March Year 2 Final Portfolio by Agata Korzeniewska

THE AGBOGBLOSHIE ROBOTIC E-MPORIUM FOR INNOVATION Anti-Silicon Valley of Africa DS23 DESIGN PORTFOLIO

STUDENT NAME

Agata Korzeniewska STUDENT ID NUMBER

w1698914 MArch 2019 - 2020 TUTORS

Richard Difford, Franรงois Girardin & David Scott DATE

29 May 2020

DS23

CONTENTS.

THESIS.

Thesis

BRIEF 01: Metamorphosis in Mechanics SECTION 1. The Robot

01. Precedents and Inspirations 02. Robotic Movement Analysis 03. Metamaterial 04. Robotic Leg Options 05. Sensor Movement 06. Final Robot: Physical Model Photographs

6 10 12 13 15 16

BRIEF 02: Adaptive Architecture in a Networked Age SECTION 1. Research: E-waste

01. Electrical waste. Problem Overview 02. Chemical Composition of a Mobile Phone 03. E-waste Transport Journey 04. Global Flows: E-waste Export Routes 05. Global Flows: Effects of E-waste 06. Site: Ghana. General Overview 07. Arts and Crafts of Ghana 07. Site: Agbogbloshie 08. Agbogbloshie Scrapyard: Waste Landscape Analysis 09. Ghana Climate Analysis

20 22 22 24 26 28 29 30 32 33

SECTION 2. Research: Swarming Behaviour

01. Biomimicry: Paper Wasps’ Nest Building Process 02. Robotic Swarming: Current State and Resulting Materiality 03. Swarming Simulations 04. Aggregation Simulations

36 37 38 41

SECTION 3. Design Proposal

01. Design Proposal Overview: Approach Perspective 02. E-waste as Material Goldmine 03. Materiality Overview 04. Tetrahedron Building Module Exploded Axonometric 05. Building Module Options 06. Concept Proposal Development 07. Project Aerial Overview 08. Design Proposal Overview: Masterplan Strategy 09. Temporary Workshop Perspective View 10. Permanent Building Programmatic Overview 11. Environmental Research Centre Axonometric 12. Solar Radiation Analysis 13. Shadow Analysis 14. Perspective Section: Environmental Strategies Overview 15. Solar-Responsive Kinetic Building Module: Solar Study 16. Solar-Responsive Kinetic Building Module: Details 17. Truncated Octahedron Building Module Overview 18. Perspective Section: Robot Development and Repair Workshop 19. Internal Perspective: Digital Fabrication Laboratory 20. Internal Perspective: Teaching Atrium 21. Perspective Section: Teaching Rooms 22. Internal Perspective: Environmental Research E-Library 23. Design Proposal Overview: Courtyard Perspective 24. Design Proposal Overview: Night Aerial Perspective

46 48 50 51 52 54 56 58 60 62 63 64 65 66 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 78 80

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

As technology advances, we buy more and more electronics every day. They increasingly become an integral part of our lives as the XXIst century moves to a high-tech future, previously only imagined in movies. Technology, however, develops fast with new models and regular updates available on the market long before we manage to get used to our current machines. This, alongside planned obsolescence built into the design of these electronics by their producers, means we quickly jump to buy new models instead of repairing the electronics we already have. As a result, we produce over 50mln tons of e-waste yearly, with this value growing exponentially each year.

The residents of Agbogbloshie live, eat, work and relieve themselves amongst the waste. The wooden shack dwellings lack sanitation. The area is home to armed criminals, prostitutes and drug dealers creating appalling living conditions for the residents. The residents however still show extreme levels of creativity characteristic to Ghanaian people. Throughout the years they developed specialist material extraction techniques allowing them to reuse the materials found in the scrapyard and craft everyday objects out of them, producing things like dumbbells, building ornaments and even robots.

First world countries dominate the e-waste production market, creating enormous amounts of highly complex and hazardous waste packed with valuable metals coated in toxins. Electronics are not built for easy and safe recycling since that would ease their repair and eventually lower the profits made by the large tech companies such as Apple, Microsoft or Samsung. The complex waste therefore creates a problem, piling on in scrapyards around the world.

However, the advancements in technology have also many benefits which could be exploited further. Significant developments have been made in robotics, introducing them into different parts of our lives. Scientists and researchers across the world have been exploring the potential of using swarms of small robots in the construction industry. This approach has a particular appeal in a place like Agbogbloshie - robotic swarms could be used both for dealing with toxic materials and construction helping to heal the environment we damaged so gravely.

Currently first world countries deal with their atrocious amounts of e-waste by shipping it away to poorer third world countries. There, local residents burn the waste in order to retrieve valuable metals hidden underneath the coat of toxins. This releases terrifying amounts of toxic substances into the air, water and soil leading to complex health problems for the local residents and causing permanent harm to the environment. This is a very complex problem caused by the consumerist culture of a Western world and I believe it is high time we try to do something about it.

Currently most of first world’s e-waste is shipped to Agbogbloshie - a Scrapyard located in Accra, Ghana. Agbogbloshie is a district located on the Korle Lagoon of the Odaw River near the city centre of Accra - and is described by many as the Sodom and Gomorrah of Ghana. It is the largest in the world centre of both legal and illegal dumping of electronic waste from more developed countries. The waste is most often burnt to reclaim valuable minerals causing enormous amounts of pollution and health problems to both the surrounding environment and the inhabitants.

for disassembly ensuring limitless possibilities of arrangement necessary to create spaces of different qualities. A number of teaching rooms is included in the permanent fabric of the Innovation E-mporium whilst new spaces are constructed as they are needed. Equally, the workshops and material spaces surround waste piles currently in question, where new products are crafted to be then sold in the market within the main building. As the waste piles diminish, the workshops and material centres decrease in size and move towards the new area of interest. This dynamic approach is only possible thanks to the aggregate designed for easy construction and disassembly and the process being performed seamlessly by an army of swarming robots controlled by workers and using Artificial Intelligence to expand the structures in the most efficient way possible. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation fuels the local development in a sustainable Cradle to Cradle way, giving new value to the waste found on site whilst removing the need for complex processing methods and thus clearing the area from toxins that would be otherwise released into the environment.

The project proposes the use of swarms of small robots to build an Innovation Centre in Agbogbloshie, world’s biggest e-waste dump, building on the entrepreneurial and creative qualities of the Agbogbloshie Community and using the advanced technology for a good cause clearing that area from toxins. Mimicking swarming construction method from nature - aggregation swarms of small robots work to assemble building modules from car wishbones found amongst the scrap, putting then those modules together into a permanent Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation and a series of temporary workshops and material centres responding to the everchanging waste landscape of the scrapyard. In the case of the project, car wishbone has been chosen due to its structural qualities, size (appropriate for a small robot) and its abundance in Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. The project however presents a strategy which could be re-appropriated for structures made from another material which would become largely available on site. The main building also responds to the workshops which are constructed and deconstructed on site. The aggregate is designed

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

BRIEF 01: Metamorphosis in Mechanics Section 1. The Robot

This section focuses on the development and analysis of a robotic spider whose legs are made of a metamaterial which allows for movement within single 3D printed object.

Precedents & Inspirations

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Precedents & Inspirations

Biomimicry. Insect Movements.

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Biomimicry: Insect Behaviour. Insects in Construction.

01. Individual Insect Movement

01. Harvester Ants Direction of Movement Time

Individual Insects move through the contraction and relaxation of thoracic muscles which are attached to the base of the leg and the cuticle. Insects use 3 different gait types for walking depending on the amount of legs the insect has and the speed of movement. The aim of each gait is to maximise the insectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stability whilst moving by maintaining centre of mass of its body always in the middle of the legs touching the ground.

01_ Tripod Gait

01_ Ants organise their lifecycle around an ant colony where each group of ants performs different roles. The colony sizes vary between 300 to 2000 ants. 02_ Quadruped Gait

Diagrammatic side view of the movement range of a spiderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leg.

02. Honey Bees

03_ Metachronal Wave Gait Diagrams illustrating the movement of a 6-legged insect using each of its gaits.

02. Collective Insect Movement. A Swarm. Swarm Robotics uses the swarm intelligence simulated on the basis observed in nature. It allows groups of small robots perform collective tasks such as cleaning, finding something hidden or even spying. Due to the swarms being resistant to failure, they are preferable for space exploration tasks. Robotic Swarms operate in many formations that can be also noticed amongst insects, fish and birds. The type of formation is typically a response to the surrounding environment or an unexpected obstacle. 02_ Bees use odours (pheromones), colours and behaviour to communicate between each other. Bee swarm is divided into classes that perform assigned tasks. Cruise Formation

03. Spiders

Split Formation

Vacuole Formation

Hourglass Formation

Join Formation

Swarm behaviour is characterised by the collective movement of many autonomous entities. It is an emergent behaviour that can be observed amongst insects, birds, marine life and plants. The creation of a swarm does not follow any central directions and arises from individuals following simple directions. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

03_ Spiders weave their webs in multiple different environments and locations producing a very strong and effective trap to catch their food. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Precedents & Inspirations

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Precedents & Inspirations

Robotic Movement.

Autonomous Robots. Swarm Behaviour amongst the Machines.

01. TERMES robots by Dr. J. Werfel & team, Harvard University

A. The popularisation of robots in our everyday life Nowadays robots are an essential part of common everyday life. With the development of artificial intelligence and constant improvement of autonomous robotic technology, robots are employed to perform tasks we either cannot or do not want to do ourselves. Most commonly seen household robot is Google Home or Amazonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alexa, artificial intelligence units allowing users to obtain information without using a phone or a computer. Cleaning robots and complex cooking machines take over our domestic tasks. Drones give us a new perspective in photography and route-finding.

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Cleaning Robots

Robots in Medicine and Military

Robots are now more commonly used in areas such as medicine, military, exploration and education. Their capability to do often repetitive mundane tasks gives their role an increased importance in the 21st century society.

Virtual Home Assistants: Google Home and Amazon Echo

01_ Termite-like robots are used in construction, employing them to moving, stacking and organising blocks of material.

02. Robot-Ants by Prof. J.Paik & team, EPFL & Osaka University

05_ Surgical robots allow for new level of precision during operations. DaVinci robot put to use during a gut surgery.

01_ Google Dot Mini, a popular alternative to Amazon Echo.

03_ Japanese window cleaning robot.

02_ Robot-ants communicate with each other, assign roles and complete complex tasks together. Their structure allows for jumping, crawling and walking.

03. Kilobot by R.Nagpal & M.Rubenstein, Harvard University

02_ Other home assistants by Google and Amazon.

04_ An autonomous vacuum cleaner, capable of memorising house layouts.

06_ Military robot checking the ground for land mines.

Legged Robots

Crawling Soft Robots

Wheeled Robots and Drones

Legged Robots are usually inspired by mammals or insects and resemble those in their built. Their balance and nimble movements allow them to operate efficiently on rugged terrain, making them capable of even climbing the stairs, running, jumping and navigating varied natural landscape.

Soft Robots are one of the newest achievements of modern robotics. They are usually made of elastic 3D-printed material with electrical elements embedded in the body of this robots. The development of soft robots opens the doors to creating materials more similar to their natural equivalents.

Wheeled Robots are often preferred for exploration purposes due to their durability and speed. Their bodies are balanced with additional flexibility allowing one side of the robot to be higher than the other. Drones are becoming one of the most popular everyday robots, paving a way to flying cars.

B. The scientific development of robots.

03_ Autonomous swarm of robots could potentially be used for construction, environmental remediation, medical application and search and rescue missions.

04. Mobile Robotic Fabrication System by M.Yablonina, ITECH Stuttgart

03_ Soft robotics are a relatively new field of research and are most commonly used in prosthetics and exploration of deep oceans.

05_ Rovers are one of the most durable robots and are being further adapted for space exploration.

01_ MIT Cheetah 3 robot is designed to operate amongst littered terrain without the use of sight.

02_ Spiders and other insects are commonly used as inspiration for legged robots due to their versatility and stability.

04_ Harvard designed Octobot operates using chemical reactions. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

06_ Drones are currently the most accessible robots available to everyone. Typically used for photography, they provide a new outlook on reality.

04_ Multiple wall-climbing robots distribute fibre filament using any horizontal or vertical surfaces available allowing for robotic fabrication process beyond constraints. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

The First Robot

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The First Robot

Robotic Kit of Parts. Analysis of the movement of the mechanical robot.

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Degrees of Freedom. Forward Kinematics.

01. Robot Movement Analysis: Degrees of Freedom & Forward Kinematics. Leg movements at 1/2 second intervals

In order to achieve full understanding of the degrees of freedom and movement of the robot, Forward Kinematics proves to be the most suitable approach. This method of controlling the robot refers to calculating the position of its leg using joint angles for each of its 3 axis. Each axis operates within a different range of degree of freedom which are restricted by the motors used to operate the element, the overall body of the robot and the desired movement.

Leg movements at 5 second intervals

An alternative approach of controlling the robot would be to use Inverse Kinematics method. This method operates on the opposite principle to Forward Kinematics. Instead of establishing the angle of each axis, the position of the robot would be defined by giving him the XYZ coordinates and the robot would calculate the joint angles needed for the servos.

Base movements at 5 second intervals

Considering that the robot operates using servos rotating an appropriate axis, Forward Kinematics naturally appears to be a more appropriate way of jogging the robot into a right position. Image 01_ Firefly plugin for Grasshopper was used to control the movement of the robot simultaneously on the computer and in the real life.

AXIS 03

0°< 0 <180°

20 10

40 30

Image 01_ Robot performing a 90o turn. Top View.

AXIS 01

0°< 0 <110°

AXIS 02

0°< 0 <180°

Image 02_ Isometric overview diagram showing range of movement on each of the axis on all legs of the robot. 5

20 10

40 30

Image 02_ Robot performing a forward motion. Top View.

AXIS 01

Top View

AXIS 02

AXIS 03

Side View

0°< 0 <180° XZ plane

0°< 0 <110° XY plane

5 0

20 10

40 30

50 Image 03_ Movement along the first axis allows for the robot to walk following an appropriate insect-inspired walking gait.

Image 03_ Robot performing a forward motion. Side View.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Image 04_ Movement along the 2nd axis allows the robot to raise its body up and down to manoeuvre around complex terrain and protect the body from potential damage. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Image 05_ Movement along the 3rd axis allows the robot to reach further and higher to orientate itself around any terrain.

Metamaterials

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Metamaterials

Analysis of the system.

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Metamaterial Internal Robot Leg Options

01. Metamaterial Mechanisms

03. Possible Internal Robot Leg Options

So far 3D printing methods have been used mostly to design the external shapes of objects. Recently researchers at Hasso-Plattner-Institute developed a system which uses 3D printing techniques to engineer the internal micro-structure of the objects and allows for reduction of overall material used and labour needed for construction. They are based on a repetitive grid cell patterns which allow for different type of movement depending on the arrangement.

Simple Shear Cell

Rotated Shear Cell

Pre-sheared Cell

Option 01

Hinge Point

The metamaterials are expected to be understood as machines - that is due to the directional movement embedded in them. Through different cell arrangements users can create objects that perform mechanical functions and transform input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces. Metamateral mechanisms are 3D printed in one piece which saves a lot of time on assembly. There are 3 different transformable cell types which allow for particular movements alongside solid cells which are locked in with diagonal members. This allows for production of many varied designs that are modular at the same time. Through series of Finite Element simulations using Karamba the proposed cell arrangement can be tested in regards to desired movement before 3D printing.

Image 02_ Metamaterial pliers with a central hinge array allowing cross-referenced movement of the handles.

The use of metamaterials allows for further integration of structural and mechanical properties and establishes a shift in our understanding of materials.

Conclusion_ The first option provided a desired range of movement however a number of pre-sheared cells remained inactive. This led to them being unnecessary and could be further reduced in order to achieve desired material reduction which was also the objective of this option study. Image 03_ Chained multiple four-bar metamaterial systems allowing two-axial movement.

Image 01_ Metamaterial door latch transforms a rotary movement of the handle into a linear motion of the latch.

Option 02

Image 04_ Theo Jansen walker uses multiple hinge array and four-bar systems to allow for walking.

02. Cell Types.

Rigid cells are used to create main elements of the design which remain static throughout the operation of the mechanism. Incorporating the diagonal members of the cell give it stability whilst maintaining minimal material use. The triangular half-cells allow for chamfering the design and further possibilities in terms of overall shapes.

A. Solid Cells

Image 05_ Various options of a solid cell.

Conclusion_ This option provided as wide a range of movement as chosen option 5 - reaching 180° - however the pre-sheared cells give it too much resistance which makes the leg stiff and requiring a lot of Anchor Points Hinge Points

force to operate. The amount of force needed would require larger servo motors which is not appropriate for the scale of the robot.

Option 03

Movement Vector Motion Trajectory Cell Sides

B. Shearing Cells 01. Simple Shear Cell

02. Rotated Shear Cell

03. Pre-sheared Cell (Z-Cell)

Conclusion_ This option was an experiment aiming to use more of smaller simple shear cells and pre-sheared cells instead of rotated shear cells. Unfortunately, this option proved to provide the smallest range of movement due to the outer layer of simple shear cells acting as stops.

Option 04

01_ Original position of the simple shear cells.

01_ The rotated shear cell is moved by 45° and uses diagonal members of 4 simple cells.

01_ Starting position of the pre-sheared cell is using a diagonal member providing great solution for ‘padding’ the design.

Conclusion_ This option provides the widest range of movement with significantly less resistance than option 1-3. This design could be however improved by reducing the material even further.

02_ When force is applied, the cell shears allowing for controlled movement in horizontal direction.

02_ When force is applied in vertical direction, the cell stretches alongside its horizontal axis.

02_ The Z-cell operated in the same way as the simple shear cell, but uses a larger trajectory due to its longer members.

03_ The simple shear cell operated within the limit of the width of its members.

03_ When force is applied in horizontal direction, the cell lengthens along its vertical axis.

03_ When force is applied in horizontal direction, the pre-sheared cell resembles a rectangular version of the simple shear cell.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Option 05

Conclusion_ This option provides the widest range of movement, reaching desired 180°, whilst providing the right amount of resistance - less in comparison to options 1-4, giving the leg both the flexibility and stability. Compared to option 4, it provides further material reduction which is why we chose this option as a final internal leg design. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Robotic Leg Design: The Shell Structure

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Robotic Leg Design: The Sensor

Final Robotic Leg Design. Axonometric and photographs of physical model.

Final Robotic Leg Design: Exploded Axonometric.

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Sensor to achieve autonomous movement along a white coloured path

2.1

KEY 1.1. 1.2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Sensor Housing (1) Sensor Housing (2) Light Dependant Sensor (LDR) 12x12 LED Ring Black Swatch White Swatch Grey Swatch (50% Grey)

1.1

1.2

2 4

2.2

3 5 1.3

The proposed design for the robotic leg is a composite of a smart metamaterial internal leg and a 3D printed transparent shell specially tailored to the internal design. The integrated movement in the metamaterial mechanism for the internal part of the leg allows for the minimisation of material and simplifies the assembly of the robotic leg due to the reduction of a joint at the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;kneeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In principle it resembles a vascular part of a real animal leg - smart movable material replacing the muscles and nervous system.

1.2

KEY 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 3 4

Femur Transparent Solid Exoskeleton Shell [1] Femur Transparent Solid Exoskeleton Shell [2] Servo Motor Housing Shell Tibia Transparent Solid Exoskeleton Shell [1] Tibia Transparent Solid Exoskeleton Shell [2] Metamaterial Internal Robotic Leg Servo Motor powering the movement of the leg

04_ The robot then continues sensing the environment through light and follows along the white path

The clear shell is designed to click into place without the necessity of glue or any other bonding material. This feature allows for a quick assembly and disassembly of the robotic leg whilst still providing a strong frame. The shell aims to protect the fragile and flexible internal mechanism from damage or any other external factors. Its clear character however still allows to fully observe the movement embedded in the material to increase the understanding of the principle for the users and observers.

03_ The LDR resistance increases due to less light reflecting back from the black substrate, resulting in the data being lower than the threshold resulting in the robot performing a left turn. When the sensor is over the white substrate the robot continues moving forwards 02_ The LDR resistance slightly increases due to less light reflecting back from the 50% grey substrate, resulting in the data being lower than the white threshold but higher than the black threshold resulting in the robot performing a right turn. When the sensor is over the white substrate again the robot continues moving forwards 01_ The robot is turned on and the code below begins to run (LED code removed for clarity): int sensorPin = A0; // sensor pin assigned int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor const int whitethreshold = 185; // threshold for white substrate const int greythreshold = 70; // threshold for grey substrate const int blackthreshold = 40; // threshold for black substrate #include <FNQR.h> // include FNQR (Freenove Quadruped Robot) library void setup() { robot.Start(); // starts Freenove Quadruped Robot Serial.begin(9600); // Initialises serial communications void loop() { sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor Serial.println(sensorValue); //print the value from the sensor if (sensorValue > greythreshold) robot.CrawlForward();

Image 01_ When force is applied in horizontal direction, the pre-sheared cell resembles a rectangular version of the simple shear cell.

Image 02_ When force is applied in horizontal direction, the pre-sheared cell resembles a rectangular version of the simple shear cell. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

if (sensorValue < whitethreshold && sensorValue > blackthreshold) robot.TurnRight();

Image 03_ When force is applied in horizontal direction, the pre-sheared cell resembles a rectangular version of the simple shear cell.

if (sensorValue < greythreshold) robot.TurnLeft();

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

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Final Robot

Final Robot Design. Photographs of Physical Model.

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Final Robot Design. Photographs of Physical Model.

Physical Robot Photographs. The final outcome of Brief 01 explorations is an upgraded working robotic quadruped. Following the research into natural and robotic movements, the original robot gaits are maintained however the upgraded version features legs with an all-in-one mechanism which can be 3D-printed to produce a single component instead of multiple parts. The assembly of original legs was time-consuming with a lot of room for mistakes whilst handling small delicate parts. Additionally, each leg had to be configured separately to eliminate errors of precise parts alignment. The 3D-printed meta-material legs have been embedded and engineered to have a property not naturally found in other materials. Using a Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) material the pattern allows the leg to flex, stretch and deflect providing a living hinge as well as a buffer. The clear hard shell is perfectly formed around the meta-material leg providing much needed structural support in the right areas without compromising the movements of the robot and without any fixings. Preparing for Brief 02, the studies of swarming behaviour and knowledge of movement range of a small crawling robot will be utilised to establish a scheme where swarming robots collaborate with humans taking over mundane, dangerous and possibly toxic tasks.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

BRIEF 02: Adaptive Architecture in a Networked Age Section 1. Research:E-Waste.

This section focuses on the understanding of the global problem of e-waste an its impact on the world and in particular Agbogbloshie in Accra, Ghana - the most polluted place in the world.

Electrical Waste

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Electrical Waste

General Information. Contents and amounts of produced E-Waste. Predicted growth of produced E-Waste.

WE PRODUCE OVER

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Global e-waste production per person and per region. Distribution of e-waste across the world.

THAT IS AN EQUIVALENT OF

50 MILLION TONS PER YEAR

125 000 JUMBO JETS

OF ELECTRONIC WASTE AROUND THE WORLD

WHICH WOULD TAKE 6 MONTHS TO CLEAR OUT OF HEATHROW

20% DOCUMENTED, COLLECTED AND RECYCLED

E-waste distribution routes. Top 10 e-waste producers by country. Gradation of the countries from the biggest e-waste producer to the smallest. Image 01_ Electrical waste distribution across the world. Biggest producers of e-waste in million tonnes.

SMALL EQUIPMENT 38% LARGE EQUIPMENT 20%

IT IS ALSO EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF

TEMPERATURE EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT 17%

4 500 EIFFEL TOWERS

E-WASTE

ASIA

WHICH WOULD COVER THE ENTIRE AREA OF

EUROPE

18.2 mln tonnes

MANHATTAN

12.3 mln tonnes

AMERICAS

AFRICA

11.3 mln tonnes

2.2 mln tonnes

AUSTRALIA & OCEANA

0.7 mln tonnes

SMALL IT LAMPS 9% 1%

SCREENS 15%

6.1 kg per person

80% NOT COLLECTED

GLOBAL AVERAGE E-WASTE PRODUCTION

FOR RECYCLING

Image 02_ Electrical waste in million tonnes by continental region. Image 01_ Types of e-waste and the proportions of the amount of waste produced. +275% Total volume of electrical waste

NETHERLANDS

Recycled volume of electrical waste 200mln

2019

DENMARK

NORWAY 150mln

28.5 kg/person

23.9 kg/person

24.8 kg/person

ICELAND

GERMANY

22.8 kg/person

22.6 kg/person

SWEDEN

21.5 kg/person +100%

100mln

UNITED KINGDOM

24.9 kg/person

+71%

2000

2005

23.6 kg/person

50mln

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Image 02_ The e-waste production around the globe is predicted to rise by approximately 395% until 2050. Simultaneously the predicted recycled values will remain below a half of the total produced e-waste.

AUSTRALIA

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

SWITZERLAND

22.2 kg/person

FRANCE

21.3 kg/person

2050 Image 03_ Top ten biggest global e-waste producers. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Electrical Waste. Process

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Electrical Waste. Process

Chemical contents of a typical mobile phone. Predictions for supply of minerals. The Route of E-waste.

ELECTRONICS

SCREEN

WIRING & MICROELECTRONICS Cu

Copper

Tantalum

63.546

180.948

Silver

Gold

107.868

COLOURS: RARE EARTH METALS

Copper is used for wiring and microelectrical elements along with silver and gold. Tantalum contributes mostly to the micro-capacitors.

Many rare earth metals are used to produce the colours on a smartphone screen. Some of those are also used to help reduce the light penetration into the phone.

Nickel

Dysprosium

Gadolinium 157.27

Praseodymium

Terbium

Neodymium

158.925

Rare earth element alloys are used in magnets in all speaker, microphone and vibration unit. Nickel is used in the microphone and for all electrical connections.

Tin

Lead

118.71

Tin and lead were most commonly used in old mobile phones however now lead is replaced with copper and silver.

Silicon

Oxygen

Phosphorus

28.086

15.999

30.974

Arsenic

Gallium

Antimony

74.922

69.732

Europium

Praseodymium

Lithium

Beryllium

Xxx xxx

X Xxx

9.012

xxx

140.908

Cobalt

Aluminum

Sulfur

Chlorine

Argon

Scandium

Titanium

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese 54.938

55.933

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

Molybdenum

84.468

40.078

Indium

15.999

88.906

50.942

91.224

Carbon

Oxygen

Lithium

15.999

Most of phone cases are made of carbon based plastic materials with some exceptions using magnesium alloys instead. Plastics also contain flame retardant elements such as bromine or nickel for further reduction of electromagnetic interference.

92.906

6.941

Magnesium

Nickel

24.305

<1% Recycle Rate

1-10% Recycle Rate

10-25% Recycle Rate

25-50% Recycle Rate

>50% Recycle Rate

Raw Materials are excavated and transported to Processing Plants in South-East Asia

9 - 10 month

0 - 3 month

39.948

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

Technetium

Ruthenium

Rhodium

Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellurium

Iodine

Xenon

98.907

58.933

101.07

58.693

102.906

63.546

106.42

65.39

107.868

69.732

112.411

72.61

114.818

74.922

118.71

78.972

121.760

79.904

127.6

126.904

84.80

131.29

Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum 195.08

Gold

196.967

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

Uut

Uup

Uus

Uuo

Francium

Radium

Rutherfordium

Dubnium

Seaborgium

Bohrium

Hassium

Meitnerium

Darmstadium

Roentgenium

Copernicium

Ununtrium

Flerovium

Ununpentium

Livermorium

Ununseptium

Ununoctium

132.905

223.020

137.327

178.49

226.025

180.948

[261]

183.85

[262]

186.207

[266]

190.23

[264]

192.22

[269]

[268]

[269]

200.59

[272]

204.383

[277]

207.2

unknown

208.980

[289]

[208.982]

unknown

209.987

[298]

unknown

Lanthanum

Cerium

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Promethium

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium

Ytterbium

Luretium

Actinium

Thorium

Protactinium

Uranium

Neptunium

Plutonium

Americium

Curium

Berkelium

Californium

Einsteinium

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

138.906

227.028

140.115

232.038

140.908

231.036

ALKALI METAL

144.24

238.029

144.913

ALKALINE EARTH

237.048

150.36

244.064

TRANSITION METAL

151.966

BASIC METAL

243.061

157.27

247.070

SEMIMETAL

158.925

247.070

NONMETAL

162.50

251.080

HALOGEN

164.930

[254]

NOBLE GAS

167.26

257.095

LANTHANIDE

168.934

258.1

173.04

259.101

222.018

unknown

174.967

[262]

ACTINIDE

Image 02_ Periodic table showing the elements whose supply is running out and which will become scarce in the near future.

Bromine

Carbon 12.011

E-waste is transported to a major export port where its loaded into ship containers and onto a large cargo ship.

Non-metal or Recycle Rate unknown

After arrival in the receiving port in Accra, e-waste is loaded onto trucks and moved to Agbogbloshie scrapyard.

36 - 39 month

41 month

Image 01_ Chemical elements of a smartphone and the recycling rates of them.

Complete electronics are distributed across branded shops around the globe.

35.453

58.693

Br 79.904

95.95

32.066

Barrium

114.818

51.996

30.974

Tin

Oxygen

47.88

28.086

Cesium

118.71

44.956

87.62

20.180

Phosphorus

39.098

15.999

18.998

Silicon

Calcium

Oxygen

Neon

26.982

Potassium

Silicon

Fluorine

15.999

Aluminum

24.305

Oxygen

14.007

Magnesium

Nitrogen

12.011

Sodium

26.982

Carbon

10.811

Aluminum

Boron

39.098

Potassium

Gadolinium

22.990

157.27

Serious Threat in the next 100 Years

Dysprosium 162.50

121.760

26.982

Rising Threat from Increased Use

Terbium

Indium tin oxide is used in the transparent film covering the phoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s screen due to its ability to conduct electricity. It allows for the screen to be a touch screen.

Lithium Ion Batteries are the most commonly used ones in mobile phones. They are made of lithium cobalt oxide (positive electrode) and graphite (negative electrode). Cobalt is sometimes replaced with manganese or other metals whilst the casing is commonly made of aluminium.

Limited Availability - Risk to Future Supply

CASING

12.011

BATTERY 58.933

Xxx

TOUCH: INDIUM TIN OXIDE

The chip is made out of pure silicon, often oxidised for the production of non-conducting regions. Other added elements allow for electrical conductivity.

4.003

6.941

THE SILICON CHIP Si

88.906

28.086

207.2

Helium

Most of modern smartphones have a aluminosilicate glass which is a mix of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide. The additional potassium ions help strengthen the glass.

144.24

Hydrogen 1.008

GLASS: ALUMINA & SILICA

CONNECTING ELECTRONICS Sn

Yttrium

Tb 158.925

140.908

Lanthanum

151.966

Dy 162.50

MICROPHONES & VIBRATIONS

58.693

La 138.906

196.967

DS23

The first batch of new electronics usually get sold within a month of their introduction to the market.

10 month

3 - 7 month

Raw Materials are turned into complex composite electrical components using heavy machinery.

7 - 9 month

34 month

Mechanically-assembled parts are transported to factories where humans put them together into final objects.

Mobile phones usually end their life in landfill, still rarely being recycled despite more common attempts to do so by the users.

34 - 36 month

39 - 41 month

Discarded e-waste is being transported first to local recycling centre to be then taken to the regional equivalent.

Ship containers full of e-waste are taken from First World countries such as the US to Agbogbloshie in Ghana and other major e-waste dump sites.

41+ month

10 - 34 month E-waste in transit Manufacture Use Disposal Afterlife/ Raw Material Recovery

On average a mobile phone is used for 2 years before it gets replaced. Laptops and other larger electronics have a slightly longer lifespan, lasting typically up to 5 years.

E-waste is deposited in the Agbogbloshie scrapyard. From that point onwards it is mined and burnt in attempts to recover precious materials. This process is highly toxic and results in constant release of poisonous substances to the environment, having disastrous effects on local community and wildlife.

Image 03_ The Route of E-Waste: The lifespan of electrical waste, its route from the mineral extraction site, through its use and to its incineration on major e-waste landfill sites. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

LEGEND Persons per km2

E-waste Import Port City

E-waste Export Port City

E-waste Landfills

E-waste Transport Route

Urban Areas 0.5 - 1 5 - 10 50 - 100 200 - 400 600 - 800 1 000 - 1 250 1 500 - 1 750 2 000 - 2 500 3 000 - 4 000 6 000 - 8 000 10 000 - 25 000 50 000 and more New Zealand

Philippines

Papua New Guinea

Japan

Australia

Indonesia

China

Cambodia Vietnam Mongolia

Laos

Thailand

Myanmar

Bangladesh

Russia

India

Nepal

Pakistan Afganistan

Iran

Oman

Madagascar

Saudi Arabia Georgia Yemen

Israel Iraq

Ukraine Turkey

Belarus

Finland

Greece

Germany Norway Netherlands Czech Republic Italy Poland Croatia

France

United Kingdom

Spain

Portugal

Iceland

Greenland

Brazil

French Guyana

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela Paraguay

Bolivia

Colombia Chile Argentina

Ecuador Peru

Cuba

Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica

Mexico

United States

Canada

GLOBAL FLOWS

Data Flow // E-waste Export Routes to Agbogbloshie // Major Landfills and Export Port Cities // Agata Korzeniewska 0°

0° 0°

GLOBAL FLOWS

Data Flow // Toxic Emissions from E = waste // Health dangers induced by E - waste // Agata Korzeniewska 0°

0°

Brain Defects Genetic Mutations

LEGEND

Major E-waste Landfill Sites

Areas in Risk of Severe Illness caused by E-waste Emissions

In Agbogbloshie 250 000 people are at severe health risk due to high levels of lead in soil.

Areas of E-waste Toxins Spread in the Oceans

Children as young as 7 years separate usable metals from e-waste.

E-waste Emissions Sediment Locations Route of E-waste Toxins

old

DEBILITATING EFFECTS

LONG-LASTING EFFECTS

SEVERE BRAIN INJURIES BURNS UNTREATED WOUNDS SIGHTLOSS CHRONIC NAUSEA ANOREXIA ASTHMA

CONSTANT HEADACHES BREATHING PROBLEMS COUGH UP BLOOD EYE PROBLEMS LUNG PROBLEMS

Asthma Nervous System Defects Respiratory Diseases Kidney & Liver Damage Cancer

Site Analysis: Ghana

DS23

Site Analysis: Culture of Ghana

Land Cover, Gold Mines and other Land Features. Population related data visualisation and analysis.

DS23

Understanding of Ghana’s culture and traditions. Specific crafts made in Agbogbloshie.

The Art & Culture of Ghana LEGEND

Land Cover, Gold Mines and other Land Features.

Population related data visualisation and analysis.

Gold

LEGEND Population Density (persons per km ) 2

nga

ata

g Bor

0 25 - 249 Be lt

Kibi

> 1000

el t Ash a

nt i B

Bibiani

Se fw i

Gold Mine

Symbol of wisdom, creativity and complexities of life. Ananse is a spider - a well-known character in African folk tales - the god of all knowledge of stories.

Kente cloth is a traditional woven textile typically done by men from Ewe and Ashanti tribes. Ewe kente cloth usually has animal, human and symbolic design whilst Ashanti one is famous for its geometric patterns.

GHANAIAN BRASS

250 - 999

-W i nn Belt eba

elt Bu iB

Gold Reef

KENTE CLOTH

1 - 24

Gold Deposit

leH Be ang l t od

Diamond Mine

ANANSE NTONTAN “Spider’s web”

ACCRA

Ethnicity Groups

Assin Fosu

Asankragwa

Boron Ahafo Asante

GOLD & JEWELLERY

Brass, originally formed from beeswax, is very commonly used for craftwork in Ghana. The molten brass is poured into moulded wax which is later removed to leave the complete sculpture. Recycled brass is becoming increasingly popular.

Jewellery industry is booming in Ghana with gold jewellery up to 22 carat widely available. The handcrafted items are particularly unique but every customer can also design their own piece of jewellery and get it made.

Sahwi

Geology

Aowin Nzema

Upper Birimian

Wasa Fante

Lower Birimian

Dankyira

Tarkwaian (Banket)

Asen

Granite

Kwawu Akyem

Voltain (Type 1)

Gongya

Voltain (Type 2)

Voltain (Type 3)

Ntwumunu Ntrubu

Dahomeyan

Atwode Krakye Ewe Awutu

Nature Reserves

Dagaba Walba

National Park Mole NP

Nature Reserve

Mamprusi

Tamale Kyabobo NP

Bui NP

Grusi

Digya NP

Ghanaian pottery is simple but glossy. Typical items are coated in bright colourful glaze however the colour of the pot depends on the type of used clay. Traditionally pots were made by women but recently the craft spread amongst men as well.

Beitsa Ho

Wildlife Sanctuary

Fauna Reserve

POTTERY & EARTHWARE

Dagomba

Kumasi Bia NP

Sisala

Asamankese Cape Coast

Nini-Suhien NP

Kusasi

Tarkwa

ACCRA

Kasena

Takoradi

Forest Reserve

ORNAMENTAL BEADS Beads signify wealth and social status and are only worn at special occasions. They are very popular ornaments and are increasingly often made from recycled materials such as glass, brass, bauxite, shells and seeds.

Urban Areas

Major Cities

FESTIVALS

Waterways

Lake Bui

Black Volta

White Volta

Roadways

Lake Volta

Festivals are very important historically, socially, economically, religiously, culturally and politically in Ghana. Many different events are held throughout the year across the country strengthening the connections in the local society. Most people in Ghana believe that festivals help bring them closer to their ancestors and ask for their protection.

Major Roads

Lakes

ADINKRA SYMBOLS (background)

Adinkra symbols represent beliefs, concepts and aphorisms in Ghanaian culture. They are extensively used in ornamentations, pottery and fabrics as well as being often incorporated into walls and other architectural features. The symbols convey traditional wisdom and represent objects of particular meaning to the society.

MUSIC & DANCE Music plays a very important role in Ghana’s culture with all modern, ethnic and traditional genres being constantly developed throughout the country. Each ethnic group also has their traditional dances, specific for different occasions. They are performed most frequently during festivals, weddings and funerals.

The Upcycled Innovative Craft of Agbogbloshie Railway Tracks Rivers & Streams

Upper East

North East Northern

Upper West

Land Cover

Agbogbloshie community is known to creatively use the electrical waste material they are surrounded by. Not only do they know how to retrieve confidential data from scrapped electronics but they actively convert them into objects needed within the community and widely across the country.

Administrative Regions

Savannah

Oti

Wooded Savannah

Bono East

Woodland

Volta

Brong Ahafo Ashanti

Degraded Forest

Ahafo

Gallery Forest

Eastern

Central

Western North

Greater Accra

Major Administrative Region Province

Western

Agriculture

Image 01_ Dumbbells are a popular innovation in the community and they are made from recycled car wheels and rims found in the scrapyard.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Image 02_ Welding machine made from recycled coiled steel. This machine allows makers to produce other new objects. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Image 03_ Sand-casted building ornaments made from recycled stainless steel from e-waste.

Site Analysis: Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana

Transport route of e-waste from the port to the city. Location and statistics about Agbogbloshie.

Onion Market Football Pitch

Agbogbloshie Slum

Dumping Area

Tyre Shop

people

40 000 houses 0.4km2 area

Accra Central Mosque

Agbogbloshie Onion Market

Imperial Transit

Lead

Cadmium

Mercury

Arsenic

Bromine

112.411

200.59

74.922

-O

ICGC Gym

79.904

Odaw

Toxic minerals are released to both air and water causing the inhabitants to inhale poisonous substances. Those cause the regress in the development of reproductive and nervous systems in children as well as cause respiratory problems for all people living in the area.

ICGC Basketball Court

River

207.2

Charnok Services Ltd

hic

Old Fadama Police Station

Corporate Office

y er liv De s te ute as W Ro

GRA Agbogbloshie STO

Corporate Office

rm sH

Christ Temple

58 0m

Agbogbloshie Scrapyard

Amaadi Coldstores Ltd Seafood Wholesaler

Sikkens House Corporate Office

oad

Rin

h rk ut Pa Yo cil un Co

International Central Gospel Church

Be En tter te St rp ee ris l e

79 684

Agbogbloshie Existing Site Plan

ifi

Main Burning Area

Agbogbloshie Market

Riv

Agbogbloshie is a district located on the Korle Lagoon of the Odaw River near the city centre of the capital city of Ghana - Accra. It is the largest in the world centre of both legal and illegal environmental dumping of electronic waste from more developed countries. The waste is most often burned to reclaim valuable minerals causing enormous amounts of pollution and health problems to both the inhabitants and the surrounding environment.

Existing Site Analysis. Waste Delivery Routes.

Pa c

Agbogbloshie. The Sodom and Gomorrah of Ghana.

DS23

Od aw

DS23

st We

Daelim Moto Repair Shop

Agbogbloshie Yam Market

ffic

A Lo gbo rry gb Pa lo Agbogbloshie rk shi Vegetable Market e

at rm

Residential Area Agbogbloshie Scrapyard Main Burning Area

Fr oob es h iM fo od ark m et ar ke t

Onion Market

Informal Waste Dump

Agbogbloshie Scrapyard

Kayayei Youth Association of Ghana

Agbogbloshie Market Agbogbloshie Slum

NGO Organisation

Old Fadama Slum

Port Import Site

Recreational Park

Scuola City of God Trecasma School

Local Bar

Odaw Riv er

gR Rin oad

Accra Timber Market

st We

01_ Map showing the location of Agbogbloshie Slum and the route e-waste follows to get from the port to the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard.

Charles Quartey Boxing Foundation Gym

Korle Lagoon

N 50m 0m

Image 01_ Photograph showing the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard.

Image 02_ Photograph of the Agbogbloshie slum. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

200m 100m

400m

Image 03_ Photograph showing the food market on the edge of Agbogbloshie. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

DS23

Site Analysis: Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana

Waste Heat Analysis of Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. Potential building grid implications.

DS23

Climate Analysis of Agbogbloshie.

Agbogbloshie Scrapyard: Waste Distribution Map

Agbogbloshie Climate Analysis: Sun Study Legend

W 01_ Due to the character of Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, the distribution of waste is largely irregular and relatively random. The delivery trucks leave new waste wherever there is space on site therefore the waste distribution changes with each delivery.

Grid Variation Study based on Waste Distribution across Agbogbloshie Scrapyard Variation 01

Variation 02 l=0.20

l=0.15

Ps=0.70

Bs=0.100

Bd=7.000

Image 01_ Sun Study demonstrating the sun path over Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. In this nearly-equatorial location the sun is high throughout most of the year, shining almost directly above the site during the day.

N NNW

Relative Humidity [%]

Image 01_ The density of the mesh grid is directly responsive to the size and location of waste across the site.

Image 02_ The mesh edge length establishes the maximum length of each edge and impacts the resolution of the mesh.

Variation 03

Variation 04

Jan

l=0.10

l=0.70

Ps=0.70

Bs=0.100

Bd=7.000

Bd=5.000

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

100.0 92.5 85.0 77.5 70.0 62.5 55.0 47.5 40.0 32.5 25.0

NNE

Wind Speed [m/s]

61.70 55.53

WNW

49.36

ENE

43.19 37.02

Image 02_ 3D chart showing hourly relative humidity in Agbogbloshie throughout a year. E

30.85 24.68 18.51

Hourly Temperature [Â°C]

6pm 12pm 6am

l - mesh edge length Ps - pull strength Bs - boundary scale Bd - boundary distance Image 03_ The responsive grid always stays within the specified site boundaries due to the applied pull strength.

Image 04_ The relationship between the location and size of waste is maintained regardless of the length of mesh edge.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

WSW

36.0 34.2 32.4 30.6 28.8 27.0 25.2 23.4 21.6 19.8 18.0

ESE

12.34 6.17 0.00

SSW

SSE S

Image 03_ 3D chart showing hourly temperature in Agbogbloshie throughout a year.

Image 04_ Wind Rose of Agbogbloshie showing yearly wind speed and direction.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

BRIEF 02: Adaptive Architecture in a Networked Age Section 2. Research: Swarming Behaviour

This section focuses on the understanding of swarming behaviour and its potential applications into design process and construction strategy.

Biomimicry: Paper Wasps’ Nest Building Process

DS23

Swarming Behaviour in Robotics

Process of making construction material, building and growing a nest amongst Paper Wasps. Resulting Materiality.

DS23

Current State of Technology. Resulting Materiality.

EXISTING EXAMPLES OF ROBOTIC SWARMING CONSTRUCTION Classification focusing on the resulting materiality

3. The nest construction rests on an appropriate support such as tree branch, window shutters or a roof. 2. The queen breaks the wood fibre in her mouth, using water and saliva to soften it. She looks for a suitable nest location with a mouth full of paper pulp.

01. Bricks/ Modular Construction Units.

Flying Machine Enabled Construction (ETH Zurich, 2011) This project was one of the first explorations of the possibility of using swarms of robots in construction. Built model presented at an exhibition featured 6m tall tower built by 4 quadrocopters out of 1500 foam bricks. It resulted from a collaboration between Swiss architects, Gramazio & Kohler and robotic engineer, Raffaello D’Andrea. The swarming behaviour, simulated and tested by the designers, allowed for the construction process to be seamless and efficient.

1. Paper Wasp Queen uses her mandibles to scrape bits of wood from tree trunks, fences or cardboard.

Fiberbots (MIT, 2018)

03. 3D-printing Filament.

Mobile 3D-printing Robots (NTU Singapore, 2018) This project was developed by a team of researchers in the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore in order to facilitate the incorporation of 3D-printing into a typical construction process. Two autonomous mobile robots were employed to “swarm print” a concrete structure. This process was possible thanks to multiple simulations based on swarming behaviour and self-organisation principles where robots planned their exact movements. That planning also ensured that the robots did not collide with each other.

Image 01_ A single flying quadrocopter carrying a foam brick.

Fiberbots are a newly developed digital fabrication platform made up of small robots who work collaboratively to build fibreglass structures. Each robot is made of an automated base equipped with a motor, a rotating arm and an inflatable silicon frame. The robot attaches itself at the end of the structure and then a mixture of fibreglass filament and resin is fed through robots arm and combined in the nozzle. The robot spins the wet fibre around its tubular body, constantly extending it and strengthening the sections with UV light. The robot can change its directions and therefore can construct complex curves. The swarm communicates with each other wirelessly but they follow a specified directory given by the user. The algorithm they are equipped with allows them to continue building large structures and avoid collisions. The presented prototype structure consisted of 5m tall tubeImage 01_ A single Fiberbot. like elements built by 16 bots.

Image 02_ Robots are first given the coordinates of the final location of the brick. Using their embedded grippers, they collect it and move to its destination.

Image 02_The robot spins the structures with wet fibreglass and solidifies them with UV light.

Image 02_ The robots printed the complex curvy structure significantly faster than it would take using traditional construction methods.

Image 03_ Overview of the complete 6m tall prototype of an undulating structure.

Image 03_ Overview of complete prototype tubular structures at 5m tall.

Image 03_ Overview of the 3D-printing process.

Similar technique has been tested using drones to spray mud on a primitive structure.

4. Once the location has been chosen, the queen adds her pulp to the support surface. Dry cellulose fibres construct strong paper buttress which will later support the rest of the nest.

5. The nest is made of hexagonal cells and grows with the growth of the colony. All of the wasps contribute to the construction of the nest.

02. Woven Fibre String.

Although this prototype used concrete, many materials of similar composition could be re-appropriated to this system.

Image 01_ Prototype of the 3D-printing autonomous robot.

6. The queen protects the cells by creating a paper envelope around them. She is the only one to lay eggs in the cells.

7. New layers of comb are added to the nest as the colony grows. They are held apart by pillars just high enough to allow the wasps to feed the growing larvae. The nest grows downwards and operates at 31°C.

Main Nest Pillar (original spindle)

Air gaps in the envelope Comb cells with larvae. Mainstay

RESULTING MATERIALITY

The envelope of the nest is made of multiple layers of thin paper pulp with gaps between them.

The internal cells are hexagonal thin paper pulp extrusions. The efficient geometry and tight composition of the cells make the nest sturdy.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

The paper envelopes covering the larvae cells are much thinner and lighter than the main cell structure.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Swarming Behaviour Simulations

DS23

Swarming Behaviour Simulations

General principles and random wandering.

ADHERE

1. Adhesion of an entire flock.

DS23

Geometry-related behaviours.

2. Adhesion of 4 nearest agents.

STICK

SLIDE

1. Single Geometry

3. Adhesion of agents within 7m from each other.

REVOLVE

1. Surface

v = rev

-180°≤0≤180° n=500 a=100

v = ad

n=100

a=30

c=∞

c=4

d=7

*=0.043

*=0.035

*=0.07

v = sl

n=100 a=100 *=0.975

v = st

01_ Agents move towards the centre of an entire flock.

02_ Agents move towards an average centre of 4 closest neighbours.

03_ Agents move towards an average centre of a group of neighbours within 7m from each other.

n=100 a=100 *=0.02

Abbreviations:

REPEL

1. Repulsion establishing a set distance between the agents.

v - movement vector rw - random wander force ad - adhere force rep - repel force st - stick force sl - slide force rev - revolve force al - align

In order for the swarm to function, adhesion and repulsion forces need to be applied at all times. This ensures that the swarm stays together whilst maintaining appropriate distance between the agents.

* - vector length multiplication 0 - rotation angle domain

01_ Agents move towards one referenced geometry.

02_ Agents slide over referenced surface geometry.

2. Multiple Geometries

2. Curve

Start/End Agents

n=100

v = rev

Intermediate Agents’ Positions

n=500

2. Curve

Movement Vector

a=100

Paths

-180°≤0≤180°

Referenced Curve Geometry ->

n - number of repetitions a - number of agents c - number of responsive neighbours d - search distance

v = rep

03_ Agents revolve around referenced surface geometry.

v = sl

n=100 a=100

a=30

*=0.975

v = st

d=4m

n=100

*=0.05

a=100 *=0.02

04_ Agents move their positions to establish a 4m distance between each other. The simulation stops when the condition is achieved regardless of the specified amount of repetitions.

04_ Agents move to the nearest referenced geometry, both surface and a curve.

06_ Agents revolve around a referenced curve.

RANDOM WANDER

05_ Agents revolve around a referenced curve.

MULTIPLE BEHAVIOURS

Movement resulting from accumulation of studied behaviours. ->

v = rw

30°≤0≤45°

-180°≤0≤180°

n=0

n=20

n=650

a=20

a=100

*=1.00

c=5

v = rev + 0.15sl + 0.01ad + st + al

drev=60m drep=5.5m

Step 01

Step 02

Step 03

v = rw

30°≤0≤45°

05_ A series of random agents is generated by the programme and equipped with a random movement vector.

n=100

06_ Agents move alongside repeatedly amended movement vector which changes direction according to the specified angle domain.

a=20 *=1.00

07_ Agents continue moving alongside their varying movement vector whilst avoiding each other at the same time. The settings demonstrated on this simulation are the closest to the random wandering of insects in nature.

Variation 01

Variation 02

Variation 03

v = rw

0°≤0≤5°

60°≤0≤90°

n=100

a=20 *=1.00

08_ The agents move along almost straight lines due to small variation in the rotation angle domain and constant length of the movement vector.

SCAN ME!

a=20 ->

v = rw

n=100

10°≤0≤30°

a=20

*=1.03 *=1.02

09_ Larger rotation angle domain and multiplied vector create more intricate paths that are closer to their equivalents in nature. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

10_ Very high position of the rotation angle domain creates a concise but very intricate path full of turns.

07_ The agents’ movement vector is a sum of all behaviours of the swarm: adhesion, repulsion, revolution, sliding and alignment. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Swarming Behaviour Simulations

DS23

Construction System Study: Aggregation

Two flocks: chasing behaviour. Stigmergy.

DS23

Analysis of the volume-based aggregation.

Aggregation System Study. Using the negative space of two Isosurfaces for Aggregation Boundary.

CHASING BEHAVIOUR

Two flocks - Predators and Prey interact with each other mimicking equivalent behaviour in nature. This behaviour is typical for both two distinctive flocks but also for a singular flock within which the agents follow dominating members.

c5=-0.781991

d=64 000 pch=5

a1=30

d=64 000

pch=5

c4=0.970094

a2=5

c3=-0.668003

y=339mm

01_ Two random flocks are generated by the programme along with random movement vectors. ->

c2=-0.191675

v1 = ad v2 = rw

0°≤0≤39°

x=304mm

n=20 ->

a1=30

c1=0.542188

v1 = ad v2 = rw

a2=5

x=304mm

I1=0.00050

I2=0.00025

Step 02_ First isosurface is interpolated through the points generated by moving the division points using vectors based on their relationship with the charged points and IsoValue of 0.00050.

Step 03_ Second isosurface is interpolated through the points generated by moving the division points using vectors based on their relationship with the charged points and IsoValue of 0.00025.

0°≤0≤39°

*=0.095

n=20 a1=30 a2=5

Step 01_ First a boundary box volume is created alongside a series of random points - each assigned a random ‘charge’. The box is then divided into 64 000 points.

*=0.095

d=4.95mm

02_ One flock becomes prey (a2) and the other predators (a1). The movement of the predators is then calculated by their distance to randomly wandering prey which they chase.

e=20mm

03_ The flock of predators divides into groups depending on the proximity to prey they are chasing. Their movement vector constantly adapts depending on the random wandering movement of the prey. In this case the simulation is set so the predators would get close to the prey but never catch it.

c=6.85mm P3

b=30mm m=40 n=4490

a=6.65mm

STIGMERGY

Simulation of the behaviour typical for ants and other social insects. Step 04_ A 3D mesh tile is created alongside with cut-outs for the joints and planes for later connections. Stigmergy can be defined as a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents through a set environment. The individual action leaves a trace - usually a pheromone trail - in the environment which is then used as a stimuli for a succeeding action. Each action reinforces the probability of its repetition by strengthening the trace - the more times pheromones are deposited on the same trail, the stronger it becomes and more attractive for following agents. Stigmergy is a common form of selforganisation in nature. It creates complex and intelligent structures without planning, control or even direct communication between the agents. It is a perfect solution for efficient collaboration of agents who lack memory, intelligence and even individual awareness of the agent itself and its flock.

a=20

m=5 n=56 a=20 n=650 0°≤0≤45° ->

v = 0.925(0.05ad + 0.07rep + 0.025al + 0.073 st + 0.046sl)

01_ Random agents are generated by the programme and assigned random vectors.

02_ The agents leave their pheromone trail behind them so the later agents follow exactly the same route.

v = 0.925(0.05ad + 0.07rep + 0.025al + 0.073 st + 0.046sl) 0°≤0≤45° n=650 a=20

Step 05_ The volume generated in between 2 isosurfaces is populated with the growing aggregate of the referenced mesh tiles.

m=15 n=1653

Abbreviations: d - number of box division points pch - number of charged points cx - charge value I1 - isovalue of the outer isosurface I2 - isovalue of the inner isosurface

m - number of aggregation operations n - number of aggregate tiles

Step 07_ Eventually the entire negative between the isosurfaces is populated with the aggregate structure which should maintain the structural qualities of the initial volumes.

03_ As the agents follow pheromone trails, stronger paths become established attracting more and more agents. Eventually the new paths are practically identical with the initial ones.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Step 06_ The aggregated structure grows depending on the specified number of repetitions.

Conclusion_ Using the predefined volume as a guide for aggregation appears to provide an interesting way to create emergent aggregate structures which maintain the structural qualities of the original volume. In this case the rules for aggregation are computationally calculated to fill the specified volume.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Construction System Study: Aggregation

DS23

Construction System Study: Aggregation

Analysis of the rule-based aggregation.

Rule 01. [1] Aggregation attaching to the 2nd of the chosen planes.

Rule 03. [11] Aggregation attaching to both the 2nd and 3rd of the chosen planes.

Aggregation can also be achieved using a list of rules specified by the designer. The rules relate to the selection of and orientation of connection planes which are responsible for the continuity of the aggregate. In this example, only one plane is chosen 2nd one of the 3 specified ones. Through the repetition of this process a simple structure is created where the orientation of the members repeats itself every 4 steps.

P2 P3

P2+P1

P1 P2

n=1

n=2

Px=3

Px=6

Step 01_ Creation of a first 3D volume and selection of 3 planes for further connections.

Step 02_ The following volume attaches to the first one at the 2nd of the chosen planes, matching its orientation.

Rule-based aggregation produces more interesting results when more planes are chosen for connections. In this example, 2nd and 3rd planes are both selected therefore constructing a much larger structure in fewer steps. In this case also the structure grows in more than 1 direction which gives it more volumetric character.

DS23

P2+P1 P1

P3+P1

n=1

Px=3

P2+P1 n=11

R= 1

Px=9

Step 01_ Creation of a first 3D volume and selection of 3 planes for further connections.

Px=33

n=3

Step 02_ Two following volumes attach to the first one at the 2nd and 3rd of the chosen planes, matching their orientation. P1 P2 P3

n=21

P2+P1

Px=63

P3+P1

R= 11

Step 03_ The sequence repeating this process results in a relatively linear growth.

Step 03_ The sequence repeating this process creates more volumetric and interesting results showing potential for future architectural applications.

n=11 Px=33

n=21 Px=63

Image 04_ The same aggregation process can be achieved using more detail tiles with cut-outs of the same width as the depth of the tile.

Image 05 & 06_ The cut-outs provide an in-built joint which allows the structure to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;clickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; into place without any additional elements.

Rule 02. [01] Aggregation attaching to the 3rd of the chosen planes. In this example, only one plane is chosen again - 3rd one of the 3 specified ones. Through the repetition of this process a simple structure is created where the orientation of the members repeats itself every 4 steps. This rule is similar to the one described above, however resultant form grows in a different direction.

Image 05 & 06_ Thanks to the structure growing in all directions, the aggregated frame balances itself. It is not however strong enough to support other structural elements and requires further development.

Rule 04. [11 | 01] Aggregation attaching to both the 2nd and 3rd and then 3rd of the chosen planes. P1

P3+P1 P2

Image 04_ In this case more detailed tiles also produce predicted results resembling a spaceframe.

P3+P1 n=1

n=2

Px=3

Px=6

Step 01_ Creation of a first 3D volume and selection of 3 planes for further connections.

Step 02_ The following volume attaches to the first one at the 3rd of the chosen planes, matching its orientation.

To produce more unexpected results, multiple rules might be applied as a list. In this case the volumes first attach at the 2nd and 3rd of the chosen planes and then on the 3rd one of the newly generated volumes. This produces a less regular and more open spaceframe-like structure.

P2 P2+P1

P3+P1

n=1

n=11 P2

Px=3

Px=33

n=3 Px=9

R= 01

Step 01_ Creation of a first 3D volume and selection of 3 planes for further connections.

Step 02_ Two following volumes attach to the first one at the 2nd and 3rd of the chosen planes, matching their orientation. This is then followed by a single volume attaching at the 3rd plane of one of the new volumes.

P1 P2 P3 P2+P1 P3+P1 n=16 Px=48 R= 11 | 01

Step 03_ The sequence repeating this process results in a relatively linear growth. Step 03_ The results in this example produce a form growing in two directions slightly losing its volumetric characteristics.

n=11 Px=33

n=16 Px=48

Image 04_ This aggregation process is similar to the one described above - the structure just grows in a different direction.

Image 05 & 06_ Thanks to the cut-outs the structure stays in place without any other reinforcements. The result is however also rather linear.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Image 04_ This aggregation system shuffles between 2 given one. It would grow more unexpectedly if more rules and more planes were used.

Image 05 & 06_ Although most complicated from demonstrated examples, the results are less promising that those presented above. The complexity would require further enhancements to produce more interesting results.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

BRIEF 02: Adaptive Architecture in a Networked Age Section 3. Design Process

This section focuses on the demonstration of the design proposal for Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation.

DS23

Building Design Overview: Approach Perspective

DS23

Perspective View looking from the Temporary Workshops towards the Permanent Facilities.

Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Electrical Waste as a Source of Material

DS23

E-waste as a material goldmine and a new opportunity for Ghana.

LENS

Small Equipment

CAMERA

CASE

STAINLESS STEEL

RADIO

SCREEN

ALUMINIUM

WIRING

NYLON

MOTHERBOARD

GLASS

CIRCUITRY

CRYSTALLINE SILICON

SPEAKER

COPPER

AUDIO RECEPTION

LITHIUM COBALT OXIDE

RAM

CARBON FILM

HEATING COILS

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

SPRING

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

SYSTEM COOLING

PLATINUM

FRAME

PAPER

BATTERY

SYNTHETIC PLASTIC

RAZOR/BLADES

POLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC

ELECTROMECHANICAL PARTS

TANTALUM

MICROWAVE

GPU

ADHESIVE GLUE

ELECTRIC SHAVER

CPU

SILVER

ANTENNA

LEAD

RACKS

CARBON GRAPHITE

INSIDE PANELS

GOLD

STEREO STEREO SPEAKERS KETTLE

Temperature Exchange Equipment

Large Equipment

FOOD PROCESSOR

FRIDGE WASHING MACHINE DISHWASHER PC

TOASTER OVEN COOKER

REFRIGERANT

TUNGSTEN

COMPRESSOR

ALUMINIUM FOIL

TUB

BERYLLIUM

RESISTOR

NICKEL

TRANSISTOR

PVC COATING

SSD/HDD STORAGE

ZINC

COOKING SURFACE

COLTAN

CONDENSER

FIBREGLASS WITH EPOXY RESIN

LAPTOP

TRANSFORMER

RUBBER

KINDLE

CAPACITOR

POLYCARBONATES

WATER PUMP

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)

AGITATOR

COILED STEEL

PICTURE TUBE

CALCIUM-REINFORCEDPOLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE

Screens

PC MONITOR TV SCREEN TABLET

Small IT

MOBILE PHONE

REMOTE CONTROL USB CALCULATOR CABLES

DRUM

MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

MAGNETIC SEPARATION

HYDRAULIC SHAKING

DENSITY SEPARATION

CHEMICAL SEPARATION

BURNING

DRAIN PIPE DOOR

LIGHTS

LAMP LIGHTBULB CHRISTMAS LIGHT

LED BUTTONS GLOBE APERTURE

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation: Materiality Overview

DS23

Electrical Waste: Building Module

Building from Upcycled Electrical Waste

Analysis of a building module made from e-waste materials.

Building Module Study: Waste Wishbone Regular Pyramid

Amongst other waste covering Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, cars are already constituting a large percentage. With the growth of electric car industry, this percentage is expected to grow significantly in the near future. This will leave the residents of Agbogbloshie with a large amount of scrap materials, fit for reuse and repurpose.

Exploded Axonometric: Analysis of a Regular Pyramid Wishbone Module. Recycled Stainless Steel Door Hinge

Recycled Aluminium Car Wishbone

Recycled Cylindrical Ball Bearing

Wishbone is a part of cars suspension. Typically it is about 500mm long with 3 versatile connection points allowing for reuse. This part of the car is particularly structurally strong and rigid, capable of carrying large amount of weight. These qualities alongside large number of wishbones available make it a perfect choice for a new building material. 6 Wishbones are bolted together using existing connection points and creating a rigid panel. 4 Triangular Panels are put together to create the Regular Pyramid Module for further construction. The structure is protected from the weather using recycled solar panels collecting energy for use throughout the building.

Recycled Motor

Recycled Aluminium Frame

DS23

The Triangular Modules are bolted onto an internal bracket fixing them into position whilst allowing for easy disassembly.

Recycled Solar Panels Recycled Light Sensor

Recycled Circuit Board

Recycled Stainless Steel Threaded Bar

Recycled PVC Panels Recycled Stainless Steel Rods

Recycled Glazing Panels

Recycled PVC Panels

Recycled Aluminium Members

Recycled Aluminium Car Wishbone

Recycled Metal Sheets

Multiple Pyramid Modules are connected using existing connection points repurposing the car wishbone to its maximum potential.

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

One of the main principles of the project is to present the e-waste found in Agbogbloshie Scrapyard as a unique opportunity for upcycling and innovation. For this reason, the Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation is designed using only recycled objects from the scrapyard, using their potential structural qualities to the maximum. The geometry of the building has also been designed to facilitate the use of recycled materials and ensure structural rigidity and stability. The project proposes a building designed for disassembly, with the focus being given to easily demountable and remountable connections and establishing the system for the building to grow.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Axonometric: Overview of the Construction System.

The wishbones have in-built slotting connections and require only additional bolts to secure it in place.

Axonometric: Bolt Connection between 2 Wishbones.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Circular Economy is not about recycling of volume, but about recycling of value.â&#x20AC;?

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Building a Circular Future, 3XN Architects

The wishbone pyramids are slotted together and bolted into position creating intricate and detailed structurally rigid structures constructed completely out of waste found in Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Electrical Waste: Building Module Options Matrix

DS23

Electrical Waste: Building Module

Possible arrangements of chosen module giving it structural rigidity.

DS23

Analysis of a building module made from e-waste materials.

01. Double - Point Connected Module Arrangements

Top View

Tetrahedron

Version 00_ An initial part is created by mirroring a wishbone along the axis through 2 aligned connection points and then bolted together at those points.

Version 01_ Triangular module arrangement put together to form a regular pyramid.

When the wishbone is mirrored along the axis connecting two connection points and then secured in those points, the module gains particular strength and rigidity due to very limited movement range of the module. Fitting it then into rigid geometrical forms such as triangles, squares, pentagons and hexagons allows multiple sets of this modules to work together creating rigid panels suitable for construction. Triangle is the most stable geometric shape . This, alongside appropriate dimensions of the wishbone which allow it to click into place in all its 3 connection points when put into a triangle, makes this a particularly strong module which can withstand significant loads.

Top View

Cube

Dodecahedron

Version 02_ Rectangular module arrangement put together to form a cube.

Option 2

Version 03_ Pentagon module arrangement put together to form a dodecahedron

Option 2

Option 1

Version 01_ Triangular module arrangement can be organised in 2 ways however Option 1 is significantly more rigid.

Top View

Hexagonal Prism

Version 04_ Hexagonal Prism is put together from 2 sets of hexagonal modules and 6 sets of rectangular modules.

Option 2

Version 05_ When a hexagonal module is connected with the triangular modules it creates a more rigid form than the hexagonal prism yet still lacking the structural rigidity of the regular pyramid.

Option 2

Option 1

Version 02_ Rectangular module arrangement remains much less rigid than triangular in either option due to lack of a 3rd connection point.

Top View

Option 1

Version 03_ Pentagon arrangement lacks the rigidity of the triangular one however it creates the largest volume with the least amount of modules.

Version 04_ Hexagonal arrangement requires the combination with other types of arrangement such as the rectangular to form 3D volumes.

02. Single - Point Connected Module Arrangements

Top View

Tetrahedron

Version 00_ An initial part is created by mirroring a wishbone along the axis through a single connection point which then becomes the connection.

Version 01_ Triangular module arrangement put together to form a regular pyramid with open corners.

When the wishbone is mirrored along the axis perpendicular to its single connection point, there is a significant movement range built into this module with each side rotating in that plane. This immediately makes for a significantly weaker starting point and therefore weaker 3D modules. Due to the shape of the module, the 3 dimensional forms have chamfered corners with loose connection points at each end. It appears to be a significantly less efficient way to utilise this part than in the example shown above. Although the Regular Pyramid made from triangles with all connection points fixed together are the most rigid, there is an argument to varying the shapes depending on their use or potentially mixing them together. The modules shown in this study are just a few of many more possible examples which proves the versatility of the chosen part.

Cube

Version 02_ Rectangular module arrangement put together to form a cube however due to the connections of the modules creating open chamfered corners.

Option 2

Dodecahedron

Version 03_ The dodecahedron created from this version of the module appears much less clear as in the previous example.

Option 2

Mix Version 04_ The demonstrated arrangements of modules could be mixed together creating complex shapes and varied tiling arrangements.

Option 1

Version 01_ Triangular module arrangement can be organised in 2 ways however Option 1 is significantly more rigid.

Top View

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Version 02_ This form of rectangular arrangement is significantly weaker then the one described previously,

Option 1

Even though you could combine the different module sets, neither of them can match the structural qualities of the triangular module and the regular pyramid made from them. This qualities make it the most suitable selection to create structurally rigid constructions.

Version 03_ The pentagon arrangement made from this part creates modules with a lot of inherent movement and requires a lot of additional support to fix. The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Design Project: Concept Strategy

DS23

Design Project Development: Concept Strategy Revised

E-waste as a new Entrepreneurial Opportunity for Agbogbloshie

E-WASTE SCRAPYARD

DS23

E-waste as a new Entrepreneurial Opportunity for Agbogbloshie. Strategy responding to constantly changing waste landscape and other site constraints.

E-waste is delivered to the Scrapyard AB

-O

E-waste is delivered to the Scrapyard

Floating Robot Repair Platforms are located along the Odaw River and providing necessary services to the Type1 Robots

Swarm of Type 1 Robot Workers separates e-waste into groups by parts and transports it to the Material Centre

Permanent Sections

Primarily occupied by Humans

Bamboo is planted across the area to help purify the air and soil

Temporary Sections

Primarily occupied by Humans

Material Centre is located in the Heart of the Innovation Studios. Here e-waste is separated into base materials by Swarm of Type 2 Robots Environmental Research Centre

Waste Material from Fabrication Projects is taken to the Heart of the Material Centre. There, Swarm of Type 4 Robots crushes it and converts into a new, composite 3D-printing filament.

Research & Innovation

Swarm of Type 5a Robot Workers cleans the river from e-waste toxins and prevents from further pollution

Fabrication Area

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation is made up of Permanent and Temporary Spaces which correspond with each other.

Pop-Up Teaching Rooms Central Courtyard

Main Teaching Campus

Robot Development Campus Digital Prototyping Lab Think Tank

New Machines are sold and exported to Ghana and rest of Africa.

DA W

Primarily occupied by Robots

Trade & Export Centre

Robot Development Campus Control Centre Fabrication & Main Repair Area

Temporary Sections

Environmental Research Centre

Trade & Export Centre Demonstration Platform

Water Purification Centre

Pop-Up Collaboration Rooms

Community Teaching Platform

Soil Purification Centre

Project Development Studios are divided into Fabrication Area, Digital Prototyping Lab and Think Tank. Here innovators and makers collaborate on bringing a new idea to life.

Teams of Robot Assistant (Type 3) assist Design & Fabrication teams fetching the needed material and providing a set of eyes onto the scrapyard via VR.

Robot Repair Centre

Robot Control Centre

Demonstration Platform

Digital Fabrication Laboratory

E-WASTE SCRAPYARD

Pop-Up Workshops and Teaching Rooms

Workshops providing traditional handicraft services assist the Innovators Collaboration Studios

Swarm of Type 5b Robot Workers cleans the soil from e-waste toxins and prevents from further pollution

AGBOGBLOSHIE ONION MARKET

E-waste is delivered to the Scrapyard

Knowledge & Services Exchange Umbrella

The Innovation Centre provides a constant exchange of knowledge and skills between the community and trained professionals. Processed fabrication waste material is being used to build new houses and amenities to improve the living conditions of the community.

Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces OLD FADAMA SLUM

Temporary Workshops

The community is provided with improved residential and amenity buildings built by swarms of robotic builders constructing repetitive parts of the design and local craftsmen.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Building Grid is generated following 3D-scanning of the current Waste Landscape performed by the robots. It is updated live and provides the basis for the development of Temporary Spaces.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Project Overview

DS23

Aerial Perspective View showing the extent of the Project and strategies employed in the Design Development Process.

THE AGBOGBLOSHIE ROBOTIC E-MPORIUM FOR INNOVATION

Drones fly onto Robot Charging Platforms placed on the roof of the Innovation Centre. There, they can re-charge their batteries for further work. Energy for this is harvested with neighbouring solar panels.

The Permanent Section of the Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation - Innovation Centre - houses both educational, research and trade facilities. The building is designed with the same aggregation construction strategy and is put together by a team of swarming robots assisted by humans.

Anti-Silicon Valley of Africa

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation constitutes of permanent and temporary sections, some being primarily occupied by humans some by robots. It is designed for disassembly using upcycled materials and put together by a team of robots. The temporary section of the project responds to the dynamic character of the site and corresponds directly with current waste landscape and its content. Permanent part of the project ensures continuity in educational, trade and research tasks performed in the E-mporium.

When not in use and not charging, the robots rest in the cool â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;nestsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; underneath the Innovation Centre. This is also where Crawling Robots charge.

E-waste is deliver ed to the Scrapy

ard

Environmental Research Centre

Trade & Export Centre AGBOGBLOSHIE ONION MARKET ABOSE-OKA

Digital Fabrication Laboratory

Internal Waste Distribution Road connects to the existing road.

I ROAD

Large new green spaces have been created to help purify the soil on site. They are planted with local durable plants capable of growth in contaminated soil.

Central Courtyard of the Innovation Centre can be accessed from the Gravel Path surrounding the building and faces directly opposite the Temporary Structures.

Robot Development Centre

Gravel Paths are laid out next to the Internal Waste Distribution Road and underneath the Temporary Structures. Paths connecting the Workshops, Scrapyard and Innovation Centre are created.

Teaching Atrium & Presentation Space

Teaching Rooms All of the sections of the Innovation Centre can be accessed from outside with separate entrances. Additionally, the spaces are connected internally. Team of resident scientists works on strategies which could be most efficient in the decontamination of the local environment. They are aided by a team of small robots Type R which conduct necessary field research.

Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces

Entrance to the Temporary Workshop Entrance to the Temporary Workshop

Gravel Paths are created throughout the site to ensure smooth circulation strategy. This allows for safe movement of both robots and people on site.

Temporary Workshops

Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces

Entrance to the Temporary Workshop

Temporary Structures located in the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard are used by both humans and robots at the same time. Here humans can focus on creative and handcrafted work whilst robots perform all necessary assisting tasks.

Entrance to the Material Sorting Space

Temporary Workshops

Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces are constructed by swarms of both crawling and flying robots Type C opposite waste pile in question. Temporary Workshops are then built connecting to the adjacent Sorting Spaces.

Temporary Workshops Temporary Workshops Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces

First, the Scrapyard is 3D-scanned by a swarm of drones equipped with VR vision. This allows the innovators to choose the next waste pile to focus on. After the location has been chosen, the robots Type C begin the construction of temporary Material Sorting Spaces.

Entrance to the Temporary Workshop

Permanent Sections

Primarily occupied by Humans

Temporary Sections

Primarily occupied by Humans

Temporary Sections

Primarily occupied by Robots

PROJECT OBJECTIVES: EDUCATION

Internal Waste Distribution Road

After the first of Material Sorting Spaces have been constructed, crawling robots Type S begin segregating the material found in the neighbouring waste pile.

Waste is distributed throughout the Scrapyard in a more organised way allowing space for Temporary Structures.

Existing green spaces are maintained and cultivated for further growth.

reuse

rethink

ROBOT - AIDED INNOVATION

ECONOMY

BUSINESS

upcycle

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

1. Presenting E-waste as a new material and innovation opportunity. 2. Providing the Agbogbloshie community with a new business model based on supporting their enterpreneurial development. 3. Purifying the environment from e-waste toxins. 4. Promoting Cradle to Cradle economy and demonstrating the value of upcycled electronics. 5. Providing the less-developed countries with innovative electrical equipment. 6. Integrating humans and a colony of robots, ensuring more efficient research and prototyping as well as safer construction and fabrication process. 7. Providing the Agbogbloshie community with new jobs of great variety.

Building Design Overview: Masterplan

DS23

Building Design Overview: Masterplan

Masterplan Overview showing the Permanent Innovation Centre and Temporary Workshops.

Overview of other Temporary Workshops arrangements in relation to changing Waste Landscape of the Scrapyard.

Permanent Section of the Project

Temporary Section of the Project

Temporary Section of the Project The planted area grows as the studies undertaken in the Environmental Research Centre progress.

Existing ICGC Gym and Basketball Court

Clear Access Route is created to allow for a more structured organisation of Waste Drop-offs. The new section of the Access Route connects to AboseOkai Road and existing Entry Road and Parking Space.

DS23

Existing Agbogbloshie Onion Market Existing Agbogbloshie Onion Market

The area surrounding the Permanent Part of Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation is planted with local highly durable plants which help purify the previously contaminated soil.

Gravel Paths and Plazas are created around the building and temporary workshops to ensure clear circulation routes between different sections of the project.

Gravel Paths are created as the Temporary Spaces are built. They are directly linked providing seamless access between different parts of the site.

Areas with the largest density of waste are established using robots equipped with advanced 3D scanning technogy.

Existing Christ Temple International Central Gospel Church

Masterplan

Temporary Workshop & Material Sorting Spaces: Arrangement 02

Existing Agbogbloshie Onion Market Material Sorting Rooms are constructed by robots around largest waste piles which are then divided into separate material piles in the Material Sorting Rooms. They are located just opposite the relevant waste pile.

The Scrapyard is scanned and analysed by the robots following every drop-off and generating a responsive grid which helps establish the location of the next Temporary Workshop. Access Road is amended depending on the current waste landscape. The size, location and number of Temporary Workshops and Material Sorting Spaces relates directly to the current Waste Landscape and its contents.

Existing planted areas are maintained and cultivated to help purify the environment of the site.

The building grid responds to the changing Waste Landscape in real time. Existing Goat Farm

Masterplan

Existing Residential Area

Temporary Workshop & Material Sorting Spaces: Arrangement 01

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Masterplan

Temporary Workshop & Material Sorting Spaces: Arrangement 03

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Building Design Overview: Temporary Workshop Perspective View

DS23

Perspective View showing the Temporary Workshop and Material Sorting Space amongst the waste in the Scrapyard.

5 Then the structure of Temporary Workshop is covered with Polypropylene Plastic panels found in the Scrapyard. Recycled Solar Panels are then placed on top of the Cover Panels to provide energy for the Workshop.

Before the commencement of the construction of Temporary Facilities, drones Type A 3D-scan the site and analysis current waste landscape and its content. They are equipped with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;VR visionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; providing a live stream of what they see on site. This allows the innovators to choose the waste pile containing objects they are interested in using.

First, robots Type C assemble Pop-Up Material Sorting Spaces to facilitate the segregation of the waste pile performed by robots Type S.

2 After the location has been chosen, a swarm of crawling and flying robots Type I isolate material necessary for assembly of the Temporary Structure.

E-Waste Pile sorted by robots

Material Sorting Space primarily occupied by robots

The Workshop is furnished with upcycled objects found in the Scrapyard turned into furniture. Those include washing machine drums as seats, PC casings as table supports, fridge door panels as tables and many more.

4 After the construction of Material Sorting Spaces, the robots Type C build adjacent Temporary Workshop.

As new waste arrives to the site, the whole process is repeated at a different point of the site.

7 When materials from the neighbouring waste pile have been used and turned into valuable projects, the Temporary Workshop is disassembled. After all material from the Sorting Spaces have been used, the Material Sorting Rooms are also deconstructed.

Temporary Workshop primarily occupied by humans

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Internal Waste Distribution Road driven by humans

Building Design Overview: Permanent Section of the Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation

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Exploded Axonometric showing the Programmatic Elements and the relationship between them of the Permanent part of the project.

The building is covered with a series of recycled polypropylene plastic panels found in the Scrapyard with recycled Solar Panels and Robot Charging Platforms placed on top of the Cover Panels. The Roof covers all faces which are directly exposed to the weather providing weather-proofing for the scheme as well as harvesting the energy needed for operation. Faces which are located underneath overhangs are left open to allow for maximum ventilation.

Roof

Building Design Overview: Environmental Research Centre Axonometric

Overview of the programmatic composition of the Environmental Research Centre section of the Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation.

Robot Charging Stations sit on roof cover panels and are powered by the neighbouring Solar Panels.

Recycled Solar Panels are placed on the roof harvesting the energy which is then used throughout the building.

High Level Bridge connects to Vertical Circulation Cores in Teaching Rooms Area and Trade and Export Centre. This allows for a direct link between classrooms and demonstration platforms.

High-Level Bridge

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The building is covered with recycled polyprophylene plastic panels.

Roof Level

Teaching Atrium and Presentation Space provides room for both larger lectures and social activities. The geometry of the building has been used to create inclined seating areas whilst generating larger volume needed for academic presentations.

Teaching Atrium & Presentation Space

Teaching Rooms

Robot Development Centre houses a series of high-tech workshops as well as offices and meeting rooms. This is where Robot Control and Repair Rooms are located.

Teaching Rooms connect directly to the Teaching Atrium, Robot Development Centre, Digital Fabrication Laboratory and Trade & Export Centre (via the bridge). There are two Vertical Circulation cores within this area allowing for further addition of spaces should they be needed. Extra classrooms might be added both vertically and horizontally, as long as connection to one of Vertical Circulation cores is provided.

The furniture is made from recycled items found in the Scrapyard such as washing machine drums, old PC housings and fridge cover panels.

Level 02 houses a large Environmental Research Laboratory analysing the local environment, its potential further improvements and methods of decontamination.

The Environmental Research Laboratory is equipped with advanced Lab equipment and high-spec digital scanning and analysis machines. The scientists are also aided by small robots providing detailed overviews of local environment through their VR vision.

Level 02 Digital Fabrication Laboratory allows to further develop the hand-crafted artefacts produced by the Agbogbloshie Community from waste found in the Scrapyard. It is equipped with hightech machines including robot arms, CNC and laser-cutting machines, hologram simulation kits, AI development kits and more. It is run by professionals from the University of Ghana and made available for anyone developing a project.

Robot Development Centre

Digital Fabrication Laboratory

The Research Laboratory on Level 01 houses also a spacious Collaboration Area which enhances the collaborative work between local and visiting scientists.

Low-Level Passage

Environmental Research Centre focuses on the analysis of the local environment and development of new techniques which would allow for further decontamination of the site. Resident and visiting scientists collaborate here.

Environmental Research Centre

This space is shown in more detail in the Exploded Axonometric on the following page.

Level 01 houses a large Environmental Research Laboratory and a Collaboration Space.

Trade & Export Centre

Central Spiral Staircase connects the spaces on all levels. The staircase is made from materials found in the Scrapyard.

A separate Collaboration Space is provided for meetings and debates.

The idea of Trade & Export Centre builds upon creating a new economy for the Agbogbloshie Community capitalising on the innovative projects produced from upcycled materials. Here the projects are demonstrated to the wider public. Export deals are made and signed here alongside smaller sales on the in-house market. The space is made of a large open trade space and a series of meeting rooms which allow for detailed discussions in regards to export agreements.

Square Side Faces of the higher level of the building house Kinetic Solar-Responsive Modules which provide additional sun-shading and ventilation outlets.

The E-Research Library provides the residing scientists with extensive resources necessary for further research. Its digital database connects it with other similar facilities around the world. The library is also equipped with high-tech technology including holograms and real-life simulations.

Level 01

Quiet Reading Room separates a clear focus zone accessible to anyone using the facility.

Level 00 Collaboration Offices are typically used for meetings with external visitors at an entry level of discussions.

Level 00 houses an extensive E-Research Library, two Collaboration Offices and a Quiet Reading Room.

Level 00

Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Axonometric: Programme Overview of the Permanent Section of the Project

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Axonometric: Overview of the Environmental Research Centre The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Design Development: Environmental Performance Analysis

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Design Development: Environmental Performance Analysis

Analysis of Solar Radiation.

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Sunlight Hours Analysis.

Solar Radiation Study

Shadow Study

Solar Radiation is defined as “radiant energy emitted by the sun”. Solar Radiation Analysis in Architecture studies the amount of heat absorbed and emitted by particular faces of the building. This is particularly useful when deciding which faces could collect solar energy through solar panels and which don’t require further protection. This study is particularly useful for Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation since the net-zero environmental impact of the building is of particular importance. The study allowed to separate the faces which are best suitable for collecting energy or charging robots using collected energy. It also demonstrates which faces are best suited to house Responsive Kinetic Modules in order to improve solar shading and natural ventilation at the same time and which are best left without any additional covering.

Sunlight Hours Analysis provides an overview of shaded and exposed parts of the building depending on the position of the sun at certain part of the year. It is typically used to assure that every part of the building receives minimum required daylight on every day of the year.

Faces with Solar Responsive Kinetic Modules

Faces to be covered with recycled solar panels

Building Faces to be covered with recycled solar panels and Robot Charging Stations powered by them

Faces with Open Modules

Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation is located in Ghana, very near to the equator. This means that the light which the building is exposed to is particularly strong - therefore a lot of shading is required. This study shows the qualities of the design which focus on shading elevations of the building whilst providing enough daylight and natural ventilation. The most sunlight lands on the roof which is why it would be covered with recycled solar panels.

March

June

Top View

Radiation Analysis [kWh/m2]

Sunlight Hours Analysis [hours]

1889.49<

S Sunlight Hours Analysis [hours]

9 10 12

9 10 11 13

1700.54 1511.59

Image 01_ Sunlight Hours Analysis in March in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana.

1322.64

Image 02_ Sunlight Hours Analysis in June in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana.

1133.69 944.74 755.79 566.85 377.90

September

December

188.95 0.00

Image 01_ Average Solar Radiation Analysis on the Building Massing throughout a year.

330

340 350

Total Radiation [kWh/m2]

320

330

791.09

632.87

290 280

E 100

260 250

110

240

120

230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

170

160

553.76 474.65 395.54 316.44 237.33 158.22 79.11 0.00

Diffuse Radiation [kWh/m2]

330

569.82

455.86

290 280

E 100

260 250

110

240

120

230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

170

160

398.88 341.89 284.91 227.93 170.95 113.96 56.98 0.00

Direct Radiation [kWh/m2]

30 40

569.82

310

512.84

300

340 350

320 50

310

711.98

300

320 50

310

340 350

512.84

300

455.86

290 280

E 100

260 250

110

240

120

230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

170

398.88 341.89 284.91

227.93 170.95 113.96

0.00

Sunlight Hours Analysis [hours]

Image 03_ Yearly Diffuse Radiation Rose for Agbogbloshie.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Sunlight Hours Analysis [hours]

160

Image 02_ Total Yearly Radiation Rose for Agbogbloshie.

56.98

Image 04_ Yearly Direct Radiation Rose for Agbogbloshie.

10 12

Image 03_ Sunlight Hours Analysis in September in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana.

8 10 11

Image 04_ Sunlight Hours Analysis in December in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Building Design Overview: Environmental Strategies

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Overview of environmental strategies employed in the design.

Solar-Responsive Breathing Modules are employed throughout the building occupying surfaces with average yearly radiation value between 755 kWh/m2 and 944 kWh/m2. The modules regulate the amount of radiation and daylight entering the building whilst providing additional ventilation outlets.

The structure of the building is made primarily from recycled car wishbones found at the scrapyard which are assembled using bolts and screws enabling easy disassembly and reassembly.

Number of atriums have been provided throughout the design to incorporate traditional Ghanaian cooling strategy using collected rainwater to lower the temperature within the building. The atriums also work as lightwells enabling indirect daylight and additional ventilation.

Recycled Solar Panels populate the roof collecting energy which is then used throughout the building.

A large number of building modules have been left open to allow cool air into the building and hot air out. This ensures that the building is fully naturally ventilated.

The roof has been covered with recycled polypropylene panels found in the scrapyard. It has been covered strategically creating overhangs wherever possible to allow more openings in the building.

Central Courtyard has been provided according to the average yearly direction of prevailing winds occurring at the site. This further aids the natural ventilation strategy employed in the building and provision of indirect sunlight.

The building has been designed with inbuilt overhangs all the way around the outer edge of the building. This ensures that the internal spaces are shaded and protected from direct sunlight all the way throughout a day.

LEGEND Solar Energy Collection Solar Energy Redistribution Prevailing Wind Average Yearly Direction Atrium Location Overall Cooling Zone Rainwater Cooling Pools Cool Air Distribution Hot Air Movement Direction Cold Air Movement Direction Sun Vectors Overhangs Shading Areas

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Building Module - Solar-Responsive Kinetic System

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Building Module - Solar-Responsive Kinetic System

Analysis of the behaviour of the solar-responsive kinetic system in relation to the position of the sun and relative sun angle.

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Analysis of the behaviour of the solar-responsive kinetic system in relation to the position of the sun and relative sun angle.

Salt=55.46° Abbreviations:

Behaviour of Solar - Responsive Building Modules The modular aggregative design of Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation allows an opportunity to include kinetic mechanisms within the façade of the building. Since the square faces of the car wishbone module already have a range of movement inherent to the design, this can be further utilised as a response to the natural environment. The responsive kinetic modules are equipped with a simple mechanism (detailed in a following section of this report) which uses recycled sensors and other parts found in the scrapyard to construct a lever mechanism which allows the modules to open or close following the sun throughout each day. Since the modules range of opening remains between 0°-75°, the angles created between relative sun vectors and building face normals (for simplicity called here solar angle) is remapped onto that range. Since the modules open wider with the rise of the sun and therefore increase in the solar angle, they block the sun rays from entering the building whilst providing larger area for additional ventilation. This helps cool the building and maintain a comfortable internal environment.

Following diagrams demonstrate the range of openings achieved at different times of the day and year.

n - number of responsive faces 0s - angles between sun vectors and responsive faces’ normals 0r - rotation angle of the responsive modules Salt - sun altitude Sazi - sun azimuth

Module Rotation Angle [°]

Sun Angle in relation to Module Rotation Angle 0.00°≤0s≤22.50°

0.00°≤0r≤20.00°

22.50°≤0s≤45.00°

20.00°≤0r≤40.00°

45.00°≤0s≤67.50°

40.00°≤0r≤60.00°

67.50°≤0s≤90.00°

60.00°≤0r≤70.00°

90.00°≤0s≤180.00°

70.00°≤0r≤75.00°

Sazi=55.83° Salt=43.87°

75.00

Sazi=297.36°

70.00 60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

Salt=2.92° n=131 1.61°≤0s≤179.18°

Sazi=293.25° 0.00°≤0r≤75.00°

n=131 27.93°≤0s≤153.60°

23rd June 18:00

n=131 20.00°≤0r≤75.00°

51.68°≤0s≤141.22°

23rd June 15:00

40.00°≤0r≤75.00°

23rd June 10:00

Salt=72.22°

Salt=61.19°

Sazi=250.92°

Sazi=100.95°

Salt=13.10° Sazi=268.24°

n=131 0.52°≤0s≤179.50°

0.00°≤0r≤75.00°

n=131

45.52°≤0s≤136.67°

23rd September 17:00

n=131 40.00°≤0r≤75.00°

49.18°≤0s≤144.33°

23rd September 13:00

40.00°≤0r≤75.00°

23rd September 10:00

Salt=57.37° Salt=37.58°

Sazi=206.58°

Sazi=125.43°

Salt=11.19° Sazi=244.74°

n=131 4.49°≤0s≤177.24°

0.00°≤0r≤75.00°

n=131

47.46°≤0s≤136.65°

23rd December 17:00

n=131 40.00°≤0r≤75.00°

33.35°≤0s≤154.94°

23rd December 13:00

20.00°≤0r≤75.00°

23rd December 9:00

Salt=42.87°

Salt=61.52°

Sazi=94.58°

Sazi=260.77°

Salt=1.96° Sazi=270.43° 2.33°≤0s≤177.82° Image 01_ Separation of building faces with radiation value between 755.79 and 944.74 kWh/m2, establishment of their vector normals and angles between them and sun vectors at a given time.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

23rd March 18:00

0.00°≤0r≤75.00°

n=131

n=131 36.12°≤0s≤145.54°

n=131 20.00°≤0r≤75.00°

23rd March 14:00

29.77°≤0s≤156.52°

20.00°≤0r≤75.00°

23rd March 9:00

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Electrical Waste: Building Module - Solar-Responsive Kinetic System

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Electrical Waste: Building Module Systems Overview

Analysis of operation principles of a solar-responsive kinetic system.

Overview of mechanisms, strategies and elements of a Truncated Octahedron Building Part.

Building Module Parts: Solar-Responsive Kinetic System

Building Module Parts: Truncated Octahedron Building Part Overview

Position 01: Closed.

Position 02: 25° Open

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5 mm) mounted on a Recycled Steel Bracket (100mm x 35mm x 27mm)

Car Wishbone Square Frame

4no. Recycled PVC Panels robotically cut to size

(8no. 500mm x 300mm x 25mm)

0r=0°

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Solar Panels are placed on the Upper Hexagonal Faces of the module, ensuring collection of solar energy which is then distributed throughout the building.

Solar Panels are also placed on the Top Square Faces of the Building Module maximising the amount of collected energy since those are exposed to the sun for most of the day throughout the year.

(8no. 500mm x 300mm x 25mm)

0r=25°

(920mm x 460mm x 10mm)

Recycled Metal Threaded Bar (700mm x ø20mm)

Ball-Bearing Mechanism to allow rotation of the Threaded Bar

4no. Recycled Metal Rods used as Levers (350mm x 15mm x 10mm)

4no. Recycled Metal Brackets

(approx. 20mm x 15mm x 6mm)

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5mm)

Robot Charging Stations are located on the Upper Hexagonal Faces throughout the building Roof and powered by the neighbouring solar panel. The platforms have been designed to allow drones to land safely and charge throughout the night.

Kinetic Breathing Modules are located on the side Square Faces of the Building Module. They are however only located on the sides of the building with Average Yearly Solar Radiation between 755 kWh/ m2 and 944 kWh/m2. Overall there are 140 Kinetic Breathing Modules throughout the building.

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5mm)

Axonometric View

Robot Charging Stations are supported by a frame made from car wishbone Tetrahedrons attached to the main Hexagonal Faces structure.

Axonometric View

SCAN ME!

Front Elevation View

Side Elevation View

Position 03: 50° Open

Front Elevation View

Side Elevation View

Position 04: 75° Open

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5 mm) mounted on a Recycled Steel Bracket (100mm x 35mm x 27mm)

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5 mm) mounted on a Recycled Steel Bracket (100mm x 35mm x 27mm) Car Wishbone Square Frame

Car Wishbone Square Frame

(8no. 500mm x 300mm x 25mm)

4no. Recycled PVC Panels robotically cut to size

4no. Recycled PVC Panels robotically cut to size (920mm x 460mm x 10mm)

(920mm x 460mm x 10mm)

Recycled Metal Threaded Bar (700mm x ø20mm)

0r=75°

Floor, made from recycled metal sheets found in Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, is supported to the Bottom car wishbone structure frame and fixed at the sides to the Hexagonal Faces.

The Bottom Square Face of the module is made from regular pyramids with a square base which lock together with each other and neighbouring tetrahedrons on the Hexagonal Faces.

Hexagonal Faces of the Building Module are made of a collection of car wishbone Tetrahedrons which lock together forming a rigid structure.

0r=50° Ball-Bearing Mechanism to allow rotation of the Threaded Bar

Ball-Bearing Mechanism to allow rotation of the Threaded Bar

4no. Recycled Metal Rods used as Levers (350mm x 15mm x 10mm)

4no. Recycled Metal Brackets

4no. Recycled Metal Brackets (approx. 20mm x 15mm x 6mm)

(approx. 20mm x 15mm x 6mm)

4no. Heavy-Duty Recycled Door Hinge (100mm x 10mm x 5mm)

Axonometric View

Front Elevation View

Axonometric View showing Truncated Octahedron Building Part components and their scale.

Side Elevation View

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Front Elevation View

Side Elevation View

Top View

Front View

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

Side View

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Building Design Overview: Robot Development Centre Perspective Section

Building Design Overview: Digital Fabrication Laboratory Internal Perspective

Overview of the Robot Development and Repair Workshop and its connections with the rest of the Robot Development Centre.

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Perspective View showing the Robot Arm Workshop as seen from a Digital Drafting Room on a higher level.

Robot Development Centre is crucial to the success of the project providing the Agbogbloshie Community with repair, development and control spaces housing all necessary equipment. Its Research Facility allows for constant improvement of the robots making sure they are best suited for their tasks.

Level 03

Rooms within the Robot Development Centre are connected with a Central Spiral Staircase and intermediate staircases on other levels. Many of the internal spaces are multi-level to enable testing of robots climbing capabilities.

Level 02 Specialist Repair Kits are used to ensure that all robots function properly.

Level 01 Space created underneath the building is occupied by the Crawling Robots when they are not in use.

Level 00

Robot Specialists develop the robots further using technology such as 3D-scanning, 3D-printing, VR, AI and many more.

Perspective Section: Robot Development & Repair Workshop

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

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Building Design Overview: Teaching Atrium Internal Perspective

Building Design Overview: Teaching Rooms Perspective Section

Perspective View showing the Teaching Atrium Space where smaller and larger lectures and presentations take place.

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Overview of the Teaching Rooms showing volumetric relationship between them and rules for further growth.

The educational aspect of Agbogbloshie Robotic E-Innovation Facility is very important as its goal is to provide the local community with a new economic opportunity recognised on the global scale. Due to the modular and easily reconstructable character of the project, Teaching Rooms section has been designed to enable regular adjustments to its size depending on the current need. Means of Vertical Circulation have been provided to ensure easy access from other parts of the building and between Teaching Rooms themselves. If more rooms were to be added, they would need to be connected to one of the Vertical Circulation cores which could also grow.

There are Two Spiral Staircase connecting the Teaching Rooms with each other and other parts of the building - Teaching Atrium, Digital Fabrication Laboratory and Robot Development Centre.

Level 04

Level 03

There are many different size Teaching Rooms provided within the building depending on the requirements of the class.

Level 02

Level 01

Level 00

All furniture used within the project is made from recycled objects found in the Scrapyard such as washing machine drums, PC casings, fridge cover panels etc.

Perspective Section: Teaching Rooms

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

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Building Design Overview: Environmental Research Centre Library Internal Perspective

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Perspective View showing the Environmental Research Centre Library.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska

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Building Design Overview: Courtyard Perspective

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Perspective View showing the Courtyard space looking towards Digital Fabrication Laboratory and Environmental Research Centre.

The Agbogbloshie Robotic E-mporium for Innovation Agata Korzeniewska