Against the Grain Vol. 33#3 June, 2021 by against-the-grain

c/o Katina Strauch Post Office Box 799 Sullivan’s Island, SC 29482

VOLUME 33, NUMBER 3

JUNE 2021 TM

“Linking Publishers, Vendors and Librarians”

ISSN: 1043-2094

A Deep Dive into Access Fees By Amy Pham (Database and eBooks Manager, SCELC) <amy@scelc.org>

ccess fees often comprise a small portion of a collections or materials budget, but represent a large, unspoken topic. As the COVID-19 pandemic affected budgets across campuses in 2020, libraries were asked to justify operating and materials expenses and had to make difficult decisions to cancel what they could, no matter how little the expense. As libraries closely scrutinized their costs, access fees came into question. It seemed like many libraries chose to cancel their access fees, opting to lose access to “perpetual” purchases. Often, these purchases were made many years ago and reflected low usage despite a large financial investment. Growing from what was originally an idea for a single article about access fees,

this issue of Against the Grain provides a deep dive into access fees: what they are, whether they are sustainable, and the tension between librarians and vendors on the topic. In the process, the authors touch on broader conversations about collection sustainability, with the access fee as a subject by proxy. In “Access Fees: Controlling the Snowball,” Lizzie Cope (Electronic Resources Access Librarian, University of Tennessee) and Elyssa M. Gould (Head, Acquisitions & Continuing Resources, University of Tennessee) address the unsustainably compounding nature of access fees at their institution and the philosophy they developed to reassess and negotiate the cost of access to purchased collections in the long-term.

If Rumors Were Horses

t’s summer and all seems hopeful! Much is happening in our space. Sullivan’s island SC is loaded with local people and tourists from everywhere enjoying the outdoors! We are planning the Charleston 2021 Conference November 1-5 in person as well as virtual! Hooha!

News Flash and Other Announcements The Charleston Conference is planning a very special “In Between” half day virtual mini-conference event in late July to explore important late-breaking developments that can’t wait till November for discussion! Expect to hear experts discussing topics like Clarivate/Proquest and the most recent stages of Covid-19 re-opening. Stay tuned.

Partially inspired by Cope and Gould’s original presentation at ER&L 2021, Alyssa Resnick (Head, Technical Services & Collection Development and Co-Associate Dean for Collections, University of Southern California) provides a detailed analysis of several different access fees paid by her institution in “A Glimpse of Access Fees at USC Libraries” and the approach she took with each while negotiating new fees. Gale and ProQuest provide candid profiles of their companies and the unseen investment behind their hosting fees and continuing service fees. Roger Strong (Vice President of Sales, Gale) continued on page 6

What To Look For In This Issue:

Registration for the 2021 Charleston Conference Vendor Showcase opened on June 14, 2021. We’ll have 148 in-person booths and Pathable (our virtual event platform) has several new features to offer our vendors. A “Talk Now” option will allow conference attendees to join a one-on-one video chat with an available booth representative. A l s o j u s t a d d e d fo r 2021, is “QR Code badge scanning.” You’re going to love it! Use this link to register online: https://charlestonconference.regfox. com/2021-charleston-vendor-showcase, but don’t delay, space is limited. continued on page 6

Optimizing Library Services....... 46 Obituary — Michael Moss.......... 53 Library Analytics: Shaping the Future....................................... 56 Back Talk.................................. 62 TOC for ATG Online Articles..... 20

Interviews Mehdi Khosrow-Pour................ 40 Simon Inger............................... 44

Profiles Encouraged People, Library and Company Profiles...................................... 58 Plus more...................... See inside

1043-2094(202106)33:3;1-X

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Against The Grain – ISSUE HIGHLIGHTS Against the Grain (ISSN: 1043-2094) (USPS: 012-618), Copyright 2020 by the name Against the Grain, LLC is published six times a year in February, April, June, September, November, and December/ January by Against the Grain, LLC. Business and Editorial Offices: PO Box 799, 1712 Thompson Ave., Sullivan’s Island, SC 29482. Accounting and Circulation Offices: same. Call (843-509-2848) to subscribe. Periodicals postage is paid at Charleston, SC. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Against the Grain, LLC, PO Box 799, Sullivan’s Island, SC 29482.

Editor:

Katina Strauch (Retired, College of Charleston)

Associate Editors:

Cris Ferguson (Murray State) Tom Gilson (Retired, College of Charleston) Matthew Ismail (Central Michigan University)

Research Editors:

Judy Luther (Informed Strategies)

Assistants to the Editor: Ileana Jacks Toni Nix (Just Right Group, LLC)

International Editor:

Rossana Morriello (Politecnico di Torino)

Contributing Editors:

Glenda Alvin (Tennessee State University) Deni Auclair (De Gruyter) Rick Anderson (Brigham Young University) Sever Bordeianu (U. of New Mexico) Todd Carpenter (NISO) Eleanor Cook (East Carolina University) Will Cross (NC State University) Anne Doherty (Choice) Michelle Flinchbaugh (U. of MD Baltimore County) Joyce Dixon-Fyle (DePauw University) Michael Gruenberg (Gruenberg Consulting, LLC) Chuck Hamaker (Retired, UNC, Charlotte) Bob Holley (Retired, Wayne State University) Donna Jacobs (MUSC) Ramune Kubilius (Northwestern University) Myer Kutz (Myer Kutz Associates, Inc.) Tom Leonhardt (Retired) Stacey Marien (American University) Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) Alayne Mundt (American University) Bob Nardini (ProQuest) Jim O’Donnell (Arizona State University) Ann Okerson (Center for Research Libraries) Anthony Paganelli (Western Kentucky University) Rita Ricketts (Blackwell’s) Jared Seay (College of Charleston) Corey Seeman (University of Michigan) Lindsay Wertman (IGI Global)

ATG Proofreader:

Caroline Goldsmith (Charleston Hub)

Graphics:

Bowles & Carver, Old English Cuts & Illustrations. Grafton, More Silhouettes. Ehmcke, Graphic Trade Symbols By German Designers.Grafton,Ready-to-Use Old-Fashioned Illustrations. The Chap Book Style.

Production & Ad Sales:

Toni Nix, Just Right Group, LLC., P.O. Box 412, Cottageville, SC 29435, phone: 843-835-8604 fax: 843-835-5892 <justwrite@lowcountry.com>

Advertising information:

Toni Nix, phone: 843-835-8604, fax: 843-835-5892 <justwrite@lowcountry.com>

Publisher:

A. Bruce Strauch

Send correspondence, press releases, etc., to: Katina Strauch, Editor, Against the Grain, LLC Post Office Box 799 Sullivan’s Island, SC 29482 cell: 843-509-2848 <kstrauch@comcast.net>

Against the Grain is indexed in Library Literature, LISA, Ingenta, and The Informed Librarian. Authors’ opinions are to be regarded as their own. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This issue was produced on an iMac using Microsoft Word, and Adobe CS6 Premium software under Mac OS X Mountain Lion. Against the Grain is copyright ©2021 by Katina Strauch

Against the Grain / June 2021

v.33 #3 June 2021 © Katina Strauch

ISSUES, NEWS, & GOINGS ON Rumors.............................................................................................................. 1 From Your Editor............................................................................................... 6 Letters to the Editor.......................................................................................... 6 Advertising Deadlines....................................................................................... 6 Table of Contents for Against the Grain Online Articles..................................20

FEATURES A Deep Dive into Access Fees............................................................................ 1 Access Fees: Controlling the Snowball.............................................................10 A Glimpse of Access Fees at University of Southern California Libraries.........12 4 Myths About Hosting & Access Fees — Busted!............................................15 Perpetual Archive Licenses and Continuing Service Fees: What They Mean and How They Work...............................................................................17 The Access Fee Dance — Covering the Cost of the Information Superhighway. Publisher, Vendor and Librarian Perspectives Converging?.............................18 Access Fees by Another Name..........................................................................21 Obituary — Michael Moss................................................................................53 Back Talk — Remember When?........................................................................62

REVIEWS Reader’s Roundup: Monographic Musings & Reference Reviews....................24 Booklover — A Journey: Time to Travel Again..................................................29

LEGAL ISSUES Legally Speaking — To Buy or To Rent? Does the Court have the Answer?.....30 Questions and Answers — Copyright Column..................................................33

PUBLISHING Bet You Missed It.............................................................................................. 8 And They Were There — Reports of Meetings..................................................35 Don’s Conference Notes...................................................................................37

ATG INTERVIEWS Mehdi Khosrow-Pour – President and Publisher, IGI Global............................40 Simon Inger – Consultant, Renew Consultants................................................44

BOOKSELLING AND VENDING Optimizing Library Services — How Libraries Can Encourage Diversity and Inclusivity Through e-Collections and Publisher Collaboration......................46 The Digital Toolbox — Audiobooks Pack a Punch in Academic Collections.....50 Biz of Digital — Now Streaming (with Restrictions): Migration of Audio/Video Content from CONTENTdm to Digital Commons.......................51

TECHNOLOGY & STANDARDS Let’s Get Technical — Plight of “On the Shelf”: Inventory in a Large Academic Library Collection............................................................................54 Library Analytics: Shaping the Future — COVID-19 One Year Later: Trends in Library Book Acquisitions................................................................56

PROFILES ENCOURAGED People, Company, and Library Profiles.............................................................58

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From Your (renovating) Editor:

Corey Seeman has reviews of many monographs. Don’t you just love his new reviewer rating system? Continuing with books, Donna is into time travel. There is much to ponder in Legally Speaking’s discussion of buy and rent language in digital content. There are several emerging business models. The awesome Q&A Copyright column is a must-read analysis of several court cases. Ramune Kubilius does her usual thorough job of covering virtual presentations during the 2020 Charleston Conference and Don Hawkins covers CIL, ER&L, and the virtual ACRL conferences. Our fabulous interviews are with Mehdi Khosrow-Pour and Simon Inger. Then, we have Optimizing Library Services which encourages diversity and inclusivity in e-collections and publishing. Digital Toolbox explores audiobooks in academic collections. Library analytics looks at trends in library book acquisition and Back Talk explores lessons we’ve learned this past year. Happy reading!

t’s been a challenging year, but it seems to be coming to a close. Whew! The house is full of grandkids having fun and screaming with delight! Mixed in with all sorts of construction workers in our upstairs. Fun and games! This is the June 2021 issue of ATG in the new format and I hope you all like it. Please, please, please let me hear your thoughts! Did I say please? The guest editor for this issue about “A deep dive into Access Fees” is the ebullient Amy Pham! Access fees are of special interest to us who are in charge of our acquisitions budgets. We have articles by Lizzie Cope and Elyssa M. Gould about controlling the snowballing cost of access fees; Alyssa G. Resnick has been renegotiating multi-year agreements; Roger Strong lists four myths about access fees; Susan Bokern tackles the evolving models of PALs (perpetual archive licenses) and CSFs (continuing service fees); Roger Press coordinates the access fee dance between and among publishers, vendors, and librarians. Amy Pham closes out the issue with a plea for us to think about access fees for a broader collection management conversation.

The electric sanding and loud hammering upstairs has started. Time to head out to the beach! Happy Summer! Yr. Ed.

Letters to the Editor

A Deep Dive into Access Fees continued from page 1

Send letters to <kstrauch@comcast.net>, phone 843-509-2848, or snail mail: Against the Grain, Post Office Box 799, Sullivan’s Island, SC 29482. You can also send a letter to the editor from the Charleston Hub at http://www.charleston-hub.com/contact-us/. Dear Caroline (and all): Thank you for reaching out, I am delighted to get your message. I have enjoyed reading Against the Grain for years, and my first professional library presentation was at the Charleston Library Conference. By all means, I would be delighted to be interviewed for your podcast, and am honored you asked!

demonstrates the benefits of their hosting fees in “4 Myths About Hosting & Access Fees — Busted!” Susan Bokern (Vice President, Product Management, ProQuest) covers the basics in “Perpetual Archive Licenses and Continuing Service Fees: What They Mean and How They Work.” Roger Press (Managing Director, Academic Rights Press) of MusicID and Intelex offers a compelling perspective on access fees and proposes new models for pricing in “The Access Fee Dance.” Finally, Amy Pham (Database and eBooks Manager, SCELC) asks us to rethink what we call access fees in “Access Fees by Another Name.” By opening a dialogue about access fees, we have a chance to call for transparency and an opportunity to rethink future collections management.

Let me know next steps, etc. With best wishes from Chicago, Greg Greg Eow (President, Center for Research, Chicago, IL 60637) <geow@crl.edu>

AGAINST THE GRAIN ADVERTISING DEADLINES VOLUME 33 — 2021-2022

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Against the Grain / June 2021

Rumors continued from page 1 Just learned that the delightful and charming Annette Thomas who we had invited to speak in Charleston at the 2021 Conference will leave the Guardian Media Group at the end of June. You’ll remember that Annette joined the parent company of the Guardian and Observer in March last year. And there’s more — according to the Daily Mail, Annette will leave the company with an expected £600k payoff. Recent reports hinted at tensions between her and editor Katharine Viner. It is believed that Ms. Thomas and Ms. Viner clashed over the chief executive’s attempts to bring in more revenue from the publication’s online audience. We are disappointed because we were looking forward to Annette’s taking charge. We are sure that she will land on her winged feet. In the meantime, Keith Underwood, the chief financial and operating officer, will lead GMG on an interim basis as acting chief executive. For the full story visit https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9669115/ continued on page 22

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Bet You Missed It — Press Clippings — In the News Carefully Selected by Your Crack Staff of News Sleuths Column Editor: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel, Emeritus) <bruce.strauch@gmail.com> Editor’s Note: Hey, are y’all reading this? If you know of an article that should be called to Against the Grain’s attention ... send an email to <kstrauch@comcast.net>. We’re listening! — KS

Taboo Name of Pie

Book Store Plug

It’s Kentucky Derby time, and along with the mint julep is the chocolate walnut pie to honor the race. Louisville Bakery Kern’s Kitchen owns the trademark on the pie and is notorious for suing anyone who strings together the words “Derby” and, well, you know, “Pie.” He has sued Bon Appetit, Nestlé Foods and the restaurant owned by Colonel Sander’s wife.

Culinary historian Jessica Harris takes a tour of Mississippi barbecue and gets in a plug for Square Books in downtown Oxford on the Square, hence the name. She has a personal library of 6,000 volumes but is always on the hunt for more.

Recently, the Sixth Circuit held a Louisville newspaper’s use of the forbidden phrase was not trademark infringement. It was “analogous to using ‘Derby’ to modify ‘horse,’ ‘hat,’ or ‘party.’”

In May, Netflix will launch Jessica’s four-part documentary on African-American food, High on the Hog.

See: Caroline Aiken Koster, “The Pie That Must Not Be Named,” The Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2021, p.A15.

Let’s Read Our Violent 19th Century Joanne B. Freeman, The Field of Blood (2018) (70 violent incidents in US capitol between 1830 and 1860s); Ted Widmer, Lincoln on the Verge (2020) (plots to kill Lincoln and disrupt electoral vote after election); (3) Daniel R. Biddle and Murray Dubin, Tasting Freedom (2010) (black voter murdered on way to Philadelphia polls in 1871); (4) T.J. Stiles, Jesse James (2002) (unreconstructed rebel and murderous outlaw); (5) William L. Riordan, Plunkett of Tammany Hall (1905) (making millions off “honest graft”). See: Jon Grinspan, “Five Best,” The Wall Street Journal, May 8-9, 2021, p.C8. Grinspan is the author of “The Age of Acrimony: How Americans Fought to Fix Their Democracy, 1865-1915.”

See: Jessica Harris, “Riding Shotgun,” Garden & Gun, June-July, 2021, p.108.

Message From the Land of Dinotopia James Gurney wrote and illustrated the wildly successful Dinotopia series, a marvelously magical world where dinosaurs and humans coexist. Gurney’s weblog “Gurney Journey”(Dec. 14, 2011) acknowledges his encouragement and support by acrossthe-Hudson neighbors Ian and Betty Ballantine. You of course know them as the paperback pioneers and founders of Bantam Books 1945 and then Ballantine Books in 1952. Ballantine had published Lord of the Rings and the beautifully illustrated Faeries. Ian once told James “There is no problem in the world that a book can’t solve.” Ian posed as Nallab, the third assistant librarian of Waterfall City. The head librarian is Enit which with Nallab spells Ballantine backwards. And in an ATG brush with the famous, a Strauch grandson George (age 6) is crazy about Dinotopia and wrote a fan letter to James Gurney. With incredible kindness, James sent George a postcard.

Dagny Dagny Janss Corcoran is so known in the art world that she has become a single-name entity. Her father was a real estate developer by day — Thousand Oaks, Idaho’s Sun Valley — and entertainer of artists of L.A.’s Cool School by night. Dagny founded the Culver City independent book store Art Catalogues. Her inventory has more than 10,000 titles of art catalogs — new, rare, and out-of-print. She calls herself an “art advisor for books” and builds bespoke libraries for an exclusive list of private collectors. She has been painted by David Hockney and her legs sculpted by Edward and Nancy Kienholz and mounted on the front of a Playboy pinball machine in a “feminist assemblage sculpture” (The Bronze Pinball Machine With Woman Affixed Also). Now, the Marian Goodman Gallery has posted her to Paris to their stand-alone bookstore Librairie Marian Goodman. See: Michael Slenske, “Next Chapter,” WSJ Magazine, May, 2021, p.64.

Against the Grain / June 2021

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Access Fees: Controlling the Snowball By Lizzie Cope (Electronic Resources Access Librarian, University of Tennessee) <cope@utk.edu> and Elyssa M. Gould (Head, Acquisitions & Continuing Resources, University of Tennessee) <egould1@utk.edu>

Background The University of Tennessee, Knoxville is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee System. UT Knoxville is an R1 doctoral granting public institution with about 30,000 students. There are three campus libraries: John C. Hodges Library, Devine Music Library, and Pendergrass Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Library, known collectively as UT Libraries.

A History of Access Fees Access fees. Hosting fees. Annual maintenance fees. No matter the name, these additional fees have historically been used by vendors to help cover a small percentage of the costs of hosting and maintaining the resources libraries purchase. A small percentage annually may not seem like a lot, but a compounding fee can quickly turn into a snowballing financial burden. At UT Libraries, our access fees had not been reviewed in over a decade resulting in miscommunication and sky-rocketing prices. Over the past few years we’ve managed to wrangle our access fees thanks to data, a new philosophy, and transparency. So what exactly is an access fee? It’s a fee charged by vendors to cover the costs of hosting and maintaining a purchased online resource. These fees are typically an annual fee that is a percentage of original cost. However, it may not always be called an access fee. We reviewed all of our invoices from 2020 and came up with a list of about fifteen equivalent terms used across our vendors. It’s important to note that none of our invoices detailed what the access fee was specifically paying for. To better understand when these terms started to be used, we plugged each equivalent term into three library specific indexing & abstracting databases: Library and Information Science Source (EBSCO), Library Information Science and Technology (EBSCO), and Library & Information Science Abstracts (ProQuest). Looking at the results, we can see a huge spike in use over the past 20 years. Most of the mentions from the past

10 years are press releases for new library resources detailing cost. This implies that access fees are an expected additional cost and are standard across the industry. See Image 1: Access Fee Mentions in Library Literature Review. Many of you may have guessed what coincided with the jump shown on the graph above: electronic resources. As libraries began to transition content from physical to electronic, costs also transitioned. For physical resources, maintenance costs resided with the library. With electronic content, the vendor or publisher is maintaining the resource, so there is an expectation for payment for this maintenance and continued access. Much of this maintenance is automated. Obviously, those maintenance costs are not equivalent. Maintenance of physical and maintenance of electronic is like comparing apples to smartphones. This process was all new for libraries and publishers and it wasn’t yet clear how costs would be determined. However, the overall expectation was that libraries would save significantly. This quote from Roger Schonfeld et al in 2004 perfectly captures the moment for libraries. There is uncertainty and a sense of foreboding: Other observers have noted their belief that the format yields “savings” to which they might like to lay claim. Some publishers appear to be making the case that savings resulting from the transition should somehow be returned to them in the form of rising prices. [...] Certainly, libraries should carefully consider the implications of re-allocations deriving from the format transition. It might be fair to say that our library was not planning for our future stagnant budget (or a pandemic for that matter), based on the fees we are dealing with today. Decisions made over 10 years ago have had lasting impacts on our collections budget.

Developing a Philosophy At UT Libraries, we had a moment in 2019 where one staff member realized that we were spending $75,000 on access fees with just one vendor. That struck us as an incredibly high amount, especially since we knew we had access fees with more vendors. This is how we started down the path of developing our own access fee philosophy — by looking at what happened historically at our library, and questioning it.

Image 1: Access Fee Mentions in Library Literature Review

10 Against the Grain / June 2021

Some of our basic questions were: where are we spending our money now? What are our current collection priorities? And then we moved onto the harder questions. First we looked to the past and realized we hadn’t had a budget increase in 10 years. With annual inflation costs averaging 6-8%, we knew that already depressed our budget. Looking into the future, we know that we will have another flat budget next fiscal year. Plus there are always new resources that we want to gain access to for our students and faculty. Ac-

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cess fees seemed like an area that we may be able to exert some control over. Our main issues with these fees were: • The annual increases; • Low use of some of our purchased resources; • Feeling like we were double-paying for platform maintenance when we had both subscriptions and access fees from purchased content on the same platform; • For older purchases, the access fee cost sometimes outpaced the original purchase price. With these concerns in mind, the philosophy we developed for access fees is two-fold. For new purchases, our philosophy is to not impact future years’ budgets via access fees. For existing access fees, our philosophy is to freeze, lower, or eliminate costs to alleviate pressure on our collection budget.

Strategies Pre Purchase Considering our philosophy for new purchases, our process for trialing new resources needed a refresh. Previously, trials were considered a time to review content and garner feedback from our patrons. While that still holds true, we now predominantly see trials as a time to communicate our expectations with vendors. During a trial of a new resource, we send the vendor a forty question form to complete. The form covers topics like MARC records, COUNTER stats, accessibility standards, and pricing options. During this time, we express our preference for no additional fees. This helps set the stage for price negotiation if we decide to pursue a purchase. Once all necessary information is gathered from the vendor, we compare one-time costs (plus fees) versus subscription costs. We use ten years as a standard marker for comparison. We are very transparent about this comparison with our vendors and discuss options. If the vendor is not interested in no fees, we ask for flat access fees to control future annual budgeting. Our vendors have responded positively to the form and our librarians appreciate having all of the necessary information to make an informed purchase decision.

Post Purchase Our strategies for aligning our existing access fees with our current priorities fall into two camps: actions we take when we have time but limited money, and actions we can take when we have both time and money. For that vendor where we had $75,000 in access fees, we realized that we were still being charged fees for collections that had ceased growing. By examining whether a collection was growing or complete, we were able to realize a savings of $25,000. This year, as we have been faced with another flat budget and the threat of potentially giving money back, we have turned to usage statistics and cost per use calculations. We’ve had several resources across multiple vendors where the use over the last three years does not warrant the cost of the access fee. We have presented this information to the vendor and requested a reduction in our fee. Sometimes they are able to grant a one-time reduction, which gives us another year to assess the resources; sometimes they are able to grant a permanent reduction; and sometimes we receive no reduction at all. But you don’t know until you try. Under the “you have both time and money” category, last fiscal year we had additional funds at the end of the year and were able to “buy out” access fees for one vendor. The amount we paid was about 10 years’ worth of access fees, but in return we were promised that we would never be charged an access fee again for those resources.

Against the Grain / June 2021

We also had a situation last fiscal year where we were pursuing a one-time purchase of a database from a vendor, and wrapped the access fees for our previous purchases from that vendor into the negotiation. In return for purchasing the new database, we were guaranteed that our access fees for our old purchases would be frozen at the same rate for three years.

Looking Ahead Our ideas for future improvements around the nebulous topic of “access fees” are largely about advocacy. We suggest that libraries: 1. Advocate for the inclusion of access fees in the original purchase price. We explain our flat budget situation to the vendor up-front and request that the purchase price include all future access fees. 2. Use open communication to determine our expectations for the purchase of a resource. This also follows the earlier point — state what works for us and our library up front. We also ask a lot of questions during the trial process, as discussed earlier, which helps the vendor set expectations for our negotiation. 3. Advocate for vendors to use a standardized vocabulary to describe access fees. This is something that hasn’t been tackled yet — but this would establish and normalize what is and could be charged in an access fee situation. There are many names under the “access fee” umbrella, and those various names make it difficult to compare what we are being charged for with what we are obtaining for that cost.

Conclusion The big things that we learned (or were reminded of) while developing our access fees philosophy are that libraries don’t own the content. If we still want to keep the content we previously paid for, we will likely need to maintain a cost of some sort. Our current philosophy may help us change this going forward, but for our older purchased content, this is the reality. We also learned that data is key in advocating for your library’s needs — having usage information handy as well as a basic understanding of the resource was important for negotiating effectively with vendors. Also, our experience over the last two years emphasized that it takes a lot of time to examine the data. Especially for tackling a large amount of data at once. We also learned that asking questions can lead to creative solutions. Basic questions such as “why is it this way” or “this is our goal, how can you help us get there” really opened up conversations. Over the last two years, UT Libraries has learned the importance of examining our access fees. It’s taken clear communication, transparency with our vendors, and trial & error to coalesce around an access fee philosophy that works for our library. With time, data, and creativity, we have a solid foundation for relieving pressure from our collections budget and controlling the access fee snowball.

References Schonfeld, R.C., King, D.W., Okerson, A., & Fenton, E.G. (2004). Library periodicals expenses: Comparison of non-subscription costs of print and electronic formats on a life-cycle basis. D-Lib Magazine, 10: 1. Retrieved from http://www.dlib. org/dlib/january04/schonfeld/01schonfeld.html.

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A Glimpse of Access Fees at University of Southern California (USC) Libraries By Alyssa G. Resnick (Head, Technical Services & Collection Development and Co-Associate Dean for Collections, University of Southern California) <alyssa.resnick@usc.edu>

started at the University of Southern California’s USC Libraries in April 2017 as the Head, Acquisitions & E-Resources and I am now the Head, Technical Services & Collection Development and Co-Associate Dean for Collections. For the bulk of my first two years, I spent time getting a basic understanding of our current subscriptions, learning terminology and access details related to academic resources and learning how to manage the budget. More recently, I have had to re-negotiate multi-year agreements that were first put in place before I arrived, and I have been paying greater attention to details related to long standing agreements or subscriptions. USC Libraries online resources are plentiful, and while I have added numerous new electronic resources, there is a large purchasing history from before 2017 and many of those come with ongoing annual fees. I have not done a comprehensive evaluation of the various fees that we currently pay, however they are often in the back of my mind for a variety of reasons. I view fees as problematic because they can be from vendors that we already spend with significantly, they can often appear to have no purpose and they can often be billed on individual invoices. I have been trying to reduce the overall number of invoices we process due to limited staff. I have generally been questioning fees when a new offer is presented to me or a multi-year agreement is up for renewal. There are many fees that I have not addressed yet, but we continue to pay. I recently attended the presentation at ER&L 2021, Access Fees: Strategies and Ideas for Controlling the Snowball, presented by Elyssa Gould and Lizzie Cope both from University of Tennessee, Knoxville and did not realize access fees were such a hot topic! This session and agreeing to write this article have now impressed upon me that I do need to analyze fees further. I am going to share a handful of examples of our fees that are mainly associated with perpetual purchases (or archive purchases), and I am not going to include the specific vendor that is affiliated with each one. I will share some calculated costs and percentages when I am able. However, in most cases I do not have a complete history of original purchase prices for perpetual licenses due to a variety of reasons and limited access to physical files during this time of work from home.

Vendor-A: One Time Hosting Fees One of the first examples of fees that I was introduced to comes from Vendor-A, and they use the term “hosting fees.” USC Libraries purchases all new primary source collections that Vendor-A produces each year with a significant discount. This was a longstanding arrangement that was made long before my arrival, and I continue with these purchases. The first new offer made to me also included a separate price for “one time hosting fees.” There was a separate hosting fee for each collection purchased. I do not remember questioning this, but I was told that in the past we had chosen the one-time option and not an annual hosting fee. Shortly after this purchase, I did discover that we had some annual ongoing invoices from Vendor-A for hosting fees. I was thoroughly confused since I thought we paid for the new collections and one-time hosting fees each year, so

12 Against the Grain / June 2021

I did not understand why we also had some on-going annual invoices. I then learned that prior to 2016, we had been paying the hosting fees on an annual basis because the vendor did not initially offer the one-time option. My electronic resources unit is relatively small compared to the size of our acquisitions budget so I was quickly realizing that the fewer invoices we receive, the more “On the surface, efficient we could be. Although I fees for future did not fully understand the value or purpose of the hosting fees, I did content seem know I wanted less invoices! I asked to be the most this vendor if we could pay off the justifiable reason hosting fees that were being billed annually. There were 64 collections for a fee and the being billed with annual hosting price should be fees that were purchased between easily associated 2006 and 2015. The vendor was with the quantity able to convert these to one-time and presented us with an invoice to of content added pay off these recurring fees. They annually and prepared a spreadsheet that showed should only the current one-time fee for each collection and subtracted how much last while new we had paid to date to come up with content is being the payoff price. This invoice was added.” for $38,000 and the individual pay off values ranged from $69 to $2658. The collections were purchased at different times over a 10-year period. I welcomed this option so that going forward we now only receive 2 invoices each year: 1 for the annual collections purchase and 1 for the one-time hosting fees. In this scenario, I have seen the value of the hosting fees. Over time, collections initially on an older platform have migrated to a newer platform, and new technologies have been integrated into the platform and are available across all collections. Prior to attending the ER&L session and agreeing to write this article, I did not pay attention to what the fees represented compared to the cost of the purchased collections. I looked at the cost of the purchases for the last 3 years (2018-2020) compared to the fees. The fees are 7.5% of the collection price. Is 7.5% a fair price? I am not sure I have the knowledge yet to answer that, but I do know I pay up to a 5% service charge on consortia subscriptions, so perhaps this is fair to cover the cost of hosting the collections and providing technology upgrades and enhancements on the platform. In this instance, not having on-going fees for these collections is a definite positive for my institution.

Vendor-B: Continuing Access Fees Prior to my arrival at USC, there was a 5-year comprehensive plan with Vendor-B that incorporated annual subscriptions and perpetual purchases. There were also several subscriptions and access fees that were not part of this comprehensive plan. I knew the plan was going to expire in 2019, so I did not address any issues related to fees until it was time to negotiate a new comprehensive plan. The goal of the new plan was to have all

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resources from Vendor-B in one plan so that we had access to the greatest number of resources for the best price and had the least invoices possible. During the course of these negotiations, I did want to address fees and attempt to make them all go away! As with any negotiation, there is compromise. Vendor-B detailed all of the “continuing access fees” that were currently being charged, and they totaled $139,000 for 79 prior perpetual purchases. Vendor-B then determined that 59 collections were “closed files,” and their associated fees of $52,000 would be removed from the proposal. My assumption is that these collections are now static and no new content is being added. When did they become closed? That is a level of detail I did not think to ask at the time but is something I will certainly start asking for ongoing fees with this vendor and others. This left 20 “open file” collections with “continuing service fees” that total $87,000. These fees range from $238 to $8,280 per collection per year with an average of $4,372. The fees were defined as: “Cost for annual collections with open files (files with content added and royalties being paid).” While I did not want these continuing service fees to continue, this was an extremely large plan that was being developed with various opportunities to negotiate, so I had to pick and choose what to push for. In the end, Vendor-B did agree that the continuing service fees will not increase over the course of the 5-year agreement. Other parts of the plan do have annual increases. The $87,000 of fees represents about 6% of the overall cost of the plan. In light of my newfound desire to analyze fees further, I will address these again when we negotiate a new plan. Overall, the terms of this agreement met my goals for the comprehensive plan, so I am comfortable with the final result.

Against the Grain / June 2021

3/31/2021 12:16:12 PM

Vendor-C: Capped Hosting Fees

Vendor-C is an example of a vendor that sets a cap or maximum for hosting fees, so there is some level of a “controlled snowball.” USC had purchased many perpetual collections prior to 2017, so by the time I made my first such purchase I was told there would be no hosting fees since we had reached our cap (or maximum). I did not ask if the cap was based on the number of collections or overall cost, but I worked with this vendor previously at a public library and had also reached a cap for no on-going fees, so I did not question it since I was familiar with their practice of capped fees. However, I eventually wanted to address the fees that we were paying annually for collections purchased prior to the cap. This came up when I was also trying to control how many invoices we received from this vendor. We had a variety of database subscriptions and also electronic standing orders. Often invoices would be for just 1 item and the hosting fees were all over the map — some were on a calendar year cycle, some fiscal year and some were random! While I worked with Vendor-C to minimize our invoices, I asked what could be done with the annual hosting fees. At the very least, I needed them to all be on the same billing cycle, but I really wanted them to either go away or somehow be reduced or modified. I mentioned Vendor-A to Vendor-C as an example of how hosting fees could be billed as a one-time option. The sales representative for Vendor-C did try to get that concept approved, but it was not accepted. The compromise was that the hosting fees for these 36 collections would not have an increase for 3 years. The current fees total $28,000 and range from $96 to $7,989 with an average of $796. The majority of these 36 collections have fees under $800 per year.

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One collection has a hosting fee of $7,989 a year. This collection was purchased in 2004 for $365,000 with an annual hosting fee of $5,000 that remained the same for the first 5 years. I do not have direct access to all of the past invoices to see the annual increase for this hosting fee, but based on some more recent fees I can determine there was most likely a 5% annual increase after the initial agreement. Based on this, I can estimate that we have paid ca. $111,000 over 18 years of fees, which is 30% of the original purchase price. If the current hosting price continues for another 10 years, we will have paid half of the original purchase price in fees. The freeze on these 36 fees will be in place until 2022, and at that time I will once again negotiate to have these fees either paid off, eliminated or somehow adjusted further. The positive outcome with Vendor-C is that new archive collections that we purchase do not have any hosting fees.

Vendor-D: Lowest fees The final example of access fees is from Vendor-D and has the lowest fees overall. We currently pay for access fees, archive fees or maintenance fees for 19 collections for a total of $12,700. The fees range from $73 to $1,190 with an average annual cost of $668. This vendor uses three terms to describe these fees, and I was told that access fees, archive fees and maintenance fees are interchangeable terms and “relate to the small ongoing yearly fees associated with an archive database purchase that covers access to our servers and ongoing platform enhancements.” Again, I do not have immediate access to the original purchase prices for these resources, but based on the total amount we currently spend with Vendor-D, these fees are equal to 3% of our overall subscriptions. For this example, I also have current usage stats and the usage on these 19 collections is relatively high. The cost per use ranges from $0.52 to $44 with an average of $6.00. I have not discussed these fees with the vendor, and their annual cost has remained static for a few years. With the new knowledge I have recently acquired, I will at the very least inquire whether these fees can be reduced, paid off or eliminated through another negotiation avenue.

Vendor-E and Vendor-F: Platform Fees I would also like to share two examples of another type of fee related to multidisciplinary and multiformat databases. The first example from Vendor-E has a line item in our current agreement for a “User License.” When I questioned what this was, it was explained that it is a platform fee — basically a fee that is charged on top of the subscription costs to have users utilize the platform. I did try to get this eliminated and the compromise was that there would be no increase for this fee with the 3-year agreement. The fee is $32,000, and based on the total amount we spend with Vendor-E for a variety of subscriptions, this user license/platform fee is 7.25%. I have not worked that closely with Vendor-E and there were other concessions made within this agreement, so I was satisfied overall. I may question this fee when the current agreement needs to be re-negotiated. In addition to this agreement, we do make other purchases from Vendor-E that do not include additional fees.

14 Against the Grain / June 2021

(Table 1: Summary of Fees) Another fee that we pay is called a Technology Fee, and that is from Vendor-F. This is also from a vendor that we have multiple agreements with for a wide variety of resources. This fee is $26,000 and just over 5% of the total $500,000 agreement. Again, this fee will have no increase in the current 3-year agreement and other concessions were made within this agreement that made this fee somewhat agreeable.

Conclusions I hope that this variety of examples of fees and what they represent sheds some light on what our vendors are charging. I know that the arrangements I have made have been temporary compromises, but I do now feel better prepared and empowered to discuss fees in the future during new negotiations. I will continue to analyze the fees we pay in comparison to the cost of the resource, question their purpose and longevity and be more attentive to these details. I am comfortable with suggesting alternatives to vendors and I can envision making suggestions to pay off existing annual fees or ask if a one-time fee can be charged with new purchases. However, I will also consider how much we already spend with the vendor. I will ask for details about why an additional fee is charged and ask if the fee is meant for future content or technology enhancements. On the surface, fees for future content seem to be the most justifiable reason for a fee and the price should be easily associated with the quantity of content added annually and should only last while new content is being added. Fees for enhanced technology are more difficult to justify because there is not always a one-to-one correlation between the fees and the platform development. Could there be even other options to suggest? For the vendor who already has a cap or maximum for hosting fees, should there then just be a flat fee for hosting? If a library has purchased x-collections then there could be an annual hosting fee of x-dollars. Perhaps a flat hosting fee would be more acceptable and therefore also predictable and can be easily made transparent to customers. The vendors should also have a commitment to how such a fee is used by sharing clear roadmaps and development plans for the hosted platform. I certainly now have a better understanding of the variety of fees that vendors are charging libraries, and I will continue to ask questions and be more mindful of how funds are being spent.

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4 Myths About Hosting & Access Fees — Busted! By Roger Strong (Vice President of Sales – Academic Libraries, Gale, a Cengage company) http://www.gale.com/

osting fees, which can also be known as access, platform or maintenance fees, are often attached to the purchase of a digital archive or eBook content. While the actual application of hosting fees can vary from publisher to publisher, in general, hosting fees support the regular maintenance and upkeep of digital content and the platform that hosts it. While hosting fees are essential for ensuring a positive user experience, they aren’t always clearly defined. To help libraries and other institutions better understand hosting and access fees, this article will bust four common myths.

What is a Hosting Fee? Hosting fees cover annual costs related to data storage, privacy and security, accessibility and improving user experience. Customers have the option to host the content locally, should they choose to do so. However, by paying the annual hosting fees, customers receive access to a vendor’s user interface and infrastructure, which removes local technical and storage challenges, fixed and ongoing cost challenges and benefits all users through enhancements provided by feedback from a broad and diverse base of users.

Myth #1: Hosting fees don’t benefit the end user. Operating systems, web servers, databases, languages and frameworks need to be kept up-to-date. By paying a hosting

Against the Grain / June 2021

fee, libraries don’t have to worry about making these updates on their own, and instead, can rely on a publisher to stay on top of important changes. Hosting fees help fund a variety of ongoing costs, including: • Accessibility: Digital content must keep up with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act1 and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines2 (WCAG) from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). As a part of this process, there are product updates and ongoing automated and manual testing components that need to be funded. • Data Privacy & Security: Regular updates are required to remain compliant with global data privacy standards, like GDPR3 and CCPA.4 In addition, steps must be taken to maintain the safety of user data. • Platform Enhancements: Frequent upgrades are essential to keep in line with web browser capabilities, new citation standards, mobile technology and ongoing maintenance to the servers supporting these resources. Staying on top of platform enhancements means that users don’t have to worry about outdated technologies, like the recently retired Adobe Flash.5 As another example, perpetual access6 databases often sit on platforms that must be migrated and adapted to meet changing integrated library systems and technology requirements.

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• Open Web/Discovery: Gale does not operate or maintain a discovery platform, so in order to maximize access to our content, there is a cost associated with sustaining partnerships to integrate archival collections and eBook content into discovery services. Examples include investments in creating metadata that can be optimized within discovery services like Google Scholar and establish LTI integration so that products can be used within learning management systems.

Myth #2: Hosting fees generate large amounts of revenue. In fact, hosting fees are typically a small part of a vendor’s recurring revenue. At Gale, less than 1% of a perpetual archive purchase is accounted for in annual hosting fee cost. When hosting fees aren’t clearly defined, it can be easy to assume that they are purely for profit. In its guide7 for purchasing digital archives, U.K. nonprofit Jisc recommends that publishers include clear and transparent information about the full cost of purchasing digital archive collections, including hosting fees – “While hosting we strongly agree with fees are typically this philosophy.

charged on an annual basis, there are options that vendors can take to provide additional flexibility for customers.”

Information regarding the usage of hosting fees should be readily available.

For Gale,8 hosting fees are crucial for maintaining quality user experiences, accessibility and website standards and enhancing platform capabilities. Ensuring quality and convenience for readers is essential, and an annual hosting fee enables us to make continuous updates to improve our platforms. In addition, Gale also uses hosting fees to pay for services such as PORTICO,9 which enables libraries who are PORTICO members to access content due to discontinuation or some other trigger event, should the need arise.

Myth #3: Paying ongoing hosting fees for perpetual access to archive or eBook platforms is not always a good investment. During lean budget years, libraries may consider cancelling hosting fees and either let content go dark or choose to host the content locally. It is often difficult to measure for a library unfamiliar with the development and digitization of a specific archive or platform the “lifetime cost” to maintain this resource, factoring in people hours, unknown technology costs and other budget priorities. Much like a cell phone service, the cost of using a digital archive or eBook content changes over time. A cell phone carrier might charge a fee that covers updates like the shift from 4G to 5G, or similar to Wi-Fi charges, upgrades are needed to maintain an expected level of service — hosting fees can be viewed in a similar way.

Myth #4: Hosting fees aren’t flexible. While hosting fees are typically charged on an annual basis, there are options that vendors can take to provide additional flexibility for customers. Some of these examples include pre-paying hosting fees, accommodating different billing options and moving individual hosting fees to one platform fee. One way that we help customers control their hosting fee cost is through a cap program. Through the Gale cap program, customers can avoid incurring hosting fee charges on new archive purchases if they’ve reached a designated cap level for their existing hosting fees.

Hosting fees are a necessary but often confusing cost that is essential for maintaining and sustaining eContent investments. As libraries continue to explore ways to bring to light their own digital special collections, hosting fees are necessary for funding important technology updates and ensuring that digital content is accessible, accurate and secure. Gale is passionate about building and delivering quality research, teaching and learning products to academic libraries, faculty and students. Hosting fees are essential for helping us achieve this mission.

Endnotes 1. h t t p s : / / w w w. s e c t i o n 5 0 8 . g o v / m a n a g e / l a w s - a n d policies?utm_source=agt&utm_medium=pr&utm_ campaign=got221613915 2. h t t p s : / / w w w.w 3 . o r g / WA I / s t a n d a r d s - g u i d e l i n e s / wcag/?utm_source=agt&utm_medium=pr&utm_ campaign=got221613915 3. h t t p s : / / g d p r - i n f o . e u / ? u t m _ s o u r c e = a g t & u t m _ medium=pr&utm_campaign=got221613915 4. https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa?utm_source=agt&utm_ medium=pr&utm_campaign=got221613915 5. https://www.forbes.com/sites/barrycollins/2020/06/22/ adobe-flash-cut-off-will-kill-millions-ofwebsites/?utm_source=agt&utm_medium=pr&utm_ campaign=got221613915 6. h t t p s : / / d o c s . l i b . p u r d u e . e d u / c g i / v i e w c o n t e n t . cgi?article=1344&context=charleston 7. https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/purchasing-digitalarchives?utm_source=agt&utm_medium=pr&utm_ campaign=got221613915 8. h t t p s : / / w w w. g a l e . c o m / ? u t m _ s o u r c e = a g t & u t m _ medium=pr&utm_campaign=got221613915 9. h t t p s : / / w w w . p o r t i c o . o r g / p u b l i s h e r s / gale/?utm_source=agt&utm_medium=pr&utm_ campaign=got221613915

Web browsers, citation standards, mobile technology and other devices are also constantly being updated. Hosting fees help fund these updates and ensure uninterrupted access to digital content.

16 Against the Grain / June 2021

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Perpetual Archive Licenses and Continuing Service Fees: What They Mean and How They Work By Susan Bokern (Vice President, Product Management, ProQuest) <Susan.Bokern@proquest.com>

he role of libraries is constantly evolving, and partners like ProQuest are evolving, too. We’re continuously making improvements to our platform, services and infrastructure to deliver the best experience to our customers for better teaching, learning, research, and library administration. In addition to our products, we’re also working to evolve our business models. Customers acquire ProQuest content through a variety of models that work best for their budgets — including subscription, perpetual archive license (PAL), access-to-own, and in some cases, one-time transactions. We periodically get questions about how these access models work, so today, we wanted to take this opportunity to explain the details behind PALs and continuing service fees (CSFs).

PALs and CSFs Customers use PALs to make one-time purchases that build their libraries’ owned collections. PALs are typically used for historical archival products (including ProQuest Congressional, House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Historical Newspapers, Recent Newspapers, Periodicals Archive Online, The Vogue Archive, Harper’s Bazaar, Women’s Wear Daily, Early English Books Online and Alexander Street’s primary sources products, among many others). ProQuest charges CSFs annually for most PAL purchases. We take these CSFs and invest them back into our products, platforms, and user experience to ensure they continue to grow, improve, and meet users’ needs. CSFs are charged by product and are determined by the size and the complexity of each product. Customers who purchase products on a frequent basis are not charged additional fees once they reach a certain threshold for “closed” (completed) content sets. For products that continue to grow — such as the Vogue Archive — the CSF covers new content added each year. For some historical newspapers, like the Chicago Tribune and The Washington Post, CSFs cover additional backfile ownership as well as ongoing content added each year. Our source providers are important to us and our relationship with them allows us to keep adding additional years of their content.

What Do CSFs Support? They support value-add improvements to product interfaces, search functionality, cross-searchability with other similar content, indexing, hosting, security, 24/7 access, and customer

Against the Grain / June 2021

support. They bolster the development of free MARC records, administrative console tools for librarians, and updated compliance with usage statistics like COUNTER and authentication standards such as Shibboleth and Athens, critical for remote online access. They support the maintenance and growth of a metadata repository used by the major discovery systems (Summon, Primo, OCLC and others). Long after the initial release of a product, we use CSFs to improve its user experience. For example, in 2019 and in 2020, we migrated Early European Books (EEB) and Early English Books Online (EEBO) from legacy platforms to the main ProQuest platform, forming Early Modern Books. We updated both products to a modern interface, and normalized indexing and author names to facilitate a combined search across both product lines. EEB subject classifications were assigned to all 146,000 EEBO titles so both products could be aligned and cross-searched. Author names, places of publications and document features across three centuries of content were normalized. Our objective was to make the content from the Early Modern period more discoverable, which offers even more possibilities for scholars to pursue groundbreaking research. CSFs contribute to these enhancements. If our customers had already purchased the products as a perpetual archive, they now benefit from the improvements.

What’s Next? We are currently completing migrating our Black Studies Center product just released in April with an improved user experience on the ProQuest platform, with more enhancements to come this fall. After that we will be migrating and improving The Gerritsen Collection, Patrologia Latina and Acta Sanctorum, all products used by our customers since their initial launch years ago. Again, CSFs will help support these enhancements.

Conclusion From everything we’ve learned from our longstanding relationships with libraries, there’s one thing that stands out: the need to evolve and improve is constant. Historical archives are a strategic asset for libraries; ensuring their safekeeping, improving access, and devising new ways to meet customer’s needs are all core to what we do. We know that libraries don’t have unlimited budgets, so when it comes to CSFs, we ensure that we invest them back into building better products and user experiences.

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The Access Fee Dance — Covering the Cost of the Information Superhighway. Publisher, Vendor and Librarian Perspectives Converging? By Roger Press (Managing Director, Academic Rights Press) <roger@academicrightspress.com>

The Publishing Transformation. Making “All Information” Available. We have lived in an electronic world for only a few short decades. Database technologies have brought information together in new formats and hyperlinked relationships. This exciting new world creates possibilities for the advancement of knowledge and enhancement of learning which we have only begun to discover. Published information has evolved way beyond simple words on a printed page. The infrastructure required to bring librarians electronic information is vastly more complex than the physical libraries many centuries old with parchment manuscripts and printed books on shelves.

The Access Fee Dance For many hundreds of years, librarians bought information on vellum (scrolls and books) and paper (print). These products deliver information for perpetual access by library patrons with no “access fees.” These items sit happily on the shelves century after century. The cost of the shelving and library infrastructure is not thought of as an access fee. But the physical library, cataloguing, shelving and reader amenities are required to make information available. Today in 2021, librarians purchase electronic information sometimes for a one off purchase fee. Mentally they do not wish to pay “access fees” after having purchased the information. We will think through answers to these questions: 1. Will Access Fees ever go away? 2. What should access fees include (pay for)? 3. What is the “true” cost of access fees?

Publishing Without the Concept of Access Fees Will a new publishing model emerge? This article proposes new models to untangle the complex costs of electronic publishing for large and growing repositories. It could be applied to journal databases, and STM databases. The proposal is an offer to customers of either subscriptions, or a perpetual license plus a modest annual data purchase. Both these include access fees without making it a separate line item. What is the real cost of access? Do librarians worry that access fees were set when networking, bandwidth and data storage was far more expensive? In that case, is it possible that access fees are a relic from the past? Are access fees being used by publishers for product development, feature enhancement and other items not related to access at all? Drum roll for cost accountants to step in, please. What is the real cost today of the “information superhighway” to get information to the library patron? We propose that subscriptions and annual data purchases cover all costs, without the need to separate out just “access,” or “hosting,” or “platform” fees.

18 Against the Grain / June 2021

New Approach to Access Fees A Combination of Subscription and Perpetual models for MusicID. At MusicID, we have a simple model offering both subscription and perpetual licenses. Perpetual license customers pay the annual data purchase which also covers access. Subscribers (like all subscription publications) cover the access fee in the cumulative subscription. Simple. There is not a category of customer who is not paying for new data each year. Access is included in the annual subscription or data purchase. Is this a model for other electronic publications? MusicID is a powerful digital humanities tool that gives academics, students and librarians access to the raw, source chart data they need to assess music’s cultural and historical impact, unfettered by the limitations imposed by published charts. Customers purchase new data through annual subscription or annual data purchase to ensure currency. MusicID is packed with visual and infographic tools that help illustrate findings that create impactful, informative presentations and reports. Mastery of data analysis and data storytelling are essential skills. New data storytelling insights by scholars make visible what could not be seen before. MusicID offers additional resources to compliment the data. A World Events link each year since the 1950s provides context. It includes Political events worldwide; all the Nobel Prizes; sports results from the Kentucky Derby to Wimbledon; Grammy Awards; Oscars; top film, music and book releases; and significant deaths. This additional information is enriched with outbound links to academic databases. These include publications of Wiley, Taylor and Francis and Cambridge University Press. This enhances research by effectively co-locating relevant information inside MusicID. We believe many electronic publications provide additional data each year, and could migrate customers to this model. And here’s an idea for perpetual licenses for ‘static’ content.

Placing Copyright Scholarly Databases in Context Co-location of additional resources with the paid resources. InteLex Corporation’s Past Masters series encompasses the largest collection of primary source full-text electronic editions in philosophy in the world. At Academic Rights Press (ARP), we license content for InteLex and distribute the databases in Europe as perpetual licenses. In the case of InteLex, the works of additional philosophy and related humanities authors are provided to customers without a charge, because they pay the access fee. The functionality of the InteLex platform is valuable to scholars. It saves significant research time, allowing new insights to be produced more easily. The InteLex “Past Masters Commons” includes an ever growing set of content related to the paid content, expanding scholarly utility of the platform. This growing body of complementary content makes access fees more palatable to librarians.

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DRIVING INNOVATION THROUGH ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

JOURNALS • CONFE RE NCE PROCE E DINGS • E BOOKS The ASME Digital Collection

Features of The ASME Digital Collection include:

ASME’s authoritative online reference for the

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Powerful search tools that retrieve content simultaneously from journals, conference proceedings, and eBooks

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Advanced filtering tools to refine search results by keywords, topics, journal citations, image captions, and date range

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Topic Collections for specific subject areas

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Online eBooks in full HTML

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Enhanced user experience (UX), providing simplified navigation and inline figures & tables

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Responsive web pages for better desktop and mobile experience

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mechanical engineering and related research communities. It provides unparalleled depth, breadth, and quality of peer-reviewed content: •

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Librarians have also asked us to put their logo on the databases we publish. This ensures their library patrons differentiate between free information on the general Internet and the validated curated information the librarian has purchased. Library patrons are learning that information has a cost.

Perpetual access tensions grow out of paywalls for content. Over a long period, paywalls were introduced in a meandering and complex series of experiments. Newspapers, magazines, recorded music and academic publishers experimented with many models. Access fees were originally an additional way for publishers to recoup. They are a highly attractive boost to the bottom line.

Marginal customer cost is zero? No. Publishers need to articulate the fact that access fees will not go away. Can access fees be thought of as local taxes, paying for the roads (the information superhighway)? Perhaps yes. There is a cost to data provision. As an example, Google does not create proprietary “content” it provides a platform to find and deliver third party IP and content. That is expensive. Alphabet’s (Google’s) investment in its Cloud infrastructure is billions more than any oil company spends on drilling and capital expenditure.1, 2 Publishers, like Google, face costs of delivering electronic information. Access fees for academic resources may shrink, but they’re not going away.

Summary MusicID offers annual subscriptions or perpetual annual data purchases to cover all costs. This avoids the need to break out access fees. With Past Masters Commons, publishers like InteLex selling perpetual licenses provide additional information resources to customers paying access fees. Now we are ready to offer a tentative answer to our three questions. 1. Will Access Fees ever go away? No. The information superhighway has a cost. 2. What should access fees include (pay for)? Data transport (not publishing costs which are priced in the resource cost). 3. What is the “true” cost of access fees? Access fees are costs of “serving” the database resource to customers. It is almost as if the dance is relaxing. Transporting data is the cost of the information superhighway. Access fees will always be a line item for accountants to grapple with at publishers, vendors and libraries. Models may emerge where perpetual licenses are supplemented by annual data purchases as at MusicID. This covers access fees without highlighting them as an accounting line item.

Endnotes

Open Access. Learning about costs. One benefit of the Open Access movement is that it forces scholars, writers, researchers and librarians to grapple with the costs of publishing. Scholars seeking grants to write a research paper must now include money to cover the OA requirements. These costs are an eye opener for many in our community.

1. BP spent 15.2 billion on capex in 2019. https://www. spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latestnews-headlines/oil-gas-companies-slash-2020-capex-bymore-than-37b-57758294 2. Alphabet spent 23.5 billion on capex in 2019. https://csimarket.com/stocks/single_growth_rates. php?code=GOOG&capx

Table of Contents for Against the Grain Online Articles on Charleston Hub — www.charleston-hub.com Don’s Conference Notes Ascending Into an Open Future: The 2021 Virtual ACRL Conference by Donald T. Hawkins — see https:// www.charleston-hub.com/2021/05/dons-conference-notesascending-into-an-open-future-the-2021-virtual-acrlconference/ The 2021 Computers in Libraries (CIL) Connect Conference by Donald T. Hawkins — see https://www. charleston-hub.com/2021/05/dons-conference-notes-the2021-computers-in-libraries-cil-connect-conference/ The 16th Electronic Resources & Libraries (ER&L) Conference by Donald T. Hawkins — see https://www. charleston-hub.com/2021/04/dons-conference-notes-the16th-electronic-resources-libraries-erl-conference/

20 Against the Grain / June 2021

Tribute to Dan Tonkery Remembered by Colleagues and Friends — see https:// www.charleston-hub.com/2021/04/tribute-to-dan-tonkeryremembered-by-colleagues-and-friends/

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Access Fees by Another Name By Amy Pham (Database and eBooks Manager, SCELC) <amy@scelc.org>

f the smallest part can represent the whole, then we should think about access fees as a proxy for a broader conversation about collection management. Are access fees sustainable as they currently exist? Can our libraries afford to continue paying what they are paying for access fees? Does it make sense for vendors to continue their current access fee pricing models? Now substitute “collections” for “access fee.” Are collections sustainable? Can our libraries afford to continue paying what they are paying for collections? Does it make sense for vendors to continue their current pricing models? On further consideration, access fees should be called something else. It is a misnomer to refer to access fees as a mechanism for access when they are being used as a mechanism for outsourced collection maintenance. If we rename access fees, it would be a start toward reframing the discussion around collections from “access” to “collection sustainability.”

What exactly are access fees? Initially, I thought this was clear cut: an access fee is any annual fee that is levied on a one-time purchase. This includes fees referred to by another name, in which case, all such fees can be colloquially referred to as “access” fees. Of the numerous librarians that I spoke with, either to interview for this issue or to casually poll, all agreed with this definition. Let’s chalk that up as consensus. However, there is a lack of consensus amongst vendors. In a survey to 92 vendors with 45 respondents, 22 vendors self-identified as a company/organization that has, at some point, levied an annual fee for a one-time purchase or perpetual access purchase. Of these 22 vendors, six call this annual fee an “access fee.” 14 vendors call an annual fee by various other names, including “hosting fee,” “platform fee,” and “maintenance fee.” At least two vendors label annual fees that follow one-time purchases by multiple names, including “access fee.”

fees because vendors seem to have a different understanding of what the fees go towards. If we look at access fees as a proxy for a conversation on collection management, what exactly are libraries paying for? Lawrence et al. (2001) calculated that the “total life cycle cost” of a single print monograph is $343.03, or 718% of the purchase cost, and concluded that “the purchase price of library media is a small fraction of the life cycle ownership costs of library collections” (p. 548). To maintain a collection beyond the initial purchase also requires “operating expenses” “wages and salaries,” “By outsourcing “building and facilities,” “building maintenance,” and “fixtures and the hosting of equipment” (p. 544). our collections, With electronic resources, venwe have lost cost dors have taken on the cost of transparency.” maintaining a purchased resource through its life cycle. From the aforementioned survey, when asked “what is the primary reason for charging an access fee?”, 14 out of 20 respondents cite hosting, platform, or maintenance costs and refer to the cost of equipment or IT expenses. Two vendors cite enhancements or additional features. Two vendors explain the annual fee they charge is an “annual update fee” or “additional annual content fee,” different from an access fee. One publisher uses their annual fee as a membership fee to fund their organization. One vendor answered, “We are a cloud tool. It is a subscription fee for access.” Hosting, platform, and maintenance costs sound like a means of providing access. Yet, by avoiding the label “access fee,” vendors seem to be implying they are providing a service beyond access. If we take into consideration the categories of maintenance costs as laid out by Lawrence et al., the life cycle costs of a library resource are extraordinary. It would be fair to say, in that case, vendors are providing a service beyond access. However, it’s not clear what part of the “life cycle” libraries are subsidizing through these access, hosting, or maintenance fees. By outsourcing the hosting of our collections, we have lost cost transparency. We don’t know exactly what we’re paying for or what services vendors are providing to maintain electronic content in perpetuity, and as a result, we lack the ability to weigh in on priorities influencing the ongoing maintenance of our collections.

(Figure 1) Of the 25 vendors that self-identified as not having ever levied an annual fee for a one-time purchase, at least one did levy what a librarian would colloquially call an “access” fee. Another vendor initially refused to answer the survey because they believed they no longer had any association with access fees despite continuing to charge legacy fees. In separate conversations with two different vendors, I was corrected on my use of “access fee” to refer to their annual fees. This is not to show vendors in a bad light, but to illustrate that vendors seem to have different names for access

Against the Grain / June 2021

The solution is not as simple as hosting purchased content on a library platform. As one vendor pointed out, “The customer can mount the data they have purchased on their own platform, with the security in place as described in the license agreement. They can choose to pay an access fee to access the data on our platform. Every customer prefers the access fee, which is lower cost than maintaining the data themselves.”

What’s the point of access fees? Should we be paying for them? The point of access fees is to maintain access to purchased content. If a library cancels an access fee, the content is typically made available by the publisher for a library to host on a different platform. Although, as previously stated, the cost to self-host may be prohibitive.

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If the cost to assert ownership may be prohibitive, then we need to ask if libraries actually own the content we purchase, and whether libraries should be investing money in “perpetual” ownership. If electronic content is important enough for us to purchase, we need to consider how to keep that content. How long is a perpetual purchase valuable? Can we calculate that in terms of length of time? If we could assess the future value of an electronic purchase, we could open a conversation about the value of its ongoing maintenance. A majority of the vendor survey respondents currently calculate access fees as a “flat rate based on FTE tier” or a “flat rate per product.” A few more calculate access fees based on a percentage of product cost or previously purchased content.

(Figure 3)

What should we call access fees? To start, we should ask for more transparency in the costs for hosting and maintenance. Some vendors have renamed access fees to “hosting fees” or “platform fees,” which could serve as suitable alternatives if the fees are reevaluated to reflect the actual cost of these components of access.

(Figure 2) What might it look like to price access fees according to the long-term value of a resource rather than a set market price? We could decrease access fees for depreciating value, for example, over a period x years. We could advocate for an existing model that provides a more customized approach to a collection, such as the “update fee” model, wherein a library may choose to pay annually for newly added or updated content. Or we could eliminate access fees entirely, rolling the cost of long-term access into the original cost of purchase instead. In a way, there are vendors who are already practicing an alternative model to the standard access fee. When asked “are there instances where an annual fee is waived?,” over half of respondents (12 out of 20) said yes: by purchasing new content, by purchasing over a certain amount, or by buying out the annual fee. Eight of the 12 respondents would also waive access fees on a case-by-case basis. For one company, the access fee is “always waived the first year.” For these vendors, the access fee seems to act as a tether to continue relationships with existing customers.

If the access fee is necessary as a shared cost to cover equipment or IT expenses, then the fee is really a tax or subsidy to maintain collections. If libraries are sharing collection responsibilities with publishers and vendors, then we need to assess who is financially responsible for what. If libraries are collectively paying what amounts to a tax, do the fees being collected cover or exceed the actual maintenance costs of the resource? As a tax, access fees would need to be reviewed as the total amount collected from all libraries to avoid “excessive taxation.” If we rethink purchased collections entirely, the access fee might be converted and accounted for elsewhere. There is no definitive answer, but as collections currently stand, we should consider what we want our collections to look like in ten years. Will content purchased now be valuable in the future? Will access be our primary objective, or do we want our collections to provide additional value beyond access?

References Lawrence, S., Connaway, L., & Brigham K. (2001). Life Cycle Costs of Library Collections: Creation of Effective Performance and Cost Metrics for Library Resources. College & Research Libraries, 62(6), 541-553. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.62.6.541

Rumors continued from page 6 Guardian-chief-executive-Annette-Thomas-quits-just-15-monthsjob-600-000-payoff.html and https://www.theguardian.com/ media/2021/jun/09/guardian-media-group-announces-departureof-chief-executive-annette-thomas. Just announced on June 9, 2021 — OverDrive, is acquiring Kanopy, a leading video streaming service for public and academic libraries. The acquisition of Kanopy will bring one of the industry’s most-acclaimed video catalogs (over 30,000 highly curated films) to the OverDrive platform to better serve public and academic libraries around the world. Kanopy is used by millions of students and library patrons and is available on all major web, mobile and TV platforms. Steven Potash is the founder and CEO of OverDrive. www.kanopy.com and www. overdrive.com.

22 Against the Grain / June 2021

Charleston Conference main director Beth Bernhardt’s Trivia nights during the virtual 2020 Charleston Conference were very popular. I’ll bet they will be back in 2021! The Charleston Post & Courier has recently begun running a trivia column for the past few months. And there’s another Charleston Conference Connection! Bryan Dillon from the Charleston County Public Library pens the P&C columns. Bryan used to work with me at the College of Charleston. Bryan’s father (now retired) is Robert T. Dillon, Jr. of the Biology Department of the College of Charleston and author of several monographs for Cambridge University Press about freshwater gastropods. It’s definitely a small world. Check it out at https://www.fwgna.org/dillonr/ and https://www.fwgna.org/publications/index.html. continued on page 45

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Reader’s Roundup: Monographic Musings & Reference Reviews Column Editor: Corey Seeman (Director, Kresge Library Services, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan; Cell Phone: 734-717-9734) <cseeman@umich.edu> Twitter @cseeman Column Editor’s Note: As I write this, late as usual, I am contemplating the end of the 2020-2021 academic year at the University of Michigan. Graduation was held virtually this past Friday and Saturday. The year was long, challenging and tiring. Though to be fair, it is not a situation that is unique to the Wolverines of Michigan — it was faced and faced again by schools and students and faculty and librarians from sea to shining sea. Who are we kidding, unless you are in Australia or New Zealand, it was really bad for you. At the close of the academic year, we have that strange experience when the year ends, but almost immediately, it starts up again. This Friday, the Ross School of Business welcomes new students in the Weekend MBA program. What is more special about this event is that we will have in-person orientation. So I will be at Ross, this week, talking with students about library services that we provide. The best part is that I will be able to be in the same room as they are. So it will come with the pressure that if I tell a funny story, I will know immediately if they thought it was humorous. I guess that is the upside of orientations over Zoom. Schools are bound an determined to make this Fall Term look more like what students have come to expect. Though it will not be exactly like 2019 and earlier, it will hopefully be more in-person and more interactive than Fall 2020. With that return of students to campus, we expect that the staff will return as well. This will also mean that the work normally done on campus will return. One of the elements that will return will be that time-honored tradition of receiving boxes of books to provide our students with a way for a deeper-dive into a subject. Like with students returning in bigger numbers this Fall, the same might be true for books. With the ability to select books again, I hope you find books here that will bring joy to the readers who take them from your shelves. I am very fortunate to have a great crew of reviewers for Against the Grain. I thank my reviewers Jessica Brangiel (Swathmore College), Janet Crum (University of Arizona), Mary Gilbertson (University of Arkansas), Jane Meland (Michigan State University), Michelle Shea (Texas A&M - Central Texas) and Katherine Swart (Calvin University). If you would like to be a reviewer for Against the Grain, please write me at <cseeman@umich.edu>. If you are a publisher and have a book you would like to see reviewed in a future column, please also write me directly. You can also find out more about the Reader’s Roundup here — https://sites.google.com/view/ squirrelman/atg-readers-roundup. Happy reading and be nutty! — CS

Allan, Barbara. The No-Nonsense Guide to Leadership, Management and Teamwork. London: Facet Publishing, 2019. 9781783303960, 245 pages. $81.99. Reviewed by Mary Gilbertson (Monographs Cataloging and Acquisitions Unit Head, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville, Arkansas) <mag@uark.edu> Author Barbara Allan is an author and trainer who has written numerous books on librarianship. Her works focused on business skills in libraries include: The No-Nonsense Guide to Training in Libraries, Project Management, and The No-Nonsense Guide to Project Management. Her background includes managing in the workplace and in academic libraries. This book offers a comprehensive guide to the practice of library management. It covers many of the basic topics needed to become a good manager such as strategic planning, managing finances and projects, and human resource management practices. It also includes some topics that are not as deeply covered by the existing literature. These topics include taking care of one’s self, work life-balance, and a “duty of care” for employees. Allan presents a useful explanation of the different leadership styles exhibited by library managers. It is worthwhile to more than just managers, but also useful to those wondering about the pressures and approaches of their manager. The inclusion of case studies is a practical and useful addition that adds a more functional aspect to this book rather than only writing about theory. It also includes advice for the solo librarian who works in a small library environment and the management practice of leading from the middle. The book stresses that managers be clear about their role, responsibilities, and boundaries and encouragement to be moral leaders. It discusses teamwork, even discussing working with virtual teams, volunteers, and crowdsourcing. It discusses process mapping, setting objectives, delegating tasks, and emergency preparedness. Managing change is also discussed. The author states that “The people side of change is vital and this includes managing stakeholders as well as supporting people through change.” Human resource management is covered from the recruitment management to the disciplinary actions and beyond. Money management is covered as a basic skill for library leaders and managers. Communication techniques are covered from briefings to email to social media. The book ends with a stress on lifelong learning including not only conference attendance but also mentoring. The introduction to and summaries of these chapters are useful. The bibliography is well-rounded and the index is useful. This book would be most suited for a new library manager or to someone who is interested in moving into a management role in libraries. ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this in my library. (I want to be able to get up from my desk and grab this book off the shelf, if it’s not checked out.)

24 Against the Grain / June 2021

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Bernier, Anthony. Transforming Young Adult Services, 2nd edition. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman. 2020. 978-0-83891774-9, 272 pages. $64.99 (ALA Member $58.49). Reviewed by Michelle Shea (Education Librarian, Texas A&M Central Texas) <m.shea@tamuct.edu> “Transforming Young Adult Services” advocates new methods for classifying and working with teens in libraries. Specifically, young adults are too often assessed with outdated psychological research, views are skewed toward middle-class sensibilities, and youthfulness is unfairly equated with inexperience. Rather, the authors argue that libraries should focus less on pre-conceived learning paths and more on youth as individuals who congregate because of interests and talents. This book provides a thought-provoking look at issues surrounding young adults, including terminology, rights, perspectives, and involvement in the library. In the first section on “betweenness,” researchers recommend scholarly works, practical articles, and programming that incorporate teenagers’ input, while also acknowledging the impact of media and diverse literature on identify formation. School and public libraries are uniquely tasked with serving teens as learners by inspiring conversations that transcend race and gender. The second section on intellectual freedom deals with the ways that librarians consciously or unconsciously limit teens’ exposure to texts, liberties, and opinions. Specifically, librarians’ views on reading formats have shifted over time, while new legal cases and federal laws have impacted funding, collection development, and privacy in relation to minors. Libraries can gain additional insight for program planning by visiting teens’ communities, understanding how government structures impact youth voices, and considering new ways to draw in underserved groups. The third section on “confronting conventions” deals with publishing trends, dynamic storytelling, and communicative strategies based on critical race theory. A fourth part on “emerging roles” explores how to connect with young adults who make decisions and change society, without relying heavily on historical models limited to youth development initiatives. Finally, the book concludes with a fifth set of chapters focusing on how young adults are equal members of the community, not just passive citizens or recipients of services. Editor Anthony Bernier writes the preface, introduction, final chapter, and conclusion. He is currently a professor in the School of Information for San Jose State University and has 15 years of experience as a public librarian. His courses often focus on youth services, including program evaluation and research methods, as informed by his professional efforts and his design of a teen-centered library in California. Additionally, he wrote articles for the Voice of Youth Advocates (VOYA) library journal for around a decade and a dissertation on public space usage in America. Fourteen other authors, primarily from universities, also contribute to this volume. Most have practical backgrounds, prior writing experience, and graduate degrees to back up their expertise on the topics of reading or young adults. The primary advantage of this book is its ability to make the reader evaluate their current practice, especially regarding teen participation, collection development, and programming options. For example, chapter 9 affirms that librarians must reassess their assumptions, including what settings are welcoming, whether diversity-focused programs are too broad, how information literacy can extend beyond research, and who benefits from existing social structures. Chapter 10 ties-in with

Against the Grain / June 2021

Guide to the ATG Reviewer Ratings The ATG Reviewer Rating is being included for each book reviewed. Corey came up with this rating to reflect our collaborative collections and resource sharing means and thinks it will help to classify the importance of these books. • I need this book on my nightstand. (This book is so good, that I want a copy close at hand when I am in bed.) • I need this on my desk. (This book is so valuable, that I want my own copy at my desk that I will share with no one.) • I need this in my library. (I want to be able to get up from my desk and grab this book off the shelf, if it’s not checked out.) • I need this available somewhere in my shared network. (I probably do not need this book, but it would be nice to get it within three to five days via my network catalog.) • I’ll use my money elsewhere. (Just not sure this is a useful book for my library or my network.)

real-world examples of youth-led initiatives that have made a difference in communities. One small critique is that the entries on literature, storytelling, and historical thoughts for and about teens are generally longer compared to the chapters on daily practice; however, this could be expected based on the premise of showing transformation in young adult librarianship over time. For most chapters, a common thread is the question of whether teens are being fully heard or understood in libraries. Current and future librarians from public, high school, and university settings will find this text to be informative and worth reading, particularly as a catalyst for change. ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this on my desk. (This book is so valuable, that I want my own copy at my desk that I will share with no one.)

Corsaro, Julie, and Kendal Spires (Eds.). Children’s Core Collection, 24th Edition. Ipswich, MA: H.W. Wilson, 2019. 9781642650235, 3,400 pages. $240.00. Reviewed by Katherine Swart (Collection Development Librarian, Hekman Library, Calvin University) <kswart20@calvin.edu> As its cover indicates, the single-volume Children’s Core Collection provides “collection development recommendations by librarians for librarians.” Containing over 15,000 preschool through grade 6 book recommendations, the volume was compiled by an editorial team of librarians led by Julie Corsaro and Kendal Spires, both Collection Development Librarians at NoveList/EBSCO. Originally published under the name Children’s Catalog, this book collection was originally created in 1909. Through its many editions, the book’s librarian editors have weeded outdated titles and curated a top-notch list of core children’s books for public, school, and academic libraries. The 24th edition has particular strengths in diversity, equity, and inclusion.

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Books are selected based on several factors, including critical consensus and diversity of viewpoints. Publication place is limited to the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom. There are no non-English language books represented, though bilingual books do appear. And while there is a separate volume dedicated to graphic novels, Children’s Core Collection does include some graphic novels. The print volume correlates to a separately-priced EBSCO database with the same name. Enhanced database content includes full-length reviews, cover art, and Lexile scores. Divided into two parts, the book begins with the Classified Collection. Entries are in order of Dewey Decimal Classification number, starting with nonfiction and followed by “Easy Books” (picture books for preschool to grade 3), Fiction, and Story Collections. Under each class, books are arranged by author (except for biographies) and include basic bibliographic information, such as title, illustrator, publisher, publication date, number of pages, and price. Additionally, each entry includes the recommended grade level, ISBN, Library of Congress control number, and suggested subject headings. Following the bibliographic information, each book comes with a brief description, quote from a review source, and when applicable, a list of awards the book has received. Information about sequels, editions, and special features (e.g., contains bibliography) is also included. The second part of the book is an extensive author, title, and subject index. The main strength of this volume is as a collection development tool. Since entries are arranged by Dewey Decimal Classification, librarians can use the book as a selection guide for developing specific parts of their collections. Moreover, when students come to the library with interests in particular topics or genres, librarians can rely on the book to give solid recommendations based on grade level, subject, and author. About 3,200 entries have stars to represent “most highly recommended.” “The classification, subject indexing, annotations, and grade level designations” assist librarians with identifying curriculum support materials, such as books by Nikki Grimes or books featuring frogs. As a collection maintenance tool, the book aids in rebinding, replacing, and discarding decisions. And as a professional development tool, the book is an asset to academic programs in children’s literature and even contains recommendations for books about children’s librarianship. Even though it will become dated with time, this is sure to be a volume children’s librarians consult over and over — both for reference and selection. ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this in my library. (I want to be able to get up from my desk and grab this book off the shelf, if it’s not checked out.)

Emery, J., Stone, G., and McCracken, P. Techniques for Electronic Resource Management: Terms and the Transition to Open. Chicago: American Library Association, 2020. 10.15760/lib-01 9780838919040, 219 pages, $56.99 ($51.29 ALA Members). Reviewed by Jessica Brangiel (Electronic Resources Management Librarian Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA) <jbrangi1@swarthmore.edu> Techniques for Electronic Resources Management or TERMS was first conceived in 2008 by seasoned electronic resource professionals Jill Emery and Graham Stone with the help of crowdsourced feedback from the ERM community. TERMS provided

26 Against the Grain / June 2021

a framework for library workers who deal with the many steps involved in the lifecycle of electronic resources management. The ERM cycle, with credit to Oliver Pesche for originally developing this concept, includes the core areas of acquisition, access control, administration, support, evaluation and renewal. Providing guidance and best practices for moving through each step in the electronic resources life cycle, TERMS has proved invaluable to new and experienced library workers and the TERMS framework has become an important tool in library school instruction. Additionally, TERMS has helped provide guidance for job description development and performance assessment for library workers in the continually expanding fields of electronic resources management and scholarly communications. Emery and Stone have added Serials Solutions co-founder and Electronic Resources Librarian Peter McCracken to their team to develop the revised edition of Techniques for Electronic Resources Management: Terms and the Transition to Open. As with the first edition, TERMS are broken out into six major parts 1) Investigating new content for purchase and addition, 2) Acquiring new content, 3) Implementation and troubleshooting, 4) Ongoing evaluation and access and annual review, 5) Assessment and 6) Preservation and sustainability. Each topic is further broken down into a least six additional sections to provide specific best practices and workflows. In the revised guide more detail on the management of streaming media and eBooks (specifically the complicated acquisitions landscape for eBooks) is included whereas the initial TERMS focused mainly on databases and electronic journals. The authors recognize there is significant overlap between the work of professionals in electronic resources management and scholarly communications including the management of open access content. Many of the issues, such as license terms and negotiation strategies, cross over multiple areas of library work and thus the revised TERMS helpfully incorporate perspectives relevant to each of these areas. The reader will now find expanded guidelines for licensing and negotiation to include specific deal breakers and negotiation techniques helpful to both electronic resource management and scholarly communication professionals. This book is flexible in that it can be read cover to cover or used as a reference work where readers may skip to a section of interest to find specific tips and guidelines to address a particular problem or step of the electronic resources management lifecycle. Emery, Stone and McCracken state they have designed this book based on the Pareto Principle also known as the 80/20 rule (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle). In other words, it is often only 20% of all resources that take 80% of an electronic resources management professional’s time. However, any resource can fall into that problematic 20% at any time and thus the authors have structured each chapter to highlight workflows for basic resources, complex resources and open access resources. This is particularly helpful for those readers referring back to these guidelines as needed to hone in on their specific problem saving the time of the reader, hat tip to library visionary S.R. Ranganathan. Additionally, the authors have made their work open access in entirety further reducing any barriers to access. As a librarian who has worked with electronic resources for nearly twenty years, I would have been ecstatic to have had a guidebook like Techniques for Electronic Resources Management: Terms and the Transition to Open when I first started out in the field. Furthermore, reading it now as an experienced Electronic Resources Management Librarian, I still find it is useful and relevant and thus would recommend it to new and experienced library workers both those dealing with electronic resources on

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a daily basis and those who would like to learn more about this area of library management.

broad to summarize in a few pages — rather than focusing on the specifics of marketing a 3D printing service.

ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this on my desk. (This book is so valuable, that I want my own copy at my desk that I will share with no one.)

ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this available somewhere in my shared network. (I probably do not need this book, but it would be nice to get it within three to five days via my network catalog.)

Herron, Jennifer. 3D Printing in Medical Libraries: A Crash Course in Supporting Innovation in Health Care. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. 978-1-5381-2585-4. 180 pages. $110 (hardback), $55 (paper), $52 (eBook).

Defining Documents in American History: Capital Punishment. Hackensack: Salem Press, 2019. 9781642650365, 396 pages. $295.00.

Reviewed by Janet Crum (Director, Health Sciences Library, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ) <janetcrum@arizona.edu>

Reviewed by Jane Meland (Library Director, Michigan State College of Law, Schaefer Law Library, East Lansing) <jane.meland@law.msu.edu>

In early 2012, the DeLaMare Science and Engineering Library at the University of Nevada, Reno, created its 3D printing service, one of the first in the United States to be based in an academic library. Since then, these services, often bundled into makerspaces, have become nearly ubiquitous in many types of libraries, including medical libraries. Medical library clients use 3D printing to print anatomical models, prototypes of medical devices, and much more. 3D Printing in Medical Libraries can help library staff get up to speed with technologies and applications related to 3D printing, though due to some limitations, it should be used in combination with other information sources. Author Jennifer Herron established the 3D printing service at the Ruth Lilly Medical Library at Indiana University. In the introduction, she writes, “I’ve arranged this book to gradually explore 3D printing and then to provide support for building and developing the service through marketing and outreach” (xii). The book begins with necessary background information: an overview of 3D printing history and technology, legal issues related to 3D printing in medical libraries, and a substantive literature review. Subsequent chapters cover case studies of 3D printing services in medical libraries, finding 3D models, 3D printing from DICOM data, data management associated with a 3D printing service, and operational details such as policies, pricing, print failures, and editing and preparing 3D models for printing. The last few chapters discuss marketing and outreach, the maker movement, statements from health professionals on the value and impact of 3D printing services, and a list of recommended resources. Each chapter includes a list of references. The greatest strengths of the book are the case studies and, especially, the information on where to find various types of models. The practical information on day-to-day operations (cost, print time, troubleshooting) will also be helpful to anyone developing a 3D printing service in a library setting. The book does, however, have two notable weaknesses. First, assuming the book is intended to help librarians set up and maintain a 3D printing service, there are some significant gaps in coverage. Key topics given short shrift include software to take in and manage 3D print requests; receiving payment for requests; and staff training and expertise required to manage a 3D printing service. Information about these topics is typically mentioned briefly in the case studies, but readers would be better served by a more thorough, synthesized approach to presenting this information. The second significant weakness is the uneven quality of the chapters. The chapters on legal issues and data management read as though the text has been cobbled together from external sources with little editing to create a coherent narrative. The marketing chapter seems to provide a brief overview of library marketing in general — a topic far too

28 Against the Grain / June 2021

This two-volume set on capital punishment is a new addition to Salem Press’s expansive “Defining Documents in American History” series. The decision to add this topic to the series couldn’t be timelier. In the last six months of 2020 the capital punishment debate returned to the public spotlight with the Trump Administration in the United States deciding to accelerate federal executions. During that short period of time 13 death row inmates were executed, exceeding the number executed during the previous 60 years combined. While controversy surrounding the death penalty continues, the debate is nothing new. It’s been a part of our society since colonial times when capital punishment was meted out as a penalty for a wide variety of offenses, including idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy and more. Over time, American society’s standards of decency have evolved and courts and legislatures have responded by limiting the use and administration of capital punishment. The evolution of capital punishment policy in the U.S. is complex and the scope of death penalty literature is extensive and multifaceted. In this new addition to the “Defining Documents in American History” series, the editors have taken this expansive topic and distilled it into four main categories: constitutional questions, mental capacity & age, race, and methods of execution. Each category brings together source documents supported by explanatory essays. The essays are written by scholars of history, humanities, and other disciplines, and include an “Additional Reading” section for further research. The selected source documents provide a broad understanding of capital punishment’s development throughout our country’s history. Emphasis is placed on U.S. Supreme Court rulings, which makes sense given that these court opinions set the framework for our nation’s approach to capital punishment; however, the editors have taken care to balance the solemn court rulings with sources representing a variety of perspectives. Some of the noteworthy sources included are historical documents that influenced the drafters of the United States Constitution, poignant essays published by advocacy groups, statistical data on lynchings in the U.S from 1889-1918, and newspaper accounts of the notorious “Damsel of Death,” Aileen Wournos (an American serial killer who was executed in 2002 after killing seven men in Florida). Additionally, the section on execution methods includes statements from the American Nurses Association and drug manufacturers highlighting the ethical issues associated with carrying out executions. While most of the source documents include detailed references to attribution information, I was a bit surprised by the absence of citations for the court rulings. Even for abridged continued on page 29

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Booklover — A Journey: Time to Travel Again Column Editor: Donna Jacobs (Retired, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425) <donna.jacobs55@gmail.com>

fter more than a year of travel lockdown, who wouldn’t be intrigued with a title The Journey to the East? It is not a big leap to learn that the journey is not only on a geographic road but also a spiritual road. And throw in a little time travel as well. Both are fitting for the aftermath of pandemic induced isolation. Hermann Hesse was awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style.” He penned The Journey to the East prior to receiving the Nobel recognition and this novella is described as a study for the 1943 larger work entitled The Glass Bead Game, his last major work. A little exploration into Hesse’s life reveals that his family most obviously influenced his spiritual exploration. His mother was born at a mission in India. Both parents served with a missionary society in India. His father worked for a publishing company specializing in theological texts among other literary works. Swabian Pietism was a major influence in the Hesse home. Hesse’s grandfather, Hermann Gundent, instilled a wonder for reading that opened Hesse’s eyes to the world. As many do though, he rebelled against these influences, leaving the Evangelical Theological Seminary of Maulbroon Abbey where he fled to a field and began a “journey” of alternate behavior, even attempting suicide. But then he found work in a bookshop, developing relationships with books instead of friends. This lead to continued immersion and exposure to a grand variety of works. Poetry was his first medium with publication, good reviews and financial stability from writing soon following.

Now for a journey, written in a first person narrative. This tale describes a League of creative individuals who travel in both space and time in search of truth that can be divined from the masters. The story opens: “It was my destiny to join in a great experience. Having had the good fortune to belong to the League, I was permitted to be a participant in a unique journey. What wonder it had at the time! How radiant and comet-like it seemed, and how quickly it has been forgotten “If time travel and allowed to fall into disrespute is possible, (sic). For this reason, I have decided where are the to attempt a short description of this fabulous journey….” tourists from This member, who one might the future?” argue is Hesse himself, becomes — Stephen disillusioned with the League and makes the choice to leave. The disHawking, A tance created by his exit also provides Brief History the groundwork for the next level of Time of exploration and membership. And on we go with the journey of exploration, for truth, and ultimately back to oneself.

“For our goal was not only the East, or rather the East was not only a country and something geographical, but it was the home and youth of the soul, it was everywhere and nowhere, it was the union of all times.”

Reader’s Roundup continued from page 28 versions of the court opinions, I think it would be appropriate to include the citations, since these citations can be used as a starting point for additional research. However, it appears that this is an editorial decision that applies to the entire “Defining Documents” series, and for consistency sake, I understand why the citations have been omitted from the capital punishment volumes. Overall, this is a valuable resource for undergraduate and AP high school students seeking a historical overview of capital punishment in the U.S. Its organizational structure features topics that continue to spark controversy; and the combination of historical source documents and critical essays aid in

Against the Grain / June 2021

understanding the nuances of capital punishment. Further, the impressive lists of additional readings included with the critical essays provide an excellent springboard for further research. And finally, one practical feature of this resource is that it’s available electronically and in print, which is particularly important in this time of remote learning. ATG Reviewer Rating: I need this available somewhere in my shared network. (I probably do not need this book, but it would be nice to get it within three to five days via my network catalog.)

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LEGAL ISSUES Section Editors: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel, Emeritus) <bruce.strauch@gmail.com> Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) <jack.montgomery@wku.edu>

Legally Speaking — To Buy or To Rent? Does the Court have the Answer? Column Editor: Anthony Paganelli (Western Kentucky University) <Anthony.Paganelli@wku.edu>

magine, you purchase a rare signed Beatles album from Apple Records and a year later Paul McCartney arrives at your house and takes it from you, because the contract between McCartney and Apple Records expired. While this is an extreme example of a recent class action suit filed against Apple, Inc. on August 13, 2020 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California, the suit filed by David Andino claimed that he purchased digital content through various Apple platforms, which Apple eventually revoked access to the purchased digital content. The lawsuit noted that consumers have two options to either “rent” or “buy” digital content from the various platforms available that includes, computers, tablets, smartphones, or other electronic devices that can operate the “Apps” that provide the digital content. In general, the cost for renting a digital movie from Apple TV is approximately $5.99 according to the lawsuit. The terms for the rental allows the consumer 30 days to view the content. Once, the consumer begins to watch the content, the consumer has 48 hours to watch the content before the agreement is terminated. The lawsuit also explained the approximate cost to purchase a movie is $19.99, which the suit mentioned the ability for consumers to “buy” a television episode for $3.99 or entire television series for $29.99. These options to “buy” digital content also includes musical compositions from either one composition or an entire album at various costs. The class action compliant argues that the Apple option to “buy” is misleading, because Apple can revoke access to the content “at any time and for any reason.” The document provided examples of other instances where Apple revoked access to the content. In addition, the plaintiffs noted the major differences in prices regarding the “rent” and “buy” options. The suit claims that Apple made an excessive profit selling content at the “buy” price rather than the “rent” option, which consumers would have purchased at the cheaper price if they had known the digital content would later be revoked. Support for the argument included examples of previous instances where Apple revoked digital content from consumers, which was later reinstated following customer complaints in 2018. According to Archer (2018), Apple claims the agreement between Apple and the movie

30 Against the Grain / June 2021

companies allows the movie companies to withdraw digital content from iTunes. Based on this agreement, the Plaintiff claims that Apple knew that the digital content could not be purchased entirely, therefore Apple should not have provided the option to “buy.” Apple continued this business practice model knowing that the consumer could not actually own the digital content, because the movie company owns the content. Apple eventually changed the Terms of Sale to include the clause “no refund” following several complaints about revoked digital content, which Apple contended that the reason for revoked material was based on the region the consumer lived. For example, a person in Canada may have a different agreement based on the movie studio’s policy for the region, which Apple claimed as the reason for revoked digital content.

Apple’s Motion to Dismiss Based on the transaction options for either renting or buying digital content through Apple’s various platforms, the plaintiff claimed the business practice is unfair and deceptive, which Apple filed a motion to dismiss on December 16, 2020. According to Apple’s motion to dismiss, they claimed that the defendant “lacks Article III standing to assert the claims in the Complaint or to seek injunctive relief because he has not alleged any concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent injury,” “the plaintiff fails to state a claim because he does not plausibly allege that he purchased any good or service or suffered an injury as the result of any misrepresentation or omission by Apple, much less plead with the specificity required to assert these claims,” “The plaintiff’s claims for equitable relief must be dismissed because the plaintiff fails to allege that the legal remedy under CLRA (Consumers Legal Remedies Act) is inadequate,” and “The plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that Apple was unjustly enriched.” In regards to the first argument, the motion for dismissal claimed that the plaintiff had not purchased any digital content and therefore did not suffer any injuries. The defendants noted that the plaintiff relied on the Forbes article to determine the possibilities of losing purchased digital content, which also

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the defendant claimed the plaintiff never purchased any digital content and therefore was never mislead. Based on this motion, Apple has stated that they are not responsible for injuries since the defendant never provided documentation that he purchased any digital content.

such as movies, which the plaintiff in the lawsuit noted that the information provided in the purchase agreement was not for an actual exchange of ownership of the digital content, which appeared to be misleading for the consumer that clicks the option to “buy.”

Apple did comment on the Forbes article with the statement, “confirms that users can download purchased digital content to ‘maintain ownership’ of the content ‘in perpetuity,’ consistent with the Complaint’s preffered interpretation of the ‘Buy’ and ‘Purchased’ language on the iTunes Store.” They also added, “The allegations that users are deprived of their purchased digital content are based on an inapt analogy that fails to consider common sense and the everyday experience of buying digital content.”

Libraries and eBooks

Judge’s Order Following Apple’s motion to dismiss, Judge John A. Mendez denied Apples’ motion to dismiss on April 19, 2021. In the order, Judge Mendez noted that there was enough information for the case to move forward. The Judge noted that there is reason for misrepresentation by Apple regarding the options to either “buy” or “rent.” He stated, “Apple argues that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim because he mischaracterizes the ‘Buy’ and ‘Purchased’ language and views it in an unreasonable manner… Apple contends that ‘no reasonable consumer would believe that purchased content would remain on the iTunes platform indefinitely.’” The Judge also noted, “But in common usage, the term ‘buy’ means to acquire possession over something. Buy Definition, It seems plausible at least at the motion to dismiss stage, that reasonable consumers would expect their access couldn’t be revoked.” The order allowed Apple 20 days to reply to the Judge’s decision regarding the First Amended Complaint. The reply was extended to 60 days after Apple’s attorneys had trial commitment issues, which both parties had met and agreed to the extension. The Judge set the deadline for Apple’s reply for July 9th.

Other Issues As Masnick (2021) noted, the issue of removing digital content has been introduced into the court systems for several years that he called the “Schrodinger’s Download, which was the concept that the big companies in the music industry would refer to digital downloads as a sale or a license in varying ways depending on which benefitted them the most.” In other words, consumers could download a MP3 file that was considered a sale by the record companies, but a license if the consumer tried to sell the MP3, which meant that the consumer could not resell the MP3 file even though it was considered a sale. In addition, Masnick (2021) observed that a similar lawsuit was filed against Amazon three months prior to Apple’s lawsuit and is still ongoing. The Amazon lawsuit cited that Amazon offered consumers the option to purchase digital content,

32 Against the Grain / June 2021

While consumers enjoy the easy access to digital content, the issue is becoming clear that consumers are actually purchasing licensing agreements and not the actually digital content. This has been an issue between publishers and libraries for several years, as libraries contend with the “First Sale Doctrine” in providing their patrons with electronic resources, such as eBooks. The most recent legal issue between publishers and libraries is the case involving the Internet Archives during the Coronavirus Pandemic in 2020, as millions of students, teachers, and libraries scrambled to access electronic resources. Of course, prior to the publishers’ lawsuit against Internet Archive, providing access to digital content has been a challenge for both publishers and libraries. Through Digital Rights Management, publishers have the ability to prevent the resell or transfer of copyright of eBooks, which is a partial issue regarding the purchase of digital content. As libraries increase their spending on eBooks and other digital content, their purchases do not include complete transfer of ownership like a physical copy. This business model is similar to the current lawsuits of Apple and Amazon, which is becoming more apparent that libraries and consumers are not purchasing digital content, rather they are purchasing temporary licensing agreements.

References 20-1628 – Andino v. Apple, Inc. (2021). Document in context. Govinfo.gov. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/app/ details/USCOURTS-caed-2_20-cv-01628/USCOURTS-caed-2_20cv-01628-2/context. Archer, J. (2018). Apple is deleting bought films from iTunes accounts: And don’t expect a refund. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnarcher/2018/09/13/apple-isdeleting-bought-films-from-itunes-accounts-and-dont-expect-arefund/?sh=21b7a7185f74. David Avino v. Apple, Inc. (2020). casefilingsalert. Retrieved from Class Action http://casefilingsalert.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Apple-Video-Content.pdf. Gardner, E. (2021). Apple must face lawsuit for telling consumers they can “buy” movies, TV shows. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/ apple-must-face-lawsuit-for-telling-consumers-they-can-buymovies-tv-shows. Masnick, M. (2021). Judge lets false advertising case against Apple over “Buying” music you didn’t buy move forward. Newstex Blogs Techdirt. Retrieved from https://advance-lexis-com.libsrv. wku.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:62H C-RBC1-F03R-N147-00000-00&context=1516831.

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Questions & Answers — Copyright Column Column Editor: Will Cross (Director of the Open Knowledge Center and Head of Information Policy, NC State University Libraries) <wmcross@ncsu.edu> ORCID: 0000-0003-1287-1156 QUESTION: A media librarian asks, “What is the status of the recent Nirvana copyright lawsuit?” ANSWER: It turns out that there are not one but two ongoing copyright lawsuits involving the 90s grunge band Nirvana. In April of this year, it was reported that Nirvana was being sued for infringing on an illustration first published in a 1949 English language translation of Dante’s “Inferno.” In Bundy v. Nirvana LLC, the British descendant of the original artist claims that the popular image of the circles of Hell that has been featured on Nirvana’s merchandise for several decades was created and copyright belonged to her grandfather C.W. Scott-Giles. ScottGiles drew the illustration in 1949 to accompany an English translation of Dante’s “Inferno” by Dorothy L. Sayers. The case raises a host of deeply technical issues related to whether the work is protected by copyright in the United States. The illustration was first published in a book that did not include copyright notice as required under United States copyright law of the era. As a result, Nirvana argues that the work entered the public domain when published without notice under the 1909 Copyright Act. Bundy, however, is relying on a controversial Ninth Circuit case, Twin Books v. Walt Disney Co., which involved the novel “Bambi, a Life in the Woods,” first published in Germany in 1923

Against the Grain / June 2021

without copyright notice. She argues that the work is in fact unpublished under U.S. law and thus qualifies as an “unpublished foreign work” that does qualify for protection. In addition, she argues that even if the illustration had previously fallen into the U.S. public domain, its copyright has since been automatically restored pursuant to the Copyright Restoration Act. She also notes that Nirvana “routinely made false claims of ownership” by removing the title and Scott-Giles’ credit line from merchandise bearing the illustration and replacing them with a notice claiming that Nirvana itself controls copyright. As a result, Bundy raises a separate claim against Nirvana under Section 1202 of the Copyright Act, which prohibits the knowing falsification, removal or alteration of “content management information” (CMI) with the intent to conceal infringement. If your eyes are already starting to glaze over, it may be helpful to refer to one of the most often-used cheat sheets in copyright, Cornell’s “Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States” chart: https://copyright.cornell.edu/publicdomain. For more in-depth discussion of these very technical issues, I also recommend reading the thoughtful and engaging tour through the “7th Circle of Copyright Hell” from the always-enjoyable Copyright Lately Blog: https://copyrightlately.com/foreign-worksus-rights-the-7th-circle-of-copyright-hell/.

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In addition to Nirvana’s potential copyfraud when they placed copyright notice on works they did not own, a further irony exists. While Nirvana has been using this illustration for decades, Bundy claims that she was unaware of the use until Nirvana itself brought a lawsuit against another party for violating copyright. For several years, Nirvana has been involved in ongoing litigation with fashion designer Marc Jacobs over the iconic “Smiley Face” logo and “Happy Face” t-shirt. While the band has claimed — and filed copyright registration based on the assertion — that singer Kurt Cobain created the image, in November of 2020 Robert Fisher, a former employee of their label Geffen, filed suit claiming that he was the actual creator. While this dispute is unlikely to impact the ongoing litigation with Marc Jacobs — the existence of a retroactive assignment likely makes moot whether Fisher was acting on behalf of Geffen or Cobain acting on behalf of the band — it does raise interesting questions of law and of history. What is clear is that the lawsuit seems to have brought Nirvana’s copyright claims into the news and ultimately in front of Bundy, leaving them stranded in an infernal quagmire of litigation for their sins of copyfraud and aggressive, unwarranted legal threats. QUESTION: An art history professor writes, “What is happening with the recent case regarding Andy Warhol’s ‘Prince Series’?” ANSWER: In March, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals found that Andy Warhol’s use of celebrity photographer Lynn Goldsmith’s images of the rock star Prince was not permitted under fair use. Warhol’s “Prince Series” is an iconic example of pop art. In 2019 a New York federal court had ruled that it was protected by fair use, based in part on earlier cases such as Cariou v. Prince, which controversially found that appropriation artist Richard Prince had not violated Patrick Cariou’s copyright by altering photos from Cariou’s 2000 book, “Yes, Rasta,” for the 2008 series “Canal Zone.” Rejecting this analysis, the Second Circuit wrote that, despite those cases, “it does not follow, however, that any secondary work that adds a new aesthetic or new expression to its source material is necessarily transformative.” To be a transformative use, the court concluded, the new work must offer “something more than the imposition of another artist’s style on the primary work.” The Court also alluded to one of the more challenging aspects of fair use in this context: evaluating the artistic intention and quality of works that build on existing artistic materials. No court, Judge Gerard E. Lynch wrote, should “assume the role of art critic and seek to ascertain the intent behind or meaning of the works at issue.” Significantly, while the Second Circuit criticized the lower court for presuming to be an art critic, many scholars have suggested that Judge Lynch himself was doing exactly the same thing. In a recent op-ed at the website ArtNet, two copyright professors, Christopher Sprigman & Kal Raustiala, argue that “the Second Circuit’s ruling may be less about Warhol and more about [the idea] that judges have not yet learned the language that artists like Warhol are speaking.” They point directly to the recent Supreme Court decision in Google v Oracle (covered in depth in a previous Copyright Q&A column) holding that Google’s use of the code owned by Oracle was transformative.

34 Against the Grain / June 2021

At its heart, Sprigman and Raustiala contend, the core question being debated across these cases and addressed in the Supreme Court’s Oracle option, is whether transformative uses must add or alter elements of the existing work directly, as was done in previous cases where appropriations artists created collages or multiple existing works. While the Warhol piece simply “alters or recasts a single work with a new aesthetic,” they argue that the Supreme Court made it clear in Oracle that the issue is more complicated than the Second Circuit decision suggests and that the case should be reheard. The full op-ed is available here: https://news.artnet.com/opinion/andy-warholprince-series-op-ed-1962050. It will be interesting to see how courts apply the Oracle decision in non-technical contexts such as this one and whether the decision gives new life to fair use claims for Warhol’s piece. QUESTION: The director of an academic press asks, “What does the Biden administration’s COVID waiver pledge mean for copyright?” ANSWER: The Biden administration’s outspoken support for an IP waiver in the spring of 2021 was a bold and unexpected move to fight the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. Almost as soon as it was announced, however, pharmaceutical companies began to raise objections. In addition to economic concerns, many commenters suggested that simply opening up patents would be ineffective or even counterproductive. One common rhetorical device was to compare the waiver to sharing the recipe for a gourmet meal without sharing the underlying culinary expertise, as well as the facilities and raw materials needed to actually create the dish. Open advocates offered related warnings, but argued that a simple patent waiver was not ineffective, but simply insufficient. Instead, they argued that the waiver could be a powerful weapon against COVID-19 if read broadly to include copyright and other IP rights needed to fully support the “prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19.” As an example, they point to a series of legal threats for potentially infringing on intellectual property and copyright protections brought against engineers who produced 3D-printed spare parts for ventilators. Many of the largest rightsholder groups such as the MPA and RIAA also weighed in, sending numerous lobbyists to push back against the waiver and arguing against any interpretation that expanded access in almost any way. This was not surprising, given their long history of maximalist advocacy and enforcement at the expense of civil and human rights. Rightsholder organizations followed a similar script in the run-up to the Marrakesh Treaty (https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/marrakesh/), arguing to remove protections for deaf people and successfully removing accessibility protections for use of films. At this stage, the waiver is simply a statement of principles under debate. If accepted, drafting of the text will begin to define the specific parameters of the waiver. Even at this stage, however, it seems clear that, in order to be effective the waiver must include some guidance on copyright as it relates to open science and advanced research practices like text and data mining. Familiar battle lines are being drawn and this will be an issue to watch closely as the global research community continues to seek the tools needed to respond to a global pandemic and prepare for ongoing challenges to public health.

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And They Were There — Reports of Meetings 2020 Charleston Conference Column Editors: Ramune K. Kubilius (Galter Health Sciences Library & Learning Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine) <r-kubilius@northwestern.edu> and Sever Bordeianu (Head, Print Resources Section, University Libraries, MSC05 3020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; Phone: 505-277-2645; Fax: 505-277-9813) <sbordeia@unm.edu> Column Editor’s Note: Thanks to the Charleston Conference attendees who agreed to write brief reports that highlight and spotlight their 2020 Charleston Conference experience. Out of necessity, the conference moved from on-site to virtual, and all registrants were given the opportunity to view recordings, to re-visit sessions they saw “live,” or to visit sessions they missed. Without a doubt, with 173 total choices, there were more Charleston Conference sessions than there were volunteer reporters for Against the Grain, so the coverage is just a snapshot. For the 2020 conference, reporters were invited to share what drew them to various themes and sessions, or what they learned, rather than report on individual sessions as they’ve done for “And They Were There” reports in past years when conferences were on-site. There are many ways to learn more about the 2020 conference. Some presenters posted their slides and handouts in the online conference schedule. Please visit the conference site, https://www.charleston-hub.com/the-charleston-conference/, and link to selected videos, interviews, as well as to blog reports written by Charleston Conference blogger, Donald Hawkins, https://www.charleston-hub.com/category/blogs/chsconfnotes/. The 2020 Charleston Conference Proceedings will be published in 2021, in a new partnership with University of Michigan Press: https://www.press.umich.edu/. — RKK

KEYNOTES AND NEAPOLITAN SESSIONS Things I learned at four 2020 virtual Charleston Conference plenary sessions and one Neapolitan Reported by Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine) <r-kubilius@northwester.edu> When on-site, Charleston Conference keynote sessions are scheduled in non-conflicting timeslots, so all conference registrants can attend. They offer opportunities for each person to listen, think, absorb, and have personalized take-aways, and perhaps even pose a question at the mike. The 2020 virtual conference also offered additional benefits of the “chat” function (very lively even during the presentations), and opportunities for registrants to view recordings later, so no one needed to miss out. WEDNESDAY — Opening Keynote: Leading in a Age of Chaos and Change: Building a Community of Grace Without a doubt, the 2020 Charleston Conference was jump-started with the thought-provoking and timely plenary given by Earl Lewis. Attendees were invited to remember that in today’s world, each of us is asking how we can shape the world for the common good, and for that, we have to begin with an internal exam, but also — a “grace-filled community requires architects.” This session may have been the first time I heard the word “democrazy,” and it made perfect sense.

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Schedule: https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/QJhPmKK9PFp4nQPWG A report by conference blogger, Don Hawkins: https://www. charleston-hub.com/2020/11/opening-keynote-leading-in-a-ageof-chaos-and-change-building-a-community-of-grace/ THURSDAY — Do Librarians Matter and What Might Matter to Librarians? John Palfrey’s second morning keynote, among other things, complimented libraries and librarians, spotlighted a favorite decade old book, Henry Petroski’s “The Book on the Book Shelf,” and opined that the librarian’s role is not to guard data but to make discovery easier. Schedule: https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/RyMSEeK6iDwbJcg6d A report by conference blogger, Don Hawkins: https:// www.charleston-hub.com/2020/11/day-2-keynote-do-librariansmatter-and-what-might-matter-to-librarians/ FRIDAY — Keynote Panel: The Long Arm of the Law The “Long Arm of the Law” session, as always, was a learning experience where one could hear lawyers share their legal expertise, also bringing their academic, scholarly publishing, and/or librarian credentials to the table. The sessions summarize and analyze laws, orders, and rulings (also including the disclaimer about not dispensing legal advice). A reminder from moderator Ann Okerson was that the session’s focus is: “serious legal topics for information professionals,” and Nancy S. Kirkpatrick and Pamela Samuelson took over the 11th year baton in 2020. Kirkpatrick overviewed EO 13950 (Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping), characterizing it as challenging to current best practices with an added layer of complexity and confusion. Since coming out, it has been challenged by ALA and even the corporate sector. She ended by recapping a few other lawsuits re: academic pay-discrimination, COVID-19, the election, and good news, too. Samuelson tackled intellectual property law as it relates to controlled digital lending (covered not for the first time at the conference), reviewing what it is, providing Internet Archive as an example, spotlighting position statements, and overviewing the publisher’s lawsuit. The focus especially was on what has been pertinent to libraries in the remote access challenges of the pandemic era. The session began and ended with bittersweet memorials to the session’s long-time “regular” legal expert, the entertaining Bill Hannay (who passed away Aug. 11, 2020), and Kenny Rogers (who passed away March 20, 2020), whose song originally inspired the session title. Schedule: https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/hRinL54ACgtfbJQhh

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FRIDAY — Closing Session and Poll-a-Palooza This fast-paced last day session continues to be an entertaining and thought-provoking conference re-cap, and, with Poll-A-Palooza that was added in 2014, offering live “real time” audience feedback to various questions. About 848 attendees participated “live” in the 2020 virtual session that was primarily moderated by Sandy Avila and Athena Hoeppner. Input and feedback was provided by conference executive director, Leah Hinds, and conference founder, Katina Strauch, as well as by audience members in chat. Topics this year ranged from light-hearted topics: food, animals, reading materials, to conference and professional work-related, scholarly publishing world, opinions on conference sessions, big deals, OA, OER, preprints, and buzzwords (illustrated in word clouds). Calls to action came forth in light of recent events (esp. the pandemic and “Black Lives Matter”). Among hope for active changes. That we: take time to talk, do our collection assessment, and get standard outdated, often offensive, subject headings (such as those found in LCSH) officially updated. The conference theme “Quo Vadis? Where do we go from here” was appropriate for this session, but unfortunately, the virtual session came to an abrupt end before the final questions and discussions (due to automatic technology timing). Schedule: https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/CcWujFdj6xSrK9vw5 A report by conference blogger, Don Hawkins: https:// www.charleston-hub.com/2020/11/closing-session-and-poll-apalooza-2/ NEAPOLITAN — Using the Unbundling Power of Unsub Responsibly: Unveiling its Assumptions and Unpacking its Defaults Next in size after “everyone can attend” plenary sessions, Neapolitan sessions are named after the tricolor ice cream. Onsite, conference attendees need to choose one of 3 concurrently running sessions in a Neapolitan timeslot. 2020 virtual attendees had the luxury of eventually viewing all 6 Neapolitans that ran in the 2 sessions. Attendees were no doubt intrigued with this Wednesday Neapolitan session’s title. Akin to how lawyers helped “unpack” a complex legal world on Friday, the intrepid data-oriented trio of Michael Levine-Clark, John McDonald, and Jason Price did an “under the hood” examination of the still evolving tool, Unsub. They reported on tests of its capabilities to help libraries with statistics and expenses, as well as potential savings, in the context of big deal journal packages. A comment Jason Priem of Unsub posted in the session’s chat gave their effort a thumbs-up: “We’re a new product, and continuing to improve every month; y’all’s feedback really helps us with that... And as a nonprofit, we are very keen to build something that is really powerful and valuable for this community.” Expect more sessions on this tool in 2021, by these presenters or others. Schedule: https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/yPdFBbdqc3oLiNToG

CONFERENCE SESSIONS Five things I learned at the 2020 virtual Charleston Conference/My Five Big Takeaways from the 2020 virtual Charleston Conference Reported by Audra M. Deemer (DePaul University) <adeemer@depaul.edu>

it, how can we get our external stakeholders to do so? We’ve added new e-resources, set up numerous trials or temporary access, and more since March. How do we present these things in a meaningful way and when do we have the time to do it? I don’t have those answers yet, but “Communicating the Value of Our Work: ‘Beastly Breakfast’ Roundtable Discussion” was a good place to start. https://2020charlestonconference.pathable. co/meetings/virtual/bQvgojDqojuSFtxsx Big Deals probably aren’t that great of a deal for many. “Is it really a Big Deal? The importance of the local environment when evaluating large journal packages” was a useful session for anyone evaluating these large packages. Many of us are looking at the impact of these packages on our overall collection strategies and finding that they are less and less relevant now with our shrinking budgets and staff. They don’t allow for budget flexibility and thus they are becoming unsustainable. https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/meetings/virtual/ bXiEPwupQ7HgH9joc Engagement with Controlled Digital Lending is important, not just during a pandemic. When the pandemic ends, many users will continue to be at least part-time digital users, while many have always relied on digital access for various reasons. During the “Keynote Panel: The Long Arm of the Law,” part of the discussion focused on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) as fair use as this would allow libraries to lend digital copies of books from print versions in their collections. This session is a timely introduction to CDL and risk mitigation strategies. https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/meetings/virtual/ hRinL54ACgtfbJQhh The financial impacts of this pandemic will endure. We have been forced to solve problems on the fly and we need to hold onto this creative mindset. Libraries are going to face reductions in the ability to license and purchase content. We should consider ways to participate in shared collection building, resource sharing, CDL, and whole ebook ILL. “Rebuilding the Plane Mid-Flight: Academic Libraries responding to crisis” provided a discussion on how several libraries developed strategies and are planning for the future. https://2020charlestonconference. pathable.co/meetings/virtual/AdN8khgnJsKqtsic6 Doing things remotely will continue. Work and conferences will eventually return to in-person, but some aspects will continue online. Online sessions (and recordings) allow for more people to attend. With our vendors, when you can meet in person, will you want to? Is it necessary? A session that considered these questions was “Are face-to-face sales interactions gone for good?” For some, the preference may be to keep these online unless there is a true need, helping to free up time for our many other concerns. https://2020charlestonconference.pathable.co/ meetings/virtual/fBfjcaDcoomcicrT6. That’s all the reports we have room for in this issue. Watch for more reports from the 2020 Charleston Conference in upcoming print issues of Against the Grain. Presentation materials (PowerPoint slides, handouts, etc.) and recordings of most sessions are available to Conference Attendees on the Charleston Conference event site at https://2020charlestonconference. pathable.co/. Or visit the Charleston Hub at https://www. charleston-hub.com/the-charleston-conference/. — KS

We need to communicate our value. We must showcase our work because if our colleagues don’t understand or value

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Don’s Conference Notes Column Editor: Donald T. Hawkins (Freelance Editor and Conference Blogger) <dthawkins@verizon.net> Column Editor’s Note: Because of space limitations, the full text of my conference notes will now be available online in the issues of Against the Grain on Charleston Hub at https://www. charleston-hub.com, and only brief summaries, with links to the full reports, will appear in Against the Grain print issues. — DTH

The 2021 Computers in Libraries (CIL) Connect Conference The 2021 CIL Connect Conference on March 22-24, organized by Information Today, Inc. (ITI), featured 140 speakers and moderators and 16 exhibitors in the virtual exhibit hall, and drew over 1,000 attendees. On each of the three days, Erik Boekesteijn Senior Advisor, National Library of the Netherlands, began the day with a “Talk Libraries: Stories From Around the Globe” interview with an information professional, which was followed by an opening keynote. Each day ended with a keynote session. A recurring theme of the presentations was resumption of services in the “new normal” following the COVID pandemic and looking forward, not back where we have been. Barbara Lison, Sr. Library Director, Bremen City Library, Germany and IFLA President-Elect, the first “Talk Libraries” speaker, noted that in Germany, libraries are the most frequently visited cultural institutions in their communities. The opening keynote by R. David Lankes, Professor and Director, School of Information Science, University of South Carolina, entitled “Libraries Leading the New Normal” was very challenging. What do we want the new normal to be even as we hope we are nearing the first phase of the end of the pandemic? John Formica spent ten years at Walt Disney World and managed their hotels and resorts in the midst of a big expansion. Customer service is important, but we must also focus on customer experience (the next battleground) because most people will spend more to get a better customer experience. Amy Affelt, Director, Database Research Worldwide, Compass Lexecon, presented an informative overview of fake news related to COVID-19. There are two types of fake news: misinformation — fake news shared with no ill will — and disinformation — fake news shared with an intention to deceive. Brewster Kahle, Digital Librarian and Founder of the Internet Archive (IA), presented the first closing keynote address. The IA was founded in 1996 and now serves 1.5 million library visitors per day. Its most widely known product is the Wayback Machine, a robust global resource providing access to an impressive collection of content. Erik Boekesteijn’s second day guest was Peter Kok, CEO, LocHal, in Tilburg, a city of 220,000 in the Netherlands. The LocHal won an award in 2020 as the best library in the Netherlands. The second-day keynote was presented by HRH Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands, who has a long record of combatting illiteracy in the Netherlands and internationally and is the author of several children’s books. She listed three things about technology — digital inequality, reach, and human-centered government. Complex issues such as child poverty require generations to solve. Cindy Hill from the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank described how the Bank has shifted to a digital first environment

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and how we can thrive in it. Virtual is our new reality, and we need to think about the “new next,” not the “new normal.” Sara Teas from the Fort Vancouver WA Regional Libraries (FVRL) described her experiences with a contactless consumerfocused approach for libraries. FVRL plans to continue offering curbside pickup when they reopen. Barbie Keiser, President, Barbie E. Keiser Inc., described a survey by ExLibris on what scholars and libraries contribute to supporting academic research. Libraries are perfectly positioned in the research ecosystem to help others because they are on both the content side and the technology side. We must think about people working in the library, not as librarians but as information professionals. Peer review is changing and becoming more open, and reviewers are waiving rights to anonymity. In her day 2 keynote address, “Demand Proof: The Urgent Need For Data Lineage and Provenance,” Beth Rudden, IBM Distinguished Engineer and Principal Data Scientist, said that we frequently make investments in technology, then do many experiments and find that we cannot reduce all costs in the organization. We need to design the relationship we want with AI, and then invest in human beings. Erik Boekesteijn’s Talk Libraries guest for the final conference day was Nick Poole, CEO, CILIP (Chartered Institute for Library and Information Professionals), who said that there must be equitable access for everyone. We need to start looking at where we are going, rather than where we have come from, must ensure that we build back bolder, and not try to go back to the way we were. Phaedra Boinodiris from IBM began her day 3 keynote address “Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Tech, and Ethics” by observing that AI is used in many high-stakes decision-making applications, but just because a decision is made by AI does not make it morally or ethically clean. Trusted AI depends on four pillars: fairness, explainability, robustness, and transparency. Amy Jiang from LaVerne University noted that many campus units are now loaning laptops, cameras, physics lab tools, and computer lab devices, which is an opportunity for libraries because they can become the central campus point from which to circulate everything. The library is the only campus organization that can handle a large volume of materials, track overdue items, and is open long hours to serve all campus groups. Rice Majors, Associate University Librarian for Scholarly Resources, University of California (UC) Davis Library, discussed UC’s strategy and experiences and its recent contract negotiations with Elsevier. Negotiations for renewal ended in 2019, and in July 2019, UC’s access to Elsevier articles stopped. In June 2020, negotiations resumed, and a settlement was reached in March 2021. In March 2021, UC and Elsevier reached an agreement which provided for reading access to all Elsevier journals without a fee. The closing keynote was a panel discussion of libraries’ biggest challenges and solutions for the future. Read the full report at https://www.charleston-hub. com/2021/05/dons-conference-notes-the-2021-computers-inlibraries-cil-connect-conference/.

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16th Electronic Resources & Libraries (ER&L) Conference The 16th ER&L conference was held virtually on March 8-11, 2021. It drew over 1,300 attendees and featured 215 presenters in 90 sessions and short talks. The opening keynote panel session examined 3 questions on where we have been this past year and how we are presently thinking about taking care of ourselves: • Prior to the pandemic, many libraries lacked the basics of a healthy work environment. What have you experienced personally? • What are some non-negotiable conditions for a healthy work environment? • What support practices are necessary to have an equitable employee-centered environment?

Day 1 Sessions Journal Pricing Transparency: Reality or Myth? Different libraries are being charged differently for the same things. The future journal market should be marked by transparency and a rejection of non-disclosure agreements. Libraries taking back control of e-books. SimplyE, developed by the New York Public Library, is a freely available reading app that makes e-book and audio books available as a single unified collection. The Future of Online Books at Oxford University Press. OUP is moving its digital books to the Oxford Academic Platform. Post-Cancellation Access Rights. As libraries cancel their Big Deals, the issue of post-cancellation access (PCA) rights is becoming important. Federated Access to Content. COVID has not been the only driver of authentication for access to digital materials and research from outside of a library’s physical location. Seamlessaccess.org can be applied to any service where affiliation needs to be proven. GetFTR is a service used by researchers searching online databases for full-text articles. Welcome to Your New Office. This was a fascinating description of the process of bringing a new employee into an organization during the COVID pandemic. How to welcome a new team member to an environment built on in-person service that is shut down is a problem. Access Fees. Access fees, which began in the early 1980s, are charged by vendors to cover the costs of hosting and maintaining a purchased online resource. Sometimes an access fee continues during the entire time the library has a resource, and the library may end up paying more than its purchase price. Is Your Big Deal Still a Good Deal? Find Out With Unsub. The value of Big Deals is declining, so there has never been a better time than the present to think about eliminating them. Unsub was built to provide a data dashboard to help forecast and explore alternatives to a Big Deal.

Day 1 Closing Plenary: Insights From a Challenging Year Rebecca Seger, VP, Ithaka, described how JSTOR responded to meet the crisis of the very challenging year 2020 and supported users and the library community.

Days 2 and 3 sessions Adapting to a Zero Trust Network: What Libraries Can Do When e-Resource Access Models Break Down? Authentication of off-campus users was formerly done by IP addresses. When

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the COVID pandemic hit, one university moved to a zero-trust network, so simply being on the network was no longer proof of authorization to access resources. Stop Sharing Too Much Information (TMI): Applying Plain Language Principles to Database Descriptions. Database descriptions on many vendor and library websites are too long and suffer from TMI, so they were rewritten to be concise and to remove jargon which is not important for students. Keep the Library Relevant — Implementing an Online Resource List System. Talis Aspire creates resource lists from a variety of sources and integrates them into a learning management system, allowing librarians to check copyright, access the back end of courses, and increase conversations with the faculty. Packages, Packages Everywhere and None of Them Quite Right. Selecting e-resource packages of databases or collections is time consuming because many packages have similar names. A standard and consistent identifier like books and journals have is needed. Living Through the Chaos: ILL in Uncertain Times. RapidILL was acquired by ExLibris in 2019. It focuses on fast turnaround of article and chapter requests using automated and efficient workflows. The power of the RapidILL community has been especially impressive. T is for Tickets: Using Troubleshooting Ticket Data to Unearth New Mysteries. Dedicated tools for assessing troubleshooting data are available, but they are not affordable for some libraries. Benefits of analyzing troubleshooting data include improving the functionality of e-resources, understanding the frequency of problem types, and the ability to work with vendors to resolve problems outside of the library’s control. US Public Access Compliance 2021: The Academic Librarian’s Role. Universities receiving grants from government-funded organizations are mandated to publish the results of their research in OA publications, but they face multiple challenges in compliance. Libraries can assist with metadata, contact authors, and are a trusted source of reliable information. CHORUS provides data and an audit service to funders, publishers, universities, and institutions. Libraries are encouraged to join the CHORUS community and publishers are encouraged to require ORCID IDs on submitted articles. Leveraging the IR to Support Faculty and Students During (and Beyond) a Pandemic. At the University of Montana, two university conferences were added to the institutional repository, and student presenters were required to deposit their presentations in the IR. The conference was a success, showing the importance of relationships as well as the support and values that the IR can provide. Metadata Distribution: An Experience from a Scholarly Publisher. It is essential for scholarly publishers to share metadata with data services, A&I services, discovery, and linking systems to automate working relationships and data sharing with partners. Content must be represented where the users begin their searches. Incorrect metadata leads to linking errors. Read the full report at https://www.charleston-hub. com/2021/04/dons-conference-notes-the-16th-electronicresources-libraries-erl-conference/.

Ascending Into an Open Future: The 2021 Virtual ACRL Conference The 2021 Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) conference, originally planned to be held in Seattle, WA, was held

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virtually on April 13-16. It attracted about 3,650 participants and featured two keynotes, three invited presentations, contributed papers, a virtual exhibit hall, and several social/wellness events.

Opening Keynote Tressie McMillan Cottom from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill said that the academic library is uniquely positioned to help determine what information is, its implications, and how it derives its value. It is a front porch into the community and tends to be one of its more accessible spaces. Should an academic community develop a code of data rights similar to a code of human rights? In a university, we rarely talk about the rights of users. Students should expect more than just privacy.

Day 1 Sessions In a fitting opening to her presentation, “Taking the Temperature: Research in the Time of COVID-19,” Lynn Silipigni Conaway from OCLC Research, noted that the Merriam-Webster word of 2020 was “pandemic.” A survey of 29 library leaders found three areas of impact: the work experience, the collection experience, and the engagement experience. Three librarians from Rutgers University described how their library transitioned immediately to remote services, which resulted in a sudden and extensive impact on reference services. More students and faculty were accessing resources from off campus. Respondents wanted free access to all online textbooks, 24/7 access to librarians, a librarian embedded in every online class, and an emphasis on the importance of context. In her invited presentation, Katrina Davis Kendrick from Winthrop University said that there is a current excitement in higher education. COVID has revealed the true value of libraries; students now see them as a social area, not just for academic work. Library employees should become leaders on the campus and in the community. They are ambassadors, and ambassadors don’t stay home! Three librarians from Oklahoma State University discussed learning analytics (data about learners) and privacy of student data. If required data privacy policies are lacking, harm to students can result. Students care about their privacy, and we should too. Two librarians at Cornell University were approached by the great-grandson of one of the early editors of The Modern Farmer and found that the Cornell library had the only known full run of the journal, so they decided to digitize it. A Wikipedia page and LibGuide were created, which resulted in several opportunities for the library. Statement, a student authored and edited prize-winning magazine containing creative writing and art that began in 1950 has recently been digitized. The workflow consisted of training, scanning, post processing to check the quality of the scans, converting them to text, and metadata creation using Dublin Core standards. This project gave students insight in what is necessary to convert text to digital media. Two librarians who had worked as pages in libraries described imposter syndrome (IS) — feelings of intellectual incompetence in high achieving white women and their inability to internalize accomplishments. In order to advance, pages and library school students are required to sacrifice time with friends and family, leading to symptoms of IS such as low self-esteem, pressure to succeed, long working hours, and a lack of acceptance of praise. In libraries, there is a fear of open conflict because of a desire to be well liked. What is the organization’s responsibility when some-

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one shows IS symptoms? How have IS conditions surfaced during COVID-19? What can managers do to prevent a culture of IS? The COVID pandemic has forced many academic libraries to make budget cuts. Some innovative actions included getting faculty input before budget cuts were required, negotiating as a consortium, emphasizing access rather than collection building, and using ILL in public services. It is important to recognize that faculty members often have misconceptions of what things cost, and cutting budgets does not always mean that resources are irrevocably lost. Librarians from two Chicago area academic libraries described some physical space projects in their libraries, which included family study rooms, meditation spaces, classroom updates, and kid kits. Both of the colleges provided services tailored to the special needs of their students; for example, a “power closet” with clothing for students going on a job interview, a student pantry, and funds for emergency situations (car repairs, etc.). In her invited presentation entitled “There Are Many Ways to Be Open” and in consideration of the conference theme, Meredith Clark from the University of Virginia addressed how we might be more open, provide access, and think more about the future. This presentation was an invitation to radical imagination: a practice or engagement for work in liberation and a state of living in the world as it should be, not as it is. An interesting project, “On The Books,” at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill libraries was to create a corpus of North Carolina laws from 1866 through 1967 and then use machine learning techniques to identify those which were Jim Crow laws. It required expertise in the historical subject, project management, technical skills, and data skills. The project expanded to investigating whether search engines reinforce racism. Ian O’Hara from the University of Scranton reviewed algorithms and epistemology as applied to information searching and literacy. An algorithm is commonly described by computer scientists as a description of a method by which a task is to be accomplished. Philosophers define epistemology as the study of the nature of knowledge and justification, and an epistemic crisis occurs when a community begins to question the correctness of its rules and structure. Although 2/3 of searchers believe that search engines are neutral and unbiased, Google is an advertising platform and does not rank results on their content or information efficacy.

TechConnect Group Three librarians described how they integrated technology to create innovative applications in their libraries. Ascending Above the Pandemic Blues: Engaging First Year Students with a Digital Escape Room — At Cleveland State University, a digital escape room, in which a team of students collaborate to find a way out of a room, was created. Augment Your Library: Creating an AR self guided tour in your library — At Appalachian State University, there was a demand for library tours, but librarians rarely had time to conduct them, so an augmented reality tour was created using the Assemblr app to generate QR codes for markers which can be printed and placed in tour locations. Expanding the Experiential Library: Using Twitch to Adapt Hands-on Learning Spaces During a Global Pandemic — Services of the North Carolina State University Library were live streamed on Twitch, an informal live broadcasting service to publicize the library’s drop-in hours, makerspace, VR studio, and digital media lab. continued on page 49

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ATG Interviews Mehdi Khosrow-Pour President and Publisher, IGI Global By Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain) <gilsont@cofc.edu> and Katina Strauch (Editor, Against the Grain) <kstrauch@comcast.net> ATG: Dr. Khosrow-Pour what would you say are IGI Global’s key strengths as an academic reference and journal publisher? How do you differ from your competitors? MK-P: As you may know, IGI Global is a medium-sized publisher and is among only a handful of independent publishing houses left in the industry. Much of our competition these days are larger conglomerate multinational publishing houses. Although we take great pride in the level of agility and independence we have in directing our new initiatives and programs in support of assisting our customers (academic libraries and researchers) to have access to the latest quality research findings, it honestly has become rather difficult to compete with the larger publishing houses since they normally dominate library budgets. When it comes to publishers of our size, there are usually very few funds left for libraries to allocate to our titles, regardless of how affordable we strive to make our contents. Although we are faced with these challenges, we have found that our size can be extremely advantageous in many ways, especially in an operational capacity. Because of our size, we can move very quickly on ideas and remain extremely agile even in the most turbulent of times such as the current pandemic, as there are no limitations of bureaucratic delays in our company. With our ability to manage a high volume of contents and projects through a strong technology-driven infrastructure, which includes a proprietary editorial management system (the eEditorial Discovery System) and custom applications which are paired with seasoned leadership and staff, we have been able to maintain the highest level of quality, integrity, accuracy, and the fastest possible output over the last several years for our books and journals. We are continually looking at ways that we can streamline our products and services, while offering maximum levels of support and care for our contributors and customers. We have also been able to set ourselves up to be extremely flexible with content coverage and taking chances on even the most niche research areas, putting diverse research representation ahead of profit concerns. Since we are an independent publisher, many authors and editors are drawn to our publishing house, especially given that we are so open to an array of new topic coverage. ATG: Since the podcast interview that ATG conducted with you in 2017, what additional market challenges has IGI Global confronted? How have you responded? What strategies and solutions were most effective? What role did technology play? MK-P: Institutional budget cuts, the transition to open access, and government mandates have posed substantial challenges to our publishing house, as we repeatedly are forced to re-examine our practices to ensure that we are meeting all compliance requirements and reinventing our business models to be conducive to budgetary constraints. Also, as the need for

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prompt electronic content access continues to be of paramount importance in the academic arena these days, we are always investigating ways that we can ensure that we are receiving and publishing authoritative content as swiftly as possible. For book publications, we have been fortunate to cut our publication turnaround time down to roughly 7-9 months from the time a contract is signed to the project’s release. This is all accomplished through the use of technology and our dedicated staff, which have allowed us to streamline and simplify our workflow and processes. We don’t outsource much, as the majority of our editorial processes and technical reliance is in-house. We are appreciative and proud of our ability to work closely and directly with the researchers all around the world who are driving the engine of innovation. We listen to our editors, authors, librarians, and partners to understand and offer pioneering solutions that make their lives easier, support their budgets and/or their customers’ budgets, and contribute to increasing global knowledge. We offer new publication formats and/or content areas that help researchers fill gaps in the current body of knowledge and for libraries to position their collection development strategies effectively, as well as alter/update our existing technologies to adhere to new industry standards. Throughout 2020, we worked with so many researchers, allowing them to publish quicker (extremely important when discussing topics paramount to the COVID-19 pandemic) and more confidently, while remaining assured that the ethicality of the process is being upheld. Currently, we are in the process of releasing many titles relevant to the current pandemic, including the following major reference works: the Handbook of Research on Library Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic (www.igi-global.com/book/handbook-research-libraryresponse-covid/255162) (March 2021 Release) edited by Ms. Barbara Holland, Senior Librarian at the Brooklyn Public Library, USA, the Handbook of Research on Remote Work and Worker Well-Being in the Post-COVID-19 Era (www.igi-global. com/book/handbook-research-remote-work-worker/256890) (April 2021 Release), edited by Prof. Daniel Wheatley, University of Birmingham, UK, Prof. Irene Hardill, Northumbria University, UK, and Prof. Sarah Buglass, Nottingham Trent University, UK, and the Handbook of Research on Lessons Learned From Transitioning to Virtual Classrooms During a Pandemic (www.igi-global.com/ book/handbook-research-lessons-learned-transitioning/255922) (Projected May 2021 Release), edited by Prof. Amy W. Thornburg, Prof. Rob J. Ceglie, and Prof. Dixie F. Abernathy of Queens University of Charlotte, USA, among many other publications. ATG: In particular, how have the continuing cuts in library budgets impacted your bottom line? Have you found effective solutions in coping with the potential downturn in profit created by such budget reductions? If so, what are they?

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MK-P: At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we were the first publishing house to address the immediate digital access needs by offering our Print to Electronic Conversion Program where libraries around the world could obtain electronic copies of any print versions of IGI Global books in their collection at a 50% discount. We simply trusted their word and if they told us or any of our partners/partnering platforms (e.g., EBSCO, GOBI, ProQuest, GVRL, and many more) about their interest in this program, we allowed them to purchase the e-version of their print publication at a 50% discount with no questions asked. Furthermore, we reduced the price of all our publications by 50% for the electronic version. We also extended trials to our e-Collections from 30 days up to 90 days so that libraries could assess our e-Collections for a possible acquisition. We even promptly developed an affordable K-12 Online Learning e-Book Collection of research content designed to support educators and administrators in the K-12 field as they work to transition their curriculum to remote. Finally, as we all continue to deal with the impacts of the virus, we have decided to lock all renewal and update pricing for our e-Book and e-Journal Collection customers through 2021 and beyond if needed. For our e-Collections, librarians can select access options such as subscription, perpetual purchase, or EBA. All of IGI Global’s e-Collections offer institution-wide unlimited simultaneous access (at no additional charge), full-text PDF and HTML format, no DRM, and absolutely no hidden maintenance or archiving fees of any kind, overall offering some of the most flexible and customizable electronic resource options in the market. As always, we are very much committed to the library and research community and want to ensure that our content is getting into the hands of those who need it the most. We are realistic, not profit-driven, and take pride in our commitment to expeditious and quality research delivery. We are fortunate to be able to act on ideas swiftly to ensure that we are setting up libraries in the best manner possible to serve their library patrons. Putting our customers and contributors above profitability can be such a challenge in times like these when so many aspects of the academic publishing industry have become so profit-driven, but we remain committed to not selling out to any heavily profit-driven business plans. ATG: During that same podcast interview you were very concerned with the false competition from predatory publishers and the threat it posed to quality control in reference and journal publishing. How has IGI Global reacted to that threat? How do things stand today regarding predatory publishing? MK-P: These are still very real threats. Researchers, especially early career researchers, are very often being misguided and are not being fully informed as to what constitutes a credible vs. predatory publisher, or what are considered credible reference sources to cite in their work. Regrettably, in addition to ongoing threats posed by predatory publishing houses, in recent years, many academic publishing houses are now dealing with a new threat known as “predatory research,” where credible researchers will use predatory sources (content often presented within blog posts, editorials, lists, repositories, or articles posing as vetted research) within their scholarly work. These predatory sources are typically created under a guise of being properly vetted and/or scientifically supported work. However, these predatory sources have actually been created solely to suit one individual’s very specific agenda. They are primarily opinion-based, one-sided pieces with no real data or facts backing them. To complicate the matter further, credible publishing houses will publish work that cites these pieces in one of their scholarly/scientific peer-re-

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viewed publications. Among some of the damaging results of this kind of “predatory research” is the practice of inaccurately mislabeling groups or publishers within, for instance labeling an established academic publishing house as being “rogue,” “vampire,” or “vanity” among many other labels maligning years of their long-established strong reputation of academic publishing achievements, or conversely possibly painting a predatory publisher as being credible. Over the past decade, our publishing house and so many other publishers globally have been dealing with these unprovoked attacks by many individuals (oftentimes bloggers, online trolls, and/or predatory researchers) who make false claims and accusations about our publishing practices and ethical stance. Sometimes it is an author that had a work rejected and is dissatisfied with the outcome, or even a competitor of the publisher that is fueling this. Sadly, they do this because they are either severely misinformed and/or are acting to suit their own business agendas above industry values and standards. In the process, they are working to discredit their peers’ efforts, negatively impacting the lives and careers of millions of researchers and scholars who have collaborated with these publishing houses and research organizations as reviewers, authors, and editors on a voluntary basis to help advance scholarly discourse through quality vetted research. As more people are working online these days and social media usage is at an all-time high, the navigation of different types of editorial pieces, publisher lists, etc. will become much more difficult in the year ahead. In my opinion, it is the responsibility of the publishing industry to police itself against these types of predatory research demonstrations and exercise more sensitivity toward the negative implications they can have on different publishing houses, researchers, and the industry as a whole. ATG: You also mentioned adjusting to the open access movement as a major challenge. What strategies does IGI Global employ in meeting the challenge of OA publishing? How have authors and funders responded to your efforts? MK-P: In January 2021, we converted more than 30 of our subscription-based journals to gold open access and also began adding new gold open access journals to our portfolio. In terms of the ways that we are making open access publishing more attainable for researchers, one of our most notable sustainable open access solutions to date has been IGI Global’s OA Fee Waiver (Read and Publish) Initiative (www.igi-global.com/publish/ contributor-resources/open-access/read-publish-model/), which was introduced in early 2018. Under this initiative, when a library invests in IGI Global’s e-Collections, including the e-Book Collection (www.igi-global.com/e-resources/infosci-databases/ infosci-books/) and e-Journal Collection (www.igi-global.com/eresources/infosci-databases/infosci-journals/), IGI Global will match the investment with a fund of equal value to go toward providing 100% open access article processing charge (APC) and chapter processing charge (CPC) subsidies for their patrons when publishing their work under open access in an IGI Global journal or book. This initiative has been extremely successful and has inspired other Read and Publish models that are widely utilized today. We are continually looking to build on the foundation of sustainable OA, and through our collaborative efforts we can work to fundamentally shift the accessibility of high-quality research. We have also employed programs that ensure that if authors utilize IGI Global Author Services (proofreading, copy editing, scientific review, etc.) the amount paid for such services will be deducted from the open access APC/CPC. Also, just like so many other publishers, we offer discounts and waivers of APCs to those residing in developing countries. Our APCs are quite

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low (much lower than the industry average), and we strive to be as flexible as possible with our authors and in many cases offer a sliding scale, allowing them to pay what they are able to if they are having difficulty securing funding for the full APC amount. ATG: Does IGI Global still publish its content in print as well as digitally? The last time we spoke, print made up 40% of your revenue. Is that currently the case? If not, how much of your revenue is derived from print sales? MK-P: Yes, we still publish every single title in both print and electronic format and feed all published electronic content into our InfoSci platform. During 2020, IGI Global’s digital sales made up 65% of revenue where the printed counterpart accounted for only 35%. When reviewing individual title-level interest and sales, although some may feel that our individual print and e- titles are highly priced, we offer very deep discounts on individual titles through our online bookstore as well as through our various partnerships with global distributors. For print we offer hard cover pricing and, to further reduce the cost of print, we have also recently positioned most of our titles into a soft cover format option as well which are priced at 25% less than the hard cover format. Taking this all into consideration, our revenue for electronic content has increasingly been derived from our digital collection sales, which also yields the best value proposition for our library customers. Our digital collections, including our e-Book Collection (6,600+ e-books) and e-Journal Collection (140+ e-journals), have seen a tremendous growth of interest. Recently, we significantly reduced the price of our e-Collections in response to the current pandemic and the reliance of libraries on digital contents as well as the library budget cuts. Unlike many larger publishers, we listened to our customers and immediately lowered the collection pricing by applying less value to backlist content. For example, now librarians can perpetually acquire IGI Global’s entire e-book offering, as part of the e-Book Collection for less than $10.00 per e-book as compared to the average single title price of approximately $200.00. The costs per title significantly reduces to as low as $1.00 per e-book for the full collection’s subscription option and we also offer discipline and subject-based collection options, independent copyright year options, and custom pick and choose options. Think about getting a major reference work such as a multi-volume encyclopedia publication worth thousands of dollars, for just $1! We also have affordable EBA options which offer library patrons full access, all or a large portion of, IGI Global’s e-Collection of digital content for up to 12 months. Ultimately, at the close of the 12-month access, the library utilizes the full value of the EBA (paid upfront) to purchase perpetual rights for heavily utilized content from the applicable IGI Global e-Collection. As the EBA model continues to proliferate, we project digital revenue will continue to overtake/supersede print through 2021. ATG: IGI Global recently celebrated its 30th year in publishing. As you look back, what were your most gratifying accomplishments? MK-P: Wow, I am so proud of our accomplishments that I would love to provide exhaustive detail on each one, but I will stick to just a few. First, the fact that we began publishing titles in electronic format very early around 2001 is one of our greatest accomplishments, as decades ago this was a huge risk as the resources needed to execute such a thing when the electronic market was so dismal could have absolutely led to our demise. Alongside our electronic publishing, we introduced several e-Collections, which include IGI Global’s e-Book Collection and e-Journal Collection, and we also launched our proprietary editorial management system, eEditorial Discovery. Over the last

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several years, we have formed partnerships and collaborations with some of the most prestigious institutions, research groups, consortia, ethical organizations, indexes, subscription agencies, and book distributors worldwide. Also, we have expanded our content coverage and publication holdings by 90%. To date we have published more than 6,500 reference books (more than 1,100 of these are major reference works) and 185+ journals, most of the titles covering innovations within the fields of computer science, business, education, and medicine. The citation impact for our published titles is at an all-time high, with a large volume of titles being accepted by prestigious indexes such as Web of Science and Scopus. We have integrated a number of new publication formats into our portfolio over the years, aside from our standard authored and edited monographs, we have also added single- and multi-volume handbooks of research (large edited volumes of exceptionally focused research), casebooks (edited and sometimes authored sources of real-life application and implementation), and most recently, protocols (edited or authored guides covering policies, protocols, procedures, clinical trials, and more). We also have published more than 40 encyclopedia publications ranging in size from one to 10 volumes. Also, within the last few years, IGI Global’s commitment to ethical publishing has been accredited by the international Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Our rigorous double-blind peer review process was one of the many ethical areas that the COPE Council conducted an in-depth review of for more than a year prior to accepting IGI Global as a full member. We have also participated actively as a committee member for Peer Review Week, Open Access Week, among other industry-wide events and have formed panels on ethical publishing for a number of renown international conferences. In 2019, we expanded our operations and opened a subsidiary office in Beijing, China and will also be forming a collaboration with the International Center for Informatics Research (ICIR) of Beijing Jiaotong University in China in support of acquiring contents from top Chinese researchers and disseminating our contents throughout China. We also are beginning some really exciting new collaborations this year, such as a collaboration with the Healthcare Standards Institute to launch a new journal, the Journal of Healthcare Management Standards (JHMS) (www.igi-global.com/journal/ journal-healthcare-management-standards/270445), edited by Dr. Sharon Kleefield, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, which will feature high-quality evidence-based research content, commentary, and correspondence that will advance the field of healthcare organization management (HOM) and standardization and explore the use of voluntary consensus standards, conformity assessment systems, and how publishing standardized processes influence the integrity and effectiveness of HOM. ATG: You’ve said that staying agile is essential in being successful in publishing. How is IGI Global maintaining the necessary flexibility and innovation required to remain agile in such a highly competitive market? MK-P: As mentioned previously, the size of our publishing house allows us to run leanly, efficiently, and not carry as much of the overhead costs that larger publishing houses do. We are still headquartered in the small town of Hershey, Pennsylvania (yes, the chocolate factory is just up the road) instead of being in New York or London or Amsterdam, so we can manage to run a very lean operation and in return not be forced to set astronomical pricing for our e-Collections, etc. This has been our

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hallmark from our inception, and we will do whatever we can to maintain this philosophy. Our agility allows us to make the necessary shifts in our practices to meet the challenges of the industry and the markets. For instance, it only took a matter of minutes during one of our weekly management meetings to decide that we needed to accommodate the needs of librarians and researchers during this pandemic, thus immediately launching the aforementioned Print to Electronic Conversion Program allowing librarians to easily and affordably obtain electronic copies of their IGI Global print publications at a 50% discount. ATG: In July 2020, IGI Global released the fifth edition of the Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology which once again you edited. As you were working on it, what new trends in information science jumped out at you? And looking forward, what future trends should we anticipate? MK-P: It is certainly no surprise that both information and technology continue to impact and disrupt organizations, processes, and society as a whole across every discipline and industry, and that is very much the central theme of all editions of the Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. Ultimately, examining how information and technology is progressing and impacting a variety of environments and organizations is relevant. After publishing various editions of this encyclopedia for more than 15 years (now having released a total of five editions), with the third and fourth editions carrying 10 volumes each, we conducted a very comprehensive assessment of the future editions of this publication by collecting data from our contributing authors and libraries and it became very clear to us that instead of publishing a 10-volume set for the latest fifth edition, we needed to divide this encyclopedia into more focused areas so that libraries can obtain the publications that are directly suitable to their particular needs instead of paying for a 10-volume set where some of the contents included in the set may not be suitable to their needs. Ultimately, we decided to publish two encyclopedias and one handbook of research as follows: The Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition (www.igi-global.com/book/encyclopedia-informationscience-technology-f ifth/242896) (July 2020 Release), a three-volume set that includes 136 chapters that present multidisciplinary research and expert insights into new methods and processes for understanding modern technological tools and their applications as well as emerging theories and ethical controversies surrounding the field of information science. The Encyclopedia of Organizational Knowledge, Administration, and Technology (www.igi-global.com/book/encyclopediaorganizational-knowledge-administration-technology/242894) (September 2020 Release), a five-volume publication that includes 193 chapters that highlight major breakthroughs, discoveries, and authoritative research results as they pertain to all aspects of organizational growth and development including methodologies that can help companies thrive and analytical tools that assess an organization’s internal health and performance. The Handbook of Research on Modern Educational Technologies, Applications, and Management (www.igi-global.com/book/ handbook-research-modern-educational-technologies/242895) (July 2020 Release), a two-volume scholarly reference comprised of 58 chapters that provide cutting-edge multidisciplinary research and expert insights on advancing technologies used in educational settings as well as current strategies for administrative and leadership roles in education.

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I’d also like to mention that prior to the release of those three major reference works, I also edited another encyclopedia of interest in the 2020 copyright year, the Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web (www.igi-global.com/book/ encyclopedia-criminal-activities-deep-web/223181) (February 2020 Release), a three-volume set that includes the most diverse findings and new methodologies for monitoring and regulating the use of online tools as well as hidden areas of the internet, including the deep and dark web, and offers strategies for the prediction and prevention of online criminal activity and examines methods for safeguarding internet users and their data from being tracked or stalked. This is an extremely prevalent topic as more and more people are conducting their business, educational, and social activities online these days. Since all these publications were released during this pandemic, we reduced our regular pricing by 50% to make them more affordable for libraries to acquire. ATG: Speaking of the future, what do you see in your crystal ball for IGI Global? What about for reference and journal publishing in general? MK-P: Our primary mission as an independent publishing house is to serve our customer base and to focus on their needs first before our own, without any level of greed. Regrettably, many entities among the academic publishing industry have become very greedy in terms of what they charge librarians for their contents and as the process of consolidation continues by a few larger companies acquiring smaller publishing houses, and ultimately merging among themselves, the industry may very well reach the point where there will be only a few major players that control the market. This will eventually take the competition culture out of the equation leaving very few affordable purchasing options for libraries, and less publishing outlets for researchers. That is why it is so important for everyone to understand how important it is to have medium-sized publishing houses in the picture. Publishers of our size are a very healthy element of this industry and without independent publishing houses, the pricing options and the level of innovation across the publishing industry will be left in the hands of only a few multinational publishing houses where regrettably their main concern will be angled heavily toward profitability. Unlike what Michael Douglas quotes in the movie Wall Street, that “greed, for lack of a better word, is good,” the publishing industry is the last place where greed should be the driving force! Our other goal for the next few years will be to continue investing resources into the open access publishing movement, specifically examining how we can further expand our open access publication portfolio. We also hope to continue to foster fruitful partnerships which will include looking at new opportunities for collaboration and the exploration of ground-breaking content areas and publication platforms and formats that we may not have tapped into before. Additionally, we will remain invested in our core principles as an independent publisher, which allow us to be as innovative and accommodating as possible to researchers and libraries all over the world. My hope is that we will continue to be an integral part of the academic research ecosystem for many years to come. I greatly appreciate the opportunity that you have provided to me to share our exciting initiatives and prospects for the future.

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ATG Interviews Simon Inger Renew Consultants By Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain) <gilsont@cofc.edu> and Katina Strauch (Editor, Against the Grain) <kstrauch@comcast.net> ATG: Simon, since 2007 Renew Consultants has provided strategic consultancy to numerous organizations involved in scholarly communication. In particular, your group has focused on societies and associations. What draws you and your colleagues to working with these type organizations? Is there something unique about their place in the scholarly communication ecosystem that you find compelling? SI: I think what I, and my colleagues at Renew, share a view on is that societies represent and have access to the very best minds in their fields of study and they have enormous potential for global engagement, education, scientific communication and the fostering of a community of scientists in their field. This also makes them complex organisations with many moving parts and helping societies navigate what is rapidly changing in most of what they do also represents a significant intellectual and business challenge. In other words, it’s fun! ATG: We know that since 1987 you have had an impressive and varied career working in journals. You worked with Blackwell’s subscription agency, built you own journals company, Catchword and then consulted for commercial publishers, not-for profits, and technology providers, among others. Which of these experiences have you found to be the most helpful in preparing you for dealing with intellectual and business challenges you just mentioned? Which have you enjoyed the most? Which holds the fondest memories? SI: If I go all the way back to the start of my career, it was my time at Blackwell’s, working in product development, which first gave me insights into the workings of both libraries and publishers, and it was that view into “both camps” that gave me the knowledge to start CatchWord, serving publishers and libraries in the early days of online journals. That further deepened my knowledge, especially of self-publishing societies and their particular stakeholder needs, which ultimately led on to the career in consulting. I can honestly say I’ve enjoyed every job I ever had, and enjoyed working with so many people along the way. CatchWord was a very special place — such a great, fun-loving and committed crowd — right at the inception of online journals. Cadmore Media has a similar vibe — video is new in scholarly communications! ATG: Over the years you have advised in the launch of a number of product start-ups. How would you describe today’s start-up environment? What are the top three challenges that a prospective society publisher needs to be ready to meet? SI: Everything is changing. Change leads to opportunity. But the opportunity is rarely to do more of what you always did, but instead invent wholly new answers to the old problems. So, the opportunity for product start-ups is very great. I would say that the problem for society publishers is that they need to think

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beyond traditional publications and think instead what other information would benefit from being given the publishing approach. I’ve never fathomed why societies tend to be structured along the lines of product (publications, events, membership) instead of along the lines of mission: looking at what individuals need to advance themselves and their science, and presenting to them a coherent basket of offerings that do just that. In terms of challenges, the key one for societies is that their governance structure is rarely conducive to invention, creative solutions and risk-taking. They need the right people to innovate with, but external partners can provide that skillset and extract ideas and solutions from executives and volunteers alike. ATG: Some people question how society publishers can remain economically viable in light of developments in the market like Plan S and the move toward full open access. Is there reason for concern? Can society publishers get their publication programs ready for an open access model and remain viable? If so, how? SI: There are many drivers for open access, openness being just one of them, but a need by governments to drive down the cost of research dissemination is also a significant part. I don’t think it is a given that everything is going to be OA. I can see plenty of subject areas that will be dominated by OA, and plenty that will not be, not without significant centralized government funding to make the change. At the very highest level, taken in aggregate across the planet, an open-access-based publishing system will ultimately have less money in it than a subscription-based system. It follows that if any society or publisher maintains their market share, they will have a reduced revenue. To maintain revenue requires a growth in market share. Not everyone will achieve that, of course, so there will be failures and casualties along the way. Cost-cutting is only ever part of the answer, and societies are never going to get the same supplier terms as a giant publisher can, so if the desire is to remain independent and we believe open access is the future, then there has to be growth in the society’s program, income diversification, and all the innovation that requires. ATG: Are there other pitfalls that societies need to be wary of as they plan for the future? Conversely, where can societies find opportunities for their publication and journal programs in today’s market? SI: Journal proliferation is a bad thing, isn’t it? It doesn’t suit libraries. It partially suits publishers. But it’s the researchers themselves who are ultimately behind the growth in journals. For a given author, there are times when their needs are best served by broad journals, and times when their needs are best served by very niche journals. I know plenty of publishers who have grown significantly just by responding to the requests of leading scientists demanding a niche publishing venue for their

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field’s output and wanting to be the journal’s editor and driver of the scientific niche. I don’t advocate for proliferation, but societies can still find opportunity in exactly that area. By being in tune with their scientific community, they can act fast enough to be the ones to fill an emerging gap. If they don’t, someone else will. But societies also need to be aware that there are new ways of doing some of these things — for example in video, which itself may tap into different budgets. In addition, there are other ways of communicating the science, including blogs and podcasts, and social media. Publishing is about providing structure, process, quality standards and permanence to scientific communication. Could those same skills and standards be applied to other outputs for a society? ATG: Given the shrinking budgets that plague academic libraries, what role in the market do you see them playing as you help your clients plan for the future? Are libraries becoming less important as a market factor? How do you see their impact on the market evolving? SI: It’s very easy to imagine that the whole world is following the same trends that we see in our own domestic markets. Library budgets may be shrinking in parts of the world, but not in others. And for a U.S. society with a strong domestic subscriber-base it will be seeing a decline in those sales, but may well be missing the opportunity to grow in markets where it has been historically under-represented. A move to open access will see a decline in the importance of libraries. Many North American libraries see themselves as enablers of OA by coordinating subscribe-to-open deals, but this represents a mid-term not a long-term future. The long term has to see the ultimate client (the author) being connected to their supplier (the publisher). This naturally disintermediates the library, and of course many libraries are actively seeking to re-intermediate themselves in a variety of ways. We see other libraries partially reinventing themselves as publishers. ATG: Simon in 2018 you co-founded Cadmore Media, a company that offers an expert environment for organizations to publish scholarly, professional and technical information through streaming video and audio. Can you tell us more about that? What specific services does Cadmore Media provide? What led you to take on this added challenge? SI: Cadmore Media seems to me to be the logical extension of much of the observations I’ve made about publishing and societies. New media provide new ways to communicate to new audiences, achieve a greater global reach, be more inclusive, and broaden the community of scientists across the world, as well as offering new opportunities for income diversification. I’ve always been a visual learner myself and a large number of people in the world prefer this medium for learning.

Cadmore operates in three key areas: Research, Education and Events. The Research aspect is mostly concerned with video journals, video articles in a journal comprising more than just text-based articles, and supplementary video material. There are plenty of areas of science where methods and results are better shown than described, and for many, hearing the voice of the author adds to understanding. Education products, for example PsycTherapy from the American Psychological Association, provide a range of video training resources on a subject which again is better seen demonstrated. This could be surgery, medical procedures, a whole range of laboratory processes, engineering and more. It’s even a thing that software coders like to learn by watching other people code. The pandemic has meant that the Events side of Cadmore’s work has grown enormously, and Cadmore has developed a platform for events highly suited to scientific conferences with hundreds or even thousands of presented papers. A recent such event was SciTech, from the AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) which had over 2500 presentations over a two-week period. Right now, Cadmore hosts a wide range of video content spanning subjects from rocket science to potato science! To re-iterate my earlier comment, our client societies have access to the very best practitioners in every subject, and can corral this resource into making great products. There is so much content that lends itself to video — we have working examples of medical procedures, art restoration, engineering, agriculture, and so much more. ATG: Your work with Renew Consultants and Cadmore Media must keep you extremely busy. We wonder, are you able to find time to relax and recharge your batteries? If so, how do you spend your down time? Are there particular activities or hobbies that you enjoy? SI: I have always liked to be busy! Not just with work - I’m almost always doing something, and that’s how I relax! The pandemic has limited all those more sociable activities and travel of course, but some years ago I decided to buy myself a woodland, and I can frequently be found there armed with chainsaw and axe, keeping the 8,000 or so trees in some kind of order. That and perhaps cooking on a campfire down there with a suitable beverage in hand.

Rumors continued from page 22 Let’s Talk About Printing and Books Gosh! Oxford University Press is ending centuries of tradition by closing its printing arm because of falling sales. For a print lover like yours truly this is upsetting. The Oxford printing history stretches back to the earliest days of book publishing. Oxford University’s right to print books was first recognized in 1586, in a decree from the Star Chamber. But the centuriesold printing history of Oxford University Press will end this summer, after the publishing house announced the last vestige of its printing arm was closing. The closure of Oxuniprint,

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which will take place on 27 August subject to consultation with employees, will result in the loss of 20 jobs. OUP said it follows a “continued decline in sales,” which has been “exacerbated by factors relating to the pandemic.” Oxuniprint’s closure will mark the final chapter for centuries of printing in Oxford, where the first book was printed in 1478, two years after Caxton set up the first printing press in England. See https://www.britannica. com/topic/The-Guardian-British-newspaper?utm_campaign=bextension&utm_medium=chrome&utm_source=ebinsight. continued on page 61

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Optimizing Library Services — How Libraries Can Encourage Diversity and Inclusivity Through e-Collections and Publisher Collaboration By Ms. Caroline Campbell (Assistant Director of Marketing and Sales, IGI Global) <ccampbell@igi-global.com> and Ms. Brittany Haynes (Sales and Marketing Coordinator, eBook & eJournal Collections, IGI Global) <bhaynes@igi-global.com> Column Editor: Mr. Nick Newcomer (Senior Director of Marketing and Sales, IGI Global) <nnewcomer@igi-global.com>

e are living through history. Between the pandemic and continuous social justice protests, many of us will tell our grandchildren and future generations about the Black Lives Matter movement, George Floyd, #MeToo Movement, Transgender and LGBTQ+ awareness, and U.S. presidential election protests. From headlines including “Pandemic Sets Back Women’s Progress in Workforce” (Martin, 2021) to “Covid ‘hate crimes’ against Asian Americans on the rise,” (BBC, 2021) nearly every facet of society is focused on how to bring the country back together and create a world where diversity and inclusivity is truly embraced. Academia is no different with various publishers, organizations, and institutions making pledges to create a more diverse workforce, as well as encouraging underrepresented groups to publish research and launch into academic careers. But there is often a debate on what exactly diversity is in academic research. How can the academic community truly support diversity and inclusivity? What barriers are we still facing? Through librarians, researchers, and publishers working together to educate themselves and find solutions, these questions can be answered.

What Is Diversity in Academia? Often when people see headlines in the news around diversity, they think about a specific race that is being ostracized, but diversity goes much deeper than the concept of ethnicity or country of origin. Profs. Kristopher Copeland and Eunice N. Tarver, from Tulsa Community College, USA, define diversity and inclusion in their chapter “Diversity, Equity, and Inclusiveness in Higher Education,” featured in Higher Education Response to Exponential Societal Shifts (IGI Global): “In short, diversity is difference. Difference can be applied in a variety of contexts, such as gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, and experiences… Another term, inclusiveness, is the process of including historically marginalized people into practice […] Inclusion is taking time to understand what underrepresented groups within your institution or organization want, need, and how to be responsive to those needs while leveraging the different ways that individuals contribute in a way that enhances the institutions’ ways of working” (Kwekwe, 2021). As you can see from the definition, the concept of “differences” is a broad spectrum; therefore, when we talk about diversity in academia it is not beholden to one country, race, gender, or demographic, but includes all of the different facets of one’s identity. Additionally, intersectionality also plays a large part in this concept as it can alter and overlap these identities to create unique viewpoints and perspectives.

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How Libraries Can Support Diversity Through Acquisitions and Compliance Acquiring Research on Diversity and Inclusivity One of the most direct ways that libraries can support diversity is acquiring titles on these topics. This includes resources on accessibility, social justice, LGBTQ+, gender equality, racial equality, and related topics. Through making these titles available to their institution and educating their patrons, faculty, and staff on these issues, additional research will be able to be conducted, and new solutions can be brought forward. The more accessible it is, the higher the citation impact of the research. This not only supports the exposure of the research, but those that that are conducting this research, which can ultimately lead to additional funding for further studies in this area. Overall, with this push towards diversity, we are seeing more and more universities and institutions add new curriculum, organizations, and coalitions focused on combatting diversity issues and challenges. Through this increase in programming, libraries are continuously being challenged to find these resources, especially with the additional consideration of budgetary limitations. Therefore, e-book collections are an effective way to easily acquire these resources. However, e-book collections not only provide these topic-related resources, but also enable institutions to access underrepresented research and diverse contributions from various countries. Through e-collections librarians are able to: Maximizing Their Overall Budget: As many know, one of the biggest benefits of e-collections is maximizing the overall budgetary spend. Through investing in a larger e-collection, libraries are able to get a better overall cost per title than purchasing on the individual level. For example, at IGI Global, our average cost per title is US $280 while in one of our e-Book Collections it is as low as US $8. Additionally, as a publisher, we are seeing that e-book collection acquisitions are growing in popularity, as the previous method of “pick and choose” acquisitions require more extensive work for the librarian and can become costly. But now, publishers can collaborate with libraries to assist in their acquisitions needs through larger collections and provide a better price point. Acquire Top-Tier Titles as Well as Titles from Underrepresented Groups and Developing Countries: When libraries are acquiring titles, they will often review the overall usage of titles, as well as the metrics of the publication (i.e., indexing, citation impact, etc.). Overall, the entire academic community runs on these metrics to identify high-quality research and must-have resources. Although this is an easy method to easily identify high-quality titles, it can also hinder the utilization of research that is coming from developing countries and underrepresented

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research, as often we see their titles are not as readily acquired or utilized due to the affiliation of the research.

swiftly shifting to this new model but also ensuring that their resources were fully accessible by all students.

Through acquiring a full e-collection, libraries can access and integrate resources from prestigious institutions, as well as those titles that are underrepresented in the academic community. The more a title is available through the academic community, the more likely the citation impact and discovery of the publication will increase. This enables not only underrepresented research to be available to your patrons but also assists in paving the way for these authors and editors to become indexed and can support career advancement through their publication metrics.

Profs. Tseday Alehegn, from Marymount Manhattan College, USA, and Richard Keller, from Columbia University, USA in their chapter, “Mobile Apps, Universal Design, and Accessibility in Schools: Creating an Inclusive Classroom Experience,” featured in Advancing Mobile Learning in Contemporary Educational Spaces (IGI Global) discuss important aspects of accessibility. According to the chapter, in the United States, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was amended to promote accessibility of electronic resources for persons with disabilities. It outlines three main components of this accessibility, including:

Diversify Their Overall Research Content for Their Patrons: Another way e-collections can assist in diversity and inclusivity is that it provides a larger pool of research, often around multiple subject and topic areas that are available to your patrons. Although it is important to focus on titles that are in high-demand from major departments, through e-collections librarians are able to acquire a vast amount of content, providing comprehensive coverage across all areas of research. Through this, they can unknowingly be providing research and resources in underrepresented or niche areas of research to their institution. Additionally, another side benefit is that they will most likely not only be acquiring and supporting underrepresented research, but also supporting their own institutions’ and patrons’ research. Provide Publishing and OA Opportunities for Underfunded Departments: Lastly, if the publisher provides a Read & Publish model through their e-collections, librarians can assist their institution in easily publishing under open access (OA). For example, IGI Global’s Read & Publish Initiative provides 100% OA APC waivers for researchers at institutions. Under this model, when a library invests in our e-Book and/or e-Journal Collection, we will match their investment with a matching fund for OA. When a researcher submits and is accepted (following peer review) into an IGI Global scholarly journal or reference book under OA, we will deduct the APC fee from that fund. These types of models provide an additional avenue for OA funding and through IGI Global’s model, libraries are able to work with their institution to direct where they would like to provide this additional OA funding (including their underfunded or underrepresented departments and programs). Through this, they are providing an opportunity for their researchers or specific areas of research to gain the benefits of publishing under a quality OA publishing process, which can lead to a nominal increase in citation impact, download rate, exposure of the research, and more. Many publishers provide a variation of Read and Publish models, including providing additional funding, discounts, and more, through their e-Collections. Therefore, when a library invests in an e-Collection, they are not only providing research to their patrons, but encouraging the overall accessibility of research and the OA movement.

Ensuring Resources Are Accessible and Ideal for the New Norm of Education Not only is it important to continually acquire titles that cover topics related to diversity and inclusivity, but, it is also a high priority to ensure that these resources and all library resources within your institution are fully accessible to your patrons. This topic has been at the forefront through the pandemic as educators and institutions operated in fully online environments. Not only was the entire higher education system challenged with

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• Ensuring the coding of electronic sites and systems work well with assistive technologies used by persons with disabilities. • Electronic system has an overall positive usability by all persons. • Resources and information supplied about the technologies are equally accessible to individuals with disabilities (Alehegn & Keller 2019). Therefore, when working with publishers it is important to fully understand their digital resource offerings and how they fit within your institution’s needs for accessibility. Important questions to ask include: • What accessibility features does your platform offer? There are various compliance standard and guidelines that publishers can adhere to in order to ensure that their platforms provide features that enable individuals with disabilities to access and view electronic content. These include WCAG 2.1 AA, Section 508, Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines. These guidelines outline technological modification, including closed captioning, screen-reader adjustments, alt and audio descriptions, contrast, and more. • What are your remote access options? Not only is it important to ensure that resources are made available to those with disabilities, but the resources should also be available to the entire institution overall through electronic access. It is important to discuss with your publisher what remote access options they have, such as additional integrations (Google CASA, repositories, etc.) • Who do I contact with questions on compliance or if my institution has specialized needs in this area? Although there are standards with accessibility, these guidelines might not meet all of your institution’s needs; therefore, it is important to know who to contact with questions regarding the latest standards implemented, or for questions regarding other specific needs your institution may have. Often, publishing companies will assist you in ensuring that your resources are made fully accessible or can work to address needs as they arise.

How Can Libraries Identify Publishers That Are Supporting Diversity? Overall, as noted above, academic publishing is an interconnected system in the following ways: • The more libraries invest in resources from a publisher, the more the research will be utilized. • The more the research is utilized, the higher the citation impact publications will have, leading to increased prestige for the authors and editors.

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• The higher the citation impact of the research, investment from the libraries, and prestige of the authors and editors, the more prestigious the publishers become and they are then able to provide even more resources to the academic community. • And so on. Therefore, it is important for the academic community and libraries alike to support publishers that embrace the concept of diversity and inclusivity. When a librarian is interested in working with a publisher that truly embraces diversity, it is important to look past the flashy statements on their websites and the various pledges. Although these can be great indicators of inclusivity and diversity, it is even more important to understand their overall practices and methods of publishing academic research. A few questions that are important include: Are they encouraging underrepresented research to be published? Often, publishers will focus on publications that have higher profit margins and are from prestigious institutions. Although it is important to publish this research, according to an article in The Atlantic, Ivy League Schools are one segment of universities and colleges that lack overall diversity (Ramirez, 2012). Additionally, it is important for publishers to provide opportunities to early-career researchers and those who may not have Ph.D. degrees to take part in publishing academic works. Are they encouraging their editors and authors in pursuing research from multiple countries around the world or from varied backgrounds? In academic publishing, it is not as easy as finding an author of a specific background and then publishing them. Due to the rigor academic work needs to go through, it is important that publishers are encouraging their editors and authors to pursue research from other countries and backgrounds. It is also crucial for publishers to provide their editors with education, tools, and tips to overcome obvious and subtle challenges in working with individuals of differing backgrounds and countries. These challenges can include distributing their Call for Papers in various international channels, overcoming language barriers and time zone differences, and more. What type of research are they publishing and are they publishing on these important topics? One of the most obvious things is looking at the research publishers are releasing. While research specifically on diversity and inclusivity may not fit within every publisher’s scope, it is important to see if they are not only encouraging underrepresented researchers to publish but encouraging and acquiring titles around how to overcome barriers pertaining to these topics. Are they providing tools to researchers that are underrepresented? As noted above, it is important for publishers to provide tools and educate their editors on working with diverse or international researchers. But going beyond this, are they providing tools to those underrepresented researchers? This can include services that can overcome language barriers through editorial services (copyediting and proofreading, scientific and scholarly review, and more), translation services, or providing direct regional representation in their area to mitigate time zone differences or cultural differences. Does the publisher follow a double-blind peer review process? Additionally, one of the most important parts of ensuring that there is a commitment to diversity while also being beholden to the scientific process is the double-blind peer review process. The New York Times published an article titled “Scientific Journals Commit to Diversity but Lack the Data,” looking critically at true diversity in scientific journals (Wu, 2020). Through this article, hundreds of researchers littered the comments section

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trying to come up with solutions to the diversity issue, including utilizing a quota system to get more diverse viewpoints. While in context, this may seem like a solution, it undermines the scientific process. Instead, it is important that publishers follow a double-blind peer review process so that reviewers are focused on the merit of the research and not on the concept of diversity. Rather, this process should occur upfront in getting papers from diverse locations and backgrounds to enable the reviewers to have a larger pool of papers, and publishers need to ensure that they reflect diversity in the reviewers that they employ. Is diversity showcased in their staff and what regional representation do they have? Another telling aspect is to look at the leadership of the company and their regional representation. Are there individuals of different cultures, gender, and even age in their company? Do they have regional representation and the infrastructure to handle various cultures and languages? Various publishers meet all of the above criteria, including IGI Global, Cambridge University Press, IOP Publishing, Emerald, Elsevier, and more. Specifically, at IGI Global, our mission is to not only publish underrepresented research, but as an international academic publisher, we work with scholars around the world to provide comprehensive, multifaceted, peer-reviewed research from various perspectives. “Through providing our researchers with tools to ease the publication process, including Author Services, a state-of-the-art eEditorial Discovery System, comprehensive publication guides, international representatives, as well as a customer-focused staff, we are able to encourage international collaboration throughout our company,” explained Ms. Lindsay Wertman, Managing Director. “IGI Global does not tolerate discrimination based on age, gender, race, affiliation, religious beliefs, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or country of origin. We are an inclusive company, and we continually strive to ensure that our staff, management, review boards, publications, and all aspects of the company reflect the highest level of inclusion of experts from all over the world.” Although this is just the surface of vetting a publisher and only begins to demonstrate how publishers can support diversity, it is important to continuously vet publishers that you are acquiring research from. Overall, academic publishing is a cyclical system, and the more libraries and institutions invest in the publisher, the more prominent the publisher becomes. Additionally, through this investment, the research that the publisher is producing garners a higher citation impact, resulting in career advancement for the researcher, and so on.

Conclusion Although these areas are just the start to creating a more inclusive publishing landscape, they are important factors to ensure that libraries are collaborating with inclusive publishers, conducting and acquiring needed research in diversity and inclusivity, as well as ensuring that all patrons are able to access information. Not only it is important to review the content and tools provided to encourage diversity, but it is also crucial to: • Provide opportunities to those who are underrepresented in the academic and publishing industry. • Increase access to resources in underdeveloped countries and professional development programs. • Ensure staff reflects diverse and international perspectives overall. • More importantly, listen and learn from other perspectives.

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The list of solutions goes on, but it is not until librarians, publishers, and researchers come together to ensure diversity and inclusivity is fully in the academic space that these solutions can be attained. Although there are coalitions, grassroots efforts, and various organizations, we must come together as an industry to address these systematic problems. Publisher Note: For more information on how IGI Global is committed to diversity and inclusivity, please contact <cust@igiglobal.com>. Additionally, for libraries interested in enhancing their collections, we offer a collection of over 285+ peerreviewed titles on related topics, including gender studies, racial inequality, accessibility, marginalized communities, and more. All of these titles are available in print and electronic format, as well as featured in our e-Book Collection (6,600+ e-books). Additionally, our electronic content is hosted on our advanced InfoSci platform, which provides accessible features, no DRM, no embargo of content, remote access options, and more.

Resources Alehegn, T., & Keller, R. (2019). Mobile Apps, Universal Design, and Accessibility in Schools: Creating an Inclusive Classroom Experience. In Mentor, D. (Ed.), Advancing Mobile Learning in Contemporary Educational Spaces (pp. 317-343). IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9351-5.ch012 BBC (2021). Covid “hate crimes” against Asian Americans on rise. (2021, April 02). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56218684. Kwekwe, F. N. (2021). Challenges With Gender Diversity Issues in Higher Education. In Guah, M. W. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Innate Leadership Characteristics and Examinations of Successful First-Time Leaders (pp. 204-219). IGI Global. http:// doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7592-5.ch012 Martin, Michel (2021). Pandemic Sets Back Women’s Progress In Workforce. (2021, February 14). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2021/02/14/967917836/pandemic-sets-backwomens-progress-in-workforce. Ramirez, Rosa (2012). Ivy League Faculties Are Far From Reflecting U.S. Diversity (2021, October 2). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/10/ ivy-league-faculties-are-far-from-reflecting-us-diversity/429084/. Wu, Katherine (2020). Scientific Journals Commit to Diversity but Lack the Data. (2020, November 2). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/science/diversity-science-journals.html.

Recommended Readings Griffen, A. J. (Ed.). (2021). Challenges to Integrating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Programs in Organizations. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4093-0 Joe, J., & Knight, E. (Eds.). (2019). Social Media for Communication and Instruction in Academic Libraries. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8097-3 Management Association, I. (Ed.). (2019). Gender and Diversity: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6912-1 Pelet, J. (Ed.). (2021). Handbook of Research on User Experience in Web 2.0 Technologies and Its Impact on Universities and Businesses. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3756-5 Wisdom, S., Leavitt, L., & Bice, C. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of Research on Social Inequality and Education. IGI Global. http:// doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5

Against the Grain / June 2021

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Don’s Conference Notes continued from page 39

Closing Keynote The closing keynote was by Mona Chalabi, Data Editor of The Guardian. Data can be found in many places. When considering an illustration, the two most important criteria are clarity and beauty. The biggest problem in creating graphics is too much information, which can result in visualizations that do not hold people’s attention properly. Sometimes visualizations must be made for people who face different obstacles. For example, for blind people, 3D printing the data points at different heights allows them to be felt. Read the full report at https://www.charleston-hub. com/2021/05/dons-conference-notes-ascending-into-an-openfuture-the-2021-virtual-acrl-conference/. ACRL 2023 will be held March 15-18 in Pittsburgh, PA. Donald T. Hawkins is an information industry freelance writer based in Pennsylvania. He is a conference blogger, columnist, and co-editor of two books. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley and has worked in the online information industry for over 50 years.

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The Digital Toolbox — Audiobooks Pack a Punch in Academic Collections Column Editor: Steve Rosato (Director and Business Development Executive, OverDrive Professional, Cleveland, OH 44125) <srosato@overdrive.com>

s the U.S. and global communities turn a corner that will make possible a return to being on campus, in offices and the ability to travel again in the coming months, I would like to revisit a pre-COVID trend that is bubbling up again. In the months before COVID, one of the most common inquiries the OverDrive Professional team received from academic institutions was for audiobook options for students. The appeal of books that are professionally narrated and audiobooks’ accessibility were key drivers for institutions to provide convenient access to books in a variety of genres. With the onset of COVID, those calls stopped and institutions that initially had an interest either experienced budget cuts or shifted their priorities toward more pressing pandemic-related issues. At the one-year mark of the pandemic, interest in audiobooks has returned. As we received more calls about options for audiobooks, I began to research if there were any helpful trends to understand this shift. I was surprised at some of the data for audiobook vs. ebook use. One interesting data point during COVID was that across all OverDrive digital library platforms, audiobooks went from a 30-40 percent annual growth rate of circulations over a six-year period to under 20 percent during COVID. On the other hand, ebooks saw a much sharper spike due to COVID, increasing from 10 percent+ annual growth to 50 percent. We speculate that with less commuting and travel, and people no longer going to places like the gym where audiobooks gained much of their popularity, the decline was inevitable. I expected when reviewing this data — and comparing Q1 of 2021 to pre-COVID Q1 of 2019 — to see audiobooks come down to earth in comparison to ebooks in a pronounced way for academic libraries. I used OverDrive’s public library data as a barometer, and with circs in Q1 2021 well over 200 million, circs for ebooks and audiobooks both jumped by 47 percent from 2019 to 2021. It is remarkably consistent that from 2019-2021 ebooks circulated at a roughly 2:1 ratio to audiobooks in public libraries. Public libraries have much more robust audiobook collections and purposefully cater to pleasure reading, which plays into audiobooks’ strength and makes them a popular format. Next, I looked at the circ data for academic libraries. I was certain that OverDrive’s academic partners would see at least 4 ebook circs for each audiobook circ, especially given the average digital holdings are about 4 ebooks for every audiobook. One part of my theory played out with ebook circs jumping 54 percent from 2019 to 2021, where audiobooks “only” increased by 38 percent. However, this next data point was shocking: For every 1.3 ebooks that circulated in academic libraries in 2021, one audiobook circulated. In 2020 and 2019, it was 1.2 to 1 ebooks to audio. It is nearly a 1:1 ratio! I could not be more surprised. This ratio holds true for both before and after the start of COVID. I am personally a huge audiobook fan. I buy and borrow a lot of books that gather dust and decorate my nightstand, but I also listen to 2-3 audiobooks a month because I can “read” while doing other activities. There are many benefits of audiobooks as an option for students. For example, many students are audio learners. They can comprehend better when hearing the material. When a student is overwhelmed by a lengthy book,

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they know how long the audiobook is and can budget time accordingly. Some students comprehend better when moving. With an audiobook, students can exercise, do laundry or cook while completing their reading assignments. There are many good reasons why audio makes a collection more accessible and contributes to students’ academic success. No one knows that better than academic librarians. That is why there’s a renewed interest in looking at audio as an important part of any collection. The most popular audiobook genres in academic libraries include biography, self-help, social science and business/ leadership, as well as fiction titles in mystery and adventure. The data both before and after the start of COVID supports how much students are using audio content in existing collections. Robert Heaton, Collection Management Librarian from Utah State University, offers his observations why audiobooks are gaining use on his campus: “In today’s attention economy, users delegate more tasks than ever to their devices. Their smartphone is their calendar, source of news, directions, catering and more. When you can choose an audiobook option, it frees up attention for driving, gardening, working out, or those other activities that you’re going to be doing anyway. In an academic environment, device-dependence likely increases with one’s education and the busyness of one’s schedule. The growing smart-speaker market also normalizes audio output for users as well as the sexier tech topic of voice input.” Mr. Heaton continued: “Utah State University’s selections have occasional overlap with course syllabi, but our OverDrive collections have never been intended to support classroom learning; that collection has been for leisure reading and literature. Deliberately building audiobooks into student learning would require a shift in how courses are designed and administered, but the past year has proven that academic libraries can be flexible!” Like water finding its level, audiobooks gained ground because they provide a more convenient option that students are actively seeking. Pre-COVID, the interest on campuses for audiobooks was driven by librarians looking to support leisure reading and having alternative formats available to engage students. While that paused because libraries had to deal with providing everything remotely, budget cuts and everything else that came with the pandemic, that did not stop students from discovering what was already available in an audio format in their collections. OverDrive’s data shows a marked increase in students using audiobooks. While it should not be a surprise that the format would gain traction as audiobooks have in all markets, what is surprising is how audio outperformed ebooks relative to their portion of almost any university’s collection. Utah State University’s Mr. Heaton’s observations for audiobooks are spot on and provide valuable insight into the nature of this trend. As students are increasingly device-dependent, they are more apt to delegate even academic duties to their phones or other devices. The advances in technology for what will be available in an audio format in the coming years will give academic libraries the chance to provide new resources that are more accessible in more subject areas. Giving students more options in audio is simply meeting them where they are going.

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Biz of Digital — Now Streaming (with Restrictions): Migration of Audio/Video Content from CONTENTdm to Digital Commons By Michelle Emanuel (Head of Metadata and Digital Initiatives, Professor, University of Mississippi Libraries, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677; Phone: 662-915-1360) <memanuel@olemiss.edu> Column Editor: Michelle Flinchbaugh (Digital Scholarship Services Librarian, Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250; Phone: 410-455-3544) <flinchba@umbc.edu>

n October 2018, the University of Mississippi Libraries began migration of its digital collections from a locally hosted instance of CONTENTdm (CDM) to the cloudbased Digital Commons (DC). The decision to migrate the collections was made after notification from OCLC that our version of CDM would no longer be supported starting in 2019, but the decision to combine our existing digital collections across multiple formats with our new institutional repository, all using the same platform, was made for both practical and financial reasons. We chose a subscription service, DC, instead of an open-source platform, in part, because of the consulting services and technical support included with the annual fee. We also found their new feature of streaming media with unlimited storage — which thankfully launched within the first year of our subscription — especially appealing. But the migration of our audio and video collections have not been without challenges. Unexpected limitations within the DC platform — in particular, learning that IP restrictions only applied to physical downloads — required that we rethink our access policies while still honoring the original wishes of donors in an age with new technologies. In the process of providing streaming A/V content that previously had only been available as downloadable files, we also realized that we could take advantage of the migration to reconsider the collections’ arrangement within DC, thereby solving a few discoverability issues. The migration of digital collections from CDM to DC was completed by a team that included the Head of Metadata and Digital Initiatives and a Library Specialist, with frequent input from our Collection Applications Developer who was able to manipulate CDM files into new formats as needed by using a Python script. There were 14 collections including audio/visual content of the 83 collections scheduled for the migration project, representing hundreds of files. Our first audio/video collections to migrate were the ones without any content restrictions, such as oral histories and home movies. Working with the appropriate

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archivists in each collection area, we have organized our video files into multiple structures, divided by relevant categories such as date range or recording type, to facilitate viewing for patrons. Though CDM featured facets in the sidebar, they were difficult to navigate, with a limited display. The granularity of the CDM display meant that the user often had to click-through several pages to see what the various options even were. See [Image 1: homemovie_cdm_landing] and [Image 2: homemovie_cdm_list] shown above. When migrated to DC, series structures were created for the family names and for the type of film originally used, in case a researcher is looking for 8mm film instead of 16mm, or is looking for the films of a particular family. See [Image 3: homemovie_egrove_comm] and [Image 4: homemovie_egrove_super8] on the following page.

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Because the digital objects were so large, and were stored on a series of shared servers, we chose to batch upload the metadata for each of the collections, then attach the individual object one by one. It was a time-intensive process, but avoided the time-out issues we had experienced with our early attempts at migrating large files (that we have since resolved), and allowed us to also attach any other associated files at the same time such as transcripts or video logs, which cannot be attached via batch upload. The vast majority of our A/V collections, however, have content restrictions and therefore cannot be made openly available. The collections with access restrictions mostly fell into two categories: those from our Blues Archive, and those from our Modern Political Archives. In the Blues Archive, the restrictions were mostly based on the copyright issues of music recordings. One unusual collection, combining performance with oral history, is the Alan Lomax Collection. Through a long-standing partnership with the Association for Cultural Equity (ACE), our archive has been one of several allowed to provide access to 747 digital research copies of recordings made by folk historian Alan Lomax of blues musicians between 1959-1960, with the stipulation that any user be onsite, within our building. When the collection was in CDM, access was provided based on the IP address of the user, and limited to the confines of the Archives department. This arrangement predated the concept of streaming video, but the ACE has since stipulated that unrestricted streaming access not be allowed. Therefore, the challenge has been to find a way to provide streaming access, to satisfy patron preferences but with restrictions. Likewise, in our Modern Political Archives, several collections also have copyright issues, but some of the others include sensitive content. For example, the Trent Lott Collection features hundreds of videos produced by the former Senate Majority Leader over the span of his 34-year tenure in both the United States House of Representatives and Senate. The freely available video content varies, from campaign ads, important committee meetings and hearings originally broadcast on C-SPAN, and “Congress Today” which later became “Capitol Week,” a long-running weekly interview series recorded to keep the Mississippi constituency informed of Washington events and policies. Most of the restricted content in the Lott collection consists of interviews of the Senator by various media outlets, such as the “Big Three” networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) and cable television like CNN, that would require permissions to post online. Other collections in the MPA have restricted content because a speaker is

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recorded “naming names” that the donors have decided should not be shared or searchable over the Internet. When we used CDM, downloads could be restricted to the IP range of the main library building when necessary. This IP limitation is also possible in DC for physical downloads, but not for streaming files. Meanwhile, our patrons have expressed that they prefer streaming options to downloading files, especially when they are using mobile devices such as tablet computers. We also did not want visitors to the Archives to be able to download restricted files to their personal computers, which they could then post and/or share after leaving. Therefore, we have had to develop a different workflow for items in these collections. First, we do not attach a file to the metadata upload. Instead, the streaming file is uploaded to our campus-wide file sharing system (currently Box), and made available to a patron by appointment only. The patron is provided with a temporary link to a view-only file that cannot be downloaded; access is then revoked at the end of the appointment by removing their name and email address from the list of authorized users. Additionally, it is possible in DC to upload a file to a record, and disable the streaming function at the item level under the “manage items” tab, but if streaming is activated for an individual item, it is then available to anyone who might access it at that time. It is not possible to control the access on a granular level. If needed, streaming access to an entire collection can be disabled from the structure’s configuration page. The streaming media feature is still in its infancy at DC, and has a number of limitations. Presently, image galleries in DC cannot stream media; any attached audio or video file can only

be downloaded. This is especially limiting with oral histories, where there is likely a photograph of the subject and an audio or video interview. In order to have a thumbnail image appear with the recording, it is necessary to use the book gallery structure, since the series structure does not include the thumbnail option. Additionally, only one file can be streaming per record, with any additional parts only available to download. If an interview has been divided into multiple parts, only the first part will be able to stream. In order to stream any additional segments, they must each be attached to a separate record and linked together via URLs in the metadata. Ideally, they would all be on the same record, with any other relevant attachments such as transcripts, video logs, photographs, etc. Despite the limitations, the addition of streaming audio and video files to our digital collections has been very successful. Thanks to the DC dashboard, we can see detailed analytics for each item in a collection, or the collection as a whole, including the number of views and the number of plays for each streaming item. We are now able to highlight our existing collections as well as solicit new collections, including podcasts, panel discussions, and additional oral histories. Streaming video is especially valuable in the event structures, where they can be added to conferences along with proceedings, abstracts, and slides. And unlike videos embedded from third-party sites such as YouTube, we can rely on an ad-free experience for our patrons. The addition of streaming video brings new users to our repository who then browse to find other helpful or interesting resources.

Obituary — Michael Moss By Derek Law (Professor Emeritus, Information Services Directorate, University of Strathclyde) <d.law@strath.ac.uk>

rofessor Michael Moss died on 9th February 2021 aged 73, following a brief illness. He was born and educated in England at the University of Oxford, where he trained as an archivist in the department of Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library. But his family had strong Scottish roots: his mother was a Glasgow medical graduate, and his father, a naval chaplain, had visited the Clyde regularly — and so it was no real surprise when he went to Glasgow in 1970, to become Registrar of the National Register of Archives (Scotland) Western Survey, based in the department of Scottish History at the University of Glasgow. The 1970s were a period of great industrial decline in the West of Scotland as traditional heavy industries closed. His job was in large measure to rescue records and papers which could be preserved in archive repositories. He then spent a hugely successful career as Glasgow University Archivist from 1974 until 2001. Still at Glasgow, he then moved into teaching and became Research Professor in Archival Studies in HATII (the Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute) where he was director of the Information Management and Preservation MSc programme from 2004, until he left the University in 2013 to take up a position as Professor of Archival Science at the University of Northumbria’s i-School. A lively and inspiring teacher, his education of the next generation of archivists leaves a legacy of huge importance for the future of the discipline.

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He was also a prolific author. He was actively involved in research on the theory and practice of archives and records management, but is perhaps best known as a renowned business historian, writing histories such as those of Glasgow armament giant William Beardmore & Co, the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, and Standard Life plc, the Edinburgh-based life assurance company. Above all he wrote the standard history of the whisky and the distilling industry in Scotland more generally. In 1981, he co-wrote The Making of Scotch Whisky — one of the most detailed records of the history of the production of Scotch. The committee of the (UK) All Party Parliamentary Group on Archives and History honoured his work with its annual ‘Lifetime Achievement Awards’ in 2017. This was a fitting tribute to his work but he will be more remembered by many colleagues for his wisdom, advice and sociability. And he had a true sense of humour. He was a keen gardener and contributed an essay “Brussels Sprouts and Empire” to the book Gardening – Philosophy for Everyone, Cultivating Wisdom which explored the need to grow sprouts for Christmas dinner, however inhospitable the climate! He is much missed.

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Let’s Get Technical — Plight of “On the Shelf”: Inventory in a Large Academic Library Collection By David W. Schuster (Interim Associate University Librarian for Library Technical Services, Technology, and Special Collections, Binghamton University Libraries) <dschuste@binghamton.edu> ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6800-708X and Emily Beston (Bibliographic Associate, Binghamton University Libraries) <ebeston@binghamton.edu> Column Editors: Kyle Banerjee (Sr. Implementation Consultant, FOLIO Services) <kbanerjee@ebsco.com> www.ebsco.com www.folio.org and Susan J. Martin (Chair, Collection Development and Management, Associate Professor, Middle Tennessee State University) <Susan.Martin@mtsu.edu>

Introduction Managing collections and access to the scholarly record is the historical reason for libraries to house, maintain, and provide access to research materials for future scholars. Binghamton University is one of the four centers in the State University of New York (SUNY) system, and a doctoral R1 institution. The Libraries house over 2.1 million items in 4 locations. In over 45 years, a full inventory of the Libraries’ collections has never been completed, even after four system migrations (the most recent from Aleph to Alma, an RLIN to OCLC conversion, and an OCLC reclamation). Justifying an inventory is always the challenge; resource allocation, staffing to fix problems, and the need to balance the return on the investment must all be taken into consideration. In preparing to move an entire floor for renovations (500,000 items approximately), and the need to place sections of that collection in different locations, the numbers identified in the automation system were suspect; an inventory would identify and correct these issues.

We decided to expand the research to include all of the materials in the three collections to determine if new materials have a different error rate. Using the same method as outlined above, another sample was generated for each of the three collections. Using the same shelf check, availability verification, and twoweek review, the following data about the three collections was identified, as displayed in Table 2.

Collecting data to determine collection and missing numbers is needed to justify the expense of an inventory project. If the number of items missing is large enough, it would justify doing an inventory. Two methods were used: sampling and a partial full item scan inventory. These methods would help us determine our resource allocation, accurately reflect what is on the shelf, and correct errors within a specific time period. The goals are to provide accurate shelf item counts, determine the number of missing items, and to create a more robust user experience through accurate item shelf status.

Table 2

Methods The first sample contained new books purchased in fiscal year 2017, from three collections, and housed in physically different locations: Fine Arts, Glenn G Bartle Stacks (Main), and Science. The first step in this type of inventory is to determine the appropriate sample size for each collection with a confidence level of 95% and an accuracy within 4%. Next, we extract the title and call number from the collections in call number order in Excel, and then using a random number generator, select rows for the sample. If the item is found, a check mark is placed on the sheet. For items without a checkmark, the availability in Alma is checked; e.g., lost, on loan, damaged. Two weeks after conducting the sample review, the shelves are checked again. From this review of the new book sample the following information was found for each collection. Table 1.

54 Against the Grain / June 2021

Table 1

With this data, library administration was consulted about doing a full-scan inventory for those 500,000 items in the Main collection, and they agreed due to the renovation move. Even though the Fine Arts library has a larger need, that will be addressed at a later time. The actual process of a “scan everything” inventory had been explored for two small collections (~10,000 volumes); it provided information on how to successfully inventory a collection, what the staffing needs were, and how to document the process (Schuster, 2020). Working with the cataloging staff, who normally work 8:00am to 5:00pm Monday through Friday, with no public desk responsibilities, we hired 4 federal work study students. Students are assigned two “ladders” of books, defined as the left and right support holding the shelves and containing roughly 450 books. A Google sheet with the starting and ending call numbers as a file name is assigned into which students scan the barcodes of the books as they are on the shelves (Schuster, 2020). If an error occurs in scanning, this limits the correction time needed for staff, as well as pro-

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vides for intervention training opportunity. The students scan and set aside books that are in need of repair or do not have a barcode to scan. Based on the number of problems we have encountered, and the need to complete the process in a short amount of time, it is too time consuming to train students to resolve problems. The barcodes from the Google sheet are then used by the cataloging staff to run reports. Using the Alma Library system, cataloging staff identify the library, collection, and range of the barcodes scanned by the student and upload the barcodes; Alma then identifies problems within the ladders scanned. Problems occur when scanned items are marked as lost, missing, in the wrong library, wrong collection, should not be in this call number range, or barcodes are not in the system. Alma can also identify items that should not be on the shelf because they are on loan or in an appropriate status such as lost, missing, in transit, or checked out. This process does not account for items misshelved within the two ladders, but will identify items that “Inventory should not be there. Other library has resolved systems have shelf order abilities during inventory that validates shelving shelf reading; the current Alma issues, iteration of inventory does not. database Since we are doing an inventory with over 2.1 million items, it would maintenance be overwhelming to evaluate shelf problems, order at this time.

correction of item collections, identified bound-with problems, and identified items needing repair.”

Once errors on the reports are verified, staff go to the shelves to investigate issues and fix discrepancies, and then correct problems in Alma. For example, Alma looks at classification type in the 852 field of the holdings first and second indicator to determine the shelving scheme — Dewey, Library of Congress, Government Documents, etc. — and if items are incorrectly coded the item will be on the error report as being out of range. This is helpful to resolve as it impacts searching by call number and reporting on the collections. Once item problems are resolved, the items that are “not on shelf,” but should be, are marked as “Missing” via a batch job (Schuster, 2020). Staff regularly run lists of missing items and check the shelves. If an item is found, it is checked in, which removes the missing status in Alma. To date, over 170,000 barcodes have been marked as inventoried. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic shutting down the University in the Spring of 2020, the inventory process has been delayed due to lack of student labor. Over the summer, library staff from cataloging did scan, in case the collection moving date did not change. Restarting the inventory in the Fall of 2020 with students, we are able to average about 10,000 scans a week with four student workers. With over 500,000 items to be scanned, and 170,000 already scanned, it should take about 36 weeks or roughly nine months to complete the inventory of the third floor Main collection that needs to be moved. In a normal situation this would be doable, but with the COVID-19 restrictions, an extended holiday break, and reduced density on campus, that timeframe won’t hold true.

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Findings With the full inventory process, we have experienced a 1.1% missing rate to date of the Main collection which is lower than expected from the full collection sample. This is comparable to what Greenwood (2013) found during a similar project at the University of Mississippi collection. If we include the errors and damaged items, the percentage of materials “missing” goes up to 2.4%. The goal of this project was to identify what should truly be on the shelf in preparation for the move of that collection and create an estimated missing rate. We have found that shelf reading would help reduce some of the missing rate, as there are times it is obvious that one book has thrown an entire section off, for example changing from one range to another. Due to our renovation move, shelf reading was not feasible to do and technically not part of the Cataloging Department’s responsibility. Spine labels are also supposed to indicate the location in which the item is to be housed. If an item was transferred, but a new spine label is not generated the item migrates back to its original location incorrectly. The flexibility of this inventory process will allow us to hire additional work study students, if needed, to increase the speed of the process. Report generation and shelf-check problems are handled on campus. With the COVID-19 pandemic, other problems can be resolved working from home as needed to reduce campus density. Students can come and go after their initial training, and have been very successful with limited supervision. Inventory is a daunting and expensive venture, but with a 2.4% correction/missing rate of 2.1 million items, over 50,400 items are incorrectly coded or not on the shelves. This being our first inventory of record for the collection, this was expected to be a high number. The inventorying of the remaining collection and other library collections needs to continue. The data on missing items helps to target future partial inventories, evaluate collection usage, determine the need for replacements and most importantly, verify accessibility of items. Inventory has resolved shelving issues, database maintenance problems, correction of item collections, identified bound-with problems, and identified items needing repair. Most importantly, the inventory process has created more accurate counts of materials on the shelf and therefore a better user experience in locating materials.

References Greenwood, J. T. (2013). Taking it to the Stacks: An Inventory Project at the University of Mississippi Libraries. Journal of Access Services, 10(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536796 7.2013.762266 Schuster, D. W. (2020, October 9). To be found or to be missing what is the plight of “on the shelf.” ExLibris Northeast Users Group. http://e-nug.org/enug-2020/summary-schedule-2020/

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Library Analytics: Shaping the Future — COVID-19 One Year Later: Trends in Library Book Acquisitions By Jon T. Elwell (Director of Content Strategies, EBSCO Information Services) and Ashley Fast (Director of Collection Development and Workflow Solutions, GOBI Library Solutions) Column Editors: Tamir Borensztajn (Vice President of SaaS Strategy, EBSCO Information Services) <tborensztajn@ebsco.com> and Kathleen McEvoy (Vice President of Communications, EBSCO Information Services) <kmcevoy@ebsco.com>

or many of us, March was the one-year anniversary of when we shifted from in-person interactions to remote-based ones. In that time many of us have had to pick up new skills, and become Zoom ninjas, home school educators, amateur epidemiologists, semi-professional bakers and burgeoning hairdressers. Like all segments of life, the academic book ecosystem has seen its fair share of change to meet these new demands as well. One thing we have learned is that this shift has not created new trends in the academic space but rather exacerbated and accelerated preexisting conditions. Let’s take the biggest shift we have seen — the move to digital.

The Move to Digital This effort has been incremental in facilitating the digital evolution we are undergoing today. Without publishers and content providers modernizing workflows to produce higher rates of simultaneously released print and eBook versions of titles, as seen in Figure 2, there would not have been enough content to drive the shift to digital. While it is impressive that 72 percent of all content is released in print and digital simultaneously (based on FY21 year-to-date data as of March 2021), we still have work to do, and our platform and publishing partners are well aware of this need and are working to continue closing the gap. The impacts of remote learning can clearly be seen in the rapid acceleration in eBook acquisition. As librarians were asked to support distance and online learning, the format and subsequent utility became as critical as the work itself. With that said, the trend toward eBooks is a long-standing one, as seen in Figure 1. We had been experiencing a slow digital shift in the monograph space for years pre-remote life, and the groundwork done by publishers, platforms, library staff and vendors is what allowed us to leverage the potential of eBooks in order to meet the expanded needs and demands of online and remote learning. Pre-pandemic, the shift to eBooks had been trending up, but there were still significant pockets of resistance toward the widespread adoption of the eBook model. The reasons we had heard from librarians included: pricing, eBook availability, resource sharing concerns, perpetual access concerns, accessibility and perceptions of user preference. Those concerns didn’t disappear, but the need to provide expanded access to online scholarly resources during the pandemic outweighed them.

Model Availability Another critical factor in the migration to digital, in addition to title availability, is model availability. Unlimited User (UU) access, particularly Digital Rights Management-Free (DRMfree) UU access, is the preferred access model by most libraries. DRM-free has significantly increased the portability and utility of eBooks. A DRM-free eBook is great for collaborative work, increasing accessibility, and eliminating turnaways and many patron pain points, to just name a few benefits. Similar to the increase in simultaneous availability of electronic and print, we have seen significant increases in what is available as DRMfree UU. Nowhere is that clearer than in the acquisition trend shown below:

Title Availability Let’s look at the most basic qualification for digital — what is available. GOBI data defines the world of academic content at around 70,000 titles each year from a selection of around 1,600 imprints worldwide. When we look at the number of those titles year over year, we see a concentrated effort from publishers to increase the available universe of digital content.

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DRM-free UU was originally only available from a handful of publisher direct platforms, but as eBook usage and acquisition became more prevalent, publishers heard and understood the need for expanding DRM-free access and they acted accordingly. In a very short time frame, we went from having tens of thousands of eBooks available DRM-free to well over 1,000,000. These efforts led to DRM-free works being readily available when the demand for digital resources to support distance and online learning spiked during the pandemic.

Shifts in Approval Profiles Since we work directly with libraries around the world, we have a front-row seat to the shifts and changes that the pandemic has brought. The need to deliver resources in an online format has been one of the main drivers of decisions that affect book and slip approval profiles, monographic acquisitions, and other acquisitions models. When it comes to approval profiles, before the pandemic we saw a slight preference for print preferred, followed by profiles with a “We know mix of print and electronic, with each library ePreferred taking the preference has unique in most Library of Congress (LC) classification ranges, and finally drivers and fully ePreferred. Today we see requirements most libraries having some type for publishers of ePreferred setting, whether that be across the board or a mix of LC and vendors, classification ranges with print and we need moving from a slight majority to to be prepared the least preferred option. There are exceptions where schools to support and remain print preferred, such as adapt to those law library profiles and smaller varied needs. library slip profiles. In those cases, The indicators libraries are making the choice on the version at the point of order, point to a where we also see the shift of firm large reliance orders leaning more toward the on digital electronic format.

materials in the future, which is reinforced by historical trends.”

Library staff spent a lot of time this last year reviewing their profiles to make informed decisions on the implications of shifting from print-only or mixed-format to ePreferred. Sarah Hoke, Collection Development Librarian at Harvard Widener Library, said, “looking at our approval plan output was just one piece of our activities to ensure that patrons still had as much access as possible to our collections during the pandemic. It made sense for us in two main ways: first, in serving our patrons by providing easy and timely access to new materials whenever possible; and second, from a staff perspective of allowing a safer, off-site workflow for electronic material — and reducing the backlog to work through when we could again handle print receipts on-site. By making this decision early in the pandemic, it allowed us to better focus on the other demands of our patrons, such as requests for

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older materials in digital format, especially for course support and research needs. It also met our initial goals in terms of workflow and access, so definitely considered a success in that perspective.”

Shifts in Acquisition Models In addition to library staff making a shift in their approval plan logic, some chose to make shifts to models that allowed greater access during a time when students weren’t physically on campus. We saw the broader use of Evidence-Based Acquisition (EBA) models. In many cases, libraries chose to shift funding from approvals or firm order allocations to EBA models to provide more comprehensive coverage and access to a given publisher’s content. One library that made this shift was Syracuse University. Rachel Fox von Swearingen, Interim Collection Development and Analysis Librarian, said that the “Syracuse University libraries began adopting EBA and DDA eBook models a few years ago. Before the onset of the pandemic, one of our collections goals for 2020-2021 had already been to explore at least three additional EBA or DDA plans. The sudden transition to all online learning in March 2020 made that goal a more urgent need, and we chose to begin a Taylor & Francis EBA program through GOBI in summer 2020. Our EBA programs have allowed us to provide eBook access that duplicates our print stacks but still direct our current year’s monograph spending ultimately toward purchasing perpetual access to new titles and to titles with proven use. As we investigate transitioning more of our monograph budget to EBA or DDA models, we feel that, in many ways, 21st century library collection development bears more resemblance to managing an investment portfolio than building a title-by-title list of monographs and serials to acquire.”

What Comes Next? In this article, we laid out some indicators — increasing eBook availability, increasing DRM-free availability, shifting approval profiles, wider adoption of emerging models like EBA, and wider spread eBook acquisitions — and we could go on to share another 50 data points if we had the time and space, but the most pressing question that we are asked is, simply, “what comes next?” While we do not know for sure, what we can say with confidence is it will differ across each and every library. We know each library has unique drivers and requirements for publishers and vendors, and we need to be prepared to support and adapt to those varied needs. The indicators point to a large reliance on digital materials in the future, which is reinforced by historical trends. This seems a safe assumption, but if our years of experience have taught us anything about the library space it is that choice, flexibility and collaboration are paramount as we move toward a more format-agnostic future. This year we all saw significant change, for better or worse, but the most positive and successful change came from collaborative efforts across the academic books ecosystem. Library staff, publishers, content providers, aggregators and vendors all pulling together, focused on a sustainable future state. So, with that in mind we ask that very question to you: what comes next, and how can we carry forward the momentum of collaboration and continue to work toward a more flexible and digital future?

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ATG PROFILES ENCOURAGED

Simon Inger

Consultant, Renew Consultants and COO, Cadmore Media Phone: +44 7977 237550 <simon@renewconsultants.com> <simon@cadmore.media> renewconsultants.com • cadmore.media Professional career and activities: Spent 34 years in scholarly communications and have been one of the people behind a number of start-ups including CatchWord (for those with long memories), Accucoms, and Cadmore Media. In my spare time: Lots of outdoor activities!

Amy Pham Database and eBooks Manager SCELC (Statewide California Electronic Library Consortium) Working Remotely (although our office is still located in the Oviatt Building at 617 S. Olive St., Ste. 1210) • <amy@scelc.org> https://scelc.org/about/staff/amy-pham

Currently living IN: Altadena, CA

Professional career and activities: Started as a student and stayed for the long-term. Four years digitizing art photography at University of California, San Diego (UCSD), another four in technical services at University of San Diego (USD), then onto the University of Strathclyde’s MLIS program in Glasgow, Scotland in 2017, where I found OA was rapidly pushing libraries to redefine their relationship to their stakeholders and to their collections. Did brief stints at the University of Strathclyde and BBC Scotland as a practicum of sorts and collected many stories. Came back in 2019 to take a position at SCELC and found myself surprised by consortial work, which, like many aspects of librarianship, no one can prepare you for until you’re doing it. Philosophy: Let’s just try it and see!

How/where do I see the industry in five years: This is an interesting question because right now, I’m not sure anyone knows. I think we might be seeing the start of a zeitgeist. Ask me again in a year! So let me instead express one of my hopes for the profession during this period of transition: that in the next five years, we see necessary work invested in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), and the changes are clearly reflected in our budgets and staff, in modes of access, and in our collections.

Dr. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Executive Editor IGI Global 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey, PA 17033 USA Phone: (717) 533-8845 x100 Fax: (717) 533-8661 or (717) 533-7115 <cust@igi-global.com> www.igi-global.com

Biography: Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A., received his Doctorate in Business Administration from the Nova Southeastern University (Florida, USA). Dr. Khosrow-Pour taught undergraduate and graduate information system courses at the Pennsylvania State University – Harrisburg for almost 20 years. He is currently Executive Editor at IGI Global (www. igi-global.com). He also serves as Executive Director of the Information

58 Against the Grain / June 2021

Resources Management Association (IRMA) (www.irma-international. org) and Executive Director of the World Forgotten Children Foundation (WFCF) (www.worldforgottenchildren.org). He is the author/editor of more than 100 books in information technology management. He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of the Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ), Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO), Journal of Cases on Information Technology (JCIT), and the Journal of Information Technology Research (JITR), and has authored more than 50 articles published in various conference proceedings and scholarly journals. How/where do I see the industry in five years: Well, certainly the industry will continue to move at an accelerated pace. Print will likely be obsolete in a few years and publishers will be under tremendous pressure to evaluate their process for releasing electronic content at a rapid rate. Looking at how far we have come in the last five years, I’m certain that the innovations and research discoveries brought forth in the next five years will untap potential never seen before. I look forward to continuing my participation in this and looking at what opportunities IGI Global can take part in, now, and in the future.

Alyssa G. Resnick Co-Associate Dean for Collections Head, Technical Services & Collection Development University of Southern California/USC Libraries 3434 South Grand Avenue, CAL 212 Los Angeles, CA 90089-2810 <alyssa.resnick@usc.edu> https://libraries.usc.edu/

Born and lived: Born in Edison, NJ and lived there until I graduated High School. Early life: Moved to Los Angeles to attend USC. Earned a BFA in studio arts and a minor in art history. Worked as a student assistant in one of the USC Libraries. Professional career and activities: First full-time job in a library was an acquisitions assistant at the Getty Research Institute. Earned a MLIS from UCLA while I was at the Getty. I took a leave of absence from the Getty to go to the Library of Congress as a Junior Fellow. After the Getty and before USC, I worked as a librarian as a Senior Project Manager at Library Associates, Director, Sales – Public Libraries at Follett Media Distribution, Assistant Librarian at American InterContinental University, Senior Library Supervisor at Brand Library & Art Center, and Administrator – Development, Technology, & Collection Services at Glendale Library, Arts & Culture Department. I started at USC in 2017 as Head, Acquisitions & eResources and am now Head, Technical Services & Collection Development and Co-Associate Dean for Collections. I have been working in libraries since 1990! Family: I have 2 rescue pugs, Gidget & Toby who are biological siblings but not litter mates, they are 12 and 11 years old. In my spare time: I like to color, watch movies, travel, print and organize my vacation photos and ephemera into photo albums. Favorite books: All of Rick Steves’ travel books! Pet peeves: Too many to list!

Most memorable career achievement: It has been a highlight that my career has come full circle since my first job in a library was as a student assistant at USC Libraries and 30 years later, I returned as a librarian/faculty.

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COMPANY PROFILES ENCOURAGED Academic Rights Press Ltd. Kemp House, 160 City Road London EC1V 2NX, United Kingdom Phone: +44 7974 925 663 https://www.academicrightspress.com/home Officers: Roger Press, Catherine Wetherell.

Key products and services: MusicID. InteLex.

Core markets/clientele: Academic universities, worldwide.

of specialized content in multiple ways to scholarly audiences. Our video-centric platform and workflows empower you to take control of your multimedia content, apply publishing standards and apparatus, and disseminate it via the channels of your choice. Whether your project is an educational resource, a research product, or a virtual event, Cadmore video solutions combine cutting-edge technology with customized service to deliver an end-to-end solution: from product development, workflow design, content management, product launch, and ongoing support and improvements.

Number of employees: 12

Gale, a Cengage company

Total number of journals currently published: Two databases, MusicID (half a billion rows of sales data on an analytical platform) and InteLex (the complete corpus of 180 philosophy and scientific writers). History and brief description of your company/publishing program: Academic Rights Press, is an electronic publisher of databases.

27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: 800-877-4253 Fax: 877-363-4253 https://www.gale.com/ Affiliated companies: Cengage (parent company)

MusicID is a powerful digital humanities tool that gives academics, students and librarians access to the raw, source chart data they need to assess music’s cultural and historical impact. MusicID is packed with visual and infographic tools that help illustrate findings to that create impactful, informative presentations and reports. Mastery of data analysis and data storytelling are essential skills that will benefit your students as they transition to the workforce.

Officers: Paul Gazzolo, SVP & General Manager.

InteLex Corporation’s Past Masters series encompasses the largest collection of primary source full-text electronic editions in philosophy in the world. The series includes significant collections in the history of political thought and theory, religious studies, education, German studies, sociology, the history and philosophy of science, economics, and classics. InteLex acquires and develops definitive editions of the full corpora of the seminal figures in the history of the human sciences, including published and unpublished works, articles, essays, reviews, and correspondence.

Core markets/clientele: Library, K-12, higher education, professional, English language teaching and workforce training markets.

Cadmore Media 9005 Grant Street Bethesda, MD 20817 and Fernhill, Churchlane, Drayton Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4JS <info@cadmore.media> https://cadmore.media Officers: Violaine Iglesias, Neil Gilstrap, Simon Inger.

Association memberships, etc.: SSP, NISO, ALPSP.

Key products and services: Video hosting and streaming, media libraries, and virtual events. Core markets/clientele: NGOs.

Societies, publishers, associations,

Number of employees: 10

History and brief description of your company/publishing program: Cadmore Media was founded in 2018 by scholarly and video publishing veterans who saw a need to make video publishing an accessible proposition for a wide range of academic and professional clients. Essentially, we make publishing scholarly video easy. Our integrated streaming media technology offers societies and associations new ways to use their multimedia assets to generate revenue, engage membership, and expand reach. We specialize in conveying large amounts

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Association memberships, etc.: ALA, ACRL, AASL, PLA, RUSA, AAP, SIIA, ALCTS, LITA, YALSA, SLA, LLAMA, AALL Key products and services: Gale Primary Sources, research databases, elearning, Gale eBooks, Gale Digital Scholar Lab, Gale In Context databases, Thorndike Press (large print books), workforce development, periodicals, journals and more.

Number of employees: 397

History and brief description of your company/publishing program: Gale, a Cengage company, partners with librarians and educators around the world to connect learners to essential content through user-friendly technology that enhances experiences and improves learning outcomes. For more than 65 years, Gale has collaborated with academic institutions, schools, and public libraries around the world to empower the discovery of knowledge and insights that push the boundaries of traditional research and advance learners in all areas of life. We have a long history of providing students, educators, and libraries with authoritative content and honor our role as a trusted publisher and aggregator of information. Our team is proud to help libraries deliver essential content to a diverse community of learners. IGI Global 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey, PA 17033, USA Phone: (717) 533-8845 x100 Fax: (717) 533-8661 www.igi-global.com Affiliated companies: MKP Technologies, IGI Science and Technology, Ltd. (Bejing, China) Officers: Dr. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Executive Editor; Lindsay Wertman, Managing Director; Karin Gould, Business Manager; Jan Travers, Director of Intellectual Property & Contracts; Nick Newcomer, Senior Director of Marketing & Sales; Melissa Wagner, Editorial Director; and Justin North, Director of Information Technology & Communication. Association memberships, etc.: Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); American Educational Research Association (AERA); Peer

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Review Week and Open Access Week Organizing Committee Member; Book Industry Study Group (BISG); and Subscribe to Open Community of Practice. IGI Global routinely supports and participates in events held by the American Library Association (ALA) and the Society for Scholarly Publishing (SSP). Panel participant and attendee at the Charleston Conference. ORCID Membership; Publons; COUNTER; Jisc; CLOCKSS and LOCKSS; CrossRef; Google Scholar Campus Activated Subscriber Access (CASA); Indexing in Web of Science, Scopus, Compendex, PsycINFO, among many others. Special partnerships with Tekscan, the Healthcare Standards Institute, and the International Center for Informatics Research (ICIR) of Beijing Jiaotong University. A Funding Sponsor of the World Forgotten Children Foundation (WFCF). Key products and services: IGI Global has an established portfolio of more than 6,600 reference books (including encyclopedias, handbooks of research, research anthologies, authored and edited monographs, casebooks, portals, and guide/handbook publications), 185 highly-indexed scholarly journals, and a full line of IGI Global e-Collections (including the e-Book Collection, e-Journal Collection, Subject e-Book Collections, Subject e-Journal Collections, e-Cases Collection, Knowledge Solutions e-Book Collections, Knowledge Solutions e-Journal Collections , K-12 Online Learning E-Book Collection, and InfoSci-Videos). With free trials available to libraries on all of these e-Collections. The key subject areas that IGI Global publishes its content in include: Business and Management, Computer Science and Information Technology, Education, Environmental, Agricultural, and Physical Sciences, Government and Law, Library and Information Science, Media and Communications, Medical, Healthcare, and Life Sciences, Science and Engineering, Security and Forensics, Social Sciences and Humanities. Each title is offered in both print and electronic format with multiple purchasing and subscription options, and undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer review process. IGI Global’s InfoSci platform provides an advanced modern user-friendly interface for libraries that offers institution-wide unlimited simultaneous access (with no additional fees for multi access), full-text PDF and HTML, and no DRM. There are no maintenance fees associated with the platform and users can copy, print, and even download the entire book or journal directly from the platform when purchased on a perpetual basis. Additionally, there is no embargo of content ensuring that the research within the collections are made available months in advance of the print release. IGI Global also partners with popular library ordering platforms including GOBI and OASIS, with access provided within minutes on the industry’s most prominent hosting platforms, such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest’s Ebook Central, in addition to IGI Global’s InfoSci platform. Core markets/clientele: Academic Libraries, Corporate Libraries, Medical Libraries, Special Libraries, Societies and Associations, Research Organizations, Educators, Students, Professionals, and Independent Researchers.

published. Most major academic publishing houses at that time were not interested in investing in small-run monographs that emphasized discipline areas that were not yet established. Unlike the rest of the publishing industry, IGI Global actively sought out these concepts, centered on the most emerging topics and technologies, choosing to take a chance on publications that were not initially profitable because they were so ahead of their time. As the demands of the research community continuously evolved and constantly shifted due to the fast rate at which content could suddenly be produced, IGI Global grew and changed to meet these needs. During the past decade, other research disciplines were explored and introduced so that IGI Global could have a strong representation in areas such as business and management, education, engineering, environment and agriculture, government and law, media and communications, healthcare, security, the social sciences, and most recently, the humanities. Due to the quick pace at which research discoveries were being made, IGI Global through the use of information technologies and its agile organizational culture, has substantially streamlined its publishing process to focus on a quality-centric and expeditious publication workflow that not only stays abreast of rapidly advancing research fields, but also swiftly disseminates the research findings to the academic community. Understanding the importance of serving only accurate, vetted research, IGI Global has utilized its own technological advancements such as a proprietary editorial management system known as the “eEditorial Discovery System” to maintain its agility, thus accomplishing this task without sacrificing its extensive double-blind peer-review process. At present, an accepted publication proposal can be offered as a final properly vetted publication in less than one year. Today, IGI Global continues its policy of providing excellent service through the personalized support and assistance offered to each of its contributors. During the past 33 years, IGI Global has been extremely instrumental in providing researchers all over the world the opportunity to publish their work with a credible and trusted publisher. IGI Global continues to maintain its philosophy of publishing content based on the innovative nature and quality presented in the work as opposed to focusing purely on profitability. IGI Global takes pride in providing its authors and editors an outlet to share their research findings with the rest of the world. As a result, IGI Global continues to publish some of the most innovative forward-thinking (and at times very niche) content that has greatly progressed the research field, even if the company was left with very little revenue in return. Is there anything else that you think would be of interest to our readers? I just want to further note that IGI Global is extremely committed to the library community and we greatly value any feedback and suggestions that will aid us in our product and service delivery in the years to come. We encourage librarians to reach out to us frequently and share their observations and experiences.

ProQuest

Number of employees: 40 to 50.

ProQuest Headquarters: 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Phone: 800-521-0600 or (734) 761-4700 http://about.proquest.com

Number of books published annually (print, electronic, open access, etc.): 600 to 800. Number of journals published annually (print, electronic, open access, etc.): 185+

Total number of books on your backlist (print, electronic, etc.): More than 5,000.

Affiliated companies: Ex Libris, Alexander Street, Bowker

History and brief description of your company/publishing program: Founded in 1988, IGI Global was fostered from the belief that all research, no matter how unrecognized, contributed significantly to the advancement of knowledge and thus, needed to be

Key products and services: The world’s largest collection of journals, ebooks, primary sources, dissertations, news and video, along with powerful workflow solutions to help libraries acquire, grow and manage collections.

Total number of journals currently published: 185

60 Against the Grain / June 2021

Officers: Matti Shem Tov, CEO.

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Core markets/clientele: Academic, K-12, public, corporate and government libraries in 150 countries. About Us: ProQuest supports the important work in the world’s research and learning communities. The company curates six centuries of content – the world’s largest collection of journals, ebooks, primary sources, dissertations, news and video – and builds powerful workflow solutions to help libraries acquire and grow collections that inspire extraordinary outcomes. ProQuest products and services are used in academic, K-12, public, corporate and government libraries in 150 countries. Along with its companies and affiliates Ex Libris, Alexander Street and Bowker, ProQuest (http://www.proquest.com/) helps its customers achieve better research, better learning and better insights. For more information, visit our blog or follow us on Twitter, Facebook or Instagram.

Renew Consultants Field Cottage, Church Lane Drayton, Abingdo Oxfordshire OX14 4JS UK <info@renewconsultants.com> https://renewconsultants.com Affiliated companies: Society Street

Key products and services: Consultancy for scholarly societies and publishers. Number of employees: 4

History and brief description of your company/publishing program: We provide strategic consultancy to societies, associations and other organisations involved in scholarly communications – publishers, intermediaries and technology providers. Our work helps our clients understand the fast-changing landscape of scholarly communication, and helps them articulate, plan and deliver their vision for the future.

LIBRARY PROFILES ENCOURAGED University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries Includes: John C. Hodges Library, DeVine Music Library, and Pendergrass Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine Library 1015 Volunteer Blvd. Knoxville, TN 37996 https://www.lib.utk.edu

What excites or frightens you about the next five years? Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced budgets, and rising costs of higher education libraries are entering a crisis period. Sustainability – of library missions, library collections, and library budgets – will be key over the next 5 years. Libraries will have to make tough choices to meet their institutions’ demands and library vendors will have to adapt offerings and pricing models to meet these demands. Despite difficult circumstances, creativity will be key. We have the opportunity to dream up and implement new ideas.

Background/history: https://www.lib.utk.edu/about/

Number of staff: Approximately 150 staff and faculty librarians.

Does your library have an ILS or are you part of a collaborative ILS? We use Ex Libris’ Alma as our library service platform. Do you have a discovery system? We use Ex Libris’ Primo VE for discovery. Does your library have a collection development or similar department? Yes, our Assessment Program & Collection Strategy department coordinates collection development efforts with our subject librarians and other stakeholders.

Back Talk continued from page 62 a big step backwards and re-privilege the faculty and professional classes and leave the rest of our staffs comparatively behind. How to handle the physicality challenge to our best intentions is difficult, and if I had any easy answers, I’d share them now. The best I can do is say that we need to acknowledge the issues, be open and sensitive to our colleagues, and rededicate ourselves to the work of making our professional communities in libraries as inclusive, equitable, and diverse as they can be. The digital space isn’t just a supplement to the analog; but it’s also not a magic land of justice and freedom. It’s one more place where we have to think smart, work hard, and hold ourselves to the highest standards.

Against the Grain / June 2021

Rumors continued from page 45 Just ordered The Family Business: How Ingram Transformed the World of Books by Keel Hunt and Tim O’Reilly. I like histories of publishing companies and am surprised that there are so few of them. The Ingram family of Nashville, TN has an astounding empire of timber, Mississippi barges, oil refining and oil pipelines. And they own Ingram Books. Martha Rivers Ingram is a child of Charleston; her father owned the first radio and TV station in town. She went to Ashley Hall and Vassar, and as an Ingram, became Nashville’s preeminent patron of the arts. When you come to the Charleston Conference, look at the SC details on the exterior of the Gaillard Center. Martha is the prime mover behind the rebuilding of a ’60s glass box into a neoclassical monument for the town. And another great book — an extremely touching history of his childhood in a lost Oxfordshire, England — is David Worlock’s Facing Up to Father. It’s an England most Americans only know through P.G. Wodehouse. But this is real people with real problems, triumphs, and emotions. And fabulous illustrations by Rufus Mills, something seldom seen in books today. David is a well-known publishing consultant. He sold Electronic Publishing Services to the Greek dynamo Anthea Stratigos’ Outsell. He manages their Executive Programs. TiIl next time!

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Back Talk — Remember When? Column Editor: Jim O’Donnell (University Librarian, Arizona State University) <jod@asu.edu>

hen the world went all weird on us last year, our management team began to maintain a common document recording our agenda for our meetings and links to other relevant documents. I went back to the first pages there when the anniversary rolled around, thinking about what we’ve all been through. Here’s an entry from the first tranche of operational items: • Assume we’re out for 2-6 weeks: How do we think strategically about what people can do in that time: what’s essential? What’s a surprising opportunity? Those were the days. Not unreasonably, we were thinking about a short interruption while this momentary intrusion was brought under control. Politicians and epidemiologists can argue about why we were wrong, but were we ever wrong. Nonetheless we were thinking in the right direction, for opportunities. The biggest lesson we’ve learned since then? The digital is not just a supplement to the analog. Think back to the early days of online access to journals. How did that go? Publishers promised they’d keep printing those journals, but yes, they’d give customers digital access as well, at a small surcharge price, and throw in free digital access to more of their journals. Good deal: digital is a supplement, the pricing for it is a surcharge, and libraries got for free some stuff they’d never wanted all that badly. It’s surprising how many publisher deals still enshrine that long-ago spend at the base of business models. There’s a lot less print coming into libraries, but for the most part there was no big discount when print went away, though libraries saved some money by not checking in every copy of every serial. Users have become accustomed to making the digital the primary in the journal realm. Monographs, not so much: progress has been ragged, pricing controversial, and of course nobody’s digitized “backfiles” of monographic publication to throw in as a sweetener to the deal for buying current volumes. So there we live in a hybrid state. Lockdown taught libraries we can’t go on that way. It’s not an accident that Controlled Digital Lending is a hot and controversial topic because, however fraught, it’s the best way anybody has yet found to get library access to those “backfiles.” The

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issues cry out to be resolved. If CDL isn’t the solution, then the library, scholarly, and publisher communities need to talk seriously and respectfully about what can be the solution. We learned something quite similar in the ASU library. We have four main campuses spread out over fifty miles of city and suburb in the Phoenix metropolitan area. (My first day on the job I had proudly declared I would visit all our libraries on those campuses on that first day. Put 100 miles on my car and promised myself never to do that again!) Of course the oldest and largest campus is a big dog in that kennel, and the Charles Hayden Memorial Library on that campus is the biggest facility we have. For decades, we’d had a very unequal way of doing business internally. To be in Hayden was an advantage. The action was in Hayden. Staff who worked on other campuses, or even elsewhere on the Tempe campus, were used to doing a lot of schlepping to get to meetings in Hayden — or to missing meetings. We were very proud when we used what we quaintly called videoconferencing to cobble together a way for staff at other locations to call in and take up position in blurry images on a screen as second-class citizens (usually after about ten minutes of techno-fumbling). What did we learn this year? By putting everybody on an equal footing, on Zoom, in the space where they happen to be, we’re all much more equal, nobody has to schlepp, and more work gets done better. Oh, certainly, there are disadvantages to Zoomworld — less time for informal networking in the hall or at the lunch table, to start with. But we have promised each other that when we all return to the buildings, we’re going to be much more aware of keeping that convenience and equality of meeting whenever we can in a way that respects everybody and disprivileges nobody. That’s what I mean when I say the digital space isn’t just a supplement to the analog. It’s not just a nice add-on to reality, but it’s a real part of reality for us. It’s powerful and different and in many respects it’s more central to the organization than the really big building on the really big campus that’s sort of in the center of the Phoenix valley. We’re just beginning to wrestle with the implications of this for our work style, and we’ll keep wrestling, especially after we repopulate our campuses to near 100% capacity. If the digital space is a primary part of our reality, why does it matter at all where you happen to sit — in your office on the central campus, in your office twenty-five miles away, or in your home office somewhere else? There are specific and different answers to that question for different people, but we need to know what they are and think about them. Lots of staff really like the home office — and others hate it! What’s really important? How do we keep people genuinely productive and in touch in the mix of digital and analog spaces? And this is important: at a moment in our common history where we have become much more alert to the inequalities and lacks of inclusion that are so painful in our common life, do we really want to move forward saying, well, if you can do your work pretty well from home, just go ahead? If we go that way in libraries, and on academic campuses generally, then we will take continued on page 61

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Articles inside

Biz of Digital — Now Streaming (with Restrictions): Migration of Audio/Video Content from CONTENTdm to Digital Commons

Let’s Get Technical — Plight of “On the Shelf”: Inventory in a Large Academic Library Collection

Don’s Conference Notes

Questions and Answers — Copyright Column

The Digital Toolbox — Audiobooks Pack a Punch in Academic Collections

And They Were There — Reports of Meetings

Legally Speaking — To Buy or To Rent? Does the Court have the Answer?

Booklover — A Journey: Time to Travel Again

A Glimpse of Access Fees at University of Southern California Libraries

Reader’s Roundup: Monographic Musings & Reference Reviews

Access Fees by Another Name

Perpetual Archive Licenses and Continuing Service Fees: What They Mean and How They Work

The Access Fee Dance — Covering the Cost of the Information Superhighway. Publisher, Vendor and Librarian Perspectives Converging?

4 Myths About Hosting & Access Fees — Busted

Access Fees: Controlling the Snowball

Bet You Missed It