1.2. The 15-minute city framework

the amount of term invested in transportation, more so through the use of automobiles’ (Moreno et al., 2021, p. 101) He advocates for an urbanity where locals are should be able to access all their ‘basic essentials’ within 15 minutes by walk or bike. He credits this concept to have evolved from his earlier version of ‘living city’, which outlines the importance of ‘repairing’ urban and social fragments fuelled by modernist approached. (Moreno et al., 2021, p. 100) He asserts that residents should be able to enjoy a high quality of life if they are able to fulfil six essential urban social functions identified by him which an urbanite requires from a city to sustain a decent urban life.

The six urban social functions:7

1. Living 2. Working 3. Supplying / commerce 4. Caring / healthcare 5. Learning / education 6. Enjoying/ entertainment

Moreno’s FMC is based on four principles to design and redesign the cities to become 15minute cities. (IC Moreno Ted talk):

Ecology: Designing a green and sustainable city. Proximity: Minimising the distance to other activities. Solidarity: Establishing links between people. Participation: Engaging citizen in planning.

1.2. The 15-minute city framework

The author proposes the ‘The fifteen-minute city framework’ consisting of 4 interrelated dimensions in the order of:

a. Building Density, b. Proximity, c. Diversity, d. Digitalization

7 A difference of vocabulary was observed between the presentations and the peer reviewed paper. Both the words are presented with a slash in respective functions wherever applicable.