoned the critical catchment areas, no such areas can be used for commercial tree growing.

The Agriculture Act Cap 318 has elaborate provisions on the preservation of the soil and its fertility.25 In addition, it has provisions on requiring, regulating or controlling, inter alia, the afforestation or reforestation of land and the protection of slopes and catchment areas. These provisions are implemented by way of Land Preservation Rules.

1.4.2. Is commercial tree growing a crop within the meaning of the Agriculture Act? The Act empowers the Minister responsible for agriculture to declare a crop to be a special crop, if satisfied that the development of that crop grown in Kenya for the purpose generally of sale should be promoted or fostered,.26 The question to pose is: should commercial tree growing be classified as a special crop?

If the answer is in the affirmative, then, the law obligates the Minister responsible for agriculture to establish an authority to promote and foster the development of that crop for such area. The effect is that commercial tree growing shall cease to be a forestry activity and instead it shall become an agricultural crop.

Conclusion 1. It is evident that there are adequate provisions in the EMCA and relevant sectoral laws to ensure that commercial tree growing is not only an economic activity but also contributes to social and environmental sustainability.

2. Inter-sectoral synergies are critical to avoid exposing commercial tree growing from bureaucratic processes and multiple jurisdictional accountability.

3. Commercial tree growing is viable across the three different forest tenure systems (state, local authority and private/farm forests) in Kenya.

4. There is room to develop subsidiary legislation to regulate commercial tree growing in Kenya.

22. Sec. 11, Water Act 23. Sec. 16, Water Act

25. Sec. 48, Agriculture Act, Cap 318.

24. Sec. 17, Water Act.

26. Sec. 191, Agriculture Act, Cap 318.

Legal and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing 31

Legislative and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing in Kenya Mr. J. Muthomi Mathiu, Senior manager, Legal Affairs

Background The Parliament passed the Energy Act, 2006, which received presidential assent in December 2006. The Act transformed the Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) to Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) with regulatory mandate for the entire energy sector. Secondly, the Act created more effective regulation for the petroleum industry, and enabling regulatory environment for power producers to sell directly to consumers and introduced incentives for more private sector participation.

The Minister for Energy operationalized the Act with effect from 7 July 2007 through Legal Notice No. 142 and the Rural Electrification Authority and Energy Tribunal were created. ERC comprises eight members including the Chairman and Director General and is now fully constituted. ERC is a single sector regulatory agency with responsibility for economic and technical regulation of electric power, renewable energy and downstream petroleum sub-sectors.

Benefits from forest and tree resources in Kenya • Forests and trees yield a wide range of products, including fuelwood, shelter, timber, foods and medicines and other non-wood products.

• Demand for fuelwood, pole-wood and industrial wood has been rising along with the rapid growth in population creating a huge supply deficit.

• National direct use values of forests in terms of timber, fuelwood and poles are estimated at Ksh. 3.64 billion per year. In addition, 24 million cubic meters of fuelwood material estimated at 4.8 billion is sourced from farmlands annually.

• In terms of value adding, about 80,000 wood carvers spread all over the country support about 600,000 people and this industry generates about Kshs.1.5 billion per year.

• Non-wood forest products, which are largely obtained from dryland forests, play an important role in Kenya’s economy, generating about Kshs.3.2 billion per year.

• In the high- and medium-potential areas where tree growing has been internalized through forestry extension services, smallholder farmers are now able to meet their wood requirements and supply substantial quantities to the market. (Forest Department, 2002).

32

National policies and legislation which touch on commercial tree growing • Environmental Management and Coordination Act No. 8 of 1999: Provides a regulatory framework for sustainable management of environmental resources.

• Forest Development Policy: Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2005: Provides policy regarding the management, conservation and utilization of all types of forest areas in the country.

• Forest Act No. 7 of 2005.

• The Energy Policy: Sessional Paper No. 4 of 2004: Recognizes the importance of forests and tree resources in meeting the domestic energy.

• Energy Act No. 12 of 2006.

The Forests Act, 2005 – Executive Summary • The Forests Act, 2005 received presidential assent in November 2005.

• The Act brings all forests—private, local authority or state—under the Act and prescribes very heavy penalties for damage to forests and trees.

• The Forests Act, 2005 provides the legal foundation for the implementation of the forest policy.

• The Act provides for far-reaching changes in the management of forest management to include all stakeholders in forest management and jurisdiction of the forests law.

• A major shift in the forest sector financing is the creation of a Management and Conservation Fund to be used for development and sustainable management of the resources.

• The Act also makes specific provision for the involvement of local communities in the management of state and local authority forests and the sharing of benefits from the joint forest management.

• Private forest investors will be supported to invest in forestry through appropriate incentives like technical backstopping and linkage with market and industries.

• Forest certification will also be promoted for sustainable forest management through market incentives.

• Forest credit under the carbon trading and investment opportunities in non-wood forest

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

products particularly gums, resins and essential oils will also be promoted.

Fast-growing commercial tree species well

Legal framework – institutions

adapted to dry environment should be

• The implementing institutions of the Forests Act are – Kenya Forest Service and Forests Board.

intensified.

• The implementing institutions of the Energy Act are – Ministry of Energy and the law transformed the Forest Department into Kenya Forest Service, which is charged with the regulation of the forest sector (Sec.4).

• Advise the Minister on all matters pertaining to the establishment, development, conservation and utilization of forests in Kenya.

Legal framework – functions of the Kenya Forest Service (Sec.5)

• Prescribe criteria for access to assistance for owners of private forests.

• Mandated to formulate policies and guidelines regarding the management, conservation and utilization of all types of forest areas in the country.

• To manage all provisional forests in consultation with the forest owners.

• To promote forestry education and training.

• To draw or assist in drawing up management plans for all indigenous and state plantation, local authority, provisional and private forests in collaboration with the owners or lessees.

• Energy Regulatory Commission.

• To provide forest extension services by assisting forest owners, farmers and associations in the sustainable management of forests.

• Establish forest conservancy areas for purposes of conservation and management.

• Approve the provision of credit facilities and technical training for community-based forest industries, and the provision of incentives to persons who sustainably exploit wood and nonwood forest products.

The Energy Regulatory Commission The ERC is mandated to grant licenses, in coordination with other statutory authorities, for sustainable charcoal production upon submission of satisfactory development plans.

Institutional policy and legislative issues

• To enforce the conditions and regulations pertaining to logging, charcoal making and other forest utilization activities.

• Forest resource management in Kenya is faced with a number of institutional, policy and legislative challenges.

• Collaborate with other organizations and communities in the management and conservation of forests and for the utilization of the biodiversity therein.

• The major areas of concern are

• Promote the empowerment of associations and communities in the control and management of forests.

• Consider all management agreements, including the granting of management licences for state plantation forests.

• Negotiate for financial and other incentives for the advancement of the forestry-related activities of private persons, companies, communities, nonGovernmental organizations and local authorities.

• Establish and review policies and rules for marketing of and trade in forest produce.

• Coordinate and monitor inter-agency forestry activities in the country.

• Consider applications for the undertaking of activities within forest areas.

• Develop modalities and guidelines for joint management of forests between the Service, local authorities, forest communities, government agencies and the private sector.

-

Weak institutional arrangements for sound forest management.

-

Lack of appropriate forests valuation mechanism leading to low recognition of the role of forestry in the economy and hence inadequate allocation of resources for management and political decision making.

-

Low level of industrial investment in modern technology resulting in low timber recovery rates.

-

Lack of credit to support forestry investments.

-

Poor resource allocation for efficient and effective forestry sector.

-

Low investments forests.

in

private

commercial

Conclusions and recommendations Forest investment opportunities exist in Kenya, particularly in the semi-arid lands.

Fast-growing commercial tree species well adapted to dry environment should be intensified.

Legislative and regulatory framework of commercial tree growing in Kenya 33

SESSION III Group Discussions and Plenary This session entailed discussions in three groups, followed by presentations in plenary.

The deliberations and recommendations from the three groups as captured during plenary session are documented below.

Plenary Session Group 1: Discussion on production

Tree agronomy

Seed nurseries, access to clonal technology, seed distribution, tree agronomy and financing

KEFRI should continue to play a leading role to ensure that accurate information on recommended tree species for specific regions is available to end users to ensure that farmers do not plant unsuitable varieties. In addition, KEFRI should develop and compile guidelines on spacing, silvi-culture and control of pests and diseases.

Discussion leader: Mr Benson Kanyi, Manager Tree Biotechnology Project Trust, Karura. Chairman: Dr Paul Konuche, Director, KEFRI Group Presentation: Dr Rose Njeru, Director Capacity Building and Technology Deployment, Africa Harvest.

Issues that need action and recommendations are listed below: Seed quality Seed quality in terms of purity, true to type and viability is not always assured, and this becomes more important when farmers venture into commercial tree growing partly because it requires massive investment. There is need to have well packaged and labeled seeds, and this can be taken up by Kenya Plant Health Inspection Services (KEPHIS). Information on seed availability and site matching should be disseminated by KEEP through appropriate avenues.

Nurseries Commercial tree growing can only be successful if high-quality planting material is available. There is need to train nursery entrepreneurs to ensure that they produce high-quality planting material. Tree biotechnology project trust offers a 2-week course to nursery operators at a cost of Ksh 25,000 per head.

Capacity building activity should be spearheaded by TBPT. Trained nursery entrepreneurs are in the process of forming a Forest Nursery Operators Association which will develop a code of ethics and ensure self regulation.

34

Finances Since trees have a long gestation period of 8 years, a revolving fund facilitated by KEEP should be established to finance small holder farmers. Other Parastatals especially KPLC, Kenya Tea Development Authority and REA could make contributions to this fund. In addition, the MOE and KFS should play a leading role to facilitate linkages between farmers and the entrepreneurs and ensure that they benefit from Carbon trade.

Outreach and extension There is need to expand outreach and extension services to tree growers. NGO’s can play a leading role and its efforts supplemented through hiring consultants, promoting farmer to farmer extension and also tree growers association could hire extension staff.

Group 2: Marketing and pricing of poles Discussants: Mr Philip Wamahiu, Africa Harvest Mr Geofrey Mulongo Sotik Tea Company Chairperson: Ms Ruth Njoroge

Commercial tree growing can only be successful

Access to clonal technology and seedlings

if high-quality planting material is available.

TBPT and Aberdares Technology Limited (ATL) were recommended as key sources of high-quality clonal material. It was recommended that regional nurseries be established to facilitate country wide availability of clones.

There is need to train nursery entrepreneurs to ensure that they produce high-quality planting material.

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

The group discussed issues on pricing, grading, treatment, marketing centers, transport and access to credit.

farmers organize themselves, they could take over when they are ready. KPLC buys both treated and untreated poles.

Treatment

Pricing

Some participants were of the opinion that private tree plantations should be treated just like any plantation farming such as coffee. This was in view of the fact that treatment and processing of poles by the farmers is prohibitive and is best undertaken by specialized organizations such as the treatment plants. It was suggested that if KPLC could take up the function of transporting and treating the poles for 2–3 years as

It was felt that a farm-gate price needed to be agreed upon to avoid exploitation of farmers by middlemen. At present the procurement of poles by KPLC is through tendering system which is deemed to be competitive.

Since the farmers do not send their tenders to KPLC, the latter needs to come up with a way of ensuring that farmers get due payment commensurate with their investment. It was not possible to arrive at a definite price during the discussions.

Table 18: Issues and recommendations Issue Pricing

Limitation • •

The price offered to farmers is not seen to be fair Government sells mature trees below market price and these low prices are extended to the farmer

Recommendations • • • • •

Transport

• •

It is difficult for farmers to transport poles either to the treatment plants or to KPLC The process of harvesting poles from felling, to skidding to loading is specialized and therefore not every farmer can do it in the required manner.

• • • • •

Grading

• •

Eliminate brokers from the chain Establish a sub-committee that will come up with a formula for determining the price of raw poles under different circumstances (seasons, periods, years, etc.)

Associations to lobby for an agreed price for raw poles based on this formula and no farmer to sell the poles below the agreed price Broaden the market to include other consumers instead of narrowing down to KPLC Government should sell trees through the open tender system as this will ensure competitive prices for both Government and private farmers Encourage formation of community-based organizations and associations such as Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA), so that the poles are marketed in a pool and payment shared out within the group/association.

The associations to organize specialized services for the cutting, collection and transportation to treatment plants and to factor the cost of all these into the price per pole.

Associations encouraged to mechanize the process to minimize costs KPLC to negotiate with treatment plants to buy directly from the farmers at an agreed farm-gate price. In this case, they would do the harvesting, and transportation to the treatment plant.

Treatment plants to treat the poles and pass them to KPLC at an agreed price and deliver to KPLC.

Farmers’ knowledge about forestry and how to grade poles is limited Farmers’ lack information that can enable them to arrive at the correct specification of poles

•

•

KPLC should collaborate with KFS to offer technical advice and training through the Community-based groups/ Associations. This includes information on how to quantify material according to volume of wood, species and spacing, seasoning.

Zone centers with a high concentration of farmers and develop a timetable for implementing the training in the identified zones.

KEFRI to assist in developing an agronomic package.

•

Treatment

•

Treatment plants are not accessible to farmers country- wide

•

Establish regional treatment plants by KPLC.

Access to credit

•

Banks find the maturity period for trees long and therefore are very reserved when it comes to loaning for tree planting.

Some banks have packages that cover only tree nursery establishments, e.g., Kenya-Rural Enterprise Program (K-REP), which means other processes after nursery establishment are not catered to.

• •

Banks should come up with a package that is friendly to tree farming.

Stakeholders in the industry should collaborate to get the KFS fund activated for this purpose.

Utilise facilities offered by development partners such as the World Bank program in Uganda where the Bank pays 50% of the investment in tree planting Associations to provide a link between individual farmers and financing institutions.

Use finances under KEEP to establish a revolving fund. Other beneficiaries such as KTDA to chip in such a fund.

Ministry of Energy and KFS to assist in linking farmers with organizations responsible for carbon credit with a view to tapping into the carbon financing.

•

• • • •

Plenary session 35

Transport The logistics of getting poles from farmers to the treatment plants needed to be worked out and that cost incorporated into the cost per pole as appropriate.

It is necessary to include Kenya Bureau of Standards as a stakeholder because they have specific requirement for poles, while KPLC

Stakeholders

standards are tailor-made and specific to their

It is necessary to include Kenya Bureau of Standards as a stakeholder because they have specific requirement for poles, while KPLC standards are tailor-made and specific to their own requirements.

own requirements.

(Issues and recommendation on the way forward are documented in Table 18) Subcommittee for the development of a pricing formula and an initial farm gate price for poles 1. Philip Wamahiu (Africa Harvest) 2. Bella Ochola Wilson (KEFGA) 3. Ruth Njoroge (KEFGA) 4. Arun Shah (CABRO East Africa)

5. Sammy Chege (Kakuzi) 6. Lucy Waikwa (Eastern Produce Kenya) 7. Geoffrey Mulongo (Sotea Tea) 8. A representative from Nyayo Tea Zone 9. A representative of KFS 10. A representative of the large-scale farmers Mr. Philip Wamahiu will assist in identifying participants from The Nyayo Tea Zone, KFS and from among largescale farmers.The Chairperson, Mrs Ruth Njoroge will communicate as appropriate, regarding the date of the first meeting.

Table 19: Policy objectives

36

Policy objectives/activity

Persons/institutions responsible

Timelines

Harmonization of existing policy. Several acts are in conflict with each other. Others impede investment.

Minister of Energy (MOE)

By June 2009

Incentives- to private commercial tree growers to scale up production.

MOE

April 2009

Concession provided in the Forest Act to enable entrepreneurs access to government land.

MOE/KEEP

June 2009

Zonation and Group Environmental Impact Assessment- Tree species site matching.

MOE/KEEP/KFS/KEFRI

June 2006

Facilitating low-interest credit/grants/subsidies to smallholder farmers/ farmer groups. System of credit and matching grant in use in Uganda should be considered.

MOE/KEEP

June 2009

Registration and certification of clonal nurseries--- for product stewardship, species diversity and quality assurance.

MOE/KFS

April 2009

Pole pricing policy---recommend minimum farmgate price of power distribution poles.

MOE

March 2009

Engagement with permanent youth groups and women’s groups, e.g., Maendeleo Ya Wanawake in tree growing--- Groups that can be monitored by the community.

MOE/MOYAS

On going but needs to be immediately enhanced

Removing impediments to private Forestry development, e.g., Removing permit requirements to tree harvesting and transporting for KPLC poles and firewood

MOE

March 2009

MOE should facilitate establishment of woodlots for domestic use within easy reach of every household

MOE

Commence January 2009

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Group 3: Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework in the tree sector Discussant: Dr George Wamukoya. Chairman Joe Kibe: Board Vice Chair and Treasurer, Africa Harvest The group outlined policy objectives as well as responsible persons for bringing about the needed change and timelines by which they should be achieved.

The key focus was on existing acts that are functional, several of which are conflicting and others that impede investment. In view of the above, the findings were summarized in Table 19.

Comments from the Plenary • Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has also been a key player in regulation; especially of treatment facilities, thus producers must also be in tandem with KEBS standards • The pricing aspect is unclear – KEFGA has been pushing for fixed pricing, while other farmers have been called upon to join the association and participate in the advocacy.

• KPLC and REA should get into contractual agreement with commercial farmers so that they will not move to synthetic or other forms of poles that will lead to abandonment of the commercially produced poles.

• Question of the way forward in power distribution poles production and the supply chain.

were done when the country was experiencing severe shortage but cannot be ruled out fully.

• Treatment facilities are also being rolled out closer to production points.

Responses by Dr. Florence Wambugu • The tree energy project is broad; the focus must be on the whole value chain not just the end product.

• Policy issues will be handled by the MOE; especially the interaction and even conflict of inter-Ministerial Policies and Acts.

• The private sector groups are accessing seedlings from TBPT, thus there needs to be clear assurance on farmgate prices.

• Africa Harvest community outreach targets dissemination of information on the whole value chain as well as certification and quality assurance.

• Africa Harvest Forest Officers were also introduced as coming from areas close to producers; with their wealth of experience they could be contacted by producers.

• Removal of barriers and bottlenecks in the private sector, to help in uptake of the production.

• Mr Benson Kanyi and Paul Muchemi were introduced to the panel as authentic clone producers and were requested to take the services closer to the farmers.

Responses by REA representative • Synthetic poles can only be used in places with severe water logging such as Budalangi; the imports

Plenary session 37

SESSION IV Closing Session

Remarks by Hon Titus Mbathi, Chairman, KEEP Hon Titus Mbathi, the Chairman of KEEP commended the Ministry of Energy for working alongside stakeholders; which is key in successful implementation and success of the project.

He pointed out that in past years it was not possible for Kakuzi to get the necessary support in pole production due to lack of stakeholder support, which enhanced South Africa’s economy through pole imports to meet local demand in Kenya.

He expressed delight in the comments made earlier in marrying the rate of unemployment with the number of youths; which should be an impetus to create jobs for youths. This should result in the overall economic empowerment of the entire nation.

Vote of Thanks Mr K. Onyonyi; KPC (On behalf of George Okungu, MD KPC) Vote of thanks was passed to the following key players: • The Hon Minister Kiraitu Murungi for finding time to officially open the Conference.

• The Permanent Secretary MOE, P M Nyoike for harmonization of the entire Conference.

• KEEP and Africa Harvest for facilitating and co-funding the Conference.

• MOE for all facilitation in preparation of the Conference.

• All speakers who made presentations.

• All participants.

• Exhibitors • KICC for hospitality.

• Media for covering the event.

• Organizing committee especially Engineer Paul Ngatia of the MOE, Mr Mike Njuguna, Dr Rose Njeru and Mr Phillip Wamahiu of Africa Harvest.

38

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Closing Statement by Ps P.M. Nyoike On behalf of Assistant Minister Charles Keter All protocols observed.

Distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen, It gives me great pleasure to preside over the closing session of this Conference. I thank you all for finding time to attend this Conference and all the presenters for their contributions. Since the opening of this Conference this morning, various presentations covering critical issues that are pertinent to the commercialization of tree production have been made. All presentations were very informative and it is my hope that participants have gained a clearer understanding of the technical, economic, policy, legal and regulatory issues that will govern tree commercialization activities in particular; it is clear that there is need to forge collaborations among all players in the commercial tree growing sector as well as harmonization of the various sectoral laws that affect tree production as had been brought out clearly in the Conference. These include Forest Act 2005, Energy Act 2006, Agriculture Act, Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999, Water Act 2002 and physical planning Act among others.

In summary, the following issues were highlighted: • The capacity for cloning technology for mass production of seedlings is locally available.

• Opportunities for commercial production of trees for poles and other uses exist given the current and future supply deficits of power distribution poles.

• There have been commercial tree production initiatives by private individuals, some of whom are members of KEFGA. • There is sufficient land for commercial tree production in Kenya—an estimated 17 million acres .

• Youth is a resource that can be tapped into for the production and management of tree production in line with the MOYAS’ ‘Trees for Jobs Program .’

The following challenges also became apparent: I. Pricing of untreated poles.

II. Inadequate pole quality testing facilities as well as regional imbalance of those available.

III. No mechanization in pole handling operations.

IV. No associations necessary to give producers the bargaining power required V. The matching of available planting sites with the adaptable tree species.

Way forward From the earlier group discussions, specific recommendations were reached. I wish to assure the participants that the Ministry of Energy will study these recommendations with a view of taking appropriate action. It is now my pleasure to declare the Conference officially closed and wish everyone a safe journey to their respective destinations.

Closing session 39

Appendices APPENDIX I Program: 1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing KICC, 21 November 2008

40

Time

Activity

Responsibility

Session Chair

8.00–8.30 am

Arrival and Registration

Africa Harvest/MOE

DRE

8.30–9.00 am

Introduction & Objectives of the Workshop

PS Ministry of Energy

9.00–9.30 am

Key note address and Official opening

Hon. Kiraitu Murungi, Minister for Energy

9.30 – 9.50 am

Overview of commercial forestry with special reference to production of power distribution poles

Mr. Anthony Maina Deputy Director Forest Plantations & Enterprises - Kenya Forest Services

9.50–10.10 am

Role of research in production of quality power distribution poles

Dr. Paul Konuche, Director, KEFRl

10.10–10.30 am

Technology of producing high quality fast growing plantlets in relation to the Partnership between MOE & AHBFI

Dr Florence Wambugu, Africa Harvest

10.30–11.00 am

TEA BREAK

11.00–11.20 am

•

•

11.20–11.40 am

Demand, supply & contracting poles for Rural Electrification

Mr. Nganga Munyu - Rural Electrification Authority

11.40–12.00 am

Experiences of the National Tree Farmers Association in Commercial Tree production

Mrs. Bella Ocholla Wilson

12.00–12.20 pm

Cost Benefit Analysis of producing transmission poles

Prof. K. Senelwa, Moi University

12.20–12.40 pm

Mobilizing the youth in the production of transmission poles

Mr. Kinuthia Murugu, CBS

12.40–1.00 p.m.

Legal & Regulatory Framework of Commercial Tree Growing Tree Growing - I

Dr. George Wamukoya

1.00–1.20 p.m.

Legal & Regulatory Framework of Commercial Tree Growing Tree Growing - II

Mr. John Mathiu

1.20–2.20 p.m

LUNCH

2.20–3.20 p.m.

3.20–4.20 p.m.

Parallel Group Discussions Group Reports and Way forward

4.20–4.40 p.m.

TEA BREAK

4.40–4.50 p.m.

Vote of thanks

Mr. George Okungu, MD

4.50–5.20 p.m.

Closing session

Hon. Charles Keter, Assistant Minister

Current & future demand for power transmission poles Sourcing, supply ,grading and market of the transmission poles

Z. Ayieko, CEO, REA

Eng. Benson Mureithi Chief Manager, Supplies Stores & Transport KPLC KPLC

Group Chairmen Group Chairmen

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Eng. J. Njoroge, MD,KPLC

Paul G. Ngatia, SDS, Ministry of Energy

Patrick M. Nyoike, CBS Permanent Secretary

List of participants 41

Paul G Ngatia

Dr. Paul Konuche

Engineer Benson Muriithi

Ng'ang'a Munyu

Bella Ocholla Wilson

Prof. K. Senelwa

Dr. George Wamukoya

J.Muthomi Mathiu

T.K. Mbathi

Peter K Waweru

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Samuel K. Kibathi

Joseph G. Kibe

9

24

Daniel Kamanga

8

Benson M. Ndambu

Michael Njuguna

7

23

Dr Florence Wambugu

6

Nelly Soi

Hon S K Jirongo

5

22

PS Kinuthia Murugu

4

J. B. Mwaura

PS Patrick M Nyoike

3

21

Hon Asst. Min Charles Keter

2

Z. O Ayieko

Hon Min. Kiraitu Murungi

1

20

NAME

Kinale Sawmill

Kithito Group

Kimibei

Ministry of Energy

Rural Electrification Authority

Box 65, Kijabe

Box 73, Tulia

Box 1062 , Kericho

Box 30582, Nairobi

Nairobi

Box 8 - 20203, Nairobi

Box 47936 – 00100, Nairobi

Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited Kenya Forestry College

Box 42681

Box 45801, Nairobi

Box 3900, Eldoret

Box 64621 - 00620

Electricity Regulatory Commission

Wamukoya G. & Associates

Moi University

Kenya Forest Growers Association

Box 34855, Nairobi

Box 30099–00100, Nairobi

Kenya Power and Lighting Company Rural Electrification Authority

Box 20412 - 00200, Nairobi

Kenya Forest Research Institute

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 47739, Nairobi

Tree Biotechnology Programme Trust Ministry of Energy

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 73179, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

POSTAL ADDRESS

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Kenya Forest Growers Association

Ministry of Youth and Sports

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

ORGANIZATION

APPENDIX II: List of Participants

723419655

711392266

720558150

720285083

0722 611 932

-

722830276

0723-506840

0733 8104 415

722430883

722916288

0722 582 419

0722720298

0722763050

316732

0733 325 710

020 4441113/5/6

020 4441113/5/6

020 4441113/5/6

2221291

310112

310112

310112

310112

TELEPHONE

bakari@yahoo.co.ke

mbathi@kengen.co.ke

john.mathiu@erc.go.ke

gmulama@yahoo.com

ksenelwa@yahoo.co.uk

brightwath@africaonline.co.ke

nmungu@vea.co.ke

bmuriithi@kplc.co.ke

director@kefri.org

ngatia_pal@yahoo.com

joekibe@planfarm.com

dkamanga@africaharvest.org

mnjuguna@africaharvest.org

fwambugu@africaharvest.org

ps@energymin.go.ke

EMAIL

42

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Stephen G. Mburugu

Kinyua Kamau

John M. Omenge

C.O. Onyango

Donna Kathue Nyamu

Hindpal S. Jabbal

Benson Kanyi

Fredrick M. Karimi

John Njenga

J. M. Njuraita

B. W. Ndaka

M. Okwemba

S. Barasa

L. Atieno Hayombe

Jully K.T.I Ndegwa

Jesse Gichini

Boniface Kamiti

Eng. K. Mwirichia

Victoria Ndungu

Wangari Kiragu

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

NAME

Box 64159, Nairobi

Tree Biotechnology Programme Trust

Box 39475, Nairobi

Kenya Institute of Business Training

Africa Harvest

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 42681 – 00100, Nairobi

Electricity Regulatory Commission Africa Harvest

Box 79708 - 00200, Nairobi

Box 1432, Eldoret

Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Partnership of Kenya ECOPLANT Ltd

Box 49, Kionyo

Ruthumbi Abogette Network

Box 39475, Nairobi

Kenya Institute of Business Training

Maisha Bora

Box 35542, Nairobi

Box 36, Limuru

Box 30028, Nairobi

Dawar Ranch

Karirana estates Ltd

Ministry of Agriculture

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 42681 – 00100, Nairobi

Electricity Regulatory Commission

Ministry of Energy

Box 826 - Village Market

Box 737, Kitui

Box 30582, Nairobi

Sao Hill Industries

Ministry of Energy Kitui

Ministry of Energy

Box 364, Kiambu

Box 178, Maua

Kenya Tea Development Authority.

Ngorongo Tea

POSTAL ADDRESS

ORGANIZATION

733923688

733964640

2847200

722397577

723024827

721434931

721991854

721324953

722632322

723828659

722644014

722308783

203767700

wkiragu@ahbfi.or.ke

vndungu@ahbfi.or.ke

info@erc.go.ke

jessegichini@yahoo.com

bmusungus@yahoo.com

omozze@yahoo.com

bwndaka@yahoo.com

jnjuraita@karirana.co.ke

jnjenga726@yahoo.com

fkarimi@energy.go.ke

info@tre-biotech.com

hindpal.jabbal@erc.go.ke

donna.nyamu@yahoo.com

0207126907/6/8 / 0735851002

chrisalogo@yahoo.com

john.omenge@energy.go.ke

smburugu@k.t.d.atea.com

EMAIL

727720650

722843320

722524108

726394221

TELEPHONE

List of participants 43

Elijah J. N. Mwangi

Joseph W. Mutirithia

Margaret Gachinga

Gerald Kingori

Kennedy K. Masai

Arun Shah

W.O. Agwanda

Esther Nyawira Karoki

Nyamongo Nyabero

Dr Rose Njeru

Philip Wamahiu

Julia Kagunda

Eric Karembu

Shani Brar

Gichohi Ngatho

Growther Pepela

Dr. Gerd Henning Vogel

Dr. Balozi B. Kirongo

Killian Mwangudza

Prof John Ochora

Leah Nekesa

James Kiragu Kamanga

Sammy Chege Gichuhi

Ayub Khaed

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

NAME

Farmer

KAKUZI

Sotemi Business Centre

Box 156, Garissa

Box 24, Thika

Box 2922 - 00200, Nairobi

Box 55291 - 00200, Nairobi

Box 62000, Nairobi

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenya Forest Growers Association

Box 2238, Kisii

Box 1125, Eldoret

Ministry of Energy

Moi University

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 21672, Nairobi

Kenya Power and Lighting Company Decon C/o Ministry of Energy

Box 67545, Nairobi

Box 509 00606, Nairobi

Box 62024, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 642 - 00621, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 275, Nakuru

Box 297, Gilgil

Box 297, Gilgil

Box 297, Gilgil

Box 47430, Nairobi

Box 1800, Meru

Box 1777, KRT

Box 48400 - 00100, Nairobi

POSTAL ADDRESS

Green Belt movement

Kinale Sawmills / Muringa

Kenya Forest Growers Association

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Ministry of Energy

CABRO E. A. LTD

CABRO E. A. LTD

CABRO E. A. LTD

Genetic Technology Limited

Imenti Tea

Tree Growers

Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd

ORGANIZATION

721515006

721341352

721732691

726170156

722860934

721598132

733805799

720704959

722764169

721490829

722510563

722368938

020 4441113/5/6

723504363

726689922

723823051

721722720

721239804

722661809

720975731

722295304

721648561

722879082

722709039

TELEPHONE

liveforest@kakuzi.co.ke

sotemios@yahoo.com

nekesaleah@yahoo.com

jmemba@yahoo.com

kmwangudza@yahoo.com

balozibk@hotmail.com

h.vogel@decon.de

cpepela@kplc.co.ke

gichohingatho2yahoo.com

shanikinale@yahoo.com

juliewoods@gmail.com

pwamahiu@africaharvest.org

nnyamongoi@yahoo.com

cabroea@viagulf.cvom

cabroea@viagulf.cvom

kennedy.masai@yahoo.com

gtl@wananchi.com

mgachinga@imentiktdateas.com

EMAIL

44

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

RSR RAM

Nahashon K. Weru

Mary T. Muriu

Florence Chebet

John W Simiyu

A. N Kilwa

Justin G. Njuki

Nyaga Kamundi

Kennedy

Peter M.Okwany

Paul Muchoki

Phanuel Oballa

Aggrey Ndagala

Michael Kandie

Patrick Okao

Hon. L. J.Opore

Migwi N. Philip

David N.Kimani

Jonathan Owade

Moses Wambua

David N. Gatumo

Robert M. Mutua

Ben Wamunyumba

Ombisi Ekokwa Amos

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

NAME

Africa Harvest

Forestry Society of Kenya

Box 68, Nambale

Box 30512-00100, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30099, Nairobi

Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ministry of Energy

Box 30583, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 1882, Kitale

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 72192, Nairobi

Box 8825, Nairobi

Box 3303, Nakuru

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 20412-00200, Nairobi

Box 521-00621, Nairobi

Box 18684

Box 33298

Box 67970, Nairobi

Box 34390, Nairobi

Box 871-00618, Nairobi

Box 250, Gilgil

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Commercial farm

Ministry of Energy

Bonko Investment

C&H

Rosoga Inv Ltd

Ministry of Energy Mtwapa

Kenya Forest Research Institute

Aberdare Technologies Limited

Decon

Hamisi tea

Meru trees ltd

Self

Self

Gilgil Telecomunication Institute

Box 5115, Nairobi

Box 44412, Nairobi

Maendeleo ya Wanawake Organization Digo

Box 32, Mtwapa

Box 12, Elburgon

POSTAL ADDRESS

Ministry of Energy Mtwapa

Timsales

ORGANIZATION

0720 108 444

0722 892 692

310 912

320 1307

0735 831 913

0721 253 679

0721 115393

0721 873 540

0726 960 641

0722 616 242

0722 344 449

0722 469 301

0722 369 412

0721 294 194

0733 330 140

0720 982 401

0721 282 698

0721 232 509

0722 780

0724 805 283

0721 575 050

0721 784 738

0720 349327

733255539

TELEPHONE

………….

………….

……….

dgatumu@kplc.co.ke

……….

…………..

……….

migwip@energy.jo.ke

zjopore@yahoo.com

mkandie@magiemiuers.co.uk

indagala@yahoo.com

oballaphanuelo@yahoo.com

atl521@yahoo.com

pmokwany@yahoo.co.uk

………

nyagakamundi@wananchi.com

…….

ambrosekiwa@yahoo.co.uk

jowasisimiyu@yahoo.co

……..

mywo@mywokenya>org

nkweru@yahoo.com

snram@timsales.com

EMAIL

List of participants 45

Mulongo Geoffrey

Dickson V. Kisua

Prof Erick Koech

Nelson Manyeki

Michael Mburi

John Ombui

Ndungu Wakabi

Dr.Ann Kinyua

Yaqub Hussein

Lydia Njoki Mwangi

Nicholas Mwitiki

Rose Makena

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

Ruth Njoroge

J Kimathi Mburugu

100

116

Nicholas Dzombo

99

Walter Ogada

Jacob Katah

98

115

Lucy Waikulu

97

Mbae Mugiri

Pauline olali

96

114

Eng Isaac Kiva

95

Leah Nekesa

Faith Odongo

94

113

James K. Birgen

93

NAME

Kenya Forest Growers Association

Timsales Ltd

Kenya Forest Research Institute

Box 17618, Nairobi

Box 12, Eldoret

Box 20412-0020, Nairobi

55291, Nairobi

Box 64159, Nairobi

Tree Biotechnology programme Trust Tree Biotechnology programme Trust

Box 250, Gilgil

Box 12062, Nairobi

Box 15064

Box 48552, Nairobi

Gilgil Telcom

Digo Welfare

Pygron

Nyayo Tea Zones

1263-00515

20099, Nairobi

Kenya Power and Lighting Company Farmer

5480-00100

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 1125, Eldoret

Box 9050, Eldoret

P/Bag Sotik

Box 2280-00100, Nairobi

13679, NairobiI

Box 22, Nandi Hills

Box 22, Nandi/Hills

Box 48231-00100, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30582- 00100, Nairobi

Box 4900, Eldoret

POSTAL ADDRESS

Ministry of Energy

Moi University

Ministry of Energy Eldoret

Sotik Tea

Kenya Forest Growers Association

Self

Eastern Produce Kenya

Eastern Produce Kenya

Co-operative Bank

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Kipkaren YG

ORGANIZATION

0722 239979

0735 255117

0722 873675

0726 170156

0721 421 446

0727 354 136

0723 424 547

0729 240 536

0722 704 940

721348105

0722 903642

0729 294 874

0722 610114

0728 223 842

0733 816 419

0734 521 195

0722 8805 518

0722 797 208

0733 538 414

0720 328 548

0722 750 811

31012 ext 238

31011 ext 238

0727 56 72 31

TELEPHONE

zionforest@gmail.com

elburgon@timsalea.com

mbaemuchiri2002@yahoo.com

mkesalsal@yahoo.com

rireri@tree.biotech.com

nmwitiki@yahoo.com

………..

yaqudhussen@yahoo.com

dr.kinyua@teazones.co.ke

……..

jo-bui@kplc.co.ke

mikemburi@yahoo.com

mainamanyeki@yahoo.com

koech@forestry.go.ke

dkisoa@yahoo.co.uk

…….

kimallumbungu@yahoo.com

………..

jkatah@easternproduce.co.ke

ligokimurina@yahoo.com

polali@co-opbank.co.ke

isaac_iva@yahoo.com

fahamala@yahoo.com

……………….

EMAIL

46

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008

Anne Tek

H Mbingu

Mildred Menda

Pius Mutinda

Gerald Kimeu

Festus Murithii

Paul Mbuthi

140

142

143

144

145

146

David Kithinji

139

141

Eliud M Ruitha

Eng J M Muriuki

132

138

Fredrick Ochieng

131

Simon K Kage

Christopher Oguta

130

137

Paul Isika

129

Eng J Njoroge

Joash M.Nyachoti

128

136

Ronald Kazungu

127

Eng Kiremu Magambo

Esther Muimi

126

135

Amos Ngugi

125

Modesta Ali

Peter Bungu

124

Robert Muhia

Mrs Erector Opar

123

133

Mbage Ng'ang'a

122

134

Kesha Change

Daniel Ogwoge

Wilson K Chirchir

119

120

Maina Mwangi

118

121

Samuel Njane

117

NAME

Green GF

…………

Ministry of Energy

S.C.office

Sotik Tea Factory

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Ministry of Energy

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 111, Nairobi

Box 244, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 30583, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 67545-00200, Nairobi

Box 30099 – 00100, Nairobi

Managing Director, Kenya Power and Lighting Company Green Belt Movement

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 30214, Nairobi

Box 48322, Nairobi

Box 55968, Nairobi

Box 30583, Nairobi

Box 46, Keruka

Box 30583 Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Box 642 Nairobi

Box 75704-00200, Nairobi

Box 11699, Nairobi

Box 34303-00100, Nairobi

Box 34303-00100, Nairobi

Box 47122-00100, Nairobi

Box 30582, Nairobi

Ministry of Energy

Kenya Tea Development Authority.

Co-op Bank

KEFGA

Ministry of Energy

Health Matters

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Africa Harvest

Equity Bank

Muringa Holdings

Ministry of Youth and Sports

Ministry of Youth and Sports

Energy tribunal

Ministry of Energy

Box 172-20200, Nairobi

Box 67839 -00200

Kachabet Tea factory

20064, Nairobi

Nation Environmental Management Authority

POSTAL ADDRESS

Tea Board

ORGANIZATION

0722-894155

0726-403103

0727-598393

0722-550391

0720-738003

0710-201233

0723-651951

0720-565905

0720-363969

0721-258432

3201343

0722 306 276

0725 107 356

0722 514 620

0722 287 130

0726 1044 62

0729 817536

…….

0725 685 974

0722 256 917

0722 304 712

0722 674 546

0727 656874

0724 603 613

0722 374 947

0722- 617480

0715 493 170

0722 818 854

0735 158115

0724 396 222

TELEPHONE

paulmbuthi@yahoo.com

muchekefm@yahoo.com

kimeuge@yahoo.com

mungipke@yahoo.com

mildredmenda@yahoo.com

……………….

cheruto100@yahoo.com

davidmuriungi@yahoo.com

……………………….

Skage@greenbeltmovement.org

erencon@clubinternetk.com

rmuhia@ktda.com

mali@co-opbank.co.ke

………..

fredogam@yahoo.com

healthmatters@yahoo.com

………..

…………

rkmbura@yahoo.com

esthermuimi@equitybank.co.ke

muringa@wananchi.com

….

atienopar@yahoo.co.uk

mbage@wkn.co.ke

ogwoge@energy.go.ke

change@yahoo.com

wilsonchirchir@yahoo.com

mainamwangi200@yahoo.com

sjane@teaboard.or.ke

EMAIL

List of participants 47

Dorothy Wanjiru

Rachael Wachuka

Anthony Korir

Chris Nganga

Mumbo E

H.E. Kinyua

Robert M.Njeru

Mary Mateli

Pauline Iregi

Jacquline Mwangi

John Mburu

Peter Mungania

Phillip Waititu

Rosalia Omungo

Mercie Kosgei

Daisy Serem

Lolla Okello

Ben Makau

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

Peter Burugu

155

Terry Amaya

Berlin Nkatha

154

159

Simon Ngure

153

Jack Njuguna

Sarah Malusi

152

158

Justin G. Kogeu

151

Mwangi Njuru

John Ndambiri

150

Josephine Kilei

John Mungeu

149

156

Prof.James Kungu

148

157

Paul Kamani

147

NAME

Box 92, Bukura

Eagle Kenyatta International Conference Centre

TBN Family

Nairobi Star

Box 2330 – 00100, Nairobi

Box 49640, Nairobi

Box 30456 – 00100, Nairobi

Kenya Broadcasting Corporation Television

K24

…………

…………

Box 30583, Nairobi

Box 30583, Nairobi …

Box 30583, Nairobi ……

…………

Box 30736 – 00100, Nairobi

Box 14859, Nairobi

Box 30583, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 642-00621, Nairobi

Box 21449, Nairobi

Box34303, Nairobi

Box 521, Nairobi

Box 521, Nairobi

……..

Box 74441-00200, Nairobi

Kithongo Tea Factory

Kithongo Tea Factory

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Energy

Mark Meridian

TOTAL, Kenya

Self

Ministry of Energy

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Africa Harvest

Kamuchege Farmers

Ministry of Youth and Sports

Aberdare Technologies Limited

Aberdare Technologies Limited

KPRL

Kenya Electricity Generating Company Box 47936-00100, Nairobi

Ministry of Energy Bukura

Box 43844, Nairobi

Box 247, Gatundu

Kenya Tea Development Authority Theta Kenyatta University

POSTAL ADDRESS

ORGANIZATION

0720 489330

0722 781928

0720 239523

0724 528621

0720-277411

0710-514042

07126-952089

0725-363621

07227-23640

0722-967913

0723-901078

0733-940031

0722-510688

0722-858561

0735-232551

0722-621465

020 4441113/5/6

020 4441113/5/6

0722-420599

0726-688753

0722-358931

0724-557088

0727-656874

0727-656874

0723-709417

0726-633217

0733-754171

0723-666000

0733-871397

0722-740719

0722-727574

TELEPHONE

news@familykenya.com

lola.okulo@nairobistar.com

daisy.serem@k24.co.ke

merciekosa@yahoo.com

rayzaha@yahoo.com

…………….

…………….

…………….

jacqueshiksh@yahoo.com

polyiregi@yahoo.com

matelimbithe@yahoo.com

ecochallenge@total.co.ke

mumbo@publicworks.go.ke

………….

………….

………….

………….

tamaya@africaharvst.org

juniornjuguna@yahoo.com

………………

mwangi.njuru@ec.europa.eu

………….

………….

………….

sarahmalusi@yahoo.com

…………….

jndambiri@kengen.co.ke

……………………

kungu.james@ku.ac.ke

fum@theta.ktdateas.com

EMAIL

Acronyms and Abbreviations

48

AEZ

Agro Ecological Zones

AGRA

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa

AHBFI

Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International

ASAL

Arid and Semi Arid Lands

ATL

Aberdares Technology Limited

CBO

Community Based Organization

DEC

District Environment Committee

EMCA

Environmental Management and Coordination Act

ERC

Energy Regulatory Commission

FSK

Forest Society of Kenya

GTI

Gilgil Telecommunications Institute

HA

Hectares

ICT

Information Communication Technology

ISAA

International Service for the Aquisition of Agri Bio Tech Applications

KBC

Kenya Broadcasting Corporation.

KEBS

Kenya Bureau of Standards

KEEP

Kenya Energy Sector Environment and Social Responsibility Program

KEFGA

Kenya Forest Growers Association

KFMP

Kenya Forest Master Plan

KEFRI

Kenya Forest Research Institute

KFS

Kenya Forest Service

KEPHIS

Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services

KPC

Kenya Pipeline Corporation

KTBPT

Kenya Tree Biotechnology Program Trust

KPLC

Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MOA

Ministry of Agriculture

MOE

Ministry of Energy

MOYAS

Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

MYWO

Maendeleo ya Wanawake Organization

NEAP

National Environment Action Plan

NGO

Non Governmental Organization

NWPTC

National Wood Poles Technical Committee

REA

Rural Electrification Authority

TTI

Timber Treatment International

1st National Conference on Commercial Tree Growing, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2008