MudKwifawmif;yefjcif; þpmpOfonf Myanmar Cupid rS wifxm;aom Post rsm;udk trsm;olig zwf&SEdkif&ef pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ uGsefawmfhwGif rl&if;pmtkyf r&SdygaomaMumifh pmpOfrsm;tm;vkH; jynfpHkrSK &Sdr&Sd wdkufMunfhjcif;iSm rwufEdkifyg/ xdk haMumifh tu,f&sf pmrlrsm; MuGif;usef&pfcJhaomf onf;cHay;Muyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/ pmpOfrsm; pkpnf; ylaZmfol
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4.2/ yHhokulrax&f 4.3/ iSufypfawmif t&Sify@dwrax&f 4.4/ aygifavmif&Sif uóy 4.5/ yk*Hacwf ur®|mef;usrf;jyK t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm; (em**kPfi,f? em**kPfBuD; ) 4.6/ 'domjymrkuf q&mawmf (OD;usnfayG h) ESifh ulAavcef bk&ifBuD 4.7/ eef;awmif;rsm;q&mESifh wufao;BuD; yif;,acwf 5.1/ &Sif'dAÁpuf &[EÅmaxG; 5.2/ a&iHkq&mwynfh (rPdrOöL q&mawmf) 5.3/ ordkif;uay;aom jrefrmwdk hwm0ef 5.4/ psmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf; rax&f 5.5.1/ bk&m;yGifh&m tdE´d,EdkifiHü tb,fhaBumifh omoem uG,faysmufoenf; tprS ]0dZÆmawGOHKcHí yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd 5.5.2/ ]0dZÆmawGOHKcHí yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrS bk&m;yGifh&m tdE´d,EdkifiHü tb,fhaBumifh omoem uG,faysmufoenf; acgif;pOfqHk;xd tif;0acwf 6.1/ wufao;oljrwfESifh ykcef;BuD; udk&ifokar"m 6.2.1/ a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf tprS ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm} acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd 6.2.2/ ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm} acgif;pOfcGJrS a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf acgif;pOfqHk;xd
ax&0g' omoem oefU&Sif;wnfwH NyefUyGm;atmif taemf&xm rif;BuD; tultnDNzihf omoem NyKawmfrlcJhaom &Sift&[H yHkawmf yk*HNrKdU tmeE´mapwD twGif;ü&Sdonf/
xG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmf (1160-1242)
q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm; (1182-1282)
a&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmf (1190-1281)
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv (1194-1269)
ykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmf (1194-1283)
yckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmf (1204-1288)
v,fwDawm& q&mawmff (1208-1285)
ppfudkif;-0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&mawmf q&mawmf (1215-1288)
ppfudkif;-r[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmff (1220-1281)
Nynf - tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf (1222-1278)
anmifvGefawm&q&mawmf (1229-1295)
oxHk aZw0efq&mawmf (1230-1316)
aou©sawmif q&mawmf (1233-1299)
rdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmf (1234-1326)
odrfawmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmf (1237-1283)
Nrif;NcH-pGef;vGef;*lq&mawmf (1239-1314)
tbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmf (1286ckESpf? awmfovif; vNynfU *-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)
urÇÇmUowdyXmefomoemNyK awmifykvk urÇÇmat;q&mawmf (1258ck? waygif;vNynfUausmf 3-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)
a&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmf (1253-1346)
oydwftdkif awm&q&mawmf (1255-1331)
odrfawmif-qnfBuD;q&mawmf (1244-1321)
Nynf-edAÁE´q&mawmf (1248-1338)
rdk;ukwfq&mawmf (1261-1324)
ed'gef;pum; earm 0dbZÆ0g'daem r[mum½k r[mum½kPduó jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywådomoem0if (psmeftbdnmOf& yk*¾dKvfrsm;? &[EÅmESifh tjcm;aom t&d,m yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? t&d,m rjzpfapumrl t&d,mjzpf&ef ajzmifhrSefpifMu,fpGm usifhBuHawmfrlcJhaom a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfxl;rsm;taMumif;)onf wpfusrf;wpfzGJUtjzpf pkpnf;xm;&Sdoifhaom vkdtyfcsufwpfck[k ,lqygonf/ tqufqufaom a,m*DwdkUtwGuf tm;aq;wpfcGufvnf; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ ]] þacwfwGif &[EÅmjzpfEkdifoavm? psmeftbdnmOfaum &Edkif ao;oavm}} [laom jyóemonf tvkyfcGifodkU 0ifaom yk*d¾Kvfwdkif;ESifh ynm&SifwdkUtm; wD;wdk;ar;jref;aeaom ar;cGef;jzpf\/ tajztrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh pmayy&d,wfESifh pdwf"mwftm;enf;olrsm; pEdk;paemifh jzpfMu&onf/ tvkyfcGifrS xGufolxGufí vufavQmholavQmhoGm;Mu\/ ]r[my&dedAÁmeokwf} ü jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]okb'´ }tm;a[mawmfrlonfrSmum; xif&Sm;\/ yGifhvif;\/ jyóemwifzG,fr&Sd/ w&m;ppf w&mrSefrsm; wnf&Sdí usifhBuHñTefjyolrsm; &SdaeorQ acwf?ESpf tuefUtowfr&Sd?
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4/ OD;[efaX; (okawoet&m&Sd? urÇmhAk'¨wuúodkvf?) 5/ OD;ÓPf0if; (ygVdyg&*l? vkyfom;jynfolUaeUpOf?) 6/ urÇmat; OD;jrifhtkef;? OD;pdefvSatmifç refae*sm OD;vS0if;pdefç OD;cspf&Sdef? 7/ txl;ojzifh OD;rsdK;0if;ESifhtzGJU (Mo Gok Computer & offset ) wdkUtm; txl;aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/ todrSefí csrf;omMuygap/ Ä olawmfaumif;"mwf? w&m;jrwf? vTrf;ywfurÇmwnf&rnf/ aX;vIdif ("r®mp&d, OD;aX;vdIif) oDwif;uRwf vjynfhausmf 8-&uf? 1335-ckESpf/ (19-10-73)
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf
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*svef'&NrdKh (uoD®,) ü uedoQrif;BuD;ESifh 0okrdwå? tóaCmo rax&fBuD;wkdh OD;pD;í o*Fg,em wifcJhMujyefonf/ xkdtcg 0dbmoQmac: ( r[m,e ) t|uxmBuD; oHk;usrf;ukd NyKpkí 0dbmoQm*dkPf;[k uGJjym;cJh\/ 1 - [de,me ( t&[wå,me? om0u,me ) 2 - yapöuAk'¨,meESifh 3 - Ak'¨,me ( r[m,me? aAm"dowåvrf;pOf ) [k vrf;oHk;oG,f wDxGifMuukef\/ c&pfESpf (1) &mpk? (2) &mpkwGif [de,meukd usOf;ajrmif; ,kwfnHonf[k ½Iwfcsum &[Eåmukd txifao;vmMu\/ ¤if;wkdh\ ,lqcsufrsm;ukd MoZmwufí vlBudKufrsm;vmap&ef ynmyg&rdwm paom okwåefBuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef bk&m;trnfoHk;í a&;om;Mu\/ (2) &mpk? (3) &mpk wGif r[m,e*dkPf;0g'ukd twdtvif; a&;om;vmMuonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom aAm"dowå bk&m;rsm;ukdvnf; wDxGifvmMu\/ y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; ESpf 500 - 600 wGif okwåefopf? tbd"r®mopfwkdhukd &J&J0Hh0HhBuD; a&;om;í yif&if;rlv omoemESifh jcm;cGmcJhMuonf/ xkdhaemuf tdEd´,awmifykdif; 0d'gwEkdifiHü em*ZÆKac: tbd"r®mq&mBuD;u rZösdrdu ( okn0g' ) *dkPf;BuD;ukd wnfaxmif\/ avm*spfenf;? 'kdif,mvufwpfenf;t& y#dpöorkyÜm'f qefqef 0g'opf zefwD;cJhonf/ xkdhaemuf ESpfaygif; 200-tMum 0dbmoQm0g'ukd y,fí ygVdawmf (r[m,eokwåefrsm;) ukdom cH,laom okwåEdÅu*dkPf;[k wpfpifaxmifMujyef\/ þ*dkPf;ü txif&Sm;qHk; acgif;aqmifrSm at'D 400-&mpkwGif ay:xGef;aom 0okAE¨KESifh 0dnP0g' (emrft"du0g') *dkPf;ukd wnfaxmifol ¤if;\ nDawmfto*F wkdhjzpf\/ xkd*dkPf;rS ,kwdåaA' (avm*spf) Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; cGJjcm;um 'domem*ESifh "r®uxduwkdh ay:xGef;vmMu&m bmomwGif; bmomy tjiif;tckefrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/ Ak'¨ae&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&muf c&pfawmfay:NyD; 400-&mpkwGif a0bmoQdu?okwåEdÅu? 0dÓP (a,m*gpm&) rZösdrdu [laom zDvkdqkdzD Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; av;*kdPf; ay:xGef;vsuf&dS\/ jA[®Prsm;ESifh tawG;tac: wkdufyGJ qifETJcJhMuav\/ þ&mpkESpfwGif tdEd´,ü yif&if;rlv Ak'¨omoemjzpfaom ax&0g'ESifh ax&0g' ygVdpmayrsm; vHk;0 qdwfokOf;&avNyD/ ]]Ak'¨\ yif&if; rlrSef w&m;awmfum; tb,fenf;}} [k odjrif&ef cufcJoGm;avawmh\/ aAm"dowåudkyif bk&m;tjzpf ajymif;vJukd;uG,fvmMu\/ r[m,me uAsmq&mBuD;rsm;onf aAm"dowåudk ukd;uG,fylaZmf&ef? r[m,meomvQif edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; w&m;tjzpf jyo&ef okwå? uAsm? p&dw pmaytrsdK;rsdK;ukd a&;om;vmMu\/ þ 400-pk 500-pk wGif owå0gtm;vHk; aAm"dowåcsnf;[k vnf;aumif;? vlwkdif; (&[EåÅmtygt0if) or®morÁK'¨ jzpf&rnf[k vnf;aumif;
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(9) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg rlvr[m,mewkdhonf 0Zd&,me (rEÅef) *dkPf;BuD;ukd rwm;qD;EkdifMuawmhacs/ (Ak'¨bmom trnfcH r[m,me*dkPf;uGJ wpfckjzpfaom) 0ZD&,me *dkPf;onf vlNydef;BudKuf vQdKh0Sufvkyfief; £'d¨yg'f vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfcJhMu\/ Oyrm - bl;oGif;jcif;? em;rvnfaom pum;vkH;oHk;jcif;? t*d¾&wfxkd;jcif;? aq;pD&ifjcif;? tif;csjcif;? *koQrEÅ? puúorÇ0? *kVrEÅef ponfwkdhukd oD;jcm;a&;om;NyD; orxarSmfoGif;jcif;ESifh od'd̈rsm;ukdjyum vlNydef;rsm;tm; odrf;oGif; qGJaqmifMuav\/ pdwfnd§Khjcif;? orxtm½HkjyKjcif;rsm; ykdí acwfpm;vm\/ rlvyifr omoemawmfukd arS;rSdefaponfomru r[m,m*dkPf;rsm;ukdyif 0Zd,me yHkpHokdh ajymif;vJypfcJhMuavonf/ yef;OD;vTwfjcif;? tbdodufcHjcif;? a&TaiGcHjcif; paom ukd,fusdK;&Sm umr*kPfcHpm;rIrsm;? twåudvrxusifhjcif;? od'd¨udpöwkdhukd vHk;yrf;í (12) &mpkwGif umr*kPfazmufjyefrI? wefcdk;tvGJoHk;pm;rIwkdhaMumihf wjznf;jznf; odu©musavawmh\/ (8) &mpk? (9)&mpkwGif emVE´m wuúokdvf? 0dMuroDv wuúokdvfwkdhuyif 0Zd&,me vrf;pOfrsm;ukd oifMum;cJhMu\/ xkdrSwqifh ewf0ifpkef;yl;jcif;? pkef;? ua0? wapä (atmufvrf;) ynmwkdhukdyg yl;wGJavhvmMujyef\/ wEÅ&,me 0g'Dwkdhonf aAm"dowå½kyfwkrsm; trsdK;rsdK; xkvkyf ukd;uG,fMuí aMumufrufzG,f yHkrsm;ukdyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fvmMu\/ (8)&mpkrS (10) &mpktwGif; Ak'¨bmom trnfcHNyD; 0dZÆm? aZmf*sD? wyoDBuD; 84 a,muf ay:xGef;vmum 0dZÆm*dkPf; ynm&yfwkdhukd xlaxmifí odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/ xif&Sm;aom *dkPf;q&mBuD;rsm;rSm q&o[yg q&mBuD;? orÇ0q&mBuD; ponfwkdh jzpfMuí t0wfpkwf0wfjcif;? t*d¾&wfxkd;jcif;? rEÅefpkyfjcif;? okóefü aejcif;? t½kd;cGHukdoHk;jcif;? aq;0g;pD&ifjcif; ponfjzifh xl;xl;qef;qef; tvkyfwkdhudk vkyfMu\/ ao&nfaomufjcif;? yef;OD;vTwfjcif; ponfwkdhukdvnf; vkyfMu\/ vQdKh0Suf odEd´wefcdk;rsm;ukd jyum vQdKh0Sufq&m (rpfpwpf) yk*d¾Kvfxl;BuD;rsm;[kyif ac:wGifcJhMuonf/ tdEd´,jynfwGif omoem arS;rdSefvmaomacwfü olaX; olMuG,fESifh &Sifbk&ifrsm;uyif xkdvlxl;BuD;rsm;ukd csD;ajr§muf ukd;uG,fvmMu\/ wkdif;jynfat;csrf;a&;? vHkNcHKa&;? ab;&efuif;a&;twGufyif xkdvlxl; vlqef;BuD;rsm;\ wEÅ&? rEÅ&? 0dZÆm,me twwfwkdhukd &Sifbk&ifrsm; ukd,fwkdifrsm;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMu\/ 0denf;awmfESifh tnD aexkdifMuaom &[ef;aumif;rsm; qif;&JNidKjiifum tiftm;enf;onfxuf enf;yg;oGm;Mu&awmh\/ &[ef;wkdh\ twGif;omoem aysmhnHhtm;enf;vmaomtcg tcsdKh&[ef;rsm; 0dZÆmusifhpOfrsm; qDokdh tm½Hkpkduf oGm;Muonf/ (11) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg tdEd´,jynfü vlrsm;pkonf t,lonf;rI tkyfpkuGJí jiif;ckefrIrsm; rsm;jym;vm\/ &[ef;rsm;vnf; ypönf;pkjcif;? a&mif;0,fjcif;jzifh ykdí tusifhysufvmMu\/
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3/'d|dab' yumoeDusrf;? 4/*kPfawmfzGifh tusOf;ESifh tus,f? 5/o*F[ 9-ydkif; bk&m;&Sdckd;? 6/aumvif;okwf ygXfteuf? 7/'Gwåðomum& ygXfteufus,f? 8/bm0emav;q,f teufus,f? tHhzG,f 18-yg;? apwD 4-yg; bk&m;&Sdckd;? uyÜd, bkd;vGef;ajy? bkd;tHk;wkdY avQmufxHk;tajz (r*fzkdvf &jcif;taMumif; t*Fgrsm;) yg0if\/ xkd&SpfapmifwGJ usrf;pkü q&mawmfonf ]bGJUawmft&Sif pE´drmjzpfí &Tef;&Tef;wuf&Gm ZmwdjzpfaMumif;} q&mawmfudk,fwkdif a&;om;xm;aom ed*Hk;rsm;udk awGYEdkif\/ y#dywåd yumoeDusrf;rsm;onf 1205- ckESpf wefcl;vqef; 12-&uf paeaeY usrf;jyD;aMumif; awGY&onf/ ]aumvif;okwf} [lonf aumvif;jrdKUpm;xH qHk;raom bk&m;a[m usrf;*efvm rSwfom;zG,f *gxmpkPÖd, ygVdteufrsm; jzpf\/ ¤if;ESifhtwl ]edpöm'da'go 'DyeD} ESifh 'Gwåðomum& ur®|mef;usrf;} ESpfusrf;yg ay;ydkYaMumif; yg&Sd\/ atmufyg*gxmjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfxm;avonf/ pZ 'kZÆe oHo*¾H? bZ om"k orm*rH/ u& yknH ta[m&wåð? o& edpö} redpöwH/ / 'kZÆe oHo*¾H=ol,kwfrmESifh aygif;azmf&jcif;udk/ pZ=pGefYavmh/ om"korm*rH=aygif;azmftyfaom olawmfaumif;udk/ bZ=qnf;uyfavmh/ ta[m&wåð=aeYnÚfhywfvHk;/ yknH=aumif;rIudk/ u&=jyKavmh/ tedpöwH=cE¨mudk,f\ rjrJaom tjzpfudk/ edpöH=tcgrjywf/ o&=atmufarhavmh/ uyÜd,bkd;vGef;ajy? bkd;tHk;wkdY avQmufxHk;wGif r*fzkdvf&jcif;\ taMumif; t*Fgrsm;udk jy&mü o&P*Hk? ig;yg;oDv jrJí oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;tm&HkpGJ&yHk? ynm&Sdukd rSD0JoifhyHkrsm;udk jyqkdjyD;aemuf]]ÓPf 0D&d,ESpfyg; a&SYoGm;jyKvsuf uHESpfyg;&Sdaom olwkdYrSmrlum; avmuDü jzpfaom csrf;om tusdK;pD;yGm;? avmukwå&mü jzpfaom csrf;omtusdK;pD;yGm;wkdYudk vsifjrefpGm cHpm;Mu&ukef\/ ÓPf,SOfí 0D&d,tm; arG;jrLrSom yg&rDuH tusdK;ay; oefEdkifavonf rSwfMuukefavmh}} [k qHk;rawmfrlcJhonf/ ykaAÁp uHonfom y"mejzpfí xdkuHudk ypöKyÜef ÓPf0D&d,jzifh wl;azmf&ef owday;jcif; jzpf\/
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16/ w&m;vufvGwf? iSufawmifuGswf? 0#fESifhruif;NyD/ 17/ rEkówå? 'kv’b? r&rsm;avNyD/ 18/ t&awmfpG? onfb0? vSvSusifhxkdufNyD/ 19/ MuHKMudKufawmfpGm? omoem? a&mif0gxGef;vSNyD/ 20/ owd&&? Nrwfykn? NyK&aumif;oifhNyD/ 21/ wpfaeYwpfaeY? eufNzefa&GU? rarhaumif;oifhNyD/ 22/ ighudk,fighom;? ighr,m;? xifrSm;vSavNyD/ 23/ xifrSm;wwfpGm? ouúm,m? rdpämuif;oifhNyD/ 24/ ig;ckcE¨m? &kyferfrSm? rSefpGm rSwfoifhNyD/ 25/ or®oe? OmPftp? xifvSoifhMuNyD/ 26/ eifNzifheifhudk,f? qHk;r,qkd? eifhudk,ftrSKonf/ 27/ eifrqHk;r? eifhwmy? b,fucHvdrfhrnf/ 28/ eSvHk;zHkzHk? xkHwHkwHk? eifhyHkaMumhMurf;onf/ 29/ eifeSifUeifhuH? pD&ifzef? trSefNzpfawmYonf/ 30/ ,ckeifhudk,f? eifhtvdk? b,fukdNynfhpkHonf/ 31/ eifhudk,feifESpf? eifhtNypf? eifNzpfcH&rnf/ 32/ eifhukdeifhtm;? eifroem;? eifrSm;&SmawmYonf/ 33/ 'geoDvm? bm0em? eifomNyKoifhonf/ 34/ ZmwdZ&m? r&Pm? rMumeifawGUrnf/ 35/ rsufawmifwpf,Suf? vQyfwpfNyuf? eifhoufaovdrfhrnf/ 36/ b,fESpfb,fv? a&mufcgrS? umvra&G;NyD/ 37/ MuD;i,fr[l? udk,fh&G,fwl? ckrlaovSNyD/ 38/ trSefao&dk;? xkdvlrsdK;? aMumufpdk;&GHUoifhNyD/ 39/ roGif;ESvHk;? txif&SHK;? ysufNyKef;vSavNyD/ 40/ cE¨maMuGavsmf? &SdNyefaomf? ylaZmfaumif;vSNyD/ 41/ oGm;usdK;qHNzL? &Sdygrl? b,folraMumufNyD/ 42/ þonfhr,m;? þonfhom;? rD;yGm;rSefawmhonf/ 43/ c,0,? bdZÆe? ysufMuvSavNyD/ 44/ tyÁda,[d? yda,[d? 'ku©dMuHKavNyD/ 45/ 'ku©taxGaxG? wayay? cHae&avNyD/ 46/ edAÁmefomacgif? ab;rJhaomif? a&mufatmifNyKoifhNyD/ 47/ rNyKygbJ? eifa&SmifvGJ? eifyJrkdufvSonf/ 48/ ,kwåd,kwåm? eifqifum? [efomeifrsm;onf/ 49/ bk&m;oGm;oGm;? ausmif;oGm;oGm;? pdwfxm;eifrMunf/ 50/ 'geoDvm? eifNyKcg? apwemaZmrMunf/ 51/ odkYyifNyKvdk? eifhukokdvf? b,fukdoGm;vdrfhrnf/ 52/ avmukwå&m? NrdKufMoZm? eifoma0;vSonf/
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þrQaom pum;tpOfjzifh "mwfawmfusaom ]]jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0if}} bkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvESifh þ,ckbkef;awmfMuD; ponfwkdYum; "mwfawmfusonfudk axmufqí cDPmo0tppf &[EÅm yk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunf 0rf;ajrmufxkdufvSaypG/ ydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmP ( 1188 - 1270) ydEéJuGif; q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifhwuG aemuf 'kwd,ç wwd, q&mawmfrsm;yg ysHvGefBuaomtcg okH;yg;vkH;yif tavmif;awmfrsm; rykyfreH yuwdtwkdif; ,ckxd &SdaeBuonf/ yxr q&mawmf bk&mBuD; OD;uvsmP t|KyÜwådudk armifausmf'ifqdkolu vGefcJhaom tESpf&Spfq,fcefYu a&;om;cJhzl;\/ um&efeabrsm;jzifh a&;xm;í tcsKdUt"dyÜm,frsm; roJruGJ
jzpfae\/ rsufESmzkH;ü 'kwd,q&mawmf OD;0g,r\ ykHawmfudk awGY&onf/ pkpkaygif; wpfq,fh&SpfrsufESmrQom/ ausmif;'umrsm;rSm bdk;yef;&ESifh OD;yg[k awGY&\/ q&mawmfonf a&TawmifjrdKUü rdcif a':&pfrS 1188-ckESpf 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 13-&uf weif;vmaeYzGm;? i,frnf armifcdsef/ pmayusrf;*efrsm; wwfajrmufjyD;aemuf a&TawmifjrdKUrS ydEéJuGif;&GmodkYBuGa&mufoDwif;okH;onf/ rdcifBuD;udkyg jyKpkvkyfauR;\/ ydEéJuGif;[lonf tkwfzdk (t*Fyl) jrdKUe,ftydkif taemuf½kd;rteD;&Sd uGif;aumufajcmuf&Gmwdkuf tygt0if jzpf\/ &Gmausmif;ü ckESpf0grQaejyD;vQif 12-0gt& taemuf½kd;rwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfaom opfap;awmif? uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmif? &efuif;awmif? uRJroem;awmif? udk;armif;awmif? pkdifawmif ponfjzifh 15-Xmeawm&pcef;wdkYü vSnfhvnf oDwif;oHk;onf/ 15-XmevHk;ü txdrf;trSwf apwDrsm; wnfxm;cJh\/ w&m;tpGrf; xl;qef;tHhzG,f toG,foG,f q&mawmfonf tvGef vlola0;acgifaom awmawmift&yfü aeawmfrlonfh tavsmuf qif½kdif;? usm;½kdif;ESifh uRJEGm;rsm;udkyif udkufowf rsdKEkdifaom ajrGqdk;BuD;rsm;? trsdK;rsdK;aom a0rmedursm;? aywrsm;ESifhvnf; Budrfzefrsm;pGm awGYBuHK&ifqdkif&avonf/ xkdodkY awGY&Sd&ykHrsm;udk um&ef eabvuFmoGm;rsm;jzifh wpfckpD wpfckpD a&;om;xm;onfudk t|KyÜwåd pmwef;ü zwf½I&onf/ arwåmwefcdk;onf ajrvQdK; rdk;ysHEdkifaom wefcdk;xuf tm;udk;&onfudk om"u rloifhBuay\/ OD;vlvS (q&mawmfudk odrDol) \ om; OD;tkef;jrifh polwdkYxHrS wpfqifh rSwfom;&aom tHhzG,frsm;vnf; renf;acs/ xkdtHhzG,frsm;rS tenf;i,f azmfjy&aomf(1) uRJroem;awmifü aeawmfrlpOf vltrsm; vma&muf zl;Bu&m wpfaeYwGif tvdkvdk prf;a&xGufaeaom uef (ewfa&uef) ü 'umrwpfOD; a&csdK;jyD;aemuf csufcsif; a&rsm;cef;ajcmufoGm;í q&mawmftm; avQmuf&m em&Dydkif;twGif; a&rsm; jyefxGufvmaBumif;? (2) urf;jydKawmifü aepOf noef;acgifausmfü aumif;uifrS wl&d,moHrsm; teD;ywf0ef;usifrS vlrsm;yif Bum;Bu&aBumif;? (3) &efuif;awmifü a&S;apwDa[mif;udk ikHí topfwpfzef jyKjyif&m xD;a[mif;rSm vltm;ESifhyif qGJcsí r&Ekdifojzifh vufavQmhaeBupOf csufcsif; ivsifvIyfcgcsí xD;awmfrysuf ajrcç vmaBumif;? (4) ¤if;awmifü aepOf qGrf;vSLvmol okH;av;q,fcefY &Sd&m vmwdkif;vdkvdkyif q&mawmf tcef;üvnf; rzl;awGYBu&/ qGrf;pm; wkH;acgufí tcsufay;vQif rdrdwdkYa&SYüyif zl;awGY Bu&aBumif;? (5) eHuol*l ponfwdkYü &Hcg uyÜd, wpfa,mufESifhom oDwif;okH;&m e*g;vdkvdk? ajrGvdkvdk owå0grsm;tm; ]]'umu a&SYwdk;? 'umru aemufqkwf}} ponfjzifh trdefYay;&m trdefY twdkif; vdkufemí w&m;a[mavh&SdaBumif;? tjcm;qef;Bu,faom blw owå0grsm;tm; w&m;a[maBumif;? &wemrsm; awGY&pOf uyÜd, pdwfxm;rajzmifhí *lwHcg;BuD;ydwfoGm;ojzifh uyÜd,tm; rmefrJ&aBumif; .....ponf/ q&mawmfonf 1270-jynfhESpf &Gmausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TYjyD; ESpf0gavmuft& oufawmf 82-ESpfwGif ysHvGefawmfrl\/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm psmyeyGJvkyfí ylaZmfBu&m rD;oj*ØK[frnf&Sdaomtcg rnfodkYrQ jyKjyif rxm;&bJ tavmif;awmfrSm yuwd usdef;pufaeouJhodkY &Sdí *loGif; ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ ,ck
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a&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmf ( 11911191- 1281) a&pBudKjrdK h taemufajrmuf okH;rdkifcef h ompnf&Gmü tbOD;xyf? trdr,fidkwdk hrS 1190-jynfhESpfzGm;/ i,frnf armifausmf&GJ h? bGJ h t&Sifar"m/ i,fpOf ausmufcwf&Gmü ynmoifí aemuf a&pBudK q&mawmf OD;0&oarÁm"d? tif;0jrdKU Am;u&mq&mawmf ESifh eef;ausmif;q&mawmfrsm;xH ynmoifonf/ 0denf;t&mü txl;ausmfBum;í pHxm;jcif; jyKBu&onf/ 0dok'd¨r*fESifh yd#uudk acgufa& 52-acgufwdkifwdkif ydk hcsawmfrlaom[l\/ oufawmf 91-ESpf? 0gawmf 72-0gwdkifwdkif qGrf;cHjcif;paom "kwif 13-yg;udk &moufyef aqmifawmfrl&m ysHvGefcgeD; 11-&ufom yd@ygwf"kwif tysufcHavonf/ qGrf;cHí &orQwGif qefjzLqefaumif; qGrf;udk oHCmawmftm; vSLí rdrdrSmrl ajymif;qefBurf; qGrf;eDeDBuD;rsm;udkom bkOf;ay;avh&Sdowwf/ zdeyfrpD;? xD;raqmif;? ,yfraqmif;? xef;&Guftwdkif; oifh&kHjyKjyifí udkifawmfrlonf/
rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;
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owif;pum;jzifh a&S;uwunf;u tav;jyKBuonf/ ycef;q&mawmfBuD;u bkef;awmfBuD;tm;]]rD;&xm;pD;jyD[k Bum;&onf/ [kwfavovm;}} [k tjypfwifpum; rdefUBum;awmfrlowwf/ ]]tkwfwGif; odrforkwfoGm;&rStp pD;rdygjyD/ qHk;rawmfrlyg/ emcHygrnf}} [k vuftkyfcsDvsuf 0efcHawmfrl\/ ]]rusef;rrm *dvme jzpfvQif tjypfrqdkomaybl;/ wynfhawmfjzifh usef;rmao;\}} [k rdefUawmf rlowwf/ xdktcg bkef;awmfBuD; (OD;oDv) 0efcHvsuf aeykHrSm bk&m;teD; xkxm;aom &[Eåm&kyfxk awmfouJhodk h jidrfoufvSojzifh jrif&olwdk hrSm rsufawmifrQ rcwfEkdifBuukef/ bkef;awmfBuD;udk pifvsuf tjypfwifpum; &J0HhpGm rdef hBum;aom ycef;q&mawmfBuD;\ oDv*kPfawmf orm"d*kPfawmf ponfwdkUudk vnf; wu,fh teEÅ[k aomif;aomif;jzjz tHhBocsD;rGrf;BuonfrSm yJhwifxyfravmuf jzpfukef\/ ycef;q&mawmfBuD; jyefBuGaomtcg oydwfouFef; ponfESifh pm;aomufzG,f tajrmuftjrm; vSnf;wpfpD;wdkufrQ vSLvdkufavowwf/) q&mawmfonf oufawmf 91-ESpf? 1281-ckESpfwGif ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom usrf;ESpfusrf; &Sdayonf/ vGefcJhaom tESpfig;q,fcefUu rEÅav;"m;wef; *kP0wD ykHESdyfwdkufrS wpfBudrf/ 1322-ckESpfu ok"r®0wDwdkufrS wpfBudrf &dkufzl;\/ 'kwd, tBudrfum; &efukefa&TBuuf,ufausmif; q&mawmf OD;0dok'¨]*ljzLq&mawmfBuD;\ ajr;awmf} u &dkufESdyfvª'gef;&m "mwfykHudkyg zl;awGU&ayonf/ usrf;trnfrSm ]'d|d0dapä'yumoeD}- ESifh ]"mwkab'0dedpä,} usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
ykodrf rd*'g½Hk q&mawmf (1194 - 1238) ESpfaygif;oHk;q,fausmf &dScgrS xl;qef;pGm tavmif;awmf zl;awGUvdkuf&ojzifh ykodrfNrdKU rd*'g½Hkq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; (bGJU OD;okrempm&) taMumif;udk MunfñdkMu&ayonf/ q&mawmfum; tr&yl&NrdKU Zmwd? ykPÖm;rsdK; ZmwfrS zGm;jrifonf[k qdkonf/ &Srf;uav;uRef; q&mawmfESifh emrnfausmf oDv&Sifq&mBuD; a':uif;wdkU tquftEG,frPdyl& uonf;vlrsdK; jzpfzG,f&dSavonf/ 1194-ckESpf e,kefvqef; 10 &uf aomMumaeU eHeuf wpfcsufwD;ausmftcsdefü zGm;jrifonf/ 'kwd, armif;axmif omoemydkif q&mawmf (t&SifaÚ,s"r®) ESifh&Srf;uav;uRef; q&mawmfrsm; xHü yd#dupmayrsm; oifMum; wwfajrmufawmf rlcJhonf/ weoFm&D? a&;? Nrdwf? xm;0,fNrdKUrsm;ü omoemûy MuGa&mufí xdkrSwzef &efukef? vufyHwef;?
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qkwf,kwfr,fqkdwmukd a[mxm;wm tvGefus,f0ef;w,f/ vkd&if;csKyfvkdufawmY olrsm;aBumifY r[kwfbl;/ “ b,folrNyK? rdrdrI ” qkdovkd ukd,fw&m;ysufvkdY rm&fewfu tcGifYomwmbJ? oDvBuKd;pm; aqmufwnfNyD; arwÅmykdY trQa0Bu? ukd,fUomoem rysufBuapeJY” [kqkH;rawmfrl\/ ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; bk&m;zGm;&m? yGifY&m? w&m;OD;a[m&m paom (t0dZ[du oHa0Zed,) orkdif;0if Xmewkdif;ü 0dyóem &IyGm;awmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\/ Bo0g'rSm wefbkd;&SdvSay\/ aemufyg bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; xkdtcgrSpí arwÅm&IyGm;um csrf;csrf;omom vSnfYvnf zl;aNrmfEkdifBuonf/ tedpövu©Pm wifEkdifBu\/ ukd,fYoDv? orm"d? ynm rdrd\ ukd,fykdif tZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"ge NzpfaBumif; qifNcifEkdifBuavawmY\/ rSefvSay\/ bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm; (1) bk&m;&Sif oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu t&Sifudrdvu bk&m;&Siftm; tem*gwfomoema&;ukd arQmfawG;aavQmufzl;\/ “&Sifawmfbk&m;? y&dedAÁmefpHonfYaemufumvü omoem t&Snf rwnfwHYEkdifNcif;onf tb,ftBumif;rsm;aBumifYygenf;/” xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu – “bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmü r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? ukd,fusifYw&m;ESifY orx 0dyóemwkdYü r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? wpfOD;ESifYwpfOD; t&kdtao wefNcif;? y#doE¨m& (w&m; ypönf;NzifY tapYtpyf vkdufavsmnDaxG NyKrlNcif; ) trIü r&kdraoNyKrlNcif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem uG,fEkdifaBumif; (t*FkwÅ& yOöu? ouú? owÅu udrdvokwfrsm;ü) twdtvif; a[mawmfrlonf/ (2) yOöuedygwf o'¨r®oar®mo okH;okwfwGifvnf; “w&m;awmfukd us,fus,fNyefYNyefY t&kdtao oifBum; em,laqmifxm;Ncif;r&Sd? pOf;pm; usifYyGm;Ncif; rNyK? rSm;,Gif;pGm oif,lykdYcsNcif;? EIwfvSHxkd;Ncif;? oHCmuGJNym;Ncif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem arS;rSdef&aBumif;ukd a[mawmfrlonf/ (3) xkd yOöuedygwfüyif “omoemaemifa&; awGYrnfYab;” [kqkdxkdufaom tem*wb,okwf av;okwf &Sd&m a[mawmfrlvkd&if;um; þokdY Nzpfonf/ “&[ef;wkdYonf acgif;yg;í tEú&m,frsm;vSaom awmxJü raevkdNcif;? w&m;bm0em r&Sdol tqufqufu &[ef;NyKay;BuNcif;? ukd,fusifYuGmí bm0em a0;Ncif;? ynm oDv ("r®? 0de,) ESifYpyfaom pum;ukd rodNrifawmYNcif;? vufopf acwfay: w&m;qef;rsm;ukdom em,lvkdNcif;? a[mBum;vkdNcif;? bkef;BuD;atmifvkyfNcif;? oDvodu©mü avQmYaps;wGufum avsmY&J&JvkyfNcif;? ypönf;av;yg; taumif;BuKdufí ukd,fwkdif qGrf;cHí pm;Ncif; paom "kwif tusifYaumif; olNrwfavmif;wkdY\ tavYrsm; uG,fyum umrabm*DwkdYuJYokdYyif 0wf-pm;-aexkdifNcif;? rmwk*gr ponfwkdYESifY a&ma&maESmaESm aexkdifqufqHNcif;”wkdY Nzpfukef\/
(4) xdkrSwpfyg; ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif “aemifwpfacwf omoem” taBumif; txl;yGifYvif;pGm a[mxm;aomAsm'dwfa'oem &Sdayao;onf/ tmPdokwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf w&m;awmf” taBumif;azmfNyí uvd*F&okwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;” taBumif;ukd nTefNyawmfrlcJY\/ tmPdokwf\ qkdvkd&if;um;a&S;tcgu 'om&[ac: rif;nDrif;om;wkdY tmPac: r*FvmpnfBuD;ukd tokH;NyKBu\/ wpfq,fYESpf,lZemuyif Bum;&onf/ umvBumaomtcg xkdpnfBuD; aygufí tBudrfBudrf zmax;Bu&m aemufqkH;wGif rl&if;pnfom; r&SdawmYbJ tzmtax;csnf;om usef&SdawmYí wpfq,fY,lZem rqkdxm;bd? Z&yftwGif;rSmyif oJYoJYrQom Bum;&awmYonf/ xkd OyrmuJYokdY aemifwpfacwfwGif tppftrSef bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm; pmay usrf;*efrsm;ukd em,lrSwfom; oifBum;avYvmvkdpdwf r&SdBu/ om0ursm;? Am[d& ta&;taNymaumif;olrsm;\ ygXfteuf t"dyÜm,f NznfYpGuf Nyifqifí ukd,fvkdcsifovkd qGJa&;aompmrsm;? tqef;wBu,f a&;om;a[maNymaom okwÅef vufopf? w&m;? tawG;tac: tqef;tNym;wkdYukdom ta&;w,l em,lrSwfom; zwfBum; avYvmvkdBurnf/ xkdtcg tmPu pnfBuD;uJYokdY w&m;tum tzmtax; tavS;tzsif;wkdUom NyefYyGm;ukefvwÅHU? w&m;tppftrSef uG,fvwÅHU[ka[mawmfrlcJYonf/ (tmPdokwf? ed'ge-457-ESifY wdu edygwf? uuú#Zmwf-308/) (5) “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;”ESifY pyfí uvd*F&okwf ü a[mawmfrlonfrSm“vdpä0Drif;om;wkdYonf ynmtwwf oif,lrIü rarYravsmY opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY tZmwowf BuHír&Ekdif/ umvBumaomf xkdrif;om;wkdY El;nHYaom aNcvuf &Sdukefonf Nzpfí El;nYHaom tdyf&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfBuvwÅHU/” xkdtcg tZmwowf tBuHatmif tcGifY&vwÅHU/ “xkdYtwl ,cktcg &[ef;wkdYonf ravQmYaom vkHYv tyÜrm' owdw&m; &SdBuukefí opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY rm&fewf tcGifYr&av/ aemufumv &[ef;wkdYonfum; El;nYHaom aNcvuf &SdBuukefonf Nzpfí El;nYHaom tdyf&mae&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfukefBuvwÅHU/ xkdtcg rm&fewf yl;0ifcGifYomvwÅHU”[k &[ef;wkdY bm0em owdw&m;ESifY 0d&d,tm;enf;vsuf rm&fq,fwyfukd vuf,yfac:&ma&mufí omoem uG,faysmufaBumif;Nzpfonf[k a[mawmfrlvkdayonf/ (6) xkded'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf(422)üyif w&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkdY\ tEÅ&m,faBumifY omoemuG,f&ykHukd a[mawmfrlonfrSm ykdí rSwfom;zG,f aumif;\/ okwf\ trnfum; o'¨r®y#d&lyuokwf[k ac:ayonf/ &Sifr[m uóyu bk&m;&Siftm; avQmufí a[mawmfrlaom okwfwnf;/ &Sifr[m uóyu“NrwfpGmbk&m;? a&S;tcgu 0denf;ynwfawmfrsm; enf;yg;aomfvnf; w&m;xl;&onfY yk*¾Kdvfrsm; rsm;Nym;Buygonf/ ,cktcg 0denf;ynwfrsm; rsm;Nym; ygvsuf tb,faBumifY w&m;xl;&onfY
yk*¾Kdvfrsm; enf;yg;vm&ygoenf;” [kavQmuf\/ xkdtcg NrwfpGmbk&m;u“vlwkdY oufwrf;wkd;í omoem uG,fvkvwfaomf þokdYyif NzpfNrJ? avmuü a&Ttwk ray:ao;orQ a&TtppfruG,fouJYokdY (aps;rusouJYokdY) w&m;twk ray:ao;orQ w&m;tppfrsm; ruG,fao;/ pifppf a0[yædKvf NA[®mYbkHwkdifatmif urÇmukd zsufqD;Ekdifaom aNr-a&-av-rD; tiftm; tBuD;rm;qkH;aom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYyifvQif þomoemawmfukd rzsufqD; ruG,fyapEkdif/ (0g'wpfyg; bmomNcm;um; qkdzG,fr&Sd/ #Dum/) omoemawmfukd zsufqD;azsmufuG,frnfY tcsnf;ESD;aom a,musfm;um; (oHukd oHzsuf oHacs;wuf [louJYokdY/ t|uxm/) þomoem abmiftwGif;üyif&Sdae\/ odu©myk'f ynwfcsufwkdYrsm;Nym;aomfvnf; ukefpnf 0efxkyfrsm;ukd o,faqmif&aom avSonf 0efrsm;í epfûryf&ouJYokdY r[kwfacs/ (odu©myk'frsm;Ncif;ESifY rqkdif/) &wemokH;yg;? odu©m? orm"dw&m;wkdYü av;pm;wkyfysyfrI r&SdNcif;aBumifYomvQif omoemoufavsm uG,faysmuf&acsonf” [k a[mawmfrl\/ þum; xkdokwf\ tusOf;csKyfwnf;/ t|uxm q&mum; Zif;r,fy@mo ? vvdw0dwÅm&wkdYuJYokdYaom usrf;pmtwkrsm;ukd y&d,wÅduG,faBumif;[k vnf;aumif;? yDwdyó'¨dpaom 0dyóem npfnl;aBumif; q,fyg;ukd 0dyóemtvkyfcGifwGif r*fzkdvfedAÁmef[k xifrSm;wwfoNzifY y#dywftrSefw&m; uG,faBumif;[k vnf;aumif; xyfqifY zGifYNycJYavonf/ þum; yd#uokH;ykHrS awGY&SdorQ xkwfEIwfazmfNy&Ncif; Nzpfay\/ “zkzkóax&*gxm ygVdawmf” üvnf; xkdomoemuG,faBumif; w&m;rsm;ukd tcsKyftm;NzifY zkórax&f a[mawmfrlxm;&m rmefvnfq&mawmfonfyif edó, NrefrmNyefaomtm;NzifY NrefrmEkdifiH y#dywÅdomoemtm; owday;awmf rlcJYbl;onf/ &wemokH;yg;ü t&kdaowefrIonf BuD;pGmaom omoemuG,faBumif; Nzpfonfukd tBudrfBudrf a[mawmfrlcJYNyD/ apwD&kyfyGm; bk&m;&ifNyifwkdYüvnf;aumif;? ykHawmfrsm;ukd okH;pGJ&müvnf;aumif;? w&m;em&m (toHoGif;pufNzifY emNcif;vnf; yg0if\/) w&m;aqG;aEG;&m w&m;pmtkyf ukdifwG,fBunfY&I xm;okd&mü vnf;aumif;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;ukd qufqHawGYqkH&mü vnf;aumif;? rnfokdYaexkdifNcif;? aNymqkdNcif;? xm;okdNcif;rsKd;onf r&kdaorav;pm;&m a&mufonfukd owdûyBu&m\/ ukd;uG,fvsufu zsufqD;&mrusatmif txl; owdûytyf\/ oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&Sifa&SUrSmaevQif rdrdukd,fukd rnfuJYokdY ae&rnfukd axmuf&Iíom aeBu&m\/ t|uxm q&mwkdY zGifYqkdBuonfukd rNyawmYNyD/ acwfrD omoemûycsifolrsm; owd omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;ukd ae&mrsm;pGmü a[mawmfrlonfrsm;ukd tusOf;csKyfvkdufvQif omoemzsufrnfholonf tNyifavmu tjyifbmom0g'wkdYür&Sdacs/ vufñId;xkd;rvGJoifh/ “tom;xJu avmufxGuf? oHukdoHzsuf oHacs;wuf” [louJhodkh omoemzsufqD;rnfholum;
bk&m;om;awmf Oyoum? OyoumrdrdwkdYomvQif Nzpfonfukd Nrif&m\/ þw&m;rSef aBu;rkHNyif a&Shü &yfí w&m;cHukd Nrifatmif&I&m\/ rdpäm'd|drsm;aBumifh? avmuDpmoifausmif;rsm;aBumifh? odyÜHynmaBumifh? ponfNzifh acwftqufquf vufñId;xkd; vGJcJhBuNyD/ xkdokdh taBumif;&SmrSm;&mrS a'greówkdhukdom qufí xrf;aqmifBu&Nyef\/ ,kwfavsmhoGm;aom omoemukd tzwfq,f&ef Nyif;xefaom vkHYvNzifh bmoEÅ&rsm;ukd oif,lukdifaqmifí taNy;vkdufBuNyef\/ omoemavSBuD; arsmonfukd ukd,fykdifomoemavSNzifh rvkdufrd/ rdrdomvQif 0g'rum&f; xklaNymaom avmuNrpfNyifü cg;qpfxdatmif uRHepf&Nyef\/ “ausmif;om;ukd&ifr&Sd” [kqkdum acwfynmukd Aef;Nyí olwpfyg;ukdyif u,fq,f&ef êudpm;BuNyef\/ u,fwifNcif;wyf rsm;ukd tm;ukd;tm;xm;rSm;um vlrI0efrsm;ukdyif 0ifí xrf;rdBuNyefonf/ taBumif;&Sm rSm;&mrS olwpfyg;ukd q,f&if; vnfrsKdxd epfûryfBuav\/ okdh&mwGif aemufqkwf&ef owdrrlrd/ omoemûyvkdaom u&kPmpdwfu a&Shokdhom wGef;í ykdYaeawmhoNzifh tNcm;olrsm;ukdyif tazmfñSdBuavawmh\/ NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlvkdonfum; “bk bk&m;om;awmfrsm; bk&m;om;awmfvkd raeEkdifNcif;onf omoemoHacs;wufNcif; Nzpfí omoemuG,fyaBumif;” [k odapvkdayonf/ okdYaomf þtaBumif;onf vkd&if; r[kwfacs/ w&m;ppf w&m;rSefrsm;&Sdaeao;vQif (0g) w&m;wk ray:ao;vQif omoem wnfvsufyif &Sdae\/ tqkd;&Gm;qkH;um; w&m;twkta,mifrsm;om Nzpfonf/ y&d,wfrSwfausmuf raumif;í r&Sdí rwifBunfYí vuf0wf&wemtwkrsm;ukdyif tppf[k xifum 0ifY0g 0wfpm;Buukef\/ yGJvrf;obifü tûydiftqkdif 0wfpm;wky aBu;NzwfBuukef\/ rSwfausmufr&Sdaomfvnf; txkduftavsmuf tvkyfuRrf;usifí vlomrmefwkdY thHBoavmufatmif tpGrf;vnf;&SdaeBuaom yef;wdrfq&mBuD;rsm;uvnf; vuf0wf&wem twkrsm;ukd wGifwGifBuD; xkwfvkyfay;aeBuonf/ twkawGrsm;vmaomtcg rSwfausmuf\ tqkH;tNzwfukdyif rcH,lvkdBu/ rSefonf[k rxifrSwfBuawmhay/ q&mBuD;rsm;ukd,fwkdifyif “igukd,fwkdif cJcJ,Of,Of; usif,lcJh&wm/ 'ga&Ttppf” [ktwdtvif; aBunmawmhonf/ xkdw&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkYdwGif yDwdyó'¨d paom 0dyóEkyuúdavow&m;wk rsm;omNzpfygvQifrlum; awmfayao;\/Ak'¨bmom trnfcHaomfvnf; r[m,me0Zd&,mOf*kdPf; vrf;pOfrsKd;um; uGJvGJvGef;aom twkrsm;om/ (0g) a&T&nfpdrf r[kwfaom aBu;0gomvQif jzpfayawmh\/ ykd;avmufaysmf&m ukd,fcE´m
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tm&Hkvdrfrsm;0ifjcif;ESifU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm i,fpOfumvrSpí r&dk;om;aom bk&m;qkyef pdwfMuD;ESifY tzdcH&jcif;rSm q&mawmf b0ESifU &if;íay;cJUaom y"me oifcef;pmMuD;rsm;yifwnf;/ tifMuif;ajrmifESifh edAÁdE´q&mawmf ( 12221222-1278) / (1248(1248-1338) jynfûrdYü ] aw0dZÆ&[EÅm}[kqdkMuaom tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh edAÁdE´ q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ESpfyg;taMumif;udk edAdÁE´ q&mawmf a&;om;awmfrlaom ]]odu©moHk;yg;}} ü zwf½I&\/ edAdÁE´ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; udk,fwdkifa&;om;aom tXKyÜwdåed'gef; jzpfí tvGefcdkifrmNyD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSayonf/ xdked'gef;ü v,fwDq&mawmf? aou©sawmif q&mawmf? ppfudkif;r[m*E¨m½Hk q&mawmfrsm;ESifh oGm;a&mufawGYqHk avQmufxm;yHkrsm;udkyg azmfjyxm;&m ydkírSwfom;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ xdkrSwfwrf; aumufEkwfcsuf tusOf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ rSwfwrf;ûypkaom edAÁdE´ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rSm om,m0wDc½dkif rdk;ñdkûrdUe,f {&m0wDjrpfteD; ajrZmuRef;ac: &GmBuD;ü 1248-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 10-&uf? aomMumaeY eHeuf pufem&D 8-em&DtcsdefwGif zGm;jrifawmfrl\/ crnf;awmf? r,fawmfrsm;rSm OD;Mumñdk a':vHkrwdkYjzpfMuonf/ q&mawmfavmif;vsm 10-ESpfom;wGif 0Jemrsm; pJGuyfí rnfonfhaq;ESifhrQ raysmufEdkif&Sdaomtcg r,fawmfu tvkyfrsm;onfhMum;u aq;vdrf;cdkif;í r&ojzifh]]eifawmh Mum&ifElvdrfhr,f? tJ'DawmhrS eifwpfa,mufxJ &Gmjyif wJESifhae&r,f rSwfxm;}} [k jrnfwGefajymqdk\/ xdkpum;onf rxl;qef;vSaomfvnf; todÚmPfyg&rD&Sdaom om;twGufum; BuD;pGm oHa0*jzpfum bkef;BuD;jzpfvdkaom qE´ukd EId;qGay;vdkufouJYodkUY &Sd\/ a&S;ajy;erdwf ajrZm&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;b0ESifhaeí oN*ØK[fudk BudK;pm;oif,lcdkuf ntdyfaomtcg ajc&if;í rD;xGef;xm;ouJYodkU 0if;0if;vufvuf jrif&ojzifh rMumcP xíxí &Smrd\/ &Smwdkif;aysmufoGm;onf/ wpfcguaomf nmbufvufrü <uufEdkYaygufí rdciftm; jy&mElwwfonfqdkí tdrfteD;&Sd Elaeoludkvnf; jrifawGYe&ojzifh oli,frSm aMumufvefYae\/ ntdyfaomtcg vufrudkqkyfí tdyf\/ wpfnoü vufraysmufoGm;NyDxifí xidkavojzifh rdcifBuD;u vufr udk udkifí ]]&Sdom;yJom;&JY}} [k ESpfodrfh&onf/ (rnfolrqdk arG;vnfrS aoonfhwkdif pOf;pm;ajymqdkvkyfudkifaeMuaom tusdK;w&m;rSeforQ taMumif; ypönf;ruif;/,aeYtvkyfonf raeYutvkyfESifhqufpyf\/ a&SYb0onf ,ckb0ESifh qufpyf\/ ADZuajymaom w&m;oabmrsm;
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ESvHk;ydkufMuav\/ ,cktcg oufqdkif&m wynfhBuD;rsm;xHü q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk zl;awGUMu&onf/ q&mawmf awm&Sif;cJhaom owdy|mef omoemudk tif;pdef&efukefü q&mawmf OD;0dok'¨ (12661320)u pwif OD;aqmif jzefYcsdawmfrlcJh\/ ]rif;uGef;&dyfom} [k ac:onf/ ,cktcgwGifrl aus;Zl;&Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u jynfwGif;jynfy ESpfXmevHk; a0ae,s tiftm;rsm;pGmjzifh tcdkiftrm &yfwnfí owdy|mef w&m;pnfudk vnfapawmfrlvsuf &Sd\/ (tydkryg zwf½I Mum;emzl;ygorQ pkaygif; a&;rSwfí wwfpGrf;orQ ylaZmf&ygonfudk avsmf&m rSwfom;í rSef-rSm; EdIif;csifhum usifhBuHawmf rlEdkifMuygap cvdk/ tus,fvdkrl awmifwGif; OD;wdu©mpm&t&Sifjrwf a&;om;aom tw¬KyÜwådü ½IMuygukef/) &[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf odvdkvQif 1/ twlwuG aejcif;jzifh oDvudkod&\/ (oH0gaoe oDvH a0'dwAÁH/) 2/ ajymqdkjcif;jzifh pifMu,frIudk od&\/ (oHa0g[ma&e aomap,sH a0'dwAÁH/) 3/ ab;&ef BuHKaomfrSom ÓPfpGrf;tm;udk od&\/ (tmy'gok xmarm a0'dwaAÁm/) 4/ aqG;aEG;Munfhjcif;jzifh ynmudk od&\/ (omupäm, ynm a0'dwAÁm/) ,if;wdkUudkvnf; tcsdefMumrS? ESvHk;oGif;rS? ynm&SdrSom od&\/ tcsdefwdkvQif? ESvHk;roGif;vQif? ynmr&SdvQifum; rodEdkif/ (wdw¬dwdkUudk &[EÅm[k ajymrdaom aumovrif;BuD;tm; a[mawmfrlonf/ o*gxm0*¾-owåZ#dvokwf/) (&[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf pdppfpHkprf;enf; tus,fudk Oy&dyPÖmo-qAÁdaom"eokwf ygVd? t|uxmESifh 0d-|? 2? 11 pwkw¬yg&mZdu/ tbd-|-2? 470/ 0dok'¨d-|? 2? 270/ om&w¬#Dum=2? 282ponfwdkUü Munfh½IMuygukef/ olrsm; [kwf-r[kwfxuf rdrd [kwf-r[kwfonf omí ta&;BuD;vSyg\/)
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ay;awmfrlonf/ &[ef;awmf OD;wdóonf &efukefûrdYodkY <uvmí ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ txHawmfü yd#uusrf;*ef ynmt00wdkYudk oifMum;em,lvsuf ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifwdkufü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ wpfzef tdEd´,odkY <ua&mufvsuf tdEd´,ü oHk;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ tdEd´,rS wpfzef oD[dkVfodkU<ua&mufvsuf oD[dkVfü ig;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ oD[dkVfü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf oD[dkVf 'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyifü bk&m;*kPfawmfudk tm½Hkûyvsuf vGefpGmMunfñdkvmojzifh vuf0Jbuf vufñdI;udkjzwfvsuf qDqGwfaom t0wfjzifh &pfywfí 'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyiftm; qDrD; ylaZmfawmfrlonf/ oD[dkVfrS jyef<uvmNyD;aemuf ppfawGc½dkif awmausmif; wpfausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m BuD;us,fpGm rusef;rrm jzpfawmfrlojzifh vlxGuf (y&Dok'¨ûy) awmfrlonf/ aemufrMumrDyif oHa0*&vsuf &aohûyvkyfí r[mûrdif awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ xdkûrdYrS BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav;awm&odkY <ua&mufNyD;aepOf ausmif;trBuD; a':azmh\ avQmufxm;csufjzifh anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&odkY <ua&mufNyD; ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk OyZÑ,fûyí (xdktcgü &efukefûrdY ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/) q&mawmfbk&m;u ]OD;wdud©`Ed´,} [laom bGJUjzifh &[ef;ûyay;awmfrlonf/ OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf Budrfacsmif;üvnf;aumif;? av;rsufESmü vnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlzl;onf/ jrif;NcHü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf xl;qef;vSpGmaom tdyfrufudk jrifrufNyD;aemuf þ0dyóemvrf;pOfudk xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif usifhBuHBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrl&m wynfh'g,um &Sifvltm;vHk;uyif ]t&d,m olawmfpif rax&fjrwf} [lí ,HkMunfo'¨hg ½Tifvef;pGmjzifh qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMuavonf/ xdkOD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf xdkxdkûrdY½GmodkY vSnfhvnfvsuf w&m;"r®wdkUudk a[mMum;jyo qHk;rawmfrlpOf BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav; awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf ol&Jwef;olBuD; OD;okc\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh ol&Jwef; yef;awmif;ûrdYwdkYodkU<ua&muf w&m;a[mawmfrl&m yef;awmif;ûrdY 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh yef;awmif; aMu;bk&m;BuD;teD; ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ xdkaemuf ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;a½Txdkuf\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh a½TawmifûrdY a½Tajymifajymifbk&m;twGif;odkY <ua&muf w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktcg OD;bdk;qdkif? OD;pHñGefY? OD;opf? OD;a½Txdkuf? OD;atmifausmf wdkYonf ,ck tr®&mr wdkufwnf&m o&ufNcHO,mOfudk 0,f,lMuNyD;vQif 1282-ckESpf tr®&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifvsuf OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfudk udk;uG,fMuavonf/
OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf a½TawmifûrdY tr®&mr ausmif;wdkufü rdrdvnf; tm;xkwf? olwpfyg;wdkUtm;vnf; a[mMum;jyovsuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf ausmif;'umBuD; OD;pHñGefY uG,fvGefNyD; wpfaeYaomtcgü pBuøausmif;BuD;ay: ckwiftxufü w&m;tm;xkwfawmfrl&m a&S;a&S;tm;xkwfpOftcgrsm;uxuf w&m;tjrifaygufawmfrlonf/ xdkaemuf ppfawGûrdY tmuRwfawmfukef; q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; rdrdw&m;tjrifaygufyHkwdkUudk rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ xdktcgrSpí wynfh&Sifvl tm;vHk;uyif tvGef&ifhoefonfh ]tm&d,molawmfpif} [k ESvHk;ydkuf ,HkMunfum qxufxrf;ydk; wdk;í ylaZmfMuonf/ þodkY ur®Vmef; bm0em w&m;t&mü pmawGU udk,fawGU ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf1/ orkyÜg' eda&m"*usrf;? 2/ "r®pMum tar;tajzusrf;? 3/ y&rw¬m'de,'óeusrf;? 4/ a0oemEkyóemusrf;? 5/ eDa&mr 0dedpä,usrf;? 6/ Ak'¨gEkówdusrf;? 7/ yOmAsmu&Pusrf;? 8/ 0dnmPmEkyóemusrf;? 9/ edAÁmew¬0dedpä,usrf;? 10/ oN*ØK[fedosusrf;? 11/ pwkopömEkyóeDusrf;? 12/ wda[wku 0dedpä,usrf;? 13/ £osm'dyumoeDusrf;? 14/ r[mowdy|meokwf edó, ESifh tajzusrf;tp&Sdaom usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk ûypkawmfrlonf/ ,if;odkY usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ûypkawmfrlum rdrdodjrifxm;onfh w&m;oabmwdkYudk azmfjyí omoemûyjcif;jzifh tm;&wif;wdrfjcif; &Sdawmfrrlaom q&mawmf OD;wdud©`Ed´, onf w&m;;odjrifvdkol taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fwdkif awGYqHka[majymvdkaomaMumifh . . . . ]]rnfonfhûrdYurqdk w&m;"r®udk odvdk? emcHrSwfom; avhusufvdkí yifhac:vQif taMumif; nDnGwfygu cGifhay;ygaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmf yGifhvif;zdkY&m tusKd;aqmifvsuf tpOf&SdygaMumif;? trx 0dyóem w&m;tvkyfudk usepGm vkyfvdkol taygif;wdkYonf a½TawmifûrdY &Srf;wef;xdyf? tr®m&mrwdkufodkY vma&mufí w&m;tvkyf BudK;pm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfvdkufygonf}}-
[laom (t&Sifjrwf\ usrf;tcsdKUü) zdwfac:pm xnfhoGif;xm;ayonf/ þodkYvQif avmutusKd;? omoemtusdK;? rdrd\tusKd;? olwpfyg;wdkY\tusKd; wdkYudko,fydk;awmfrlvsuf 1303-ck? 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 11-&uf aomMumaeY nOfh&Spfem&Dtcsdefü b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrlonf jzpfygaMumif;/» q&mawmfonf EkpOfb0 Mum;umvwGif tdrf&maxmifí orD; ESpfa,mufyif &&SdcJhbl;&m ZeD;ESifh orD; ESpfa,mufvHk; ppfudkif; r*¾ifacsmif? rdk;ukwfZ&yfü (orD;BuD;rSm 0wfaMumifESifh) oDv&Sif0wfjzifh {umoedufç ywåydkPf"kwif tNrJaqmifí w&m;bm0emESifh aeMuaMumif;? ]aomwmyefom;trd} [líyif ajymqdkMuí 1308-ck? 99-ESpfwGif rdk;ukwfolZeD;a[mif; a':ynm uG,fvGefaMumif;? tbd"Z a½T[oFmq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ausmif;om;b0u q&mawmfxH pmwuf&í awm&aqmufwnf&mwGif 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ûy&zl;aMumif; ]a½T[oFmq&mawmfb0ESifh pmaytaxGaxG} 39? 137-ü zwf½I&&m ]{uawmf 0ded0wå,Hk=wpfpkwa0;MuD; EdAÁefcdkvIHMuNyD} [kom atmufarh&ef &Sdygawmhonf/ aou©ßawmif q&mawmf OD;wdavmu ( 1233 -1299 ) ]]armifwdavmu vkyfvkdufrSNzifh ZGwfw&GwfcsnfhyJ i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh uef;aeygOD;r,f/}} v,fwDq&mawmfu OD;wdavmutaBumif; Bum;í NrnfwGefawmufwD;aeNcif; Nzpf\/ csufcsif;yif OD;yOÆif;ESpfyg;ukd ac:í...... ]]uJ......armifyOÆif;ESpfyg;? armifwdavmu ausmif;ukdoGm;acsBu/ olYtem;rSm&SdwJh aypm? urÜavGpmtkyfrsm;? cJwH pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &SdorQ tukefodrf;,lcJhNyD; ighausmif;ay:rSmxm;}} [k vTwfvkdufonf/ OD;yOÆif;ESpfyg;vnf; OD;wdavmutm; q&mawmfBuD; trdefU&Sdonfukd avQmufxm;í pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vkH; o,f,loGm;Buonf/ OD;wdavmuoonf vGefpGm ZGJvkHYvBuD;ol Nzpfonf/ rkH&GmûrdU v,fwDwkduftwGif; 0g;rkd;0g;um ausmif;uav;ü aeí pmcs? pmBunfh? pma&;Ncif;ü 0d&d,Nyif;xefvS\/ ntcg ykPÖm;rD;tdrfav;Nzifh pmBunfh&onfukd tm;r&Eldifí av;axmifhoHNzLykH;BuD;ukdyif rD;pmwyf? rD;cGufvkyfí pmBunfhavonf/ xkdacwfum; aypmukd trsm;qkH; trSDo[J ûyíae&ao;aomacwf Nzpf\/ ay&Gufay:&Sd pmvkH;rsm;rSm tvGefrIefvSonf/ eEGif; a&eHacs;wkdUNzifh ay&Gufay:ukd okwfíokwfí Bunfh&\/ aypmrS
a&eHtckd;taiGUrsm;? a&eHqDrD;cGufBuD;rS rD;tyl&SdefESifh tckd;tanSmfrsm;aBumifh aeYpOf&ufquf rkd;tvif;Bunfhavh&Sdaom OD;wdavmuü rsufpda&m*g pGJuyfvm\/ rsufvkH;ESpfzufvkH; usD;tmoD;rSnfhuJhokdU eD&Jí&TJvmawmhonf/ vufoD;qkyfcefY a&miftrf;ívnf;ae\/ rsufvkH;ESpfzufESifh ESmacgif;ESpfzufrS aoG;rsm; tqufrNywf ,kdpD;usvmukef\/ xkdtaBumif;ukd bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u avQmufíodawmfrloNzifh q&mawmfBuD;u pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;ukd todrf;ckdif;vkdufNcif; Nzpfonf/ OD;wdavmuum; ukd,fwkdifrBunfhEkdifaomtcg OD;yOÆif;i,frsm;ukd tzwfckdif;NyD; em;axmifaeNyef\/ q&mu wdyd#u"&? rdbu olaX;rsLd;rif;EG,f OD;wdavmuum; rkH&GmûrdYtaemuf AefUusDwkdufe,f acgoEÅD&Gmü 1233-ckESpfwefaqmifrkef;vqef; 9&uf paeaeUn okH;csufwD; tcsdef OD;wufûzd; ? a': oDwkdUrS zGm;Nrif\/ tz olaX;rsKd;? trd rif;aqGpkd;rsKd;[k qkdonf/ i,fpOfumv acgoEÅD&Gm awmift&yf&Sd iSufaysmawm&Gm pmawmfNyefOD;Z0exHü ynmoifBum;onf/ q&mawmf OD;Z0eum; bkd;awmfvufxuf armif;axmifomoemykdif\ wynfh wdyd#u"& yk*¾Kdvfxl;Nzpfonf/ &[ef;Nzpfonftxd iSufaysmawm &Gmü ynmoifí &[ef;NzpfNyD; rBumrD v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH vma&mufynmoif,lonf/ &lyod'¨do'´gusrf;rS píoif,l&m ygVdtXuxm #Dumukd ig;0g? aNcmuf0grQNzifh olrwlatmif wwfaNrmufcJhol Nzpfonf/ v,fwDy@dwonf OD;wdavmuxHüvnf; ynmoif,lcJh&\/ OD;wdavmuum; ÚmPfxufoavmuf ZGJvkHUv 0d&d, BuD;rm;olwnf;/ yk*Hacwf\ þrSm bufwGif xkdq&mwynfhuJhokdU yd#uukd Ekdifeif;ol &Sm;yg;vSonf[kyif t&Siftm'dpö0Ho csD;usL;bl;\/ OD;wdavmuonf xkdtcsdefü &nf&G,fcsufwpfck&Sdí usrf;wpfusrf;ukd rtdyfrae ûypkaeaom tcsdefvnf;Nzpfonf/ xkdusrf;um; ur®|mef;tpDt&ifNzpfaom ]aeu© aeu©r®0d"me 'DyeD} wnf;/ OD;wdavmuonf rsufpda&m*gNzpfí pmrBunfh&? pmrem& apumrkl a&mufvmolrsm;tm; xír&atmif w&m;zdí a[maNymaeNyefowwf/ pifppf xkdtcsdefum; pmayy&d,wÅdukd vkdavao;r&SdavhvmNyD;vQif awmxGuf&ef t&Sdef,laeckduf Nzpf&m aeu©r®ZÑmo, (awmxGufvkdaom qE´rsm; ) wuf<uaecsdef Nzpfonf/ y&d,wÅdrS y#dywÅdokdU aNymif;rnfhqJqJNzpfonf/ rsufpda&m*gvnf; rBumrD vkH;0aysmufuif;oGm;\/ a&Tyifem;a&TusD; [louJhokdU v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;ESifh vufyGef;wwD;ae&ol Nzpfí q&mawmf\
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xdktcg q&mawmfu ûyH;&Tifaom rsufESm? MunfomvGifat;aom &,foGrf;aoG;oHjzifh ]]armifwdavmu wdkUxH pma&;vdkufawmh wpfrsdK;ygvm;uG,fh}} [k rdefUawmfrlav\/ xdktcgrS OD;wdavmuvnf; rdrdudk,fudk tem*grf t"drme (txifa&mufjcif;) [k oabmus oGm;avowwf/ oD[dkVfacwfwGif avmuD tbdnmOfrQom &í rdrdudk,fudk &[EÅm[k txifa&muf aeaom wdyd#u"& r[mem* rax&fBuD;tm; tbdnmOf&? &[EÅmjzpfol wynfhwpfyg;u q&mxHvmí qifBuD;wpfaumif zefqif;cdkif;um? wzef xdkqifuyif rdrdtm; xdk;owfrnfh[ef zefqif;cdkif;aomtcg qifxdk;cH&rnf &SdpOf rax&fBuD; aMumufvefUoGm;aMumif; (0dok'¨dr*f t|uxmü) vm&Sd\/ xdkuJhodkUyif ]],ckqifonfvnf; awmqif½dkif; [kwfaumif;rS [kwfrnf? v,fwDq&mawmfhqifrsm; jzpfaervm; rodbl;}} [k wpfcsdefu rdwfaqGrsm;tm; ajymjyzl;&m tm;vHk;uyif uefUuGufcJhMu\/ xdkUaMumifh þü xdkpum;udk xyfíajym&ef EIwf&GHU aeygonf/ qif½dkif;ESifh awGUonfrSmawmh trSefyif/ rnfodkUqdkap? jzpf&yf tajctaersm;udk axmufqygvQif ]]w&m;rmefudk w&m;jzifh qHk;rjcif;}} [kyif oabmouf0ifp&m &Sdygonf/ ur®|mef;todjzifh usrf;ñSdjcif; q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; &Gy&f GyfcRHcRHBuD; tm;xkwf\/ a,m*D wynfhrsm;udkvnf; vufcHí w&m;jyay;\/ te,fe,fodkU <ua&mufívnf; w&m;a[m\/ usrf;rsm;pGmudkvnf; ûyawmfrlcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd w&m;pnfBuD;udk q&m\ ajc&mvdkufí wD;cwfEdkifool jzpfygayonf/ q&mawmf ûypkaom usrf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ 1/ aeu©r®"me'DyeD (1258)? 2/ t&d,r*¾'DyeD (1262)? (v,fwDq&mawmf\ 0dZÆmr*¾'DyeDudk twGif;ü Xmyemxm;onf/) 3/ y@dw a0'eD, 'DyeD (1267)? 4/ wdkif;BuD;aomVo 'DyeDESifh ,if; tñTef;usrf;i,f (1280)? 5/ ed½kwåd y'AsOÆeD? 6/ 0dedpä, yumoeD? 7/ pwkAÁd" Asmu&P? 8/ tbd"r®wå o½ly'DyeD (1273)? 9/ r*Fvm tqHk;tjzwf? 0dedpä, trsdK;rsdK;ESifh &wkuAsmrsm;? 10/ "r®&moDusrf;/ (q&mawmf r&Sdonfhaemuf 1296-ckESpf wynfhrsm;u ½dkufxm;onf/)
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xdkq,frsdK;wGif ]eduEÅd} wpfckomvQif tukodkvfjzpf\/ y"mejzpf\/ usefudk;rsdK;um; aAm"dÓPf &ifhoefaMumif; (aAm"Dyu©d,) w&m;aumif;rsm;om jzpfukef\/ w&m; wdk;wufvmonfh trSwftom;rsm;wnf;/ odkU&mwGif xdkodkU wdk;wufvmonfudk ESpfouf wG,fwmaewwfojzifh ]0dyóeyuúdavo- 0dyóem npfñl;aMumif;w&m; q,fyg;? 0dyóem acs;añSmf q,frsdK;} [k qdk&onf/ ,if;q,frsdK;ESifh pyfí q&mawmf rSwfcsufay;onfrSm rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/ y@dwa0'eD,usrf; (1267) wGifum; MobmoESifh pyfí atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsuf ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ « ]]jzpfrIysufrI O',AÁ, oabmudk aumif;pGm xifjrifEdkifaom tedpö0dZÆmÓPf jzpfay:í vmcgeD;aomtcg ÓP\ a&SUoGm; ÓPfa&mif pdwfa&mif ta&miftvif; tmavmuvnf; jzpfay:wwfonf/ þtvif; tmavmuudk ]Mobmo} [k ac:onf/ 0if;0if;ajymifajymif udk,frSxGufwJh udk,fa&mifjcnfrsdK; r[kwfbl; wynfhwdkU/ udavom yg;ojzifh pdwfÓPf Munfjcif;aMumifh pdwfÓPfvif;wJh tvif; tmavmuwnf;/ ]]xdktcg xdka,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf 'dAÁpu©Krm yk*¾dKvfuJhodkU ta0;ü? uG,f&mü? nOfhtcgü aomfvnf; ½lyg½HkwdkUudk raem'Gg&jzifh xif&onf wynfhwdkU/ xdktcg xdka,m*D yk*¾dkvftm; orxt&mü y#dbm*odkU a&mufcgeD;tcg psmeft*FgawG ay:bdouJhodkU r*¾ifw&m;awG? aAmZÑifw&m;awG? aAm"dyu©d, w&m;awGvnf; tm;aumif;í xif&Sm; ay:ívmMuonf/ ]]þodkU rdrdoEÅmefü a&S;u rawGUpzl; rjrifpzl; tenf;i,f txl;taxGudk awGUjrif& aomtcg ]þw&m;pk[m r*fzdkvfw&m;yJxif&JU? igr*fzdkvfudk &awmhwmyJ xif&JU} vdkUvJ rSwfxifjcif; jzpfwwfonf/ rrSwfrxif&bl; wynfhwdkU/ r*fzdkvf r[kwfao;bl;}} » tbd"r®wåo½ly 'DyeDusrf; (1273) a&;aomtcg 0dyóem txifrSm; tjrifrSm; todrSm;rsm;udk ydkí yGifhvif;pGm atmufygtwdkif; xkwfazmf owday;awmfrlcJh\/ udk,fwdkif xdawGUaom yk*¾dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;\ trdefUtrSmrsm;udk av;pm;pGm owdrltyf? vdkufemtyfay\/ ur®|mef;½l;? orm"darSmf « ]]w&m;vrf;pOfü rvdrfrmaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUrSm þae&modkU usvQif (O',AÁ,ÓPf? r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe0dok'¨d[k qdkvdkonf/) ]]þyDwd? yó'¨dpaom w&m;wdkU onfyifvQif r*fyJ? zdkvfyJ? r*fzdkvfudk&íom ta&mif (Mobmo) wdkUonf xGufukef\/ igonf r*fzdkvf w&m;xl;udk&NyD? udpöNyD;NyD}} [k rSwfxifí vrf;rwfwwfwGif wefY&yfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/
]]þuJhodkU r*fzdkvf[k rxifrSwfaomfvnf; þMobmo yDwdponfwdkUudk tm;&ESpfouf om,maom wPSmeduEÅd tm;BuD;pGm jzpfay:vmí pdwfnpfEGrf;ojzifh xdkaAm"dyu©d, w&m;wdkUwGif ikyfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/ xdk txl; jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo yDwd ponfwdkUudk vdkufí vdkufí tm½Hkûyaeojzifh pdwfwkefvIyf ysHUvGifhjcif; ("r®K'¨pö) jzpfívnf; qkwf,kwf ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf/ ]]xdkrSwpfyg;vnf; þuJhodkU 0dyóemudk tm;xkwf&mwGif w&m;t&mü rvdrfrmaom Munfñdkaom ewfwdkUonf ulyHhí tm½Hkudk xifjrifatmif jywwf\/ tedpöxifatmif ysuf½kyfawG zefqif;í jywwf\/ 'ku©xifatmif olem½kyf? tao½kyf? t½dk;pkawG zefqif;í jywwf\/ orxudk tm;xkwf&mrSmvnf; orx tm½Hkedrdwfudk zefqif;í jywwf\/ rdrdjrifvdk&m trsdK;rsdK;aom tm½HkwdkUudkvnf; jywwf\/ ]]xdkodkUjyí xifjrif&aomtcg rdrdpdwfÓPf &ifhoefí xifjrifjcif; r[kwf/ pdwfÓPf r&ifhoef rMunfvifbJ olwpfyg; ya,m*aMumifh xifjrif&jcif; jzpfí aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUvsuf ESvHk;aoG;ysufí oGm;wwfonf/ pdwfÓPf &ifhoefí tcsdefusí xifjrifrI r[kwfjcif;aMumifh rsufvSnfhonf zefqif;íjyaom &T? aiG? xrif;? a&wdkUuJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkwdkUonf &SnfjrifhpGm &í wnfí raeukef/ rsufvSnfh xrif; a&udk pm;aomuf&aomoltm; 0jcif;? qmavmifuif;jcif; rjzpfbdouJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkedrdwfwdkUudk jrifíxifí aejim;aomfvnf; eD0&Puif;jcif;? psmef? r*f w&m;xl;&jcif; rjzpfukef/ udpörNyD;ukef/ ]]xdk ewfjyaom tm½Hkudk rpGefYy,f? tm;&0rf;om ESpfoufvsuf Munfh½IíaevQif xdkewfwdkUuvnf; ]igwdkUtm½Hkudk ESpfoufonf} [k Munfñdkcspfcifí tm½Hkudk wdk;í wdk;í xifjrifatmif jy\/ rdrdwdkU wwfpGrf;EdkiforQ wefcdk;udkvnf; ewftmEkabmfjzifh ay;\/ xnfh\/ ewfwdkU wefcdk;ay;zef? xnfhzefrsm;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvfonf ]rsufpdjrif? em;Mum;} arSmfaygufí oGm;wwf\/ psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;odkU ra&mufNyD/ eD0&P udavomwdkU ruif;uGmNyD? þuJhodkU aygufaom arSmfudk ]orm"darSmf} [lí ac:\/}} ]]þum;-psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;wdkUü zDvmuefUvefU awGU&aom acsmufurf;yg; vrf;rSm;wdkUwnf;/ þuJhodkU ]þum; psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;r[kwf? vrf;auGUvrf;rSm; acsmufurf;yg;wdkUwnf;? þum; t&d,mwdkU oGm;&m psmefvrf;? r*fvrf; vrf;ajzmifh vrf;rSefwnf;} [k qHk;jzwfí xdkvrf; rwfwwfü awGUaom txl;taxG taESmifh t,SufwdkUudk ÓPfynmjzifh vTrf;rdk; y,fazsmufí? 0dyóemwifí vrf;rSefudk odEdkif-vdkufEdkifaom ÓPfudk ]r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe 0dok'¨} ac:ygonf/}} (r*¾= vrf;rSef? tr*¾= vrf;rSm;udk? ÓP'óe= odjrifaom ÓPf\? 0dok'¨= pifMu,fjcif;/)}} » þae&mü q&mawmf\ tawGUtBuHKrSm &Sif;vif; jywfom;ay\/ ewfwdkY jyaom tm½HkESifh tedpö? 'ku© xifjrifrIonf rsufvSnfhxrif; pm;&ouJhodkU wu,fr0yHk? xdktm½Hkudk vufcHrdvQif qufí tMum;tjrif wefcdk;rsm; ay;wwfyHk? ]w&m;aygufNyD} [k xif&aomfvnf; udavom ravsmhonfhtjyif taESmifht,Sufyif jzpfyHkwdkUrSm vGefpGm av;eufvSukef\/
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