This course covers: Prepositions Conjunctions Relative Pronouns Conjunctive Adverbs Conceived by Pierre Vital Developed and produced by Albet Gibosse
Table Of Contents Prepositions SOME EXAMPLE PREPOSITIONS
Relative Pronouns OF
MOST
COMMON
Types of prepositions Prepositions of Time Prepositions of Direction
Examples of Relative Pronouns Examples of how relative pronouns can be used in sentences. Check Your Understanding of Relative Pronouns
Prepositions of Spatial Relationships Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase
Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Relative pronouns Conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive adverbs examples
Points to Remember When Using Conjunctive Adverbs Check Your Understanding of Conjunctive Adverbs
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS
What is a Preposition? A preposition is a short word that is employed in sentences to show the relationship nouns, pronouns or phrases have with other parts within the respective sentences. Prepositions are normally found positioned in the latter part of the sentence, but before a noun or pronoun.
SOME EXAMPLE OF MOST COMMON PREPOSITIONS Aboard, about, above, according to, across, after, against, ahead of, along, amid, amidst, among, around, as, as far as, as of, aside from, at, athwart, atop, barring, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, by means of.
Uses of Prepositions Prepositions are seen to show some key characteristics and perform some vital functions when used in sentences. Examples: They are used to show the direction of something. They can refer to the time of something happening. They can be used to denote the position or location of an object in the sentence. They are also used to represent spatial relationships. Prepositional phrases, in particular, can be used to do all of these when used in sentences.
Prepositions can be divided into different types by categorizing them according to their functions. The different types of prepositions are: Prepositions of Place indicates the place or position of something. For example: I have kept the book I borrowed from you on the table. Henry hid behind the door. The dog jumped over the fence. Can you place the red roses in between the white daisies?
Prepositions of Time are used to show when something is happening. For example: We will be meeting on Friday. The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m. Can you come after some time? We have been asked to work from home until the end of May.
Prepositions of Direction are used to denote the direction in which something travels or moves. For example: The girl ran toward her father the moment she saw him. Jerry jumped into the river to help his sister. Veena passed the book to Priya. When will Salvia be returning from London? Neena lives across the street.
Prepositions of Location are employed to denote the location of a particular object. For example: Kenny would be staying at his cousin’s place for the weekend. Make sure you keep all the toys back in its place after you play. I lay on the floor for a really long time.
Prepositions of Spatial Relationships are used to denote an object’s movement away from the source and towards a source. For example: Navya sat leaning against the wall. The circus was stationed opposite the children’s park. Lakshmi sat beneath the trees. Shankar sat beside the stairs. We spent the evening walking around the lake.
Prepositional Phrase is a combination of a preposition and a noun(the object it is affecting). For example: See to it that you reach the venue on time. The medicines you asked for are out of stock. Why don’t we try taking classes outside for a change. Make sure you fill in all the forms at once. Albert was able to finish it only with the help of his friends.
Some examples of prepositions and How They can Be Used In sentences?
The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m. Can you come after some time? Will you be with Remy or Mazika? I love sitting beside the beach at night. Rachel met Phoebe by the lake.
Conjunctions Conjunctions are generally used in a sentence to combine two words, phrases or clauses and they are divided into three main types namely coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions.
What is a Coordinating Conjunction? A coordinating conjunction, also called a coordinate conjunction, is a conjunction that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences together. However, they cannot , for example, join a verb and a noun, a phrase and a clause, or a amin clause or subordinate clause.
Some examples of Coordinating Conjunctions are:
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Here are some examples of how coordinating conjunctions can be used differently to link the various parts of a sentence: Let’s start with ‘For’. Combining two parts of the sentence – Luke could not make it to the event for the rain. Combining two clauses – She did not not make it yesterday, for she was sick.
Using the word ‘And’, Combining two nouns – Albert and Paula have been married for three years now. Combining two phrases – Playing the drums and listening to music are my hobbies. Combining two clauses – The prudential building is in Boston, and it is considered as one of the tallest buildings in Boston. Using the word ‘And’
‘But’, Combining two nouns – It is not Henry who should do it but you. Combining two phrases – I was looking for you but found your brother instead. Combine two clauses – Kavitha is not a fan of marvel movies, but she loved Black Panther.
‘Or’, Combining two nouns – The tour would be given by Albert or Paula. Combining two phrases – Would you like to eat in or order takeout? Combine two clauses – You can go to the movies, or stream it online.
‘Yet’ Combining two phrases – It was hot yet cloudy and rainy. Combine two clauses – My mother just got home, yet she says she’s quite tired..
‘So’ Combining two phrases – I did not find the car key so I took the bus to work. Combine two clauses – My wife left, so I took care of it.
Points to Remember When Using Coordinating Conjunctions When coordinating conjunctions are used to combine two independent clauses, a comma should be used before the latter clause. When coordinating conjunctions are used in a sentence to connect two phrases, a comma need not be used. When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect multiple nouns or a list of items, you have the liberty to use a comma or not before the coordinating conjunction. It is always perceived that you cannot start sentences with a conjunction but that is not the truth. You can use a conjunction to start the sentence if the particular context demands or allows it.
Test Your Understanding of Coordinating Conjunctions Now that you have learned the different ways in which coordinating conjunctions can be used, try applying your knowledge. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable coordinating conjunction in the following sentences: 1. Albert ____ Paula planned to have dinner at China Valley. 2. See to it that you leave home early ______ you can reach the exam center in time. 3. She reached home late, ______ she looked very energetic. 4. Do you like black olives ______ green olives? 5. I am sure I locked the door, _____ I cannot remember if I took the keys. 6. My friend _____ I had dinner at Tanbou ______ it was the last day before she moved to New York.
Check if you got your answers right from the following: 1. Albert and Paul planned to have dinner at Jeano’s restaurant. 2. See to it that you leave home early so you can reach the exam center in time. 3. She reached home late, yet she looked very energetic. 4. Do you like black olives or green olives? 5. I am sure I locked the door, but I cannot remember if I took the keys. 6. My friend and I had dinner at Tanbou restaurant, for it was the last day before she moved to New York.
Subordinating Conjunction What is a Subordinating Conjunction? A subordinating conjunction is a word used to combine an independent clause and a dependent clause in a sentence. They help in forming complex sentences.
Some examples of subordinating conjunctions are once, while, when, whenever, where, wherever, before, although, unless and after Some examples of subordinating conjunctions in sentences: Unless you submit all the supporting documents, your application will not be processed. I was not able to go to the hospital because it was raining heavily. When I reached the railway station, I found out that the train had already left. Although we had parked in the parking lot, the traffic police issued us a parking ticket. It is better to keep everything packed as you are not sure when you would be asked to come to Boston.
Points to Remember When Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences No matter how frequently you converse in English, it is always better to keep the following points in mind. Subordinating conjunctions can be used in the beginning or middle of a sentence according to the position of the dependent clause. When the subordinating conjunction appears in the beginning of a complex sentence, a comma is used after the dependent clause. When a subordinating conjunction is used in the middle of a sentence, there is no need for a comma to be used. A dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction cannot stand by itself as it does not make sense.
Check Your Understanding of Subordinating Conjunctions Fill the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate conjunction. You can choose the suitable conjunction from the list given below. (If, while, when, since, as soon as, even though, unless, though, before, after) 1. __________ Albert reached home, he called to let me know . 2. __________ she had paid all the bills, the system showed that she had some due payments to be done. 3. _________ you do not find it interesting, it is okay. 4. _________ I was walking across the street, I saw that the shops were closed. 5. _________ she finishes the work given, she cannot go home. 6. __________ you make a decision, just take a second opinion.
Check out if you used the right subordinating conjunctions in the given sentences. 1. As soon as Albert reached home, he called to let me know . 2. Even though she had paid all the bills, the system showed that she had some due payments to be done. 3. If you do not find it interesting, it is okay. 4. While I was walking across the street, I saw that the shops were closed. 5. Unless she finishes the work given, she cannot go home. 6. Before you make a decision, just take a second opinion.
Relative Pronoun
What is a Relative Pronoun? A relative pronoun is a word that introduces a dependent (or relative) clause and connects it to an independent clause. A clause beginning with a relative pronoun is poised to answer questions such as Which one? How many? or What kind? Who, whom, what, which, and that are all relative pronouns.
Examples of Relative Pronouns Examples of relative pronouns include who, whom, whose, where, when, why, that, which and how. Examples of how relative pronounscan be used Where – Refers to a place Who – Refers to a person (the noun/pronoun/subject which does the action) Whom – Refers to the object (the noun or pronoun that receives the action) Whose – Used to show possession of something or someone When – Refers to a time That – Used in a defining clause that refers to a person, animal or thing Which – Used in a non-defining clause that refers to a person, animal or thing
Here are some examples of how relative pronouns can be used in sentences. Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker. The car that was stolen last month was found in a river. Susan is the girl whom I was talking about. The park, where we had first met, is being renovated. The girl, who saved the little boy, was appreciated by everyone.
Check Your Understanding of Relative Pronouns One thing that you should keep in mind when combining two sentences using relative pronouns. Make sure you locate the subject or object both sentences refer to and then replace it with the most suitable relative pronoun.
Just give it a try. Use suitable relative pronouns to link the following sentences: 1. The student solved the math problem. The teacher appreciated the student. 2. My aunt bought me a ukulele. I love the ukulele. 3. Shanu has played the lead role in the new movie. Shanu is a doctor by profession. 4. This is my brother. He moved to New York last year. 5. Sid won a lottery. Sid is my brother’s friend. 6. Teena borrowed the white bag. Teena did not return it.
Let us find out if you have got it all right. 1. The teacher appreciated the student who solved the math problem. 2. I love the ukulele that my aunt bought me. 3. Shanu, who is a doctor by profession, has played the lead role in the new movie. 4. This is my brother who moved to New York last year. 5. Sid, who is my brother’s friend, won a lottery. 6. Teena did not return the white bag that she borrowed.
Conjunctive adverb What is a conjunctive adverb? A conjunctive adverb, also known as adverbial conjunction or subordinating adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses by converting the clause it introduces into an adverbial modifier of the verb in the main clause.
The words however, eventually, consequently, finally, otherwise, anyway, moreover, similarly, hence, therefore, thus, accordingly, etc. are some examples of conjunctive adverbs.
Points to Remember When Using Conjunctive Adverbs Since conjunctive adverbs have the special feature of behaving like a conjunction, there are a few points you will need to be aware of and bear in mind when using them in your sentences, especially in writing. Rule 1: Always use a comma if the conjunctive adverb is used to link or separate an independent clause and a dependent clause. This rule applies when conjunctions like and, or, so or but are used before the conjunctive adverb. Rule 2: When you are using a conjunctive adverb to link or show the relationship between two independent clauses, make sure you separate them with a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after it.
Rule 3: When conjunctive adverbs are used to separate or link two independent clauses which have the ability to stand as two distinct sentences, a period can be used in between them and the second clause would begin with the conjunctive adverb. Rule 4: If the conjunctive adverb appears in the beginning of a second clause in a sentence, you should use a comma after the adverb. In case the conjunctive adverb used in the beginning of the second clause is a monosyllabic adverb, a comma need not be used.
Rule 5: If the conjunctive adverb is used in the middle of a clause, it should be preceded and followed by a comma. This, however, need not be the case always, especially when conjunctive adverbs are made use of in short clauses.
Check Your Understanding of Conjunctive Adverbs Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate conjunctive adverbs from the list given below. (The words, undoubtedly, therefore, then, additionally, however, finally, hence, thus, otherwise, certainly) 1. Albert left home early; ___________, he did not reach work in time for the meeting. 2. You have to work hard; __________, you will not be able to score good marks. 3. We had watched every new movie that was released on Friday. _________, Home was the best movie. 4. Darin was waiting for his result the whole day. ________, the results were published around 6 p.m.
5. The kids were already feeling cold; ____________, we decided not to turn on the AC. 6. The question papers did not reach us on time. __________, that caused a huge discomfort among the students and teachers.
Let us check if you have understood well. 1. Albert left home early; however, he did not reach school in time for the assembly. 2. You have to work hard; otherwise, you will not be able to score good marks. 3. We had watched every new movie that was released on Friday. Undoubtedly, Home was the best movie. 4. Darin was waiting for his result the whole day. Finally, the results were published around 6 p. m. 5. The kids were already feeling cold; hence, we decided not to turn on the AC. 6. The question papers did not reach us on time. Certainly, that caused a huge discomfort among the students and teachers.
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