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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ed-7

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, vlaovljzpf 0dedpä,usrf;pmMuD;ukd vGefcJhwJh (10)ESpfausmfavmufuwnf;u awGUzl;wmyg... pmtkyfMuD;uvnf; xlvdkufwm... tJ'Dwkef;u bmoma&; pmayawGudk avhvmcgp jzpfvdkU pmMuD;ayMuD;awG zwfzkdU tcsdefray;EkdifcJhbl;... 'gaMumifh rzwfjzpfcJhbl;... pmtkyfu t&rff;aumif;ayrJh t&om rodcJh&bl;... tckacwfvdk

tifwmeufrSm

bmoma&;aqG;aEG;yJGawG

xGef;um;vmawmh

"r®0g'awGukd

jzefUjzL;zkdU

tcGifhaumif; tcgaumif; jzpfcJh&ovkd... t"r®0g'orm;rsm;twGufvnf; t"r®0g'ukd xif½Sm;jyzkdUtwGuf tcGifhvrf;jzpfcJh&w,f.... vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd zsufqD;cGifh&cJh&Muw,f... xkdtcg "r®0g'Drsm;uvnf; "r®udk xif½Sm;jy&efvkdtyfvmayw,f... "r®ukd "r®[k xif½Sm;jyjcif;[m vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;om tvdkUiSg r[kwfygvm;..... t"r®0g'Drsm;u vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd zsufqD;MuayrJh "r®0g'Drsm;rSmawmh igESifh rqkdif[k tNidrfaeíum; rjzpfvS/ wu,fawmh usifhpOfvJGacsmfaeolrsm;[m omoemudk ykwfcwfaqmfum;aeolrsm; jzpfMuayw,f... xdkta&;ukd omoemta&; aoG;rat;olrsm;u t"r®0g'Drsm; tif;tm;raumif;rD tcsdefrSD y,f½Sm;ay;zkdU

vdktyfvSayw,f....

omoemawmfysufpD;aeNyD[k

vufykdufMunfhaeí

rjzpf...

½Sifr[muóyrSpí &[EÅmrax&fjrwfMuD;rsm;yif aMumifhMurJh aeawmfrlcJhMuonfr[kwf... avmurSm "r®0g'xGef;um;atmif aqmif½Guf&rnfrSm "r®udk jrwfEkd;olwkdU&JU wm0efjzpfygw,f..... wm0efodolrSm

wm0ef½Sdw,f?

wm0ef½SdolrSm

wm0efydw,f[k

a½S;q&mjrwfrsm;

qHk;rawmfrlcJhMuovkd wm0efodNyD; wm0ef½SdvmwJh usL;ypfrS "r®rdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; omoemhta&; 'kdUta&;[k

&if0,fxm;vsuf

t"r®0g'rsm;ukd

wkdufzsuf&ef

vufeufaumif;

ozG,fjzpfwJh

vlaovljzpf0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,usrf;ukd trsm;olig &ifxJodkU "r®&wemrsm; udef;atmif;&vG,favatmif pmpDpm½kduf "r®'ge? trw'geukd ûycJhMuygw,f..... tzdk;wefusrf;pmtkyfwpftkyfukd tckvkd0kdif;0ef;NyD; uGefysLwm pmpDpm½kdufjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaewm awGU&awmh t&rf;yDwdjzpfrdygw,f.... atmf 'kdYomoemawmftwGuf aysmfaysmf½Tif½Tif wufwufMuGMuG pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; ½SdvdkufMuwm... ajymaeqkdaeMuwJh wkdifyifaeMuwmvnf; MunfEl;p&maumif;vkdufwm... tJ'D0rf;omp&mtm;vHk;xJrSm 0dedpä,usrf;MuD;ukd zwf&wm yDwdtjzpfqHk;ygyJ.... 'gaMumifh tJ'DyDwdpdwfeJU twl 'Dpmukd pDukH;cJhygw,f....

udkwmaw NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ed-8

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (odkUr[kwf) omoemh tusKd;twGuf aqmif½GufrI yxrqHk; ajcvSrf; uRefr jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifudk 2009-ckESpf? rwfvrSm p0ifjzpfcJhygw,f/ 0ifpuawmh tGefvdkif; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk tzJGUolwpfOD;taeeJY 0ifMunfh½HkoufoufygyJ/ &nf½G,fcsuf bmrS r,fr,f&& r½SdcJhygbl;/ u@awG pHkatmif avQmufzwf&if; .... wpfcgrSmawmh bmoma&; u@xJudk 0ifMunfhrdygw,f/ uRefr 0rf;vnf;om tHhvnf;tHhMooGm;cJhw,f? wjcm; u@awGrSm pHkvif tm;aumif;vSwJh jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifonf bmoma&;u@rSmvnf; vHk;0 tm;renf;bl;qdkwm awGUvdkuf&vdkUygyJ/ txl;ojzifh bmoma&; pmayaumif;awGudk armifESrrsm;u êud;pm;yef;pm; tm;êud;rmefwuf wifqufay;aeMuwm? Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif&JU tvdkawmfeJY tnD aqG;aEG;Mu ar;Mu ajzMueJU todwdk;yGm;atmifvkyfaeMuwmawGudk awGU&awmh ydkvdkUawmif oabmusrdw,f/ 'gayr,hf udk,fu 0ifcgpqdkawmh vdkufMunfh½HkyJ Munhfjzpfao;w,f/ uRefr odyfESpfoufwJh bmoma&;pmayawGudk a'gif;vkyf,l? r&wmawGudk armifESrrsm;qDudk tyluyf? 'DvdkeJUae&if;u ... wpfaeUrSmawmh wdkU tyluyforQ 'dkifcH rûidrNiif Nyefwifay;wJh tpfudkBuD; kotayza u yDtrfydkUNyD; ]]vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,}} pmtkyfBuD;twGufudk 0dkif;ul pm½dkufay;ygvm;vdkU arwåm&yfvmygw,f/ 'Dvdk tultnDawmif;cH&wmudkyJ awmfawmf aysmfoGm;w,f ..... tJ ..... enf;enf;vnf; wGefUqkwfrdw,f ..... bmvdkUvJqdkawmh tJ'Dh tcsdeftxd wpfcgrS jrefrmpm r½dkufzl;ao;bl;/ ]]tdk ..... vkyfcsifwJhpdwfqE´½Sd&if bmrsm;rjzpf&rvJ ..... olUbmomoljzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f? eifbmrS ylraeeJU}} vdkU udk,fhudkudk,f jyeftm;ay;&if; tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh yg0ifvdkufxm ..... tJ'Dhu pNyD; tckvdk omoemhtusKd;udk (tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh ESrf;wpfaphyJjzpfjzpf) qufvufNyD; armifESrrsm;eJYtwl tm;êud;rmefwuf vkyfjzpfoGm;wm ,aeUxdwdkifygyJ½Sif/ 'gaMumifh 'DpmtkyfBuD;eJU ywfoufNyD; tckvdk ..... uRefrrSm omoemawmfBuD; tusKd;udko,fydk;cGifh? ukokdvfjzpfcGifhrsm;pGm aumif;pGm&cJh&wJhtjyif ..... 'DpmtkyfBuD;udk zwf½IavhvmcGifh&cJhvdkU 0dedpä,ÓPfvnf; rsm;pGm ykdxufoefvmcJhNyD;? omoemawmfBuD;pifMu,fzdkU b,favmufta&;BuD;w,f? omoemhtEÅ&m,fawG b,favmufawmifrsm;aew,fqdkwmudkyg odcGifh&cJhNyD; ..... &wemawmfjrwf (3)yg;udk trsm;BuD; ydkMunfñdkpdwf? omoemcspfpdwfawG tqrsm;pGmwdk;yGm;vmcJh&wm jzpfygaMumif;? 'DpmtkyfBuD; tckvdk jzpfajrmufay:xGef;vma&;twGuf aus;Zl;rsm;Muol armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;? aus;Zl;wifxdkufol armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'D trSwfw&pmpkav;eJU av;pm;0rf;ajrmufpGm *kPfûy aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; txl;wif½Sdvdkuf&ygw,f½Sif/ Ak'¨\ ppfrSefaom tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf aumif;pGm t"GefY½Snfygapownf;/

ruvsm NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU ]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ed-9

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) atmifygap uGef,ufaeUopf? þa½Tacwf usL;ypfNrefrm? zdk&rfrSm omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU Ak'¨tarG? usrf;pmay NyefUyGm;a0rQvª ..... vlaovlNzpf? tNrifnpfESifh rdk;Nym0g'? t"r®vdk twGif;&efpG,f? NrJumuG,fNyD; rsKd;Ncm;rdpäm? omoemvdk &efpG,fNyify? ½SdorQvnf; acgif;iHkUrcH? pOfwGef;vSefonf nDnmpdwf0rf;wl .... Ak'¨NrwfpGm? omoemwGuf El;nHhESvHk;? Nrwfvuf½kH;ESifh omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU apwempkdufxkwf vHkUvûyonf o'¨gNrJMunfNzL ..... /

udkArmhaoG; NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ed-10

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rmwdum pOf

taMumif;t&m

ESm

tydkif;(1) 1-1/

yHkESdyfxkwfa0&Ncif;taMumif;

....

.....

1-2/

½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf

.....

1-3/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;

.....

1-4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)zGJUpnf;Ncif;trdefU 1-5/ trSwf(2) oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU\ &yfwnfcsuf

tydkif;(2) 2-1/

apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;

.....

2-2/

apm'em wifoGif;vTm

.....

2-3/

omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ½Hk;awmfrS ppfar;Ncif;

.....

2-4/

0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm

.....

107

2-5/

0daooap'emtNyD; pk'dwursm;tm; ar;Ncif;

.....

204

3-1/

aom"emu@ (obmywdq&mawmf\ rdefUMum;csuf)

.....

206

3-2/

OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emacsyvTm

tydkif;(3) .....

.....

207

3-3/ ocifNrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm

.....

218

3-4/ or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ acsyvTm

.....

266

3-5/ obmywdq&mawmfed*Hk;csKyfrdefUcGef;

.....

339

tydkif;(4) 4-1/

0dedpä,u@ (tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf)

.....

340

4-2/

Oya'ESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;½Sif;vif;csuf .....

.....

341

4-3/

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'

.....

346

.....

352

4-4/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, ed'gef;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pOf

taMumif;t&m

ESm

tydkif;(5) 5-1/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(1) bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-2/

.....

367

.....

395

.....

447

uH uH\tusdK;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,

.....

472

.....

510

.....

530

qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(2) vlaovlNzpf 0dedpä,

5-3/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(3) 31-bHky,f 0dedpä, 5-4/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(4) 5-5/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(5) twdwftem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-6/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(6) tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(20) oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[maNymNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-7/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(7) oAÁñkwÓPfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä,

.....

596

.....

616

.....

653

.....

668

.....

681

"mwfawmfarGawmfponfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä,

.....

690

.....

700

5-8/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(8) orx0dyóemudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-9/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(9) 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-10/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(10) oHCmudk ykwfcwfNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-11/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(11) y&dwf½GwfNcif;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-12/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(12) 5-13/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(13) Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,fNcif; 0dedpä,

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pOf

taMumif;t&m

ESm

5-14/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udky,fNcif; 0dedpä,

.....

718

.....

738

t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk Nyifqifa&;om;Ncif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, .....

.....

816

5-15/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(15) Oyg'gefESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,

.....

5-16/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(16) 5-17/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(17) "r®pMumvufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,

.....

827

vufNzpfygVdtrSm;rsm;Nzifh vdrfnma&;om;Ncif; 0dedpä,

.....

836

Ak'¨\ NzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhNrifûyNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, .....

.....

845

.....

877

5-18/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(18) 5-19/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(19) 5-20/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(21) bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-21/ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)

.....

881

.....

895

.....

903

tydkif;(6) 6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfcsuf 6-2/

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm

6-3/ ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf

.....

906

6-4/ t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm;

.....

909

9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm .....

.....

910

6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm

.....

912

6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedpä,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'

.....

916

6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf

.....

921

6-9/ t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;

.....

923

6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm

.....

926

.....

927

6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r®'getvª½Sif

.....

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk obmywdq&mawmfu zwfMum;aMuNimaepOf

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm; oHk;oyfcsuf zwfMum;onfudk apm'u q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-1

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

q&mawmf OD;pE¨drm apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk

q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-2

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

obmywdq&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'udk emMum;aeaom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;ESifh y&dowfrsm;

apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom apm'emudk pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aeyHk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-3

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'uyk*¾dKvf(4)yg;

EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm; Mo0g'cH,laeyHk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-4

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) zGJUpnf;&Ncif;taMumif;udk apm'uESifh pk'dwu ESpfbufyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefUu ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm; aNymMum;aepOf

pk'dwu vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-5

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

omoEÅ& pG,fpHkwwfuRrf;awmfrlaom aNrmif;NrûrdU yaZÆmwm½Hkq&mawmf OD;ÓPdu oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) trIppfaq;aepOf vma&mufem;axmifMuaom y&dowftcsdKU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-6

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rauG;ûrdU r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfOD;ukrm& oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk

0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk aMuNimaepOf ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmifa½SUü vma&muf em,laeMuaom y&dowftcsdKU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-7

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Mo0g'cH,lyGJtNyD;ü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk awGU&yHk

0dedpä, qHk;NzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ Mo0g'cH,l&ef pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifhtzGJUtm; ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefUu OD;aqmifac:,loGm;pOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-8

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| (t*¾r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfu pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; Mo0g'uxm csD;Nr§ifhaepOf

pk'dwursm;tm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu Mo0g'ay;aeonfudk ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmifa½SUü vma&mufem,laeaom y&dwfowftcsdKU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-9

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU Ouú| OD;cif[ef 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; &cdkifNynfe,f awmifukwfûrdU a½Ttbd"r®mtzGJU Ouú| OD;a½TNynfh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-10

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;vGef;armif 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;ÓPfodkif; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-11

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;pdefat; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU wGJzuftwGif;a&;rª; OD;ausmfwifh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-12

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| OD;Nr'if 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª; OD;NrifhaqG 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-13

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

obmywdq&mawmfu EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| (t*¾r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfvufodkU vTJtyfaeyHk

vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;Z0e (ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-14

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;Z0e (ig;qifhtaemufausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf

vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;OaZÆmwdu (uGif;ausmif;? a';'&J) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-15

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; OD;qE´m'du (ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf

vlaovlNzpf t,l0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

yHk-16

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf a'gufwmrsdK;jrifh\ 'kv’b"r®'ge om"ktEkarm'em 0rf;ajrmufzG,fpum;

þ"r®'geukodkvf½Sif

pm'g,umBuD;

OD;ausmfñGefUonf

Ak'¨bmomrsdK;½dk;rS

&wemoHk;yg;

OD;xdyfxm;í arG;zGm;vmoljzpfonfhtwdkif; rdbwdkU\oGefoifrIjzifh vlrSef;odpuyif &wemoHk;yg;ESifh tpOfrjywfxdawGUcJh&ayonf? oifMum;cJh&onf?

ausmif;pmoifcsdefrsm;rSmvnf;

,if;bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk

zwf½I

q&maumif;rsm;ESifh

avhvm&wkdif;

bmompmayrsm;udk

MunfEl;0rf;omjzpfcJh&onf?

wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcsdefwGif q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;ESifh tcgrjywf êuHêudufzl;jrifcGifh&NyD; bmoma&; todÓPfrsm; <u,f0cJh&onf/ av;oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; yg&rDawmfqnf;yl;í bk&m;tjzpf &awmfrlyHkudk tm½Hkûyum tBudrfBudrf tzefzef Ak'¨ylZmûycJhonf? apwDbk&m;ausmif;uefrsm; wnfaqmufûyjyif rGrf;rH&mXmersm;wGif udk,ftm; aiGtm; pGrf;tm;½SdorQ yg0ifukodkvfûycJhonf? ½Sifawmfbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom tylcyfodrf; Nidrf;at;aMumif; "r®&wem wnfwHhjyefUyGm;ap&ef pmtkyfpmayusrf;*efrsm;udk tcGifh&ovkd ½dkufESdyfvª'gef; cJhonf/ av;oacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef; yg&rDqnf;yl;í tvHk;pHkodjrifawmfrlaom bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&mufygrS a[mMum;awmfrlaom "r®&wemrsm;udk qefUusifaomtm;jzifh xdcdkufpGyfpJG ajymqdkoHMum;&vQif pdwfESvHk; wkefvIyfNyD; wif;MuyfpGm cHpm;cJh&onf? ,if;rSm;,Gif;csufrsm;udk wwftm;orQ odorQ ajz½Sif;ay;cJhonf/ avmuonf tvGefqef;Mu,fvSonf? þrQrGefjrwfaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk yifudk,fo'¨gw&m; enf;yg;olrsm;onf

½Iaxmifhbufaygif;pHkrS

enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

xdyg;ykwfcwf

pGyfpJGvmwwfMuonf?

vlaovljzpfvdk 0g'rsdK;rSm taxmuf txm;trsdK;rsdK;jyí ay:aygufvmonfjzpf&m pm'g,umBuD;onf r[kwfrrSefrSef; {uefwdwd od½Sdonf? odkU&mwGif ,if;bufqkdif&m ynm½Sifr[kwfonfhtwGuf pepfwus tus,fw0ifh wpfcsufjcif; ajz½Sif;EdkifpGrf; r&Sday/ uHtm;avQmfpGm oD;jcm;EkdifiHawmf0dedpä, trSwf(2)tzJGU qHk;jzwfxm;aom vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' (ax&0g'

pG,fpHkusrf;)

udk

zwf½IavhvmcGifh

&&SdcJhonf?

0dedpä,q&mawmfrsm;u

rSefuefpGm

atmifatmifjrifjrif ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif 0dedpä, csEkdifcJhonfudk MunfñdkcJh&ayonf? odkUaomfvnf; þusrf;pmrSm ,cktcg avhvmolrsm; twGuf xyfrHyHkESdyf&ef vdktyfvsuf ½Sdayonf/ odkUjzpf&m 'g,umwkdU\tusdK;ukd tpOftjrJ enf;ay;vrf;ñTef ûyawmfrlavh½Sdaom &efukefwkdif;? oCFef;uRef;ûrdUe,f? (t*¾r[m

BuD;yGm;a&;&yfuGuf?

o'¨r®aZmwdu"Z)

yknedr®dwm&mr

ESifhwkdifyifí

a½Tok0Pfausmif;q&mawmf

þ0dedpä,usrf;pmudk

b'´EÅo'¨d,

yHkESdyfvª'gef;vdkaMumif;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þusrf;pmyHkESdyfNyD;ygu aemuftBudrfrsm; wifjyygonf?

a&mif;&aiGudk

tqufrjywfatmif omoemawmf

ya'om&efyHkaiGtjzpfowfrSwfvsuf qufvufyHkESdyfEkdif&ef

wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&;odkU

þusrf;pmukefoGm;wdkif;

&nf½G,fygaMumif;

a½S;½Ivsuf

rdrdtm;

þ0dedpä,usrf;udk

tqdkûy

rlrysufapbJ

yHkESdyfvª'gef;vdkonfh pm'g,umBuD; OD;ausmfñGefU\ tMuHtpnf or®mouFyÜrSm tESpfom&jynhf0í aumif;jrwfvSaMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ pm'g,umBuD; OD;ausmfñGefU\tvªonf ynmoH0wåedu"r®'ge ya'omyiftjzpf

wnf½SdaernfjzpfNyD;

omoemwnfaeoa½GU

xm0&ukodkvf

tpOf½Sifoefaernfh

tpDtpOfyif jzpfygonf/ vlaovljzpf0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)BuD;onf pmrsufESmaygif; 1200-cefU½Sdí qkdufBuD;qkdufcefU jzpfygonf/ puúLaumif;? rifusrifeaumif;? csKyfvkyfrIaumif;jzifh taumif;oHk;csufnDpGm tkyfa&

(1000)twGuf

pm'g,umBuD;

OD;ausmfñGefUrdom;pku

aiGusyfodef;(50)ausmf

rwnfvª'gef;xm;ygonf/ &efukefwkdif;? awmifOuúvmyûrdUe,f? yg&rD&yfuGuf? yg&rDvrf;? aiGMum&H&dyfomae jynfhpHkñGefY ukrÜPDykdif½Sif? tvª½Sif OD;ausmfñGefU+a':oef;jrifh ESifh om;orD;ajr;wpfpk wkdU\ tjcm;omoemûy tvªawmfjzpfaom uefUbvlûrdU r[ma½TpnfBuD;apwDawmf pmoifwkduftvªESifh wdyd#uygVdjrefrm tbd"mef twGJ(1)? twGJ (2)? twGJ (3) yHkESdyftvª ponfwkdUESifhwuG txl;ojzifh þvlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) twGuf yHkESdyfvª'gef;jcif; ynmoH0wåedu "r®'ge jrwfaumif;rI ukodkvftpkpkwdkUudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"koHk;Budrfac:qdkvsuf þtEkarm'empmwrf;jzifh *kPfûyrSwfwrf; wiftyfygownf;/

a'gufwmrsdK;jrifh ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf omoema&; OD;pD;Xme

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tydkif;(1) 1-1/

yHkESdyfxkwfa0&Ncif;taMumif;

1-2/

½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf

1-3/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm; 1-4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)zGJUpnf;Ncif;trdefU 1-5/ trSwf(2) oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU\ &yfwnfcsuf

OD;wnfrysuf a½SUokdUquf vlUbkHxkH;pH uJh&JU'Pffjzifh &efrmefydwf oJc&D;cJü pdwfZJGoefoef aemufrjyefbJ &Jrmef&JaoG; &JpdwfarG;vsuf &JaoG;eDeD pD&&Djzifh OD;wnfrysuf a½SUokdUqufavmh ..... (r[m*E¨m½kHq&mawmf)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) yHkESdyfxkwfa0&jcif;taMumif;

jynfaxmifpk

qkd½S,fvpfor®w

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUESifh

ywfoufí

jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;

vlaovljzpf0g'?

0d0g'g"du½kPf;BuD;jzpfyGm;vsuf½Sd&m

or®m'd|d0g'? *dkPf;aygif;pHk

oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;\ wm0efay;csuft& EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUrS ,if;0d0g'g"du½kPf;BuD;udk qHk;jzwfay;&eftwGufEkdifiHawmf

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU

trSwf(2)udk

1343-ckESpf?

e,kefvqkwf

(9)&ufaeUwGif zJGUpnf;cJhayonf/ EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU (2)onf EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGU\ wm0efay;csuft& 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvqkwf (12)&ufaeUwGif pwifí ½Hk;zGifh ppfaq;cJhNyD; apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdU ESpfOD;ESpfbuf wifjy avQmufxm;Muaom apm'em aom"emwifvTmwdkUudk av;vMumrQ tcsdef,l oHk;oyfppfaq;vsuf 1343-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (11)&ufaeUrSpí 6-&ufwdkifwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfcJhayonf/ ,if; qHk;jzwfcsuf 0dedpä,onf edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfoHk;oG,frS jyefUus,faom Ak'¨0g' "r®OóHk pHkpHkvifvif½SdvSojzifh ]]ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;}} [kyif ac:qdkxdkufayonf/ odkUjzpfí (u)

0dedpä,udk 6-&ufwdkifwdkif csrSwf&mü pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh vma&mufem,lMuolrsm;ESifh þ0dedpä, tqHk;tjzwfrsm;udk tpOfzwfMum;rSwfom;vdkMuaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ vdktifqE´udk jznfhpGrf;&ef?

[laom

(c)

"r® t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rsm; aemufxyf ray:aygufap&ef?

(*)

jzpfay:NyD;aom 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rsm; Nidrf;at;yaysmufap&ef?

(C)

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusifaom t,ltqrsm; yaysmufap&ef?

(i)

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh nDñGwfaom t,ltqrsm; xGef;um;ap&ef?

(p)

rdpäm0g' tukodkvf t,ltqrsm;uif;pifí or®m0g'ukodkvft,ltqrsm; xGef;um;ap&ef?

(q)

"r® t"r® 0d0g'udpöü twk,lzG,f jzwfxHk;tjzpf ordkif;wGif usef&pfap&ef -

&nf½G,fcsufjzifh

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD

qHk;jzwfxm;aom

]]vlaovljzpf

0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,}} usrf;BuD;udk omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS wpftkyfwnf;ESifhtNyD; pufwifyHkESdyfí xkwfa0jzefUcsd tyfygownf;/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvqkwf (13) &uf? (30.6.81) &ufaeU &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;ajr ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmifü vlaovljzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk "r®-t"r®tjzpf Mum;emppfaq;&ef zGifhvSpftyfaom EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf ----------

arwåokwf y&dwfawmfudk ½Gwfzwfí ½Hk;awmfudk zGifhvSpf&ef?

jynfxJa&;ESifhomoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;udk avQmufxm;&ef?

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2)udk zJGUpnf;aMumif; EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzJGU\ trdefU (aMunmcsuf) udk zwfMum;&ef?

vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfrSm rSefuefrI ½Sd r½Sd apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdUtm; obmywdq&mawmfu ar;jref;&ef?

EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmf\ &yfwnfcsufudk zwfMum;&ef?

vlaovljzpf0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk

jzefUjzL;a&;om;

a[majymaejcif;rSm bk&m;a[m ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusifí t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; apm'em wifoGif;&ef? 7/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emESifhpyfvsOf;í jyefvnfacsyjcif; ûy rûy pk'dwursm;tm; ar;jref;&ef?

jyefvnfacsyjcif;rûyaom q&mawmfoHk;yg;\ 0efcHcsufudk zwfMum;&ef?

0daooapm'emwifoGif;&eftwGuf &ufcsdef;ay;&ef?

(tcrf;tem;rª;tjzpf vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rª; OD;ausmfvGifu aqmif½Gufonf)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omoema&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefU avQmufxm;tyfaom jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;

½SifOuú|&JU

vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh

EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u

tzJGUu

pyfvsOf;NyD;

0dedpä,

zJGUpnf;ay;tyfaom

tqHk;tjzwfay;&eftwGuf

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU

trSwf(2)rS

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; trª;xm; NyD;awmh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 0dedpä,tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh

0denf;"dk&ftzJGU0if

q&mawmfbk&m;rsm;ukd

wkdifwnfNyD;awmh

wynfhawmfu ESpfbufaom apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk wynfhawmfwdkU jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;udk avQmufxm;vdkygw,f bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkU0efBuD;Xme&JU oabmu bmvJqkd&if wynfhawmfrsm; ,ckvdk "r® t"r®trIawGudk oD;jcm; 0dedpä,tzJGU zJGUNyD; ppfaq;wJhtcgrSm ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk wynfhawmfrsm; txl;yJ

arwåm&yfcHcsifwmu

wynfhawmfwdkUonf

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;&JU

0dedpä,tzJGU

a½SUrSmvmNyD;

t½HI;tEdkifvkwJh oabmrsdK; rjzpfapcsifygbl;qkdwm ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkUodatmif 0efBuD;Xme&JU oabmxm;udk wifjy&if; txl;yJ awmif;yefygw,f/ 0efBuD;XmetaeeJU jzpfapcsifwJh oabmxm;u bmvJ? ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm; taeeJU ykxkZOfwkdU&JU obm0tavsmuf t,ltqa&;&mESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh oabmxm;uJGvJGrI ½SdcJhMuw,f?

tJ'Dvdk

½SdcJhMuwJhtwGuf

t½Sifbk&m;rsm;u

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tpodkU

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EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUu a½G;cs,fonfh EkdifiHawmf A[kdoHCmh0efaqmifq&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) zJGUpnf;jcif; trdefU (vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f-57) 1/

EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUonf apm'u -

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tpodkU

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vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk "r®-t"r®

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0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; ajz½Sif;qHk;jzwfa&;qkdif&m Oya' tcef; 2? yk'fr(3)/

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tav;teufxm;í

qkdonfum;

atmufygtaMumif;&yfrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ (u)

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xufjrufpl;&Saom

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oHCydwk?

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oHCem,u

qVbdn?

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tpodkU

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ab;&eftEÅ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk

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,if;okdU wwd,oH*g,emwifMu&mwGif tem*wfomoemudk tajrmftjrif BuD;pGmjzifh ½Iajrmfawmfrlí

tnbmodw=tjcm;olrsm;tqkdukd

Ak'¨bmodw=bk&m;a[m[k

ajymvdkolrsm;? Ak'¨bmodw= bk&m;a[mudk tnbmodw=bk&m;ra[m wjcm;ajym[k vkyfvkdolrsm;udk rnfodkU ESdrfeif;acszsuf&rnf[lí enf;vrf;pepf wnf&pfavvdkaom oabmtm;jzifh

a½S;oH*g,em

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Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf

uxm0w¬K

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wwd,oH*g,emwif oHCmwpfaxmif tnDtñGwfoabmwl wifawmfrlcJhí tbd"r®m ckepfusrf;wGif pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (*)

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ygVdawmfwGif

yÍöowduo*Ðwdu©E¨u?

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pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (C)

or,EÅ&tn0g'=t,lwyg;

trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk

Ak'¨bmodwyg0pe=

bk&m;a[m

a'oemawmfxJü a&maESmr0if vGefoefUpifatmif txl;owdaqmifawmfrlcJhMuojzifh yg#vdykwfjynf

taomum½Hkausmif;

awmfBuD;wGif

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odu©mumr

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OykofrûybJ

(6)ESpfwkdifwkdif

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t|uxm

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píqif;oufvmaom

t"dyÜm,f½Sif;vif;csuf

rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf aeawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (i)

ygVdawmfrsm;

½SifawmfAk'¨vufxufawmfrS

teufaumuf,lenf;rsm;jzpfaom aewåd ay#aumya'o? plVeda'´o? r[meda'´o paom usrf;vm; enf;edó&nf;twdkif; jcm;ydkif;uefUowf csrSwf pD&ifcJhaom jzwfxHk;? rSwfxHk;? tqHk;tjzwfrsm;udk rwdrfaum ryaysmuf&atmif ckdifvHkpGm rSwfwrf; wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (p)

,if;okdU qkdNyD;cJhaom ygVd t|uxm #Dumusrf;BuD;rsm;udk xkdpOfu a'od,bmom (t&yfoHk;a0g[m&

jzpfaom)

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þqdkcJhNyD;aom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh ax&0g'yd#u [lí 0daooe txl;rí qkd&jcif;jzpfayonf/ 5/

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wifawmfrlcJhMuaom

Ak'¨bmodwyg0pe

yd#uwfawmfrsm;onfvnf; (u)

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tmeE´m/

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enf;jzifh/

t"du&PH?

xkdt"du½kPf;rIcif;udk?

0lyoarwAÁH?

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y#dywftusifhvrf;pOfESifhpyfvsOf;í udk,fwdkifusifh&ef

twdtus

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rodaumif;aom

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usifhjirf;xlcJhMuonfhtwkdif;

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XmetoD;oD;wkdUü

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tpodkU 6/ t|uxm?

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tm*r?

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(bufvkdufjcif;)r½Sd?

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bk&m;½Sifh

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pdppfqHk;jzwf&mwGifvnf; tEkók,m,rmaem aom? or®'nm, bmowd? okbmodwH tEkarma',s? OAÇa| emyom'a,/ Oyg&rÇH e odau©,s? cvdwÍö e *g[a,/ embd[a& embdra'´? e 0gpH y,kwH baP/ tmnmww¬H yom'w¬H? owH a0 a[mwd rEÅem? {0H acg t&d,m raEÅEÅd? {om t&d,me rEÅem/ aom? xkd ajymqdkaqG;aEG; tqHk;tjzwfay;aomolonf/ tEkók,m,rmaem? rmerjyL rjiLplbJ/ or®'nm,? aumif;pGmodí/ bmowd? ajymqkd\/ okbmodwH? aumif;pGmajymqdktyfaom pum;udk/ tEkarma',s? 0rf;ajrmuf Munfom vufcH&m\/ OAÇa|? vJGrSm;íajymqdktyfonf ½Sdaomf/ e tyom'a,? rNcdrf;ajcmuf rarmif;rJ&m/ Oyg&rÇH? xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif;udk/ e odau©,s? rusifh&m/ cvdwÍö? tqdkcRwfaom pum;udkvnf;/ e *g[a,? r,l&m/ embd[a&? zdESdyfí raqmif&m/ e tbdra'´? rzdESdyf&m/ y,kwH? a'go tmCmwESifh pyf,SOfaom/ 0gpH? pum;udk/ e baP? rqdk&m/ tmnmww¬H? od&jcif;tusdK;iSm/ yom'w¬H? Munfvif&jcif;tusdK;iSm/

a0?

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t*kFwå&edum,f?

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Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf

jyñTefoGefoifawmfrl onfhtwkdif; (u)

rme a'go a½SUxm;í rajymqkdjcif;?

(c)

teuft"dyÜm,f a&vnfpGmodí ajymqkdjcif;?

(*)

pum;aumif;udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm vufcHjcif;?

(C)

wpfbufu tajym½dkif;aomfvnf; rNcdrf;ajcmuf rarmif;rJjcif;?

(i)

taMumif;rJh uJh&JU½Iwfcs rûyjcif;?

(p)

owdvGwfí tqdkcRwfaom pum;udk ta&;r,ljcif;?

(q)

wpfbufom;udk zdESdyfí rajymqkdjcif;?

(Z)

rcHcsifatmif xduyg; &duyg; rajymqdkjcif;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(ps)

oabmrSefudk em;vnfatmif ajymjyjcif;?

(n)

Munfvif½Tifvef;atmif ajymqdkjcif;?

þ txufyg 10-csufwkdUudkvdkufemíw&m;ojzifh pdppfqHk;jzwfMurnfjzpfaMumif; xyfavmif;í aMunmtyfygaMumif;/ 7/

,ck ppfaq;pD&ifrnfh "r®? t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rIonf omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;ESifh

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ponfwkdUaMumifh

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Oya'jzifh

ta&;,lrcH&ap&ef

arwåmjzifh

êudwif

owday;tyfygonf/ 1/

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b'´EÅZ0embd0Ho? odu©m(52)? tzJGU0if Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf? êudUyifaumufûrdU/

b'´EÅ"r®mbd0&? odu©m(45)? tzJGU0if uHwGif;qkawmif;jynfhausmif;wdkuf? jynfûrdU/

b'´EÅukrm&mbd0Ho? odu©m(39)? tzJGU0if r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/

b'´EÅÓedu? odu©m(35)? tzJGU0if yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? ajrmif;jrûrdU/

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tpodkU

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tydkif;(2) 2-1/

apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;

2-2/

apm'em wifoGif;vTm

2-3/

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2-4/

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2-5/

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bk&m;tvdkawmfESifh qefUusifwmudk a[majymaewmMum;&&if bk&m;wynfhwdkif;[m bk&m;bufuaezkdU ta&;BuD;w,f? (r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;)

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tpodkU

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trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU0if q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/

jynfaxmifpk

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or®w

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vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|onf Ak'¨bmom&[ef;toGif t&[wå"Z bk&m;ta&awmfouFef;udk

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OD;Ouú|0g'udk

wpfEkdifiHvHk;½Sd

ppfrSefaom

Ak'¨bmom

oHCmawmfrsm;u

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

uefUuGuf½IwfcscJhMuygonf? ppfrSefaom Ak'¨bmom0if 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;uvnf; uefUuGuf ½IwfcscJhMuygonf bk&m;/

q&mawmfBuD;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsuf q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;4/

EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh

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Oau©yeD,uH ûyxkdufonf?

(c)

vl0wfvJay;vsuf omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfxkdufonf-

[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf/ 5/

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tvkyftrIaqmif

q&mawmfrsm;uvnf; wpfnDwpfñGwfwnf; oabmwlvufcHcJhMuygonf? rEÅav;ûrdU

EkdifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUukd (u)

Oau©yeD,uH ûyxdkufonf?

(c)

yumoeD,uH ûyxdkufonf?

(*)

vlrsm;uvnf; tyÜom'ya0'eD,uH ûyxdkufonf-

[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf bk&m;/

yumoeD,uH ûyjcif; q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;6/

txufyg

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t&

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf

w0ef;vHk;rS

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q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf 1325 -ck? 0gqkdvjynfhausmf (9) &uf (14.7.63) aeUwGif &efukefûrdU a½T*Hkwkdifvrf; ajcmufxyfBuD; bk&m;BuD;ausmif;wkdufü tpnf;ta0;yGJ usif;yawmfrlMuNyD; ouFef;ta&ûcHvsuf omoemudk zsufqD;aeMuaom

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

OD;0go0wkdUudk

yumoeD,uH

ûyawmfrlcJhMuygonf?

]]OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdU udk,fEIwfwkdUjzifh ajymqkd ûyvkyf a&;om;orQonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhvnf; rqkdif? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfESifhvnf; rqkdif? bk&m; wynfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; rqkdif? OD;Ouú|ESifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

OD;0go0wkdUonf

olUoabmtwkdif;

olxifjrif&m

ûyvkyfjcif;rQom

jzpfonf}}

rSwf,lMu&ef

oHCor®Kwd&a0VK0efq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUtm; bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifh tnD aMunmtoday;cJhygonf/ 7/

xkdrS

aemufü

yumoeD,uH

ûyyGJrsm;?

yumoeD,uHudk

axmufcHyGJrsm;udk

jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk; tESHUtjym;ü ûyvkyfcJhMuygonf? OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUtm; vl0wfvJapvsuf omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfaom tvkyfudkrl tmPmpuf tultnD r&cJhojzifh rûyvkyfEkdifcJhMuygbk&m;/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfESifh vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;8/

jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨omoemawmf\ acgif;aqmifq&mawmfrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;awmfESifhtnD

yumoeD,uHûyum vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUudk qHk;rcJhMuygonf? Ak'¨omoemawmfenf;t& ta&;,lMuygonf? odkU&mwGif vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUonf &yfwef;ur&yfbJ ouFef;rsm; 0wfNrJ 0wfMuvsuf Ak'¨bmom ta&ûcHxm;MuaomaMumifh vGefpGm½dk;om;Muaom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wkdUudk Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;[kyif xifMuygonf? ¤if;wkdU a[mcsif&ma[maom w&m;wkdUudkvnf; Ak'¨bmomw&m;[kyif xifMuygonf/ 9/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ouú|\ aemufvdkuf oHa,miform;wkdUonfum;

Ak'¨omoemawmfudk zsufqD;Ekdifa&;twGuf tuGufaumif;udk tNrJacsmif;aeMuygonf? vlaovljzpfpmtkyf xkwfa0NyD;aemuf rMumrDtcsdef (1963) üyif vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh (31) bHky,f0g'D ¤if;wkdU\ aemufvkdufwkdUonf

]]or®m'd|dokawoe

tzGJUcsKyf}}

[laom

omoemzsuf

tiftm;pkwpfckudk

xlaxmifcJhMuygonf? tzGJUwpfzGJU zGJUcJhMuygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|onf xkdtzGJUwGif Mo0g'gp&d,tjzpf yg0ifygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| a[majymcsufrsm;udk vufcHMuolrsm; wynfhrsm;onf xkdtzJGUwGif yg0ifMuygonf/

or®m'd|dokawoe

tzJGUcsKyf\

tzJGUcJGrsm;udk

jrefrmEdkifiH

ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif

zGJUpnf;Muygonf/ 10/

olwkdUonf

Ak'¨omoemawmf

ysufpD;&m

or®m'd|dudk

okawoeûyvkyfonf[k

ysufpD;aMumif;

tvkyfwkdUukd

toHaumif;vTifh

pepfwus

tuGufcsNyD;

rsufESmzHk;pGyfNyD; enf;trsdK;rsdK;

yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh ususee vkyfcJhMu ygonf? vkyfyHkrsm;rSm þodkU jzpfygonf-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (u)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oH*g,em

6-wef

wifNyD;onfh

ppfrSefaom

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh

Ak'¨omoemawmfudk rawmfrwef a0zef½Iwfcsa&;twGuf A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS wpfjynfvHk;½Sd tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU tcgtm;avsmfpGm oGm;a&muf a[majymMuonf? oifwef;rsm; ydkUcsMuonf? 'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ (c)

0g'jzefUpmtkyf pm½Guf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk tpdk;&Oya'ESifh qefUusifNyD; xkwfa0Muonf? jzefUcsdMuonf/

(*)

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|

tygt0ifjzpfaom

acgif;aqmifrsm;\

a[majymcsuf

uufqufêud;acGrsm;udk wpfjynfvHk;½Sd tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU jzefUMuonf? ¤if;tjyif aw;o½kyfazmf uufqufêud;acGrsm;? bkHurÇm bHk½Sif;wrf;uJhodkUaom jyZmwf Zmwfvrf;rsm; ay:vmatmif vrf;jyay;Muonf/ (C)

A[dktzGJUcsKyfü tqifhjrifhoifwef;tjzpf ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfqefUusifa&; pmwrf;rsm; zwfMuonf? aqG;aEG;Muonf/

(i)

tzGJUcGJrsm;uvnf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS a&muf½Sdvmaom vufodyfxkd; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk zwfMuonf? pkaygif; aqG;aEG;Muonf? Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmfum;onfh

t"r®w&m;

wdwfacGrsm;udkvnf;

emMum;Muonf?

tcGifh&onfh

oDwif;ywfwdkif; þodkU vkyfMuonf/ (p)

tzGJU0ifrsm; wkd;yGm;a&;twGuf enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pnf;½Hk;Muonf? tzGJU0ifrsm; ½SmNyD; aiGaMu; aumufcH Muonf? 0g'jzefUMuonf? 'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf? romtokb vlrIa&;udpöüyif olwkdU\ t"r®0g' jyefUyGm;a&; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfMuonf/

11/

þuJhodkU

vltrsm;

udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvsuf½Sdaom

Ak'¨"r®rsm;udk

ajAmifusus

apmfum;aerIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMuaom Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;u rcHr&yfEkdif jzpfMuNyD; wkdifMum;pmrsm;udk EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD;xHodkUyif ydkUMuonf? omoema&;0efBuD;xHokdUvnf; ydkUMuonf? EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUodkUvnf; ay;ydkU wkdifMum;Muonf/

a½Ttbd"r®m 12/

or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUtcsKyfonf rnfolawGu rnfolUudkyif wkdifwkdif Ak'¨bmom

&[ef;½Sifvl trsm;udk *½krpdkufbJ t"r®0g'rsm;udk qufvufjzefUa0NrJ jzefUa0Muonf? trSefw&m;udk ½Smygonf[k qifajcay;NyD; ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmf tm;enf;a&;udkom qufvufêud;pm;aeMuonf? tuGufay:vQif ay:ovdk vIyf½Sm;aeMuonf? xkdUaMumifhyif ¤if;wkdUudk jrpfzsm;cHNyD; ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} [lí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ay:vm&jcif;

jzpfonf?

trSefrSm

]]a½Ttbd"r®m}}

[lonf

&ckdifjynfe,f

awmifukwfûrdU

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdU\

vkyfief;rsm;udk

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJ\ vIyf½Sm;rI wpf&yfom jzpfonf/ 13/

xkdtzGJUcGJonf

tzGJU0iftcsif;csif;

aqG;aEG;MupOf Ak'¨omoemzsuf pdwftm;xufoefvmMuonf? Ak'¨omoemudk ½dkif;yspGm apmfum;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk

olomigom

ar;jyMuonf?

xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk

tzGJUcGJOuú|ESifh

twGif;a&;rª;wkdUu

]]vlUtbd"r®m}} [k trnfwyfvsuf rSwfwrf;ûyxm;Muonf? xkd vlUtbd"r®mqkdaom rSwfwrf;udk awmifukwfûrdUrS or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJOuú| OD;a½Tjynfhonf &efukefûrdU½Sd or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfodkU udk,fwkdifvmydkUonf?

tjrifrSefudk

½SmMuonfqkdaom

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfonf

tvGef0rf;omoGm;onf? Ak'¨bmomta&ûcHum Ak'¨omoemawmfukd zsufqD;rI ûyaeMuaom rdrdwdkU\ vkyfief;BuD; rnfrQtpGrf;xufaeonfudkMunhfum vGefpGm tm;&Muonf/ 14/

ar;cGef;½Sif awmifukwfûrdU or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJu ay;xm;aom ]]vlUtbd"r®m}}

[laom emrnfudkyif zsufvdkufNyD; ar;cGef;vTm vmydkUol OD;a½Tjynfhudk *kPfûyaomtm;jzifh ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} [k trnfajymif;vdkufMuonf? Ak'¨omoemudk þodkU zsufMuvQif þodkUemrnfxGufatmif 'dkUu*kPfûyrnf[k tvkyfjzifh jyvdkufMujcif;oabm jzpfonf/ 15/

a½Ttbd"r®mü ar;cGef;aygif; (80) yg0ifonf? tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg; ar;cGef;rsm;onf

Ak'¨omoemawmf udk apmfum;onfhar;cGef;rsm;? jyuf&,fûyonfh ar;cGef;rsm;om jzpfonf? Ak'¨bmomwkdU\ tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIudk csdK;ESdrfNyD; wjcm;olwkdUukd csD;usL;onfh ar;cGef;rsdK;vnf; ygonf? þodkUtm;jzifh ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} qkdaom vufurf; pmapmifay:um t"r®0g'vufopfwpfckxyfrH ay:vmjyefygonf bk&m;/ q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;16/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g' [laom t"r®0g'

"r®tEÅ&m,f twGif;&efwkdUudk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif rqHk;rEkdifvQif vlaumif;½Sifaumif;wkdU Ak'¨omoemtrSefukd qnf;uyfudk;uG,fEkdifa&; twGuf taESmifht,SuftqD;twm;BuD; ydkí BuD;rm;vmrnfrSm trSefjzpfygonf/ q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;17/

Ak'¨omoemawmf\ tEÅ&m,frSeforQudk wm;qD;umuG,f&efrSm Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;½Sifvl

tm;vHk;\ wm0ef jzpfygonf? Ak'¨omoemawmf\ twGif;&ef tjyif&ef tEÅ&m,fwkdUudk &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;u xdxda&mufa&muf ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif umuG,fwm;qD;EkdifygrS Ak'¨omoemawmfonf oefU½Sif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;rnf {uefjzpfygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU 18/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) odkUjzpfygí Ak'¨omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"r®0g'wkdUudk y,f½Sm;okwfoif&ef

tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif;? oH*g,emajcmufwefwif ax&0g' edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfusrf;rsm;ü vm½Sdaom bk&m;a[m w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhtnD trSefw&m;udk ½SmazGEkdifMuap&ef tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif; þuJhodkU &nfoef½dk;&if; ESvHk;oGif;½SdMuygaomaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm;onf þapm'emvTmudkwifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/ 19/

þodkU apm'emwifoGif;&mwGif t"r®0g'ydkif;rS pk'dwu(=w&m;ûydif) jzpf&rnfh OD;Ouú|

OD;0go0 OD;udkudkav;wkdUonf aoqHk;ukefMu½SmygNyD/ olwkdUonfrdpä'd|dum?

rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdifvnf; rdpämt,l ½Sdukefonf/

olwyg;wkdU tm;vnf; rdpäm'd|djzpfatmif vkyfay;Muonf/ r&Pm? aoNyD;aemuf/

rdpäm'd|dur®orm'gem?

(odkUjzpfí) um,ó ab'g y&H

tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆEÅd? csrf;omuif;aom

raumif;aomvm;&mjzpfaom azmufjyef ysufpD;í us&mjzpfaom i&JodkU usa&mufMu&m\/ [laom 'dAÁpu©KÓPuxm bk&m;a[ma'oemawmft& rdrdwkdU ûyrSm;rdcJaom tukodkvfuHw&m;aMumifh i&JokdU vm;aeNyD [k wGufqEdkifygonf bk&m;/ 20/

odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ,ck toufrao usef½Sdaeao;aom pk'dwu(=w&m;ûydif) rsm;onf

q&mrSm; olrsm;yDyD olwkdU\ q&mBuD;rsm; oGm;&mvrf;odkU rvdkufryg rusra&mufMuygapESifh? tZmwowfESifh

a'0'wfaomfrS

tcsdefwef

tjrifrSef&ao;onfudk

axmufxm;í

olwkdUvnf;

tjrifrSef&vmMuygap[k arwåm apwem xm;NyD; apm'emorI ûyygonf bk&m;/ ,ck pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ,cifu jrifvnf; rjrifzl;? odvnf; rodzl;cJhMuyg? odkUjzpfí yk*¾dKvfa&;ESifh vHk;0ywfoufjcif; r½SdbJ "r®a&;&mESifhomywfoufí apm'emjcif; jzpfygonfbk&m;/ 21/

wpfck½SdonfrSmum; ,ckudpöBuD;onf Ak'¨omoemawmf wpf&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom "r®

t"r® jyóemBuD; jzpfaeojzifh Ak'¨omoemawmf\ rsufESmawmfudkom axmufxm;&ef½Sdonf wpfcsuf? olwkdU\

apmfum;rIrsm;aMumifh

pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrhMuaom

Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½Sifvljynfol

wpf&yfvHk;\udk,fpm; wynfhawmfrsm;u aqmif½Guf&onfjzpfí "r®0g'Drsm;&mqE´udkom vkduf&ygrnf wpfcsuf þtcsufrsm;aMumifh olwkdUtm; iJhuGufNyD; avQmhavQmhayghaygh apm'emíum; rjzpfygbk&m;? ]]qkda&;½Sdu? qkdtyfvS\? qkdprsm;vsm;? xm;yacsrd? igh0ef½SdcJh}} qkdonfhtwkdif; wm0efausatmif qkda&;½SdorQudkawmh qkd&rnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 22/

,if;odkU ajymqkdwifjy apm'em&mwGif ]]a&mif;ol 0,fol toHwl}} qkdbdouJhodkU olwkdU\

a0zefapmfum; ajympum;rsm;ESifh toHudkuf [efudkufatmif o½kyfoaumifay:atmif ajym&onfhae&mrsdK;ü

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU tu,fí

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

bk&m;om;awmfrsm;\

olwdkU[efuav;rsm;

yifudk,Ofaus;rItvdr®m

ygoGm;ygvQifvnf;

tajccHESifhqefUusifNyD;

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;u

olwdkUenf;

cGifhvTwfawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;

êudwifavQmufxm; toem;cHtyfygonf bk&m;/ 1/

OD;pE´drm

yxrausmf? "r®mp&d,? "r®mp&d,ausmif;wkduf? rdw¬DvmûrdU/

OD;ynmoD[

"r®mp&d,? ygVdyg&*l? &wemrm&fatmifausmif;wkduf? arûrdU/

OD;0dok'¨

"r®mp&d,? 0dod| 'DCbmPu? avmurSefuif;ausmif;wkduf? rEÅav;ûrdU/

OD;ynmomrd

(rm*"D) "r®mp&d,? a&vnfausmif;wkduf? ompnfûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

apm'em wifoGif;vTm apm'em trSwf(1) OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(2) vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(3) 31-bHkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u vufrcH[lí rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifhywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(4) Ak'¨bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(5) twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(6) Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef taumufÓPf trsdK;rsdK;jzifh tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(7) Ak'¨jrwfpGm\

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk

xdyg;apvsuf

Ak'®bmom

ysufpD;&m

ysufpD;aMumif;

a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(8) Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyóemvrf;pOfwkdUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(9) Ak'¨omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom

0denf;usifh0wf

w&m;awmfrsm;udk

vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

ypfy,fNyD;

ouFef;0wfí omoemta&ûcHum rodem;rvnfolwkdYtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(10) 0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem usifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? ½Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;om;jyD; oHCmapmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

apm'em trSwf(11) y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(12) Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf arGawmf apwDykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; o'¨gw&m; ysufjym;atmif rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(13) bmomomoem\

wifhw,frIwpfck[k

qkdxkdufaom

Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh

pyfvsOf;onfh

"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tvdkqkd;jzifh tjrpfrS vSefí wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ ukokdvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom oDvcH,ljcif; qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif; paom bmoma&;qkdif&m trIudpörsm;udk tykdoufouf jzpfoa,mif a[majym a&;om; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(15) Oyg'ge

paom

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m&

pum;vHk;rsm;\

teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk

ypfy,fNyD;

udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜm,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(16) Ak'¨bmomavmuü txGwftjrwfxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk pdwful;,Of vlaovljzpft,ltqESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifzGifhqkda&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(17) or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdU\

Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD;

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|\

"r®pMumvufopfESifh

pyfvsOf;í apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(18) twåaemrwd rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(19) Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif 4-oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcH½HkrQru Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk raxrJhjrifûyí ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

apm'em trSwf(20) ax&0g'vm oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(21) oH*g,em 6-wefwifNyD; bk&m;a[mygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwf[lívnf;aumif;? [dE´LjAm[®P0g' [lívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm; vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUjcif;ESihf ywfoufaom apm'emcsuf

Ak'¨omoem Ak'¨NrwfpGm udk,fwdkifomvQif enf;ay;ñTefNyawmfrlcJhonfNzpfí t½Sifom&dykwåax&f udk,fawmfwdkif vufawGUwifNyawmfrlaom o*Fg,emwifenf;twdkif; (6)Mudrfwdkifwdkif o*Fg,emwiftyfukefaom yd#uwfoHk;yHkvm a'oemawmfwdkYudkomvQif ]]Ak'¨omoem}} [kvufcHvsuf ,HkMunfqnf;uyfMu&rnf Nzpfonf/ (rpdk;&drfpmoifom; - t½Sif£E´mp&d,mbd0Ho)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,twGuf apm'emwifoGif;vTm apm'em trSwf(1)

OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf wpfpHkwpfckaomtusdK;udk arQmfrSef;í

&[ef;ûyMu? Ak'¨0g'D trnfcHMuaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Drsm; r[kwfyg/ trSefrSm Ak'¨bmom ta&ûcHxm;aom bmomrJh½kyf0g'D bmomqefUusifa&; orm;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/

xkdokdU

bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;

jzpfaMumif;udk

olwkdU\

atmufygtajymtqkd

ta&;tom;rsm;t& xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ 'DaeU Ak'¨bmomqkdwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDukd;? bdef;qkdwm rpm;cif wkef;uawmh tvum;[maygh/ rpGJygbl;? bdef;r½I rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ ... bdef;uav; eJeJ0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqkdawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkU wjcm;bmrQ rvdkvJ rvdkcsifbl;? rMum;vJ rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qkdwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf rrufawmhbl;? [kwfuvm;- tckvJ 'kdUwawGrSm bdef;pGJ aewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfckdif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dkuGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkUajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh 'Dae&mrSm wu,f rSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU/ (twGJ-1? trSwf (8) opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif ESm 8-wGif azmfjyaom OD;Ouú|a[maom "r®pMum qkdonfrS) 3/

þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh

OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvkdufwkdUonf

bmomrJhrsm;jzpfMuonfrSm

xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;? olwkdUonf tjcm;bmomrJhrsm;enf;wl ½kyf0g'Drsm;vnf; jzpfMuaMumif;udk qufvufí oufaocHom"u wifjy ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)

trSefrSm ûyvkyfol (um&u)onf ½kyfwHk;½kyfcJ tppfrkcsjzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif cHpm;ol (a0'u) aum bmoabmjzpf&rnfenf;? ¤if;vnf; ½kyfobm0yif {uEÅjzpf&ayrnf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwkdUonf ½kyfudk rSD&mwnf&m xm;í jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;? (0g) tcdk;owåd? (0g) ½kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf/ (31 -bHk0g' Ak'´vufrcH pmtkyf- 202)

(*)

wcsdKUu

t½Sifbk&m;[m

½kyfudkom

a[maew,f?

pdwfuav;udk

vkyftHk;rSaygheJU

ajymaew,f? usKyfwkdU 'umrBuD;awGu? aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif? b,frvJawmhvdkUom jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f/ y/ tvkyfvkyfqkdwm wu,f½SdwJh½kyfukd aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmif vkyfvdkU r&ygbl;/ (tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ? pmrsufESm 80-81) (C)

emrfonf bmvJqkdOD;-þblw"mwfwkdU\ owåd½kyfyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum; avESihf awaZm awGUvQif ]]tm;touf}} [lí jzpfaom owådonf ½kyfbm0\ yifudkvu©PmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xkd0ga,mESifh awaZm wkdUonf rnfonfhj'yfpif y&rmtPkjrLwGifrQ

oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm

tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh

jzpfonf?

odkUjzpf&m

r½Sd?

y-tm-0g-aw

blwj'yfpif

rlv

wkdUrSm

y&rmtPkjrL

obm0txd tqifhqifh tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg þblw½kyfwkdUyif ½kyf[kvnf;aumif;? emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; ½kyfbm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ (i)

(ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóem? yxrwGJ 84-85)

½kyfemrfESpfckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0D y&rwftmayg y&rwf0ga,m y&rwfawaZmwkdUrSm

tNrJtwlwajy;wnDwnf;

½kyfvnf;

emrf?

emrfonfyif

½kyftjzpf'GefwGJum tpOftwl jzpfysufaeonfudk awGUjrifrSom csufcsif; jzpfonfudk jzpfrSef;odonf/ 4/

þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh

(Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ-113) vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvdkuf

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D

polwkdUonf jrwfAk'¨\ rSefuefpGma[mMum;xm;aom emrfw&m;rsdK;udk todtrSwfrûyMuyg? olwkdU\ ½kyfMurf;0g'D q&mhq&mBuD;rsm;\ t,ltqaemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum jrwfAk'¨tbd"r®m omoemudk ausmckdif;aom olrsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 5/

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ yd#uwfawmfrsm;ü emrfw&m;ü awGa0oltwGuf ½kyfudk tusOf;? emrfudk

tus,fcsJUí a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? ½kyfü awGa0oltwGuf emrfudk tusOf;? ½kyfudk tus,fcsJUí a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? ½kyfemrfESpfyg;pHkü awGa0oltwGuf ½kyfa&m emrfyg tus,fcsJUía[mxm;aom a'oemrsm;[k pepfwus ½kyfemrf"r®wkdUudk wGJvsuf a[mxm;aom a'oemrsm;udk awGUjrif&ygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

6/ emrfw&m;udk

aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oemrsm;ESifh qefUusifNyD; bk&m;a[m y,f½Sm;í

t"r®0g'rsm;om

½kyfudkyif

emrfw&m;[k

qkdxm;&um;

yd#uwfawmfESifh

jzpfygaMumif;ESifh

xkdOD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvkdufrsm;onfvnf;

qefUusifaom

Ak'¨0g'Drsm;

r[kwf?

½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;tjzpf xif½Sm;ygaMumif;udk ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (2)

vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg

bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

þapm'emcsufESifh ywfoufí awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpf trnf½Sd pmtkyf

tp½Sdaom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0jcif; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? a[majympnf;½Hk;jcif; ponfjzifh vkyfaqmifcJhygonf

bk&m;?

,if;

vkyfaqmifcsufESifh

ywfoufí

oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk

vufvSrf;rDorQ tenf;i,favQmufxm;cGifhûyygbk&m;/ (u)

vlom;qkdwJh

owå0g

aoqHk;oGm;NyD;wJhaemuftcgü

tu,fpifppf

jzpfcGifhjzpfp&m

jzpfzkdUtvm;tvmrsm; ½SdcJhao;vQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;bmrQ jzpfp&mvnf; r½Sdacs/ (vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? pmrsufESm-4) (c)

vuf½SdurÇmavmuwGif

txGwftxdyfjzpfaom

tEÅdrtajctaeodkU

a&mufíaeaom

vlom;onfvnf; aemufodkUjyefqkwfí zkwfESifhNydwåm wapäESifh rSifpm i&JaumifESifh wd&pämefowå0grsm; jzpf&ef taMumif; vHk;0r½Sdawmhacs/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-331) (*)

vlom;onf aoNyD;onfhaemuf qufvufí jzpfae&OD;rnfqkdvQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;aom owå0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEkdif/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? pmrsufESm-306)

OD;Ouú|onf ol\vlaovljzpf0g'udk oHa,m*okwfü bk&m;yif a[mav[ef r[kwfrrSef

vkyfBuH pGyfpGJ xm;ygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm oHa,m*okwfü trowå0g trjyefjzpfyHk? tzkdowå0g tzkdjyefjzpfyHk? tr owå0g trowå0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk? tzkdowå0g tzkdowå0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk av;csufcGJí a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;? OD;Ouú|\ olvkd&mqGJí bk&m;tm; pGyfpGJxm;yHkudk qufvuf em;qifawmfrlMuygbk&m;/ (C)

b,favmufrsm; *GusvkdufovJqkdawmh usKyfvdk vlaovljzpfbkef;BuD; vmNyD; Oapä''d|d vdkUrsm;awmif zdESdyfvkdufMuao;w,f? 'gvJ ,HkwJhvlu ,HkMurSmyJ? y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemBuD; OD;xdyfxm;NyD; Oyg'gefrjywfwJh vlao&ifvlyJvdkUqkdwm usKyfucsnfh a[mwmr[kwfygbl;? bk&m;½Sifudk,fwkdif oHa,m*okwfBuD;eJU zGifhNyD; a[mxm;wm txift½Sm;ygVdawmfrsm;rSm yg½Sdw,f/ (11-4-73 armfvûrdifa[m? OD;Ouú| twGJ-1? trSwf-1? opöm"r®pmapmif ESm-12)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;3/

OD;Ouú|onf

t&d,mrsm;&½Sdonfh

ol\

vlaovljzpf0g'udk

*kPft&nftcsif;rsm;yif

&av[ef

oabmusvufcHvQif

aomwmyef

vdrfnma&;om;vsuf

tvG,fwul

aomwmyefbGJU,lvdkaom vltrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pnf;½Hk;jyefygonf bk&m;/ (i)

vlom;onf vlaovQifvlomjzpf\[kqkdtyfaom obm0trSefudk oabmaygufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf(1)

'd|"r®=rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/

(2)

ywå"r®=em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/

(3)

0d'dw"r®=ESmacgif;ESihf vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/

(4)

y&da,m*gVS"r®=udk,fum,wpfckvHk;

ysHUESHUí

(0g)

pdrfhxHkí

tusdK;&aom

reawGU(0g) [',awGU oabmjzpfavawmh\/ (5)

vlaovQif vljzpfjcif;omvQif ed,w jzpfonf/

(6)

,if;odkU NrJrSomvQif oarÁm"dy&m,ebufodkU wkd;wufí oGm;Ekdifonf-

[laom Ak'¨\ tmabm*ESifh udkufnDí qDavsmfrnf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,½dkuf? pmrsufESm- 47) 4/

vlaovljzpf pmtkyfudk pwifxkwfa0cJhaom OD;0go0uvnf; (17-4-76) aeUn

ajrmif;jrw&m;yGJwGif vHk;0rjzpfEkdifaom refusnf;yifu refusnf;yif aygufonf? wrm rjzpf [laom Oyrmjyí olUq&m vlaovljzpf0g'udk atmufygtwkdif; axmufcHcJhygonf bk&m;/ (p)

a[h ... vl[m bmrSjzpfp&m rvkdbl;? vl[m vlyJ jzpfp&m½Sdw,f? jzpfjcif;jzpf&if refusnf;yif onf refusnf;yifyJ aygufw,f? wrm rjzpfbl;? ckvJ vlyHkpHukd bmyHkpHeJUrS ajymif;vdkY r&bl;/

(ajrmif;jr w&m;yGJa[majymcsuf êud;acG bD-bufrS)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;5/

OD;Ouú|\om0uBuD;ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; vlaovljzpf jyóem pmrsufESm 162-163

rSm vlaovljzpf0g'udk ½kyf0g'ESihfwGJvsuf atmufygtwkdif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhjyefygonf bk&m;/ (q)

'DvdkuG?

udk,fh½kyf

udk,fhemrftay:rSm

wu,fpGJwJh

½kyfemrf

o@meft½Sdukd

pGJwJh

twå0g'kyg'gef twkdif; vl[mvlyJ jzpfw,f? ukodkvftukodkvfudpöu oleJU rqkdifao;bl;? 'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH pwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;vmwJh ½kyfysufu

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jyefay:vmwJh blw½kyfqkdawmh ½kyfqkd; jzpfvmr,f qkdygawmhuGm? ajcwkdcsifwkdr,f? vufrygcsifrygbl;? raemuH MuyfMuyfqkd;wJh ½kyfusawmh awmfawmftusnf;wefwJh ½kyfqkd; ½kyf0g;rsdK;ayghuGm? 'Dqkd;vmwJh ½kyfysufu jyefaygif;pyfwJh ½kyfopfrSef&if rsufaph&if csdKU,Gif;r,f? yg;pyfNyJ rsufjyL;&if jzpfr,f? acgif;&if BuD;r,f? 'grSr[kwf udk,fwGif;u tonf;wkdU ESvHk;wkdUyg nHhzsif;vm&if toufyg wkdr,f/ (vlaovljzpf jyóem? 162-163)

azmfjyyg pum;rsm;t& OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf vlaovQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;jzpfp&m r½Sd? vlomvQif jzpf&rnf [k qkdvsuf½SdaMumif; xif½Sm;pGm odjrifMu&ygonf/ 6/

odkU&mwGif wynfhawmfrsm; yd#uwfusrf;pmudkavhvm&mwGif owå0gwkdUonf rdrdwkdU

ukodkvfuHtukodkvfuH tavsmuf *wdig;yg;wkdUwGifwpfyg;yg;odkU vm;a&mufEkdifaMumif; od½Sd&ygonf bk&m;? ukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif vlb0 ewfb0 jzpf&NyD; tukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif i&Jwd&pämef Nydwåm b0rsm;odkU usa&muf&rnfjzpfygonf bk&m;? w&m;a'oemawmft& vlaovQif vlaomfvnf;aumif;? ewfaomf vnf;aumif;? i&Jowå0gaomf vnf;aumif;? wd&pämefaomfvnf;aumif;? Nydwåmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEkdifygonf/ 7/

þ ]]vlaovljzpf}} [laom tcsufukd olUt,l0g'\ r@dKifxm;NyD; 31-bHk y,fjcif;? 31-

bHkudk a[mxm;aom yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk y,fjcif; ponfjzifh 0g;vHk;½Snfjzifh qufvuf&rf;yHkrsm;udkvnf; awGUMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 8/

xkdUaMumifh vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf[laom OD;Ouú|\ t,lonf qkdcJhyg *wdig;yg;

w&m;a'oemESifh qefUusifaomaMumifh "r®0g'r[kwf? t"r®0g' ppfppfom jzpfygaMumif; a0zefppfaq; tqHk;tjzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (3)

31-bHkudk

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u

vufrcH[lí

rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifh

ywfoufí

apm'emcsufygbk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvkdufwkdUonf olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf0g'udk cdkifNrJap&ef

vlUbHkrS wpfyg; tjcm;bHkwkdUukd rxm;vdkMuyg? odkUygí 31-bHkudk bk&m;a[mcJhygvsuf ra[mav[ef vkyfBuHpGyfpGJrI

trsdK;rsdK;udk

ûyvkyfcJhMuygonf?

olwdkU\

vkyfBuHpGJcsufrsm;rS

oufaocH

taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tenf;i,f avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ (u)

vlom;onf

cE¨mysufa<u

aoqHk;NyD;onf\aemufü

Nydwåmaumif?

tol&um,faumifrsm;vnf;

i&Jaumif?

rjzpfEkdifwJhtjyif

wd&pämefaumif? txufaumif;uif

a0[mwpfcGifrSm usifvnf usufpm; ajy;vTm;aeMuwJh ewfjA[®m ajymifajymifvufvuf udk,fa&mifxGufaewJh owå0gawGvnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhNyD/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 7-rS) (c)

vufawGUjzpfaom vlESifhwd&pämefudk y"metajccHtjzpfjzifh rlwnfí xm;cJhMuukef\? wd&pämefudk tajcûyí Nydwåm tol&um,fESifh i&Jowå0g[lí xyfrH cGJjcm;Mujyefavonf? þoHk;rsdK;um; rsufawGUvufawGUr[kwfbJ (0g) pdwful;wkdUom jzpfMuukef\/ (vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm-11)

(*)

aumif;uifudk MunfhwJh rSefajymif;BuD;rsm;udk wDxGiftoHk;ûyvkdufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf a½S;vlwkdU trSef,HkMunfcJhMuaom ewfjynf jA[®mhjynfqkdwJh aumif;uifbHkeef;awG[m aea&mifawGaMumifh qD;ESif;aygufuJhodkU wpfckNyD; wpfck qufum qufum uG,faysmufí oGm;Mu½SmavNyD/

(C)

(vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm 99-100)

ewf jA[®m odMum;wkdU[m rkcstm;jzifh pdwful;e,fy,ftwGif;üom touf0ifEkdifaom owå0grsm; jzpfMuukefownf;/

(i)

(vlaovljzpf-155)

uREkfyfwdkU\ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf ae&mESifhtESHUvnf;aumif;? xyfrem;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; usif;yvmaomtcg þtNrJwap cvkwfuefoif;yrm uefUvefUvkyfí vkdufygavh½Sdaom þ 31-bHk jyóemudk ½Sif;vif;okwfoifypfí rjzpfawmhonfh tajctaeodkU a&muf½Sdí vmygawmhonf?

(p)

(31 -bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH -147)

avmuork',Íö

tw¬d?

avmu½Sdol[k

pGJ,lMuí

avmueda&m"Íö

ew¬d-tpGJOyg'gef

w&m;½SdolwdkUonf

tpGJOyg'gefuif;pifolwdkUtwGuf

avmujzpfaMumif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) r½Sdawmh[lonfh upöm,ea*gwårax&ftm; Ak'¨bk&m;ocifu a[majymñTefMum;csuf twkdif;omqkdvQif þb0 xkdb0 aemifb0 tqufqufESifh wuGaom ewfjynf jA[®mhjynf

i&Jjynf

tol&um,fjynfwkdUonf

e,fxJrSmom ½Sdacsonf/ (q)

Oyg'geftawG;e,fxJ

pdwful;,Of

(31 -bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH- 210)

wefckd;jy#d[mwkdUudkvnf;aumif;? vnf;aumif;

ewfjynf

vnf;aumif;

,HkMunfrIonf

ewfqkd;ewf0g;ESifh

jA[®mhjynfESifh

ewfaumif;ewfjrwfwdkUudk

,rrif;\tifyg,m

vlom;\

OD;aESmufudk

EkdifiHawmfBuD;rsm;udk

azmufjyefacsmufcsm;apí

þuyÜgavmuBuD;udk t½l;axmiftjzpfodkU a&mufapcJhonf/ (tpGJûywf wJukwfa½Teef;awmf pmtkyf -54) (Z)

ewfjynfodkU

a&mufa&;twGuf

'gersm;udk

rvkyfygu

i&Jrsm;ESifh

êuHawGU&NyD;

epfemrI½Sdwwfovdk ewfjynf i&Jjynf[lí woD;wjcm; r½SdygbJESifh r½Sdonfhtvkyfudk aiGukefaMu;us yifyef;cHNyD; vkyfaeyguvnf; opfajcmufyifudk a&avmif;onfhyrm toufxufqHk; 'ku©ESifhom êuHawGUoGm; Ekdifonf/ 2/

(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ -10)

þodkUvQif awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf 31-bHkonf wu,f r½Sd?

pdwful;,Of Oyg'geftpGJrQom jzpfonf[k qkdonfhtjyif bk&m;a[mr[kwfaom ]]avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö

ew¬d}}

[laom

vufjzpfygVdrSm;

vufjzpft"dyÜm,ft,ltqtrSm;wkdUudk

bk&m;a[mjzpfav[efyif vdrfnmí qkdxm;Muygonf bk&m;/ 3/

Ak'¨jrwfpGm

jzpfMu&aMumif;udk

rsm;pGm

yd#uwfa'oemwkdUü

xkdxdkaumif;raumif;uHwkdUaMumifh

ñTefjyxm;ygonf

bk&m;?

umrm0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh

umrok*wd

t½lyg0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh

t½ly

7-bHk?

4-bHkwkdUü

tukodkvfuHaMumifh

½ly0gp&mukodkvfuHaMumifh jzpf&aMumif;udk

ax&0g'

xkdxkdbkHü tyg,fav;bHk?

½ly

16-bHk?

yd#upmaywkdUü

rsm;pGmawGU&ygonf bk&m;/ 4/

odkUygí 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom pum;onf Ak'¨bk&m;udkvnf; apmfum;NyD;

yd#uwfa'oem ESifhvnf; qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'omjzpfaMumif; ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (4)

Ak'¨bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf 'd|d0dyv’mo

(t,lazmufjyef) wpfzufvGef? t0dZÆmAGuf uRHojzifh oE´d|dy&mrmoD (udk,fhtjrifudk trSefvkyfum trSm;oHk;oyfol) tm'ge*¾g[D (,lrd,l&m pGJvrf;pGm ,lol) [laom Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfolwkdU\ tajymrsdK; t,lrsdK;ukd ,lq ajymqkdaeMuygonf? Ak'¨bmom0if[k trnfcHxm;Muygvsuf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ tajccHrlvjzpfaom ur®óuwm or®m'd|dudkyif ykaAÁuw a[wk'd|dESifh a&maxG;um vGJrSm;pGmajymqkd ,lqMuygonf? olwkdUonf uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk y,fvdkufvQif vlaovljzpf 0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfrnf[k wGufqí uHESihf uH\tusdK;wkdUukd y,f½Sm;aom pum;wdkUudk ajymrSm; a&;rSm; Muygonf/ 2/

OD;Ouú|onf ol\ vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 14-ü ukodkvfuHESifh aumif;usdK;?

tukodkvfuHESifh raumif;usdK;wkdUudk pdwful;,Of[k atmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm;ygonf bk&m;/ (u)

aumif;rI

aumif;wmudk

aeruGmnrvyf

w&pyf

tm;xkwfí

ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol

vlom;twGuf te*¢tzkd;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD;í xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qkdtyfwJh 'kp½dkuf t,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm;usL;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;½Sxufjruf wu,f tcH&cufonfh yufyufpufpuf tjypf'Pfrsm;udk tjyif;txef csrSwfí xm;cJhMuukef\? &uf&ufpufpuf tjypf'Pf cwfcJhMuukef\? pifppfvdk&if;rSm pdwful;oufoufjzifh vlom;\ pdwfukd jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/ 3/

OD;Ouú|\wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; ol\ vlaovljzpfjyóem pmrsufESm (158-

159) ü atmufyg twkdif; q&mhoHa,mifvdkufí rSwfwrf;wifxm;avonf/ (c)

]]tEkdU 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaewmawG[m a½S;b0u y&Hy&b0gb0u ukodkvf r[kwf&bl;aygh/ [

'gu

b,fa½S;a½S;u

tjrwfxkwfvdkU&ifvnf;

jzpf&r,f?

uHrSr[kwfbl;?

tckb0

vdrfvnfaoG;pkyf

udk,fEIwfESvHk;

oHk;yg;vHk;u

olUtajctaeeJU

tqifajyatmif aumif;atmif rSefatmif vkyfEkdifvkdU&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f? 'Dypöu©tvkyf&JU aus;Zl;oufoufyJ? tckb0csrf;omwm [dka½S;a½S;u ukodkvfuH taMumif;vdkUrsm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,Hkvdkuf&if

tJh'gukd

bk&m;u

ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dvdkU

qkdxm;w,f½Sdw,f?

bk&m;tvdkuawmht"r®wJh? w&m;r[kwfvdkUqkdwmyJ}} (*)

]]ukodkvf tukodkvftusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k ur®óuw

vrf;pOf*dkPf;rS

jAm[®Pa0'a'oemrS

,HkMunfaom

jrpfzsm;cH

w&m;jzpf\?

xkdw&m;onf

vmaom

w&m;jzpfav&m

pD;qif;

oHo&mvnfaea&;udkomvQif tm;ay;aeaomw&m; jzpfonf}} (Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf yxrwGJ-146) (C)

Ak'¨\

rl&if;a'oemrsm;ü

twdwfuHukd

tpGJûyaom

y&rÜ&umrm0p&

ukodkvf

tukodkvfrsm;tm; pGJ,l vufcH ,HkMunf&efrygr½Sday/ (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m;? pmrsufESm-57) (i)

t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck ypöu©b0rSm 0dnmPf emrf½kyf oVm,we zó a0'em [laom tusdK;w&m;rsm; vmíjzpf&onf ponfjzifh twdwfb0u taMumif;aMumifh ,ckb0wGif tusdK;w&m;rsm; vmíjzpf&onf [laom t,ltqrsm;rSm twåvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf/

(0drkwåd&o t&aumufusrf; 22-23)

þpum;rsm;jzifh

ukodkvfuH

tukodkvfuHwkdU\

OD;Ouú|ESifh

oHa,mifvdkuf

aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udk

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D vnf;aumif;?

polwkdUonf

emeu©Pduowåd½Sdaom

twdwfuHukdvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜefuHaMumifh tem*wf &rnfh tusdK;udkvnf;aumif; ypfy,fMuygonf bk&m;/ 5/

Ak'¨jrwfpGm

aumif;aomuHaMumifh &onfukdvnf;aumif;?

a'oemawmfü aumif;aomtusdK;?

twdwfuHaMumifh

rsdK;aphtvdkuf

toD;jzpfonfukd

raumif;aomuHaMumifh

ypöKyÜeftusdK;

&yHkESifh

Oyrmxm;í

raumif;aomtusdK;

ypöKyÜefuHaMumifh

tem*wftusdK;

&yHkrsm;udkvnf;aumif; a0zefcGJjcm;í rsm;pGm a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 6/ ypöKyÜeftusdK;

odkUygí ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwkdU\ aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? twdwfuH ypöKyÜefuH

tem*wftusdK;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;

y,f½Sm;aom

pum;onf

yd#uwfa'oemawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaom t"r®0g'rsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (5)

twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd

vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD;

Ak'¨0g'udk

ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfav[ef

trsdK;rsdK;

vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdUbk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf twdwfb0udkvnf; vufrcH?

tem*wfb0 udkvnf; y,fvSef? ypöKyÜefwpfb0udkom rsufawGUvufawGUjzpfonfqkdNyD; vufcHMuygonf? tem*wfb0 wpfydkif;wpfp vufcHMuolrsm;uvnf; vlaovQif vljzpfonf[laom abmiftwGif;üom vufcHMuygonf? olwkdUonf tpp t&m&m ypöKyÜef wpfb0ukdom rlaoxm; pOf;pm;vufcHMuygonf? olwkdUudk,fwkdifyif þtaMumif;udk xkwfazmf today;MuNyD; jzpfygonf/ (u)

uyÜgvlom;\

wpfckwnf;aom

ykcufESifhacgif;tMum;½Sd

(0g)

ESpfckrjzpfEkdifaom

ypöKyÜefwdwdjzpfaom

{uefcsrf;omrI &a&;yifjzpfonf/ þpum;&yfonf

ypöKyÜefudkom

t"dutvdkqE´um;

ypöu©e,ftwGif;ü

udk,fa&mpdwfyg

(tewåa&mifjcnf pmrsufESm-186)

aumuf,lazmfjycsuf

jzpfygonf?

OD;Ouú|onf

]]twDwH

emEkaompmrd}} tp½Sdaom bk&m;a[m awrdZmwfawmfvmpum;udk tBudrfrsm;pGmudk;um;vsuf Ak'¨udk ypöKyÜeform;oufouf jzpfav[ef 0g'jzefUcJhygonf/ þuJhokdU

OD;Ouú|\

Mo0g'udk

vufqkyfvufudkif

&½Sdxm;Muaom

olwkdUukd,folwkdU

or®'d|dokawoDqkdolwkdUu þodkU qkdxm;Muygonf/ (c)

or®m'd|dokawoDwkdUonf aumif;rI raumif;rI taMumif;tusdK;wkdUudk ypöKyÜefusus vufcH,HkMunfonf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm; tykd'f -8)

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

¤if;\

aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf

oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudkvnf;

olwkdUvdkyif rsufaphwqHk;om MunfhEkdifonfh olvdkigvdk omrnvlpm; ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm; jzpfatmif ZGwftwif;yif þodkU yHkoGif; aeMuygonf/ (*)

Ak'¨onf-olonf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum; vufiif;'d| awGUêuHae&aom ypöKyÜefb0udkom wdus

jywfom;pGm

azmfxkwfcJhojzifh

ajymovdk

vkyfí

vkyfovdk

ajymcJhaom

vufawGUorm;jzpfcJhonf/ (Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf-pmrsufESm -39)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (C)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'Á&JU vrf;ñTefcsufu/ y/ wrvGefudpöusawmh pOf;udk rpOf;pm;MueJUwJh? rif;wkdUeJY bmrSrqkdifbl;? tJ'gawG oGm;pOf;pm;ae&if 'ku©yGm;pD;a&;rSwyg; bmtusdK;rS r½Sdygbl;wJh/ (opömAdrmeftwGJ (1) trSwf (6) ESm-25? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

¤if;\aemufa,mifcH

Ak'¨bmomta&ûcHwkdUonf

oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudk ypöKyÜef wpfb0udkom vufcHoltjzpf vSnfhumywfum vdrfnmyHkazmfaeMujcif;rSm twdwfb0taMumif;t&mrsdK;pHkudk

tukefodawmfrlEkdifaom

bk&m;½Sif\

ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfawmf

tygt0ifjzpfaom ÓPfawmfrsdK;pHk? tem*wftaMumif;t&m odp&mrSeforQudk {uEÅodawmfrlEkdifaom tem*wHoÓPfawmftygt0ifjzpfaom

ÓPfawmfrsdK;pHk?

pkaqmif;awmfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonfh

yg&rDawmf

t[kefwkdUaMumifh tjynfhtpHk &½SdawmfrlNyD;aom ÓPfawmfBuD;rsm; jrwfbk&m;ü r½SdMuyg[k ajymEkdifatmif êud;pm;aeMujcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 4/

þuJhodkU ÓPfeDÓPfeuf bufpHkpGufNyD; r[kwfr[yf vkyfZmwfcif;um oAÁñkbk&m;½Sif\

0g'udk ypöKyÜef 0g'oufouf jzpfav[ef tvdrfÓPfaESm a&;om;ajyma[maeMuaom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufa,mifcHorm;wkdU\ 0g'onf "r®0g' r[kwf? t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif;udk bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef þapm'emvTmudk wynfhawmfrsm; wifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (6)

Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef

taumufÓPf

trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh

ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;bk&m;1/

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ pum;awmfrsm;jzpfaom yd#uoHk;yHkudk omoemESifh cJGjyvQif -

(1)

okwåefyd#uonf owå0gwkdU\ tvdkpdwfêuduf p½kdufponf tm;avsmfpGm qkH;r&m jzpfaomaMumifh ,xmEkavmr omoem rnfygonf/

(2)

0de,yd#uonf

tjypftm;avsmfpGm

qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh

,xmy&m"omoem

rsufESmraxmuf

[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm

rnfygonf/ (3)

tbd"r®myd#uonf

yk*¾dKvfowå0g

qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,xm"r®omoem rnfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;2/

wDaumifonf

qm;udk

aMumufbdouJhokdUvnf;aumif;

rsufcrf;pyfonf

aeudk

aMumufouJhodkU vnf;aumif; r[kwfrrSef taumufÓPfjzifh ajymqkda&;om;Muaom OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D

polwkdUonf

t[kwftrSefudk

azmfjyonfh

tbd"r®mudk

aMumufMuonfrSm obm0usygonf bk&m;? tbd"r®mudk vufcH,HkMunfvQif olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf ½kyfMurf;0g' jymuszkdUom½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 3/

odkUygí olwkdUonf olwkdUq&mBuD;jzpfaom ]]*sif;eif;\ a0'efwpf Ak'¨pfZif}} (VEDANTIC

BUDDHISM by G. G Genning) toHokdU aemufa,mifcH vdkufNyD; tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m r[kwfav[ef

vkyfBuH ajymqkdMuygonf bk&m;? olwkdU\ pum;rsm;udk om"u tjzpf xkwfjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)

wpfenf;MunfhjyefvQif 'kwd,?

wwd,

ryg0ifao;ay?

yxroH*g,emwifwGif wdkUonfvnf;

tvm;wlyif

pwkw¬oH*g,emwif\

ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ (c)

oD[kdVfacwfapmapmydkif;uyif ax&0g'DwkdU\

tbd"r®m

wwd,oH*g,emwifcsdef

"r®ESifh0de,udk

tm*Hk½GwfqkdMuonf?

tm*Hk½GwfqdkMuonf?

aemufydkif;usrS

tbd"r®m

[lí

(Ak'¨0g'tajccH oifwef;? pmrsufESm-70) tbd"r®myd#urSm

xif½Sm;NyD;jzpfonf?

pmaypkonf

yd#uwpfqltjzpf

(bDpD-244)

xuf

þodkUjzifh

pkpnf;wnfwHhaecsdefrSm

aemufrusEdkifacs?

odkUpifvsuf

&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fonf Ak'¨bk&m;ocif wm0wðomewfjynfü 0gwGif;oHk;vwkdif

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a[mMum;cJhaom tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk (Ak'¨rwñl) bk&m;ÓPfaqmifí a&;om;onf[k ,HkMunfvufcHxm;Mujcif;rSm xm;olwkdU\ ouúm,tpJGrQom jzpf&acsrnf/ (Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; ESm-78)

(*)

tbd"r®ma'oemESifh ywfoufírl ed'gef;yk*¾dKvf0w¬Krsm;udk(1)

½SiftmeE´m\ 0efcHcsuf rygjcif;/

(2)

£'¨d0d" wefckd;jytcef;rsm; OD;pm;ay;vmjcif;/

(3)

0drkwåd&ousdK; rygjcif;?

(4)

,aeU avmu"mwfodyÜHu em;vnf&ef cufcJaejcif;? (Oyrm-jrifhrkd&fawmif ½Smr&ao;jcif;) ponfwkdUaMumifh tvGefav;eufaomw&m;rsm; t,ltqrsm; ygonfudk

todtrSwfûy½HkrSwyg;

Ak'¨bmodw[lí

twnfûy&ef

qufvufavhvm&ef trsm;BuD; vdkaeao;onf/ (a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduf yÍöedum,okawoDtzGJUrS 1330-ck? ewfawmfvqef;15&uf aeUpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom Ak'¨omoemorkdif;?ESm-10) (C)

,if; tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk Ak'¨bk&m;ocif wm0wðomewfjynfü a[monf[laom tcsufrSm

t|uxmq&m

½SifAk'¨aCmo\

xGifvHk;yHkjyifrQom

jzpfaMumif;

xif½Sm;vSayonf/ (i)

pifppf yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;? teufzGifhqkdjcif; (t|uxm) rsm;ESifh tbd"r®m usrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfxkwfay;jcif;tm;jzifh oD[dkVf ½SifAk'¨aCmoonf tvGefw&m aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;um; rSefayonf? odkUaomf rdrd½SmazGpkpnf;ay;aom tbd"r®mckepfusrf;\

MoZmxufjrufrItwGuf

Ak'¨a[m

vkyfypfcJhjcif;rSm

½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf Ak'¨a*gwrtay:wGif opömazmuf&m usaeayonf/ (twGJ -3? trSwf -12? opöm"r®pmapmif? pmrsufESm -5? 6)

0denf;"kd&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;4/

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D

polwkdUonf

tbd"r®mudky,fí

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkwÓPftpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;tyfaom omoemawmfpufudk csdK;zsufaeMuaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU 5/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xkdxkd

0de,ygVdawmf

okwåEÅygVdawmfrsm;tvdkü

Ak'¨jrwfpGmvufxufuyif

tbd"r®m½SdaMumif; txift½Sm; jyqkdxm;aom pum;rsm;½Sdygonf? odkUygí wwd,oH*g,emaemufydkif;rS tbd"r®m

ay:av[ef

a&;om;aom

pum;rsm;onf

t"r®uxmrsm;om

jzpfaMumif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (7)

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk

xdyg;apvsuf

Ak'®bmom

ysufpD;&m

ysufpD;aMumif;

a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmü½Sdaom

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk

r,HkMunfMuyg?

w&m;tm;vHk;udkodaom

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk

w&m;wpfpdwfwpfa'oudkomodaom ya'oÓPftjzpfodkU a&mufapMuygonf? olwkdUonf oAÁñkAk'¨udk omreftodÓPfxl;½Sdaom

vlwpfa,mufxufydkí

txifa&mufyHk

ray:yg?

om0uESifh

Ak'¨udk

xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uJGjym;atmif rjrifwwfMuyg/ 2/

þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí olwkdU\ pum;rsm;xJrS tenf;i,fudk oufaocHtjzpf

qufvuf avQmufxm; ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)

t|uxmq&mwkdUonf Ak'¨\ *kPftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajr§mufa&;om;&mü xkd oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonfqkdaom wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUudk tnHhrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;? Ak'¨udk

tjcm;t&d,m

yk*¾dKvfwkdUESifh

cGJjcm;xm;vkdaomaMumifh

Ak'¨onf

bmrqkd

tMum;tjriftod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\/ (c)

Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPf &ygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh a'0'wf\ a½SUtjzpfudk êudwifrodjrif ygoenf;? aemifwpfaeUwGif rdrd\toufudk &ef½SmrnfholwpfOD;tm; tb,fhaMumifh &[ef;ûycGifh ay;ygoenf;/

(*)

Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPf&onf qkdygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh &[ef;wkdUtm; Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fMuavmh[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;? Ak'¨udk,fwkdif ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odu©myk'frsm;ü Ekwfy,foifhaom odu©myk'frsm; yg½SdEkdifygrnfavm/

(C)

0dZÆmoHk;yg;onf

&[EÅmwkdif;&½Sdaom

todÓPf

jzpf\?

þodkU

qkdygrl

Ak'¨ESifh

&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/ (i)

Ak'¨\&½Sdtyfaom

oAÁñkwÓPfonf

0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdUudk

<uif;usefr½Sd

xdk;xGif;NyD;

odjrif&½SdcJhaom ÓPf jzpf\/ (u) (c) (*) (C) (i) ig;rsdK;vHk; trSefw&m; okawoetrSwf (1) pmapmif ESm-5-6-7-ü tbd"r®mq&mpdefu a0zefa&;om;xm;ygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;3/

þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh

oAÁñkwÓPfonf

tvHk;pHkaom

w&m;wkdUudk

odonfr[kwf?

0dZÆmoHk;yg; w&m; wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufom odonf[k qkd&ma&mufygonf bk&m;/ 4/

xkdolwkdU\ pum;onf oAÁH tbdnmod? ,'w¬d ae,sH=odtyforQ w&m;tm;vHk;udk

tukeftpif odjrifonf/ uwrH

wxm*wó

(ck-7? 280/ ck-8? 178/ ck-9? 227) oAÁñkwnmPH?

oAÁH

ocFwrocFwH

te0aooH

ZmemwDwd

oAÁñkwnmPH = ocFw tocFw w&m;tm;vHk;udk <uif;usefr½Sd tukefodaomaMumifh oAÁñkwÓPf rnf\ tp½Sdaom y#dorÇd'gr*f ygVdawmf pmrsufESm-125 vm pum;rsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifh "r®0g'r[kwf? t"r®0g' rsm;om jzpfaMumif; pdppfa0zefí tqHk;tjzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (8)

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\

orxvrf;pOfESifh

0dyóemvrf;pOfwkdUudk

zsufqD;NyD;

oHo&mrS

xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/ taygif;yg

vlaovljzpf0g'D OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ¤if;\Mo0g'cH or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG aemufvdkufrsm;onf

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\

orxvrf;pOfESifh

0dyóemvrf;pOfrsm;udk

ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD;vsuf ½SdaeMuygonf bk&m;? ,if;odkUzsufqD;&mü pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0í orx0dyóemudk ajymifavSmifysufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;? a[majymyGJrsm;wGif êuHvQifêuHovdk orx0dyóem tm;xkwfMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; uJh&JUjcif;? ¤if;wkdU\ tajccHoifwef;wGif orx0dyóemvkyfief;udk Ak'¨0g'r[kwf[k twdtvif; ydkUcsjcif;rsm; ûyvkyfvsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;? orx0dyóemvrf;pOfudk ysufvdkysufpD; zsufqD;aeMuaom

¤if;wkdU\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk t>rufrQ

wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ 2/

Ak'¨vrf;pOf trnf½Sd pmtkyf pmrsufESm 65-wGif vlaovljzpfq&mBuD; OD;Ouú|u

a&;om;xm;onfrSm(u)

]]Ak'¨\ tppftrSefjzpfaom vrf;pOfum; Oyg'gefraESmifhbJ ajzmifhjzL;vS\? odkU&mwGif oOyg'ge

[dE´La,m*vrf;pOf

a,m*Dyk*¾dKvftaygif;wkdUonf

vTrf;rkd;íaeaom

Ak'¨udk,fwkdifxGif

Armhy#dywådomoem0ifüum;

Ak'¨udk,fwkdifavQmufí

Ak'¨udk,fwkdif

ajymifajrmufcJhaom Ak'¨\ tEkyg'gevrf;pOfudk ½Sdao;onf[líyif todtrSwfrûyEkdifcJh}} [lí a&;om;xm;ygonf/ 3/

1340-ckESpf

(1978-ckESpf)?

0gwGif;umvwGif

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\

we*FaEGaeUwkdif; usif;ycJhaom Ak'¨0g'"r®a&;&moifwef; ydkUcscsufwGif orx0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'wGif ryg0ifaMumif;? twdtvif; oifwef;ay;½HkrQru Ak'¨0g'jyóemrsm;trnf½Sd pmtkyfpmrsufESm (19-20) wGif atmufygtwkdif; bGif;bGif; ½Sif;½Sif; twifh&JpGm a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ (c)

wduspGm qkd&aomf Ak'¨0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm; ryg0ifyg/

(*)

odkUaomf orxESifh 0dyóemudk tvHk;pHk ûcHí ypfy,fjcif;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg? taMumif;rSmrl ,if; orxESifh 0dyóemrsm;onf Ak'¨bmomavmuwpfckvHk; t½dk;pGJí toJckdufvsuf ½SdMuaomaMumifh ,if;wkdUudk arhavsmhxm;jcif;iSm roifhyg/

[lí arm[onf;pGm a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU 4/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ¤if;wkdU\

a&;om;csufrsm;onf

Ak'¨\

orx0dyóemusifhpOfudk

[dE´La,m*[k

t"r®ajymqkdjcif;? Ak'¨ udk,fwkdifa[majymcJhaom orx0dyóemusifhpOfrsm;udk Ak'¨0g'wGif ryg0if[k ajymifajymifwif;wif;

a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfí

ygxu0*¾ygVd?

rZößdryPÖmoygVd?

Oy&dyPÖmoygVd?

t*Fkwå&edum,f tbdnmokwåygVd? tocFw oH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;? odkUjzpfí bk&m;a[ma'oemwGif wkduf½dkufvm½Sdonfudk rsufpd rSdwfí ]]Ak'¨0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm; ryg0ifyg}} [k jiif;qkdaomaMumifh rdpäm"r® t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif;ESifh xkdodkUajymaom or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;í apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (9)

Ak'¨omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD;

ouFef;0wfí omoemta&ûcHum rodem;rvnfolwkdUtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/ OD;0go0wkdUonf

vlaovljzpf0g'udk zefwD;aom OD;Ouú|ESifh vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0aom bk&m;omoemawmfwGif

aexkdifí

ouFef;0wfxm;Muygaomfvnf;

¤if;wkdUonf

rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdif 0denf;odu©myk'fudk rapmifhpnf;½HkrQru ¤if;wkdUESifh 0g'wl qE´wl yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkyg tazmfn§dí 0denf;w&m;udk Oayu©mûy vspfvsL½IapcJh Muygonf? t&dyfckdNyD; tcufcsdK;aom tvGefaMumufzG,f aumif;aom tvZÆD 'kóDvBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/

0denf;usifh0wfudk tvsif;*½krpdkufaom OD;Ouú|\ a&;om;csufrsm;teufrS tenf;i,f

xkwfEkwfjy&ygvQif ]]Ak'¨rSwfausmuf}} trnf½Sdpmtkyf pmrsufESm 175-wGif(u)

]],aeU bdu©KoHCmvdkUqkdwJh *dkPf;aygif;pHkbkef;BuD;awG vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuwJh 0denf;udk riJhn§mbJ

avhvmoHk;oyfMunfhvdkuf&if

Oyg'gefwpfvHk;wpfcJBuD;

jzpf½Sdaewmudk

awGU&jyefw,f}} [lí &uf&ufpufpuf tremy a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f bk&m;/ 3/

þodkU a&;om;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ tmPma'oem jzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk

Oyg'gefESifh udkifaygufjcif;oabmrSm aygavmBuD;ay:vsuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;? þa&;om;csufonf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ toufozG,fjzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk y,f&ma&mufí t0de,0g'D jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ 4/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh tNrD;pm;zuf acgif;pm;zuf jzpfaom OD;0go0 (vlaovljzpfudk

yxrtBudrf ½dkufESdyf xkwfa0ol) onfvnf; oludk,fwkdif 0denf;w&m;udk rusifhoHk;rvdkufem½HkrQru Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD;ESifh pyfqkdifaom 0denf;"r®uHpDrHyHkrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; ajymifavSmifysufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; ajymcJhygonf bk&m;/ OyorÜ'uHaqmifw,fqkdwm

cifAsm;wkdUvJ

jrifrSmayghAsm?

Ak'¨bmomtkyfpk

&[ef;cHwJhtcgusawmh [dkxdyfu xkdifwm OyZöß,fq&m? 'Dbufu oHk;yg;u ur®0gpmq&m? ab;u[mawGu t&HawG? 0rf;emwJhtcg 0rf;qGJwkdUbmwkdU awmufwD;awmufwJhawG tukefaygh? cav;arG;rvdkU cav;arG;rvdkU-cav;arG;rvdkU?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlzdkeJUvlrwdkU qufqHwJh cav;arG;wmu vlom;wkdU&JU vrf;pOftwkdif; arG;wm? 'D[mu

[dk [dE´LjAm[®P wkdUqDu tarGtESpf ,lvmNyD; [dE´LjAm[®Pvrf;pOfu(1)

jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU yg;pyfu arG;wmonf jA[®mZmwf (tjrwfqHk;)

(2)

jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU &ifywfu arG;wmonf cwåd,Zmwf?

(3)

jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU Akdufu arG;wmonf 0óZmwf?

(4)

jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU aygifu arG;wmonf ok'´Zmwf

tJ'DZmwf4-rsdK;udk

jyefvnfjyifqifa&;

vkyfcsifwmeJU

[dkxdyfuxkdifwJh

OyZößm,fq&mutaz? 'Dbufu ur®0gpm zwfwmu tar? rdb 2-yg;arG;vmwJh paeom;wifarmifqkdwJh aumifav;udk

jA[®mZmwfxJoGif;csifawmh

[dk

wifjyifacGBuD;

xkdifw,f?

rD;aeonf

tjyifbuf

wat;at;aeNyD;awmh rdef;rvkyfwJhvlu (vufonfawG) ckacwfqkd&ifjzifh aq;½HkrSm oGm;NyD;awmh arG;wm? 'Dawmh rdb 2-yg; arG;rS om;qkdwm jzpfwm/ 6/

'DrSmvJ OyorÜ'uHaqmifawmh OyZößm,fq&mu tz? ur®0gpmq&mu trd? tJ'D 2-

a,mufpyfwJh NyD;awmh cyfMurf;Murf; (a&mYa&mYav; r&bl;) t[H baEÅ (xefvmw,f ... xefvmw,f) Adkufemawmh ratmf&if r&bl;? tJ'DvdkeJU arG;xkwfvdkufwm? bmav; arG;vmovJ? paeom;av; wifarmif[m aom bmao,s? 'kwd,rÜd aom bmao,s? wwd,rÜd aom bmao,s oHk;cgom bmNyD;ao;vdkuf&w,f? bmrSrajymeJUawmh paeom; wifarmifav; awZudk jzpfua&m/ uaeU Ak'¨bmomu vlUvrf;pOfudk rysuf ysufatmif zsufypfw,f? rdb 2-yg;u arG;xm;rS wifarmif awmfa&maygh? r[kwfao;bl; (awZvdkU rSnfhvdkuf&ao;) tvum;Zmwf t,kwf? t,kwf/-(y) 'Du [dE´L jA[®Ptwkckd;NyD; yg;pyfu arG;csvdkufvdkU 'Du bmrSrvkyf&bJeJY bmodu©mawGrS rusifh&bJeJU aom bmao,s qkdwmeJU wpfûydifeufxJ [dk 227-oG,f odu©myk'fawG udk,frSmwnfNyD; wpfcgxJ jA[®PZmwf jzpfoGm;wm/ (15-4-76

aeUn

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txufygpum;rsm;udk

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0wfxm;MuwJholawGr[kwfygbk&m;? bk&m;ta&awmf ouFef;udk 0wfxm;MuwJhvlawGyg bk&m;? olwkdUudk rodem;rvnfwJholawGu ]]q&mawmftoQif}} vdkU vufcHaeMuwJh vlawGygbk&m;/ 8/

OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ouú|wkdUonf e*dku &[ef;jzpfcJhw,fqkd&if 'Dpum;rsdK;awG rajymoifhyg

bk&m;? &[ef;b0 ESifh 'Dpum;rsdK;awGudk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh odu©musNyD; &[ef;r[kwfawmhyg bk&m;? Ak'¨H ypöu©mrd? odu©H ypöu©mrd? bk&m;udk y,fyg\? odu©mudk y,fyg\ qkdvQif &[ef;odu©musNyD; vljzpfygw,fbk&m;? olwkdU[m 'Dvdk 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,faom pum;rsdK;awGudk ajymqkdjcif;tm;jzifh omoemESifhrxdkufwefaom tvZÆ'kóDvrsm; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm; ygonf bk&m;? olwkdUwpfpkonf e*dkuwnf;u odu©m½Sdaom &[ef;aumif;rsdK; r[kwfEkdifygbk&m;? tpm;acsmifvdkU (or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifawGvdk vlpm;rsdK;awGtay: q&mwpfql vkyf&vG,fatmifvdkU) ouFef;ta&ûcHNyD; 0denf;ykefuef pum; rsdK;awG ajymaejcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 9/ aumif;aom

ousykwå bk&m;om;awmfrSefvQif omoemawmfü aumif;aomtBuH aumif;aomtajym tûytrlrsm;udk

0denf;odu©mESifh

usifhoHk;Mu&ygonf

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;12/

þvlaovljzpf0g'D

&[ef;qkd;½Sifqkd;rsm;ESifh

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUuJhodkUaom

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (10)

10/

0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem

usifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? ½Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;om;jyD; oHCmapmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\

Mo0g'gp&d,jzpfaom

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vdkufemusifhBuH

aexkdifMuukefaom

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½Sif&[ef;wkdUtm;

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[lívnf;aumif;? (c)

¤if;wkdUonf aumif;uifbHkeef;ESifh i&Jcef;wkdU\ aomhudkifrsm;jzpfMu&m [efaqmifvkyfief;ü yxrwef;

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) olwkdUonf tESpf (2500) ausmfu "mwfjym;a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk ,ckwkdif zGifhvsuf ½SdMuukef ao;\/

(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 311)

[lí vnf;aumif;? (C)

vdk&if;qkd&aomf olwkdUonf pm;a&; aomufa&; 0wfa&;twGuf ,kwåd,kwåm uif;rJhaom t<um;trSm; ESifh wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;udk ajyma[mí aeMuukef\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf pmrsufESm-314)

[lí vnf;aumif;(i)

olwkdUonf vufxyfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm;üvnf;aumif;? tdrfopf&mopf wufaom tcrf;tem;üvnf;aumif;? ay;Muukef\?

t"dyÜm,f

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&nfrSef;í

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(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm-315)

[lí vnf;aumif;? (p)

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ wynfhom0u t&if;acgufacgufBuD;jzpfaom ocifjrwfqkdif qkdoluvnf;

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bmom0efaqmifrsm;url xkdodkUaom aumif;uifedrdwfrsm;u &nfñTef;aom ab;taygif; &eftaygif;

tEÅ&m,ftaygif;rS

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uif;vGwfvkdaom Mo0g'udk

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vkdufemusifhoHk;&rnf? ykwD;ukd êud;pm;í pdyf&rnf? bmoma&;qkdif&mwkdUü tvª'ge

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ESpfqwkd;í vª'gef;&rnf [lí a[majymavh ½SdMuukef\/ (tpGJûywf wJukwfa½Teef;awmf trnf½Sd pmrsufESm-14)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;2/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| ajymorQudkbk&m;a[mwrQ vufcHxm;Muukefaom or®m'd|d

okawoetzGJUom;rsm;uvnf;

omoemawmfBuD;ESifh

omoemh0efxrf;rsm;udk

tuGuf&wkdif;

tjypfajymavh½SdMuygonfbk&m;? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0jzefUjzL;aom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf(1) pmrsufESm46-wGif ½Sifom&dykwå&mESifh ½SifOygvdwkdUvdk &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;udkyif r[kwfrw&m;0d0g'jzifhatmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm; ygonf bk&m;/ ]]ordkif;ESifh

pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif

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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;3/

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

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taygif;ygwkdU\

a&;om;ajyma[m 0g'jzefUoabmrsm;onf omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;rsm;udk qJa&;jcif;? omomemawmfBuD;\ toa&ukd

npfñl;apjcif;

trSefyifjzpfí

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olwkdUonf txufyg pum;rsdK;udk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh Ak'¨bmom qefUusifa&;orm;

ppfppfwkdUom jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨bmom ta,mifaqmifNyD; Ak'¨bmomudk twGif;uaeí zsufqD;aeolrsm; jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨bmom &[ef;oHCmrsm;\ onf;cHaerIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum ESdrfcsifwkdif; ESdrfaeol t"r®0g'orm;rsm;om jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ 5/ tm;vHk;udk

odkUjzpfygí ¤if;wkdU\ oHCmudk ykwfcwfa&;om;jcif;? rawmfrw&m; 0g'jzefUaejcif; t"r®0g'rsm;tjzpf

ppfaMumoHk;oyfí

tqHk;tjzwf

ay;awmfrlyg&ef

½dkaopGm

avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (11)

11/

y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí

Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;aqmifaom rdpäm0g'DwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmf jzpfaom

y&dwfa'oemrsm;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; r½SdMuyg bk&m;? vufrcH r,HkMunfonfhtjyif y&dwfw&m;awmf ½Gwfzwfo&Zößm,faom

yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh

y&dwfa'oemudk

Mum;emMuaom

yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkyg

tremy

ajymqkda&;om; ajyma[mcsufudk om"u tjzpf tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf bk&m;/ wdwfacGtrSwf 12? bD-buf rsufESmwGifouFef;ta&ûcH OD;Ouú|u ]]y&dwfBuD; 12-okwfudk t&nf;BuD; vufusef}} [k twdtvif; qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;? ]]ewfrSDü oDwif;oHk;aexkdifMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf y&dwfr½GwfMuyg}} [k ocifjrwfqkdifukd,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 2/

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vnf;aumif;?

ykwD;pdyfjcif;?

qkawmif;yw¬emûyjcif;?

udk;qlauR;jcif;?

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wefckd;owådESifh

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a[majymcJhMuukef\/ ,if;odkU

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rsm;pGmaomvlxku

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toJckdufatmif

,HkMunfcJhavNyD? ,xmblw obm0usaom aMumif;usdK;ESpfoG,fwkdU\ rysufruG,fpaumif;aom tquftoG,fwkdUtm; teufxnfBuD;ESifh zHk;tkyfxm;wJhtoGif tenf;tusOf;rQyif ray:vGif rxif½Sm;Ekdif jzpfcJhav&m jzpfysufaom udpörSeforQudk wefckd; jym#d[mESifh vQdKU0Sufaom tmEkabmfaMumifhom [lí rSwf½IcJhMuavNyD/ bmoma&;qkdif&m yk*¾dKvfrsm;u ÓPfeDÓPfeuf tbufbufrSm oHk;oavmuf vlxku pOf;pm;ÓPf xHkxdkif;NyD; ajymwkdif;,Hk? êuHwkdif;vkduf? EIdufwkdif;&aom vlt vl½dk;BuD;awG jzpfcJh&avNyD/

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tpodkU 3/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf0g'D

q&mBuD;rsm;ESifh

taygif;ygwdkU\

a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf

bk&m;ocifudk,fwkdif a[mawmfrlcJhaom &weokwf? cE¨okwf? arwåokwf paom y&dwfawmfrsm;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; tvQif;r½SdaomaMumifh bk&m;udky,faom w&m;udky,faom tAk'¨0g'D t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (12)

12/

Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf

arGawmf apwDykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; o'¨gw&m; ysufjym;atmif rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufrsm; jzpfMuukefaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG

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vlaovljzpf

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vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf [laom twå0g' oów'd|dt,ludk udkifpGJxm;aom

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tpodkU 5/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þuJhodkU bk&m;&dyf w&m;&dyfESifh ausmif;&dyf uef&dyfukd ckdvIHNyD; bk&m;aus;Zl; w&m;aus;Zl;

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (13)

13/

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vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ Mo0g'udk cH,lxm;Muaom or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifrsm;onf

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okawoetzGJU\

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Moumo Moumo[k vuftkyfcsDrkd; ½Sdckd;OD;cs toem;cHaeMujcif;rSm tjypf½Sdaeaom vlokdufwkdUw&m;olBuD;a½SUarSmuf t,lcH0ifa&mufMurnf[kqkdu rSm;Ekdifrnfvm;/

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tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'¨u

a½Tudk

rudkif&[k

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(C)

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a½Ttbd"r®mvlwpfpk\ a&;om;a[majymrIonf Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh oufqkdifaom

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or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdUonf

Ak'¨bmom

trnfcH,lxm;aomfvnf;

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or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwfpOf (9) opömpmapmifwGif

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;8/

or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf

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or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwf (5) opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmifwGif

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pNyD;

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (14)

14/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\

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tpodkU 5/

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enf;enf;uav;rQ r½IpdrfhEkdif bJ pmrsufESm 147-wGif atmufygtwkdif; *&[maESmí a&;xm;jyefygonf bk&m;/ ]]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;yw¬emûyrIudk rdrdudk,fwkdifûy½HkrQrurlí vl'g,umESifh 'g,dumrwkdUtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; ûyMuukefao;\}} 6/

vlaovljzpfacgif;aqmifBuD;u

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aemufvdkufaemufyg

wynfhom0uwkdU\

xdyg;csKyfcs,f½HkrQru

yd#uwfvm

ta&;tom;

tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk

vspfvsL½I&m a&mufaeMuygonf bk&m;/ 8/

0denf;r[m0gygVd? O'gef;ygVd? t*Fkwå&edum,fESifh "r®y' paom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;wGif

qkay; qkawmif; oufaoom"ursm;pGm vm½Sdygonf? xkdUaMumifh Ak'¨u vufrcHbl;[k Ouú|0g'DwkdU\ a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf rodem;rvnfolrsm; (0g) yd#uwfudk rMunfhwwfolrsm;tm; Ak'¨udk ckwHk;vkyfNyD; vdrfjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;9/

twdwfESifh

tem*wfuHw&m;rsm;udk

vufrcHMubJ

ykcufESifh

acgif;tMum;udkom

rsufarG;wpfqHk; Munfhí xif&mjrif&m pGwfvkyfaeMuaom vlaovljzpf0g'D or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;ESifh aemufvdkufaemufygwkdUonf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; aooludk &nfrSef;í oydwfoGwf qGrf;auR;jcif;udk tydktvkyf[k ,lqxm;Muygonf bk&m;? or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf olwkdUudk,fwkdifuvnf; qGrf;oGwfjcif;? trQa0jcif; ukodkvfudpö bmwpfckrQ rûyMuyg bk&m;/ 10/ or®m'd|d

1973-ck? Zlvkdifv 1-&ufxkwf twGJ(1) trSwf(1) opöm"r®pmapmifwGif pmrsufESm 15-ü

okawoetzGJUBuD;\

em,ujzpfaom

OD;wif\

romtaMumif;udk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ocifjrwfqkdifu

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

atmufygtwkdif; a&;jyxm;onfrSm or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\ bmomrJh tajccHyHkrSefo½kyfudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:apcJhygonf bk&m;/ OD;wif\

romudk

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh

"r®okawoDrsm;uyif

aemufqHk;*g&0ûyonfh taejzifh tpGrf;ukef wm0ef,lvdkufMu&m romtBuD;pm;BuD; pHcsdefxuf ravsmYygacs? tavmif;udk BuHawmokomefwGif rD;½IdUvdkufMu\/ or®m'd|dpnf;urf;ESifhtnD

bma&pufcs?

bmtrQa0?

bmqGrf;oGwfrIrQ

rygr½Sd?

bkef;BuD;[lí wpfyg;rQ ryifh? twG,ftpGJ vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfBuD;ESifhyif udpöjywfoGm;\/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;11/

]]pum;pum;? ajymygrsm;? pum;xJu Zmwdjy}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? ]]udk,fhudkudk,fazmf

rolawmf ckepfyg;}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif; txufyg ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf olwkdU[m b,fvdkvlpm;awG[k txift½Sm; jyvsuf½Sdygonf bk&m;? uHukd r,Hkaom vlEkHwkdU\ tvkyfudk t[kwfxifNyD; vkyfaeMuolrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 12/

vlaovQif

vlom

jzpfcsifaeaom

oów0g'Dq&mBuD;u

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\

ukodkvfur® udpöwpfck jzpfaom qGrf;oGwfjcif; trQa0jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; aighawmhawmh a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ aooltwGuf tûrH*wdrsm;udk

ocsØKif;ukef;okdUvkdufNyD;vQif

ay;Muukef\?

wu,fjzpfysuf&ef

aoíoGm;avNyD;olrsm;

tvm;tvmr½Sdaom

wrvGefavmuü

Munfvif½Tifys

csrf;omokc&½Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef;í qGrf;oGwfMuukef\? yd@m auR;Muukef\? trQtwef; a0Muapukef\? at;-olwkdUonf olwkdU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&müum; txl;tcRef tvGef uRrf;usifawmfrlMuukefonfwum;/

(vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm- 315)

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;13/

vlaovljzpf0g'D

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh

aemufvkdufaemufygwpfpkwkdUonf

olwkdUudk,fwkdif oydwfoGwf? a&pufcs? trQa0paom ukodkvfvkyfief;rsm;udk ypfy,faMumif;? olwkdU\ ta&;tom;ESifh ta[mtajymrsm;u oufaocHvsuf ½SdygNyD? olwkdU\ t,ltqtawG;tac:rsm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oemjzpfaom wda&muk¥okwf? ZmPkaómPdokwfpaom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh tHr0if

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

*Gifrus qefUusifvSygaomaMumifh t"r®0g' rdpämt,lom jzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (15)

15/

Oyg'ge paom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk ypfy,fNyD;

udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜm,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdY bk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvdkuf

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D

paomolwkdUonf

vlaovljzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Ekdif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rjzpf tjzpf? ujypfunpf jzpfn§pfNyD; ZGwftwif; teufay;Mu&ovdk? bk&m;a[m r[kwf vufvkyfygVdrsm;udk rw&m;xnfhoGif;Mu&ovdk vlaovljzpf 0g'udk acszsufrnfh ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm; teuft"dyÜm,frSefukdvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dyÜm,f jyefqkdMujyefygonf bk&m;/ 2/

olwkdU\ ygVda0g[m& t"dyÜm,fjyefrSm;wkdUukd xif½Sm;atmif pmtkyfpmapmif wdwfacGrsm;rS

aumufEkwf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ (u)

Oyg'gef (0g) tpGJqkdwm bmvJ? ¤if;um; tjcm;r[kwf/y/ Ä

pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpkd;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?

rufwmESifh zkdpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wkdUudk wpfckpDwpfuGJpD wnfae\-[laom ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?

wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;?

*gxmrEÅefrsm;?

y&dwfrsm;?

tif;tkdif

cvSJUvufzGJUrsm;?

um,od'¨d yD,od'¨daq;rsm;? tdyfruf ,mruf\ tusdK;tjypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;? Ä

aemufqHk;ü

obm0"r®xuf

ausmfvGefaeaom

jzpf&yfrsm;udk

(0g)

wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (c)

(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm-72)

i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;wkdUudk wcrf;wem; wnfaqmufcJhol vuform;onfvnf; xkdonfh Oyg'geftpGJjzpfonf [lí tuREkfyfwkdU odcJh&avNyD/ (vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm-303)

(*)

tb,fukodkvf'geonf

tb,fb0ü

tusdK;ay;í

rGefjrwfaom

b0odkU

a&mufEkdifonf[laom t,lonf tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom w&m;rsdK;om jzpf&m\/ (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; pmrsufESm-71)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU rSwfcsuf/ (C)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / txufygpum;wkdUonf tbd"r®mvm Oyg'gef\ t"dyÜm,fr[kwfacs/ raemurf=(0g) [',0w¬K (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmuf½kyfwkdUjzifh ûyvkyfí &aomtrI/ (vlaovljzpf-48)

rSwfcsuf/ (i)

/ ]]raem}} udk ½kyf[k bmomjyefjcif; jzpfonf/ "r®puúy0wåe="r®qkdonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwf w&m;rsm; jzpfavonf/ puúqkdonfrSm jzpfysufESifh ajymif;vJNyD; vnfí jzpfaejcif;udk qkdvkdonf/ y0wåeqkdonfrSm rsufpdESifh jrif&onfudk qkdavonf/ okwå\ t"dyÜm,frSm vlom;wkdU\ xif½Sm;½Sdaeonfh cE¨mudk,f um,udk qkdonf/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m 102-103)

rSwfcsuf/

/ ]]"r®}} udk r[mbkwf½kyf[kom bmomjyefjcif;onf "r®pMumudk ½kyf0g'w&m; jzpfatmif

vkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ (p)

'd|Kyg'gef=t,lpGJ? þt,lpGJ&mü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [lí qkdxm;&m or®m'd|d rdpäm'd|d[lí cGJjcm;jcif; r½Sdonfudk owdûytyfayonf/

(q)

0db0wPSmuawmh (b0pnf;pdrfpJGaygh)

rSwfcsuf/ (Z)

udk,frSm

r½SdwJhb0

(31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-89) vSrf;NyD;

pdwful;,OfvdkwJh

wPSmaygh/

(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opömpmapmif? OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumrS)

/ t|uxmzGifhrsm;ESifh rnDaom teufrSm;rsm;yif jzpf\/ umrb0[l&mü tm½Hkig;yg;wkdU\ £a`E´udk rapmifhpnf;rIrS jzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI wPSm Oyg'gefw&m;wkdU jzpfNyD;Ä

½lyb0qkdonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwkdU jzpfonf/

t½lyb0qkdonfrSm þ½kyfw&m;udk taMumif;&if;cHí jzpfay:vmonfh a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tjzpfoabmwkdUom jzpfonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-211)

rSwfcsuf/ (ps)

/ þt"dyÜm,fonf bk&m;a[mtbd"r®mvm t"dyÜm,fr[kwf/ b0wPSm=b0\ tjzpfudk wG,fwmpJGrufjcif;/ 0db0wPSm=b0\ *kPfyumoempnf;pdrfukd vdkvm;cHkrifjcif;/ ( Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; -70-71)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (n)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rerSm ESvHk;tdrf[',0w¬Kü vnfywfaom aoG;tpOfudkaumufrS t"dyÜm,f½Sif;p&m ½Sdayonf?

þESvHk;aoG;onfom

onmu©E¨mjzpfaom

OD;aESmuf\vkyfief;ukd

tm;ay;qufoG,faeaomaMumifh reudk aumufjcif; jzpfonf/ (ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ-60) rSwfcsuf/ (#)

/ þt,ltqonf ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;\ tjrifyif jzpfonf/ þudk,fum,onfyif

yÍöm½Hkumrig;rsdK;wkdU

jzpfapaom

oabmvu©Pmrsm;

tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif

zGJUpnf;xm;onfh

½SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk? Ä

½kyfypönf;wkdUtm;

olUXmeESifhol

udk,ftwGuf ½lybHk? Ä

toufZD0[laom xGufouf0ifouf ½SdaeonfhtwGuf t½lybHk[k t½Sif;qHk;? aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk; jzpfayonf/

(X)

(Ak'¨0dyóem yxr-61)

umrb0=rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fwkdUu tqif;? toH? teHU? t&om xdawGUzG,f&mwkdUü wkdufqHkaomtcg wyfrufwG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI? ½lyb0 = rdrd\cE¨mudk,f ½kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom owfrSwfcsufjzifh rysufcsifaom ½lyb0? t½lyb0 = rtkdcsif? raocsif? remcsifaom tjzpf? tkdrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? emrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif; tjzpf? pdwful;rsm;pGmjzifh ypöu©ta&;udpörS vGefajrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsKd;rsdK;wkdUukd pdwful;ESifh BuHqí &Ekdif\? a&mufEkdif\? oHk;oyfjcif; r½SdbJ (t½lyb0) pdwful;pGJ tjzpfrsm;/ (Ak'¨0g'jyóem pmrsufESm -5-6)

(!)

[',0w¬KqkdwJh raemtMunf½kyf-

(tewåa&mifjcnf-103)

(¡)

raemac:aom OD;aESmufrSm trSeftm;jzifh onmu©E¨m\ t"dut*Fgyif jzpfyg\/ (tewåa&mifjcnf-146)

(P)

emrfqkdonfrSm ½kyfudk trnfay;xm;aom oabmom jzpfonf/ (Ak'¨0g'jyóem-35)

(w)

pGJvrf;rI

Oyg'geftaMumif;aMumifh

b0wpfckonf

jzpfvm\/

(ypöKyÜefb0=

ausmif;om;b0rS pma&;b0? pma&;b0rS t&m½Sdb0? tdrfaxmifonfb0 ponfrsm;/) (x)

b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwd-tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfckü a&mufjcif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(')

Z&m=vkyfouf&ifhvmjcif;/

(")

r&P=tvkyfrS &yfem;jcif;? tvkyfxkwfcH&jcif;/

rSwfcsuf/

(Ak'¨0dyóem 'kwd,-176)

/ txufyg tykd'frsm;ü emrnfwyfxm;onfu Ak'¨0g' Ak'¨0dyóem? a&;xm;onfrsm;u

t½l;csD;yef; y&rf;ywm bmoma&;jyufvHk;rsm;yif jzpfayonfwum;/ (e)

ykaAÁed0goÓPfum;ykaAÁ=ajcmufESpfumv wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\

cgor,/ ESdyfpuf

ed=xif½Sm;{uef

n§if;yef;rI

trSefr½Sdaom/

cH&jcif;wkdUukd/

0go=

ÓP=trSefxGif;azmuf

todÓPf&a&mufcJhavNyD/ (y)

'dAÁpu©KÓPfum;pu©K=rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dAÁ=½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;NyD;/ ÓPH= trSefxGif; azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/

(z)

tmo0u©,ÓPftmo0=wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c,=ukefcef;csKyfNidrf;rItrSefodkU &½Sdjcif;udk/ ÓPH=trSef xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/ (trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf (1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm-7 tbd"r®m q&mpdef)

,ck

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfqkdonf\

em,uBuD;qdkol

tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdolu

ykaAÁed0gomEkówd? 'dAÁpu©K? tmo0u©, tbdnmOf[laom 0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdUukd teuft"dyÜm,f azmfjyyHkrSm vl½Twfvlaemufwpfa,mufu jcaoFhukd rjrifzl;½Smaom uav;i,fwpfOD;tm; aqmifhaMumifhxkdifaeaom zm;uav;wpfaumifukd vufñdI;xkd;jyNyD; ]]jcaoFhqkdwm 'DtaumifyJ}} [k jyouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ (A)

twåudvrxmEka,m* = twå [laom yk'f\ t"dyÜm,fo½kyfum; 0dnmOfpdwf jzpf\/ udvrxyk'f\ t"dyÜm,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\? tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um; bm0emur®|mef;wpfckckukd tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhBuHaerIudk qkd\/ (trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf(6) pmrsufESm-8)

(b)

ewf = ewfqkdonfh ygVdpum;rSm jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udk ac:í þcE¨mtwGif;rSm ½Sdaom pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,? re þ (6) ckwkdYjzifh cHpm;rI ûyjcif;udkyif pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k ac:qkd&jcif; jzpfaMumif; Ak'¨a[maom ygVdrsm;udk cE¨menf;?

vufawGUenf;wkdUjzifh

aygif;pyf½SmazGygu

rdrdwdkUcE¨mtwGif;

½Sdaom

þajcmufckudkyif ewfbHkajcmufbHkjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;pGm awGU&ygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ? pmrsufESm-23)

(r)

odef;ZD0 = ZD0\ t"dyÜm,frSm toufudk ac:ygonf? odef;\ t"dyÜm,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif ZD0=aovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIBuD; jzpf&jcif;[k jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/

(,)

umvokwf = êud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU ½kef;xGufí r&ovdk ylavmifrI'Pfudk cHae&jcif;/

(&)

oCFmw = oHrD;awmifBuD;\ tyl½Sdefjzifh zduyfí xm;bdouJhodkU ylavmifcHae&jcif;/

(v)

a&m½k0 = toH atmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEkdifbJ ylavmifrI'Pf cHae&jcif;/

(0)

r[ma&m½k0

xírEdkif

xdkifír&

ylavmifuRrf;rI'Pfudk

cHae&jcif;/

b,fvdkae&rSef;rodjzpf&onftxd

(o)

wmye = toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ &ifvHk;aqmifhvsuf ylaqG;avmifuRrf;'Pf cH&jcif;/

([)

r[mwmye

tvGef

arhajrmMu&onftxd (V)

jyif;xefpGm

toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ

owdyifr&

ylavmifrI'Pf cH&jcif;/

t0Dpd = wpfcsufuav;rQ arhaysmufír&Ekdifavmufatmuf at;uGufpyfMum;r½SdbJ ylavmifaejcif;wnf;[laom

ylavmifuRrf;rItrsdK;rsdK;?

(8)rsdK;

(8)xyfwkdU\

ESdyfpufrI'Pfrsm;udk cHae&olwkdUukd i&JBuD; (8)xyfwGif uscHae&olrsm;[k usrf;*efü jyqkdrIûyjcif; jzpfonf/ 3/ EdkifiHawmf

(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ 24-25)

txufygewfESifh i&JBuD;½SpfxyfwdkU\ t"dyÜg,fazmfjyxm;csufrsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfu oHCr[mem,u

xHarSmufü

½kyf½Sifrif;om;xGef;a0

polwdkU\

jzpfay:vmaponfh

tajccHrsdK;aphrsm;yif

teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;om

rdrdwdkUrSm;ygNyD[k

omoemapmfum;aom jzpf\/

jzpfygonf/

0efcsawmif;yefcJhMuaom bHk&Sif;wrf; t½Sufr½Sd

bHkurÇm

Edkifvif;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;udk

ajAmifyvDxm;aom

or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdUavmufom

teuftrSef

xifEdkifp&m½Sdaom rkom0g'rsm; jzpfMuayonf/ (t)

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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (6)

0d*wuxHuaxm

Za0Z0gESifh

0dk;wkd;0g;wm;awGvnf;

uif;aysmufí

oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ (7)

a0om&ZÆyawåm - tarQmftaMumufudk vGefajrmufoGm;NyDjzpfí &J&ifhjcif;odkU a&mufay vdrfhrnf/

(8)

ty&yÜpöa,m - i&J½SpfxyfESifh xufewfjA[®mqdktyfwJh wyg;aom bHkawG b0awGudk oGm;zdkU a&mufzdkU taMumif;rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGmodjrifjcif;odkU a&mufayvdrfhrnf/

(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 4-5)

txufyg 'd|"ar®m ywå"ar®m ponfwkdUrSm "r®pMum ponfwkdUüygaom bk&m;a[m

ygVdawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? teufjrefrmjyefrsm;rSmum; OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpfteufrsm;om jzpfygonf

bk&m;?

bk&m;½Sif\

aumuf,lvdk&if;

teuft"dyÜm,frsm;

r[kwfygbk&m;?

bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;\ ½Sif;vif;csufudk 'kwd,apm'emusrS avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;? txufyg aumufEkwfcsufrsm;t& Ouú|"r®pMumonf bk&m;a[m w&m;"r®ESifh qefUusifaom vlaovljzpf t"r®rsm;omjzpfaMumif; odomygNyD bk&m;/ 5/

or®m'd|dokawoeqkdaom toif;&JU q&mBuD;wpfqljzpfaom tbd"r®mq&mpdef qkdolu

"r®pMumw&m;udk 0ifNyD; ]]aum}} xm;yHkwdkUudk qufNyD; avQmufvkdufyg&ap bk&m;? q&mpdef qdkol\ omoemzsuf vuf&mum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ (c)

Zmwdyd -

ief;ief;wuf pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh?

'ku©m

qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m; jzpf&acs\/

Z&myd -

qHjzLoGm;aMuG

tom;a&,dk,Gif;

tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;wkdUudk

pdk;&drfruif;jzpfí vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©m

Asm"dyd -

ylyefaomu qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/ tema&m*g

usifemudkufcJ

Elem0JwkdU

jzpfívmonfwkdUudk

ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif;jzpfí vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©m

r&PrÜd -

rcsdxefoJ tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/ trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypönf;Opöm &wema½Tpif ponfwkdUESifhwuGaom

aqGnm taygif;wdkUtm; y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJhí ao&rnfhab;udk pdk;&drfruif; pJGvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©H

aMumufvefUarQmfudk; qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tyÜda,[d

rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Z&mAsm"d r&P ponfOóHk

ab;taygif;pHk wdkUESifh? orÜa,ma*g

vufiif;'d|

,ckyufyif;rSm

awGUêuHcHpm;ae&avjcif;[k

pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfíaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'kau©m -

ylavmifxefjyif; tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/

yda,[d -

cspfcifESpfouf pJGrufukefaom rdrd ZeD; om;orD;ESifh ypönf;Opöm

&wema½TaiG tdk;tdrfwkdufwmwdkUESifh 0dyÜa,ma*g

auGuGif;ukefqHk; ysufûydûyef;cJhonf ½Sdaomf?

'kau©m -

t½l;yrm rsuf&nfjzmí ylaqG;aomu qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/

,rÜdpäH -

rdrdwkdU tvkd½Sdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif;?

e vbwd

wrÜd

xkdodkU tvkd½Sdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif; r&jcif;aMumifh?

'ku©H

&ifwGif;vdIufzdk qif;&Jtydk jzpf&acs\/

rkcsydkifydkif r&Ekdifacs/

oHcdawåe

yÍö

rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwdkUwGif?

Oyg'geu©E¨myd -

twkdtusOf; vdk&if;udk ûcHí ajym&ygrl?

pJGvrf;jcif;

Oyg'gefESifhwuG

jzpf&Sdaeaom

cE¨mudk,fum,

wdkUonfvnf;? 'ku©m

qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpfí aeav\/

(tbd"r®m q&mpdef\ ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðomtbd"r®m}} pmtkyf? ESm- 109? 110? 111) (C)

t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g/ aom

xkduJhokdU MuHp&m pnfp&m ylp&m yifp&m aqG;p&m at;p&m csKyfNidrf;p&m

tjzmjzmwkdUonf? t,ar0

,ckypöu©ü vufiif;'d| êuHawGUae&onfh tckdufwGif

t&da,m

tpJGOyg'gef acs;an§mfwkdU\ oefU&Sif;jcif;udk tvkd½SdMuukefaom

vlom;taygif;wdkUonf? t|*Øaum

ra*¾g

usifhtyfaom w&m;wdkUaywnf;?

t*Fg½Spfyg;½Sdaom?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (tbd"r®m q&mpdef\ ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðomtbd"r®m}} pmtkyf? ESm- 104)

bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;

,ckwifjyavQmufxm;cJhaom

tcsufrsm;onf

tenf;i,f

t>rufrQom jzpfygonf bk&m;? þtcsufrsm;udk axmufqqifjcifygu awmifwGif;BuD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ taygif;ygrsm; jzpfMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifrsm;? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdkU\tvkdqdk;udk tajccHí

bk&m;½Sif\

ygVdawmftcsdKUudk

tvJGvJGtacsmfacsmf

t"dyÜm,f,lqNyD;

bmom0ifrsm;

txiftjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;um a&;om;a[majymvsuf omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif; tvGefyif xif&Sm;ygonf? xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh qefUusifaeaomaMumifh "r®0g' r[kwf? t"r®0g'ppfppfom jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (18)

18/

twåaemrwd

rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh

vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh

bk&m;ra[monfudk

bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m; 1/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh oHa,mifaemufvkduf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ a½TEIwfawmfxGuf jzpfonfhteufESifh jynhfpHkjcif;*kPf? o'´gESifh jynfhpHkjcif;*kPf? jznfhpGuf Ekwfy,fzG,fr½Sd

tvHk;pHkjynfhpHkjcif;*kPf?

tvGefpifMu,faom*kPfwkdUESifh

jynfhpHkaom

ygVdawmfrsm;udk

tvG,fwul y,f½Sm;&rSm raMumufovkd vdifrrSef 0kpfrrSef o'´grrSef teufrrSef uvdefÓPfjzifh awmufwD;awmufwJhqkdxm;aom

ygVdrsm;udk

bk&m;a[mygVdjzpfav[ef

vdrfnm

NzD;jzef;&rSmvnf;

r½SufMuyg bk&m;/ 2/

olwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk olwdkU\teufESifh wJGzufwifjyygrnf bk&m;

(u)

avmuork',Íö

tw¬d?

avmueda&m"Íö

ew¬d-[lí

ba'´u&wåokwfü

upöm,ea*gwårax&fudk Ak'¨½Sifa[mcJhonfh avmu[lonf ½Sdonf[k pJG,lu ½Sd\? r½Sd[k jywfuvnf; r½Sd[k qkdxm;\/ (vlaovljzpfjyoem-17) (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH pmtkyftzGifh) rSwfcsuf/ 3/

/ þygVdonf ba'´u&wåokwfü r½Sd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf/ oDvu©efygVdawmfrSm Ak'¨udk upöm,ea*gwårax&fu ar;avQmufonf? ]]½Sifa*gwr

þowå0gaoNyD;rS wpfzef jyefí jzpfygao;ovm;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m Ak'¨u ]]upöm,e ... avmuork',Íötw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d}} [líom aemufwpfzef jzpfao;onf[k pJGae&if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfaeonf? rpJG&if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfí rae[kom tpJGOyg'gefudkjyvsuf tajzay;cJhavonf/ (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ-22) rSwfcsuf/

/ þt"dyÜm,fonf oDvu©efygVdawmfü ryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;om jzpfonf/

avmuork',Íötw¬d?

avmueda&m"Íö

ew¬d?

jywfvQifvnf;

r½Sd[k

oH,kwfygVdawmf

upöm,ea*gwårax&fudk a[maomw&m;ü twdtvif;qdkxm;csuft& Oyg'geftpJGomvQifjzpfaMumif; ½Sif;aeonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem pmtkyf yxrwJG - 146) rSwfcsuf/

/ þa[mMum;csufvnf; ryg? ]]twdtvif;}}[k a&;jcif;onf &J&JBuD; vdrfjcif; jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (c) rSwfcsuf/ (*)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m"?

(Ak'¨0g'jyoemrsm; pmtkyf-27)

/ þygVdvnf; vkyfxnfhaom ygVdjzpf\/ ed&,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 ed&,H? obma0 OyÜga'g ed&a,m/ bdu©a0? oHo&mab; vmrnfha&;udk ajrmfawG;axmuf½I tdk ... bdu©KwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/ a'aoómrd? a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavm/ obma0? obm0av;yg;ü/ OyÜga'g? tvGef tvdkwPSmw&m;pJGvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m? ed&,rnf\/

(C)

tyg,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 tyg,H? obma0 OyÜga'g tyga,m/

(i) rSwfcsuf/

t0Dpð bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 t0Dpd? obma0 OyÜga'g t0Dpd/ /

(*)

(C)

(i)

trSwfyg

ygVdtm;vHk;onf

bk&m;a[mr[kwfbJ

bk&m;a[mvkyfxnfhxm;aom ygVd rsm;om jzpfonf/ (p)

e awe aom bdu©K? ,m0wm bdu©a0 ya&/ 0doH "r®H orm'g,? bdu©K 0kpöwd e wm0wm/

(q)

,ó ew¬d *[dwH t,H oóawm (Ak'¨½Sifu a[moGm;w,f) ,ó? tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/ ew¬d? yifudku r½SdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cE¨mudk,frSm t½SdxifNyD; pJGvrf;jcif;onf/ oóawm? oów rnfygay\/

(Z)

,ó ew¬d rkÍödwAÁH t,H Oapäa'g/ ,ó

yk*¾vó?

tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/

ukefatmifvkyfaew,f/ Oapäa'g?

ew¬d?

r½SdwJhoabmw&m;udk/

xrif;tiwfcHaew,f?

rkÍödwAÁH?

tanmif;cHaew,f?

twåudvrxmEka,m* Oapä' vrf;pOfyJ/ rSwfcsuf/ (ps)

/ txufygpum;wdkUonf bk&m;a[m r[kwfyg? rkom0g'rsm;omwnf;/ ew¬d udavao y[memwd/ ew¬d udavo? yifudku r½SdwJh udavmomawGudk/ y[memwd? y,fMuukefavmh/

(n)

tZmwm a,0 e Zm,EÅd/ tZmwm a,0? Yifudkur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,EÅd? rjzpfatmif vkyfMu? yifudku r½SdwJh udavomawGudk rjzpfatmifaejcif;[m eda&m"? 'g edAÁmef/

rSwfcsuf/

(a½Ttbd"r®m &ckdifjynf wdwfacG-bD)

/ þ (ps) (n) yg pum;onf t"r®0g'jzpfaom ausmufoabFm0g'rsdK;jzpfonf/

teufvdrfay; xm;jcif;jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (#)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ted,smeduH oræyÜvmayg/ ted,smeduH? oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif;r[kwfwJh Zmwf? t|uxm? Ak'¨0if? a0óEÅ&m ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oræyÜvmayg emr? oræyÜvmy rnf\/ (&ckdif OD;ausmfwifh wdwfacG)

txufyg

y&d,wådomoemudk

pum;üyg½Sdaom

y,fjcif;om

jzpfonf?

ygVdteufonf

bk&m;a[mr[kwf?

ygVdckwHk;vkyfNyD;

or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifqdkolwkdY\

pum;rsdK;onfom

oræyÜvmy jzpf½Hkru rdpämpum;rsm; jzpfavonf/ bk&m;a[m ygVdtjzpf a&;om;ajyma[mum ½dk;om;aom bmom0ifyk*¾dKvfwkdUtm; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;cJhMuonf/ 5/

þodkUqkdvQif OD;Ouú|\ oHa,mifaemufvkduf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwdkUonf

bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum t½Sufr½Sd vdrfnma&;om;ajyma[mMuygonf bk&m;/ 6/

olwdkUonf

wxm*wH

tblawe

tAÇmpdu©wd-a'oemt&

bk&m;½Sifudk

r[kwfrrSefaomtm;jzifh vkyfMuH pGyfpGJMuolrsm;jzpfMu&um; twåmeH cPwd? A[Hk p tyknH yo0wda'oemawmft& rdrdudk,fudk wl;ûzdzsufqD;NyD; tukodkvf w&m;qdk;rsm; wdk;yGm;apolrsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 7/

okdUygí

bk&m;a[mygVdESifh

olwdkU\

ravsmfvnf;

vufjzpfygVdrsm;onf ravsmf&um;

bk&m;a[mygVd

"r®r[kwf?

r[kwfonfhtjyif

t"r®rsm;om

jzpfaMumif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

½dkaopGmavQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (19)

19/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif

vufrcH½HkrQru

4-oacsFESifh

urÇmwpfodef;

Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom

jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom

Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf

yg&rDawmfrsm;udk

Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk

raxrJhjrifûyí

ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; 1/

uHw&m;udkypfy,fNyD;

31-bHk0g'udk

vufrcHMuaom

or®m'd|dokawoe

tzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\aemufvdkufwdkUonf Ak'¨bk&m;ociftm; omrefvlom; wpfa,mufxufydkí txifrBuD;Muyg bk&m;/ Ak'¨udk Ouú|ESifh wef;wlxm;NyD; av;oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhqnf;cJhaom

yg&rDawmfrsm;udkvnf;

olwdkUvufrcHMuyg

bk&m;?

Ak'¨bk&m;ocif\

Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'¨0iftjzpfawmfrsm;ukdvnf; olwkdUwawG vufrcHMuyg bk&m;? vufrcH½HkrQru

bmomrJh

½kyfMurf;0g'

orm;rsm;yDyD

Ak'¨0ifudk

axmfavmfuefUvefU

0g'jzefUí

ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; ûyvkyfa&;om;Muygonf bk&m;/ 2/ wGif

or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUrS arSmifcdkxkwfa0aom twJG-1? trSwf-4? opöm"r®pmapmif ESm-13

bk&m;ocif\

Ak'¨0ifESifhpyfvsOf;aom

taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd

tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUjzifh

apmfapmfum;um; a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;? odom½HkrQ aumufEkwfazmfjyygrnf bk&m;/ (u)

Ak'¨0ifü Ak'¨avmif;vsmod'¨w¬ukrm&rQ rarG;ao;rDuyif xkdewfjA[®mwdkUu 'dAÁpu©K&NyD; bk&m;avmif; aowauwkewfom;½Sd&m wkodwmewfjynfwGif pka0;í bk&m;tjzpfyGifh&ef oaE¨,lygrnfhtaMumif; 0dkif;0ef; awmif;yefMuonf [k qdkxm;\? bk&m;avmif; ewfom;udk,fwdkifu rodaom udpöudk olwdkUu êudwifNyD; bk&m;jzpfrnfholyg[k odESifhNyD;vkdvkd wpfqifhwpfvHk; wifpD;xm;vdkufMuonf/

[lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/

aowauwkewfom;u

rodír[kwf?

]]rodaomudpö}}[k

a&;jcif;onf

&rf;jcif;omjzpfonf/ (c)

0dkif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonfqkdaom udk,fhudk,fudk

owfao&ef

ewfom;uav;crsm

pum;vHk;um; wkdufwGef;Muaom

wpfzufig;&mESifh

ewfpnf;pdrf

ao;ao;auG;auG;udpör[kwf? t"dyÜm,fxGuf\? cHpm;aecGifhyif

aowauwk r&?

olwdkU

wkdufwGef;onfhtwdkif; vufuwD;Mum;u acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGusvsuf pkawcJh&onf qkd\/ [lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/

/ þpum;rSm a&;ol\ raemqdk; oabmqdk; ay:ae\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU (*)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wzef

r,fawmfrm,a'0DxHü

oaE¨rSD;rnfhtaMumif;

tdyfrufay;cef;zGifhqdk&mürl

ewfom;av; vSvS yytjzpf tdyfrufray;? t[dwfwd&pämef qifBuD;tjzpf tdyfrufay;í 0ifa&muf oaE¨,laponf/ [lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/ (C)

/ avmua&; rvdr®míom qifjzLawmfudk ½Iwfcsa&;om;jcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk tapmfum;qHk;um; o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfyg ewfokwfaygif;rsm;pGmyif jzpfonf/

[lívnf;aumif;? (i)

,if; o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf? pmrsufESm-46-wGif ygaom wm,eokwfrSmum; wPSmukefí bk&m;yif jzpfaeNyD jzpfaom Ak'¨½Sifudkyif wPSmudk jzwfygavmh? udavomumr0w¬KwdkUudk y,fygavmh ponfjzifh vmíq&mvkyfjyefonf? bk&m;u ewf\w&m;udk emvdkuf&bdokdU jzpf½HkrQru &[ef;wdkUtm;yif xkdwm,e ewfom;\ a[majymcsuf*gxmudk ydkUcsNyD; oif,lap&onf[k qdkxm;acsonf/

[lívnf;aumif;? (p)

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rûyxkduf

rvkyfoifh

rvkyfxkdufaom

udpörsdK;jzpfí

t"r®0g'tppf

t"r®0g'D

ppfppfBuD;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfEkdif&ef apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oufaocHypönf;pm&if;

trSwf(2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk

"r®

t"r®

ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrnfh oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf2- ½Hk;awmfokdU apm'emwifoGif;&mü aumufcsufxkwf azmfjyaom oufaocH pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGwdkU\ pm&if;udk oD;oefUûypkwifjyygonf bk&m;/ (þpm&if;wGif ryg0ifao;aom tjcm;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; usef&Sdygao;onf bk&m;/)

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; 1/ vlaovljzpf (½SifOuú|) 1-9-1963? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;? xkwfa0ol- armifpkd;0if;? ,m,DrSwfyHkwif (0519) jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkduf 12(c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 2/ Ak'¨ "r®pMum (awmifwGif;BuD;? ewfrSDawm&? ½SifOuú| a[monf) 1964-ck? pufwifbmv? xkwfa0ol-a':oef;? rSwfyHkwif ('DtD; 000740) trSwf 172? 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- a':oef;? oD&dr*FvmpmyHkESdyfwkduf? (rSwfyHkwiftrSwf-07) 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfûrdU/ 3/ awmifwGif;BuD; Ak'¨wuúodkvf t½SifOuú|\ ]]Ak'¨tbd"r®m}} pwkw¬vufaqmif? 1316-ck? a½TjynfwefpmyHkESdyfwkduf? wkwftifqef;? pef;yGifhukrÜPD? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmfaps;? &efukefûrdU/ 4/ tpJGûywf wJukyfa½Teef;awmf (½SifOuú| a&;) 1963-ck? arv (1)&uf? xkwfa0ol-(0509)? yHkESdyfol-rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0447) jrefrmhAsL[mpmyHkESdyfwkduf? 12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

5/ Ak'¨vrf;pOf (½SifOuú|)? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí &efukefûrdU? a&ausmf? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12? a½TjynfwefpmtkyfwkdufrS jzefUa0onf/ 6/ tewåa&mifjcnf (½SifOuú| a&;) yxr ESdyf? 1324-ck? oDwif;uRwfv/ &efukefûrdU? trSwf(1)? qif;'0pfvrf;? ½Ir0yHkESdyfwkdufwGif ½dkufESdyfí a';'&JûrdU? uGif;ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf t½SifOaZÆmwdu q&mawmfu wm0efcH xkwfa0onf/ 7/ tkd a,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ (½SifOuú|) 'kwd,yHkESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck? atmufwkdbmv/ &efukefûrdU? a&ausmfaps;? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12 (c)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkdufrS jynfvHk;uRwf jzefUa0onf/ 8/ ½SifOuú| ûypkaom ]]Ak'¨rSwfausmuf}} 1963-ck? 'DZifbmv xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (93)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf? 62-AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUa0ol- a½Tjynfwef pmaywkduf? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (94)? 12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 9/ Ak'¨pmcRefawmf (½SifOuú|) 1961-ck atmufwkdbmv? yxryHkESdyfjcif;? yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkduf? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmfaps;? &efukefûrdUrS jzefUa0onf/ 10/ toifvlom; bmrSm;aeovJ (½SifOuú|) 1966-ck? Zlvdkifv 1-&uf? xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf jrJ(0093)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf? 12 (c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUa0ol- a½Tjynfwef pmaywkduf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0094)? 12 (u)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

11/ 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH (udkudkav;) (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wnf;jzwfonf) xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117)? yif;,pmaywkduf? (289)? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif? rSwfyHkwif(0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf? trSwf-779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvmy? &efukefûrdU/ 1964-ck? atmufwkdbmv (1)&uf? 12/ twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m (tbd"r®m q&mpdef) (20-5-65) xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117)jrJ? yif;,pmaywkduf? 289? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif (0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf? 779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvmy? &efukefûrdU/ 13/ vlaovljzpfjyóem (ocifjrwfqkdif tar;? ½SifOuú| tajz) yxryHkESdyfjcif; 1964-ck? Ekd0ifbmv/ xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;vdIif? 0dZ,pmtkyfwkduf (0110) 42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? a½TûrdUawmf pmyHkESdyfwkduf? (0137) 42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefûrdU/ 14/

Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; (ocifjrwfqkdif zGifhonf/)

yHkESdyfol- OD;wif? pHcsdefopfyHkESdyfwkduf? (0421) trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwåvpf? &efukefûrdU/ xkwfa0ol- OD;wif? pdefwifpmay&dyfûrH/ (0297) trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwåvpf? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUcsdol-jynfolUtvif; pmayjzefUcsda&;? 107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? &efukefûrdU/ 15/ Ak'¨0dyóem (1) (ocifjrwfqkdif) yxrtBudrf? 1964-ck? rSwfyHkwif (0048) &efukefûrdU? 107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/ rSwfyHkwif (0047) &efukefûrdU/ trSwf 55-tvHk? ausmif;vrf;? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufrS ½dkufESdyfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

16/ Ak'¨0dyóem (2) (ocifjrwfqkdif) 1967-ck? ZEé0g&Dv? &efukefûrdU? 107? AdkvfcsKyfaps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0048) &efukefûrdU? tvHk? ausmif;vrf;-55? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufu ½dkufESdyfonf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0047) 17/ or®m'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif;ta&;awmfyHk? okdUr[kwf Ak'¨0g'ESifh b0oHo&m? 1964-ck? Mo*kwfv? xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117) yif;,pmaywkduf? trSwf 289? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? (0070) rsdK;ñGefUyHkESdyfwkduf? trSwf-90? vSnf;wrf;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ 18/ b0a&pD; (½SifOuú|) 1961-ck? pufwifbmv 22-&uf? a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? trSwf(12) ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 19/ Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;? or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf? ArmEdkifiH (tzJGU0ifrsm;om) (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 20/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf? Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom) (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 21/ 0drkwåd&ot&aumufusrf;? OD;udkudkav; (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 22/ opöm"r®pmapmif twJG (1) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) twJG (2) trSwf (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) twJG (3) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (7) (12) twJG (4) trSwf (7) (8) pkpkaygif; opöm"r® (18)apmif 23/ opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif twJG (1) trSwf (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) pkpkaygif; opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif (5)apmif 24/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf (tzJGU0ifrsm;om) opömAdrmef pnf;½Hk;a&;ESifh tbd"r®ma&;&m (jyefwrf;)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

twJG (1) trSwf (3) (6) twJG (2) trSwf (5) pkpkaygif; (3)apmif 25/ "r®tvif;a&mif (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) twJG (2) trSwf (6) (7) (8) twJG (3) trSwf (2) (3) (4) pkpkaygif; "r®tvif;a&mif (6)apmif 26/ trSefw&m; okawoe pmapmif trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) pkpkaygif; pmapmif (6)apmif (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wifjyonf) 27/ vufa½G;pif oD;oefU yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; ocifjrwfqkdif 28/ edum,f\ edum,fESifh a';'&JûrdU? ausmufwkdifrS pmrsm; (uGif;ausmif;wdkuf) 29/ Ak'¨omoemordkif; (tusOf;) yÍömedum, "r®omupämtzJGU 1330-ck? eawåmfvqef; (15)&uf (uGif;ausmif;wkduf? a';'&JûrdU) 30/ tewå0g'ESifh avmufvef;ozG,f 0dnmOfwG,f [laom twå0g'? wifjyol OD;a½Tjynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) 31/ ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ wifjyol OD;a½Tjynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) 32/ Ak'¨odyÜH y&dowf awmfvSefa&; vlom;awGtjrif bmompD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIpD;yGm;a&; 33/ a½Ttbd"r®m awmifukwf? &ckdifjynfe,f\ ar;cGef;pmapmif 34/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm;pm½Guf 35/

wdwfacG (11)acG pm&if; (u)

OD;Ouú|a[m opömav;yg; (awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm&)

(c)

OD;udkudkav; Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifcef;pm (1)

(*)

oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tp) (OD;udkudkav;)

(C)

oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tqHk;) (OD;udkudkav;)

(i)

&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU yxracG

(p)

&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU 'kwd,acG

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(q)

&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGY0if 'kwd,aeY yxracG

(Z)

&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if 'kwd,aeU 'kwd,acG

(ps)

OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (15-4-76) aeU

(n)

OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (16-4-76) aeU

(#)

OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (17-4-76) aeU

pkpkaygif; pmtkyf? pmapmif? pmwrf;rsm; trsdK;tm;jzifh

34-rsdK;

ta&twGuftm;jzifh 36/

67-ck &Sdygonf/

,ck oufaocHtjzpf wifjycJhaom pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? Pm½Guf ta&twGufrSm

trsdK;tm;jzifh (34)rsdK;? ta&twGuftm;jzifh (67) jzpfygonf? 67-rsdK;wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0olygaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rSm (19)rsdK;om jzpfygonf? usef (48)rsdK;uawmh yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygyg bk&m;? yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;t& oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyygonf bk&m;/ 37/

Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;

oifwef;trSwfpOf(1)

oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;rSm

or®m'd|d

okawoetzJGUcsKyf ArmEkdifiH[k yg½HkrQru oufaocHwdwfacG trSwf (c) (*) (C) yg OD;udkukdav;ydkUcsaom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;ydkUcscsufrsm;ESifh

vkd&if;

t"dyÜm,f

vHk;0wlnDaeygonf?

xkdUaMumifh

or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfu pmtkyfwGifygonfhtwkdif; or®m'd|d okawoetzJGU0ifrsm;xH jzefUa0aMumif; xif½Sm;í oufaocHtjzpf wifygonf bk&m;/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom) pmtkyfonfvnf; oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) pmtkyfBuD;ESifh tusOf;tus,frQom uJGjym;ívnf;aumif;? oifwef;om;rsm;ukd

jzefUa0aom

pmtkyfi,fjzpfívnf;aumif;?

or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfuyif

jzefUa0onf[k odEkdifygonf/ 38/

opöm"r®pmapmifonfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;u jzefUa0aMumif;(u)

pmayaumfrwD

(c)

yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;

(*)

twGif;pmom;ESifh

xif½Sm;aom

tcsuftvufrsm;u

oufaojyaeygonf?

opöm"r® twJG(4) trSwf(7) pmrsufESm (10)ü atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;ygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tzJGUcsKyf pmayaumfrwD (1) OD;cif[ef

(tMuHay;)

(2) OD;vGef;armif ( /

)

(3) OD;atmifEkdif (wm0efcHpmwnf;)

wkdUyg0ifaom

(4) OD;udkudkav; ( /

)

(5) OD;xGef;apm ( /

)

(6) OD;jrifhaqG ( /

)

(7) OD;wifodef; ( /

)

(8) OD;armifpdef ( /

)

pmayaumfrwDzJGUpnf;vdkufygonf/

pmaya&;&mudpöESifhywfoufvmygu

tzJGUcsKyfpmay

aumfrwDokdU qufoG,fMuapvdkygonf? þokdU a&;xm;ygonf? yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|? ocif jrwfqkdif? '*kef OD;vSaz? OD;barmif-a';'&J? OD;udkudkav; polwdkU jzpfMuygonf? oufaocHwifxm;aom

opöm

"r®pmapmif

(18)apmifwGif

(14)apmifü

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|

yg0ifa&;om;xm;ygonf? opöm"r®twJG(2) trSwf (10) pmrsufESm (11)ü "r®AdrmefwnfEkdifa&;twGuf tvªaiG ydkUEkdifonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf (1) OD;Z0e y&[dw q&mawmf? Ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/ (2) OD;ÓPfokdif;? arcvmwkduf? trSwf(954) 16-&yfuGuf? &wemvrf;? awmifOuúvmy/ (3) OD;cif[ef (opöm"r®) 313? AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefûrdU wkdUudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xdk 3-OD;wGif 2-OD;rSm ,ckpk'dwursm; jzpfaeMuygonf/ a&;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;uvnf; opöm"r® twJG(2) trSwf(12) rsufESmzHk;pmrsufESmwGif aumufcsufcs xm;onfhtwdkif; vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g' us,fjyefUatmif a&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpfygonf? xkdUaMumifh opöm"r®pmapmifrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyMuygonf/ 39/

opöm"r®a&;&m pmapmifrsm;? opömAdrmef pmapmifrsm;? "r®tvif;a&mif pmapmifrsm;

tygt0if usefpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmifrsm;onfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ bmomrJh0g'udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tpGrf;ukefxlaxmifaeMuonfh pmapmifrsm;omjzpfaMumif; aphaphpyfpyfMunfhu odEkdifygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh azmfjycJhNyD;aom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;ukd oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyMuygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ½Hk;awmfrS ppfar;jcif; aeYpJG (30-6-81)

obmywdu ar;jcif; apm'emudpö

NyD;oGm;ygNyD?

tudk;tum;awGazmfjyNyD;

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

apm'em

wifxm;ygw,f?

tckvdk

pmtkyfpmwrf;

oufaocHjzpfwJh

pmrsufESm

pmtkyfawG

pmwrf;

wdwfacGawGudkvnf; tckpm;yJGay:rSm wifNyD;xm;w,f? tck wifjyxm;wJh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG pmapmifawG tm;vHk;[m

OD;Ouú|0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'eJY

ywfoufvkdU

a&;xm;wm

trSefjzpfygovm;? r[kwf&ifvJ jiif;y,f Edkifygw,f/ OD;OaZÆmwdu

-wynfhawmfrsm;taeeJU 'Dudpö vHk;0 rodyg bk&m;/

obmywd

-usefwJhq&mawmfrsm;u ,ck oufaocHwifjyxm;wJh pmtkyf pmapmifawGonf q&mawmfwdkU

t&ifwkef;u

oHk;oyfzl;wJh

vufcHzl;wJh

oabmwlzl;wJh

pmtkyfpmwrf;awG [kwfygovm;vkdU ar;ygw,f/ OD;Z0e 2-yg;

-wynfhawmfrsm;vJ rodMuawmhyg bk&m;/

OD;qE´m"du

-wynfhawmfvJ rodawmhyg bk&m;/

obmywd

-b,folrS rodbl;aygh? 'gjzifh aemufu ocifjrwfqkdifwkdU or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUrS OD;cif[efwkdU ajzyg/

ocifjrwfqdkif

-wynfhawmf emrnfeJU a&;xm;wJh[mawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;? wjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; a&;wmawmh rodyg bk&m;? or®m'd|dtzJGUxJvJ wynfhawmf rygbl; bk&m;? a&;w,fqkdwm

0efcHygw,f?

wynfhawmftrnf

ygwmrSeforQ

tm;vHk;

wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/ OD;cif[ef

-bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;eJU ywfoufwmawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/

OD;Óedu

-ywfoufw,fqdkwmu or®m'd|dokawoetrnfyg&if wm0ef,lr,f ajymwmvm;

(0denf;"dk&f) OD;cif[ef

-or®m'd|demrnfyg&if wm0ef,lygr,f bk&m;/

ocifjrwfqdkif

-avQmufxm;csifwmu ESpfavmufuxJu

½Sif0go0pmawGeJUa&maxG;aeNyD;awmh

wynfhawmfwdkUeJU

vHk;0rwlwJhudpöjzpfaew,f?

'gu

15-

½dk½dkaoao

avQmuf&r,fqkd&ifawmh rawmfrwJh pum;awG jzpfaew,f? tJ'g tapmBuD;uxJu tJ'Dyk*¾dKvfeJU wynfhawmfwdkU rqdkifawmhygbl;/ OD;Óedu

-rqdkifwmawmh[kwfNyD? or®m'd|deJYywfoufNyD;awmhygaew,f? olu wm0efcHNyD;

(0denf;"dk&f)

xkwfa0xm; awmh olu ygaew,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU ocifjrwfqdkif

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) -'guawmh [kwfygw,f bk&m;? or®m'd|deJUawmh qkdifygw,f bk&m;? or®m'd|duawmh rSefw,f? wynfhawmfwkdUtaeuawmh ½Sif0go0eJU vHk;vHk;rywfoufyg bk&m;/

OD;Z0e

-vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk OD;0go0u wm0ef,l xkwfa0xm;w,f r[kwfvm;/

(0denf;"dk&f) ocifjrwfqdkif

-½SifOuú| ygaeawmh wynfhawmf wm0ef,l&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/

obmywd

-or®m'd|dudk b,folu wm0ef,lrSmvJ/

ocifjrwfqdkif

-t½Sifbk&m;wkdU

axG;aew,f

xifw,f

bk&m;?

or®m'd|dudk

OD;cif[efu

wm0ef,lygvdrfhr,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfu oyfoyf wpfa,mufxJyJ bk&m;? e*dkuxJu tzJGUtpnf;r½Sdyg bk&m;? bmvdkUvJqkd&if wpfa,mufxJ vHk;csif;yJ êudufw,fbk&m;? cHp&m½SdvJ udk,fh[mudk,f cHr,f? aop&m½SdvJ udk,fh[mudkyJ aor,f? tazmftaygif;eJUqkdawmh iJh&wm uGuf&wmawGu jyóem ½IyfvGef;vdkU e*dkxJu vHk;csif;yJ bk&m;/ obmywd

-aumif;NyD? aumif;NyD/

ocifjrwfqdkif

-½SifOuú|vkyfaqmifcsufrSeforQ? ½SifOuú|trnfygorQ tm;vHk; wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;? [kwf[kwf r[kwf[kwf udk,fhq&mbufu &yf&rSmyJ bk&m;? 'grSvJ wynfhawmf wynfhaumif; jzpfr,f bk&m;? 'Dae&mrSmawmh wynfhawmf xGufajy;vdkU r&awmhygbl;/

vlaovljzpf0g'udk t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; q&mawmf 3-yg;u 0efcHjcif; obmywd

-apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wifjyapm'emxm;wJh

21-csuftwkdif;tqHk;tjzwf

ay;&vdrfhr,f? pk'dwu rsm;u 'gudkvufcHEkdifMuovm;? okdUr[kwf acsy ajymqdk vkdovm;/ OD;OaZÆmwdu

-wynfhawmfrsm;twGuf vlaovljzpfpmtkyfeJYywfoufvdkU avQmufxm;vdkygw,f?

(a';'&J)

vlaovljzpf usrf;pmtkyfeJUywfoufvdkU "r® t"r® qHk;jzwfcsufudk qHk;jzwfay;zkdU&m 0dedpä,twGuf

t½Sifjrwfrsm;rSm

wm0ef½Sdygw,f?

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

vlaovljzpfusrf;udk t"r®0g'vkdU wifjyxm;wJh twkdif; wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ jiif;qdkjcif; uefUuGufjcif;

rûyvdkyg?

wynfhawmfrsm;udk,fwdkifu

vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk

t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; vGefcJhwJh (7)ESpfavmufupNyD; oloufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdpOfuyif olUrsufarSmufü

uefUuGufNyD;jzpfaevdkU

'Dpmtkyfudk

apm'ut½Sifjrwfrsm;u

t"r®0g'vkdU wifjyaecsuftwGuf uefUuGufzkdY acsyzdkU vHk;0r½Sdyg/ þtaMumif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) q&mawmfbk&m;rsm; w&m;0if pmeJU wifoGif;cGifhûyvQifvJ wifzdkU tqifoifh a&;NyD; jzpfygw,f/

obmywd

-wifEkdifygw,f? wifyg/

]]bk&m;½Sifu omoemawmfudk yk*¾dKvfwdkif;twGuf ay;xm;wm? ukd,hfomoem udk,fqdkifw,f? udk,fydkifw,f? ûzef;wD;rypfygeJY? tysufpD;rcHygeJY}} ("r®'lw t½SifynmaZmw)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

100

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a';'&J OD;OaZÆmwdu\ 0efcHcsuf

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf? EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) odkU apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u apm'em wifoGif;aom vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g'ESifh ywfoufí wifjyavQmufxm;vTmyg bk&m;/ aeUpJG/ 30-6-81 oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh

a½Ttbd"r®mqkdaom0g'wkdUESifh

pyfvsOf;í apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u tcsufaygif; (21)csuf wifjyNyD; xdk0g'rsm;onf "r®0g'r[kwf? t"r®0g' rsm;omjzpfaMumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;&ef wifjyavQmufxm;onfudk Mum;od&ygonf bk&m;? xdkapm'emaom

tcsufrsm;teuf

bk&m;wynfhawmftaejzifh

vlaovljzpfpmtkyfESifh

qefUusifvkdjcif;?

acsyvkdjcif;?

ywfoufonfh

tcsufrSeforQudk

aom"emûyvdkjcif;

r½Sdygbk&m;?

apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;uJhokdUyif wynfhawmfuvnf; xkd0g'rsm;udk t"r®0g'tjzpf vufcHxm;NyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 2/

OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfoufí wynfhawmfonf OD;Ouú| ½SdpOfuyif vufcHrI

,HkMunfrI r½SdcJhyg? aygif;wnftxuf tif;r½GmBuD;w&m;yJGü wynfhawmfonf OD;Ouú|ESifhtwl qHkcJhpOfu 'umwpfOD;\

vlaovljzpfw&m;udk

ajzMum;vdkufyg[k

OD;Ouú|\

emvdkaMumif;

rdefUMum;csuft&

avQmufxm;&mwGif wynfhawmf

t½SifOaZÆmwdu

ajzqkd&mü

(a';'&J)

]]vlaovljzpf0g'onf

Ak'¨tvdkawmfusaom 0g'r[kwfaMumif;? Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfESifh rnDaom0g'jzpfaMumif;}} udk wpfem&DcefU tus,fcsJUí ajyma[mrdefUMum;cJhygonf/ teD;wGif ikwfwkwfxdkifaeaom OD;Ouú|uvnf; bmrQajymqkdjcif; rûyyg/ a';'&JrSmaeorQ w&m;a[morQtcsdefwdkif; b,ftcgrSvnf; vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfoufaom w&m;rsm;udk ra[mcJhyg/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk ,HkMunfrI cH,lrIr½Sdí ra[mjcif;om jzpfygonf/ 'Dvdk ra[maMumif;udk a';'&JûrdUe,f? oHCem,utzJGUrS ûrdUe,fomoema&;rª;rsm; a½SUarSmufü vGefcJhaom waygif;vqkwf 14-&ufu w&m;0if ajz½Sif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/

okdU&mwGif

apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ vkyfaqmifcJhzl;ygonf?

,cifu

OD;Ouú|ESifh

apm'emüyg½Sdonfhtwkdif; ,cktcgwGifrl

qufoG,fcJhonftm;avsmfpGm edum,f\

omoemawmf

edum,f

wpfbuf

paomudpörsm;udkrl

oefU½Sif;wnfwHh

jyefUyGm;a&;udk

aqmif½GufvmonfhtwGuf EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u ,xm"r® ,xm0de, rus[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuygu vkdufemusifhoHk;&ef 0efcHuwdûyaMumif; ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 4/

xdkokdU

0efcHonfESifhtnD

,cktcgü

"r®a&;&mESifh

ywfoufí

wynfhawmfonf

q&mpOfquf ax&0g'*dkPf;om;jzpfí ax&0g'*dkPfoHk;"r®rsm;udk av;pm;vsuf½Sdygonf? oH*g,em 6wef wifNyD;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf vufcHvdkufemvsuf½Sdygonf? 0de,a&;&mESifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

101

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ywfoufívnf; oH*g,emwifNyD; yd#uwfawmfvm 0denf;awmfrsm;udk vkdufemusifhoHk;vsuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 5/

txl;avQmufxm;vdkonfrSm

wynfhawmfausmif;xJü½Sdaom

ausmufwdkifESifhywfoufí

opömav;yg;? y#dpöorkyÜg'f? tewåvu©P xdkoHk;okwft& Munfñdkav;pm;í aemifvmaemifom;twGuf &nfñTef;um ausmufwkdifpdkufxlxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odkUaomf xkdausmufwkdifü OD;Ouú|\ w&m;vuFmrsm; a&;xdk;xm;ygonf? ,if;ausmufwkdif½Sd pmayrsm;onf ,xm"r® ,xm0de, rjzpfbl;[lí qHk;jzwfygvQif qHk;jzwfonfhtwkdif;vkdufemaqmif½Gufygrnf bk&m;/

t½SifOaZÆmwdu uGif;ausmif;? a';'&JûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

102

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf 2-yg;\ 0efcHcsuf

okdU/ obmywdq&mawmf trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tzJGU aeUpJG/ 30-6-81 1/ OD;Z0e

ae½Sife,fy&[dwausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD; ESifh

2/ OD;Z0e

ig;qifhausmif;(taemuf) awmifwGif;BuD; wkdUrS

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wifoGif;oGm;aom apm'emcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jyefvnfacsyjcif;rsm; rûyvkyfMuyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk cH,lvdkufemygrnf bk&m;/ ,ck apm'emwJhtcsufawGudk t"r®0g'[k wynfhawmfrsm;vnf; cH,l (y,fpGefU) ygrnf bk&m;/

1/ t½SifZ0e

2/ OD;Z0e

ae½Sife,f y&[dwausmif;?

ig;qifh taemufausmif;?

awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

103

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vufrSwfxdk;Edkif rxdk;Edkifar;jcif;

obmywd

-q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;teuf a';'&JOD;OaZÆmwdu uawmh OD;Ouú|½SdpOfuxJu vlaovljzpf t,ludk vufrcHygbl;vdkU 0efcHpmxJrSm twdtvif;azmfjyxm;w,f? awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf

OD;Z0e

2-yg;&JUpmu

vlaovljzpft,ludk

e*kdu

vufrcHbl;? (okdUr[kwf) vufcHNyD;om;t,lukd ,ckrS pGefUw,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,fvm; bk&m;? 'DpmxJrSm rygbl;? q&mawmfwdkUpmu raocsmbl;/ OD;Z0e

-wynfhawmfeJUOD;Ouú|wdkUtvkyfu

wjcm;pDygbk&m;?

wynfhawmfu

y&[dw

tvkyfqkdawmh y&[dw vkyfief;yJ vkyfygw,f bk&m;? olU&JUvlaovljzpfudk oludk,fwkdifa[moHvJ rMum;zl;ygbk&m;/ obmywd

-a[moHawmh rMum;bl;? pmtkyfu ArmwpfjynfvHk; ESHUaew,f? e,fpGefe,fzsm;txd tm;vHk; a&mufaew,f? 'gaMumifh q&mawmfrsm; e*dku 'Dpmtkyft& OD;Ouú|&JU avmif;&dyfatmufrSmrdNyD; 'Dt,ltwkdif;udk vkduf,laewmvm;/

OD;Z0e 2-yg;

-a½S;uvJ rvkdufzl;yg? ,ckvJ rvdkufyg bk&m;/

obmywd

-'gjzifh 'Dt,ludk vHk;0 r,lbl;aygh? aemufudkvJ r,lbl;? 'D0g'udkvJ rjzefUjzL;bl;? q&mawmfu

y&[dwtvkyform;jzpfí

y&[dwtvkyfudkyJ

qufvkyfr,f?

OD;Ouú|&JU0g'udk jzefUjzL;zdkU? qufNyD; a[majymzdkU rdrdudk,fwkdifuvJ rvkyfawmhbl;? 'Dvdkvm;/ OD;Z0e

-rSefyg bk&m;/

obmywd

-OD;Ouú|t,ludk vufcHwJhtaMumif; 'Dq&mawmf 3-yg;u 0denf;"dk&ftzJGUudk wifjyxm;w,f? 'D q&mawmf 3-yg;u aemifudk 'Dt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufNyD; bmrQrvkyfygbl;qkdwm y#dnmOf0efcHcsuf ay;NyD? 'gaMumifh 0dedpä, csrSwfwJhtcg q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg; vufrSwfxdk;Mu&r,f? vufrSwf xdk;Edkifw,f r[kwfvm;/

OD;Z0e 2-yg;

-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/

OD;OaZÆmwdu

-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/

obmywd

-at;? vufrSwfxdk;rS twnfjzpfr,f? 'gjzifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;twGufuawmh e*dkuvJ [kwfwdywfwd ,lwm r[kwfbl;aygh? aemuf OD;OaZÆmwdu uawmh OD;Ouú| toufxif½Sm;½SdpOf uyif 'Dt,ludk olUa½SUrSmyJ ajAmifjiif;cJhw,f [kwfvm;/

OD;OaZÆmwdu

-rSefyg? ajAmifjiif;cJhygw,f bk&m;/

obmywd

-tJ'Dvdkqkdawmh

3-yg;twGufu

rdrdwdkUe*dku

OD;Ouú|avmif;&dyfrdNyD;

,lrdonfjzpfap? oabmus NyD;onfhumv vufcHonfjzpfap? q&mawmfOD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;toif;vkyfNyD; aerdonfhtwGuf ,ck q&mawmfwdkU tckvdk 0denf;"dk&f½Hk;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

104

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? trSefpifppf tJ'Dvkdjzpfawmh q&mawmfwkdU 3-yg;[m rdrdwdkU OD;Ouú|ESifh twlaerd ajymrd qdkrd vkyfrd udkifrd eJeJusOf;usOf; ½SdrdwJhtwGuf q&mawmf OD;OaZÆmwduausmif;rSmu tpnf;ta0;awGvkyf? ausmufwkdifawGxl qkdawmh wpfoabmxJvdk jzpfaew,f/

OD;OaZÆmwdu

-rSefygh? txnfudk,fu ½Sdaeawmh xifp&mjzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/

obmywd

-rajy;aomfvnf; uef&mu½Sdaew,f qkdovdkyJ? tJ'Dvdk½SdaewJhtwGuf q&mawmfwdkU 'D½Hk;udk a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdka&mufvmawmh 'Dt,ludk r,lygbl;? 0dedpä,tzJGUu csrSwforQ tqHk;tjzwf cH,lygr,fvdkU ,ck 0efcsw,f r[kwfvm;/

OD;OaZÆmwdu

-rSefyg 0efcsygNyD bk&m;/

obmywd

-tJ'Dvdk

0efcsawmif;yefwmtifrwefaumif;ygw,f?

rdrdwdkU

vkyfrdrSm;rdorQudk

trSm;udktrSm;rSef; od&SdNyD; ]]tpö,H tpö,awm 'doGm ,xmypö,H ua&mwd}} bk&m;a[m a'oemrSm yg½SdwJh twkdif; ukpm;jcif;trI ûyvkdufwmyJ? tJ'Dvdk ukpm;rIûyvdkufwJhtwGuf

bk&m;½SifomoemawmfrSm

oDv

orm"d

ynm

wkd;yGm;zdkUtaMumif;om ½Sdygw,f? 'gaMumifh t½Sifbk&m;rsm; 'Dvdk0efcswJhtwGuf q&mawmfwdkU

0depä,tzJGUrS

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om

vufcHNyD;oumv auseyfNyD;oumv om"k ac:ygw,f/ (om"k-om"k-om"k) 'gaMumifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;onf 'Dapm'emrsm;udk acsyjcif;? aom"emjcif; rûyvkyfwJhtwGuf csrf;csrf;omom aeEkdifygNyD? 'gayrJh q&mawmfwdkU pk'dwutjzpfu rvGwfao;bl;? rvGwfao;wJh twGuf 'D½Hk;u 0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf cswJhtcg vma&mufNyD;awmh rsufarSmufemcH&OD;r,f? q&mawmfwdkUudk taMumif;Mum;r,f? tJ'Dtcg 'D½Hk;udkvmNyD; a½SUarSmufrSm qHk;jzwfcsufudk emcHMu &r,f/ pk'dwu&[ef;rsm;

-rSefyg emcHygr,f bk&m;/

obmywd

-usef

q&mawmf

OD;qE´m"duESifh

vlpk'dwu

yk*¾dKvfrsm;u

acsyajymqkdrSm

trSefyJvm;/ OD;a½Tjynfh

-wynfhawmf OD;a½Tjynfh (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ) udkom acsyygrnf bk&m;/

ocifjrwfqkdif

-wynfhawmf acsyygrnf bk&m;/

OD;cif[ef

-wynfhawmf or®m'd|dtzJGUudk,fpm; acsyygrnf bk&m;/

OD;qE´m"du

-acsyygrnf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

105

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em wif&ef &ufcsdef;ay;jcif;

obmywd

-apm'uyk*¾dKvfawG wifjyxm;wJh apm'emrsm;rSmvJ tudk;tum; tpHktvif rygao;bl;?

ygVd t|uxm #Dum tudk;tum;jyzkdU vkdao;w,f? aom"emacsrJh yk*¾dKvfawGu pHkpHkvifvifod&atmif apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u tudk;tum; ygVd t|uxm #Dum wifjyNyD; avQmufxm;&OD;r,f? txl; 0daooapm'em

tus,favQmufxm;&OD;r,f?

tck[mu

omrnapm'em

½Sdao;w,f?

b,f[m

b,f[mjzifh b,fygVdawmf b,ft|uxm b,f#Dum b,frsufESmESifh rudkufnDaMumif; tpHktvif azmfjy&OD;r,f? 'gaMumifh 0gqdkvqef;(3)&ufaeU eHeuf (8)em&DrSm 0daooapm'em wif&r,f/ apm'ursm;

-q&mawmfrsm;

trdefUtmPmudk

av;pm;aomtm;jzifh

0daooapm'emudk

xyfí

wifygrnf bk&m;/ obmywd

-OD;qE´m"duESifhwuG pk'dwuyk*¾dKvftm;vHk; tJ'DaeUvmMu&r,f? OD;Z0e 2-yg;ESifh

OD;OaZÆmwdu wdkUuawmh csrf;csrf;omom aeEdkifygNyD/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

106

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm 0daooed'gef; 0daoo ap'em trSwf(1) OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(2) vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(3) (31)bHkudk

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;

vufrcH[lí

rSm;,Gif;pGm

a&;om;a[majymrIESifh

ywfoufí

uH-uH\

tusdK;w&m;ü

ouf0if,HkMunfrI

ysufpD;atmif

0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(4) Ak'¨bmom\

tajccHjzpfaom

zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(5) twdwf tem*wfb0wdkUudk vHk;0ypfy,fNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g' jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om; a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(6) Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨bmodw(bk&m;a[m) r[kwf? aemuftvGefusrS om0u&[ef;rsm; wDxGifaz:xkwf av[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm ajymqdka0zefjcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(7) Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk xdyg;apvsuf Ak'¨omoem ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif; a[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(8) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGwfajrmuf&m vrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMuyHkESifh ywfoufí usrf;*ef taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(9) Ak'¨omoemawmf\ toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD; ouFef;0wfí

omoemta&ûcHum

rodem;rvnfaomolwdkUtm;

vSnfhzsm;vdrfnmí

q&mwpfql

vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh xyfrHapm'emaom 0daooapm'emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0daoo ap'em trSwf(10) 0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufemusifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif; ½Sifaumif; oHCmawmfwdkUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;omNyD; oHCmawmfudk apmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(11) y&dwf[k ac:qdkaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwf aumif;[kqdkNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(12) yxrapm'emvTmwGif yg0ifaom trSwf (12) apm'em (ouFef;ESifh 0wfxnf? qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;) udpöudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm om"uwdkUjzifh xyfrHavQmufxm;csuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(13) bmomomoem\

wifhw,frIwpfck[k

qkdxkdufaom

Ak'¨bmom

,Ofaus;rIESifh

pyfvsOf;onfh

"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk tvkdqkd;jzifh tjrpfrSvSefvsuf wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daoo apm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;? paom bmomrI ukodkvfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;udk tydkoufouf tjzpfjzifh a[majyma&;om; zsufqD;jcif; apm'emqkdif&mü 0daoo apm'emûycsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(15) Oyg'ge paom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf a0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;\ teuft"dyÜg,frSefudk ypfy,fjyD; udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜg,f aumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daoo apm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(16) ax&0g' yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifhedAÁmefudk pdwful;,Of vlaovljzpf t,ltqESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifzGifhqdk a&;om;jcif; apm'emqdkif&m 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(17) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\

Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD;

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|\

"r®pMumvufopfESifh

pyfvsOf;í 0daoo apm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(18) twåaemrwd- rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifhywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(19) Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk raxrJhjrifûyí ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh 0daooapm'emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0daoo ap'em trSwf(20) ax&0g'vm oH*g,em (6)wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(21) oH*g,em 6-wefwifjyD; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwfyg[lí

vnf;aumif;?

[dE´LjAm[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif;

Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;

tjrifrSm;atmif

vSnfhpm;vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom 0daooapm'emcsuf

r[memrfrif;\ pdwfaeoabmxm; r[memrfrif;u bk&m;eJUpyfNyD; olUpdwfaeoabmxm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm 'Dvdk azmfjy avQmufxm;ygw,f/ ]]NrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf? &[ef;oHCmeJUrdef;rawGuwpfzuf 'DvdkuGJae&if wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf? trsKd;om; trsKd;orD; oHCmawGeJUvl0wfaMumif trsKd;om;trsKd;orD; Oygoum OygodumrawGuwpfzuf 'DvdkuGJae&ifvnf; wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf &[ef; ½Sif vlawGeJU ewfjA[®mawGuwpfzuf? 'DvdkuGJae&if wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m;}}

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,twGuf 0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm 1343-ck? 0gqdkvqef; 3-&uf? paeaeU (4-7-81) 0daooed'gef;

trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;/ 1/ vlaovljzpf

1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf (13)&uf? (30-6-81)aeUu þoD;jcm;0dedpä½Hk;awmfü OD;Ouú|0g'?

xdkum,uH½SifwkdU

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?

a&;om;xkwfa0

jzefUcsDaom

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'qdkonfwkdUESifh pmtkyf?

pmwrf;?

pmapmif?

ywfoufí wdwfacGwdkUudk

oufaocHypönf;rsm;tjzpf wifjyvsuf ,if; pmtkyf pmapmif wdwfacG wkdUrS ta&;BuD;aom pmydk'f pum;&yfwkdUudk aumufEkwfazmfjyNyD; xdk0g'rsm;onf Ak'¨"r®ESifh qefUusifaom t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfu tqHk;tjzwfay;awmfrlyg&ef tcsufaygif;(21)csufwkdUjzifh apm'emvTm wifoGif;cJhygonf bk&m;/ xkdokdU apm'emvTm wifoGif;cJh&mwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf(7)OD;teuf yd#uwfusrf;*efudk avhvmzl;aom q&mawmf OD;OaZÆmwdu (a';'&J)? awmifwGif;BuD;rS q&mawmf OD;Z0e (ae½Sife,f) ESifh q&mawmf OD;Z0e (ig;qifh)wkdUu wynfhawmfrsm; apm'emonfhtwkdif; xkdvlaovljzpf0g' ponfudk t"r®0g'jzpfygaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfü0efcHoGm;MuNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;? okdU&mwGif usefpk'dwu (4)OD;wkdUrSm 0efrcHvdkMuojzifh apm'uyk*¾dKvfjzpfMuaom wynfhawmfrsm;u rdrdwdkU apm'emcsufrsm;tay: usef½Sdaom pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm; ydkrdkoabmayguf

em;vnfMuap&ef

yd#uwfusrf;*ef

oufaoom"ursm;jzifh

xyfrHí

0daooapm'emwif&ef ½Hk;awmf\cGifhûycsuft& ,ck 0daooapm'emudk wifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/ 2/

trSwf(2) EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU0if q&mawmft½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;-

]]t"r®udk "r®[lí ñTefjyMuaom &[ef;rsm;ç "r®udk t"r®[lí ñTefjyaom &[ef;rsm;ç jrwfpGmbk&m; ra[mtyfonfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mtyfonf[lí ñTefjyaom &[ef;rsm;ESifh jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mtyfonfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; ra[mtyf[lí ñTefjyaom &[ef;rsm;onf vla&mewfyg owåwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;rJhjcif; qif;&Jjcif;iSm

usifhMuolwdkUjzpfMuukef\?

xdk&[ef;wdkUonf

rsm;pGmaom

tukodkvfw&m;udkvJ

jzpfyGm;apukef\? þomoemawmfudkvnf; uG,faysmufapukef\}} [lí vnf;aumif;? ]]t"r®udk t"r®[lí ñTefjyMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;ç

"r®udk

"r®[lí

ñTefjyMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;ç

jrwfpGmbk&m;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

107

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ra[mtyfonfudk

jrwfpGmbk&m;

ra[mtyf[lí

ñTefjyMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mtyfonfudk

jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mtyf\[k

ñTefjyMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf

vla&mewfyg

owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif; csrf;omjcif;iSm usifhMuukef\? xdk&[ef;awmfwdkUonf rsm;pGmaom ukodkvfw&m;udkvnf; jzpfyGm;apukef\? þomoemawmfudkvnf; wnfwHYapukef\}} [lí vnf;aumif;? t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? {uedygwf? pmrsufESm (18)(19) wdkUü jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlxm;aom vnf;aumif;?

a'oemawmfudk

bk&m;

OD;xdyfxm;um

ra[monfudk

bk&m;

wynfhawmfrsm;onf

ra[m[lí

t"r®udk

vnf;aumif;?

t"r®[lí

ñTefjyMuygonf?

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'gwdkUudk t"r®0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMu&ef apm'emvTm wifoGif;Mujcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/

wynfhawmfrsm;\ apm'emyHkudk tcsdKUu oabmraygufMuyg bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh

em;vnfoabmaygufatmif

tenf;i,f

½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;yg&ap

bk&m;?

wynfhawmfrsm;

apm'emMu&mü ]]t"r®0g'}} wnf;[laom rludkom tajcûyí apm'emMujcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ajymMum;&jcif;onf xdk ]]t"r®0g'}} ESifh oufqdkifaomaMumifhom rvTJom ra½Smifom ajym&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 4/

Oyrm ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} qdkaom udprö sdK;ESifh ywfoufí OD;Ouú| jzpfap OD;0go0

jzpfap ocifjrwfqdkif jzpfap or®m'd|dokawoe toif;om;rsm; jzpfap a½Ttbd"r®mtoif;om;rsm; jzpfap yg0ifywfoufonfom jzpfygonf bk&m;? ]]'dkUESifh rqdkif}}[lí cGJxGufí r&yg bk&m;? tjcm;aom apm'emcsufrsm;üvnf; þenf;twlyif jzpfygonf bk&m;? ,ck oD;jcm; 0dedpä,trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfü pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf

xnfhoGif;xm;olrsm;rSm

wynfhawmfrsm;

apm'emonfh

tcsufrsm;udk

ajzqdkEdkifMuapjcif;iSmom jzpfygonf? trSefpifppf ½Hk;awmfu ]]t"r®0g'D}} [k qHk;jzwfvsif xdk ]]t"r®0g'}} ESifh ywfoufoltm;vHk; ]]t"r®0g'D}} rsm;om jzpfMu&ygrnf bk&m;? odkUjzpfaomaMumifh 0g'ESifhywfoufol rSeforQ waygif;wpnf;wnf; yg0ifNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 5/

apm'em\acgif;pOf wif&mü xHk;pHtwdkif; pum;usOf;pdrfhaomiSm vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g'

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'

a½Ttbd"r®m0g'

[lí

oHk;EIef;jcif;

jzpfygonf

bk&m;?

þtxJu

bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;u tcsufaygif; (21)csufudk wifjyNyD; ]]"r®}} ]]t"r®}} apm'emjcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? þapm'emaom tcsuf(21)csuf onfomvQif þ½Hk;awmfü w&m;0if oufqdkifaomtcsuf jzpfygonf bk&m;/

þoabmudkem;vnfvQif

vufcHoifhonfudkom

vufcHonf

rdrdwdkUonf ponfjzifh

OD;Ouú|0g'udk ajymzG,fr½Sdyg

tm;vHk;vufcHonf

bk&m;?

]]"r®}}

]]t"r®}}

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

r[kwf? jyóem

108

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rjzpfaomtcsufrsm;

usef½Sdao;onfqdku

rdrdwdkUoabmtwdkif;yifjzpfonf/

wynfhawmfwdkU\

apm'emcsufESifh roufqdkifyg bk&m;/ 6/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| ponfwdkUtay: apm'em&jcif; taMumif;udkvnf; þae&mwGif

½Sif;vif; avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; wifoGif;cJhaom yxrapm'emed'gef;ü azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\ vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfrIudk rnfodkUrQajymzG,f rvdkyg bk&m;? 0dedpä,wifí apm'emqdkonfum; tdyfrufyif rufzdkUudpö r[kwfyg bk&m;? odkU&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH wpf0ef;vHk;½Sd

&mEIef;(80)ausmfrQjzpfaom

oHCmawmfwdkU\

tjrwfwEdk;

Ak'¨bmom0if

udk;uG,f&mjzpfaom

yd#uwfoHk;oG,fwdkUESifhwuG

xdkAk'¨bmom&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\

ykwfcwfvmjcif;ç

ûyvkyfjcif;rsm;twGufudkrl

rdrdxif&m

jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;ESifh

wpfodef;ausmf

oH*g,em(6)wefwif

edum,fig;&yf?

"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk

oufqdkif&m

abmifausmfí

xdyg;

Ak'¨bmom0if&[ef;½SifvlwdkUu

ckcHumuG,fMu&rnfh wm0ef½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 7/

ydkí xif½Sm;pGmavQmufxm;&ygvQif OD;Ouú|wdkUvlpku (31)bHkudk vufrcH[k qdkvQif

bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;

taejzifh

rnfodkYrQajymzG,f

r½Sdyg

bk&m;?

usefAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;uvnf;

rnfodkUrQajymMurnf r[kwfyg bk&m;? olwdkY[molwdkU (31)bHkruvdkU (303)bHkudkyif vufrcHcHç taeomBuD;[k wGufqMurnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 8/

odkUaomf ...

þ ]]odkUaomfum;}} tvGef ta&;BuD;ygonf bk&m;? (31)bHkudk rdrd vufrcHonfudk

Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½Sifvltrsm; tjrwfwEdk; udk;uG,f&mjzpfonfh Ak'½&Sifawmfbk&m;udk qGJxnfhNyD; ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} [lí vkyfvmaomtcg vGwfvyfpGm,HkMunfrIabmifudk ausmfvGefNyD; EdkifiHwpf0ef;½Sd Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;\ ,HkMunfrIudk xdyg;apmfum;vmjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þuJhodkU rdrd,HkMunf½HkwGif raebJ Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk ckwHk; vkyfNyD; olwyg;,HkMunfrIudk apmfum;vm;jcif;onf tajccHOya'u ay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;udk tvGJoHk;pm;ûyjcif;jzpfí &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefjcif;wpfrsdK;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xdkenf;twl

bk&m;½Sif

ra[monfudk

ta[mç

bk&m;½Sif

a[monfudk

ra[mûyvkyfí

yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk uarmufur ajymif;qefatmif vkyfjcif;ç tpOftvm Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avh xHk;pHrsm;udkjyuf&,favSmifajymif

apmfum;jcif;

ponfwdkUudk

ûyvkyfMujcif;onfvnf;

abmifausmfí

jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; wpfrsdK;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 10/

þuJhodkU

OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG

or®m'd|dokawoevlwpfpkwdkU\

wkdif;jynftwGuf

pD;yGm;a&;vnf; r[kwf? BuD;yGm;a&;vnf; r[kwf? oufouf tydkvkyfaom Ak'¨bmomqefUusifa&;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

109

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfonfhtwGufaMumifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;½Sd &[ef;½Sifvl jynfolrsm; pdwfESvHk; rcsrf;rajrh jzpfcJhMu&onf? wynfhawmfrsm;vnf; Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUESifhtwl cHpm;cJhMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 11/

odkUjzpfygaomaMumifh EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü &[ef;½Sifvl jynfolvlxkwdkUtm; 'ku©ay;aeaom

ab;qdk; tEÅ&m,fqdk;rS uif;Nidrf;csrf;omygap[k &nfoefvsuf bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;u trsm;udk,fpm; ,ckvdk apm'em&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þodkU apm'emonfhtrIudk ûyonfhtwGuf wpfbufu rkef;wD;jcif; cH&rIç vkyfief; aqmif½Guf&onfhtwGuf yifyef;rIrsm; ½SdvQifvnf; ]]igwdkUonf udk,fusdK;twGuf r[kwf? trsm;tusdK;twGuf omoemawmftusdK;twGuf aqmif½Gufjcif; jzpfayonfwum;}} [lí ESvHk;xm;Murnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 12/

,cktcsdefupí

bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;tm;

wpfbufpk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;

ydkrdk

oabmaygufap&ef &nfoefí 0daooapm'emorI tcGifhûyawmfrlygawmh bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

110

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (1)

OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emyg

bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/

txufyg pum;&yfü-

(u)

bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonf[laom pGyfpGJcsuf?

(c)

um&uç a0'u=ûyvkyfolç cHpm;olonf ½kyfjzpfonf [laom tcsuf?

(*)

emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\ tckd;owådç ½kyf\ t[kef [laomtcsuf?

(C)

½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfvnf; ½kyf tjyeftvSef 'GefwGJaeonf [laom tcsuf -

tm;jzifh t"du tcsufav;csuf yg0ifygonf bk&m;? xdktcsufav;csufrSm w&m;awmfESifh ravsmfaom t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif; om"ujzifh wifjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ 2/

yxrOD;pGm Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifhrwlyHkudk avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/

bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlonf[laom tcsufü bdef;onf pGJapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf;

pGJaponf? bdef;onf tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; tusdK;rJhudk jzpfaponf? bdef;onf awGa0xdkif;rIdif;ap ouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; awGa0xdkif;rIdif;aponf[k OD;Ouú|uqdk&m a&mufygonf bk&m;/ 4/

bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;tay:ü pdwfa&mufí ouf0if,HkMunfrIonf wPSmjzifh

pGJ,louJhodkU pGJ,lrIrsdK; r[kwfyg? rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfvifaom o'¨gw&m;om jzpfygonf? xdko'¨gw&m;rSm ÓPfESifh,SOfí &ifhusuf jrifhrm;vmaomtcg Ncdrf;ajcmufzsufqD;ívnf; r&onfrSm "eÍÆmeD0w¬Kjzifh xif½Sm;ouJhodkU jzm;a,mif;í r&onfrSmvnf; okyÜAk'¨uk|d0w¬Kjzifh xif½Sm;apygonf bk&m;? þodkU rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifjcif;udk npfEGrf;aom wPSmayrtpGJ[k rac:&yg? xufoefaom ,HkMunfrIç oefU½Sif;aom o'¨gw&m;[kom ac: qdk&ygonf bk&m;/ 5/

xdkodkU ouf0if,HkMunfívnf; tusdK;,kwfaponf r[kwfyg? avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif

tjrwfqHk;&wemrsm;jzpfí

ouf0if,HkMunfolrsm;tm;

tjrwfqHk;aumif;usdK;rsm;

wdk;yGm;aponfrSm

&wemoHk;yg;udk wu,fqnf;uyfolrsm; vufawGU od½SdMuygonf? xdkUjyift*Fkwå&edum,f? t*¾yom'okwf(343)vm Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmf t&vnf; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

111

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a, bdu©a0 Aka'¨ yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum

a[mwd/ a, bdu©a0 0d&ma* "ar® yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum a[mwd/ a, bdu©a0 oHaC yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum a[mwd/ ( tH 1? 343/) &[ef;wdkU tMuifolwdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm&wemüvnf;aumif;? &m*uif;aMumif; aumif;aom w&m;ü vnf;aumif;? oHCmawmfüvnf;aumif; MunfñdkukeftHh? xdkolwdkUonf avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif tjrwfqHk;

&wemay:ü

Munfñdkol

rnfukef\?

tjrwfqHk;

bk&m;&wemü

MunfñdkolwdkUtm;

tjrwfqHk;tusdK;w&m; jzpf\/ 6/

bdef;onf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;apouJhodkU bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk atmufarhrI

udk;uG,frIonf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;aponf r[kwfyg? trSefrSm ajzmifhrwfjzLpif Munfvif½Tifys okccsrf;om eef;trwmodkUyif a&mufapEdkifaMumif; t*Fkwå&edum,? r[memrokwft& odomvSygonf bk&m;? ,ck xdkokwfawmfudk om"u tjzpf xkwfaqmifjyygrnf bk&m;/ £" r[memr t&d,om0aum xxm*wH tEkó&wd/y/ ae0ó wo®ð ora, &m*y&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? e a'goy&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? e arm[y&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? OZk*war0ó woð® ora, pdwåH a[mwd wxm*wH tm&AÇ/ OZk*wpdawåm acg ye r[memr t&d,om0aum vbwd tw¬a0'H? vbwd "r®a0'H? vbwd "r®LyoH[dwH ygarmZÆH? yrk'dwó yDwd Zm,wd? yDwdreó uma,m yórÇwd? yó'¨uma,m okcH a0'd,wd? okcdaem pdwåH orm"d,wd/ t,H 0kpöwd r[memr t&d,om0aum 0dor*wm, yZm, oryÜawåm 0d[&wd? oAsmyZÆm, yZm, tAsmyaZÆm 0d[&wd? "r®aomwH ormyaEém Ak'¨gEkówð bma0wd/ ( tH 2? 252/) «rSwfcsuf/

/"r® oHC wdkUvnf; enf;wlyg bk&m;/»

r[memrf

þomoemawmfü

t&d,mwynfhonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

*kPfudk

tzefzef

atmufarh\/y/ r[memrf t&d,mwynfhonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfudkatmufarhaom tcgü xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &m*x<u aomif;usef;aom pdwf rjzpf? xdktcg xdkyk*d¾Kvftm; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfudk tm½Hkûyí ajzmifhrwfaom pdwfomvQif jzpf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

112

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

r[memrf ajzmifhrwfaom pdwf½Sdaom t&d,mwynfhonf *kPfawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk rSDí jzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ygVdudk rSDíjzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ESpfoufaom pdwf½Sdaom ol\ udk,fonf Nidrf;csrf;\? Nidrf;csrf;aomudk,f ½Sdolonf csrf;omudk cHpm;&\? csrf;omaomol\ pdwfonf wnfMunf\/ r[memrf þt&d,mwynfhudk rNidrfoufjcif;odkUa&mufaom owå0gtaygif;wGif Nidrfoufjcif;odkU a&mufvsufaeol? qif;&Jjcif;½Sdaom owå0gtaygif;wGif qif;&Jjcif;r½Sdonfjzpfí aeol (0dyóemÓPf[k qdktyfaom)

w&m;t,OfodkU

a&mufvsuf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

*kPfudk

tzefzef

atmufarhjcif;=

oHCm

&wemoHk;yg;udk

Ak'¨gEkówdur®Xmef;udk yGm;rsm;ol[k qdktyfyg\/ (tif? jref? 2? 327/) 7/

bk&m;a[mazmf

ygVdawmfrsm;t&

bk&m;

w&m;

udk;uG,frIqdkif&m Ak'¨bmomonf (u)

wPSmayrpGJukd rjzpfapbJ MunfvifrIo'¨gw&m;udkom wdk;yGm;apjcif;?

(c)

tusdK;rJhudk rjzpfapbJ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom jzpfapjcif;?

(*)

awGa0xdkif;rIdif;rIudk rjzpfapbJ Munfvif½TifysrIudk jzpfapjcif;?

xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlaom t&mr[kwfay? Ak'¨bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkygu omoemawmfudk zsufqD;vdkaom y'k|pdwfxm;jzifh vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ ]&DvD;*sifh} [laom pum;udk yg;pyftiSg; xnfhrd&mrS aygufzGm;vmaom t"r®0g'om jzpfygaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ þtcsufudk axmufvQif OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ wynfhrsm;onf ouFef;0wfí Ak'¨bmom trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; bmomrJhrsm;yif jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;8/

½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfyHk qufvuf avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;? um&uç a0'u onf

½kyfjzpfonf[laom t,ltqrSmur®ó um&aum ew¬d? 0dyguó p a0'aum/ ok'¨"r®m y0wåEdÅ? {0arwH or®'óeH/ (0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 237/) [laom 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmvm *gxmudk ½kyf0g'ESifh nDatmif vdkovdkqGJ,lxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 9/ trSefrSm

xdk*gxm\ qdkvdk&if;tcsufrSm ]]uHudk ûyvkyfol twår&Sd? tusdK;udk cHpm;ol twåvnf;r&Sd ½kyf-emrf

"r®

y&rw¬w&m;wdkU

oufoufom

(aMumif;usdK;qufum)

jzpfMuukef\?

þodkU½IjrifrIonf rSefuefaomtjrifjzpf\}} [líom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygonf? ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

113

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a0'uonf ½kyfwHk;½kyfcJjzpf\[k ,lvQif ½kyfw&m;udk twå[k ,l&ma&mufí ]]½lyH twåawm orEkyówd= ½kyfudk twå[k ½Ijrif\}} [laom twå'd|d (ouúm,'d|d)om jzpf&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 10/

xdkUjyif emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\tcdk;owåd ½kyf\t[kef [laomtcsuf? ½kyfvnf; emrfç

emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom tcsufonfvnf; trSm;oufoufom jzpfygonf bk&m;? y&rwåw&m;rSeforQonf aMumif;usdK; qufoG,f½HkrQ qufoG,fNyD; udk,fhobm0 udk,fo h wåd udk,fpD½SdaeMuygonf bk&m;? emrfonf ½kyf\ tcdk;owåd r[kwfovkd ½kyfonfvnf; emrf\ tcdk;owåd r[kwfMuyg? emrfonf ½kyfrS oD;jcm; jzpfouJhodkY ½kyfvnf; emrfrS woD;wjcm;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;? odkUygí emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\tcdk;owåd ½kyf\t[kef[laomf\

ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;?

ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;

trSm;oufouf

½kyfvnf;

t"r®0g'

emrf

emrfvnf;

omjzpfygaMumif;

½kyf

[laom

0dok'd¨r*ft|uxm

'kwd,tkyfvm pum;jzifh ydkrdkxif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ ,x p '@mbd[wH ab&ð edóm, oa'´ y0wårmae tnm ab&D? tanm oa'´g? ab&do'´g

tor®dóm?

ab&D

oa'´e

oknm?

oa'´g

ab&d,m

okanm?

{0ar0H

0w¬K'Gg&m&r®PocFgwH ½lyH edóm, emar y0wårmae tnH ½lyH? tnH emrH? emr½lyg tor®dóm? emrH ½laye oknH? ½lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab&ð y#dpö oa'´g 0d, ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd/ (0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 230/) wkwfjzifh acguftyfaom pnfukdrSDí toH jzpfay:&m pnfwjcm; toHwjcm; jzpfouJhodkU? pnfESifh toHwdkU

obm0csif;

ra&m,SufouJhodkU?

pnfonf

toHrS

qdwfokOf;NyD;

toHonf

pnfrS

qdwfokOf;ouJhodkU þtwl 0w¬K 'Gg& tm½Hk ½kyfudk rSDí emrf jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; ½kyfwjcm; emrfwjcm;om jzpf\? emrfESifh½kyfwdkUonf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf ½kyfrS qdwfokOf;cJh\? ½kyfonf emrfrSqdwfokOf;\? pifppfum; pnfudkpGJí toH jzpfouJhodkU ½kyfudk pGJí emrfjzpfay:jcif;om jzpfavonf/ ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd (½kyfudk tpGJûyí emrf jzpf\) ü tn0g'DwdkU ajymouJhodkU ½kyfu emrfudk jzpfaponf r[kwfyg? y#dpö [laom ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;vnfvQif þjyóem r½Iyfyg? y#dpö [laom ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;rvnf&mrS tjrifrSm;jcif; jzpfygonf? 0w¬K½kyf 'Gg&½kyfrsm;onf emrfw&m;\ wnfrSD&m edó,owåd? tm½kH ½kyfrsm;u tm&r®Powådrsm;jzifh emrfjzpfvmatmif axmufyHhulnD aus;Zl;ûyonf udkom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygaMumif; odaptyfygonf bk&m;/ þt&monfum; q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xHrS y|mef;usrf;txd aocsmpGm avhvmoif,l qnf;yl;NyD;rS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m? odkYr[kwf ,if;odkU avhvmzl;olwdkUu aoaocsmcsm tus,fw0ifh a&;jy ajymjyrS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m jzpfygonf? þwGifum; ½Hk;awmfjzpfí ½kyfvnf; emrf emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom t,lonf "r®pnf;rsOf;ESifh rnDaMumif; odom½Hk vdk&if;udkom tusOf;rQ avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

114

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (2)

vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf

yg bk&m;/ EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufaemufygwdkUonf ]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom 0g'udk a[majyma&;om;vsuf bk&m;½Sif omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;udk (30-6-80) aeUu þ oD;jcm; 0dedpä,½Hk;awmfü bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; omrntm;jzifh apm'em wifoGif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ ,ck

xdkomrnapm'emcsufudk

ygVdawmfom"uwdkUjzifh

0daooapm'emtjzpf

wifoGif;

avQmufxm; yg&ap bk&m;/ ]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom 0g'onf atmufyg rEkópkwded&,okwf paom ygVdawmf rsm;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;/ tx acg b*0g y&dwåH ecodcg,H yHokH tma&maywGm bdu©L tmraEÅod ]]wH uð rnx bdu©a0? uwrH Ek acg A[kw&H? a,m 0g,H r,m y&dawåm ecodcg,H yHok tma&mydawm? t,H 0g r[myx0D}} wd/ {0ar0 acg bdu©a0 tyÜum aw owåm a, rEkóm pkwm rEkaóok ypömZm,EÅd/ tx acg {aw0 A[kw&m owåm? a, rEkóm pkwm ed&a, ypömZm,EÅd/y/ wd&pämea,med,m ypömZm,EÅd /y/ aywåd0doa, ypömZm,EÅd /y/ a'a0ok ypöZm,EÅd /y/ ed&a, ypömZm,EÅd /y/ wd&pämea,med,m ypömZm,EÅd /y/ aywåd0doa, ypömZm,EÅd/ (oH? 3? 412)

jrefrmjyef xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vufonf;zsm;ay:ü ajrrIefUtenf;i,fudk wifxm;í ]]&[ef;wdkU xdkt&mudk tb,fodkU rSwfxifukefoenf;? vufonf;zsm;ay:ü igwifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh þ(urÇm) ajrBuD;onf tb,fu ydkí rsm;oenf;}} [k &[ef;wdkUudk rdefUawmfrl\? t½Sifbk&m; þ(urÇm)ajrBuD;uom ydkí rsm;yg\? vufonf;zsm;ay:ü jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf tenf;i,fomwnf;? (urÇm) ajrBuD;udk axmufqí vufonf;zsm;ay:ü jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf ra&rwGufavmuf rEIdif;,SOfavmuf tpdwftydkif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k(avQmufukef\) &[ef;wdkU þtwlyif vlUb0rS pkawí vlUb0ü jyefjzpfMuaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;ygukef\? pifppftm;jzifh vlUb0rS pkawí i&JüjzpfMuaom owå0gwdkUonfom ydkí rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pämefrsdK;ü jzpfukefaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

115

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

owå0gwdkUonfom ydkí rsm;ukef\/y/ Nydwåmb0ü jzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUonfom ydkírsm;ukef\/ (oH? jref? 3? 418/) þenf;twl ewfbHkç i&JbHkç NydwåmbHkwdkUrS pkawí vlUbHkü vlvmjzpfol enf;yg;í i&Jç wd&pämefç NydwåmbHkwdkUü

jzpfMuolwdkUom

rsm;vSyHkwdkUudkvnf;

r[m0*¾oH,kwåygVd?

yÍö*wday,smv0*f

½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/ (oH? 3? 412? 413? 44/) vlaovljzpfjyóem pmrsufESm (191? 192)wdkUü OD;Ouú|\ om0uBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]at;... bmoma&;q&mawG ajymovdk vlUtjzpf vlUb0 &if;pm;jyef&zdkUawmif b,favmuf cJ,Of;oav;ç b,ftusifh oDv½SdrSav;ç b,f'ge ygrS qdk'gawGrsdK; rif;u ,Hkcsifao;ovm;uG? 'gawGu pm;vrf;yJ}} qdkaom pum;onf bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk rnfrQ usL;ausmfapmfum;xm;onfudk txift½Sm; awGUjrifEdkifygonf bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;]],awm p acg bdu©a0 rmwmydwa&mp oEédywdwm a[mEÅd? rmwm p OwkeD a[mwd? *E¨aAÁmp ypöKy|dawm a[mwd/ {0H wdPÖH oEédygwm *AÇó0uúEÅd a[mwd}} (r 1/ 332) [laom rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf? r[mwPSmocF,okwfü(1) rdbavmif; ESpfOD; qHkqnf;jcif;? (2) rdcifavmif; OwkvmNyD;p jzpfjcif;? (3) y#doaE¨aernfh owå0gu a½S;½Iwnfcdkuf êuHjcif; [lí

y#doaE¨wnfaejcif;\

taMumif;oHk;yg;udk

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116

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121

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jrefrmjyef umrbHk y#doaE¨cPü tb,fyk*¾dKvftm; tm,we(11)yg; jzpfukefoenf;/ tm,wejynfhpHkol? umrm0p&ewf? urÇmOD;olvl? OyywfNydwåm? Oyywftol&um,f? Oyywfwd&pämef? i&Jom;wdkUtm; y#doaE¨cPü tm,we(11)yg; xif½Sm;jzpfukef\? umrbHky#doaE¨cPü xdkolwdkUtm; þtm,we (11)yg;wdkU xif½Sm; jzpfukef\/ þygVdawmfü ewfjynf 6-xyfç vlUbHkç tyg,fav;bHkwdkUudk wdkuf½dkufa[mjyxm;í umr(11)bHk ½SdaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;½ly 16-bHk ½SdaMumif; taxmuftxm; om"uudk "r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmfüyif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf bk&m;uwar "r®m ½lyg0p&m a[|awm jA[®avmuH y&d,EÅH u&dwGm Oy&dawm tueda| a'a0 taEÅmu&dwGm ,H {wo®ð tEÅa& {w¬m0p&m {w¬ y&d,myEém ormyEéó 0g OyyEéó 0g 'd|"r®okc0d[m&dó 0g pdwåapwodum "r®m? £ar "r®m ½lyg0p&m/ (tbd? 2? 436/)

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136

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (8)

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGwfajrmuf&m

vrf;udk

ydwfyif[efUwm;

zsufqD;aeMuyHkESifh

ywfoufí

usrf;*ef

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tajccHoifwef;rsm;wGif

orx0dyóemvkyfief;rsm;udk

Ak'¨0g'

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twdtvif;

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u,fwifxkwfaqmifthH?

bk&m;jzpfvQif

jA[®mewf

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bHkoHk;&yfü

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igusifhaqmifrnf?

oHk;bHkolwdkUudk

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u,fwifxkwfaqmifrnf}}

[laom

&nf½G,fcsufawmfBuD;jzifh bk&m;tjzpfodkU a&muf½Sdawmfrlvm&um; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmfjrwf tm;vHk;onf oHo&mrSxGufajrmufa&;wnf;[laom 0drkwåd&oodkUcsnf;om OD;wnfMuygukefonf bk&m;/ xdk 0drkwåd&ownf;[laom oHo&mrS xGwfajrmufa&;onfvnf; usifhMuHtm;xkwfrI½SdrS &ygrnf? xdkusifhMuH tm;xkwfrI twGufvnf; vrf;pOf ½Sd&ygrnf? xdkvrf;pOfudk þodkU a[mMum;cJhygonf bk&m;/ {um,aem t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g owåmeH 0dok'¨d,m aomuy&da'0geH orwduúrm, 'ku©a'greómeH tw¬*Frm, Ó,ó t"d*rm, edAÁmeó opädud&d,m, ,'d'H pwåma&m owdy|mem/ ('D? 2? 213/) bdu©a0? &[ef;wdkU/ ,'d'H-a, £ar pwåma&m owdy|mem? tMuif owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wdkUonf/ tw¬d? ½Sdukef\/ t,H? þowdy|mefav;yg;onf/ owåmeH? owå0gwdkU\/ 0dok'¨d,m? pifMu,fjcif;iSm/

aomuy&da'0geH?

aomuy&da'0wdkUudk/

orwduúrm,?

vGefajrmufjcif;iSm/

'ku©a'greóeH? 'ku©a'greó wdkU\/ tw¬*Frm,? csKyfNidrf;jcif;iSm/ Ó,ó? t&[wåzdkvfudk/

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137

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"d*rm,? &jcif;iSm/ edAÁm eó? edAÁmefudk/ opädud&d,m,? rsufarSmufûyjcif;iSm/ aum,aem ra*¾g? wpfckwnf;aom vrf;aMumif;aywnf;/ ]]cspfom;wdkU owdy|mefvrf;pOfonf owå0gawG pifMu,fzdkU aomuy&da'0 vGefajrmufzdkU 'ku© a'greó csKyfNidrf;zdkU t&[wåzdkvf &zdkU edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufûyzdkU wpfckwnf;aom vrf;aMumif;BuD; jzpfonf}} þodkU ponfjzifh ae&maygif;rsm;pGm a'oemaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUü a[mMum;awmfrlygonf? xdk a[mMum;awmfrlcsufwdkUonf orxvrf;pOf 0dyóem vrf;pOfwdkU jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf &x0deDwokwfü atmufygtwdkif; a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;oDv0dok'¨d ,m0a'0 pdwå0dok'¨wåm? pdwå0dok'¨d ,m0a'0 'd|d0dok'¨wåm/ 'd|d0dok'¨d ,m0a'0 ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨wåm/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d ,m0a'0 r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'¨wåm/ r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'¨d

,m0a'0

y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'¨wåm/

y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'¨d

,m0a'0 ÓP'óe0dok'¨wåm/ ÓP'óe0dok'¨d ,m0a'0 tEkyg'gy&dedAÁew¬m/ (r? 1? 204/)

jrefrmjyef tusifhoDv txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf pdwform"d txl;pifMu,f½HkrQ tusdK;½Sd\? pdwform"d txl;pif Mu,fjcif;onf tjrif txl;pifMu,f½HkrQ tusdK;½Sd\? tjrif txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf ,HkrSm;jcif;udk vGefajrmufrI

(ÓPf)

txl;

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tusdK;½Sd\?

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vGefajrmufrI

(ÓPf)

txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf r*f[kwfonf r[kwfonfü (ÓPf) tjrif txl;pifMu,f½HkrQom tusdK;½Sd\? r*f[kwfonf

r[kwfonfü

ÓPftjrif

txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf

tusifh(tEkvHk)

ÓPftjrif

txl;pifMu,f½HkrQom tusdK;½Sd\? tusifh(tEkvHk) ÓPftjrif txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf r*fÓPftjrif txl;pifMu,f½HkrQom tusdK;½Sd\? r*fÓPftjrif txl;pif Mu,fjcif;onf pGJ,lrI r½Sdaom xuf0ef;usif Nidrf;at;½HkrQom tusdK;½Sd\/ (r jref? 1/ 210-1/) 0dok'¨dckepfcef; vrf;pOfwdkUwGif oDv0dok'¨donf oDvusifhpOf? pdwå0dok'¨donf orxusifhpOf? usef 5-yg;aom

0dok'¨dwdkUonf

0dyóemusifhpOfwdkU

jzpfMuygonf?

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aemufqHk;ü

tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;jzpfaMumif; a[mMum;awmfrlygonf? þonfum; bk&m;ocif rlv&nf½G,fcJhaom owå0gwdkUtm; oHo&mrS u,fwifvGwfajrmuf apaMumif; w&m;awmfwdkU jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkrSwyg; pwkuúedygw t*Fkwå&ygVdawmf ,k*e'¨okwfüorxykAÁ*FrH 0dyóeH bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / orxykAÁ*FrH? orxa½SUoGm;½Sdaom/ 0dyóeH? 0dyóemudk/ bma0wd? yGm;\/ 0dyóemykAÁ*FrH orxH bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / 0dyóemykAÁ*FrH? 0dyóema½SUoGm;½Sdaom/ orxH? orxudk/ bma0wd? yGm;\/ orx0dyóeH ,k*e'¨H bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / orx0dyóeH? orxESifh 0dyóemudk/ ,k*e'¨H? tpHkwGJí/ bma0wd? yGm;\/

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138

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þuJhodkU Ak'¨omoemawmfü orx0dyóem yGm;&rnfh Mo0g'enf;vrf;rsm;udk a[mMum;xm;jcif; ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ xdkrSwyg;vnf; ygxdu0*¾ ygVdawmf 'okwå&okwfüuwar a'G "r®m bma0wAÁm? oraxm p 0dyóem p? £ar a'G "r®m bma0wAÁm/ ('D 3/ 228/) tb,fw&m;ESpfyg;wdkUudk yGm;aptyfukefygoenf;? orxw&m;udkvnf;aumif;? 0dyóemw&m;udk vnf;aumif; þw&m;ESpfyg;wdkUudk yGm;aptyfygukef\[k a[mMum;xm;csuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ "r®pMuma'oemawmfvm

rZÑry#dy'g

vrf;pOfonfvnf;

0dyóemvrf;pOfw&m;wdkU

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r[kwf?

igr[kwf?

ighudk,fr[kwf[laom

w&m;wdkUonfvnf;

0dyóemw&m;awmfwdkUom

jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ "r®pMumudk

jrwfEdk;onf

tewåvu©Pudk

txifBuD;onfqdkaom

OD;Ouú|wdkU

vlpkonf

"r®pMumESifh tewå vu©PokwfwdkUrSm ygaom 0dyóemudkum; y,faeMujyefonf? xdkUaMumifh olwdkUonf bk&m;a[mtppf "r®pMum tewå vu©PokwfwdkUudk ajymjcif;r[kwfonfrSm xif½Sm;avonf/ þuJhodkU Ak'¨yd#u ax&0g'ü orx0dyóemwdkUonf bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwf\ y"me &nf½G,fcsufvrf;pOf oHo&mrS u,fwifa&;vrf;pOfwdkU jzpfMuygonf? tvGefta&;BuD;aom y"me jzpfaomvrf;pOf?

orx

0dyóemusifhpOfwdkUudk

Ak'¨0g'ü

ryg0if[k

ajymifajymif

wif;wif;

jiif;y,faeMujcif;aMumifh xdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf Ak'¨yd#u ax&0g'ESifh rnDñGwfom t"r®0g'rsm; jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

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139

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (9)

Ak'¨omoemawmf\ toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD;

ouFef;0wfí omoemta&ûcHum rodem;rvnfaomolwdkUtm; vSnfhzsm;vdrfnmí q&mwpfql vkyfcJh jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh xyfrHapm'emaom 0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;0dea,m emr Ak'¨omoeó tm,k 0dea, Xdaw omoeH XdwH a[mwd/ (0d? |? 1/ 11/) ]]0denf;onf omoemawmf\ touf? 0denf;wnfrS omoemwnfrnf}} jzpfaomaMumifh &[ef;awmfwdkUonf

0denf;

odu©myk'frsm;udk

ruJh&JU&?

uJh&JUygaomf

ygpdwftmywfoifhap[k

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tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmefodkU

qdkufa&mufonftxd

tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;

y&d0g&ygVdawmfü ñTefjyxm;awmfrlyHkudk wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ 0dea,m oH0&w¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0dea,m? 0denf;onf/ oH0&w¬m,? apmifhpnf;jcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0denf; onf apmifhpnf;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) oH0a&m t0dyÜ#dom&w¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ oH0a&m? apmifhpnf;jcif;onf/ t0dyÜ#dom&w¬m,? ESvHk;pdwf0rf; at;csrf;jcif;tvdkUiSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (apmifhpnf;jcif;onf pdwfESvHk;csrf;omrI jzpfzdkUyg bk&m;/) t0dyÜ#doma&m ygrkZÆw¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ t0dyÜ#doma&m? ESvHk;rom,mrI rjzpfjcif;onf/ ygrkZÆw¬m,? 0rf;om0rf;ajrmuf jzpfjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (pdwfESvHk;rom,mrI rjzpf&jcif;onf 0rf;om0rf;ajrmuf jzpfzdkUyg bk&m;/) ygrkZÆH yDww¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ ygrkZÆH? 0rf;om0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf/ yDww¬m,? ESpfouf ½Tifvef;jcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0rf;om0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf ESpfouf½Tifvef;zdkUyg bk&m;/) yDwd okcw¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ yDwd? ESpfouf½Tifvef;jcif;onf/ okcw¬m,? csrf;omjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (ESpfouf½Tifvef; jcif;onf csrf;omzdkUyg bk&m;/) okcH orm"w¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ okcH? csrf;omjcif;onf/ orm"w¬m,? wnfMunfjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (csrf;omjcif;onf wnfMunfzdkUyg bk&m;/) orm"d

,xmblwÓP'óew¬m,

(0d?

288/)/

orm"d?

wnfMunfjcif;onf/

,xmblwÓP'óew¬m,? ,xmblwÓPftjriftusdK;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (wnfMunfjcif;onf ,xmblw-[kwfwdkif;rSef&mudkodwJh ÓPftjrif jzpfzdkUyg bk&m;/)

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140

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

,xmblwÓP'óeH edAÁd'w¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ ,xmblwÓP'óeH? ,xmblw ÓPftjrifonf/ edAÁd'w¬m,? oHo&mü NiD;aiGUjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (,xmblwÓPftjrifonf oHo&mrSm NiD;aiGUzdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) edAÁd'g 0d&m*w¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ edAÁd'g? oHo&mü NiD;aiGUjcif;onf/ 0d&m*w¬m,? wyfjcif;uif;jcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (oHo&mü NiD;aiGUjcif;onf wyfjcif; uif;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) 0d&ma*g 0drkwåw¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0d&ma*g? wyfjcif; uif;jcif;onf/ 0drkwåw¬m,? vGwfajrmufjcif;iSm (0g) t& [wåzdkvftvdkUiSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (wyfjcif;uif;w,fqdkwm vGwfajrmufzdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) 0drkwåd 0drkwådÓP'óew¬m, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0drkwåd? vGwfajrmufjcif;(0g)t&[wåzdkvfonf/ 0drkwådÓP'óew¬m, ? 0drkwådÓPf jzpfjcif;tusdK;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (vGwfajrmufjcif;onf 0drkwådÓP'óe qdkwJh aypöapu©PmÓPf tjrif&zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) 0drkwådÓP'óeH

tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmew¬m,

(0d?

288/)/

0drkwådÓP'óeH?

0drkwådÓPf'óeqdkwJh ypöa0u©PmÓPf tjrifonf? tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmew¬m,? tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0drkwådÓP 'óeqdkwJh ÓPftjrifonf tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/) þuJhodkU

0denf;onf

tqifhqifh

tqufquftm;jzifh

tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmefwdkifatmif

qdkufa&mufonfh tusdK;BuD;rm;vSaom w&m;awmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ txufyg a'oemawmfudk csKyfMunfhvQif 0denf;odu©m vdkufemusifhoHk;ygrS ,xmblwÓPf &EdkifzdkUtaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;? vl0wfaMumifjzpfuvnf; 5-yg;oDv? 10-yg;oDv tp½Sdaom vlUusifh0wf ½SdrS (0g) udk,fusifhw&m;½SdrS tjrifrSef jrifEdkifonf[k odEdkifygonf bk&m;/ ,ck 0denf;odu©mudk y,faom OD;Ouú|wdkUonf þbk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& ,xmblwÓPf tjrifrSefwdkUudk r&EdkifMuaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf? ]rsufpduef; wapäraMumuf} [laompum;yHkuJhodkU [kwfvdrfhEdk;Edk; qifuef;awmwdk; ajymMu a[mMu a0zefMujcif;wdkUom jzpfonf[k a'oemawmfESifh ñdSí odEdkifavmufMuygNyD bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;xdk0denf;w&m;awmfudk bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwf ynwfawmfrlwJhtcg tusdK;r½Sd taMumif;rJh ynwfawmfrlcJhonf r[kwfyg? q,fyg;aom tusdK;w&m;eJU pyfwJh taMumif;w&m;wdkUudk tpGJûyí ynwfawmfrljcif; jzpfw,fqdkwm yg&mZduPfygVdawmfüawe [d bdu©a0 bdu©LeH odu©my'H ynayómrd 'o tw¬0ao y#dpö oHCok|Kwm,ç oHCzmokwm,ç 'krÜuFleH yk*¾vmeH ed*¾[m,ç ayovmeH bdu©LeH zmok0d[m&m,ç 'd|"r®dumeH

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141

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tmo0geH oH0&m,ç orÜ&m,dumeH tmo0geH y#dCmwm, tyÜoEémeH yom'g,ç yoEémeH bda,smbm0g,ç o'¨r®|dwd,m 0de,mEk*¾[m,/ (0d? 1/ 24/) þpum;&yfwdkUudk q|oH*g,em jrefrmjyef pum;twdkif; avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/

jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU odkUjzpfvQif(1) oHCmawmf\ aumif;ygNyD[k vG,fulpGm usifhoHk;&ef? (2) oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;omap&ef? (3) tusifhoDv azmufzsufolwdkUudk ESdrfeif;&ef? (4) tusifhoDvudk cspfjrwfEdk;aom &[ef;wdkUudk csrf;ompGm aeEdkif&ef? (5) rsufarSmufü jzpfukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkUudk apmifhpnf;&ef? (6) aemifjzpfvwåHUukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkUudk y,f½Sm;&ef? (7) rMunfñdkao;aom olwdkUudk Munfñdkap&ef? (8) MunfñdkNyD;aom olwdkUudk wdk;í Munfñdkap&ef? (9) olawmfaumif;w&m; omoemoHk;&yf wnfwHh&ef? (10) 0denf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk csD;ajr§muf&ef[laom tusdK; (10) yg;wdkUudk tpGJûyí &[ef;wdkUtm; odu©myk'fudk ynwfawmfrlrnf[k rdefUawmfrl\/ (0d jref 1? 29/) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;xdkUjyif

bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwfonf

y&dedAÁmefanmifapmif;ü

avsmif;pufawmfrlpOftcgrSm

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142

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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þuJhodkU

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143

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (10)

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Ak'¨bmom0ifrSefvQif

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oHCmawmftm; qJa&;apmfum;rdí Nydwåm jzpf&½Smaom ausmif;'g,umwpfa,mufudk

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144

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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ponfjzifh)

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147

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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148

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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a½S;acwf

omoemawmfapmifh

rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf xdky&dwfawmfrsm;udk waygif;wnf pkaygif; xkwfEkwfí y&dwfBuD;[laom trnfjzifh oD;jcm; usrf;wpfapmiftjzpf pDpOfxm;cJhMuygonf bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoe paom taygif;ygwdkUonf y&dwfawmfrsm;udk r,HkMunf ykwfcwfqJa&;

xm;aomfvnf;

bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif

y&dwfawmfrsm;udk

cGifhûycJhaMumif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

&[ef;wdkUtm;

ygVdtaxmuftxm;rsm; ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 'DCedum,f

ygxdu0*f

tm#mem#d,okwfygVdawmfü

atmufygtwdkif; tm#mem#d, t&Htwm;udk oif,lavhvm aqmifxm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ O*¾PSmx bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H y&d,mykPmx bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H? "ma&x bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H? tw¬oH[dwm bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,m &u©m bdu©LeH bdu©LeDeH OygoumeH OygodumeH *kwåd,m &u©m, t0d[ðom, zmok0d[m&m,mwd/ ('D? 3? 174/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

149

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

&[ef;wdkU

tm#mem#d,rnfaom

y&dwft&Htwm;udk

oif,lMuukefavmh?

&[ef;wdkU

tm#mem#d,rnfaomy&dwf\ t&Htwm;udk tzefzef avhvmMuukefavmh? &[ef;wdkU tm#mem#d,rnfaom y&dwft&Htwm;udk

aqmifMuukefavmh?

&[ef;wdkU

tm#mem#d,rnfaom

y&dwft&Htwm;onf

tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifhpyf\? tm#mem#d, rnfaom y&dwft&Htwm;onf &[ef;a,mufsm;ç &[ef;rdef;rç Oygouma,mufsm;ç

Oygodumrdef;rwdkU\

tumtuG,f

tapmifhta&Smuf

jzpfjcif;iSmç

rqif;&Jryifyef;jcif;iSmç csrf;ompGm ae&jcif;iSm jzpf\/ ('D? jref-3? 194/) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;0denf;yd#u

ygpdwfygVdawmf

bdu©KeD0dbif;

wd&pämeuxm

odu©myk'f

ESpfck\

temywåd0g&wdkUüvnf;temywåd *kwåw¬m,? y&dwåH y&d,mykPmwd/ temywåd *kwåw¬m,? y&dwåH 0gapwd/ (0d? 2? 402-403/) [k ab;&efrS vHkûcHa&;twGuf y&dwfudk oif,lydkUcsaom &[ef;rdefrtm; tmywfrS uif;vGwfcGifhay;aom ynwfcsufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ þodu©myk'fü cGifhûytyfaom y&dwf[lonfy&dwåEÅd ,u©y&wåem*r@vm'dab'H oAÁr®d 0¥wd - (0d |? 3? 215/) [laom t|uxmESifh tnD wapäo&JEkdifrEÅef? ajrGEdkifrEÅef ponfwkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ bk&m;a[m r[kwfaom þrEÅefrsKd;udkyif oif,lcGifh ydkUcscGifh ûyawmfrlonfqkdvQif bk&m;a[mjzpfonfh y&dwfwkdUudkrlum; txl;qdkzG,fr½Sd cGifhûyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/ xkdUtjyif &[ef;rdef;rwkdUtm; cGifhûyonf qkdxm;ojzihf &[ef;a,mufsm;ESifhwuG vl'um? 'umrwkdUtm;vnf; cGifhûyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;NrwfpGmbk&m;

y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmf

bmoma&;vkyfief;wpf&yf

jzpfcJhygonf

rljyD;aemufüvnf; bk&m;/

t|uxmq&m

y&dwfonf

ta&;MuD;aom

t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&f

ay:xGef;csdefjzpfonfh omoemESpf udk;&mausmf wpfaxmifcefUüvnf; y&dwf½GwfzwfrIudk Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhMuaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/ yg&mZduPf t|uxm ('k? 67) üvnf; vlwkdUtwGuf y&dwf½Gwfay;rIESifh ywfoufí &[ef;awmfwkdU vdkufemp&mrsm;udk jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;onfvnf; xkdtcgu vlwkdUonf rdrdwdkU ta&;udpö ay:aygufvmaomtcg &[ef;awmfwkdUudk yifhí y&dwfw&m; em,lavh½SdyHk taxmuftxm;wpf&yf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdusrf;üyif y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnf taMumif;rsm;udkyg wygwnf; jyqdkxm;ojzifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

150

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnfwkdUudk ab;&efwm;qD;a&;twGuf ,HkMunfpGm toHk;ûyjcif;onfvnf; xkdtcgu tom;usvsuf½Sdaom bmoma&;vkyfief; wpfckjzpfaMumif; odEkdifygonf bk&m;/ jrefrmEkdifiHüvnf; yk*HacwfOD;ydkif;uyif y&dwf½GwfzwfrI &SdcJhaMumif; ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm; t& od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ usefppfom;rif;MuD;onf eef;awmfaqmufvkyfaomtcg t½Sift&[H trª;½Sdaom &[ef;awmf (4108) yg;wkdUudk y&dwfr*Fvm ½GwfapcJhonf[k usefppfom;rif;w&m;MuD;\ eef;awmf rGefausmufpm jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (47-48) wGif awGU½Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;y&dwfawmfrsm;onf

twefwefaom

ab;&eftEÅ&m,frsm;udk

umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonf[k

qkdaomfvnf; y&dwf½Gwfzwfem,lenf;rusygu tusKd;&rnf r[kwfygbk&m;/ y&dwf½Gwfzwf em,lenf; usap&ef y&dwf½GwfolwkdU jynhfpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;ESifh y&dwfem,lolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;udk odxm;&ygrnf bk&m;/ 'DCedum,f

ygxdu0*f

t|uxm

tm#mem#d,okwf

pmrsufESm

149

üvmaom

y&dwf½GwfolwkdUjynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm (1) teufo'´gwkdUudk okwfoifí aumif;pGm oif,lxm;jcif;? (2) yk'fAsnf;wkdUudk r,kwfap&? jynfhpHkatmif avhvmusufrSwfxm;jcif;? (3) vmbfvmbudk riJh? Arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqdkjcif;? wdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ rdvdE´yO¨m (155) üvmaom y&dwfemolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm (1) yOömeEÅ&d,uH r½Sdjcif;? (2) edw,rdpäm'd|d r[kwfjcif;? (3) y&dwfwefcdk;ukd ,HkMunfjcif;? wkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þpum;t& owdûy&ef wpfcsufrSm rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkifu Ak'¨"r® t,lrSefrS? wdrf;,drf;aeolrsm; jzpfygu y&dwftmedoif y&dwftusKd; r&Ekdifygbk&m;/ xkdUaMumifhyif OD;Ouú|wkdUu rdrdwkdUrcHpm;Edkifonfh t&omjzpfí ]ajracG;u opfyifay:u oyspfoD;csOfonf} [k ajymaom yHkjyifuJhokdU y&dwfawmfrsm;udk y,favoavm pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; avQmufxm;cJhonfh y&dwfawmfrsm;onf bk&m;udk,fawmfwkdifa[m Ak'¨bmodw jzpfjcif; q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;tyfonfh Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef; ½Sif vlwkdU\ wefzdk;rjzwfEkdifonfh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

151

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

bmoma&;tarG? ,Ofaus;rI tarGMuD;wpfck jzpfjcif;? y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfol? emol ESpfOD;ESpfzuf t*FgpHkpHkjzifh ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑ,f em,lu ypöKyÜef oHo&m ESpfjzmtusKd; yGm;wkd;aMumif; jzpfjcif;wkdUudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf

taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh

avQmufxm;wifjyjyD;

jzpfygonf/

xkda'oemawmfrsm;t&

y&dwfawmfrsm;ESifh y&dwf½Gwfzwf o&ZÑ,fawmfrlMuaom oHCmawmfrsm;? y&dwfemol Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tay:

ykwfcwfpGyfpGJ

ajymqkdrIrsm;onf

t"r®0g'rsm;om

jzpfaMumif;?

xdkt"r®0g'udk

a&;om;a[majymaeMuolrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; 0dedpä, ûyay;awmfrlMuyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

152

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (12)

12/

yxrapm'emvTmwGif yg0ifaom trSwf (12) apm'em (ouFef;ESifh 0wfxnf? qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;)

udpöudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm om"uwdkUjzifh xyfrHavQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

xkdtrSwf (12) apm'emvTmwGif Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í

qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "gwfawmf? arGawmf? apwDykxdk;? ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforI ûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;

o'¨gw&m;ysufjym;atmif

rawmfrw&m;

a&;om;

ajyma[mjcif;rsm;udk

apm'emxm;cJhygonf bk&m;/ 2/

rawmfrw&m; a&;om;xm;csufrsm;teuf(u) ouFef;ESifh vlwdkU\ t0wfykqdk; bmrQrxl;jcm;? twlwl[k qdkxm;jcif;? (c) bk&m;½Sif\ qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;? jrif;jrD;u ydkítoHk;0ifonf[k qkdxm;jcif;? (*) "mwfawmf? arGawmf tp½SdonfwkdUudk trIdufo½dkufrsm;[k qkdxm;jcif;?

wkdUonf t&[wå'¨ZouFef;ESifh "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfwdkUudk r,HkrMunf ypfy,fí tremy a&;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/

or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'gp&d,MuD;jzpfaom OD;Ouú|onf toHk;0ifrIESifh

wefzdk;½SdrIudk cGJjcm;rodEkdif½Smaomol jzpfygonf/ ½kyfrsufvHk;onf toHk;0ifrIudkom MunfhwwfjyD; emrfrsufvHk;u wefzdk;udk odwwfygonf bk&m;/ olUrSm ½kyfrsufvHk;om ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ Oyrm-wefzkd;ukd odyfrodaom awmom;wpfa,muftm; pdefwpfyGifhESifh ykqdk;wpfxnfudk b,f[m,lrvJ ar;vQif ykqkd;udkyJ ,lygvdrhfrnf bk&m;/ odkUjzpfíwefzdk;udk rodolyDyD Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdUu wefzdk;xm;aom t&[wå'¨ZouFef;ESifh qHawmf ponfwdkUudk ykwfcwfa0zefrdjcif; jzpf½Smygonf bk&m;/

ouFef;ESifh 0wfaMumif uGmjcm;yHk 4/

,if;odkU ykwfcwfxm;csufrsm;onf atmufyg ax&0g'yd#u? a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh

vHk;0qefUusifí t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfonfhtjyif ¤if;t"r®0g'udk xlaxmifcJhaom OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG taygif;tygrsm;onf t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/ 5/

ouFef;ESifh vlwkdU\ t0wfykqdk;\ jcm;em;yHkudk ax&my'gef ygVdawmfü atmufygtwkdif;

a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ yaE¦ 'doGme umom0H? q×dwH "dV§ru©dwH/ od&o®ð tOödvð uwGm? *E´dwAÁH £od'¨ZH/ (ck? 3? 52/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

153

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t&[wå'¨Z ac: &[ef;omraPwkdU\ ouFef;udk vrf;êudvrf;Mum; rpifrsm; tvdrf;vdrf; uyfjidaeaomfvnf; vlwkdU½Sdcdk;ylaZmftyf\/ yg&mZduPf t|uxmüyAÁZdw y&dabm*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,Vmeda,m (0d |? 2? 67/) [k zGifhqkd\/ rSef\/ &[ef;wkdU toHk;taqmifjzpfaom ouFef;ponfonf? vlyk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; apwDxdkuf\/ þwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ar;vdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tvHudk vufESD;pkwfuJhodkU toHk;ûyxdkufygoavm? jycJhygoavm[k ar;vdkygonf/ 6/ uRefoabmuf

wynfhawmfrsm;\ jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU vufatmuf jzpfae&onfhb0rS

wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif

êud;yrf;aqmif½GufoGm;Muaom

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; paom tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm; ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ xkdtmZmenfMuD;rsm;\ wkdif;jynfhtay: ûyay;zl;aom aus;Zl;w&m;udk axmufxm;*kPfûyonfhtaejzifh jynfolvlxku tjrJwef; trSwfw&½Sdap&ef ½kyfxkMuD;rsm;? "mwfyHk yef;csDum; ponfrsm; xkvkyfa&;qGJ rSwfwrf;wifum aus;Zl;qyf *kPfûyvsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;/ 7/

xdkenf;yrmru qHawmf"mwfjrwfocif oHk;vlU½Sifonf oHk;avmuom;rsm; tkd em ao

0#f'ku©ab;qkd;rS u,fwifawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;? ,ckvnf; jrwfAk'¨\ enf;rSef pepfrSefwkdUjzifh u,fwifaeqJ jzpfygonfbk&m;/ aemifudkvnf; jrwfAk'¨omoem ruG,frcsif; u,fwifaeOD;rnf jzpfygonf

bk&m;/

þodkUaom

rEIdif;,SOftyf

aus;Zl;awmf

*kPfawmf

teEÅtaygif;udk

atmufarh,HkMunfrIjzifh qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd jrwfEkd;orI ½dkaoorI udk;uG,forI ûyaeMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 8/

qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd bk&m;½Sif\ ukd,fyGm;awmftjzpf ½dkaojrwfEdk;

½Sdckd;ylaZmfMuukefaom

owå0gwkdUonf

"mwfawmf

arGawmfESifh

apwD½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk

ylaZmf&mü

oufawmfxif½Sm; bk&m;üuJhodkU pdwfxm;EkdifvQif tusKd;w&m; twlwl&Edkifonf/ pdwfxm;rIomvQif vkd&if;y"mejzpfonf[k atmufygtwkdif; bk&m;½Sifa[m a[mMum;xm;cJhygonf bk&m;/ a,m ap ylaZ,? orÁK'¨H? wd|EÅH avmuem,uH/ "mwHk omoyrwårÜd? edAÁKwómyd ykZa,/ oar pdwåyÜom'rSd? orH yknH r[*¾wH/ wo®m xkyH u&dwGme? ykaZ[d Zde"mwka,m/ (ck 3? 168/) wd|aEÅ edAÁKaw pmyd? oar pdawå orH zvH/ apawmyPd"da[wk [d? owåm *päEÅd ok*¾wð/ (ck 2? 66/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

154

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

vloHk;yg;wkdU\

tMuD;trª;

em,ujzpfawmfrlaom

oufawmfxif½Sm;

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

ylaZmfouJhokdU y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmf rljyD;aom bk&m;½Sif\ rkefnif;aphrQavmufaom "mwfawmfudkvnf; ylaZmfav/ Munfñdkaomfpdwf ,dkzdwfwlnDvQif aumif;rIukokdvfvnf; wlrQonf/ xdkUaMumifh apwDykxdk; ûyvkyfí bk&m;"mwfawmfrsm;udk ylaZmfav/ oufawmfxif½Sm; bk&m;üjzpfap? y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlaom bk&m;üjzpfap? pdwfxm;rI wlrQvQif tusKd;&vm'fvnf; wlrQayonf/ rSef\/ pdwf\ awmifhwarQmfvifhcsuf t&omvQif owå0gwkdUonf ok*wdbHkodkY a&mufMu&jrJ jzpfayownf;/ 9/ pMu0aw;rif;?

apwDykxdk; wnfxm;udk;uG,fxdkufaom bk&m;jrwfpGm? yapöuAk'¨g? bk&m;wynfhom0u? þav;yg;wkdUudk

xlyg&[

xkdufonfukdvnf;

bk&m;jrwfpGm

atmufygtwkdif;

rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ pwåma&mar tmeE´ xlyg&[m/ uwar pwåma&m/ wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? yapöuAk'¨g orÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? wxm*wó om0aum xlyg&a[m? &mZmpuú0wåD xlyg&a[mwd/ ('D? 2? 117/)

jrefrmjyef tmeE´m þav;yg;ukefaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk apwDwnfxdkufukef\/ tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;[lrlylaZmftxl;ukd cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ yapöuAk'¨gudk apwDwnfxkduf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ om0uudk apwDwnfxkduf\/ pMu0aw;rif;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ (þav;yg;wkdUwnf;)/ ('D? jref? 2/ 136/) 10/

bk&m;½Sif

udk,fawmfjrwf\

"mwfawmf?

arGawmf?

qHawmf

paom

apwDykxdk;

½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk vlewfjA[®m owå0gtaygif;wkdU ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;udk ûycJh&m y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmf rljyD;aom bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfjrwfESifh xyfwlxyfrQ Munfvifaom yoEéo'¨gjzpfrIjcif; wlnDvQif wlaomtusKd;tmedoifrsm;udk

&Sdckd;ylaZmfaomoltm;

cHpm;xkdufonf[k

bk&m;jrwfpGm

atmufyga'oemawmfjzifh rdefYawmfrlygonf bk&m; udOömeE´ tw¦0oH y#dpö wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? ]]t,H wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó xlayg}} wd tmeE´ A[kZem pdwåH yoma'EÅd? aw ww¬ pdwåH yoma'wGm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm ok*wð o*¾H avmuH OyyZÆEÅd/ £'H acg tmeE´ tw¬0oH y#dpö wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m/ ('D? 2? 118/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

155

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

tmeE´m tb,fodkUaom tusKd;xl;udkpGJí ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkdufoenf;/ tmeE´m ]]þ (apwD) onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDawmf[k vltrsm;wdkUonf pdwfjzihfMunfñdkukef\/ xkdolwkdUonf

xkd

(apwD)

pdwfjzifhMunfñdkjyD;aom

cE¨mudk,fysufpD;í

aojyD;onfrSaemufü

aumif;aomvm;&m ewfjynfodkU a&muf&ukef\/ tmeE´m ]]þtusKd;xl;udk pGJí ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ ('D? jref? 2? 137/) 11/

uvd*FaAm"dZmwf t|uxm pmrsufESm (229) üvnf; bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfjrwf

y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrljyD;aemuf

½lyum,jzpfaom

cE¨mawmfudk

pGJíjzpfaom

om&D&du

"mwfawmf?

bk&m;½Sif\ toHk;taqmifjzpfaom oydwf y&du©&m paom y&dabm*? bk&m;½Sifudk &nfrSwfí xkvkyftyfaom ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfwdkUonf apwDxkduf\ [k zGifhqkdrdefUawmfrlxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 12/

'DCedum,f ygxdu0*¾ t|uxm pmrsufESm (81-82) üvnf; "mwfawmfawG ½SdaeorQ

bk&m;½Sifvnf; oufawmfxif½Sm; ½Sdonfrnfay\ [k jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 13/

þodkU ponfjzifh ouFef;awmf? qHawmf? "mwfawmf paom ylZm&[ ylaZmfxdkufonfwkdUudk

ylaZmforIûy&mü tusKd;&yHk tzHkzHkudk tjrGufrQ avQmufxm;jyD;ygjyD bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfrsm;tay: uJh&JU½Iwfcs ykwfcwfqJa&;rIrsm;onf

t"r®0g'rsm;omjzpfí

xkdt"r®0g'rsm;udk

vkdufema&;om;

jzefUjzL;aeolrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

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156

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (13)

13/

bmomomoem\ wifhw,frIwpfck[k qkdxkdufaom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh

"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk tvkdqkd;jzifh tjrpfrSvSefvsuf wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daoo apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/

,if;apm'emcsuf trSwf (13) wGif

(u)

bk&m;½Sdckd;jcif;?

ypönf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh

ylaZmfjcif;?

*kPfawmfyGm;jcif;?

OykofoDv

aqmufwnfjcif; ponfwkdUü tusKd;½Sdonf[k r,HkMunfjcif;? (c)

apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;[k jrifjcif;?

(*)

yk*Hbk&m;ykxdk;rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf xm;jcif;udk rESpfoufjcif;?

[laom tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&ygrnf bk&m;/ 2/

&wemoHk;yg;udk ypfy,fxm;Muonfh vlMurf;vl&rf;wkdU aexkdif&m tdrf? aus;½Gm? &yfuGuf?

ûrdUe,f? wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm at;csrf;om,mrI r½Sd 'ku©twd jzpfMurnfudk odjrifMuaom Ak'¨bmom rdaumif;zcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ om;orD;rsm;udk i,fpOfrSpí Moumo oifay;jcif;? qDrD;awmf? qGrf;awmf? yef;awmf uyfvªapjcif;? £wdyd aom b*0g ponfh *kPfawmfwkdUudk oifay;jcif; ponfjzifh vl,Ofaus;uav;rsm;jzpfatmif ûyjyifay;wwfMuygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ ausmif;'um temxydPfvnf; ol\om; umvudk uav;êuduf rkefUzdk;ay;íyif Ak'¨bmom ouf0if,HkMunfatmif ûyvkyfcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhenf;qkdaomf cka&maemifyg at;csrfom,m csrf;omMuzdkUyif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/

bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfjrwfuvnf; rdrdpum;udk em;axmifrnfh apmifha½SmufxdkufolwkdUukd

&wemoHk;yg;ü ouf0if,HkMunfa&; oDvaqmufwnfa&;wdkUü oGif;ay;&rnf[k r[m0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf yXr rdwåmrpöokwfü enf;ñTefvrf;jy xm;ygonf bk&m;/ ,ckenf;ñTefcsufudk om"utjzpf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ a, aw bdu©a0 tEkuarÜ,smx? a, p aomwAÁH ran,sKH? rdwåm 0g trpöm 0g ÚmwD 0g omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdu©a0 pwlok aomwmywådr*Fok orm'aywAÁm? eda0aowAÁm? ywd|maywAÁm/ uwarok pwlok Aka'¨ ta0pöyÜoma' orm'aywAÁm eda0 aowAÁm ywd|m aywAÁm ]]£wdyd aom b*0g/ y/ owåma'0 rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}} wd/ "ar® / y/ oHaC/ y/ t&d,uaEÅok oDavok orm'aywAÁm eda0aowAÁm ywd|maywAÁm tca@ok/ y/ orm"d oH0wåedauok/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

157

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a, aw bdu©a0 tEkuarÜ,mx? a, p aomwAÁH ran,sKH rdwåm0g trpöm 0g ÚmwD 0g

omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdu©a0 £arok pwlok aomwmywådr*Fok orm'aywAÁm eda0aowAÁm ywd|maywAÁm/ (oH? 3? 317-318/) ygVdem;rvnfolawGtwGuf jrefrmjyefudk xkwfEkwfazmfjyygrnf bk&m;/

jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifha½Smuf) xkdufukefaom olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdpum;udk vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k rSwfxif&ukefaom rdwfaqG? cifyGef;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk vnf;aumif;? aomwmyef t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdUü

aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/

oGif;xm;tyfukef\/

wnfaptyfukef\/

tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;/ xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; t&[H rnfawmfrl\/ y/ ewfvlwkdU\ q&mjzpfawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; owåma'0 rEkóme rnfawmfrl\/ (opömav;yg; w&m;wkdUudk) odapawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; Ak'¨ rnfawmfrl\/ bkef;wefcdk;MuD;awmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; b*0g rnfawmfrl\-[k jrwfpGmbk&m;ü rwkefrvIyf Munfñdkjcif;ü aqmufwnfaptyfukef\ oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ w&m;awmfü/ y/ oHCmawmfü/ y/ rwkefrvIyf Munfñdkjcif;ESifh jynfhpHk\/ rusKd;rayguf rajymufrusm;ukefaom/ y/ wnfMunfrI orm"dudk jzpfapwwfaom t&d,mwkdU ESpfouftyfaom oDvwkdUü aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/ oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ &[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifha½Smuf) xkdufukefaom olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?

rdrdpum;udk

vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k

aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk

vnf;aumif;?

aomwmyef

rSwfxif&ukefaom

t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdUü

rdwfaqG?

cifyGef;?

aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/

oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ (oH? jref? 3? 319/) 4/ ,Ofaus;rI

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfü *kPfta&mifukd

&wemoHk;yg;tay:

apwDykxdk;rsm;onf

xGef;ajymifaponfhtjyif

Munfñdkjcif;wnf;[laom

jrefrmhusufoa&udkaqmifum zl;jrif&ol

Ak'¨bmom0if

aumif;rIukodkvfw&m;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiH\ olawmfpifwkdU\

wkd;yGm;aponfhtjyif

bk&m;pum;awmfudk vkdufemûyusifhMuojzifh vlU½GmewfxH edAÁmefwdkifajrmuf aumif;usKd;a&mufapEkdifygonf/ Oyrm trdtz "gwfyHkudk jrifvQif rdb*kPfaus;Zl;udk jyefvnfatmufarhEkdifjcif;? rdb\qHk;rpum;wkdUudk jyefvnftrSwf&í vkdufemjcif; ponfwkdUuJhokdUyif jzpfygonf/ 5/

tn0g'D yk*¾dKvfwkdUonf OD;Ouú|\ "mwfyHukd &ifüxkd;í tjrwfwEdk; ûyaeMuygvsuf

Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ udk;uG,f&m apwDykxdk;usumrS tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k apmfapmfum;um; ajym&ufjcif;rSm vl,Ofaus;wdkU\ tajccHw&m;uav;rQ r½Sd&m a&mufaeMuygonf/ apwDykxdk;udk

tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk

twkvkyfxm;onf[laom

pum;onf

ax&ty'gef

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158

ygVdawmfü-

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wH ykyæH MopdedwGme? ok*E¨H *E¨dwH okwH/ xlyH uwGme ykvdae? Ak'¨ó tbda&my,ð/ (ck? 3? 316/)

ponfjzifh oJyHkapwD ûyvkyfum ykef;nufyef;udk vª'gef;cJhaom ukodkvfaMumifh &[EÅm tjzpfodkUwkdifatmif a&mufcJhaom ykEém*ykyærax&f\ jzpfawmfpOf a'oemESifh qefUusif&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 6/

EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhwuG

Ak'¨bmom

Munfñdko'¨gyGm;í

bk&m;udk&nfrSef;um

a½S;tusqHk;aom

jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI

jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdUonf

tm;xm;udk;uG,f&m[k

yk*H½Sd

apwDykxdk;rsm;udk

todtrSwf

ûyMuonfhtjyif

wpf&yftaejzifhvnf;

tvGefjrwfEdk;Muygonf/

tvGefESpfoufMuygonf/ tvGefcifrifMuygonf/ tvGefwefzkd;xm;Muygonf/ tvGef*kPf,lMuygonf/ xdkUaMumifh rysufrpD;atmif xdef;Mu? odrf;Mu? apmifhMu? a½SmufMu? ûyMu? jyifMuESifh þrQumvMumatmif wnfapcJhMuygonf/ 8/

yk*Hbk&m;rsm;

ajrivsif'PfaMumifh

ûydusysufpD;oGm;aMumif;

owif;Mum;&aomtcg

,Ofaus;aom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdUonf 0rf;enf;yufvuf pdwfvufrcsrf;rom vGefpGmESajrmrI jzpfMu&ygonf/ ûyjyifay;rnfholudk rSef;qíwrf;wMuonf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u yk*Hbk&m;rsm; jyifqifzkdU tvªcHvdkufonfqkdvQif

wpfOD;csif;taejzifhvnf;aumif;?

wpf&yfuGufcsif;

taejzifhvnf;aumif;?

wpfûrdUe,f? wpfoif;? wpfzGJUcsif; taejzihfvnf;aumif; ololigig o'¨gjzLazG;vsuf tvªay;um ,Ofaus;rI jrwfEkd;olwkdU\ wm0efudk ausyGefapcJhMuygonf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;uyif ay;Mu? urf;Mu?

ulMu?

vªMuygonf/

udk,fwkdif

ray;vªEkdifolwkdUuvnf;

olwpfyg;

ay;vªonfudk

vªMuolrsm;ukdyif

jiLplMujyD;

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:Muygonf bk&m;/ 9/

odkUaomf

ukd,fwkdif

ray;rvªonfhtjyif

ay;Mu

]]csKd;uyfaeaom tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;}} [k uJh&JUvsuf Ak'¨bmom jrefrmwdkU\

,Ofaus;rIorkdif;udkjzwfí

t½dkif;ZmwfoGif;csifolrsm;

tHkeJUusif;eJU

tzGJUeJU

toif;eJU

ajymjcif;onf

Ak'¨bmompepfudk

½SdaeMuygwum;[k owdxm;í "r®oHa0* yGm;Mu&ygonf bk&m;/ 10/ em;rvnfjcif;?

Moumo tjcm;aom

uefawmhcef;udk

toem;cHaeonf[k

bmomt,lrsm;ESifh

a&maxG;aejcif;aMumifh

jzpfygonf/

bmoma&;

tjrifr½SdolwdkU\ a0zefcsufrQ jzpfygonf/ pifppf Moumo uefawmhcef;onf tpOftvm MuD;rm;aom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIudk xif[yfapvsuf ½Sdygonf/ 11/

Ak'¨u a½Tudk rukdif& qkdygvsuf bk&m;a½Tcs&aumif;vm;[k ajymjcif;onfvnf; rqDrqkdif

pum;jzpfwef; ajymjcif;om jzpfygonf/ xkdokdU ajymolrsKd;tm; w&m;jy&ef rvG,fyg/ pum;aumif; pum;qkd;udkyif cGJjcm;od&ef vG,frnfhvlpm;awG r[kwfyg bk&m;/ ]od'¨w¬jzpfaom bk&m;} [k pum;oHk;xm;jcif;onf ]]oufawmfxif&Sm; oAÁñk jrwfpGmbk&m;}} [laom oHk;½dk;oHk;pOfudk zsufí (0g) jrwfpGmbk&m;udk vlomref taetxm;rsKd; a&mufatmif ynmom;ygyg

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

159

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ESdrfía&;xm;aom pum;jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdouf½Sdbk&m;rSm '&0rfrxm;&yJ a½Twd*HkapwDMuD;rsm; '&0rf xm;&rvm;[k

aighxm;ygonf/

þpum;udk

tav;teuf

rSwfom;xm;oifhygonf/

a½Twd*HkrSm

'&0rfr½Sdapcsifí jzpf[efwlygonf/ a½Twd*HkrSmu ppfrSefaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdUu vª'gef;xm;onfh &wemawGu ½Sdaeayoudk; bk&m;/ 12/ apwDykxdk;qkdif&m

tm;vHkudk

pkaygif;í

½Iwfcsa&;om;rIrsm;onf

aumufcsufcsMunfhvQif tm*r,kwåd

OD;Ouú|ESifh

obm0,kwådvHk;0r½Sd/

taygif;ygwkdU\ Ak'¨omoem\

oefU½Sif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;a&;udk tEÅ&m,fûyonfh t"r®pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfygojzifh omoemawmftwGuf xufjrufaom tqHk;tjzwf ay;yg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

160

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (14)

14/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;? paom bmomrI

ukodkvfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;udk tydkoufouf tjzpfjzifh a[majyma&;om; zsufqD;jcif; apm'emqkdif&mü 0daoo apm'em ûycsufygbk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'DwdkUonf oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyvkyfjcif; paom ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rûyvkyfMuonfhtjyif xkdvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifMuaom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk tremy ajymqkda&;om;í aeMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkuJhodkU ajymqkda&;om; ,lqcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨yd#u ax&0g'ESifh rudkufrnD zDvmqefUusifaeaom t"r®0g'rsm; jzpfaMumif; wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyavQmufxm; vdkygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdY\ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf udk,fawmfwkdif av;oacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; bk&m;jzpf&ef

yg&rDawmfwkdUukd

jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlwJhtcg

'geyg&rD?

oDvyg&rDwkdUudk

tpxm;jyD;

jznfhqnf;yl;awmf rlcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkduJhodkU udk,fawmfwdkif 'gerI-oDvrI ponfwdkUudk usifhoHk;awmf rljyD;aemuf

oHo&mrS

uRwfvrf;½SmMuolwkdUtm;vnf;

'gerI-oDvrI

ponfwkdUudk

ûyvkyfMu&ef?

xkdodkUûyvkyfolwkdY vm;a&muf&rnfh *wdwkdUudk "r®[',0dbif;ü þodkUa[mMum;awmf rlygonf/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm uw¦ OyyZÆEÅd/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm tayÜuapö cwåd,r[momvmeH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd/ y/ tayÜuapö y&edr®dw0w0wåDeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd/ (tbd? 2? 437/) 'geudk ay;vªí oDvudk aqmufwnfí OykofoHk;jcif; trIudkûyí tb,fbHkü jzpfukefoenf;? 'geudk ay;vªí oDvudk aqmufwnfí OykofoHk;jcif; trIudk ûyí tcsKdUwkdYonf cwåd,r[momvac: rif; aoaX;wkdU\

taygif;tazmf

ykPÖm;aoaX;wkdY\

tjzpfodkU

taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU

a&mufukef\/ a&mufukef\/

tcsKdUwkdUonf tcsKdUwdkYonf

jAm[®P

r[momvac:

*[ywdr[momvac:

olMuG,faoaV;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf pwkr[m&mZfewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wm0wðomewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wkodwmewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf edr®e&wdewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf y&edr®dw0w0wdåewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ (taygif;tazmftjzpf[lonf tygt0if[k qkdvdkonf/) xdkrSwyg;vnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGmwdkU\ tEkykAÁduxm [lonf tpOfjzpfaom w&m;pum; (a[mMum;&m) wkdUüvnf; 'geuxm? oDvuxm? o*¾uxm ponfwdkUudk tOD;rlí a[mawmfrlavh ½Sdygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

161

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þ 'geuxm oDvuxmESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mMum;awmfrlcsufwkdUonf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfü tjynfhtESuf ½Sdaeygonf/ odkUygvsuf OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUu 'gerI oDvcHrIwkdUudk qefUusifajymqdkaeMuygonf/ ,if;wkdU\ xkdokdU qefUusifajymqkdrI ,lqrIwkdUonf Ak'¨tvdkawmfus "r®0g'D jzpfEdkifygrnfvm; bk&m;/ pifppftm;jzifh t"r®0g' rdpäm0g'omvQifjzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh wuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUonf Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\

qkawmif;ywåemûyjcif;?

qkay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf;

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164

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170

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171

tpodkU (c)

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(i)

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(p)

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(q)

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(Z)

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172

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16/

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173

tpodkU (2)

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y#da0"t&d,m

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av;rsdK;½SdaMumif; udk Zmwu|uxm 'kwd,tkyf ESm-256 ü qdkxm;ygonf? y#da0"t&d,m qdkonfrSm tusOf;tm;jzifh r*¾|mef av;a,mufç zv|mefav;a,mufwdkU jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkU jrifhjrwfaom olawmfpif t&d,mocifrsm;udk Ak'¨omoemawmfü tav;*½kûyí wefzdk;xm;cJhMuygonf? þuJhodkU tav;*½kûyí wefzdk;xm;tyfaom t&d,mocifrsm;udk yHysufyef;ysuf jzpfatmif uyfoD; uyfoyf zsufqD;Muygonf bk&m;? ]]t&d,mqdkwJh pum;udk yk'fcGJvdkufawmh t&+£,+tm qdkwJh yk'foHk;ckudk pyffxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'DoHk;yk'frSm t&-u= vltar? £,-u= vltaz? tm= vkyfwm? vltar vltazawG vkyfvdkUjzpfwm t&d,m}} vdkU qdkvdkw,f[k a&;om;MuonfrSm Ak'¨omoemtm; w&m;vGef apmfum;jcif;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;vdkygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;onf t&d,mudkom zsufqD;½Hkru edAÁmef\ oabmw&m;udkvnf; r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHzsufqD; a&;om;xm;Muygonf bk&m;? ed+0ge t& edAÁmefqdkaom yk'fü þb0ESifh xdkb0 csKyfpyfwwfaom 0gernfaom wPSm r½SdaomaMumifh edAÁmef[k trSefjzpfygonf? ]]0ge}} udk taMumuf-tvdk? ed-r½dSjcif;? uif;jcif;[laom t"dyÜg,frSm i&JaMumufjcif;? ewfjynfudk vdkcsifjcif; r½SdwmvdkU qGJ,lxm;ygonf? ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfeJU tvGef qefUusifwJhpum; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xdkUjyifvnf;

þcE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom

½kyfw&m;

½lyu©E¨mwGif

a0'emonm

ocFg&

0dnmP[laom t½lyu©E¨m*kPfESifh edAÁmef[laom *kPf 2-rsdK; ½Sdavonf[k qdkxm;jcif;onfvnf; tvGefrSyif r[kwfw½kwfEdkifvSaompum;rsm; jzpfygonf? cE¨mudk,f[m ½kyfw&m;csnf;oufouf r[kwfyg? ½lyu©E¨mcsnf;oufouf r[kwfyg? xdk½kyfw&m;wGif a0'em-onm ocFg& 0dnmPESifh edAÁmef wnf½Sdonf qdkwm[mvnf; xdkenf;wl r[kwfw½kwf Avkókuúpum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ½kyfw&m;ESifh emrfw&m;wdkUonf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm o[Zmw (twljzpfzuf)rsdK;ç wnf&mrSD&m (edó,)rsdK;ç

tm;BuD;aom

edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf

wnf&mrSD&m

½kyfw&m;rSm

(Oyedó,)jzpfzufrsdK;wdkU

wnfaejcif;qdkwmuawmh

vHk;0

jzpfMuygukefonf

bk&m;?

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh

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174

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rudkufnDyg bk&m;? edAÁmef onf owå0gwdkU\ tZÑwåü &½Sdtyfaomw&m;rsdK; r[kwf tyüom &½Sdtyfaom A[d'¨w&m;rsdK;omjzpfaMumif; "r®o*FPDygVdawmfü ]]A[d'¨g "r®m}} [k a[mawmfrlxm;ygonf bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvdkuf

or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;onf

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfudk

vHk;0

em;rvnfolrsm;om jzpfMuygonf? em;vnfatmifvnf; o'¨gw&m;jzifh oifMum;olrsm; r[kwfMuyg? ax&0g' yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;udk tenf;i,frQ avhvmzl;vQifvnf; xdkodkU avhvmMujcif;rsm;onf csKyfcs,fvdkí wpfbufudk tjypf½Smvdkí avhvmoifMum;jcif; tv*'´Lyryk*¾dKvfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf? taMumif;rSm edAÁmef\ csrf;omudk wrifawmifhwcHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu (þedAÁmef tvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&ayrnf)[k qdkxm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tbd"r®myd#u a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf?

"r®o*FPDygVdawmfü wPSm'd|dwdkU

edAÁmefudk

uyftyfaom

uHonf

tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,

"r®[k

tusdK;\tjzpfjzifhvnf;

r,ltyf?

Oyg'gefwdkU\ tpD;tyGm; tm½Hkvnf; r[kwfaom w&m;-[k vm½Sdygonf? umrqdkaom wPSm\ tvdkjzifh &Edkifaom edAÁmef r[kwfyg/ xdk tbd"r®m "r®o*FPDygVdawmfüyifuwar "r®m tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,m? ty&d,myEém r*¾g p r*¾zvmed p tocFwm p "mwk? £ar "r®m tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,m/ (tbd 1/ 206/)

jrefrmjyef tb,fw&m;wdkUonf tm½Hkûyaomtm;jzifh wPSm'd|dwdkU uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf (tusdK;\ tjzpfjzifh) rpGJ,lvnf; rpGJ,ltyfukefonfjzpfí vGefpGm pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm; (tm½Hk) vnf; r[kwfaom tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,w&m;wdkU jzpfukefoenf;? (wPSm'd|dwdkU tm½Hkûytyfonfh uH\ tusdK;vnf;r[kwf? Oyg'gefwdkU\ tm½Hkvnf;r[kwfaom w&m;rsm;um; tb,fenf;) bHkoHk;yg;ü tusHK;r0if ukefaom (avmukwå&mjzpfaom) r*fwdkUonfvnf;aumif; udavomwdkUudkowfvsuf edAÁmefodkU oGm;wwfaom

wdkUonfvnf;aumif;

(uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&-[laom

taMumif;w&m;wdkU) rûyjyiftyfaom oabm ]]tocFw"mwf}}

(edAÁmef) onfvnf;aumif; ½Sd\/

þw&m;wdkUonf

r*f\

tusdK;(zdkvf)

(wPSm'd|dwdkU

tm½Hkûytyfonfh

uH\tusdK;vnf;

r[kwf?

Oyg'gefwdkU\

tm½Hkvnf;r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged, w&m;wdkU jzpfukef\/ (tbd jref 1? 369/) pwåma&m r*¾g ty&d,myEém pwåm&d p omrnzvmed edAÁmeÍö/ (umr? ½ly? t½ly) bHkoHk;yg;ü tusHK;r0ifukefaom r*Fav;yg;? xdkUjyif zdkvfav;yg;? xdkUjyifedAÁmefonf½Sd\? ¤if;"r®o*FPDygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ (tbd 1? 267/)

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175

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkrSwyg; edAÁmef\*kPfawmfyk'f wckjzpfaom ]]tEkyg'gy&dedAÁme}} [laomyk'fudk wdyd#u ygVdjrefrm tbd"mefusrf;BuD;u wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;udk wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh r,lrlí csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;? aemiftcg y#doaE¨\ taMumif;rjzpfaom csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;[k t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ þuJhodkU ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ü edAÁmefonf wPSm'd|dwdkU\ tm½Hk r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh r&tyf? rodtyfaom w&m;tjzpf a[mMum;awmfrlygvsuf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&ayrnf[k qdkxm;jcif;onf rdpäm0g'D t"r®0g'DwdkU\ rdpäm0g' t"r®0g'omjzpfygonf bk&m;/

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176

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (17)

17/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumvufopfESifh

pyfvsOf;í 0daoo apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumvufopfESifh ywfoufí vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwfcif;um teufay;cJhyHkrsm;ESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ em,uBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ ukd,fvdk&mudk,fqGJ teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlvapm'emvTm trSwf(17)wGif azmfjyapm'emxm;NyD;cJhygNyD bk&m;/ ocifjrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ "r®pMumç tewåvu©Pokwfç y#dpöorkyÜg'f wpfpdwf wpfa'owdkUudkom bk&m;a[m[k a[majymjzefUa0xm;aom pmtkyfç pmwrf;ç pmapmifç wdwfacG ponfwdkUudk (pmaypdppfa&;odkU rwifMubJ wdwfwqdwf jzefUa0xm;aom vufurf;pmapmif pmtkyfrsm;yg rusef) pkaqmif;½SmazGí þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHtaxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyNyD; rlvapm'emvTmwGif wifjyavQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;tygwdkU ESpfoufvSygonfç jrwfEdk;vSygonf qdkaom "r®pMumudkvnf; vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh

udkufnDatmif

'd|"ar®m

paom

ygVdyk'frsm;udk

udk,fvdk&m

udk,fqGJ

teufay;xm;MuaMumif; avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf? bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfus teufay;&rnfudk tb,fhaMumifh aMumuf½GHUí aemufwGefUaeMuaMumif;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkU\ t"r®0g'udk ppfaq;qHk;jzwfaomtcg txif;om; ay:vmrnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þae&mwGif'd|"ar®m

paom

"r®pMumygVdyk'frsm;ukd

Ak'¨jrwfpGm

tvdkawmfus

q&mawmfOD;Ak"f

teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk qufvufavQmufxm; azmfjycGifhûyyg bk&m;/ (1)

'd|"ar®m? jriftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/

(2)

ywå"ar®m? a&muftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/

(3)

0d'dw"ar®m? odtyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/

(4)

y&da,m*gV§"ar®m? ÓPfjzifh ouf0iftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/

(5)

wdPÖ0dpdudapäm? ul;ajrmufNyD;aom wpfq,fhajcmufyg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif;? ½Spfyg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif; ½Sdonf jzpfí/

(6)

0d*wuxHuaxm? odkUavm odkUavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; uif;onf jzpfí/

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177

tpodkU (7)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ow¬Komoae?

jrwfpGmbk&m;

omoemawmfü?

a0om&ZÆyÜawåm?

&J&ifhjcif;odkU

a&mufonfjzpfí/ (8)

ty&yÜpöa,m? udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odjriftyfaomaMumifh olwyg;wdkUtm; ,HkMunfjcif; rjzpfrlí/

þü ]]opömw&m;}} [lonf txuf "r®pMumw&m;pmudk,fü a[mMum;xm;aom 'k-o-ed-r opöm av;yg; jzpfygonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg

'd|"ar®m

paom

yk'fwdkU\

bk&m;½Siftvdkusteufrsm;udk

atmufyg

t|uxmzGifhESifhtnD azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 'da|m t&d,opö"ar®m {awemwd 'd|"ar®m/ {o ea,m aooya'okyd/ wdPÖm 0dpdudpäm taeemwd wdPÖ0dpdudapäm/ 0d*wm uxHuxm tómwd 0d*wuxHuaxm/ a0om&ZæyÜawåmwd a0om&ZÆH yawåm? uw¬ ow¬Komoae/ emó ya&m ypöa,m e y&ó o'¨g, {w¬ 0wåwDwd ty&yÜpöa,m/ (r? |? 3? 66/)

jrefrmjyef jriftyfNyD;aom t&d,opömw&m; ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 'd|d"r® rnf\? <uif;aom

ywå"r®ç

0d'dw"r®ç

y&da,m*gV§"r®

yk'fwdkUüvnf;

þtpDt&iftwdkif;yifwnf;?

vGefajrmuftyfNyD;aom 0dpdudpäm ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf wdPÖ0dpdudpäm rnf\? uif;aom tb,fodkUygvdrfh[k ajymqdkaMumif; 0dpdudpäm ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 0d*wuxHux rnf\? a0om&ZÆyÜwå [lonfum; uif;aom ½GHU½Sm;jcif;½Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufoenf;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfü uif;aom ½GHU½Sm;jcif;½Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD? aomwmyef\ olwyg;[laom pGJí jzpf&monf (0g) ,HkMunfxdkufolonf r½Sd? olwyg;udk ,HkMunfjcif;aMumifh þomoemawmfü usifhonf r[kwfaomaMumifh aomwmyefonf ty&yÜpö, rnf\/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg

ygVd

t|uxmrsm;t&

bk&m;½Sifonf

'd|"ar®m

paom

yk'frsm;udk

opömav;yg;w&m;udk odjrifNyD;aom t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm;udk &nf½G,fí a[mxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifygonf bk&m;/ "r®pMumudk bk&m;a[mygVd? t|uxm? #DumESifhtnD ay;&aom teufESifh OD;Ouú|ay;xm;aom teuf b,fvdkuGmjcm;aeonfudk trSefw&m; pl;prf;vdkonfh vli,frsm; EdIif;,SOfMunfhoifhygonf/

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178

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"r®mq&mpdefqdkola&;aom

twå0g'ESifh

wm0wðomtbd"r®m

pmtkyfwGif

"r®pMum

a'oemawmfvm 'ku©opöm a[myk'frsm;udk olxif&m jrif&m aygufwwfu& teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlv apm'emvTmü avQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/ tbd"r®mq&mpdef &rf;um;pGm teufay;xm;aom 'ku©opöm a[myk'frsm;udk q&mawmf OD;Ak"fu bk&m;½Siftvdkawmfus teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk avQmufxm; azmfjyyg&ap bk&m;/ Zmwdyd? y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif;jzpf\/ Z&myd? qdk;&Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\taMumif; jzpf\ Asm"dyd? zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ r&PrÜd? ao&jcif;onfvnf;? 'ku©H? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ tyÜda,[d?

rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom

owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh/

orÜa,ma*g?

twlwuG

aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&J\/ yda,[d? cspfESpfvdktyfaom owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh/ 0dyÜa,ma*g? auGuGif; uif;uGm ½SJcGmzJMunf raygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&J\/ ,H ydpäH? tMuif y#doaEäe&jcif; paom oabmw&m; ightm; rjzpfygrl aumif;avpG ponf jzifh awmifhwjcif;udk/ e vbwd? r&tyf/ wrÜd? xdk awmifhwwdkif; r&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©H? qif;&J\/ oHcdawåe? tusOf;tm;jzifh? yÍö? ig;yg;ukefaom/ Oyg'geu©E¨myd? Oyg'gef\ tm½Hkjzpfaom cE¨mwdkUonfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jukef\/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ bk&m;tvdkawmfus teufrsm;onf (0de,yd#uom&w¬'DyeD#Dum r[mcEü? yÍö0*¾,uxm? "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwf tzGifh pmrsufESm 171? 172? 173? 174? 175) wdkUrS zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm;ESifh tnD teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þae&mwGif acwfvli,frsm; jrifomatmif tppfESifhtwk EIdif;,SOf jyyg&ap bk&m;/ Zmwdyd - ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif; jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m; jzpf&acs\/ (q&mpdef) (twk) Zmwdyd - y#doaEäe&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ (q&mawmf OD;Ak"f ) (tppf)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

179

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"r®mq&mpdef qdkolonf ol\ twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®mpmtkyfüyif ]]t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} ygVdudk vdif0kpfrrSef o'´g[eftaerus teufay;xm;onfudkvnf; rlv apm'emvTmü wifjyavQmufxm;cJhygonf bk&m;? ]]t&da,m? jrwfaom / t, ar0 ra*¾g? þr*fonfvQif/ t|*Øaum? t*Fg½Spfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk\}} [laom teufonf o'´grSef yk'frSef teufrSef jzpfygonf? cdkifcHhaom bmompum; rSeforQ pnf;urf;½Sdygonf? ygVdç ouúw paom bmompum;BuD;rsm;onf pnf;pepf½Sdaom bmomrsm; jzpfygonf? xdkUaMumifh ygVdbmomudk o'´grrSef aygufwwfu& vkyfypfygu t"dyÜm,frSef r&Edkifawmhyg? pufbD;pD;wwfolonf vJatmif b,fvdkvkyfvkyf rvJyg? ygVdwwf ynm½Sifrsm;onfvnf; rSm;atmif wrifvkyfwmawmif rrSm;yg? OD;Ouú|wdkU q&mpdefwdkUrSmum; ygVdo'´gESifh ygVdpmayudk aumif;pGm rwwfí pufbD;rpD;wwfaom oluJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh tbd"r®mq&mpdefwdkU\ bk&m;a[m "r®pMuma'oemtay: bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfudk

qefUusifvsuf

teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;MuyHkonf

bk&m;½Sif\

tvdkawmfus

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD

jyefqdkxm;Muaom teufay;yHkonf vdkufemaeMuaom

"r®pMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh t"r®0g'rsm;om olwdkUonfvnf;

jzpfaMumif;

wynfhawmfrsm;

avQmufxm;cJhaom

a½S;q&mpOfquf

teufjrefrm

vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh

"r®pMumvufopf

avQmufxm;ygonf

bk&m;?

xdkt"r®0g'rsm;udk

tqHk;tjzwf

ay;awmfrlyg&ef

t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif;

avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/

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180

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf ( 18 )

18/

twåaemrwd- rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m

jzpfav [ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifhywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;1/

twåaemrwd=

rdrdxif&m

ajymqdkonfh

vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh

bk&m;ra[monfudk

bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí ]bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m vkyfrIonf} bmomoemzsuf tûytrlrsdK; jzpfaMumif; oufaoom"ursm;jzifh avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ 2/

yd#uoHk;oG,f edum,fig;jzm a'oemawmfonf olvdkigvdk omrefyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu

awG;awmMuHpnfNyD; a[mxm;aom a'oemr[kwf? av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; yg&rDawmfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;yl;NyD;rS oHk;avmuxG#fxm; bk&m;tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD;aom w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif odjrifawmfrlonfh bk&m;½Sifu oAÁñkwa½TÓPfawmfBuD;jzifh odjrifNyD; a[mMum;xm;aom w&m;a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? xdkw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;rSm jznfhzG,f pGufzG,f y,fzG,f EkwfzG,f r½SdaMumif;udk oDvu©efygVdawmf omrnzvokwfü þodkU a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ aom "r®H a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZÑuvsmPH y&da,maomeuvsmPH? omw¬H oAsÍöeH au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H jA[®p&d,H yumaowd/ ('D? 1? 59/) þygVdawmfudk atmufygtwdkif; ½Sif;vif; azmfjytyfygonf bk&m;-

uvsmP*kPf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfrsm;onf yxryg'jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? 'kwd,ç wwd,yg'jzifh tv,fü aumif;jcif;? pwkw¬yg'jzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif;*kPf/ ed'gef;jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? tv,fpum;&yfjzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? ed*Hk;pum;&yfjzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif; *kPf/ yxrtEkoaE¨jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? tv,ftEkoaE¨jzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? tqHk;tEkoaE¨jzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif; *kPf/ oDvorm"djzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? 0dyóemr*fwdkUjzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? zdkvfç edAÁmefwdkUjzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif;*kPf? þodkU tpç v,f tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynfhpHkaom a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/

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181

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ow¬*kPf

Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf rsufarSmuftusdK; wrvGeftusdK; avmuDtusdK; avmukwå&m tusdK; ESifh jynfhpHkyg\/ ouFmoe

tusOf;tm;jzifh jyqdktyfaom teuf?

yumoe

a½S;OD;pGm jyqdktyfaom teuf?

0d0&P

tusOf;udk tus,fzGifhqdktyfaomteuf?

0dbZe

jyqdktyfNyD;onfudk wzefa0zeftyfaom teuf?

OwåmeDu&P

zGifhqdkNyD;onfudk txl;wvnf tus,fw0ifh zGifhqdktyfaom teuf?

ynmye

a0zeftyfNyD;udk (ay:vGifonfxuf ay:vifatmif) jynfhjynfhpHkpHk odaptyfaom teuf/

þqdkcJhNyD;aom tusdK;pD;yGm; teufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHk<u0aom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/

oAsÍÆe*kPf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonftu©&

wpfvHk; wpfvHk;aom tu©&m?

0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom emrfyk'f? tmcsmwfyk'f? Oyom&yk'f? edygwfyk'f?

AsÍÆe

teuft"dyÜm,fudk jywwfaom 0gus?

tmum&

0gusudk rsm;pGmaom tjym;wdkUjzifh a0zefrI ûyaMumif; pum;?

ed½kwåd

tjym;tm;jzifh a0zefNyD;onfudk xkwfaqmifí tus,fqdktyfaom 0d*¾[ tusOf;pum;/

eda'´o

t<uif;tusefr½Sdatmif ñTefjytyfaom 0d*¾[ tus,fpum;/

þqdkcJhNyD;aom o'´grsm;ESifh jynfhpHk<u,f0aom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/

au0vy&dykPÖ*kPf ponf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonfxnfhoGif;jznfhpGufzG,f&m rvdkatmif jynfhpHkaeonf jzpfygí au0v y&dykPÖ*kPf? tjypfruif;ojzifh

wpfpHkwpf&m

xkwfEkwfy,fzsuf&rnfh

w&m;ryg½Sdí

tvGefoefUpifaom

y&dok'¨*kPf? oDv orm"d ynm odu©moHk;tif jrwfaom w&m;tpOfudk xifjrifatmif azmfjyEdkifonfh jA[®p&d,ç yumoe*kPf? þ*kPfawmfwdkUESifh avmufvHkjynfh0 wifhw,fvSaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

182

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t&SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;3/

qdkcJhNyD;aom aus;Zl;*kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf(1) ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk; toHk;tEIef;\ eufeJjcif; = "r®*rÇD&? (2) teufoabm\ eufeJjcif; = tw¬*rÇD&? (3) a[mMum;yHk tpDtpOf\ eufeJjcif; = a'oem*rÇD&? (4) ygVdteufwdkUudk xdk;xGifí odEdkifaom ÓPf\ eufeJjcif; = y#da0"*rÇD&-

[laom eufeJjcif;av;rsdK;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf? odkUjzpf&um; tapmufvnf;eufç tajymvnf;us,faom

ork'´&m0,f

,kefoli,fonf

axmufwnf&m

r&ouJhodkU

jznfhusifh

qnf;yl;tyfaom ukodkvf taqmuftOD; r½SdolwdkU ouf0ifusufpm;&ef cufcJNyD; axmufrD&efvnf; rvG,faom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þrQavmuf tzufzufu *kPfaygif;pHkaewJh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfü rnfolurQ r[kwfr[wf vkyfZwf ygVdudk xnfhí bk&m;a[m rvkyfoifhyg bk&m;? vkyfcJhvQifvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGm vufxufawmftcgu t&d|&[ef;\ vrf;odkUom jref;&zdkU½Sdygonf bk&m;/

t&d| &[ef; Ak'¨jrwfpGmvufxufawmftcgü t&d|rnfaom "r®uxdu &[ef;wpfyg; ½SdcJhzl;ygonf bk&m;? olu tbd"r®myd#uESifh okwåefyd#uudk wwfuRrf;NyD; 0denf;yd#uudk em;rvnfyg? odkUygí Ak'¨jrwfpGm "r®a'oemü atmufyg vkyfygVdudk xnfhvdkufygonf bk&m;/ wxm[H b*0wm "r®H a'odwH tmZmemrd/ ,xm a, ar tEÅ&m,dum "r®m 0kwåm b*0wm? aw y#dao0awm emvH tEÅ&m,m,/ (r? 1? 184/) arxke y#dao0ew&m;wdkUudk psmef r*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk ûywwf\ [k bk&m;a[mxm;aomfvnf; tMuif enf;vrf;jzifh rSD0Joltm; tEÅ&m,frjzpfEdkif? bk&m; a[mxm;aom psmef r*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk ûywwfaom arxkey#dao0ew&m;wdkUonf tEÅ&m,frjzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;udk igodxm;onf/ &[ef;wdkUu r[kwfrSefaMumif; bk&m;½Sifu þodkUra[maMumif; ½Sif;vif;jyaomfvnf; vufrcH? rSefrSef rSm;rSm; qdkNyD;om;pum;udk rpGefUEdkif[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ ,lqaeonf? bk&m;½Sifu ac:,lqHk;r&mütx p ye wGH armCyk&do twåem 'k*¾[dawe tarS ap0 tAÇmpdu©od? twåmeÍö ceod? A[kÍö tyknH yo0od/ wH [d aw armCyk&do b0dówd 'DC&wåH t[dwm, 'ku©m,/ (r? 1? 185/) (rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf? tv*'´Lyrokwf)

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183

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; xdkodkU a[mxm;ygvsuf oifonfç rdrdonf raumif;aom pGJ,l jcif;jzifh igwdkUudkvnf; pGyfpGJbd\? rdrdudk,fudkvnf; wl;ûzdzsufqD;bd\? tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf; rsm;pGmyGm; apbd\? r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; oifhtm; xdk,kwfnHhaom rdpämt,lonf umv½SnfjrifhpGm tpD; tyGm;rJhjcif;ç qif;&Jjcif;iSm jzpfvwåHU/ þuJhodkU rdefYqdkNyD; &[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwkdif; ar;awmfl\/ ]&[ef;wdkU... xdktaMumif;udk tb,fodkU rSwfxifMuukefoenf;? vif;wowfrsdK;ü jzpfzl;aom þt&d| &[ef;onf omoemawmfü ÓPftaiGUtoufrQ ½Sdao;oavm} [k ar;awmfrl\/ ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; tb,frSm ½SdEdkifygtHhenf;? r½SdEdkifyg bk&m;}} [k &[ef;wdkUu avQmufxm;Muukef\/ xdkodkU

qHk;raomfvnf;

t&d|&[ef;onf

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ikwfwkwfxdkifum

t,lrpGefUbJ

ZGwfayaeygonf bk&m;/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;uynm,dówd acg wGH armCyk&do {awe oaue ygyaue 'd|d*awe? (r? 1? 185/) r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm;? oifonf rdrd\ ,kwfnHhvSaom þt,ljzifh i&J ponfwdkUü xif½Sm;vwåHU/ þodkU rdefYqdkawmfrlNyD; t&d|udk oHCmh*dkPf;rS ESifxkwfvdkufNyD; &[ef;aumif;wdkUtm;vnf; t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU rûyMu&ef t|uxmq&m t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmou atmufygtwdkif; owday;jyefygonf/ t&da|e 0d, e wkarS[d r,SH omoae uvvH 0g up0&H 0g yu©dydwAÁH/ (r? |? 2? 16/) ]]&[ef;wdkU oifwdkUonf t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU ig\ omoemawmfü ½THUñGefESifh trdIufo½dkufudk rxnfhoGif;&}} [k owday;ygonf/

u@uomraP xdkodkU owday;aeonfhtMum;rS t&d|&[ef;\ oHa,mifaemufvdkuf t&d|&[ef;\ rdpämt,ludk tvHxlay;rnfh

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ay:vmjyefygonf?

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vlêudufvnf; rsm;onf? vlaovljzpfuJhodkU qef;opfwJh tbd"r®myJqdkNyD; topftqef;êudufolwdkU 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaeMuonf?

'DtxJ

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wpfavQmufvHk;½Iyfvmaom

qAÁ*¾Dudk,fawmfBuD;wdkUu a½SUqHk;rS yg0ifaeonf? 'Dudk&ifudk auR;Muonf? ay;Muonf twltdyf twlpm; aexdkifum rolawmfcsif; oDwif;avGUavGU aygif;zufarGUaeMuonf? u@u omraPudk t,lrSefatmif a[mívnf; r&/

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184

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdktaMumif; bk&m;½Sif odaomtcg &[ef;wdkUudk ac:í atmufyg twdkif; ESifxkwfcdkif;vkdufonf/ tZÆwa*¾ aw tm0kaom u@u e ap0 aom b*0g ow¬m ty'dodwaAÁm? ,Hyd pan orPka'´om vbEÅd bdu©L[d o'¨ð 'd&wåwd&wåH o[ao,sH? omyd aw ew¬d? p& yda& 0deó/ (0d? 2? 182/) a[h armifu@u oifonf igwdkUq&m bk&m;jrwfpGmudk ,aeUupNyD; q&mvdkU rnGefjy&? tjcm; udk&ifaumif;rsm;vdk twl ESpfnoHk;n tdyfcGifhvnf; r&awmh? olpdrf;jyify a[h vlt awmf&moGm;í ysufpD;ygav/ þpum;udkajymí

omoemawmfrS

oefU½Sif;a&;vkyf

xkwfypf&rnf[k

&[ef;wdkUudk

rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ taygif;toif;vkyfaom

qAÁ*¾D&[ef;wdkUudkvnf;

ac:í

uJh&JU½IwfcsNyD;

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taygif;toif;vkyfvQif ygpdwftmywfoifhap[k tmPmawmfrSwfí odu©myk'fudkyif ynwfcJh&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf rdrd\ omoemü r[kwfr[wf vkyfZwfygVd r[kwfrw&m; 0g'trSm; xnfhoGif;jcif;udk þrQyif jyif;jyif;xefxef udk,fawmfwdkif ta&;,lcJhygonf bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|\

wynfhBuD;

ocifjrwfqdkifESifh

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf

ygVdtaetxm;rrSefí o'´,kwådvnf;r½Sd? teuft"dyÜg,frrSefí tw¬,kwådvnf;r½Sdaom]]avmuork',Íö

tw¬d?

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pum;udk

ba'´u&wåokwfü

a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif; oDvu©efü a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif;? oH,kwfü a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif; vdrfvnfa&;om;í

teufazmf&mrSmvnf;

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bk&m;?

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upömea*gwåokwfü xdkonfh avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d qdkwJhpum; rygonfhtjyif teuft"dyÜg,fvnf;

rygyg

bk&m;?

,if;

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teufrSefudk

wifjy

avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ avmuork',H acg upöe ,xmblwH or®yÜnm, yóawm ,m avmau ew¬dwm? om e a[mwd/ avmued a&m"H acg upöme ,xmblwH or®yÜnm, yóawm ,m avmau tw¬dwm? om e a[mwd/

jrefrmjyef upöeocFg&avmu\ jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m (tEkavmr y#dpöorkyÜg'f) udk rSefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEÅmefü) avmuü r½Sdonf\tjzpfç jywfonf\ tjzpf[laom Oapä' t,lrjzpf? upöme ocFg&avmu\ csKyfjcif; csKyf&m y#davmr y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk rSefaom

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185

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEÅmefü) avmuü ½Sdonf\tjzpf jrJonf\tjzpf [laom oów t,l rjzpf/ þpum;&yfrsm;rSm upömea*gwåokwf jrefrmjyef trSef jzpfygonf bk&m;? trSefudk trSeftwdkif; xkwfjyvdkufojzifh trSm;udkvnf; trSm;[k odomjcm;em; uGJjym;pGm jrifawGU&ygonf bk&m;/ bk&m; ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m[k vdrf&J nm&Jjcif;ESifh ywfoufí{uH "r®H twDwó? rkom0g'dó ZEÅKaem/ 0dwdPÖy&avmuó? ew¬d ygyH tum&d,H/ vdrfnm&JNyD; wrvGefb0udk y,f½Sm;olonf rûy&Jaom tukodkvf 'kp½dkuf [lí r½Sd? vdrf&Jolonf bmrqdk vkyf&Jonf [laom "r®y'ygVdawmfvm pum;ESifhtnD &wemoHk;yg;udkvnf; apmfum;&JMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfNyD; tajym½Iyfonfudk oabm[kwf ay:vGifatmif "r®u©efESifhn§dí qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/

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186

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf ( 19 )

19/

Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf

Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk

raxrJhjrifûyí

ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf

oa&mfapmfum;

a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;omrnapm'emtrSwf

19-wGif

pk'dwuwdkU\

pmtkyfpmwrf;

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aumufEkwf

azmfjyxm;aom pmydk'ftrSwf (u) rS (e) txd pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'¨bk&m;ociftm; r½dkrao *g&0uif;rJhpGm ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;jzpfí xdkpum;&yfrsm;onf t*Fkwå&edum,f?

yÍöryPÖmou?

udrdv0*f

udrdvokwf

a'oemawmft&

t*g&0

5-rsdK;wGif

tusHK;0ifaeygonf bk&m;? olawmfaumif;w&m; ysufpD;atmif (t&SnfcdkifcHh rwnfwHhatmif) zsufqD;&m a&mufaeygonf bk&m;/ t*g&0 5-rsdK; qdkonfrSm1/ bk&m;ü r½dkaojcif;? 2/ w&m;ü r½dkaojcif;? 3/ oHCmü r½dkaojcif;? 4/ odu©mü r½dkaojcif;? 5/ tcsif;csif;ü r½dkaojcif;þig;rsdK; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þt*g&0 5-rsdK;aMumifh bk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf olawmf aumif;w&m;rsm; ysufpD;&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGmomoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&jcif;rSmvnf; t*g&0 5-rsdK; xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;yif t&if;cH jzpfygonf bk&m;/

t*g&0 5-yg; ygVdawmf aum Ek acg baEÅ a[wk aum ypöa,m a,e wxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw o'¨ar®m e pd&|dwdaum a[mwDwd/ (1) £" udrdv wxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw bdu©K bdu©Keda,m Oygoum Oygoduma,m ow¬&d t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm/ (2) "ar® t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (3) oHaC t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (4) odu©m, t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (5) tnrnH t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? t,H acg udrdv a[wk t,H ypöa,m a,e xxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw o'¨ar®m e pd&|dwdawm a[mwDwd/ (tH 2? 216/) (yÍö*Fkwå&ygVdawmf? udrdvokwf)

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187

tpodkU

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188

tpodkU (C)

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Ak'¨½Sifawmftm;

tapmfum;qHk;[k

a0zefpGyfpGJcsufudk yd#uwfwwf ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkUu ûyH;awmfrlMuygonf/ (i)

ewf\w&m;udk bk&m;½Sifu vdkufem&av[ef þtrSwfjya0zefcsufonfvnf; r[kwfyg?

pifppf ewfudk tûid;BuD;vSpGmjzifh tjypf½Smaejcif;om jzpfygonf/ (p)

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189

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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190

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (20)

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45-0g

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191

tpodkU aemif

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tem*wftwGufvnf;

omoemhtEÅ&m,fudk

'd|mEk*wd&í

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aMumifhMurJh

rae

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½Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdóax&fwdkUonf y#da0"*kPfvnf; ½Sdç A[kokw*kPfvnf; jynfhawmfrlMuaom (7001000)

toD;oD;&Sdaom

oHCmawmfrsm;udk

a½G;aumufí

'kwd,tBudrfESifh

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oH*g,emwifawmfrlcJhMuygonf bk&m;/ 5/ ayghavsmhpGm

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192

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202

tpodkU

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0daooapm'emed*Hk; jyD;jynfhpHkjyD/

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203

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205

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OD;aCmodw obmywdq&mawmf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2)

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206

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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[dE´LjAm[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif;

Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;

vSnfhpm;vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tjrifrSm;atmif

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpf or®w jrefrmedkifiHawmf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJ htrSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, aom"emacsyvTmrsm; OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emed'gef;

obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkYbk&m; wpfbufaom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;OuúX0g' [laom trnfjzifh wynfhawmfrsm;\ tay:wGif pGJcsufwifxm;jcif;aMumifh ,ck0dedpä,XmeodkU a&mufcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfonf

q&mawmf

t½SifOuúXxHwGif

ynmoifMum;

oabmw&m;avhvm&ef

a&mufcJhonfrSm (12) ESpfcefUrQ ½SdoGm;ygNyD bk&m;/ q&mawmfBuD;ESifh (10)ESpfcefYrQtwl oDwif;oHk;cJh&í q&mawmfBuD;rSm crm*kPf? "dwd*kPf? ynm*kPfwdkUESifh b,fíb,frQ jynfhpHkaMumif; udk,fwdkifod jzpfygonf bk&m;/ vlcyrmPac: acgif;yg;pGm aexdkifrIwGif rsufarSmufacwf omoem0ifü pHwifavmufaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfyg;jzpfygonf? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfudk Munfñdk&mwGifvnf; tarQmftaMumufuif;í oefU½Sif;aom av;pm;jcif;jzifh Munfñdkav;pm;wwfaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfOD;jzpfygonf? xdkq&mawmfBuD;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS &[ef;½Sifvltm;vHk;wdkU todjzpfaom vlaovljzpf usrf;BuD;udk ûypkcJh&m trsm;jynfolrsm;twGif;ü xdkusrf;BuD;udk êudufol½SdcJhovdk rêudufEdkifolrsm;vnf; (txdkuftavsmuf) ½SdaMumif;q&mawmfrsm; todyifjzpfygonf

bk&m;?

vufcHEdkifavmufatmif

wynfhawmfwdkUrSm

xdkusrf;BuD;udk

em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;

Munfh½Iavhvmzl;aomfvnf;

r½SdonfuwpfaMumif;

vlaovljzpfqdkonfrSm

'ku©opöme,fwGif;rS rvGwfuif;Edkifaom oabmw&m;rsKd;jzpfonfu wpfaMumif;wdkUaMumifh urÇmYordkif;wGif ay:ayguf½dk;jzpfaom

tawG;tac:rsm;uJhodkU

q&mawmfBuD;onf

ol\tawG;tac:udk

ynm½Sifrsm;

avhvmEdkif&ef &J0HhpGmwifjyvdkufaom 'óeusrf;pmwpfapmifjzpfonf [líom oabmxm;cJhygonf? odkU&mwGif ,aeUtcsdefü þvlavvljzpf usrf;ESifhywfoufíyif wynfhawmfrsm;onf q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ a½SUarSmufodkU tqHk;tjzwfcH&ef a&muf½SdvmMu&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þodkU qHkjzwfjcif;rûyrD 0dedpä,cHk½kH;rS ay;tyfaom pk'dwu\ acsycGifhudk ½dk;om;pGm toHk;ûyvsuf avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ þodkUavQmufxm;&mü

&[ef;i,fwpfyg;u

rax&fBuD;rsm;tm;

rav;rpm;ûyonf[k

oabmrxm;bJ ax&0g'yd#uESifhtnD rSm;rSefa0cGJí ñTefMum;qHk;ryg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

yumoeduuHudk

wifjyajymqdkMuojzifh

wynfhawmfrsm;

½Sif;&ef

tcGifhoifhMu&ygonf? þomoemawmfü yumoed,uH\ t&omudk pwifcHpm;cJh&aom yk*¾dKvfrSm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

207

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t&Sifa'0'wfyif jzpfygonf? (þae&mta&mufwGif obmywdq&mawmfBuD;u apm'u(21)csufESifh rywfoufí yumoed,uHtaMumif; wifoGif;csufudk zwfcGifhrûyaMumif; rdefUMum;onf)/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

208

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf(5) (OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsuf)

trSwf(5) apm'emcsufESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; aom"em tyfygonf bk&m;/ trSwf(5) apm'emcsuf acgif;pOfü twdwf tem*wf b0wdkUudk vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD; [laom pum;yg½Sdygonf? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;twdwfb0udk vufcHvdkygonf qdkygaomfvnf; vGefvmcJhNyDjzpfí vufrcHEdkifawmhyg? ypfy,fvdkonf qdkyguvnf; ypfy,fp&m twdwfb0ponf wynfhawmfrsm;wGif r½Sdawmhyg bk&m;? apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qdkvdk[ef½SdonfrSm twdwfb0 tem*wfb0qdkif&m t,l0g'om jzpfvdrfhrnf xifygonf? twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 ½Sdonf[laom t,ludk ,lvQif rnfodkUaom tusKd; jzpfxGef;rnfudk odvdkygonf? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;onf aumif;usKd;udk &vdkolrsm; jzpfMuygonf? twdwfb0udk

jyefvnfpOf;pm;aepOf

ypökKyÜefcE¨mig;yg;rS

cGmvsuf

twdwfb0odkU

cE¨mig;yg;vHk;

wu,fa&mufoGm;Edkifygovm; bk&m;? emrfw&m;csnf;oufouf twdwfodkU jyefoGm;Edkifygovm; bk&m;? ½kyfw&m;csnf;oufouf

oGm;íaum

&ygovm;

bk&m;?

twdwftem*wfonf

wynfhawmftm;

oHo,udkyGm;apygonf/ a, ar ykaAÁÁ0d,muHok? [k&H a*gwromoem/ £pömod £wd b0dówd? oAÁH wH £wd [Dwd[H/ oAÁH wH wuú0¡keH? em[ ww¬ tbd&rð/ (ck? o/ 443/) a*gwrbk&m;\

omoemray:ao;rD

a½S;tcgu

tMuifq&mwdkUonf

þodkUjzpfcJhNyD?

þodkUjzpfvdrfhrnf[k tuGsEkfyftm; rdrdwdkUt,ltqudk ajymMum;Muygukef\? xdkolwdkU\ tvHk;pHkaom pum;onf

xdkwqifhMum;umrQomwnf;?

xdktvHk;pHkonf

umr0dwuf

ponfudk

yGm;apEdkif\?

tuGsEkfyfonf xdkt,ltqwdkUü rESpfoufEdkifyg/ txufyg a[ruvkvif\ pum;udk axmufí twdwftem*wfqdkif&m t,l0g'onf oHo, 0dpdudpämudk yGm;aponfrSm xif½Sm;ygonf/ ¤if;tjyif bj'uokwfü t[aÍöaw *grPd twDwr'¨geH tm*AÇ 'ku©ó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö a'ao,sH? {0H ta[mod twDwr'¨geEdå? wMw awod,m ucFg od,m 0drwd? (y) {0H b0dówd tem*wr'¨g eEÅd? wMwmyd aw od,m ucFg od,m 0drwd? tyd pm[H *grPd £a"0 edoaEém {aw¬0 aw edoEéó 'ku©ó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö a'aoómrd / (oH? 2/ 510-1/) [k qdkxm;jyefygonf/

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209

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

½GmolBuD; vGefavNyD;aomumvü þodkU jzpfzl;NyD[k igonf oifhtm; twdwfumvudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjcif;jzpfjcif; csKyfjcif;udk a[mjyygrl xdktwdwfumvudk taMumif;ûyí oifhtm; ,HkrSm;jzpf&m\? awG;awmrI jzpf&m\? ½GmolBuD; tem*wfumví þodkU jzpfvdrhfrnf[k igonf oifhtm; tem*wfumvudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjzpfjcif;udk csKyfjcif;udk a[mcJhygrl xdktem*wfumvüvnf; oifhtm; ,HkrSm;jzpf&m\? awG;awmrI jzpf&m\? ½GmolBuD; ppfppf igonf þae&mü xdkifaevsufyifvQif þae&mü xdkifvsuf&Sdaom oifhtm; qif;&Jjzpfjcif; csKyfjcif;udk a[maytHh/ þae&müvnf; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf twdwftem*wfudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjzpfjcif; csKyfcsif;udk a[mvQif ,HkrSm;jcif; ucFgESifhawG;awmjcif; 0drwdwdkUom jzpfEdkifaMumif; a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ twDwH emEkaom pEdå? eyÜZyÜEÅd em*wH/ ypöKyÜaEée ,mayEÅd? awe 0aPÖm yoD'wd/ (oH? 1? 5/) twdwfjzpfaom

vmbfudkvnf;

rpdk;&drfMuukef/

tem*wfjzpfaom(vmbf)udkvnf;

rawmifhwMuukef/ ypöKyÜef&qJ(vmbf)jzifhom a&mifh&JMuukef\? xdkUaMumifh ta&tqif;onf Munfvif\ [lí qdkxm;ygonf? wrvGefjzpfaom twdwfb0ESifh tem*wfb0wdkUudkomru ,ckrsufarSmufb0üyif twdwftem*wf vmbfvmbrsm;tay: raMumifhrMu rawmifhrwbJ ypöKyÜef&orQ vmbfvmbjzifh rQwa&mifh&JEdkifaom

&[ef;yk*¾dKvftm;

½dk;om;jzLpifpGm

usifhMuHaexdkifoltm;

Munfvif½Tifyscsrf;om&yHkudk &½SdEdkifaom

jyqdkaeygonf?

tómow&m;av;yg;udk

ypöKyÜefb0ü Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf

umvmrtrsKd;om;wdkUtm; þodkUyif a[mjyawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;/ umvmrrif;wdkU

þodkU&efuif;aompdwf

aMumifhMuuif;aompdwf

rnpfñl;aompdwf

pifMu,faompdwf½Sdaom t&d,mwynfhtm; ,ckb0üyif axmufwnf&m av;rsKd;wdkUudk &tyfukef\/ (1)

wrvGefavmuonf tu,fí ½SdtHh? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;quf tusKd;&if;onf tu,fí ½SdtHh? xdkodkU½SdcJhaomf igonf udk,fcE¨mysufpD;í aoNyD;onfrS aemufü

aumif;aomvm;&mjzpfaom

axmufwnf&mudk

&av\?

ewfjynfodkU þum;

a&muf&vdrfhrnf

t&d,mwynfhtm;

[laom &tyfaom

yxraxmufwnf&maywnf;? (2)

wrvGefavmuonf tu,fí r½SdtHh? aumif;aom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;quftusKd;&if;onf tu,fí r½SdtHh/ xdkodkUr½SdcJhaomf igonf rsufarSmufb0üyif &efr½Sdaom

aMumifhMur½Sdaom

qif;&Jr½Sdaom

csrf;omjcif;½Sdaom

rdrdudk,fudk

aqmif&av\[laom axmufwnf&mudk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom 'kwd,axmufwnf&maywnf;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

210

tpodkU (3)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) raumif;rIudk ûycJhvQif ûyonf rnftHh? igonf wpfpHkwpfckaom raumif;rIudk tm;rxkwfcJh? (raumif;rI)

rûyaom

ightm;

tukodkvfuHonf

tb,frSm

qif;&J

awGUxdEdkifaptHhenf;[laom axmufwnf&udk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom wwd, axmufwnf&maywnf;? (4)

raumif;rI ûyaomfvnf; ûyonf rrnfthH? xdkodkU ûyonf rrnfaomf igonf (raumif;rIudk rûyjcif;ç ûyonf rrnfjcif;[laom) ESpfyg;pHkjzifhomvQif pifMu,faom rdrdudk,fudk ½Ijrif&ay\[laom axmufwnf&mudk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom pwkw¬axmufwnf&maywnf;/

þ auorkwådokwfyg (tómo) w&m;av;yg;udk Munfhygu twdwfb0 tem*wfb0qdkonfrSm vHk;0ta&;rBuD;[k qdk&efrjzpfEdkif½kHom½SdaMumif; awGU½SdEdkifygonf? Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtwGuf þrsufarSmuf b0ü

um,'kp½dkuf?

0pD'kp½dkuf?

raem'kp½dkufwdkUrS

a&SmifMuOfí

o'¨goDv

paom

olawmfaumif;w&m;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkatmif aexdkifoGm;ygvQif xdkyk*¾dKvftwGuf wrvGef½Sdonf jzpfap? &&Sdonfjzpfap?

t½IH;r½Sd?

csrf;omjcif;

tjrwfom½SdaMumif;

tukodkvf'kp½dkuform;twGufum;

rsufarSmufb0üyif &efvdkaompdwf aMumifhMuaompdwf npfñl;aompdwf rpifMu,faompdwf ½Sdonfjzpfí axmufwnf&m w&m;av;yg; uif;uGmvsuf qif;&Jjcif;om; tzwfwifaMumif; jyqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u ba'´u&wåokwfvm twDwH eEGmuar,s? eyÜ#duacF tem*wH/ ,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyÜwåÍö tem*wH - (r? 3? 226/) [laom *gxmudk ½Gwfvsuf avmukwå&m 0dyóemudpöESifhom oufqdkifaMumif; apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wifjyoGm;Muygonf bk&m;/ ,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyÜwåÍö tem*wH [laom ESpfyg'udk *½kûyawmfrlMuyg bk&m;/ twdwfonf ypöKyÜefr[kwfojzifh (obm0tm;jzifhyif) y,ftyfNyD[k qdkvdkygonf? y,f&rnf[k wrifcdkif;aejcif;r[kwfyg? tem*wfonf ra&mufvmao;[k qdk&mü avmuDtem*wfjzpfap? avmukwå&m tem*wfjzpfap?

a&mufrvmao;onfudk

tem*wf[kac:ygonf?

avmuDtem*wf

tem*wf[lí

wynfhawmfpum;vHk;a0g[m&

xGifaejcif;r[kwfyg

bk&m;?

avmukwå&m

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

pum;udkvdkufíqdkjcif;om jzpfyg onf/ wynfhawmfonf

twdwftem*wfudk

taMumif;rwefjiif;qefaeonfr[kwfyg?

olUumvESifh

olUtiftm;tvdkuf vufcHygonf? twdwfonf ½Sd\? tem*wfonf ypöKyÜefESifh wef;wlxm;aeMuíom ajymqdkae&jcif;

jzpfygonf?

trSefrSm

twdwfonf

½SdcJh\?

ypöKyÜefonf

½Sd\?

tem*wfonf

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211

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

½Sdvdrfhrnf[kumvtvdkufteufESifho'´gwdusatmif

cGJa0oHk;MuvQif

þtwdwftem*wfjyóemonf

½Sif;oGm;vdrfhrnf xifygonf bk&m;/ jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf jzpfysufpOfBuD;udk

jzpfcJhMuí

rnfolrSvnf;

jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf

rjiif;Edkifyg?

odkU&mwGif

ysufMuvdrfhrnfqdkaom

jzpfqJtajctaeonfum;

,if;

twdwftem*wfwdkUxuf rsm;pGmyifta&;BuD;aMumif; okwfaxmufokwfudk;jzifh wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;30.6.81

&ufaeU

þ0denf;"dk&fcHk½kH;wGif

wynfhawmfrsm;

y&dwf½GwfMuygaMumif;

avQmufxm;cJhygonf bk&m;? odkU&mwGif tcsdefaphoGm;ygojzifhqufvufavQmufxm;jcif; rûyEdkifcJhygbk&m;? xdkpOfu avQmufxm;&ef usef½Sdaeonfrsm;udkavQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ wynhfawmfrsm; y&dwf½GwfonfqdkonfrSm oHCmawmfcsif; omr*D¾jzpfonfudk jy&efvnf;aumif;? tcrf;tem; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk todtrSwfûyonfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif;? emMum;olwdkU pdwfMunfEl;ap&ef vnf;aumif;?

txl;ojzifh

'ku©at;Nidrf;a&;udk

taxmuftyHh

jzpfap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;

y&dwf½Gwfqdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wEÅ&? rEÅ& qefqef zkwf? Nydwåm? wapä? ol&JwdkU\ ab;&efudk umuG,f&ef? rdk;½Gmap&ef? rD;wm;ap&ef? vmbfoyfyum½Tifap&ef paom &nf½G,fcsufrsm; rygMuyg bk&m;? ,if;tcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ &nf½G,fcsufudk vTJz,f&m usEdkifygonf bk&m;/ ]]okp&dwH p&EdÅ} aumif;aom tusifhudk usifhMuukef\[k a[mawmfrlaom Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ pum;awmfudk OD;xdyfxuf yefqifaejcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ aemufwpfcsuf avQmufxm;vdkonfrSm apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wapäol&JEdkifrEÅef a>rEdkifrEÅef ponfwdkUudkyif Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfu oif,lcGifhûyaMumif; 0daooapm'emwGif wifoGif;azmfjyoGm;Muygonf/ t|uxmpum;udk rSm;onf[k wynfhawmfrsm; rqdkvdkyg bk&m;/ odkU&mwGif tqdyftwwf

oDvu©efygVdawmf

omrnzvokwf

uif;NrD;aumuftwwfwdkUonf

r[moDvcef;

&[ef;awmfrsm;

yxrtydk'fü

roifaumif;

a>rtwwf

rvkyfaumif;aom

rdpämZD0w&m;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;rdefUqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ r[moDvcef; wpfae&mwGifvnf;,xm 0g yaeau abmaEÅm oraPjAm[®Pm o'¨ga',smed abmZemed bkOdÆwGm aw {0½lyg, wd&päme0dZÆm, rdpämZDa0e ZD0dwH uayÜEdÅ? ao,sxd'H oEdÅurH® yPd"dur®H blwurH®/ ('D?1?65?66/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

212

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkUaMumifhvnf; wpfcsKdUaom orPjA[®PwdkUonf ,HkMunfí vªaom oHk;aqmifzG,fwdkUudk oHk;aqmifMuNyD;vQif rSm;aom toufarG;rIjzpfukefaom þodkUaom zDvmjzpfukefaom twwfwdkUjzifh toufarG;Muukef\/ þonfwdkUonfum;

tb,fenf;?

ewfudk;jcif;ç

awmif;qkûyí

ewfylaZmfjcif;ç

zkwfwapätwwfwdkUudk avhusifhjcif;[k qdkxm;ygonf bk&m;? rdpämZD0rsm;udk or®mtmZD0 xifrSwfaeMuvQif y&dwftusKd;&rnfxuf omoemwGif;ü vljzpfusKd;½IH;rnfudk ydkí aMumufoifhygonf t½Sifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

213

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (14) (OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsuf) ao,sxmyd 0gao| t,H tpd&0wD e'D yl&m O'uó orwdwd¬um umuay,sm?

txyk&daom tm*apä,s yg&wd¬aum yg&*grD yg&*a0oD yg&H w&dwkumarm? aom Mo&dar wDa&Xdawm yg&drH wD&H ta0S,s ]]{[d yg&myg&H {[d yg&myg&}EÅd/ ('D?1?230/) 0gao| þtpd&0wDjrpfonf urf;rSmem;í usD;aomufEdkifavmufatmif urf;ESifhtnD a&jynfhvsuf &Sd\/ xdktcg wpfbufurf;odkU oGm;vdk qdkufvdk a&mufvdk ul;ajrmufvdkaom a,mufsm;onf vm&m\/ xdka,mufsm;onf þrSmbufurf;ü &yfvsuf ]]a[...[dkbufurf;onf bufurf;odkU vmcJhavmh} wHuð rnod 0gao| tyd Ek wó yk&doó t0Sg,ea[wk yw¬ea[wk 0g tbdeE´ea[wk 0g tpd&0wd,m e'd,m yg&drH wD&H Mo&drH wD&H tm*apä,smwd/ aem [d'H abm a*gwr/ ('D?1?230/) 0gao| xdkt&mudk b,fodkU xifoenf;? xdka,mufsm;\ ac:jcif;taMumif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? awmif;yefjcif; taMumif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? tvdk½Sdjcif; taMumif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; tpd&0wDjrpf\ [dkrSmbufurf;onf þrSm bufurf;odkU vm&moavm? t½Sifa*gwr rvm&myg/ txufyg oDvu©efygVdawmf aw0dZÆokwfvm qkawmif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí ay;xm;aom OyrmrSm tvGefjynhfpHkygonf bk&m;? jrpfwpfbufurf;rS&yfvsuf vHkUvOóm[udkrxkwfbJ [dkbufurf;udk vSrf;ac:½kHjzifh ra&mufEdkifaMumif; Oyrmaumif;aumif;ay;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; qkawmif;qkay; rvkyfonfudkyif tjypfwpfckuJhodkU jrifae[ef wlygonf? wynfhawmfrsm;onf olwyg;\ qkawmif;qkay;vkyfonfudk wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; r½Sdyg? qkawmif;qkay; rvkyfjcif;twGuf rnfonfhodu©myk'fESifh NidpGef;onf[lí rodrdyg/ wpfcgw&H qGrf;pm;yifhí oDvay;&rnfh tcgESifh êuHvQif ]]rdrdwdkU tv½k&Sdtyf awmihfwtyfaom qktaygif;ESifh jynhfpHkatmif rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkifêud;pm; tm;xkwfEdkifMuonf jzpfap}}[lí qkay;½dk; ½Sdygonf bk&m;? ¤if;qkay;enf; rSm;vQif ûyjyifay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/ Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf ZD0uESifh 0domcgwdkUtm; qkay;onfudk 0denf;r[m0gü awGU&ygonf? odkU&mwGif Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf ay;aomqkrSm tjcm;yk*d¾Kvfrsm; ay;aomqkrsm;ESifh wlrnfrxifyg? ,Íö baEÅ uyÜwd? ,Íö te0ZÆH -[laom pum;t& ]]tyfpyfaomqk tjypfr½Sdaomqk}}[k qdkygonf/ ZD0uawmif;aom qkrSm *[ywdpD0&udk &[ef;rsm;tm; vª'gef;cGifhûy&efjzpfonf? qkawmif;olu qkay;rnfh yk*d¾KvfxHwGif cGifhwpfckawmif;jcif;udkaxmufí qkawmif;jcif;qdkonfrSm umr*kPftm½kHig;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwí umrig;rsKd;udk &vdkaMumif; awmif;qdkjcif; r[kwfonfudk awGU&onf/ tqif; toH teHU t&om tawGU[laom tm½kHig;rsKd;udk &vdkaMumif; qkawmif;vQif tuydÜ,om0ZÆqk (0g)rtyfaom tjypf½Sdaom qk[k qdkaumif;qdkEdkifaumif;rnf xifygonf? taMumif;rSm

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214

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pGefUvTwfvª'gef;&ef tcGifhawmif;jcif;udk tyfaom tjypfuif;aom qk[k qdkxm;&m &,l&efodrf;ydkuf&ef pGJ,l&ef qkawmif;rIudk tb,fodkU qdkEdkifrnfudk qufvufpOf;pm;Edkifygonf/ omoemh0efxrf; ½Sif&[ef;wdkUonf tuydÜ,om0ZÆqkrsKd;udk ray;rd&ef txl;owdûyoifhygonf? ]]a,m bdu©a0 ½lyH tbdeE´wd? 'ku©H aom tbdeE´wd}}[laom a'oemawmfrSm ½kyfudk ESpfoufpGJvrf;olrSm 'ku©udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;jcif; jzpf\/ xdkUtwl a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPwdkUudk ESpfoufpGJvrf;yguvnf; 'ku©udk ESpfoufonf rnfygonf? 'ku©uif;jywfa&;udk usifh&rnfh Ak'¨omoemawmfü 'ku©odkU ydkUwwfaom qkay;rsKd; qkawmif;rsKd;udk ay;vdkuf awmif;vdkufvkyfjcif;onf Ak'¨tqHk;trawmfESifh rqefUusif[k qdk&ef cufcJvSygonf bk&m;/

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215

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"emtrSwf (21) (OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsuf)

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmft½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;? bk&m;wynfhawmf av;jrwfpGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emcsufrsm;teuf bk&m;wynfhawmfESifh wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaom apm'emcsuftrSwf (21)udk avQmufxm; aqG;aEG;cGifhûyyg bk&m;0dedpä,cHk½kH;tzGifhaeUu ]]"ar®m obma0 y&d,wdå ynm} ponfjzifh a[meufaygif; rsm;pGm½Sdonfh "r®o'´g ESifh ywfoufí obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u y&d,wdåwnf;[laom ax&0g'*dkPf;oHk; ygVdt|uxm

ponfrsm;jzpfaMumif;

tm*robm0,kwdåwdkUwGif

zGifhqdkawmfrlcJhygonf

obm0,kwdåudk

bk&m;?

cGifhûyawmfrlojzifh

xdktzGifhrdefUcGef;tydk'f

(6)üyif

bk&m;wynfhawmf

txl;yif

auseyftm;&rdygonf bk&m;/ 0de,yd#uyg usefck'´uedum,f0ifusrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí pwkw¬oH*g,em teD;w0dkufodkU wynfhawmf\ xifjrifcsufudk ydkUay;olrSm t½SifAk'¨aCmojzpfygonf bk&m;/ tbd"r®yd#uESifh

ywfoufí

tenf;i,f½Sif;yg&ap

bk&m;?

t½SifAk'¨aCmo\

t|omvdeDt|uxm ed'gef;ü tbd"r®mckESpfusrf;ESifh ywfoufaom jiif;cHkyGJwpfckudk awGUEdkifygonf? t|omvdeD t|uxm pmrsufESm (4)/ ,if;jiif;cHkyGJü

0dw@0g'Drsm;u

uxm0w¬Konf

om0ua[mjzpfí

tbd"r®musrf;rsm;rS

y,fpGefU&efawmif;qdkMuygonf? uð ye qyÜu&Pmed tbd"ar®m = tbd"r®monf ajcmufusrf;om jzpf&rnfavm[k

tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;u

qdkMu&m

0dw@0g'DwdkUu

r[m"r®[',?

xdkUaemuf

r[m"mwkuxmusrf;ESpfusrf;udk wifjyonfqdkygonf? odkU&mwGif xdkESpfusrf;wGif r[m"r®[',usrf;rSm ESpfck oHk;ckrQaom yO§m0g'om usefawmhjcif;ç r[m"mwkuxmrSm tenf;i,frQaom tpOfavmufom usefawmhjcif;wdkUaMumifh tbd"r®musrf;rsm; pm&if;wGif r0ifEdkifcJhMuyg? xdkUaMumifh uxm0w¬Kem0 o'd¨H owåmwd = uxm0w¬KESifhom ckESpfusrf;jzpfcJhonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ xdkpOfu r[m"r®[',ESifh r[m"mwkuxmusrf;BuD;rsm;rSm wpfusrf;usrf;om tjynfhtpHk ½SdcJhygvQif uxm0w¬K\ tajctaeonf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk jzpfEdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&ygonf bk&m;/ xdkUtjyif

tbd"r®monf

ckESpfusrf;½Sd&rnf[laom

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oAÁwd¬0g'*dkPf;oHk; tbd"r®mckESpfusrf;udk tm;usaejcif;vm;[k oHo,0ifrdygonf/ r[m"r®[',ESifh

r[m"mwkuxmusrf;wdkUrSm

wpfydkif;wpfp<uif;usef

aeMuao;onfudk

axmufu tm*Hkacwfr[kwfawmh? ]]pmaya&;acwf}} xGef;um;aeNyDudk odEdkifygonf/ arm*¾vdykwåwdóaw¬a&aewH XydwHü XydwH [laom yk'fonf wwd, oH*g,em wifNyD;csdefudk ñTefjyaeygonf/

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216

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wynfhawmfonf

tbd"r®mckESpfusrf;

twnfjzpfcsdefudkom

aqG;aEG;aejcif;jzpfí

tbd"r®musrf;rsm;\ av;eufrIudk ayghysufatmif vkyfaejcif; r[kwfyg? rmwdum "mwkuxm ,rdkuf y|mef;wdkUudk oifMum;cJhzl;í tbd"r®ma'oem\ qef;jym;aom aMumif;usKd;qufpyfrIudk &dyfpm;rdygonf bk&m;/ ck'´uedum,fESifh ywfoufí qufvufwifjyyg&ap bk&m;? oDvu©eft|uxmwGif 'DCedum,f rZdösredum,f

oH,kwåedum,f

t*Fkwå&edum,fBuD;wdkUudk

om0uBuD;rsm;

cGJa0wm0efcsxm;NyD;aemuf

"r®o*FPD 0dbif; "mwkuxm yk*¾vynwf uxm0w¬K ,rdkuf y|mef;wdkUudk tbd"r®mac:qdktyfaMumif; ig;&maom &[EÅmBuD;rsm; ½GwfqdkMuaMumif; zGifhqdkNyD;wawm y&H ZmwuH eda'áom y#dordÇ'gra*¾g ty'geH okwåedygawm ck'úygaXm "r®y'H O'geH £wd0kwåuH 0drme0w¬K ayw0w¦K ax&*gxm ax&D*gxmwd £rH wEÅðo*Fg,dwGm ]]ck'ú*aE¦m emrm,} EdÅ p 0wGm ]]tbd"r®yd#uoð®a,0 o*F[H tma&my,ðol} wd 'DCbmPum 0'EdÅ ('D? |? 1? 15/)[k qdkaomaMumifh 'DCbmPu&[ef;awmfwdkU\ tbd"r®myd#uüoGif;vsuf

tvdkt&

ck'´u*E¦onf

oH*g,emwifMuonfqdkojzifh

(13)usrf;&Sdí

tbd"r®musrf;aygif;

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(13)usrf;udk

(20)rQ

&Sdonf[k

qdk&ma&mufygonf/ rZÑdrbmPu &[ef;awmfrsm;u txufyg (13)usrf;wGif p&d,my#duESifh Ak'¨0HowdkUudk xnfhí ck'´u*E¦udk (15)usrf;[k qdkMuygonf? ¤if;wdkUu okwåefyd#uodkU oGif;Muygonf/ yxroH*g,emwif &[EÅmrax&fBuD; ig;&mwdkUudk wpfzGJUESifh wpfzGJU t,ltqrwlMuí pGyfpGJ&ef r0Hhojzifh

ck'´u*E¦rsm;\

yd#upm&if;0if&efacwfudk

ykxkZOf&[ef;awmfrsm;

acwfwGifom

owfrSwfoifhonf[k xifygaMumif; bk&m;/ odkU&mwGif

okwåedygwfuJhodkUaomusrf;rsm;rSm

tjcm;aom

edum,fBuD;rsm;ESifh

acwfcsif;

ûydifEdkifavmufatmif a½S;usaMumif; okawoDynm½Sifrsm;u a&;om;Muygonf bk&m;/ ESpfwpf&mcefUu tjzpftysufrsm;udkyif wduspGmqdk&ef cJ,Of;vSygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu ay:aygufcJhaom yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí wynfhawmf\ xifjrifcsufrsm;udk rSef&rnf[k wduspGm rqdkEdkifyg bk&m;? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;uom rSefonfrSm;onfudk tqHk;tjzwfûyawmfrlMuyg bk&m;/ t½SifqE´m"du ewfrSDawm& awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU

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217

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ocifNrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTmed'gef; ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (1) OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (2) vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (3) (31)bHkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; vufrcH[lí rSm;,Gif;pGm a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (4) Ak'¨bmom\

tajccHjzpfaom

uH-uH\

tusdK;w&m;ü

ouf0if,HkMunfrI

ysufpD;atmif

zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (5) twdwf tem*wfb0wdkUudk vHk;0ypfy,fNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g' jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om; a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí tay:apm'emcsuf aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf(6) Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨bmodw(bk&m;a[m) r[kwf? aemuftvGefusrS om0u&[ef;rsm; wDxGifaz:xkwf av[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm ajymqdka0zefjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (7) Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk xdyg;apvsuf Ak'¨omoem ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif; a[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (9) Ak'¨omoemawmf\ toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD; ouFef;0wfí

omoemta&ûcHum

rodem;rvnfaomolwdkUtm;

vSnfhzsm;vdrfnmí

q&mwpfql

vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh xyfrHapm'emaom apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (10) 0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufemusifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif; ½Sifaumif; oHCmawmfwdkUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;omNyD; oHCmawmfudk apmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (11) y&dwf[k ac:qdkaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwf aumif;[kqdkNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf

vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhaom

vrf;pOfudk

zsufqD;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufí

apm'emcsuftay:

aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (12) Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf arGawmf apwDykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; o'¨gw&m; ysufjym;atmif rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aomemtrSwf (13) bmomomoem\

wifhw,frIwpfck[k

qkdxkdufaom

Ak'¨bmom

,Ofaus;rIESifh

pyfvsOf;onfh

"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk tvkdqkd;jzifh tjrpfrSvSefvsuf wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;? paom bmomrI ukodkvfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;udk tydkoufouf tjzpfjzifh a[majyma&;om; zsufqD;jcif; apm'emqkdif&mü apm'emûycsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (15) Oyg'ge paom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf a0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;\ teuft"dyÜg,frSefudk ypfy,fjyD; udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜg,f aumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (16) ax&0g' yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifhedAÁmefudk pdwful;,Of vlaovljzpf t,ltqESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifzGifhqdk a&;om;jcif; apm'emqdkif&m apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf(17) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\

Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD;

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|\

"r®pMumvufopfESifh

pyfvsOf;í apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (18) twåaemrwd- rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifhywfoufí apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (19) Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk raxrJhjrifûyí ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf aom"em trSwf (20-21) racsyvdk

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTmed'gef;

vlaovljzpf "r®0de,0dedpä,twGuf aom"emwifoGif;vTmyg bk&m;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;ed'gef;pum;udk wynfhawmf ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/

,ck wynfhawmf

wifjyavQmufxm;csufrsm;rSm ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf q|oH*g,emygVdawmf jrefrmjyefrsm;rS wdkuf½dkuf ul;,lavQmufxm;csufrsm;om

jzpfygaMumif;yg

bk&m;?

þodkU

avQmufxm;&mü

yd#uwfawmf

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ygVdyd#uwfawmf

pmrsufESmrsm;ü

jyefvnf½IrSwfawmf

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257

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258

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259

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260

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261

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262

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (19) «ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsycsuf»

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377/

ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf omoyokwf

377-378/

ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf om0uokwf

378/

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263

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf **Fgokwf

378-379

ponfwdkUüvnf; awGU&ygao;onf? odkUjzpf&m ,cktcef;ü apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; paom pum;rsdK;udk Ak'¨½Sifawmf a[mawmfrlaompum; r[kwfaMumif; wifjy avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh 0dbif;ygVdawmfü ygaom aemufqHk; ]]"r®[',0dbif;}} ü ygaom jA[®mwdkU\

toufç

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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

264

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (20-21) racsyvdk

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;,ck apm'u q&mawmfrsm;bufrS wifxm;aom tcef; (20-21)ESifh ywfoufí wynfhawmf ajzMum;&ef

qE´½Sdygaomfvnf;

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r[kwfaMumif;

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pDpOfawmfrlMuaom

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265

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyfrS wifoGif;aom ed'gef; or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf (A[dk) trSwf (954) arcvmcef;r 16^1-&yfuGuf? &wemvrf;? oCFef;uRef;ûrdUe,f? &efukefûrdU? aeUpGJ/ 1981-ck? Zlvdkifv (8) &uf/

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266

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Ak'¨bmom Ak'¨omoemawmfonf wpfOD;wpfa,mufydkif r[kwfyg? wpfoif;wpfzGJUydkif r[kwfyg? wpf*dkPf;ydkif

r[kwfyg?

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267

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268

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½SifOuú|0g'qdkonfESifh ywfoufí

½SifOuú|0g'qdkonfudk wu,fyif rMum;zl;MuaomaMumifh wynfhawmfwdkU ½dk;om;pGm jiif;y,fjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? trSefwu,fvnf; q&mawmfBuD; ½SifOuú|onf wynfhawmfwdkUtm; edum,frsm;wGif vm½Sdonfh Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemrsm;udkom a[mMum;cJhygonf? wrif wDxGifí topftqef; bmw&m;udkrQ ra[mMum;cJhyg bk&m;? ½SifOuú| a[mMum;onfh Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemrsm;udkom ]]½SifOuú|0g'}}[k trnfwyfrnfqdkvQif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif "r®uxduaygif;pHk a[maom w&m;rsm;ESifh 0dyóem*dkPf; rsdK;pHkwdkUu rdrdwdkU\ tjrifESifh rdrdwdkUa[m ajymaeonfh w&m;rsm;udkvnf; xdk"r®uxdursm; xdk0dyóem*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm;\ bGJUtrnfESifh *dkPf;trnfrsm; wGJzufí OD;Z#dv0g'ç OD;ÓPdó&0g'ç r[mpnf0g'ç pGef;vGef;0g'ç rdk;n§if;0g'ç ÓPpm*D0g'ç ponftm;jzifh trnfwyfqif&ygvdrfhrnf bk&m;? þodkUqdkvQif jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd Ak'¨bmomavmuwGif 0g'aygif; &mESifhaxmifESifhcsDí ay:aygufaeNyD[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf? ]]½SifOuú|0g'}} udk "r®-t"r® pdppfvQif tjcm; q&mawmfrsm;\ w&m;rsm;ESifh 0dyóem*dkPf;rsdK;pHkwdkU\ w&m;rsm;udkvnf; "r®-t"r®[k pdppf&ygvdrfhrnf? þodkUqdkvQif omoema&; tajctaerSm wpfrsdK;wpfzHk ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf bk&m;/

or®m'd|dokawoe0g' ,ckwpfzef EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf Ouú|BuD;xHodkU (195-81)

aeUpGJjzifh

ay;ydkUonfh

pmtrSwf

208^3^om-r[ewGif

]]or®m'd|dokawoe0g'}}[laom

toHk;tEIef;udk wynfhawmfwdkU twdtvif; jiif;qdkygonf? oD;jcm; topftqef; r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfygonf bk&m;? 0g'qdkonfrSm yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; wpfa,mufu rdrdbmom wDxGifí topftqef;wpfck jzpfonfh

t,ltqa&;&mwpfck

(0g)

wDxGifzefwD;onfh

t,ltqopfwpf&yf[k

wynfhawmfwdkU

oabmayguf em;vnfygonf bk&m;? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUwGif t,ltqa&;&m oabmxm;cH,lcsuf (12) csuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;? xdkcH,lcsuf (12)csufonfvnf; wynfhawmfrsm;u topftqef;tjzpf wDxGifzefwD;xm;csufrsm; r[kwfyg bk&m;? Ak'¨\ "r®a'oem awmfrsm;udk avhvm;usifhoHk;í &½Sdaom Ak'¨0g'tESpfom&rsm;udk aumufEkwfNyD; wynfhawmfwdkU\ cH,lcsuftjzpf jyXmef;xm;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;? 0g'wpfcktjzpf zefwD;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg bk&m;/ or®m'd|dokawoeqdkonfrSm

tjrifrSef&½Sda&;twGuf

avhvm½SmazGrnf[laom

t"dyÜm,fudk

wynfhawmfrsm; &nfñTef;xm;ygonf bk&m;? rnfonfhudpötwGuf tjrifrSef &ap&ef vdktyfygoenf;? 'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;udk

ydkUaqmifEdkifonfh

tusifhvrf;pOftwGufom

tjrifrSef

&½Sd&ef

vdktyfygonf?

tjrifrrSefvQif tusifhvrf;pOfvnf; rSefuefEdkifrnf r[kwfyg bk&m;? tusifhvrf;pOf rrSefuefvQif Ak'¨tvdkawmfus 'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;ESifh uif;a0;í ab;odkUom acsmfxGufoGm;ygrnf bk&m;? Ak'¨avmif;vsm od'¨w¬onf O½ka0vawmwGif (6)ESpfwmywfvHk; 'kuú&p&d,mtusifhrSm;BuD;udk rao½Hk tajctaexd

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269

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhoHk;rdcJhonfrSm rSefuefaom tjrifjzpfonfh ]]t&d,mynm}} udk r&½SdcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k rZÑdredum,f jrefrmjyef r[moD[em'okwf pmrsufESm (122) wGif awGUjrifzwf½I&ygonf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh tjrifrSef &½Sda&;udk taxmuftulûyonfh or®mouFyÜ jzpfEdkif&eftwGuf wynfhawmfwdkU avhvmMu&ygrnf? ½SmazGMu&ygrnf? qnf;yl;Mu&ygrnf bk&m;? Ak'¨0g'ESifh ywfoufaom pmayrsdK;pHkudk zwf½IMu&ygrnf? rdrdwdkU ½SmazG&½SdorQ avhvm&½SdorQ zwf½I&½SdorQ "r®rdwfaqGtcsif;csif; pka0;í wifjyMu&ygrnf?

aqG;aEG;Mu&ygrnf?

a0zefoHk;oyfMu&ygrnf?

vrf;pOftwdkif;

qef;ppfoHk;oyfMu&ygrnf?

&½SdorQ

0dbZÆ0g'D

Ak'¨0g'

jzpfawmfrlaom

tESpfom&rsm;udk

Ak'¨\

vufawGUvdkufem

usifhoHk;Mu&ygrnf? 'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;rSefvQif vufcHMu&efom jzpfygonf bk&m;? þodkU wynfhawmfwdkU cH,lqHk;jzwfí udk,fwdkifvnf; vufawGU vkyfudkifMuygonf usifhoHk;Muygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkUonf usrf;ûyq&mawmf

or®m'd|dtjrifrSef

toD;oD;wdkU\

&½Sda&;twGufom

t"dutm;jzifh

jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd

usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif;

vlynm½Sdrsm;

a&;om;onfh

usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK;udk vnf;aumif; zwf½IavhvmMuygonf? xdkUjyif taemufwdkif; ygVdynm½Sifrsm;ç tdEd´, oD[dkVf ygVdynm½Sifrsm;ç Ak'¨usrf;pm ynm½Sifrsm; a&;om;ûypkonfh Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; okawoepmwrf;

trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf;

zwf½Iavhvm

Muygonf?

yd#uwfjrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;udkvnf;

zwf½IavhvmMuygonf? urÇmYordkif;ç tdEd´,EdkifiHordkif;ç omoemhordkif;vrf;aMumif;ç oH*g,emwifyHkrsm;ç pifûydif o*Fg,emwifyGJrsm;ç tdEd´,'óersm;ESifh tdEd´,pmayordkif; ponfwdkUudkvnf; avhvmMuygonf bk&m;/ þodkU avhvmqnf;yl;&mü ]]auorkwådokwåef}} wGif yg0ifaom tcsuf (10)csufjzifh abmifcwfNyD; Ak'¨ jrwfpGm\ tewåç y#dpöorkyÜg'wdkUudk tajccHxm;í avhvmMuygonf bk&m;? &½SdorQ "r®omupämyGJrsm; usif;yí wifjyNyD; a0zefaqG;aEG;Muygonf bk&m;? r½Sif;vif;onfh tcsuftvufrsm; oHo,jzpfonfh tcsuftvufrsm; t,ltqa&;&mESifh ywfoufonfh oabmw&m;rsm; ponfwdkUudk q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; t½SifOuú|tm;

ar;jref;avQmufxm;Muygonf

w&m;a'oemrsm;udkvnf;

emMum;Muygonf?

bk&m;?

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\

½Sif;vif;csufrsm;

wifjyaqG;aEG;í

wynfhawmfwdkU\

&½SdorQ

'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;twGuf vufawGUtoHk;csMuygonf? vdkufemusifhoHk;Muygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ "r®*kPfawmfrsm;ESifh nDñGwfonfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk vufawGU usifhoHk;Muygonf bk&m;? eD;pyfonfh "r®rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf; vufqifhurf;cJhygonf? tvHk;pHk 'ku©rNidrf;at;onfhwdkifatmif at;Nidrf;EdkiforQ at;Nidrf;EdkifMuygap...

[laom

oefUpifonfh

apwemjzifh

'ku©Nidrf;at;ap&ef

t"duxm;í

vufqifhurf;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfrsm;

þodkU

vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;

vufqifhurf;jcif;wdkUrSm

0g'opfwpf&yfudk

xlaxmifí topftqef; wDxGifûyvkyfjcif; r[kwfyg? Ak'¨0g' tESpfom&abmiftwGif;wGif ûyvkyfjcif;om jzpfygonf? auorkwådokwåefvm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'a'oemESifh tnDom vdkufemaqmif½Gufjcif;

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270

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨0g'udk avhvmí oabmaygufavav Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk Munfñdkavav jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefUyGm;apvdkonfh apwemvrf; ay:aygufavav jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þapwemjzifhom wynfhawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzefUjzL;cJhMuygonf bk&m;/ þodkU

or®m'd|d

tjrifrSef&a&;twGuf

Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m

usrf;pmrsm;udk

bufpHkaxmifhpHkjzifh

avhvm½SmrSD;jcif; okawoeûyjcif; "r®omupämûyjcif; jzefUjzL;jcif; ponfwdkU vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufonfudk ]]or®m'd|dokawoe0g'}}[k

trnfwyfqifí

pGJcsufwifjcif;onf

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taejzifh

trsdK;rsdK;awG;xifp&m oHo,0ifvmp&mrsm; jzpfvmygonf bk&m;/ jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmomESifh ywfoufí &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif rlv*dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;cJhonfhtjyif ,ck wl&mpkpnf;vdkufonfh tcgwGifyif *dkPf;BuD; (9) *dkPf; usef½Sdaeygao;onf? ,ck vuf½Sd 0dyóem*dkPf;rsdK;pHkESifh

bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsdK;pHkyg

xnfhaygif;vdkufvQif

*dkPf;tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;pGm

½Sdaeygao;onf? xdkodkU &[ef;*dkPf;rsm; 0dyóem*dkPf;rsm;ESifh bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pGmwdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ "r®a'oemrsm; tay:wGif rdrdwdkU ½Ijrifrdonfh oabmaygufrdonfh tjrifjzifh Munfhí a[majymjzefUjzL;aeMuygonf bk&m;? t"du &nf½G,fcsufrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ omoemawmfwnfwhH cdkifjrJ&efESifh

jyefUyGm;&efom

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bk&m;?

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or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonfvnf; tzGJUwpfzGJUtaejzifh yg0ifaeygonf bk&m;/

"r®t"r® tjiif;yGm;rI þuJhodkUaom

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t"r®

tjiif;ryGm;vdkyg? rlvuyifvQif rdrdwdkU Nidrf;at;a&;twGufom w&m;½SmrSD;avhvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? vlom;"r®rdwfaqGrsm; pkaygif;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfojzifh zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'u ay;tyfxm;aom tcGifhta&;t& vGwfvyfpGm avhvm½SmrSD;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;? auorkwådokwåefvm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ a'oemrdefUrSmcsufrsm;onf

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtm;

tvGefw&m

w&m;rQwonfh

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ay;xm;ygonf bk&m;? þtcGifhta&;rsdK;udk tjcm;rnfonfh bmomwGifrS ay;xm;onfudk rawGU&yg bk&m;/ Ak'¨\0g'onf 0dbZÆ0g' jzpfonf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfawmfrlonf [laomtcsufudk 0denf; "dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifjrwfrsm;vnf; twnfûyvufcHNyD; jzpfawmfrlygonf? 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfawmfrlaom Ak'¨\ wynfhom0ursm; jzpfMuonfh wynfhawmfwdkUonf or®m'd|d tjrifrSef&½Sda&;wGif taxmuftul jzpf&eftwGufom (0g) 'ku©Nidrf;a&;twGufom avhvm½SmrSD;í a0zefqef;ppfNyD; vufcHusifhoHk;MuonfrSm tjypfr½Sday[lí ½dk;om;pGmyif ,HkMunfMuygonf bk&m;? Avhvm½SmrSD;jcif;ç a0zefqef;ppfjcif;wdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'awmfESifh tnDom jzpfonf[k cH,lMuygonf bk&m;/

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271

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a0zefqef;ppfjcif;ESifh

tjypf½Smjcif;wdkUrSm

em;vnfoabmaygufMuygonf wifjyjcif;ç

aqG;aEG;jcif;

tvGefjcm;em;aMumif;udkvnf;

bk&m;?

rdrdbmom0iftcsif;csif;

ar;jref;jcif;ç

ajzMum;jcif;wdkUudk

wynfhawmfrsm;

"r®okawoD

rdwfaqGtcsif;csif;

'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;twGuf

½dk;om;pGm

vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k ,lqygonf bk&m;? 0g'EÅ& bmomjcm;wdkUu Ak'¨ESifh Ak'¨0g' "r®a'oemrsm;udk xdyg;vmonfh tcgrsdK;wGif acsy,SOfûydifjcif;rSm wpfcef;wpfu@ jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfrsm;

or®m'd|dokawoe

"r®rdwfaqGrsm;onf

vl'g,um

'g,dumrrsm;om

jzpfMuaomaMumifh avmu0wft& om;orD;ç r,m; ZeD; polwdkU\ pm;0wfaea&; zlvHk&eftwGuf or®yÜ"mef w&m;av;yg;ESifhtnD pD;yGm;Opöm ½SmazGMu&ygonf? omoemh0efxrf;rsm; r[kwfMuaomaMumifh tcsdefjynfh "r®a&;&mrsm;udk avhvmEdkifjcif; r½SdMuyg? ]]aq;wpftdk;uRrf;-uGrf;wpf&mnuf}} qdkovdk &oavmuf

tcsdefwdkuav;udk

t&trd,lí

avhvmMu&ygonf

bk&m;?

&[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkU

pmayy&d,wådudk tajccHrSpí roif,lcJhzl;aomaMumifh &½SdorQ tcsdefuav;rsm;udk tusdK;½Sdatmif toHk;cs&ygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkUrSm

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;ESifh

apm'ut½Sifjrwfrsm;uJhodkU

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tajccHjzpfaom o'´gBuD;ç ½lyod'¨dç Amvm0wm&ç Esmoç o'´gi,f q,fhav;apmifç o'´eDwd (okwårmvm? "mwkrmvm? y'rmvm)ç tbd"mefç tvuFmç qef;usrf; ponfwdkUudk roif,lcJhzl;yg? yk'fppfç ½kyfppfç o'´gppfç Óofaumufç enf;av;q,fç oH0PÖemç Oypmq,fyg; ponfwdkUudkvnf; qdk;½dk;ESifhwuG roifMum;cJhzl;yg? ed,H½Spfusrf;ESifh pHausmif;ed,H ponfwdkUudkvnf; rusufrSwfcJhzl;yg? twufç txGufç pk'fç apm'emç aewådenf; ponfwdkUjzifh t|uxm usrf;rsm;udkvnf; rwuf,lcJhzl;yg? oû*Ø[fç #Dumausmfç y&rw¬0dedpä,ç emr½lyy&dapä'ç tbd"r®m0wm&ç rPdom&rÍÆLom #Dumusrf;rsm;udkvnf; rusufcJhzl;yg? 0Dxdvuf½dk;vnf; rqdkcJhzl;yg? bHkyk*¾dKvf pdwf& qdkonfudkvnf; o½kyfrcGJcJhzl;yg? rmwdumç "mwkuxmç n0gt&aumufrsm;ç

,rdkufq,fusrf;t&

aumufrsm;udkvnf;

rvdkufcJh&zl;yg?

y|mef;t&aumuf

awmifûrdUenf;ç ppfudkif;awmif½dk;enf;ç y|mef;odyÜHenf;ç rpdk;&drfenf; ponfwdkUudkvnf; ravhusufcJhzl;yg? a'Grmwdum (bdu©KESifh bdu©KeDygwdarmuf)? ck'´odu©mç rlvodu©m[laom 0denf;i,fav;apmifygVdç ucFg0dw&PDt|uxm? 0ZD&Ak'¨d#Dum paom 0denf;usrf;rsm;udkvnf; ygVdbmomjzifh ravhvmcJhzl;yg? usrf;BuD;azmufenf;jzifh ygVdawmf edum,fBuD;rsm;udkvnf; razmufcJhzl;yg bk&m;/ xdkUaMumifh

wynfhawmfwdkUrSm

o½kyfouef

t&aumufrsm;xuf

oabmaygufa&;udkom

t"duxm;í avhvmMu&ygonf bk&m;? yd#uwfjrefrmjyefrsm;? jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh usrf;pmrsm;ESifh

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh

avhvmxm;onfh

usrf;pmrsm;udkom

tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyí

avhvmvdkufpm;Mu&ygonf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh wynfhawmfwdkUrSm pmayy&d,wåd rwwfuRrf;aMumif; ½dk;om;pGm avQmufxm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? tjiif;yGm;&eftwGuf w&m;½Smjcif; r[kwfaomaMumifh "r®t"r®udpöwGif pk'dwu rvkyfvdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

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272

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

odkU&mwGif EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu (19-5-81)&uf aeUpGJjzifh trdefUpm xkwfqifhí pk'dwuvkyf&rnf[k

ñTefMum;vmygaomaMumifh

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\

trdefUawmfudk

wynfhawmfwdkUrSm

tvGefav;pm;í

EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u

vGefqef0Hhjcif;iSm

rwwfpGrf;Edkifygojzifh

apm'uwifvTm\ apm'emudk wwfpGrf;orQaom tao;trTm;ÓPfuav;jzifh aom"emûy&ygawmhrnfh tajcodkU a&muf&SdcJh&ygawmhonf bk&m;? þodkU aom"emûy&mwGif(1)

EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fcHk½Hk;tzGJU0if q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\ oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? odu©m*kPfwdkUudk av;pm;jcif;ç

(2)

bk&m;rsufESmawmfudkom axmufxm;rnf[laom pum;udk trSefwu,f ,HkMunfjcif;ç

(3)

trIppfyk*¾dKvf\ t*Fg (5)csufESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç

(4)

ynm½Sd 0denf;"dk&f\t*Fg (5)yg;ESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç

(5)

t"du½kPf; Nidrf;at;rIü vdkufem&ef t*Fg (5)wefESifh trSefjynfhpHk vdrfhrnf[k pdwfcs ,HkMunfjcif; wdkUaMumifh-

bk&m;wynfhawmfwdkUonfvnf;

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\

wynfhom;tppfjzpfawmfrlaom

aus;Zl;½Sif

q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ½SifOuú|\ wynfhrsm;yDopGm(1)

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ rsufESmawmfwpfckwnf;udkom axmufxm;í-

(2)

trsuftmCmwpdwf vHk;0 rzufbJ oefUpifpGm-

(3)

trSefpum;udkom obm0,kwådç tm*r,kwådwdkUjzifh ½dk;om;pGm aom"emûyygawmhrnf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;/

txl;avQmufxm;csuf þodkU aom"emûy&mü yk*¾v"d|mef rzufbJ "r®"d|mefoufoufjzifhom aom"emûy&mwGif ykwfcwfxdyg;&ef vHk;0r&nf½G,f½dk; trSefyg þyGJudk pum;&nfvkyGJuJhodkU pum;Edkif pum;ûydifppfyGJ[kvnf; wynfhawmfrsm; r,lqyg? ]]olwyg;udk atmifEdkifvdkaom olonf rdrdtm; olwyg; tEdkifcH&\? olwyg;udk qJa&;wwfaom olonfvnf; rdrdtm; olwyg; qJa&;jcif;udk cH&\? olwyg;udk csKyfcs,fwwfaom olonf rdrdtm; olwyg;\ csKyfcs,fjcif;udk cH&\}}[laom o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf auovoH,kwf pmrsufESm (5)? 'kwd, o*Fgrokwf pmrsufESm (81)wGif yg½Sdaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'udk ,HkMunfygojzifh wynfhawmfrsm; tEdkif&,l&ef[laom &nf½G,fcsuf vHk;0ryg½Sdyg bk&m;? Ak'¨\ "r®ppf "r®rSef azmfxkwfa&; yGJobif[kom

&nf½G,fygonf

bk&m;?

trSef"r®qdkonfrSm

trsm;vufcHonfç

tenf;i,frQom

vufcHonfESifh roufqdkifyg? trSef"r®onf trSef"r®omjzpfí acszsufí &paumif;aom t&mr[kwf[k wynfhawmfrsm; cH,lygonf bk&m;? wynfhawmfrsm;\ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf trsm;ESifhqefYusifonfh trSef"r® tewåudk azmfxkwfvrf;ñTefonfh yk*¾dKvfxl; yk*¾dKvfjrwfBuD; jzpfawmfrlygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGm\

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

273

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wynfhom;ajr;rsm; jzpfMuonfh wynfhawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ rsufESmawmfwpfckwnf;udkom (0g) trSef"r® wpfckwnf;udkomaxmufxm;í avQmufxm;wifjy avQmufxm;rnf jzpfygaMumif;ESifh oDv0EÅ odu©mumr yd#uwå,yg&*l jzpfawmfrlMuonfh q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkUtm; twd*g&0 apwemtrSef a½SUoGm;jzifh avQmufxm;tyfygonf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifoljrwftaygif;wdkU bk&m;/ q&mawmf t½Sifoljrwftaygif;wdkU\ ajcawmftpHkudk OD;cdkufvsuf-

apm'em 21-csufESifh roufqdkifí ed'gef;aom"emudk zwfMum;cGifhrûy or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyfrS ]]apm'u yk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ed'gef;udk aom"emûycsufyg bk&m;}}[k acgif;pD;wyfí vufEdSyfpufpmrl 9-rsufESmwdwdyg&Sdae&m pGJcsuf (21)csufESifh rnfodkYrQ roufqdkifí ½Hk;awmfu zwfMum; wifoGif;cGifh rûyaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; rdefUMum;onf/ obmywd

-'DrSm

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\

ed'gef;udk

aom"emûycsufyg

bk&m;qdkNyD;

a½SUzwf&rJh

udpö&Sdaew,f? tJ'Dzwf&zdkU[mvnf;bJ q&mawmfwdkU wpfaeUu 'D½Hk;awmf&JU &yfwnfcsufudk zwfMum;xm;NyD;

jzpfw,f?

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wifxm;wJhtwdkif;

21-csufudkom

jyefNyD;aom"emyg (acsyyg) vdkU ajymxm;w,f? tck'DrSm apm'uyk*¾dKvfawG&JU ed'gef;udk aom"emûyp&m rvdkygbl;? olwdkU apm'emxm;wJh 21-csufudkomvQif aom"emcGifh½Sdygw,f? aom"emzdkU vdkygw,f? 'gaMumifh apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ed'gef;udk aom"emûycsufygqdkwJh pum;awGtm;vHk;udk

'DrSmwifoGif;zdkU&m

q&mawmfwdkU

vufrcHbl;?

rqdkifwJhtwGuf

vufrcHbl;? tu,fwEÅK qdkifvdkU½Sd&if bkef;BuD;wdkU cGifhûyrSmyg? [dku apm'emxm;wm (21)csuf apm'emxm;w,f? ed'gef;udk aom"emûyzdkUrvdkbl;? ed'gef;u olwdkU apm'emxm;wm r[kwfbl;/ OD;jrifhaqG

-rSefyg obmywdq&mawmfBuD; rdefUMum;wJhtwdkif; 21-csufxJuyJ aom"emygr,f bk&m;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

274

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf(1) «or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf»

trSwf (1)apm'emvTmudk aom"emûycsufvTmyg bk&m;/ apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;\ apm'em trSwf(1)wGif ]]bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonf}}[laom apm'emudk atmufygtwdkif; aom"emûytyfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;onf

bmom[laom

a0g[m&ESifh

omoem[laom

a0g[m&wdkU\

t"dyÜg,fudk ruGJjym;MuaomaMumifhom þpum;&yftwGuf qwfqwfcg emusnf;jcif; jzpfMu[ef wlygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh ywfoufí ,cifu bmom[laom toHk;tEIef; r&SdcJhyg? omoem[líom oHk;avhoHk;x &SdcJhygonf/ ukef;abmifacwf bBuD;awmfrif;vufxufwGif c&pf,mefomoemûy q&ma'gufwm*syfqif a&muf½SdvmNyD;aemuf (Religion)udk bmom[k t"dyÜg,fjyef&mrS pwifí Ak'¨[laom yk'fESifh wGJzufNyD; Ak'¨bmom[laom toHk;tEIef; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ bmom[laom a0g[m&\ rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ajymqdkoHk;EIef;aom bmompum;ç "avhxHk;pH[líom t"dyÜg,f&ygonf? ,cktcgwGif t,l0g' udk;uG,frI[laom t"dyÜg,fwdkUjzifh oHk;EIef;aeMuygonf bk&m;/ þü bmom[lonf (Religion) yifjzpfygonf? þpum;udk apm'u q&mawmfrsm; azmfjycsuft& od&Sd&ygonf? xdk (Religion) udk teuft"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkcJhaomf ‐ (Religion means one of the prevalent systems

offaith

and

worship)

[k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf bk&m;[k ,HkMunfjcif; ½Sdcdk;udk;uG,fjcif;

xHk;wrf;pOfvmonfomvQif bmomjzpfygonf bk&m;/ bmom[laom a0g[m&wGif zefqif;½Sif xm0&bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfjcif; xm0&bk&m;\ wefcdk;jym#dumudk

,HkMunfjcif;

udk;uG,f0wfûyjcif;[laom

t"dyÜm,frsm;

yg0ifaeygonf/

xdkUjyif

urÇmYynm½SifwdkUuvnf; ]]bmom}}\ t"dyÜm,fudk þodkUzGifhqdkMuygonf/ (1)

pdefUaomrwfpftufuGDeuf\ tvdk xm0&bk&m;\ tvdkqE´awmftwdkif; ¤if;\trIawmfudk ausyGefatmif xrf;½Gufjcif; (0g) xm0&\ *kPfawmf aus;Zl;awmfudk atmufarhqifjcifjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/

(2)

qm*RefqDvD\ tvdk rsufjrifurÇmavmutwGif;ü

xif½Sm;½Sdí

½Sdcdk;xdkuf?

½dkaoxdkuf

ylaZmfxdkuf

zl;ajrmfuefawmhxdkufaom t&m[lorQudk ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; csD;rGrf;xdkuf axmyemxdkufaom t&mwdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmyemûyjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

275

tpodkU (3)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) z&uf'&pf[m&pfqH\ tvdk o0dnmPu- t0dnmPu (0g) ouf½SdoufrJh urÇmavmu"mwfudk pDpOfay;aeaom (0g) vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;í tkyfcsKyfaeaom (0g) urÇm\ aumif;rI qdk;rI wufrI usrI [lorQwdkUudk pDrHaeaom wefcdk;yg0gonf ½SdcJh\/ ¤if;udk ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;jcif;onf ]]bmom}} rnf\/

(4)

qDqD½dk\tvdk teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sif

þurÇmavmu\

zefqif;½Sifjzpfaom

xm0&bk&m;udk

Munfñdk½dkaovSpGm ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; cpm;qnf;urf;jcif;onf omvQif ]]bmom}}rnf\/ (5)

*sdrf;'fum'f\tvdk ½IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSaom avmurIwm0ef0wå&m;awG rsm;ajrmifvSapumrl xm0&bk&m;\ *kPfawmfaus;Zl;awmfwdkUudk

arhavsmhjcif;r&SdbJ

tjrJwap

w-o

atmufarhvsuf

csD;usL;axmyem ûyjcif;onfomvQif rkcstm;jzifh ]]bmom}} rnfacs\/ (6)

qeuf\ tvdk bmomqdkonfum;

t0wfwefqmüaomfvnf;aumif;

"r®oDcsif;

usL;&ifhoDqdkjcif;ü

vnf;aumif; qkawmif;arwåmyw¬emudk ûyjcif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? txl;xl;aom r*Fvm tcrf;tem;rsm;udk

ûyvkyfjcif;ü

t[kwfaomfwrlum;

aomfvnf;aumif;

oefU½Sif;pifMu,fí

wnf½SdEdkifaom

wnfNidrfaom

t&mr[kwf? pdwfüomvQif

wnf½Sdjzpfay:Edkifaom t&mjzpfownf;/ (7)

roQL;tmEdk;vf\ tvdkwpfpHkwpfa,mufaom

vlom;\

twGif;pdwf"mwfü

xdxdrdrd

vufawGUod½Sd

xifjrifvmaom tcsufudk azmfjyjcif; (0g) ',moH,kw or®mpm& (0g) MuifempdwfESihf ,SOfaom tusifhonf ]]bmom}} rnf\/ (t&SifOuúX\ uyÜjyóem 3-4) þAk'¨omoemawmfonf bmom t,l0g'ESifh rqdkifyg? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfuvnf; þuJhodkUaom bmomt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufí t*Fkwå&ygVdawmf r[m0*f wdw¬m,eokwf (q|rljrefrmjyef pmrsufESm 192-yk'fa& 62-ü) &[ef;wdkU rSm;aom t,lwdkUonf þoHk;rsdK;wnf;? ,if;t,lwdkUudk ynm½SdwdkUu ar;jref;pdppf ppfaq;tyfukefaomf xdkUxuf vGefíyifvnf; rûyjcif; tud&d,rQüom wnfukef\/ tb,foHk;rsKd;wdkU enf;[lrl (1)

&[ef;wdkU

þowå0gonf

tvHk;pHkaom

csrf;omjcif;okcudk

vnf;aumif;?

qif;&Jjcif;'ku©udk vnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfaom vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

276

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oayu©mudkvnf;aumif;

cHpm;\?

xdkcHpm;rI

tm;vHk;onf

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhomvQif jzpf\[k ,lavh½Sdaom orPjAm[®P tcsdKUwdkUonf ½Sdukef\/ (2)

&[ef;wdkU þowå0gonf tvHk;pHkaom csrf;omjcif; okcudkvnf;aumif;? qif;&Jjcif; 'ku©udkvnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfukefaom vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm Oayu©mudk vnf;aumif; cHpm;\/ xdkcHpm;rItm;vHk;onf avmuudk tpdk;&ol zefqif;rI[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lavh½Sdaom orP jAm[®PtcsdKUwdkU ½Sdukef\/

(3)

&[ef;wdkU

þowå0gonf

qif;&Jjcif;'ku©udkvnf;aumif;? Oayu©mudkvnf;aumif;

tvHk;pHkaom csrf;om

cHpm;\?

csrf;omjcif;okcudkvnf;aumif;?

qif;&Jr[kwfaom xdkcHpm;rI

vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm

tm;vHk;onf

taMumif;r½Sd

taxmuftyHhr½Sdrlí jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lav½&Sdaom orPjAm[®PtcsdKUwdkUonf ½Sdukef\/ þonfwdkUudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmu trSm;vrf;pOf rSm;aomt,l0g'[k qdkawmfrl\/ þodkUaom trSm;vrf;pOf bmomudkom bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkvdk&if; jzpf[efwlygonf bk&m;/ xdkbmom udk;uG,frIrSmvnf; ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI jzpfygonf/ ]]udk;uG,f}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;wGif ]]udk;}}[lonfrSm tm;udk;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tm;udk;jcif;onf vdkcsifrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ vdkcsifrI[lonf tarQmfavmbjzpfonf/ tarQmfavmbonf tukov"r® jzpfonf/ ]]uG,f}} [laompum;ü uG,f[lonf umuG,fapmifha½Smuf&efjzpfonf? umuG,fapmifha½Smuf jcif;onf

aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif;aMumifh

jzpfonf?

aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif;onf

a'gojzpfonf/

a'goonf tukov"r® jzpfonf? xdkodkU avmb a'go tukov"r® jzpfjcif;onf tajctae tjzpfrSefudk ydwfzHk;rIarm[aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUjzpfí urÇmYbmomBuD;rsm;wGif taMumuftarQmfESifh ,SofwGJvsuf½Sdonfudk awGU½Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ þodkUaom taMumuftarQmfESifh ,SofwGJvsuf½Sdaom bmomudk pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,HkMunfouf0ifjcif;onf bdef;ESifh wlonf[k qdkvdk[ef wlygonf bk&m;/ omoemqdkonfrSm

bmomESifh

vGefpGm

uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf

bk&m;?

omoem[lonf

tqHk;tromvQif jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨omoem[k qdk&mü Ak'¨\tqHk;tr jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨onf 0gawmf (20)ü &[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwdkif; qHk;rcJhygonf bk&m;/ oAÁygyó tu&PH? ukovólyorÜ'g/ opdwåy&da,m'yeH? {wH Ak'¨geomoeH/ [k - omoem[laom yk'f\ t"dyÜm,foabmudk azmfxkwf a[mMum; qHk;rawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;/ ]]oAÁygyó?

tvHk;pHkaom

raumif;rIwdkUudk/

tu&PH?

rûyvkyf&jcif;/

ukovó?

ukodkvfaumif;rIudk/ OyorÜ'g? jynfhpHkapjcif;/ opdwåy&da,m'yeH? rdrdpdwfudk jzLpifapjcif;/ {wH þoHk;rsdK;onf/ Ak'¨geH Ak'¨jrwfpGmwdkU\/ omoeH? tqHk;tr jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

277

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þMo0g'ygwdarmufwGifyif okwf-0denf; tbd"r®m-"r®u©E¨m½Spfaomif;av;axmif tusHK;0ifvsuf ½Sdaeojzifh þonfyif Ak'¨omoem jzpfonf[k wynfhawmfrsm; od½SdrSwfom;cJh&ygonf bk&m;? bmomjyefrIwGif wynfhawmfrsm; ygVdwGif uRrf;usifrI r½Sdygí bmomjyefrSm;,Gif;cJhaomf jyifqifí zwf½Iyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ bmom,HkMunfudk;uG,frIwGif

Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf

,HkMunfudk;uG,frIûyaeol

0uúvdtm;

ESifxkwfcJhzl;\? ESifxkwfaompum;&yfwGif ]]tvH0uúvd-ud½lay &rao? AmveEdáw}} 0uúvd? tdk0uúvd? / tvH? awmfNyD? AmveEdáw? vlrdkufwdkYom rypf&ufatmif pGJrufíaeaom/ ½lay? o0dnmPu ½kyfum,ü/ ud&rao? tb,faMumifh arGUavsmfíaebdoenf;/ xdktcg 0uúvdonf Ak'¨xHrS cGJoGm;\/ Ak'önf 0uúvdudk jyefvnfac:,lí qHk;r&mwGif a,m [d yówd o'¨r®H? aom rH yówd y@dawm/ tyÜórmaem o'¨rÜH? rH yórdÜ e yówd/ a,m? tMuifyk*d¾Kvfonf/ [d? {uef/ o'¨rÜH? a[mMum;aom w&m;udk;/ yówd? ½I\ jrif\ Munfh\/ aom y@dawm? xdkynm½Sdonf/ rH? ighudk/ yówd? Munfhol ½Iol jrifol rnf\/ o'¨r®H? a[mMum;onfh w&m;udk/ tyÜórmaem? r½I rjrif rMunfhaom olonf/ rH? ighudk/ yórÜd? ½IjrifMunfhí aeygaomfvnf;/ e yówd? ightm; rsuf0g;xifxif rawGUjrif&acs/ þodkU 0uúvdokwåefwGif ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIbmomudk vufcHrI rûyonfrSm xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;jyif jynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoema&;OD;pD;Xme yHkESdyfwdkufrS xkwfa0onfh a'gufwm0gvfydkvm&m[kvm t½Sifoljrwf a&;om;ûypkaom jrwfAk'ä'oem pmtkyfwGif pmrsufESm 17-rSpí awGU½Sd&onfrSm ]]bmom0g'wdkif;vdkyif ,HkMunfrI (rsufpdrSdwf,HkMunfrI)ay:wGif tajcwnfMuavonf/ Ak'¨0g'rSmrl ouf0if,HkMunfrIay:wGif tajcrûybJ jrifrI odrI em;vnfrIay:wGifom tajccHavonf? Ak'¨0g'pmayrsm;wGif awGU½Sdaom o'¨g[laom pum;vHk;udk trsm;tm;jzifh ]]ouf0ifrI? ,HkMunfrI}}[k bmomjyefavh½SdMuonf/ odkU&mwGif ]]o'¨g}} qdkonfrSm ]],HkMunfrI}} rnfumrQ rwår[kwf? udk,fwdkif ausauseyfeyf ½Sif;½Sif;vifvif;BuD; od½Sdem;vnfí jzpfay:vmaom ]]pdwfcs,HkMunfrIrsdK;}} jzpfayonf/ trsm;em;vnfaom Ak'¨0g'ESifh usrf;pmrsm;wGif omrefa&;om;oHk;pGJ&mü o'¨gqdkonfrSm bk&m; w&m; oHCmwdkUtm; udk;uG,f,HkMunfonf qdkaom t"dyÜm,frsdK; ½Sdonfudkrl 0efcH&ayrnf/}} ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 18-pmaMumif;a& 10 atmufwGif ]]tjcm; bmom0ifwdkU em;vnfMuaom ]]ouf0ifrI}}? odkUr[kwf ]],HkMunfrI}} ponfwdkUonf Ak'¨0g'ESifh ywfoufjcif; r½Sday? ,HkMunfjcif;[laom udpöonf odjrifrI (tjynfhtpHk od½Sdem;vnf;rI) r½SdrS jzpfay:ayonf/ odjrifem;vnf;onfESifh wpfûydifeuf ,HkMunfjcif;[laom

jyóemonf

r½SdEdkifawmhacs/

vufxJwGif

ausmufrsuf½GJwpfvHk;udk

qkyf0Sufxm;onf[k ajymygrl udk,fwdkifrsufpdjzifh rjrif&í ,HkMunf&aom udpörQom jzpfayonf/ vuf0g;udkjzefUí ausmufrsuf½GJudk xkwfjyygvQif rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifjrif&NyDjzpfí ,HkMunf½Hkudpö

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

278

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

r[kwfawmhay/ þonfudk &nfí a½S;usaom Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;wGif ]]ausmufrsuf½GJ odkUr[kwf zefcg;oD;udk vuf0g;jyifwGif jrif&ouJhodkU oabmaygufem;vnfonf}}[laom toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk azmfjyavh½Sdygonf/ ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 19? pmaMumif;a& (8) atmufwGif ]]odjcif; jrifjcif;omvQif y"mejzpfí ,HkMunfjcif;rSm t&mr[kwfygacs? Ak'¨\ a'oemawmfrsm;wGif ]]{[d yódu}}[k yg½Sd&m ]]vmí ½IvSnfhavmh}}[kom zdwfac:ayonf/ ]]vmí ,HkMunf}} vufcHyg[k rqdkay? pmrsufESm (88) wGifvnf; ]]Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;ü bmoma&;ESifhywfoufaom tcgBuD;&ufBuD;rsm;wGif pdwfMunfEl;zG,faumif;aom ½dk;&m"avh tcrf;tem;yGJrsm; ûyvkyfavh ½SdMuaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkUonf edAÁmefodkU ydkUaqmifaom r*fvrf; tppftrSefESifh rnfodkUrS roufqdkifay/ odkUaomf r&ifhoefao;aom yk*d¾KvfwdkU\ bmomw&m;? Munfñdkpdwfudk jznfhpGrf;xufoefapí r*fvrf;odkU wjznf;jznf; a&mufapaom tultnD taxmuftyHhtjzpfjzifhrl ¤if;wdkUonf wefzdk;½Sdoifhoavmuf ½Sdayonf}} [lí yg½Sdygonf/ txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk axmuf½Ijcif;jzifh bmomESifh omoem uGJjym;um bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlonf[lí ajymqdk[efom ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ rZÑdredum,fwGif þodkU awGU½Sd&ygao;onf bk&m;/ ykPÖm; þtwlomvQif edAÁmefonf wnf½Sdonfomwnf;? edAÁmefoGm;aMumif; vrf;c&D;onf wnf&Sd\/ edAÁmefodkU ñTefjyEdI;aqmfol igonf wnf½Sd\/ odkUygvsuf ig\ wynfhwdkUonf igþodkU ajymqdkqHk;raomf

tcsdKUaom

&[ef;wdkUonf

ysufpD;jcif;udk

vGefajrmuf&mjzpfaom

edAÁmefudk

NyD;pD;apEdkifukef\/ tcsdKUaom &[ef;wdkUonfum; rNyD;pD;apEdkifukef? ykPÖm; þt&mü igonf tb,fodkU ûyEdkifthHenf;? ykPÖm; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAÁmefvrf;c&D;udk ñTefMum;olom jzpf\[k (rdefUawmfrl\) (Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf - *Puarm*¾vmeokwå? ESm-60) þokwf\ rdefUqdkcsuft& Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf edAÁmefvrf;c&D;udk ñTefMum;olom jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;aeygonf/ ]]igonf tb,fodkU ûyEdkiftHhenf;}}[laom Ak'¨rdefUMum;awmfrlcsufonf zefqif;½Sifbk&m; u,fwif½Sifbk&m;wdkUuJhodkU udk;uG,fcHbk&m; r[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf udk;uG,fylaZmfrIxuf usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudkom t"duxm;aMumif; atmufyg rdefUrSmawmfrlcsufrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf bk&m;/ ]]tmeE´m ... þrQavmuf (ylaZmfrI)jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;udk t½dktaoûyonf rrnfao;? tav;ûyonf rrnfao;?

jrwfEdk;onf

rrnfao;?

ylaZmfonf

rrnfao;?

yoonf

rrnfao;?

tmeE´m

tMuif&[ef;jzpfap? &[ef;rdef;rjzpfap? Oygoum jzpfap? Oygodumr jzpfap (avmukwå&m) w&m;ESifh avsmfaomw&m;udk

usifhvsuf

ae\/

avsmfaomtusifhudk

usifhvsufae\/

xdkolonf

tjrwfqHk;

ylaZmfjcif;jzifh

usifhvsuf

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

ae\/

w&m;ESifhavsmfpGm

t½dktaoûyonfrnf\/

tav;tjrwfûyonf rnf\/ jrwfEdk;onf rnf\/ ylaZmfonf rnf\/ yoonf rnf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

279

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tmeE´mwdkUaMumifh þ(omoemawmfü) (avmukwå&m) w&m;ESifh avsmfaomw&m;udk usifhvsuf aeukeftHh? avsmfaom tusifhudk usifhvsufaeukeftHh? w&m;ESifh avsmfpGmusifhvsuf aeukeftHh[k þodkU ESvHk;oGif;vsuf oifwdkU usifhMuHtm;xkwf&rnf tmeE´m}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/ (r[m0*fygVdawmf/ jrefrmjyef q|rl pmrsufESm 132 - 133) ]]tmeE´m jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tavmif;awmfudk ylaZmfrIü oifwdkUaMumifhMu rpdkufukefvifh? tmeE´m igwdkufwGef;\? jrwfaom tusifhüom tm;xkwfMuukefavmh? jrwfaom tusifhü rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf (edAÁmefodkU) pdwfudk apvTwfí aeMuukefavmh}} (r[m0*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef q|rl? pmrsufESm 135) Ak'¨omoeaumifpD urÇmat; &efukefu yHkESdyfaom em&'ax&a&; Buddhism in a Nutshell pmtkyf pmrsufESm 15-rSm atmufygtwdkif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ (Is it a Religion Chapter 3) A Buddhist does not seek refuge in the Buddha with the hope that he will be saved by His personal purification. The Buddha gives no such guarantee. It is not within the power of the Buddha to wash away the impurities of others. One could neither purify nor defile another. The Buddha, as teacher, instructs us, but we ourselves are directly responsible for our purification.

,if;tydk'f\ tvdkt&qdkvQif ]]Ak'¨bmomwpfa,mufonf arQmfvifhcsufESifh udk;uG,ftm;udk;rI ûyonfr[kwf?

rdrdpifMu,fzdkUtwGuf

rdrdbmom

bmtmrcHcsufrQ

ray;yg/

Ak'¨onf

y,fazsmufoefUpifay;Edkifaom

wefcdk;£'d¨yg'f

tm;xkwfrS

wyg;olwdkU\ ½Sdolvnf;

&rnfjzpfonf/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf

rpifMu,frI

tukodkvfrIwdkUudk

r[kwfyg/

wpfa,muf\

tukodkvfudk

wpfa,mufu oefUpifray;Edkifyg/ vlom;wdkU\ pifMu,frItwGuf vlom;wdkUu rdrdbmom vkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf vlom;wdkU\ tmp&d,wxm*w bk&m;½Siftjzpf ñTefjyqHk;r Mo0g'omay;Edkifol jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;ygonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif r*fzdkvfqdkufa&mufa&;

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUonf

ouúm,'d|dûywfa&;

Ak'¨\

t"du

tqHk;trawmfjzpfonfh

edAÁmetajcqdkufa&mufa&;

twåuif;pifa&;wdkUxuf

udk;uG,frIESifh tcrf;tem;wdkUudkom t"duxm;í pGJpGJvrf;vrf; vkyfudkifaeMuonfrSm rsufjrifudk,fawGUyif jzpfygonf/ tESpfom&xuf tumudkom OD;pm;ay;aeMuygonf/ tESpfrSm xdktumtcGH\ atmufwGif epfûryfaeygawmhonf bk&m;/ bmoma&;qdkonfrSm udk;uG,frI 0wfûyrI qkawmif;rI tcrf;tem;rsm;udkom t"duxm;aomt&m jzpfygonf/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\

omoemawmfonf

udk;uG,frIxuf

usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudkom

t"duxm;ygonf bk&m;/ odkUjzpfygí

bmomonf

Oyg'geftarSmifxkxJwGif

usa&mufaeojzifh

bdef;ESifhwlonf[k

ajymqdkrIonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmESifh omoemawmfudk rxdcdkufEdkifyg/ omoem[laom Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ tqHk;tr

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

280

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vif;a&mifjcnfatmufwGif rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf&ifaumhvsuf apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm; q&mpOfquf rysuf&avatmif apmifha½Smufxdef;odrf;í omoemûyEdkif&ef aom"em ûytyfygonf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;/ rSwfcsuf/

/ trSwf (2) apm'emudk aom"emjcif; rûyay/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

281

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"emtrSwf (3) «or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf»

trSwf (3) apm'emvTmudk aom"emûycsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;þapm'emudk aom"emûy&mü wynfhawmfrsm; or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyftaejzifh wm0ef½Sdaom (q) trSwfyg pmydk'fESifh ywfoufí aom"emûyygonf bk&m;/ þapm'emtcsufwGif

apm'ut½SifjrwfwdkUu

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;

½SifOuúXu

(31)bHk

vufrcHaMumif; wifjyvdkí taxmuftxm;jzifh tpGJûywfwJukyfa½Teef;awmf pmtkyfrS rdrdvdk&m pmydk'fudk qGJxkwfNyD; rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh apm'uyk*d¾KvfwdkU wifjyaom pmydk'f\ a½SUquf aemufquf pmydk'frsm;udk wifjycGifh ûyawmfrlyg bk&m;/ (tpGJûywf wJukyfa½Teef;awmf? pmrsufESm 52) 1/

trSefrSm uREkfyfwdkUonf wu,fr½Sdaom t&mudk (0g) uREkfyfwdkU rodao;aom t&mudk

(0g) uREfkyfwdkU&JU tawG;ESifh txifudk tb,faMumifh OD;ESdrf½dkusdK; vufpHkrdk;í ½Sdcdk;ae&rnfenf;/ tu,fwap tJ'D ewfbk&m;rsm;[m xif½Sm;½Sdygonf[k qdkvmacsaomf xdkonfh ewfbk&m;rsm;[m tqdk;t0g;awG r[kwfyg/ taumif;pm;awG jzpfygonf[lí uHwdkifuHr rnfolu ajymEdkifrnfenf;? 0efcHEdkifrnfenf;?

xdkxdk

ewfbk&m;wdkUonf

waMumfaMumf[pfatmfaeMuaom

vlom;wdkU\

qkawmif;yw¬emwdkUudk *½kûy em;axmifzl;ygoavm? ¤if;wdkUonf aumif;olu,fí raumif;oludk wG,fMuw,f qdkwmaum [kwfp&m ½Sdyg\avm/ 2/

,if;odkU vlaumif;rsm;udk u,frrIESifh vlqdk;wdkUudk wG,fcsrIwdkUtwGuf taxmuftxm;

oufaoom"u ½Sif;jyEdkifygrnfavm? vlwdkUonf udk,fudkwdkif êud;yrf;aqmif½GufrIaMumifh udpöwpfckck atmifjrifoGm;cJhvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wifMuukef\/ tJ'DvkyfxHk; tqifajyapvdkvQif vlwdkUonf olwdkU&JUqHk;½IH;rI (0g) ratmifjrifrI twGufvnf; xdkonfh bk&m;ocifudkyif axmyem ûyoifhMuukef&m\/ tb,faMumifhenf; olonf

taumif;ESifhtqdk;

(0g)

atmifjrifrIa&m

qHk;½IH;jcif;udkyg

tusHK;0ifvsuf½Sdaom

þuyÜgBuD;\ zefqif;½Sif jzpfonf[k qdkaomaMumifh yifwnf;/ 3/ bk&m;ocifudk

xdkUaMumifh vGwfvyfBuD;yGm;í tbufbufü BuD;xGm;wdk;wufaeMuaom vlrsdK;wdkUonf tjrJwap

csD;usL;aeMuovdkyif

rvGwfajrmufbJ

uRefoabmufb0wGif

eif;jym;jzpfíaeaom vlrsdK;wdkUuvJ ¤if;udkyif aus;Zl;wifí ae&acsrnf/ 4/

pifppfaomfwrlum;

qdktyfcJhNyD;aom

ewfqdk;

ewf0g;

ewfrdpämrsm;ESifh

or®ma'0

ewfaumif;ewfrGefrsm;onf vlom;\ yÍöm½Hktjyifyü wnf½SdMuukef\/ vlom;\ vufawGUe,fudk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

282

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ausmfvGefíaeojzifh

vlom;\

tEkrmepuf0dkif;twGif;odkY

csOf;eif;0ifa&mufjcif;iSm

rpGrf;Edkifolrsm;

jzpfMuukef\/ 5/

xdkUaMumifh vlom;onf awG;awmqifjcif&ayrnf/ tjyeftvSefppfaq; a0zef&ayrnf? p-

o-C-Z-u qdkwJh yom'½kyfig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;ûyí ae&ayrnf/ oljriforQ Mum;orQ eHorQ? vsuforQ xdorQwdkUudk tjrJwap a0zefppfaq;í ae&ayrnf? qifjcifrI awG;awmrIrS uif;aomolonf vlpOfrrDol jzpfayvdrfhrnf? aqG;aEG; a0zefjcif; r½Sdolonf rdrdudk,fudk rdrd opömazmufjcif; jzpfay\/ a0zefaqG;aEG;&ef ppfaq;awG;awm&ef aMumuf½GHUaeolonf Oyg'geftpGJ\ tdrfawmfyg aus;uRef jzpfavawmh ownf;/ 6/

tpGJqdkwJh Oyg'gefonf rnfuJhodkUaom tjypfudk jzpfapwwfygoenf;/

'@m&DESifh

a½S;yHkjyifrsm;udk

jzpfay:vmEdkifygoenf;?

,HkMunfjcif;aMumifh

wdwfedrdwfESifh

vlom;rSm

thHMozG,fwdkUudkvnf;aumif;?

rnfodkUaom

epfemqHk;½IH;rIrsm;

*gxmrEÅ&m;ESifh

yD,od'd¨

um,od'd¨paom aq;0g;wdkUudkvnf;aumif;? tif;tdkifcvSJY? vufzGJUESifh wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? ewfqdk;ewf0g;ESifh ewfaumif;ewfjrwfwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? ewfjynf? jA[®mjynfESifh ,rrif;\ tifydkif,m EdkifiHawmfBuD;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; ,HkMunfrIonf vlom;\ OD;aESmufudk azmufjyefacsmufcsm;apí þuyÜgavmuBuD;udk t½l;axmiftjzpfodkU a&mufapcJhonf/ 7/

þ,HkMunfrIonf vlom;\ pdwfcsrIESifh udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;rIudk acsrIef;í ypfcJhonf/

vlom;\ vufawGUudk rm,mtjzpfodkU a&mufatmif ydkUaqmifcJhonf/ 8/

txufyg wifjyonfh pmydk'ftjynfhtpHkudk qufpyfzwf½IMunfhvQif q&mawmf½SifOuúX

a&;om;azmfjyaom wefcdk;jym#d[mESifh txufatmuf bHkwdkUonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\ wefcdk;jym#d[mESifh txufatmufbHkwdkUomjzpfaMumif; tuGif;uGif; rkefUwD[if;uJhodkU ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;BuD; ay:vGifaeygonf bk&m;/ xdkYaMumifh

rdrdwdkU\

roefUpifr½dk;om;aom

apwemtusdK;ay;onf

xm0&bk&m;bufu

ckcHumuG,fay;rdaeaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ om;awmfrsm;jzpfMuonfh apm'u&[ef;awmfwdkU\ apm'emrSm rSm;,Gif;aeygaMumif; avQmufxm;í aom"emjcif;jzpfygonf t½Sifbk&m;/ rSwfcsuf/

/ trSwf (4) apm'emudk aom"emjcif; rûyay/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

283

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (5) «or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf»

trSwf(5) apm'emvTmudk aom"emûyygonf bk&m;/ ]]twdwf tem*wf b0wdkUudk vHk;0ypfy,fNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrI}}[laom apm'u q&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emcsufudk aom"emûytyfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'em trSwf (5)wGif ]]Ak'¨0g'onf twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefumvoHk;yg;ESifh ,SOfí a[mawmfrlaom 0g'jzpfygonf}}[k apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;jyif ]]avmukwå&ma&;udk a[m&mü ypöKyÜefwnfhwnfhudkom 0dyóem½I&rnf[k 0dyóemudk &nf½G,fí a[mawmfrlcsuf oE¨m,bmodwudk em;rvnfí}}[k qdkxm;&m apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf oE¨m,bmodwudk ]]wynfhawmfrsm;tm;

em;vnfaom

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;jzpfaMumif;

þ0dyóempum;wpf&yfjzifh

0efcHxm;&m

useforQ

a&mufaeygonf

bk&m;?

Ak'¨a'oemtm;vHk;udk

y,f&ef

êud;pm;aeolrsm;}}[lí pGyfpGJxm;ygonf/ wynfhawmfrsm;onf Ak'ömoem0ifyk*d¾Kvfrsm;jzpfí ppfrSefaom Ak'ä'oemawmfrsm;udk êudqdkvsuf jA[®Pa'oemrsm;ESifh a&maxG;aeaom twkta,mif usrf;*efrsm;udk vufcHjcif;rûyrd&ef *½kpdkufaeolrsm; jzpfygonf/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyaom ]]0dyóemt&mü}} [laom wifjycsufudk Oy&dyPÖmo? ba'ú&wåokwfudk a½SUaemuf nDñGwfpGm wifjyxm;jcif;udk rawGU&bJ 'kwd,pmydk'fudk

yxrae&mü

vnf;aumif;?

yxrpmydk'fudk

'kwd,ae&mü

vnf;aumif;wifjyNyD;

wwd,pmydk'fudk csefvSyfxm;jcif;onf r½dk;om;aom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk azmfjyxm;ovdk jzpfaeygonf bk&m;/ xdkokwåef\ tpOftwdkif;rSm (u)

twDwH emEGm*ar,s? eyÜ#duacF tem*wH/ ,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyÜwåÍö tem*wH/

(c)

ypöKyÜEéÍö a,m "r®H? ww¬ ww¬ 0dyówd/ toH[D&H toHukyÜH? wH 0d'Gg rEkjAL[a,/

(*)

taZÆ0 udpöH tmwyÜH? aum Znm r&PH oka0? e [d aem ouF&H awe? r[maoaee rpöKem/ (bmomjyefcsuf)

,H twDwH? tMuiftwdwfumvonf/ y[DeH? aysmufysufukefqHk;cJhavNyD/ wH twDwÍö? xdkaysmufysufukefqHk;NyD;aom twdwfumvudkvnf;/ emEGm*ar,s? jyefvnfatmufarh owd&í rae&m/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

284

tpodkU ,H

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tem*wH?

tMuif

tem*wfumvonf/

tyÜwåH?

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tac:cH&onf/

Ak'¨tvdkawmftmabmfudk odol[k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf/ oifh roifh qHk;jzwfMuygukef/

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"r®tjyif tbd"r®m[laom oabm xyfqifh ay:xGufvm&jcif;

(2)

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rl&if;"r®ESifh

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vlom;wdkUtm; pOf;pm;a0zef&ef wdkufwGef;aeygawmhonf/

oHo, oHo&m txl;ojzifh þtbd"r®myd#u\ zGm;&mZmwdESifh zGm;jrifvmyHkwdkUonf urÇmYokawoDrsm;ESifhwuG wdk;wufaom ynm½SifwdkU\ rsufvHk;wGif oHo,t&dyfta,mifrsm;oef;vsuf ½Sdapygonf? þtcsufudk zHk;uG,fxm;vQif ½SufzG,f&mom ½Sdcsdrfhrnf/

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pOf;pm;&ef (1)

yxrESifh 'kwd,oH*g,emwifyGJrsm;wGif tbd"r®myd#u yg0ifonf[lí r[m0ifç 'Dy0ifESifh

0denf; plV0g ygVdawmfwdkUwGif rawGUMu&jcif;/ (2)

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t|omvdeD

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oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPfwGifvnf; tbd"r®m (7)usrf; ½Sdonf/ xdk(7)usrf;wGif yg0ifaom

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½IaxmifhtaxGaxG (1)

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t,l0g'

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rSwfwrf;wGif tbd"r®mESifh ywfoufaom tqdkonf ygVdbmom rSwfwrf;rsm;xuf wdusvSonf/

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295

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tcGifhaumif;,lí

oHCmhtzGJUudk

ESdrfhcsykwfcwfMuonf?

þwGif

AdrÁdeom&rif;BuD;

avQmufxm;awmif;yefonf jzpfí Ak'¨u rdrdudk,fwdkif wefcdk;jym#d[m jy&ef rdefUawmfrlonf/ om0w¬djynf rif;O,sOfrI;u@onf ysdK;tyfaom o&ufjzLyif&if;ü Ak'¨onf 0gqdkvjynfhaeUwGif ,rdkufjym#d[mudk txl;xl; jyawmfrlNyD;aemuf wm0wðomewfjynfodkU ESpfvSrf;oHk;z0g;jzifh <uawmfrlí yifv,fuopfyif&if; cif;xm;tyfaom y@KurÁvm ausmufzsmtxufwGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrlvsuf ewftaygif;wdkUtm; a'oemawmftqHk;ü

0gwGif;oHk;vywfvHk; r,fawmfrdewfom;

tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk aomwmywådzdkvfü

a[mMum;awmfrlonf?

wnfonf?

uka#½Spfaomif;rQaom

ewfwdkUtzdkUvnf; BuD;pGmaom "r®obif jzpfawmfrlonf? 0guRwfonfhaeUwGif jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfü &yfwnfvsuf wefcdk;jym#d[mudk jyawmfrlonf? xkdUaemufewfjA[®mtaygif; jcH&Hvsuf ewfwdkU zefqif;aom apmif;wef;oHk;oG,fteuf ywåjrm;apmif;wef;jzifh ouFóe*dk&fûrdUwHcg;odkU qif;oufawmfrlonf/ þa'0ga&m[P0w¬KwGif yg½Sdaom tbd"r®med'gef;onf t|omvdeDed'gef;xuf ydkí jynfhpHkonf? Ak'¨\

wm0wðomc&D;pOfudk

azmfjyaom

t|omvdeD?

"r®y't|uxm

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ygVd

yd#uwfwGifyg½Sdaom *gxmtcsdKUudk xkwfaqmifudk;um;í xm;aMumif; awGU½Sd&onf/ ygVd yd#uwfwGif yg½Sdaom ayw0w¬K? okwåEÅyd#u? ck'´uedum,? tuFk&ayw0w¬KwGif þodkU yg½Sdygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif

Ak'¨onf

wm0wðomewfjynf

yifv,fuopfyif&if;ü

y@KurÁvm

ausmufzsmxuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlNyD; þodkU jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk pMu0Vmwdkufwpfaomif;rS ewftaygif;wdkUonf pnf;a0;a&mufvmMuí qnf;uyfvkyfauR;Muukef\? wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom ewf\ tvif;a&mifonf Ak'¨\ tqif;ta&mifudk zHk;vTrf;rxGef;yEdkif? Ak'¨\ udk,fawmf tqif;ta&mifonf tvHk;pHkaom ewfwdkU\ tqif;ta&mifxuf omvGefxGef;y\[laom taMumif; yg0ifonfh *gxmoHk;&yf yg0ifonf/ þ*gxmrsm;onf

Ak'¨\

wm0wðomc&D;udk

ñTefjyonfh

tapmqHk;

yd#uwfpmay

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'gerIESpfrsdK;

a'oemrQudkom

tusdK;ay;ESpf&yf

awGU&onf?

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r,fawmfrdewfom;

Ak'¨a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonfh

taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?

'geESifhpyfonfh

tbd"r®ma'oemawmf

taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; wpfpGef;wpfprQ rawGU½Sd&yg/ þodkUqdkvQif tbd"r®med'gef; taMumif;ü qufpyfyg0ifaeaom pmaytqifh oHk;qifhwdkUudk uGif;quftjzpf jrifEdkifonf? Ak'önf wm0wðomewfjynfodkU <uawmfrlí tuFk&ayw0w¬Konf tapmqHk;jzpfonf/ ayw0w¬KESifh 0drmeow¬KwdkUrSm taomuacmwf ½Sifr[dE´wdkU oD[dkVfodkU oGm;pOfu o,faqmifoGm;aom usrf;wdkUwGif tygt0ifusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf? þwm0wðomü Ak'öDwif;oHk;cJhonfh tcsdefudk ½Sifr[mAk'äCmo tbd"r®m w&m;OD;a[maom tcsdeftjzpf azmfjyygí txufyg oHk;*gxmwdkUudk

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296

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

udk;um;oHk;pGJí ½Sif;jycJhonf? wpfzef þ*gxmrsm;udkyif rlwnfí ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ tqdkenf;wl "r®y' t|uxmq&mu a'a0ga&m[P0w¬Kudk ZmwftdrfzGJUí a&;om;jyefonf/ þoHk;csufudk pdppfMunfhvQif tbd"r®med'gef; jzpfay:&mudk ydkif;jcm;Munfhygu ayw0w¬Konf yxrç

t|omvdeD

t|uxmonf

'kwd,ç

"r®y't|uxmonf

wwd,

jzpfaeonfudk

pmayay:ayguf&macmwft& od½Sd&onf/ odkUaomf tuFk&aywow¬Kudk zGifhqdkcJhol t|uxmq&m ½Sif"r®ygv (c&pfESpf 10-&mpkcefU)url txufyg oHk;*gxmwdkUonf yd#uwftwGif;üyif ½SdaecJhaomfvnf; Ak'¨a[mr[kwf[k twdtvif; rdefUMum;cJhygonf/ xkdUaMumifhyifvQif ax&0g'*dkPf;cGJwpfckjzpfaom okw¬EÅdu*dkPf;0ifwdkUu þtbd"r®myd#uudk apmapmuyifvQif Ak'¨bmodwtjzpf vufrcHcJhMuyg? pifppf tbd"r®musrf;rsm;\ rlv&nf½G,fcsufonf okwåefusrf;u w&m;acgif;pOfrsm;udk tus,fzGifhqdk&efrSwyg; tjcm; rjzpfEdkifyg? okwåefESifh tbd"r®mwdkU\ qufpyfrIrsm;udk ½SmazGaomtcg okwåefwGif ae&maygif;rsm;pGmwdkUü awGU&ygonf/ 'DCedum,f? r[med'geoH,kwfrS okwfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tbd"r®musrf;rsm;\ tajccH jzpfaeaMumif;

awGU½Sd&ygonf/

xkdUjyif

yk*¾vynwf\

tajccHjzpfaMumif;rSm

t*Fkwå&edum,frS

xif½Sm;onf?

a,m"mZD0okwfonf

a,m"mZD0okwfuyifvQif

tbd"r®myd#u

yk*¾vynwfxufydkí

tbd"r®mqefaeaMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ 'DCedum,f\

aemufqHk;okwfjzpfaom

o*ØwdokwfESifh

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tbd"r®m

(7)usrf;teuf yxrusrf;jzpfaom "r®o*FPDusrf;\ rl&if;tajccHrsm;yif jzpfonf? þESpfokwfudk a[molrSm

½Sifom&dykwå&m

jzpf\?

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oJvGefp,lNyD;

½SifAk'¨aCmoonf

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tbd"r®musrf;rsm;udk tus,fenf;tm;jzifh ½Sifom&dykwå&muwpfqifh a[mMum;cJhonf[k rdrd\t,ltq jznfhoGif;NyD; wm0wðomZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;cJhavoavm[k awG;zG,f jzpfygonf/

tbd"r®m a0g[m& "r®mwda&aum "r®0daooa|e tbd"r®m[lí vnf;aumif;? tbd0doda|m "ar®m tbd"r®m[lí vnf;aumif;

tbd"r®\

okwå0de,wdkUxuf

t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;csufudk

xl;uJpGm

jrwfaomw&m;[k

t|omvdeDt|uxm qdkvdkygonf?

odkU&mwGif

paom

usrf;rsm;wGif

okwå0de,wdkUxuf

xl;uJvGefjrwfonfqdkaom tbd"r®mudk ck'´uedum, (twdktxGm xnfhp&m) (0g) tao;i,fqHk;aom edum,fwGif xnfhoGif;&onfrSm tonf;emp&m ½Sufp&m aumif;vSygonf/ tbd"r®m[laom a0g[m&udk yd#uwfawmftwGif;ü tenf;qHk; a0g[m&tjzpf awGU½Sd&onf? rlvyPÖmo? r[ma*god*Fokwfü ]]r[marm*¾vmaem rH {w'a0gp tm0kaom om&dykwå a'G bdu©L

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297

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅd}}[k yg½Sdonf? odkUaomf xdkokwfudk avhvmMunfh aomtcg om0u bmodw (om0ua[m) tydkif;u rsm;aeonf/ ({0H ar okwH)[k ½SiftmeE´mu ajymav[efjzifh pzGifhNyD; (tm,o®wm tmeaE´) ponfjzifh ½SiftmeE´monf Ak'¨\ Oy|mu (vkyfauR;ûypkol) jzpfí A[kokw<u,f0aMumif; azmfjyxm;jyefonf/ &[ef;wdkU xdkrSwyg; t*Fg(5)yg;ESifh rjynfhpHkaom &[ef;onf yÍÆif;cH ray;&? edó&nf; ray;&? omraPudk rvkyfauR;ap&? ig;yg;[lonfum; (1)

teD;aewynfh

twlaewynfhwdkUudk

jrifhjrwfaom

usifh0wfodu©mü

usifhapjcif;iSm

rpGrf;Edkif/ (2)

tusifhjrwf\ tpjzpfaom odu©mü qHk;rjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif/

(3)

tbd"r®mü qHk;jzwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif/

(4)

tbd0de,ü qHk;jzwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif/

(5)

jzpfay:vmaom t,lrSm;udk w&m;ojzifh ajzcRwfapaomiSm rpGrf;Edkif/

[lí 0de, r[m0*¾ygVd? r[mcE¨u? OyorÜma'wAÁyÍöuuxmü yg½Sdjyefonf/ 'DCedum,f? o*ØwdokwfESifh t*Fkwå&edum,f? 'ouedygwfwGifvnf; tbd"r®m[k awGU&jyefonf? odkUaomf tbd0ded, [laomtoHk;ESifh wGJíoHk;xm;aMumif; owdûy&ygrnf? þü tbd"r®mqdkonfrSm tbd"r®m(7)usrf;[k qdkvdk&if; [kwf[efrwlyg? ygVdyd#uwftwGif;ü tbd0ded,[lí oD;jcm;ac:qdkxm;aom odu©myk'frsm; r&Sdacs? tbd0ded,usrf; r½SdygbJ tbd"r®m(7)usrf;udk &nfñTef;onfqdkvQif ,kwåduif;rJU&m usygonf/ xkdUjyif

udEÅdokwåwGif

oHk;xm;onfudk

awGU&onf?

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tao;pdwfcGJjcif;[laom

t*Fkw¬&edum,fwGif&Sdaom

t"dyÜm,fjzifh

tbd"r®uxm[laom

tbd"r®a0g[m& a0g[m&ü

"r®udk

½Sif;vif;jywwfaom pmay[k t"dyÜm,f&onf? þt"dyÜm,fESpfckonf oifhwefaom ,kwådudkaqmifonf[k ,lqygonf/ txufwGif wifjycJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;t& tbd"r®musrf;rsm;onf okwåwGifyg0ifaom "r®udk edum,fBuD;wGif yg0ifaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ "r®rsm;udk tao;pdwf ½IaxmifhpHkjzifh wifjyaom usrf;rsm;om jzpfonf?

Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif

wdkuf½dkufa[maom

usrf;rsm;r[kwf[k

wynfhawmfwdkU

½dk;om;pGmyif

,lqMuygonf bk&m;? þodkU ,lqjcif;tm;jzifh Ak'¨\ *kPfawmfudk jrLrIefrQ xdcdkufrnf r[kwfyg? 0drkwd&ousdK;udk rkcs&½SdEdkifonfh Ak'¨a[mawmfrlaom w&m;awmfrsm;onf edum,fBuD; rsm;wGif tjynfhtpHk yg0ifNyD; jzpfaeonfomru ydkvQHíyif aeygao;onf bk&m;/ &½Sdaomtcsdef wdkawmif;vGef;vSojzifh wifjyp&m tcsuftvufrsm; trsm;yif usef&pfcJhonfudk cGifhûyawmfrlMuyg bk&m;/ rSwfcsuf /

/ apm'em trSwf(7)udk aom"emjcif; rûy/

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298

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf(8) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf

trSwf(8) apm'emvTmudk aom"emûycsufyg bk&m;/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&m vrf;aMumif;udk

ydwfyif[efUwm;

zsufqD;aeMuygonf[k

apm'emcsufESifh

ywfoufí

aom"em

ûytyfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifjrwfrsm; bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;onf

y&d,wfpmayudk

uRrf;usifolrsm;

r[kwfygaMumif;

a½SUydkif;wGif

wifjyavQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 1/

apm'emq&mawmfrsm;\ ]]Aka'¨g a[óH oa'0au? oHoma&óH oa'0uH} (oa'0au?

ewfESifhwuGaom avmuü? Aka'¨g? bk&m;onf? a[óH? igjzpftHh? oa'0au? ewfESifhwuGaom avmuudk? oHoma&óH? oHo&mrS u,fwifxkwfaqmiftHh) [k ygVdESifh teufjyefxm;csufudk awGU½Sd&&m ¤if;ygVdrsm;\ okwåeftñTef;rsm; tydk'frsm; pmrsufESmrsm; razmfjyojzifh vkyfMuHxm;aom ygVdrsm;yif jzpfava&mYoxm;[k oHo,0ifvsuf ½Sdaeygonf bk&m;/ «þae&mta&mufwGif ½Hk;awmfu ar;cGef;ar;onf/ »

pk'dwuwdkU\ oHo,aMumifh apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;udk ar;ppfjcif; OD;ukrm&(0denf;"dk&f)

-pk'dwu'umrsm;u trSwf(8) 0daooapm'emxJrSmygaom ]]Aka'¨g a[óH oa'0au}}oEÅma&óH oa'0uH}} qdkwJh ygVdESifh teuf jyefjcif;udk oHo,½Sdae ygw,fwJh?

apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;u

þtcsufudk

ajyvnfatmif

ajz½Sif;jyvdkufyg/ OD;0dok'¨d(apm'u)

-pk'dwu'umrsm;u oHo,jzpfwmudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ cGifhûycsuft& twdtus

ñTefjyNyD;

avQmufxm;ygr,f

bk&m;/

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a[óH

oa'0au}}[laom ygVdonf Ak'¨0HoygVdawmf pmrsufESm-300? *gxmeHygwf 55wGif yg½Sdygonf bk&m;? ]]oEÅma&óH oa'0uH}}[laom ygVdonfvnf; Ak'¨0HoygVdawmf pmrsufESm-200? *gxmeHygwf 56-wGif twdtus yg½Sdygonf bk&m;/ OD;ukrm&

-pk'dwursm; auseyfMuNyDvm;/

pk'dwursm;

-auseyfygNyD bk&m;/

wynfhawmfrsm; em;vnfxm;onfrSm opömav;yg;udk odíomvQif bk&m;jzpfygonf?

avmu[laom yk'frSmvnf; apm'uq&mawmfrsm; azmfjyxm;ouJhodkU oa'0uavmu [kwfrnfrxifyg?

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299

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

'DCedum,f oDvu©E¨0*f? omrnzvokwf? pmrsufESm-58? tydk'f-190? q|rlwGifvnf; wxm*awm avmauOyÜZÆwd-[kom yg½SdNyD; oa'0au [laom 0daooeyk'f ryg½SdcJhyg bk&m;/ 3/

wynfhawmfrsm;onf þodkU avQmufxm;&jcif;rSmvnf; oH,kwåedum,f (5)ckajrmuf

*[ywd0*f? av;ckajrmuf avmuokwå? pmrsufESm-301 q|rl? tydk'f 44-wGif ]]om0w¬d,H 0d[&wd? avmuó bdu©a0 ork',Íötw¬*FrÍö a'aoómrd? wH okPmx om"kuH reod ua&mx? bmodórDwd/ y/ uwarm p bdu©a0 avmuó ork'a,mpu©KÍö y#dpö ½lay p OyÜZÆwd pu©K0dnmPH/ y/ avmuork'a,m}} [k twdtvif; yg½Sdojzifh xdkavmuonf umravmuwpfckvHk;udkom &nfñTef;csuf ½SdaeaMumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf bk&m;/ tu,fí ewfavmu jA[®mavmursm; yg0ifaevQif oa'0au ojA[®au [laom ygVdrsm;vnf; yg½Sdaeoifhonf[k wynfhawmfrsm; ,lqrdygonf bk&m;/ 4/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emcsuf trSwf(8) pmrsufESm(1)wGifvnf; ]]0drkwåd&o

wnf;[laom oHo&mrS xGufajrmufa&;vnf; usifhMuHtm;xkwfrI½SdrS &ygrnf? xdkusifhMuHtm;xkwfrI twGufvnf; vrf;pOf ½Sd&ygrnf}}[k azmfjyxm;ygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfrsm;rSmvnf; 0drkwåd&o &½SdEdkifa&;twGuf usifhMuH tm;xkwfrIvrf;pOf ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyaom taxmuftxm; ygVdawmfrSm ]]{um,aem bdu©a0 t,H ra*¾g owåmeH 0dok'¨d,m}} tp½Sdojzifh azmfjy&mü ygVdtxm;todkrSm q|rlESifh vGJacsmfaeygonf bk&m;/ q|rl

rZÑdredum,f?

rlvyPÖmo?

rlvy&d,m,0*f?

(10)ckajrmuf

r[mowdy|meokwf?

pmrsufESm(71) yk'fa&(106)wGif]]{um,aem t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g owåmeH 0dok'¨d,m}} [k awGU½Sd&ygonf bk&m;? apm'uq&mawmfrsm; azmfjyxm;aom ygVdtxm;todku rSefuefygonf[k ,lqvQif q|rludk zsufay;yg&ef? odkUr[kwf q|rlu rSefygonf[k ,lqvQif apm'uq&mawmfrsm; aemiftcg þyGJrsdK;ESifh êuHêudufvmygu þuJhodkU ygVdtxm;todk vGJrSm;rIrsdK; rjzpfap&ef owdxm;í aqmif½GufawmfrlEdkifMu&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ «þae&m ta&mufwGif ½Hk;awmfu ar;cGef;ar;onf»

bdu©a0 t,HESifh t,H bdu©a0udk ar;jcif; OD;ukrm&(0denf;"dk&f)

-0daooapm'emtrSwf(1)wGif yg½Sdaom ygVdrsm; vGJrSm;aew,fvdkUpk'dwursm;u acsyxm;w,f? apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 'gudka&m ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;EdkifvQif ajz½Sif;jyyg/

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300

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

OD;0dok'¨(apm'u)

-wynfhawmf 0dok'¨onf ]]{um,aem bdu©a0}} tp½Sdaom ygVdawmftygt0if 'DCedum,fBuD; wpfckvHk;udk EIwfwuf½G½G tvGwf tm*HkaqmifcJhol jzpfygw,f bk&m;?

'Dvdk

'DCedum,fBuD;

wpfckvHk;udk

EIwfwuf½G½G

tm*HkaqmifcJhwJh

yk*¾dKvfjzpfwJh twGuf ,ck ]]{um,aem t,H bdu©a0}} paom ygVdudkyJ 'DaeU 'Dtcsdeftxd wynfhawmfrsm; EIwfwuf½G½G tm*Hk&aeqJ ½Sdygao;w,f bk&m;? 'ghaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm; tcsdefr&wJh twGuf vufESufpuf rlMurf;trSm;udk êudwifjyifqifNyD; 0daooapm'em wifoGif;wJhtcsdefrSm wynfhawmfudk,fwdkif bk&m;a[mygVdawmftwdkif; trSm;udk jyifqifí trSeftwdkif; wifoGif;cJhygw,f bk&m;? wifoGif;cJhwJh yHkpHu]]{um,aem

t,H

bdu©a0

ra*¾g

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343

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344

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346

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362

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30/

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363

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364

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31/

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366

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

5-15/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(15) Oyg'gefESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-16/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(16) t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk Nyifqifa&;om;Ncif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-17/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(17) "r®pMumvufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-18/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(18) vufNzpfygVdtrSm;rsm;Nzifh vdrfnma&;om;Ncif; 0dedpä, 5-19/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(19) Ak'¨\ NzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhNrifûyNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-20/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(21) bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-21/ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)

edAÁmefvrf;r aysmufuG,furl Ak'¨omoem? þokH;jzmwGif a'oemyd#uwf? touf"mwfwnf; touf"mwfom? ysufa<uygrl ESpfjzm ywf a0? aoBuD;aovdrfh a'oemawmfenf;? zsufqD;apmfum; rsm;jym;vlaygif;? ysufapaMumif;wkdUukd pkaygif;vkyfMu? tm;xkwfMuonfh t"r®ab;&ef? Nidrf;atmifBuHrS okH;wefomoem? wnfNrJumjzifh usifh&my#dywf? tusifh"mwfaMumifh jrifhjrwfr*fzkdvf? edAÁmefukd? tvkd&Sdol &vdrfhrnf ..... (rpdk;&drfpmoifom;)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'emtrSwf(1) bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,

bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DwdkU

jzpfyHkudk atmufyg taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyí apm'emMuonf/ (u)

]]'DaeU Ak'¨bmomqdkwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDudk;? bdef;qdkwm rpm;cifwHk;uawmh tvum;aygh? rpGJygbl;? bdef;r½I rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ bdef;uav; enf;enf;0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqdkawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkY wjcm;bmrSvJ rvdkcsifbl;ç rMum;vJ rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qdkwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf rrufawmhbl;? tckvnf; 'dkUwpfawGrSm bdef;pGJaewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfcdkif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dk uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkU ajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh wu,frSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU}} (twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif? OD;Ouú|a[maom "r®pMumrS)

(c)

]]trSefrSm ûyvkyfol(um&u)onf ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ tppf rkcs jzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif cHpm;ol(a0'u)aum bmoabm jzpf&rnfenf;? ¤if;vnf; ½kyfobm0yif {uEÅ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56 rS)

jzpf&ayrnf}} (*)

]]½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmOfwdkUonf ½kyfudk rSD&m wnf&mxm;í jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m; 0g-tcdk;owåd (0g) ½kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf}}/ (OD;udkudkav;a&; oHk;q,fhwpfbHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcHpmtkyf? ESm-202 rS)

(C)

]]tcsdKUu t½Sifbk&m;[m ½kyfudkom a[maew,f? pdwfuav;udk vkyftHk;rSaygheJU ajymaew,f? usKyfwdkU 'umrBuD;awGu aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif b,frvJawmhvdkU

jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f?

tvkyfvkyfqdkwm

wu,f½SdwJh

½kyfudk

aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmifvkyfvdkU r&ygbl;}} (OD;Ouú|\ tdka,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ? ESm-80? 81 rS) (i)

]]emrfonf bmvJqdkOD;? þ blw"mwfwdkU\ owådyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum; avESifh

awaZm

awGUvQif

]]tm;touf}}[líjzpfaomowådonf

½kyfobm0\

yifudkvu©PmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xdk 0ga,mESifh awaZmwdkUonf rnfonfh"mwfpif y&rmtEkjrLwGifrS

oD;jcm;

uif;vGwfpGm

r½Sd?

wdkUrSm

tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf? odkUjzpf&m blwj'Afpif rlvy&rmPkjrL obm0txd

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

367

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tqifhqifh

tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg

þblw½kyfwdkUyif

½kyf[kvnf;aumif;

emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; ½kyfobm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/}} (ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ? ESm-84? 85 rS) (p)

]]½kyfemrf 2-ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0Dç y&rwftmaygç y&rwf0ga,mç y&rwfawaZmwdkUrSm tjrJtwl tajy;wnDwnf; ½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfonfyif ½kyftjzpf 'GefwGJum

tpOftwl

jzpfysufaeonfudk

awGUjrifrSom

csufcsif;

jzpfonfudk

(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ? ESm-103 rS)

jzpfrSef;odonf/}}

ap'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf þaumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyí OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf jrwfAk'¨ rSefuefpGm

a[mMum;xm;aom

emrfw&m;rsdK;udk

todtrSwf

rûyMubJ

olwdkU\

½kyfMurf;0g'D

q&mYq&mBuD;rsm;\aemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum Ak'¨tbd"r®momoemudk ausmcdkif;olrsm; jzpfaMumif; wifjyMuonf/ 2/

wpfzef

0daooapm'emü

]]ur®ó

um&aum

ew¬dç

0dyguóp

a0'aum}}

paom*gxmudk rdrdwdkU\ ½kyf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif vdk&mqGJí ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol a0'uwdkUonf ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ jzpf\ [k qdkxm;yHkç ,if;t,lonf ouúm,'d|dom jzpfí t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif;? ½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom tcsufç emrfonf ½kyf\ tcdk;owådç ½kyf\ t[kef[laom pum;onf yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDaom pum;omjzpfaMumif; 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmudk udk;um;í wifjyoGm;Muonf/ 3/

xkdUjyif bmomonf bdef;ESifh rwlyHk? &wemoHk;yg;tay:ü ouf0ifrIonf o'¨gw&m;om

jzpfí ,HkMunfrI tpGJ r[kwfyHk? xufoefaom ,HkMunfrIç oefU½Sif;aom o'¨gw&m;om jzpfaMumif; t*¾yom'okwfudk udk;um;ívnf;aumif;? bdef;onf pGJvmaomtcg tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapwwfaomfvnf; &wemoHk;yg;

,HkMunfudk;uG,frIrSmum;

csrf;omokcudkom

ay;wwfaMumif;

r[memrokwfudk

udk;um;ívnf;aumif; wifjyMuNyD; Ak'¨bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkjcif;onf omoemawmfudk jypfrSm;vdkaom y'k|pdwfjzifh pGyfpGJjcif; jzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMuonf/

pk'dwuwdkU\ acsycsuf 4/

pk'dwuwdkUwGif

ocifjrwfqdkifESifh

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUuom

acsyajzqdkí

a½Ttbd"r®m OD;a½TjynfESifh OD;qE´m"du 2-OD;wdkUu racsyMuacs? A½S;OD;pGm ocifjrwfqdkifu bmomESifh omoem pum; 2-&yfwGif bmomudky,fí omoemudk vufcHaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; acsqdkoGm;onf/ ]]bmomqdkaom

pum;rSm

xm0&bk&m;t,lrS

qif;oufvmaom

twå0g'tajccHjzpfí

omoem0iftaejzifh vufrcHyg bk&m;? ,ckvuf½Sd bmomqdkonfrSmum Ak'¨a[mç jAm[®Pa[mç a0'a[m ta[m 3-rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuygonf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

368

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh ½IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk vufrcHyg/

omoemwnf;[laom

oHo&m0#fqif;&Jtaygif;rS

vGwfajrmuf&mç

'ku©Nidrf;&mç

udavomukefcef;&m w&m;rsm;udkom vufcHygonf bk&m;}}[k qdkum t*FkwådK&f wa,m"r®okwfudk udk;um;wifjy acsyoGm;cJhayonf/ 5/

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUu

]]apm'uq&mawmfwdkUonf

bmomESifh

omoem

ruGJaomaMumifh qwfqwfcg emusnf;um rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emwifrdMuygonf? bmom[lonfrSm (Religious)

[laom pum;vHk;rS jzpfay:vmygonf}}[k qdkum ,if;pum;vHk;\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk

t*Fvdyftbd"mefusrf;vm-wdkuf½dkuftzGifhESifh tjcm;tqdk 8-rsdK;udk OD;Ouú|\ uyÜjyóemrS xkwfí wifjyoGm;Muonf/ 6/

txufyg apm'em aom"emwdkUESifh pyfvsOf;í---

(u)

OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG

pk'dwu

ocifjrwfqdkifç

or®m'd|dokawoeokawoD

qdkolwdkU\

0g'onf ½kyf0g' [kwf r[kwf? (c)

Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonfqdkaom &DvD*sif;ac:aom bmoma&;rsdK; [kwf r[kwfESifh OD;Ouú|onf Ak'¨bmomudk ykwfcwfjcif; [kwf r[kwf?

(*)

tarQmf taMumufç i&JbHk ewfbHk ponfESifh ywfoufí yd#uwfpmayt&vnf;aumif;ç avmuDynmrsm;t&vnf;aumif; od&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh?

(C)

bmomESifh ywfoufí ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm aom"emcsufonf rSef rrSef?

(i)

½kyf0g'Drsm;onf

Ak'¨bmom

[kwf

r[kwf?

½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh

Ak'¨0g'

Ak'¨"r®

Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk a0zefjcif;onf w&m; rw&m;? þtcsufwdkUudk

tav;xm;í

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfrsm;u

oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfMurnf

jzpfayonf/

bmom[laom pum;vHk;ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf 7/

pk'dwu

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU

xkwfjyoGm;aom

(&DvD*sif;)

bmom[laom

pum;vHk;\ teuft"dyÜm,frsm;rSm 20-&mpkESpf tpydkif; avmufu ajymcJhMu zGifhqdkcJhMuaom teufrsm; jzpfí ,aeY 20-&mpkukefcgeD;umvü acwfrrDawmhay? ¤if;jyif pum;wpfvHk;\ teufudk zGifh&mü Literal Meaning = pum;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuf teufESifh Derivative Meaning = qifhyGm;teuf 2-rsdK;vHk;udk zGifhjyrS

jynfhpHkEdkifonf? wpfckckudkom qkyfudkifí qdkacsaomf trSm;odkU a&mufwwfayonf? ,ck pk'dwuwdkU qdkcJhaom teufrsm;rSm rlvteufrsm; jzpfí acwftavsmuf qifhyGm;ajymif;vJvmaom teufrsm; rygbJ <uif;usefaeayonf? xkdUaMumifh rjynfhpHkay/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

369

tpodkU 8/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þae&mü

vef'efom;

Ak'¨0g'D

ppfppfBuD;

jzpfaom

ygVdpmaytoif;BuD;\

twGif;a&;rI;jzpfaom uG,fvGefol Mr.Iggleden qdkol ynm½SifBuD;\ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; tzGifhed'gef; a&;om;csufrS Religious [laom pum;vHk;\ acwfrDaom 0dû*d[f (0g) y&dbmomudk xkwfjyaytHh(A)

The world Religion is derived from Latin Religionem and Relegere. The first is quite clear it means; reverance to the gods, fear of god, conciousness of wrong, religious scruple. The second though quite different, is equality clear, it means to gather together, to collect, to ponder over to give heed, to observe, care for.

(u)

Religious

[laom pum;vHk;onf vmwifbmom Roligionem [laom yk'fç Relegere

[laom

yk'frsm;rS

qdkvdkonfrSm

qif;oufvmonf?

ewfrsm;udk

½dkaojcif;ç

yxrpum;vHk;onf

ewfbk&m;udk

t"dyÜm,f½Sif;onf?

aMumuf½GHUjcif;ç

rSm;,Gif;aom

udk;uG,frIESifh pyfonfh aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUpdwf [lí jzpfayonf? 'kwd,pum;vHk;onf t"dyÜm,f

tawmfuGJjym;oGm;aomfvnf;

twlwuG

pkaygif;jcif;ç

½Sif;ayonf?

a½G;aumufjcif;ç

'kwd,pum;vHk;\

awG;awmpOf;pm;jcif;ç

teufrSm *½kxm;jcif;ç

Munfh½IoHk;oyfjcif;ç owdûyjcif; [lí jzpfayonf/ (B)

With two equally valid, yet so very different way of defining religion it is without doubt a prectical thing to do to look at the Buddhist teaching on a comparative basis to see in accordance with which definition it should be understood and as the outcome of that how its study should be approached. What then can be said to define the characteristics of Buddhism as a religion?

(c)

wef;wlnDwl cdkifvHkoavmuf t"dyÜm,fjcm;em;vSaom &DvD*sif; 0dû*d[f 2-ckeJU pyfNyD; EIdif;,SOfavhvmwJh tajccHrlt& rnfonfh0dû*d[fjzifh Ak'¨"r®udk em;vnf&rnf? ,if;\ tusdK;quftjzpf

xdkAk'¨"r®udk

b,fyHkb,fenf;

avhvm&rnfqdkwmudk

½IjrifoHk;oyfjcif;[m yxrqHk;vufawGU vkyf&rnfhtcsuf jzpfw,fqdkwm oHo,½SdzG,f rvdkyg? ,if;odkUjzpfvQif Ak'¨"r®\ vu©PmwdkUudk &DvD*sif;tjzpf 0dû*d[fûy&ef rnfodkU qdkEdkifygoenf;/ (C)

Buddhism is a religious system which is no way seeks to discuss a relationship existing between mankind and a deity; rather it sets out to view the conditions existing both within oneself and without examining the relationships between them seeking to observe and comprehend in results the nature of the causes governing them and pointing to the way by which the Tangle caused by ignorance may be unravelled and a stable atate attained, void of

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

370

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) conditioning influences. It seeks then to view clearly and with acute penetration all that is of the mind and all that is of material qualities, and unclouded by ignorance, to see them as they are in realith.

(*)

Ak'¨"r®onf

vlom;ESifh

ewfjA[®mwdkUtMum;ü

½Sdaeaom

tquftoG,fudk

rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ raqG;aEG;aom bmoma&; oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfonf? pifppfrS owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ twGif;tjyifü ½Sdaeaom tajctaersm;udk ½IjrifoHk;oyfaom ,if;twGif;tjyifESpfckü ½Sdaeaom tquftoG,fudk pHkprf;ppfaq;aomç ,if;wdkUudk tkyfpdk;jc,fvS,faeonfh

taMumif;w&m;wdkU\

oabmoGm;udk

tusdK;rSaeí

½IjrifoHk;oyfaomç t0dZÆm (rodem;rvnfrI)u zefwD;ay;vdkufonfh t½IyftaxG;udk ajz½Sif;yHk

enf;vrf;ñTefjyaomç

wnfNidrfaomtajctaeudk

(tjyiftyrS)taMumif;ûyzefwD;aom

(jA[®mç

AdóEdk;ç

&yHk&enf;

wefcdk;½Sifç

azmfjyaomç xm0&ç

cdk'g

ponfwdkU\) MoZmtmPm r½SdyHkudk azmfjyaom bmoma&; oabmw&m; jzpfonf/ (D)

The Buddha's teaching is therefore a process which by a proper practice in gaining understanding of the true nature all there is , Leads to the stable state. It, as this statement makes clear, the Buddha's teaching is shown to be the gaining of understanding of the True nature of all there is of mind and material qualities, then clearly it is the second definition of religion that is most nearly applicable to it, i.e; to gather together, collect, ponder over, to give heed to, observe, and care for.

(C)

xkdUaMumifh Ak'¨"r®onf oifhawmfaom tavhtusifhtm;jzifh t&mtm;vHk;\ obm0rSefudk em;vnfrI

&&m&aMumif;

jzpfNyD;

wnfNidrfaom

tajctaeudk

azmfaqmifaom

usifhpOfwpfckjzpfonf? þtqdkt& Ak'¨0g'onf ½kyfESifhemrf½SdorQ tm;vHk;\obm0rSefudk em;vnfrI &apwwfaom0g' jzpfaMumif; azmfjyEdkifygvQif 'kwd,0dû*d[fonf Ak'¨"r®ESifh tawmfudkufnDaom

&DvD*sif;\

0dû*d[f

jzpfonf?

,if;onfum;

tqufrjywf

pkaqmif;jcif;ç awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif;ç *½k"r®ûyjcif;ç aphpyfpGmavhvmjcif;ç owd½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 12/

,if;odkUqdkvQif

þ'kwd,0dû*d[ft&

Ak'¨0g'udk

(&DvD*sif;)

bmomw&m;[k

&J&JqdkEdkifawmhonf? þodkU Ak'¨0g'udk &DvD*sif; (bmomw&m;)[k qdkvdkufojzifh xm0&0g'DwdkU\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;ç aMumufvefUjcif;ç qkawmif;jcif;ç udk;uG,f0wfûyjcif; [laom Rite and Ritual ESifh vHk;vHk; rqufpyfaom Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk rdrd&& useydkifydkif qdkEdkifavawmh\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

371

tpodkU 13/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfaMumif;rSmvnf; bmom[laom pum;vHk;onf ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmonf?

bmoD,aw

uxD,awwd

bmom?

Ak'¨ó

bmom

Ak'¨bmom-Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf

a[majymawmfrltyfaomaMumifh Ak'¨\ tqHk;tr[lorQç pum;awmf[lorQonf Ak'¨bmom rnf\? ,if;udk t*Fvdyf

bmomtm;jzifh

Buddhism

Buddha's

teaching

ac:qdk&onf?

Ak'¨bmom

jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkU\ tv,fwGif Ak'¨bmom [k qdkvdkufonfESifhwpfûydifeuf Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ tqdktqHk;tr

w&m;pum;

em;vnfoGm;\?

Ak'¨omoem

xdkrSwqifh

[laom

teuft"dyÜm,fudk

&wemoHk;yg;udk

,HkMunftm;xm;

,cktcgü

wpfcsufwnf;

yGm;rsm;qnf;uyfjcif;udk

oabmaygufoGm;awmh\? &DvD*sif;rS vmaom bmomt,l[laom teuft"dyÜm,frSm pyf[yfzmax; qGJ,lí ajymrS em;vnf&aom teuft"dyÜm,frsdK;om jzpfavawmhonf/ 14/

Oyrm ½lyg'Dok oÍÆEÅd owåm=½lyg½Hk ponfwdkUü pGJvrf;uyfNidwwfaomaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom

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oufoufom

(aMumif;usdK;qufum)

jzpfMuukef\?

þodkU½IjrifrIonf

rSefuefaom tjrif jzpf\}}[líom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygonf? ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol a0'uonf ½kyfwHk;

½kyfcJ

jzpf\[k

,lvQif

½kyfw&m;udk

twå[k,l&ma&mufí

½lyH

twåawm

orEkyówd=½kyfudk twå[k ½Ijrif\ [laom twå'd|dom jzpf&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;}} [k 0daooap'emvTmü apm'emwifxm;Muonf/ 26/

,if; apm'emwifcsufonf obm0"r®ESifh udkufnDaom ,kwåd½Sdonfh apm'em jzpfayonf?

Xif½Sm;aptHh-emrfoabmw&m;ESifh uif;í½kyfcsnf;oufoufjzifh ûyvkyfjcif; cHpm;jcif; jrifjcif; Mum;jcif; ponfrnfonfhtcgrQ rjzpfEdkifacs? y&rw¬tvdktm;jzifh emrfw&m;\ owådudk&nfñTef;í ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; ponfjzifh ac:a0:ajymqdkrS trSefjzpfonf? ,if; y&rw¬jzpfaom emrfw&m;udk rûywwfaomfvnf; ûywwfbdouJhodkU uwåKoabmtm;jzifh wifpm;í ûywwfol ponfjzifh qdkvQif avmua0g[m& orkwdopömtm;avsmfpGm ajymqdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf[kodtyf\/ 27/

pifppfrSm Ak'¨a'oemawmfu ñTefjyonfhtwdkif; qdkvQif ½kyfw&m;onf tuef;ESifhwlí

emrfw&m;onf tusdK;ESifh wlonf? tuef;onf tusdK;udk xrf;ydk;í vrf;oGm;aomtcg vrf;aumif; vrf;qdk; tedrfh tjrifh ponfudk tusdK;u jrifí tusdK;\ vrf;ñTefcsuftwdkif; tuef;u vdk&mc&D;odkU a&mufatmif oGm;&bdouJhodkU ½kyfw&m;onf olUcsnf;oufouf ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; ponf rûywwfrlí

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377

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

emrfw&m;\ appm;csuft&om ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; paom udpöudk NyD;ap&onf? xkdUtwlyif emrfw&m;csnf; oufoufvnf; jrifjcif; Mum;jcif; oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;jcif;udk rûywwfbJ ½kyfw&m;udk rSD&rSom ,if; udpöudk aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ 28/

,if;odkU

½kyfESifh

emrfwdkU

taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm

olUoabmolaqmifvsuf

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xkdUaMumifh

OD;Ouú|vkyfyHkonf

o'´genf;

teufenf;wdkUjzifh

ususee

ppfaq;vdkufonfhtcgwGif tESpfom&½Smr&? yd@w¬aumufí r&aomol½l;\ pum;uJhodkU jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/

½kyfvnf;emrf? emrfvnf; ½kyf[kqdk&mü pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 29/ jzpfay:vmaom

]]½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwdkUonf ½kyfudk wnf&mrSD&mxm;í tusdK;w&m;(0g)tcdk;owåd(0g)½kyf\

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378

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ 'kwd,tqdkonfvnf;aumif; ½kyf0g'udktajccHí Ak'¨"r®udk ujyufuacsmf a&;om;ajyma[mjcif;rQom jzpfonf? þteufoabmrsdK;udk rnfonfhtcgrS Ak'¨jrwfpGm ra[may? Ak'¨0g' twGif;odkU xdkolwdkU\ ½kyf0g' oGwfoGif;vmjcif;om jzpfonf? wpfenf;qdkaomf Ak'¨0g' rsufESmzHk;wyfí ½kyf0g'udk jzefUjzL;aejcif;jzifh Ak'¨omoemudkysufpD;atmif tm;xkwfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 30/

þ 20-&mpkacwfü topftqef;vkyfí a½SUwef;wif ajymqdka&;om;aeaom OD;Ouú|\

tqdkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; ryGifhray:rD ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif ay:xGef;aeaom jAm[®PvlrsdK; usm&fAmu paom q&mBuD;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; awGU½Sd&onf/

usm&fAmu ½kyfMurf;0g'

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þ"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkU\

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udk,fcE¨m?

tm½kHpdwf?

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C-

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pdwf 0dnmOfjzifh txl;ûytyfaom ½kyfMurf;BuD;yif twå(0g)owå0gjzpfonf/

a&yGufonf a&\ tay:ü ½kwfcsnf;jrif ½kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;ouJhodkU ZD0onfvnf; ½kwfcsnf;jrif ½kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;avonf/

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379

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

edAÁmef(0g)vGwfajrmufjcif;[lonf aoqHk;uG,fvGefjcif;yifwnf;/

Z-

pD;yGm; OpömESifh umrcsrf;omonfom owå0gwdkU\ vdk&iftusdK;jzpfonf/ (w&m;usifhjcif;ç vGwfajrmufjcif; [lonf pifppfteuft"dyÜm,fr½Sday/)

ps-

avmuom;wdkU\ vrf;pOfudkom vdkuf&rnf/ (avmukwå&mvrf;aMumif;[lí r½Sd/)

wrvGefb0ü ½Sdaom owå0g[lí r½SdaomaMumifh wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf; r½Sday/

rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fwdkUjzifh xdawGUcHpm;tyfaom rsufawGU vufawGUonfom cdkifvHkaom yrmPjzpfonf (rsufawGUç vufawGU r[kwfaom t&monf rcdkifvHk? yrmP rrnf/) (avmum,wokwf ac:

31/

(NAd[wfqywd) a&;aomokwf)

txufygokwfwGif(c) trSwfpum;t& yç tmç 0gç aw "mwf 4-yg;udkyif

cE¨mudk,f[lívnf;aumif;? pç oç Cç Zç u ac: yom' 5-yg;? qif;ç oHç eHç pm;ç awGU tm½kH 5yg;[lívnf;aumif; ac:onf[kqdkxm;&m ½kyfonf emrf? emrfonf ½kyf[k qdkaom vlaovljzpf q&mwynfhwdkU\ 0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf;usae\/ 32/

OD;Ouú|ESifh

ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUonf

avESifh

awaZm

awGUvQif

tm;^touf[lí

ay:vm\[k qdkMu\? OD;udkudkav;u emrfonf ½kyf\tcdk;[k qdk\? (C)trSwfjy txufygokwfvm t&ufrsdK;aphrS rl;,pfapwwfaom owåd ay:vmouJhodkU "mwf4-yg;rS 0dnmOfay:vmonf[laompum;ESifh wpfom;wnf; usavawmh\/ 33/

(n)trSwfjy

pum;t&

wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf;

r½Sday[laom

wrvGefb0ü½Sdaom

owå0g[lí

avmum,wokwftqdkonf

r½SdaomaMumifh

pk'dwuwdkU\

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ycufESifh

380

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

acgif;tMum;om pOf;pm;í tjcm;bmudkrQ rpOf;pm;[laom tqdkESifh ESpfaygif; 3000-cefU jcm;aomfvnf; rjym;ruGJ wpfom;wnf; jzpfíaeonfudk awGUMu&\/ 34/

(#)trSwfjy rsufawGUvufawGUom cdkifvHkaom yrmP jzpfonf[laom tqdkESifh

vlaovljzpf

OD;Ouú|?

ol\wynfh

ocifjrwfqdkif?

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\

vufawGUrsufawGU0g'onf {&m0wDjrpfa&ESifh csif;wGif;jrpfa&uJhodkU wpfom;wnf; a&maESmnDñGwf avawmh\/ 35/

xkdUjyif Ak'¨jrwfpGmray:rD ESpfaygif; 500-avmuf apmí ay:xGef;cJhaom trnfrxif½Sm;ol

a&;onfh qaE´m*sOyedoQ'fü þodkU qdk\/

pm;vdkufaom tpmonf oHk;rsdK;uGJí xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifBuD; jzpfonf? tvwfpm;

"mwfwpfpkonf

tom;jzpfonf?

tEkqHk;jzpfaom

"mwfwpfpkonfum;

pdwf0dnmOf

jzpfay:vmonf/ (t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 1)

aomufvdkufaom a&onf 3-rsdK;uGJí xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifi,f jzpfonf? tvwfpm; "mwfpkonf aoG; jzpfonf? tEkqHk;jzpfaom "mwfwpfpkonfum; touf jzpfay:vmonf/ (t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 2) 36/

xdkrSwyg; ½kyfESifhemrfudk xyfwl ,lqaom Vulgar materialism ½kyfMurf;0g'\ oabmudk

½Sif;jyOD;rnf/ þ0g'onf q,fhudk;&mpk 0ef;usifwGif *smreDjynfü pwif acwfpm;vmaom0g' jzpfonf? vlApfAsL;ceJ (Kari Vogt lud B chner) trnf½Sd *smreftrsdK;om;ESifh *sufaumharmav;a½SmY (Jacou Molescholt)

qdkol

'wfcsftrsdK;om;wdkUonf

½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;

jzpfMuonf?

olwdkU

tqdkum;

wHawG;tusdwfrsm;rS wHawG;,dkxGufovdk tonf;rS onf;ajc,dkxGufovdk OD;aESmufrS pdwfac:aom ½kyfwpfrsdK; pdrfhxGufaeonf[k qdkMu\? pdwftpOfonf OD;aESmufwGif xif[yfaom ½kyf\ t&dyftoGif

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381

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jzpfaomfvnf; jrifaumif;aom t&dyf r[kwf? xdawGU&aumif;aom t&dyftoGifr[kwf? "mwfyHk½dkuf,lí r&aumif;ay/ Brain is instrument of thinking or organ of thought, but it is mind or thinking itself.

]]OD;aESmufonf

awG;ac:pOf;pm;&ef

vufeufud&d,m?

wpfenf;-

pOf;pm;awG;awmonfh

t*Fg&yfjzpfonf? odkUaomf ,if;OD;aESmufonfyif pdwf(0g)tawG;tac: jzpfonf}}[lí qdkavonf/ (jrefrmvkyfom;aeUpOf? 15-3-68? armifcspfvIdif) 37/

txufyg pdppfcsufrsm;t& ½kyfvnf; emrf? emrfvnf; ½kyf twlwlyif jzpfonf[laom

OD;udkudkav;? OD;Ouú|? ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf avmum,wokwfü NAd[wfqywdq&m

a&;om;xm;aom

Ak'¨ryGifhay:rDu

ay:cJhaom

a½S;a[mif;jAm[®PvlrsdK;

usm&fAmu0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeonfudk awGU&\? xkdUjyifa½S;a[mif;qaE´m*s OyedoQm'fusrf; tqdkESifhvnf;aumif;?

vl'fApfAsL;ceJESifh

*sufaumharmav;a½SmhwdkU\

½kyfMurf;0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;

cRwfpGyfwlaeonfudk awGUMu&ayonf/ 38/ a½S;a[mif;

odkUjzpfí

,aeU

½kyfMurf;0g'udk

awmifwGif;BuD;

OD;Ouú|wdkU

jyefvnfqef;opfxm;jcif;rQom

a&;om;ajyma[maeaom jzpfaMumif;

0g'onf

v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU

xif½Sm;vSayonf? xkdUaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? OD;Ouú|\onf ½kyfMurf;0g'D? OD;udkudkav;\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? OD;udkudkav;onf ½kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? ocifjrwfqdkif\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? ocifjrwfqdkifonf ½kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoD qdkolwdkUonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;udk cyf½Sif;½Sif; od½SdrSwfom;EdkifMuayonf? Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;ç or®m'd|d[laom pum;vHk;rsm;udk tumtuG,f,lNyD; ½kyf0g'vufeufjzifh Ak'¨omoemudk twGif;uae ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ Zmwf½kyfudk ay:vGifatmif omoemawmfBuD;\ aemifa&;udk arQmfawG;½IiJhNyD; azmfxkwfpdppfvdkuf&ayonf/ 39/

OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;yDyD bk&m;w&m;ygVdrsm;udk teufay;&mü ½kyf0g'bufodkU vkNyD;

teufay;avhonf? tdk a,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ ESm-87 ü OD;Ouú|u ]]emrH? emrfonf/ ½lyH? ½kyfudk/ y#dpö? pGJí/ y0wåwd? jzpfay:vm\/ qdkvdk&if;rSm emrfonf ½kyfu jzpfonf? ½kyfonf tm[m&u jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;&m ,if;tqdk b,fu&ovJar;vQif txufyg OyedoQm'fudk trSDûyaom ½kyf0g'u &onf[k ajz&ayrnf? trSefrSm OD;Ouú| udk;um;aom ygVdonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfhtwdkif; 0dok'¨dr*f 'k-ESm-230 vm t|uxmq&m½Sif\ ygVdjzpfonf? t|uxmpum;udk wpfydkif;wpfp tzsm;qGwfí,lNyD; OD;Ouú| qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;Ouú|onf t|uxmudk y,fcsifaomtcg y,fí ,lcsifaomtcg ,ljyef\? trSefpifppf rlr½Sdol[k qdk&ef ½Sd\/ t|uxmpum; tjynfhtpHkrSm þodkUjzpfonf-

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382

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]],xm p '@mbd[#H ab&ð edóm, oa'´ y0wårmae tnmab&D? tanm oa'´g?

ab&do'´g tor®dóm? ab&Doa'´e oknm? oa'´g ab&d,m okanm? {0ar0H 0w¬K'Gg&m&r® ocFgwH ½lyH edóm, emar y0wårmae tnH ½lyH? tnH emrH? emr½lyg tor®dóm? emrH ½laye oknH? ½lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab&ð y#dpö oa'´g0d, ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd/}} (tbd"r®orkpö,? 28)

jrefrmtusOf; wkwfjzifh pnfudk acgufvdkufaomf pnfudk rSDí toHjzpfay:vm\? odkUjzpfay:vm&mrS pnfu wjcm;? toHu wjcm;? pnfESifhtoHwdkU obm0csif; ra&m,SufouJhodkU pnfonf toHrS uif;í toHonf pnfrS uif;ouJhodkU xdkenf;twl 0w¬K-'Gg&-tm½kH½kyfudk rSDí emrfjzpfay:vm&m ½kyfu wjcm; emrfu wjcm;? ½kyfESifhemrf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf ½kyfrS uif;í ½kyfonf emrfrS uif;onf? pifppfum; pnfudk pGJítoHjzpfouJhodkU ½kyfudk pGJí emrfjzpfay:vmonf [lvdk/

t"dyÜm,f½Sif;vif;csuf 40/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf y|mef;ygVdawmfü y#dp0ö g&udk o[Zmw0g&ESifhvJvS,fí a[mawmfrl&m

pGJí jzpf\[lonfudk twltuG jzpf\[lonfESifh vJvS,fí Munfhawmfrlapvdk\? ½kyfudk pGJí emrf jzpfonf? ½kyfESifhtwlwuG

emrf

jzpfonf?

twlwuG[k

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o[um&Du&Pac:aom

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acgufrnfûyaomtcg

acgufaMumif;jzpfaom

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wkwfudk

udkifaom

vufç

wD;cwftHh[líjzpfaom pdwfç wD;cwfol\ vHkUvya,m* paomtaMumif;rsm; jzpfonf? ,if;udk &nf½G,fí q&mto*Fa&;aom tbd"r®orkpöusrf;üvnf; þodkUqdkonf/

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tm½kHonfvnf;

xifjcif;odkU

a&muf&m\?

xdktm;avsmfaom

ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf

a½S;½Iwnf&m\}} ponfjzifh rdefUqdkxm;avonf/ 41/

pnfudk wD;cwfí jzpfay:vmaom toHudkMum;&müum; ]]aomwÍö y#dpö oa'´ p OyÜZÆwd

aomw0dnmPH wdPÖH o*Fwd zaóm}} (oH? 1? 301) paom ed'ge0*foH,kwf 'ku©okwf ygVdawmfESifh EdIif;,SOf&m\? ygVdawmfüvnf; y#dpö\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk þodkU aumuf,l&rnf[k t|omvdeD t|uxmq&m rdefUrSmawmfrl\? ]]toHbdEéwåm aomwó tmygx*wwåm o'´geH tmumooEédódwH reodum&a[wkuH pwl[d ypöa,wd OyÜZÆwd aomw0dnmPH o'¨ð orÜ,kawå[d}} (tbd? |? 1? 321)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

383

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(t|omvdeD t|uxm) aomwyom'ESifh o'´g½kHudk tpGJûyí aomw0dnmPf jzpf\ [l&mü aomwyom'vnf;

rysufpD;ygrS

o'´g½kHvnf;

xifjcif;odkU

a&mufygrS

[if;vif;jyifvnf;½SdygrS

ESvHk;oGif;jcif;vnf; ½SdygrS ,if;odkU taMumif;av;csuf nDrSomvQif aomw0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf jzpfonf? jzpfaomf wpfckckcsif; jzpfonfr[kwf/ orÜ,kwfw&m;wdkUESifh twlwuG jzpfonf? þodkU aumuf,l&rnf[k jyñTefawmfrl\/ 42/

þodkUqdkaomf OD;Ouú| tvdk½Sdaom ½kyfrS emrfjzpfonf[laomteufonf tuGufrvnf

ysufjy,favawmh\? rSef\-pnfudk toHjzpfatmif wD;&mü wD;cwfol\ wD;rnf[laom pdwfç wD;qJcPü jzpfaom reodum& emrfw&m;rsm; rygbJ todkUvQif toHjzpfay:vmrnfenf;/ xkdUaMumifh OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhtodkif;t0dkif;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh vkyforQonf y&rw¬ tbd"r®moabmw&m;ESifh rnDñGwf&um; t"r®0g'omjzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

jAm[®Pur®0g'ESifh Ak'©ur®0g' jcm;em;csuf 43/

pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu ]],ckvuf½Sd bmomqdkonfrSmum; Ak'¨a[m jAm[®Pa[m

a0'a[m ta[moHk;rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfygonf? oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh ½IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk vufrcHyg}}[lí acsyajz½Sif;xm;onf? jAm[®Pa[m a0'a[m[k pum;2-vHk; xyfí qdkojzifh ocifjrwfqdkifonf jAm[®PwdkY\

(Vedic

System)

a0'usrf;*efvm oabmw&m; tpDtpOfudk

em;rvnfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ ,if; a0'usrf;*ef tpDtpOf[lonfrSm(1) a0'oHk;yHk? wpfenf; av;yHk? (2) jAm[®Pusrf;? (3) tm&Psuusrf;? (4) OyedoQm'fusrf; [lí tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh av;rsdK;½Sdonf/ 44/

a0'oHk;yHkqdkonfrSm(1) &d*fa0'? (2) qmrmefa0'? (3) ,*sK&fa0'-

[lí jzpfonf? xdkwGif &d*fa0'om y"metusqHk; jzpfonf? ,if;&d*fa0'wGif rD;ç aeç £E´ç aomrç 0½kPç yl&Sef paom ewfbk&m;rsm;\ wefcdk;t½Sdeft0gudk azmfjycsD;usL;jcif; qkawmif;jcif;rQom yg½Sdonf? qmrmefa0' [lonf xdk&d*fa0'xJrS aumufEkwfa½G;xkwfí rD;ylaZmf&mtcgü ½Gwfqdk&rnfh *gxm rEÅefrsm; aygif;xnfh pDpOfxm;aomusrf; jzpfonf? ,*sK&fa0' [lonfrSm ,ZfylaZmfrIESifh pyfaom tpDtpOfç

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

384

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

,ZfylaZmf&rnfh ,Zfyka&m[dwf\ *kPft*Fg vu©Pm ponfrsm;udk txl;azmfjyaomusrf; jzpfonf? aemufwdk;jzpfaom tmx&fAa0'[lonfrSm a&m*ga0'emvu©Pmrsm; azmfjyjcif;ç aq;0g;ukojcif;ç taqmiftzGJUrsm;

pD&ifjcif;paom

twwfynmrsm;

xyfrHjznfhpGufvsuf

xdkufonfhtavsmuf

,liifoHk;pGJvsuf

pkpnf;pDpOfxm;aom

xdka0'oHk;yHk(0g)av;yHkrSm

Ak'¨0g'xJodkU

tenf;i,frQyif

Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf

a0'udk

tvsOf;oifhwdkif;

usrf;rQom

yg0ifvmp&m

txufyg

a0'oHk;yHkrS

jzpfonf?

xkdUaMumifh

r½Sday?

taMumif;rlum;

tESpfom&r½SdaMumif;

tBudrfBudrf

a[mawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/ 45/

jAm[®Pusrf;[lonfrSm jA[®mBuD;udk toufoGif;í yZmywd (=owå0gwdkU\ocif)ç

[d&n*AÇ(=a½TOBuD;xJü oaE¨wnfvmaom wefcdk;½Sif)ç £ó&(=tpdk;&ol)ç 0dem,u(=owå0gwdkU\ t½Sifocif OD;aqmifa½SUoGm;) paom pum;vHk;wdkUjzifh awG;awmMuHqí &Edkifaumif;aom *kPfyk'frsm;jzifh wefqmqifvsuf urÇmBuD;udk zefqif;oltaejzifh a&;om; pDpOf wDxGifvmMuaom usrf; jzpfonf? a0'acwfwGif urÇmavmuudk zefqif;ol[laom wefcdk;½Sif ray:ao;? ,ck jAm[®Pusrf;udk pD&ifaom acwfusrS zefqif;ol wefcdk;½Sif[laom £ó&edr®meay:vmonf? a0'EÅusrf;ü awGU&aom jA[®ef[laom Supreme

Reality

ac:

y&rwwG

oabmudk

þjAm[®Pusrf;ü

ewfbk&m;tjzpf

awGU&onf?

þjAm[®PacwfwGifvnf; Ak'¨"r®wGif tusHK;0ifEdkifavmufp&m rnfonfhtcsufrQ ryg½Sday? taMumif;rlum; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf wdw¬m,weokwf (tH? 1? 174)paom okwfwdkUü zefqif;½Sif0g'udk rdpämt,l[k ½IwfcsawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/ 46/

tm&Psuusrf; [lonfum; OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm; ray:rD awmüaeí rD;ylaZmfaom

&aohwdkU\ tawG;tac:rS jzpfay:vmaom zDavmfaqmfzD oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm; pwifxkwfazmfvmaom usrf; jzpfonf? yx0D paom xlvobm0 ½kyfMurf;w&m;rsm;ç pdwf-re paom odrfarGUaom obm0w&m;rsm;ç aMomif;[kac:aom jyP0 oabmw&m;rsm; 3-rsdK; xkwfazmfvmonf? xdkusrf;udk awmüaeaom

&aohwdkU\

vuf&mjzpfaomaMumifh

tm&Psuusrf;[k

ac:onf?

xdkusrf;yg

tawG;tac:rsm;ü odrfarGUeufeJ cufcJaom todynmrsm; rygvSao;? OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;\ tajccH tpysdK;avmufESifh Zmwd0g' ur®0g' paom tcsuftvufrQom yg0ifonf? odkUaomf aemufay: OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk

ponfjzifh txufyg jAm[®Pusrf; tm&Psuusrf;wdkUrS

vrf;pudk ,lí csJUxGifûyjyifxm;aMumif; awGU&onf? xkdUaMumifh xdktm&Psuusrf;vm oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh Ak'¨0g'oabmw&m;rsm;um; xef;vsufcJESifh i½kyfoD;uJhodkU rEdIif;,SOfEdkifavmufatmif t&omuGmjcm;í aeayonf? ,if;odkU jzpfaomaMumifh Ak'¨"r®ü xdkusrf;vm tqdktrdefUrsm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfavm[k awG;awm,HkrSm;zG,fyif r½Sdacs/ 47/

OyedoQm'fusrf;[lonfum; ,if; Vedic System av;rsdK;wGif aemufydkif;tusqHk; jzpfí

tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; tawmftxufwef;usí eufeJvmayonf? q&mteD;odkU eD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfxdkifaeí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

385

tpodkU ,Hk,HkMunfMunf

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &if;&if;ESD;ESD;

aqG;aEG;oifMum;&mrS

jzpfay:vmaom

aqG;aEG;csufrsm;[laom

t"dyÜm,ftm;jzifh Oyedom'(0g)OyedoQm'f[k ac:onf/ 48/

oQHu&musm&,\ tqdktm;jzifh

]]tvHk;pHkaom tusdK;rJhudk ûywwfaom oHo&mudk zsufqD;wwf oHo&m\ taMumif;jzpfaom t0dZÆmudk avsmh&Japwwf jA[®mhxHodkU a&mufapwwfaomaMumifh Oyedom' rnfowwf}}? ,if; OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk

,ckacwfynm½Sifrsm;

todtrSwfûycsuft&

usrf;aygif;

150-cefU½Sdonf[k

od&onf? ,if;wdkUwGif tcsuftvufwifjyyHk ½Sif;vif;jcif; a½S;usjcif;[laom ½Iaxmifhjzifh q,fhESpfusrf; q,fhoHk;usrf;cefUom ynm½Sifrsm;\ av;pm;jcif;udk cH&onf? tESpfom&tm;jzifh obm0w¬ynm 'óe[lorQwdkU\ a&aomufjrpfozG,f txnfudk,ftaetm;jzifh wnf½Sdí twGif;pdwfESifh ywfoufaom awG;ac:rIordkif;wGif tdE´d,om;wdkU\ vGefpGm ta&;ay;jcif; urÇmYynm½Sdrsm; avhvmrSwfom;jcif; todtrSwfûyjcif;udk cHEdkifavmufatmif tawmftoifh tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmayonf? odkU&mwGif Ak'¨"r®ESifh EdIif;pmvQif awmifydkUi,fESifh [dr0EÅmyrm tuGmBuD;uGmí aeonf? Ak'¨"r®usrf;*efrsm;xJodkU yg0ifaeonf[k t&rf;rJhpGyfpGJMuaom taemufEdkifiH ordkif;ynm½SifwdkUESifhwuG ,if;wdkU\aemufvdkuf OD;Ouú| q&mwynfhwdkUonf rnfonfhtcsufonf jAm[®P0g'ç rnfonfhtcsufonf Ak'¨0g'[lí cGJa0ydkif;jcm;wwfaom

todÓPfenf;Muojzifh

rdrdwdkU

ÓPfrrSDaom

tcsufç

r,HkMunfEdkifaom

tcsufwdkUudk jAm[®P0g'[k vufñdI;xdk;um yd#uwfawmfrS ûzwfy,fvdkMu\? Oyrm-ur®óuwmESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkUudk o½kyfruGJjcif;ç tewåudktajccHaom Ak'¨\ ur®0g'ESifh twåudktajccHaom jAm[®PwdkU\ ur®0g'vHk;axG;a&m,Sufvsufaejcif;ç ewfjynf i&Jjynf toHcsif; trnfcsif;wl½kHrQjzifh teufoabm tESpfom& rnfodkU uGJjym;onfudk EdIufeJjcif;r½SdbJ 2-ckvHk;udk wef;wlnDwlxm;um Ak'¨"r®xJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;udk bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkaeMuayonf? xkdUaMumifh apm'emwifvTm 21csufwdkUwGif tusHK;0ifí ygvmorQaom xdktqdkrsm;udk 0depä,q&mawmfrsm;u qdkif&mqdkif&m ajz½Sif;vsuf qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;awmfrlMuonf/ 49/

a0'usrf;vm

ur®0g'udk

tenf;i,f

aumif;aomuHudk apmifha½Smufwwfaom ol?

a0'a½SUydkif;ü

ewfwdkUudk

aumif;uH-raumif;uHudk

urÇmavmuBuD;\ vkyfief;udpö[lorQ\ wnf&m?

jrifwwfol?

jyif;xefaom tusifhudk aqmifcJhol ponfjzifh ewfwdkUudk

trSefw&m;\ vJavsmif;&m? csD;usK;cJhNyD; aemufydkif;ü

xkwfjyOD;tHh?

ESifh

(aumif;rI raumif;rI) wdkUudk cGJjcm; pOf;pm;vmcJhMuonf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

386

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

,ckb0rwdkifrD a½S;umvü aumif;rI raumif;rIudk ûycJhjcif;ç ,if;aMumifh ,ckb0ü tajctaetrsdK;rsdK; jzpfay:vm&jcif;ç aovGefNyD;aemuf a&muf&mb0opfü uH\tusdK; zvudk cHpm;&jcif;ç owå0gwdkUudk uHuom

ewfjynf

zefwD;jcif;?

a&mufaMumif;vrf;?

bdk;bGm;ESifh

twlwuGoGm;a&mufaexdkifa&;vrf;aMumif; ponfrsm;udk zefwD;jcif;ç ,ZfylaZmfrItrsdK;rsdK;ç tpDtrH aumif;rIudk êud;yrf; tm;xkwfjcif;ç urÇmavmuBuD;ü ½Sd½SdorQ t&mrsm;udk

trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

owå0gwdkUuHu pDrHjcif;ç owå0gwdkU cH&pH&orQonf a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpf&jcif;[laom tcsufrsm;onf [dkrSm onfrSm usJjyefUaeaom a0'du ur®0g' tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 50/

þoabmw&m;rsm;udk pOf;pm;aomf ur®óuwmESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dESpfrsdK;vHk;yif

þa0'duur®ü yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&rnf? aumif;uHaMumifh aumif;usdK;&jcif; raumif;uHaMumifh raumif;usdK;&jcif;onf a0'ESifh Ak'¨0g'wlnDaom tajccH jzpf\? odkUaomf a0'onf aumif;rItpDtrHudk ,ZfylaZmfrI OD;pm;ay;í qdkonf? ,if;udk y"meûyí

jzLpifMunfvifaom

ac:onf Ak'¨0g'onf pdwfjzLpifrI pdwfnpfñl;rIudk

pdwfjzifh

ûyvkyfjcif;ç

ajymqdkjcif;ç

MuHpnfawG;awmjcif;wdkUudk

ukodkvfuH[kac:í avmb a'gowdkUjzifh npfEGrf;aom pdwfjzifh ûyvkyfjcif;ç ajymqdkjcif;ç MuHpnf awG;awmjcif;wdkUudk tukodkvfuH[k qdkonf? a0'duur®0g'tvdk owå0gESifh avmuudk wefcdk;½Sif zefqif;½SifwdkUu

owå0gwdkUuHtavsmuf

zefwD;onf[k

qdkonf?

Ak'¨0g'u

A[d'¨avmuBuD;udk

owå0gwdkU\ uHESifhwuG Owked,mrç ADZed,mrç "r®ed,mrtaMumif;wdkUu zefwD;onf[k ñTefjyonf? a0'duur®0g't& owå0gwdkU cHpH&orQ a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lonf? (ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dyif jzpf\) Ak'¨0g'uHt& owå0gwdkUudk a½S;uHuvnf;aumif;? a½S;uHcsnf;om r[kwfrlí ,ck ypöu©ü rdrdvkyfaqmifrI

ypöKyÜefuHuvnf;aumif;?

ur®ed,mr

pdwåed,mr

"r®ed,mrwdkUuvnf;aumif;

zefwD;onf[k ,lonf/ ,if;odkU

a0'duur®0g'ESifh

uGJjym;onfhtcsufu

b,foif;[lí

Ak'¨\ur®0g'wdkUü uGJuGJjym;jym;

wlnDMuonfhtcsufu

em;vnfrI

r½SdMuaomaMumifh

b,f[mç OD;Ouú|ESifh

vufusefwynfhausmfwdkUu [dE´LjAm[®P0g'awG yd#uwfpmayxJ 0ifaeonf[k vSefUum yd#uwfawmfudk tcgrsm;pGm y,frSm;cJhMuavonf? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf rD;vkyfauR;aom qHuspf&aohç ur®0g'D y&AdkZfwdkUudk &[ef;ûycGifh ay;awmfrlcJhonfrSm taMumif;tusdK;udk y,faom

Annihilationist

ac:aom ta[wkuç

tud&d,ç ew¬du0g'Drsm; r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf? tcsKyfrSm Ak'¨onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk y,fawmfrlí ,ZfylaZmfrI rygaom ur®0g'udk vufcHawmfrlonf? a0'duur®0g'ü zefqif;rI ygonf? ,ZfylaZmfrIudk OD;pm;ay;onf? ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d ygonf? þodkUaom jcm;em;csufudk ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU rodEdkif½SmMuay/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

387

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ewfESifh i&Jqdkif&m [dE´L0g'ESifh Ak'¨0g' EdIif;,SOfavhvmoHk;oyfcsuf

51/

AdoQEkyk&mPftvdk twv? 0dwv? edwv? *bw¬drm? r[mwv(e*g;rif;BuD;rsm;

ae&mbHk) okwv? ygwmv[l atmufbHk 7-bHk ½Sdonf? wpfzef y'fryl&mPftvdk1/ twv (r[mrm, ewfrif;BuD;\ aus;uRefrsm;ae&m) 2/ 0dwv ([mwaua½T& ac:aom od0\ yHko@mefu tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 3/ okwv (Avdewf tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 4/ wvmwv (rm,ewfrif;BuD; tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 5/ r[mwv (e*g;rif;BuD;rsm; ae&mbHk) 6/ &omwv (a'pöESifh 'ge0wdkY ae&mbHk) 7/ ygwmv (0gokuDe*g;rif; tkyfcsKyf&mbHk) [lí atmufbHk ckESpfbHk ½Sdonf/ 52/

½Sd0 yk&mPftvdkum; ygwmvç wvç twvç wmvç 0d"dygwmvç ½S&fu&mblrdç

0dZvbHk[lí trnftrsdK; uGJonfhtjyif ocsFmrSmvnf; 8-bHk jzpfaeonf? þrQum; yk&mPfusrf;tvdk atmufbHkac: 'k*¾wdbHkrsm;jzpfonf/

txufbHk ckESpfbHk 1/ blavmu (t0Dpdi&JrS jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyftxd ajravmu) 2/ bl0 (jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfrS "l0HMu,ftxd ae&m) ( The world of intermediate space ) 3/ qG&favmu 5-bHk (1) ra[E´&bHk (2) r[&f; (jA[®mBuD;\ om;orD;rsm;ae&m) (3) Zeavmu (qewf? qmeE´? qewfukrm&wdkU ae&m) (4) wy&favmu (a0&m*Dewfrsm;\ ae&m) (5) qwsavmu (0g) jA[®avmu (jA[®mBuD;\ ae&m) þbHka&mufvQif b0ukefNyD[k qdkvdkonf/ a0'EÅESifh ocsFm0g'tvdk avmu 8-rsdK; (0g) bHk 8-bHk? (txufatmufa&mvsuf)(1) jA[®avmu (txufwef; ewfwdkU\ ae&mbHk) (2) ydw&davmu (bdk;bGm;rsm;? &aohrsm;? yZmywdrsm;ae&m) (3) aomravmu (vESifh tjcm;û*d[frsm;ae&m) (4) £a`E´avmu (atmufwef; ewfwdkUae&m)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

388

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(5) *E¨AÁavmu (av[mjyif½Sd 0dnmOfwdkUae&m) ( Place of Heavenly Spirits ) (6) &u©oavmu (&u©dKofwdkU ae&m) (7) ,u©avmu (bDvl;wdkU ae&m) (8) ydompavmu (wapä rifpmwdkU ae&m) 53/

c&pfESpfray:rD ESpf 150-cefY (Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;500-cefU) u ay:xGef;aom

ywÍÆvdrked a&;onf[k qdkaom a,m*okwåü t0Dpdi&JBuD;\ txufbufwGif ygwmvi&J ckESpfbHk azmfjyxm;onf/ t0Dpd i&JrS txuf i&JajcmufbHkum;(1) r[mumv i&J (wpfcJeuf rmausmaom ½kyf0w¬Krsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (2) trÁ&Do i&J (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (3) a&muf&0 (a&m½k0 r[kwf) (rD;jzifh 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (4) r[m a&muf&0 (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf) (5) umvokwå (avt,OfavvdIif;rsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf) (6) oE¨wmrd&S& (tarSmifxkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) t0Dpd i&JBuD;atmuf ygwmv i&JckESpfbHk [lonfum;(1) r[mwv (2) &omwv (3) twv (4) okwv (5) 0dwv (6) wvmwv (7) ygwmv [lí jzpfonf/ 54/

rEkoH[dwmac: rEkowdü tcef; 11? *gxm 24-rS 28-txd i&Jaygif; 21-ck awGU&onf?

,if;wdkUum; wmNrdoQç tE¨wmNrdoQç r[ma&muf&0ç a&muf&0ç e&uç umvqlw&ç r[me&uç qef*sD0eç r[m0Dusdç wyeç qrfjywmyeç qH,mweç pumvdkuç uk'frvç ykwdNrdwåduç avm[oQHukç &d*sDoQç yE¦meç qmvfrvdç tqdyMw0eç vdk['g&u [lí jzpfonf/ 55/

0doQPkyl&mPfü

tcef;

2^214-rS

ta&twGufocsFmESifh

trnfemruGJjym;aom

i&Jrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;onf? yl&mPfusrf;wdkU\ jzpfay:&mumvoufwrf;udk ynm½Sifrsm;u c&pfESpfray:rD ESpfaygif; 600-rS c&pfay:NyD;aemuf ESpf 400-twGif; tESpfwpfaxmifcefUwGif acwftoD;oD;[k cefUrSef;Muonf? ,if; yk&mPfusrf;wdkUwGifom trsm;tm;jzifh i&JbHkESifh txufbHkrsm; awGU&onf/ 56/

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf

(bDpD

6-&mpkü)

yGifhawmfrlcJhonf?

xkdUaMumifh

i&JbHktrsdK;rsdK;

ewfbHktrsdK;rsdK;udk azmfjyxm;aom yk&mPfusrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨acwfaemufydkif;rS ay:vmMuaom usrf;rsm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

389

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jzpfí ,lp&m½SdvQif Ak'¨usrf;rsm;rS ,lí qdkMurnfom jzpfayonf? atmufbHkrsm;[k qdk&mü tawmftwef wlnDrI

awGU&aomfvnf;

txufewfbHkç

jA[®mbHkrsm;taMumif;um;

trnfa&mta&twGufyg

wpfpdwfwpfa'orQ wlnDonfudk rawGU&acs? Ak'¨pmayrsm;üum; ewfjynfajcmufxyf jA[®mESpfq,f twdtus oufwrf;ESifhwuG azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&\? xdkewfjynfç jA[®mjynfodkUa&mufaMumif; usifh0wf usifhpOfrsm;vnf; vQdKU0SufzHk;uG,fjcif; r½SdbJ twdtus azmfjyxm;onf? xdk txufwef; vlUjynf ewfjynf

jA[®mhjynfwdkUudk

roGm;a&mufvdkawmhbJ

vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; 0dyóemvrf;pOf twdtus

,ckb0üyif

31-bHkrS

vGwfvdkygvQifvnf;

tjynfht0 ½Sdayonf? rnfolrqdk vufawGU

usifhoHk;Munfhygu {[dyódu*kPfESifh nDñGwfpGm tprf;toyfcHEdkifaom usifhpOfrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&rnf/ 57/

jrefrmjynf

w&m;Xmewpfckü

0dyóemtvkyfudk

pGrf;pGrf;wrH

tm;xkwfoGm;aom

taemufEdkifiHom; a,m*DwpfOD;u olUudk,fawGUudkazmfxkwfoGm;zl;\? {[dyódu*kPfudk ,HkMunfpGm a'gufwm t,fvDZbufawaemhwif*efu þodkU a&;om; azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ It is a challenging experience for a Westerner to undergo a course in meditation at the International Center. He not only may explore new realms of consciousness, but he can scarcely avoid the atempt to re-phrase his experiences. Where possibe, in terms of his traditional religious beliefs. Furthermore, certain incidents, certain expressions in both the Old and New Testaments spring to life, so to say, and take on new and vivid meaning. For instance, the Biblical verse "If the eye be single the whole body will be full of light" may be expertiences subjectively as almost literl truth by one who in practising Samadhi is able to approach onepointedness in his concentration. Indeed, many biblical phrases that to a Westerner may have seemed vague or merely allegorical take on specific meaning thus recalling the fact that Judio-Christianity is a faith of eastern rather than Western origion. International Buddhist New Forum November 1961.Vol.1.No.11.

]]taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU þ tjynfjynfqdkif&m ur®|mef;Xmeü orm"davhusifhcef; ,ljcif;onf pdrfac:aom avhusifhrIwpf&yfjzpfonf? ol\ raem0dnmOf[laom pdwf"mwf\ tcef;opfudk odEdkif½kHrQru rd½dk;zvm bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftaetm;jzifh awGUaeusjzpfaom ol\ tawGUtêuHrsm;udk topfjyifqif&ef rêud;pm;bJ aeEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? onfomru "r®opf "r®a[mif; or®musrf;pmü vm½Sdaom

tjzpftysuf

tawGUtêuHrsm;onf

yHko@meftopf

t"dyÜm,ftopfaqmifvdrfhrnf[k

qdkvdkufyg&apawmh? Oyrmtm;jzifh-oif\ rsufvHk;onf oif\ cE¨mudk,ftwGif;0,f wpfoefwnf; pl;pdkufí aecJhvQif oif\ wpfudk,fvHk;onf tvif;a&mifjzifh jynfhESufí aevdrfhrnf}}[lí vmaom þ"r®usrf;pmtqdkudk ol\ orm"dvkyfief;ü {u*¾wmusatmif vufawGUusifhoHk;aom xdkoltzdkU twdtus

teufrSef

taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU

t"dyÜm,frSeftm;jzifh arS;rSdefí

twGif;usus

ae[ef½Sdaom

(0g)

awGUêuHcHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf? ya[Vdqefí

ae[ef½Sdaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

390

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

or®musrf;pmtqdktrdefU

tajrmuftrsm;onfum;

c&pf,mefbmomw&m;onf

taemufEdkifiHrS

r[kwf?

t"dyÜm,ftopf ta½SUEdkifiHrS

aqmifygvdrfhrnf?

tpûycJhonf[laom

tcsufudk

owd&apygvdrfhrnf/ 58/

]]þrQavmuf

aumif;uifwpfckvHk;

av,mOfysHtzHkzHk

jynfhrwwf

û*d[fwktaxGaxGESifh

oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;íaeonfh

i&Jjynf[lívnf;aumif;

rawGU&yg}}[k

tjrifuav;jzifhqdkjcif;om

jzpfonf?

½kyf0g'Drsm;\

ork'´&mudk

,kefoli,f

acwfwGif

tmumo,mOfrsm;jzifh ewfjynf[lívnf;aumif;?

qdkjcif;onfum;

rsufarG;wpfqHk;

axmufrrDouJhodkU

us,fjyefUaom

avmu"mwftwGif; olwdkU rsufvHk;jriftm; ao;aeyHkudk zGifh[0efcHcsufom jzpfonf? odkU&mwGif þurÇmajrBuD;twGif; i&Jjynf½SdEdkifaMumif;udkrl odyÜHynmu axmufcHouJhodkU ½SdaeacsNyD/ 59/

þurÇmajronf tcsif;tm;jzifh tDauGwmwGif 7917-rdkif? ywfvnftem; 34902-rdkif?

xktm;jzifh oef; 260-ukArdkif ½Sdonf? twGif;wGif t&nfaysmf vIyf½Sm;aeaom oHç eDum,f udkazmhowåKrsm; ½Sdonf? twGif;ydkif;A[dkcsufrwGif tyl½Sdefonf ay 60 qif;wdkif; qif;wdkif; 1-'D*&D zm&if[dkuf ylEIef;ESifh wGufcsufygu 35000-'D*&D ½Sdrnfjzpf&m aexuf 35-qrQ ydkí ylrnf? xdkodkU t&nfaysmf ylavmifaeaom owåKaygif;pHkudk 3-rdkifrQ xkxnf½Sdaom ausmufom;jyifBuD;jzifh ywfvnf tkyfqdkif;xm;onf? xdktay:urS ausmufom;wpfvTm xyfaeonf? xdkausmufom;vTmonf urÇmYwdkufBuD;rsm;atmufwGif rdkifaygif; 40cefUrQ xlaom xkx,fjzifh wnf½Sdonf/ þum; ,aeU odyÜHq&mwdkU\ ,lqcsuf jzpf\/ 60/

(Where

there

liquid

There

life)

t&nf"mwf½Sdaumif;aomae&mü

touf½Sdaumif;onf[laom odyÜHed,mrtwdkif; tvGefylí t&nfaysmfaeaom txuftqdkyg owåK&nf½Sd&m a'oonf i&Jr[kwf[k rnfol qdkEdkiftHhenf;? þum; i&J½SdEdkifyHk odyÜHynmu axmufcHaomoufaownf;? (ewfjynf-jA[®mhjynf taMumif;udk apm'em trSwf-15 0dedpä,ü pdppfMuukeftHh/)

ocifjrwfqdkif\ bmomt,lESifh ywfoufí ajz½Sif;acsycsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 61/

ocifjrwfqdkifu rlvyPÖmo r[moma&myrokwf (r? jref?1? 259)ü ]]&[ef;wdkU . . .

þomoemawmfBuD;onf vmbfoyÜum tausmftapm ½SdrItwGufr[kwf? oDv[laom tusdK;½SdrItwGuf r[kwf?

þomoemawmfonf

'ku©rS

vGwfajrmufrI

twGufomvQif

jzpfonf?

þonfvQif

tESpftom;wnf;? þonfyif tqHk;yef;wdkifwnf;}}[k a[mxm;aMumif; udk;um;í wynfhawmfrsm;onf oHo&mwpfcGif vnfapwwfaom bmomudky,fí oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&mjzpfaom omoemudk vufcHygonf bk&m;? bmomudk t,loabmjzifhom wynfhawmfwdkU owfrSwfygonf bk&m;[kavQmuf\? t,ludk Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif y,fcJhaMumif; atmufygokwfrsm;t& aumufEkwfwifjyygonf bk&m; [k qdkí rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf t*¾d0päokwf (r? jref?2? 163)wGif ]]igonf t,l[laom pum;udk y,fNyD;NyD?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

391

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

cE¨mig;yg;\ csKyfjcif; csKyfaMumif;udk odNyD;NyD ig[lí xifrSwfpGJvrf;jcif;r½Sd? w&m;tm;vHk;udk vGwfNyD;NyD}}[k a[mxm;awmfrl\[k qdkonf/ 62/

ocifjrwfqdkif azmfjyaom txufygokwfudk pdppfaomtcg ygVdawmfü ]]£'H acg t[H

0pä tm'De0H orÜórmaem {0HH £rmed oAÁaom 'd|d*wmed tEky*awm}} (r? 2? 153) [lí vm½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefü ]]0pä-igonf þtjypfudk aumif;pGm jrifEdkifonfjzpfíomvQif þodkUtcgcyfodrf; 'd|dt,lwdkUodkU ruyfa&muf[k rdefUawmfrl\}} (r? jref?2? 162) þodkU jyefqdkxm;onf/ 63/

þwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcsufrSm &DvD*sif;rS vmaom bmom[laompum;vHk;ESifh

'd|d*wyk'frS vmonfh rdpämt,lwdkU\ jcm;em;csufudkrjrifbJ twlxm;í ocifjrwfqdkif qdkrdacsonf? apm'uq&mawmfwdkU wifjyaom bmomrJh [lonfrSm-bmomw&m; [lorQwdkUudk odrf;usHK;ykwfcwf tjypfqdkNyD; pGefUy,fxm;onfhtwGuf þolrsm;onf bmomrJholrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdk\? bmom[laom pum;jzifh rdpämt,ludkqdkvdkonfr[kwfay? oufqdkif&m bk&m;a[mpum;awmf tqHk;trawmfudk bmom[k qdkvdkjcif;

jzpf\?

odkUjzpfí

ocifjrwfqdkif\

ajzMum;csufonf

apm'emESifh

tenf;i,frQ

pyf[yfudkufnDjcif; r½dSaom ajzqdkcsuf jzpfonf/ 64/

wpfzef rlvyPÖo oav’cokwfwGif ]]t,lrSefu rdrdt,ludkyg wpfzefjyefvnfí

pGefUvTwfavmh? þum; at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\}}[k þokwfwGif 16-BudrfrQ yg½dSygonf bk&m; [k ocifjrwfqdkifu udk;um;í qdkxm;\? ygVdawmfü trSef½dSonfum; ]]rdrd t,ludk vGefpGm pJGvrf;um jrJjrHpGm ,lvsuf jyefvnf rpGefUvTwfEdkifaom yk*¾dKvftm; rdrdt,ludk vGefpGm rpJGvrf;bJ jrJjrHpGm r,lbJ pGefUvTwfEdkifjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\}} (r? jref?1? 60/) [k yg½dS\? þoav’cokwf\ qdkvdk&if;um; olUtoufudk owfavh½dSaom oltm; ygPmwdygwrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\/ y/ rdpämt,l½dSaom yk*¾dKvftm; or®mt,lç ,ljcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\? rdrdt,ludk jyefvnf rpGefUvTwfEdkifavmufatmif vGefpGm pJGvrf; jrJjrHpGm ,laomoltm; þodkU vGefpGm rpJGvrf;bJ jrJjrHpGm r,lbJ pGefUvTwfEdkifjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\? þodkU vm½dS\? ocifjrwfqdkif qdkouJhodkU t,lrSefu rdrdt,ludkyg wpfzef jyefvnfí pGefUvTwfavmh [laom teuft"dyÜm,frsKd; rvmr½dSacs? þvnf; bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,l þESpfrsKd;onf tenf;i,frQ qufpyf wlnDjcif; r½dS? t,l[laom pum;vHk; wlumrQjzifh rdrdvdk&mqJGNyD; ocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ 65/

rZösdryPÖmo? 'DCecokwf 156-wGif ]]t,ltm;vHk;udk ig rESpfouf[k qdkavh½dSolç

t,ltm;vHk;udk ESpfoufolç t,ltcsKdUudk ESpfouftcsKdUudk rESpfoufol [lí oHk;rsKd; ½dS\? þtxJü t,ltm;vHk;udk rESpfoufaom olomvQif oHa,mZOfukef&m wPSmukef&m udavom Nidrf;&m eD;pyf&m eD;pyf\[k a[monf (qdkvdk&if;udk twdkcsKyfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? tus,fudk rlvokwfwGif Munfh½Iawmfrlyg bk&m;) [k ocifjrwfqdkif qdk\? xdk'DCecokwf ygVdawmfudk Munfh½IoHk;oyf&mwGif þodkU awGU&\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

392

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wMw*¾da0óe a, aw orPjAm[®Pm {0H 0g'daem {0H 'd|daem oAÁH ar eu©rwDwd?

aw or,H 'd|d to&m*g, oEÅdau tonm0g, oEÅdau tebdeE´em, oEÅdau teaZösmome, oEÅdau tEkyg'gem, oEÅdauwd/ (r? 2/ 166/) [kawGU&onf? þ ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef rl&if;ü ]]t*¾da0óe. . . xdkoHk;rsKd;aom yk*¾dKvfwdkUwGif t,ltm;vHk;udk ig rESpfouf[k þodkU qdkavh½dSukefaom þodkU ,lavh½dSukefaom olwdkU\ t,l0g'onf jyif;pGm rwyfjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? oHa,mZOf rjzpfjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? tvGefrESpfoufjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? rvTrf;rdk; rzdpD;jcif;iSm eD;pyf\? jyif;pGm rpJGvrf;jcif;iSm eD;pyf\[k rdefUawmfrl\}} (r? jref?2? 176/)? þodkU jyefqdkxm;onfudk awGU&onf? ocifjrwfqdkifonf jrefrmjyefudk tusOf;csKH;í qdk&mwGif vdk&if;trSefudk xdrdatmifrqdkbJ

csefxm;ívnf;aumif;?

tydkxnfhpGufívnf;aumif;

qdkxm;onfudk

awGU&\?

bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,l þESpfrsKd;udk wlnDav[ef a&maESmí qdkxm;aomaMumifh bmomrJh apm'emudk ajzqdk&m ra&mufay/ 67/

¤if;aemuf Oy&dyPÖmo? omr*grokwf 36-wGif ]]tmeE´m. . . tMuif &[ef;onf

aus;Zl;udk acszsufavh½dS\? *kPfûydifavh½dS\? 0efwdkavh½dS\? [efaqmifwwf\? vSnfhywfwwf\? ,kwfnHhaom tvdkqdk;½dS\? rdrdt,lom rSef\[k pJGjrJpGm ,lavh½dS\? xdkt,ludk pGefUEdkifcJ\? xdk&[ef;onf odu©moHk;yg;udk rusifhaom &[ef;wnf;}} xdkUaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm;onf bmomudkvnf; pGefUonf? t,ludkvnf;

pGefUygonf

bk&m;[k

qdkjyefonf?

þokwfudk

udk;&mwGifvnf;

a½SUenf;twlyif

bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,ludk wpfwef;wpfpm;wnf; xm;í udk;um;NyD;aemuf bmomudkvnf; pGefUonf? t,ludkvnf; pGefUonf[k bmomESifh t,lcJGjcm;í qdkjyefonf? a½SUaemuf tNrD;tarmufrwJhaom tqdkom jzpfaMumif;xif½Sm;avonf?

ocifjrwfqdkifonf

bmomESifh

'd|d*w-t,l

(rdpämt,l)

[laom

pum;ESpfvHk;udk xyfwlûyí aom"emwifoGif;&mü ol\ vdk&if;rSm bmomqdkwm rdpäm'd|d jzpfygw,f? 'gaMumifh bmomudk ypfy,fygw,f [k qdkvdk&if; jzpf\? ol\ qdkvdkcsufudk cdkifrmatmif bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;xJrS

('d|d*w)[laom

pum;vHk;ygonfh

okwfjrefrmjyefrsm;udk

½SmazGNyD;

udk;um;,ljcif;jzpfayonf? odkU&mwGif bmomç bmoma&; Ak'¨bmom ponfwdkUü yg½dSaom bmom[laom a0g[m&onf

rdpäm'd|d[laom

teufudk

ra[mojzifh

ocifjrwfqdkif\

êud;pm;csufonf

tcsnf;ESD;jzpfavonf/ 68/

ocifjrwfqdkifu aemufqHk;taejzifh ]]wpfenf;qdkaomf apm'u q&mawmfrsm; wifjyaom

bmomrJh qdkonfrSmvnf; [kwfygonf bk&m;? ½kyf0g'Dorm;rsm; qdkonfrSmvnf; rSefygonf bk&m;}} [k 0efcHavQmufxm;\/ þodkU avQmufxm;&mwGif 'DCedum,f ygxdu0*f o*Ðwdokwf 202- ü jrif&xdawGU&aom ½kyfç rjrif& xdawGU&aom ½kyfç rjrif&-xdawGUí r&aom ½kyf þoHk;rsKd;udk a[mygonf[k qdkjyefonf? xdkocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;aom okwfü vmaom ½kyfoHk;rsKd;[lonfrSm oed'óe oyÜ#dC½kyf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

393

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(½lyg½Hk)ç ted'óe oyÜ#dC½kyf (½lyg½HlrS wyg; MoVm&du½kyf 11)ç ted'óe tyÜ#dC½kyf (okckr½kyf-16) [lí oHk;rsKd;wnf;/ 69/

wpfzef um,*wmowdokwfudk udk;um;í qH tp½dSaom ½kyfwdkUudk xkwfjy\? ,if;odkU

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vnf;aumif;?

tMuif

A[d'¨oEÅmefü jzpfaom 0ga,m"mwfonf vnf;aumif; ½dS\? xdktvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf 0ga,m"mwfcsif; wlonfomwnf;? tvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf igydkifOpöm r[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf igr[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf rdrdudk,f twår[kwf[lí þodkU xdk0ga,m"mwfoabmudk razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyóem ÓPfynmjzifh½Ityf\? þodkU xdk0ga,m"mwfudk razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyóemÓPfynmjzifh½INyD;í 0ga,m"mwfü NiD;aiGU\? 0ga,m"mwfü pdwfonf wyfjcif; uif;\/ (r/ jref?2? 92 93/) (rZösdrPÖo ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef) þ bk&m;a[mygVdawmf txift½Sm; azmfjycsufrSm xdk0ga,m"mwfudk 0dyóem½I&ef qHk;rjcif;om jzpf\? 0ga,m"mwfudk NiD;aiGUNyD; 0ga,m"mwfü pdwfwyfNidjcif; uif;ap&ef jzpf\? vlaovljzpf q&mwynfhwdkU

qJG,lcsifovdk

]]aocgeD;

xGufaom

0ga,m"mwfu

tmumoxJ

ysHUvGifhaeNyD;

tcsdeftwefMumaomtcg vlwpfOD;OD;\ ESmacgif;xJ jyef0ifí okufawGjzpfyGm;apvsuf vlrsKd;aph usjyef&m}} qdkonfh vHk;0 rjzpfEdkifaom pdwful;tdyfrufudk taxmuftul rûyacs/ wpfzef o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf rv’dumokwf 75-udk taxmuftxm; ûyí ]]þü jrwfpGmbk&m;u þodkU a[mygonf bk&m;? tpJGqHk; tcspfqHk;onf rdrdudk,fudkomwnf;? tb,ft&yfodkU vSnfhvnf ½SmazGapumrl b,ft&yfwGifrS rdrdudk,fxuf ydkí cspftyf ESpfouftyfaom oludk rawGUEdkif? þtwdkif; omwnf;? þodkUvQif twå0g'kyg'gefonf a½SUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf t½SifOuú| rdefUqdkygonf bk&m;? þbk&m;a[m w&m;udk ausmfNyD; wd&pämefESifh rdk;ay:u ewfjA[®m jzpfEdkifonfqdkaom t,ludk q&mawmf t½SifOuú|u pOf;pm;jcif; rûyawmhyg bk&m;}}[k ocifjrwfqdkifu aom"emwifvTmü qdk\/ 16/

xdkUjyif vlaovljzpfjyóem 113-ü olwdkUq&mwynfhESpfa,muf aqG;aEG;yHkudkvnf;

þodkU a&;om;xm;\/ ]]q&mawmf qdkvdkwmu twå0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJh Oyg'gefw&m; taMumuftuef udk,fa&;udpö tBuD;tus,f toufeJU xdvm&if ûywfvdkU &w,f? ûywfatmif jywfatmif jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;-q&mawmf}} ]]at;av- 'D twå0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu to®drme w&m;BuD;yJuG? to®drmeqdkwmu 'dkU O'gef;ygVdawmft& pmpum;eJU ajym&&if t&[wår*f t&d,mtqifh a&mufrS ûywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJuG}}

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

404

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wpfzef pmrsufESm 118-ü .. ]]udkif; 'gjzifh 'D twå0g'kyg'gefudk ykxkZOfutp tem*grftxd pJGwJh tpJGtm;vkH;&JU tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwifqdkwm 'dkU twnfûy,if uefUuGufp&m ½dSao;ovm;}}[k qdkyHkudk a&;om;xm;onf/ 17/

txufyg

tqdkoHk;&yfwGif

OD;Ouú|rS

ol\wynfh

tqufqufwdkUonf

twå0g'kyg'gefESifh umrkyg'gefudk a&maxG;xufatmuf aZmufxdk;ajymif;jyef ,lqvsuf ½dSaMumif; awGU&\? trSefrSm twå0g'kyg'gefonf tem*grftxd cdkifcdkifjrJjrJ rûywfao;bJ ½dS\? þodkU twå0g'kyg'gefESifh umrkyg'gefwdkUonf o½kyfoabmtm;jzifh uGJjym;vsuf ½dSMuonf/ wpfzef

uJGjym;aeaom

twå0g'kyg'gefESifh

to®drmeudk

]]'Dtwå0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu

to®drmew&m;BuD;yJuG}}[k twlxm;í OD;Ouú| qdk\? trSefum; rlvyPÖmo or®m'd|dokwf ponfü to®drmeESifh to®d'd|d ESpfrsKd;½dSaMumif;? to®d'd|dac: 'd|Kyg'gefonf aomwmyefb0üyif uif;jywfNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; to®drmeum; tem*grfyk*¾dKvftxd ½dSaeao;aMumif; vmonfudk owdrûyrdjcif;aMumifh qdkrdjcif; jzpf\? Xif½Sm;aptHh/ ]],awm acg/ y#d,mEko,H y#d0daema'wGm to®dwd 'd|drmem Eko,H orl[edwGm t0dZÆH y[m, 0dZÆH OyÜga'wGm 'da|0 "ar® 'ku© óEÅua&m a[mwd}} (r? 1? 500/) tMuiftcgü / y/ xdk&[ef;onf y#dCmEko,udk y,fcGmí ig[lí jzpfaom 'd|dESifhwlaom rmemEko,udk Ekwfy,fí t0dZÆmudk y,fí 0dZÆmÓPfudk jzpfapí rsufarSmufb0ü 'ku©\ tqHk;udk ûy\/ þygVdawmfü 'd|d rmemEko,H [laom pum;wGif to®d'd|dESifh to®drmeESpfrsKd; yg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh þü t&[wår*fçzdkvfudk qdkvdk&um; to®drmeudkom ,lapvdkonfjzpfí t|uxmq&mu. . .to®dwd 'd|drmeEko ,EÅd 'd|do'doH rmemEko,EÅd 0kwåH a[mwd. . .[k ,if;t|uxm 209-ü trSmtxm; rdefUMum;awmfrlonf? t"dyÜm,fum; twå0g'kyg'gefac: 'd|mEko,udk aomwmywådr*fjzifh y,fNyD;jzpfí þt&[wår*ft&mwGif rmemEko,udkom ,l&rnf[k qdkvdkayonf/ þteuft"dyÜm,fudk rodíjzpfap odvsuftrSefudk rsufuG,fûyvdkíjzpfap twå0g'kyg'gefudk ]]t&[wår*f t&d,mtqifha&mufrS ûywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJ}}[lí vnf;aumif; ]]tm;vHk;&JU tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwif}}[lívnf;aumif; OD;Ouú|onf wpfwpfcGcG rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; qdkxm;ayonf/ wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]twå0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJhOyg'gefawG[m ûywfatmif jywfatmif jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfvm; q&mawmf}}[k oludk,fwdkifu em;rvnfonfhtwdkif; ar;&m ]]at;av}}[k q&muvnf; a&mí vdkuf\/ þodkUvQif q&mwynfh ESpfOD;om;wdkU\ trSm;a'oemonf þaom"emtajzvTmü vmí xif[yfvsuf ½dSaeayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

405

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkUjyif rv’dumokwfudk udk;um;í twå0g'kyg'gefu a½SUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf t½SifOuú|u rdefUqdkygonf [laom pum;ESifh pyfí pdppf&mwGif þodkUawGU&\/ rv’dumrdzk&m;u ]]t½Sifrif;jrwf. . . tuREkfyftzdkU rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,mufrQ r½dSyg}}[lí ajzqdkNyD;aemuf aumorif;BuD;tm; ]]t½Sifrif;BuD;rSmaum rdrdxuf ydkí cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,muf ½dSygovm;}}[k ar;&m ]]r,SrÜd acg rv’dau ew¬anm aumpd twåem yd,wa&m}}=tb,frv’dum. . . ighrSmvnf; rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfhol r½dS}}[k jyefajymNyD; aumovrif;BuD;onf þtaMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xH oGm;a&mufí avQmufxm;aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf yxr rv’dumokwf 75-ü atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ ]]rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfholudk tvHk;pHkaom t&yf½SpfrsufESmwdkUü pdwfjzifh (0g-aphaph pyfpyf) vSnfhvSnfí ½Smaomfvnf; rnfonfhae&mrS rawGUEdkif? þenf;twdkif; tjcm;aom owå0gwdkUonfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk toD;toD; cspfjrwfEdk;Muonfom jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fusKd;udk,fpD;yGm;udk tvdk½dSaom olonf olwpfyg;udk rn§Of;yef; rEdSyfpuf&m}} (rn§Of;yef; rESdyfpufygavESifh)/ oAÁm 'dom tEky&d*r® apwaom? ae0ZÑ0g yd,w&rwåem uGpd/ {0H yda,m ykxk twåm ya&oH? wo®m e [ð ao y&rwåumar/ (oH? 1/ 75/) 18/

þae&mü

yaóe'Daumovrif;ç

rv’dumrdzk&m;wdkU

ajymaompum;ç

bk&m;½Sif

a[mawmfrlaom w&m;pum;awmfwdkUü rdrd-rdrd[laom toHk;tEIef;onf ]]twå}} udk qdkvdkaom rdrd r[kwf? twå0g'ESifh rnfodkUrQ ywfoufjcif; r½dSacs/ trSefum; orkwdopöm

(Conventional

Truth)

ac:qdkMuaom avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef;om jzpf\/ rdrdudk,fudk ñTefjyaom pum;om jzpfayonf/ oAÁñkbk&m;½SifwdkUonf udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlxm;aom w&m;"r®rsm;udk jyefvnf a[mMum;aomtcg orkwdopömjzpfaom avmua0g[m&rsm;udk toHk;ûyí a[mMum;&ayonf? ,if;odkU a[mMum;&mü rdpämÓPf½dSolwdkUtaejzifh rdrdvdk&m qJGí teufaumufr,lEdkif&ef y&d,m,f pum;vHk;rsm;pGm ulí ay;cJhonf? odkU&mwGif pkPÖd,pum;ajy r[kwfbJ ygVd*gxmrsm;ürl y&d,m,fwl ulí ray;Edkifay? rdpämÓPf½dSolwdkUonf

þtcsufudk

tuGufaumif;,lí

ygVda0g[m&\

teufudk

rdrdvdk&m

qJG,lazmfjyavonf/ txl;ojzifh tewå0g'u EdSrfxm;jcif; cHae&aom twå0g'DwdkUonf t>rufaxmif&ef tuGufacsmif;aeonfhtm;avsmfpGm qifwl,dkrSm; vkyfí&rnfh ae&mrsKd;ü 0ifyl;Muavonf? txufyg ygVd*gxmü yg½dSaom twåemç twåmç twåaem[laom ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ ]]rdrdudk,f}}[laom teufrSefudk z,fNyD; ig ig ig [laom twåteufudk oGwfoGif;,lMuavonf/ 19/

rpöpf ½dkufa';ApfESifh olr\ae&mudk qufcHaom rpöpf tdkifbDa[mfemwdkUu þodkUaom

avmua0g[m& orkwdopömtoHk;udk t>rufaxmifum "r®pMumESifh wpfqufwnf; a[mxm;aom tewåvu©PokwfawmfBuD;udk rod[efaqmifí Ak'¨onf twåudk ry,f? tewå0g'qdkonfrSm Ak'¨\ wynfhom;ajr;wdkUu aemufrSxGifaom 0g'[k qdkMuonf? ,if;odkU taemufEdkifiHu emrnfBuD;aom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

406

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ygVdynm½SifBuD;rsm;\ trSm;udk jrefrmjyef rEÅav;ûrdU Ak'¨bmomtoif; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwmqdkeDu 1953 ckESpf? arvxkwf tv,fvrf;r*¾Zif; (The Middle Way) ESm (40)ü þodkU acsya&;om;cJhavonf/ I have read with great concern the article by Miss I.B.Homer on the above subject in your Journal of November 1952. She seems to be entertaining the impression that "early Buddhism of the Vinaya and the Suttapitaka does not exactly Teach not-self". In support of this view she has marshalled a number of extracts from the scriptures, but without any convincing results. Commenting on these quotations she strangely adds that some of these passages "have been too much overlooked" and that these mentin "the logical opposite of Anatta". I was certainly suprised to see that a Pāli scholar of the eminence as Miss Horner understood the passages in the way she did. My shock is, however tempeered by the feeling that perhaps she is following in the footsteps of illustrous Pali scholar, the late Mrs.Rhys Davids, who towards the end of her days began to suggest similar ideas. I humbly and respectfully suggest that most of the passages quoted by Miss Horner would be clearer in the meaining if understood in terms of the conventional of the word "self". Yours R.L Soni Burma.

1952-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf r*¾Zif;yg rpöpf tdkif bD a[mfem a&;aomaqmif;yg;udk zwfrdí tawmf pdwfraumif; jzpfcJhygonf? 0denf;yd#uESifh okwåefyd#uyg0ifaom a½S;usaom Ak'¨"r®onf tewå0g'udk wduspGm roifMum;[laom tjrifudk olr vufcHcJh[ef ½dSonf/ rdrd\ tjrifudk cdkifjrJap&ef ygVdawmfrsm;rS

aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk

olrxkwfí

jycJhavonf?

odkU&mwGif

odomaom

tusKd;

wpfpHkwpf&mr½dS jzpfcJhavonf? olr\ aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;&mü þpmydk'frsm;udk vltrsm;wdkUu rsufpdvQHcJhonf[lí vnf;aumif;? þpmydk'frsm;u tewå0g'udk qefUusifaeaMumif; azmfjyonf[lí vnf;aumif; olru xl;qef;pGm qdkonf? rpöpfa[mem uJhodkUaom xif½Sm;onfh ygVdpaumvm; wpfa,mufu þpmydk'frsm;udk þenf;twdkif; em;vnfxm;onfudk awGU&í trSefyif thHMordygonf/ odkU&mwGif emrnfausmf ygVdynm½Sif uG,fvGefol rpöpf½dkufpfa';Apfonf olruG,fvGefcgeD;tcgü tvm;wl t,ltqrsm; ,lqoGm;cJh&m olr\ ajc&mudk rpöpfa[mfem vdkufaejcif; jzpfrnf[k awG;rdí pdwfoufom&m &ygonf/ rpöpfa[mem udk;um;xm;aom (twåa0g[m& ygaom) pmydk'ftrsm;rSm avmua0g[m& tm;avsmfpGm ]]rdrd}}[laom pum;vHk;\ teufudk em;vnfvdkufygu t"dyÜm,f ½Sif;vif;oGm;rnf[k av;pm;pGm tMuHûyygonf/ oif\-tm&f t,fv qdkeD Armjynf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

407

tpodkU 20/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUonf igç ig[mç ightdrfç igh,mç igESifhpyfaomol paom

avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef; [lorQwdkUudk twå0g'kyg'gef [k xifrSwfí ,if;udk vlaovljzpf0g'\ tajccHûyxm;jcif;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;vSonf/ aoqHk;ol vlwpfa,muf\ Oyg'dEé"mwfonf avxkwGif;odkU tjcm;"mwfrsm;ESifh ta&mtpyf r½dS oD;jcm;

vGifhyg;oGm;yHkç

xdkvGifhaom

"mwfonf

rlvwl&m

"mwfrsm;ESifh

pyf&ef

owå0gwdkU\

ESmacgif;twGif;odkU &IavESifhtwl ygoGm;MuyHkç "mwfwl&m vlüomvQif ¤if;wdkU\ aoG;ESifh a&mpyfum aoG;rS okuftjzpfodkU ajymif;í vdkufygoGm;yHkudkvnf; OD;Ouú|u rnfonfh ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumrSmrS tqdktvm r½dSbJ rdrdxif&mjrif&m taMumif;,kwdåûyí qdkcJhonf/ r[mwPSmocF,okwf

y#doaE¨aecef;ü

*E¨AÁ[laom

y#doaE¨aernfh

owå0gudkvnf;

*E¨AÁ"mwf[k ½Sm½SmazGazG xkwfvkyfwDxGifcJhonf? þtqdk þ,kwådwdkUum; twå0g'kyg'gef[laom uGif;qufonf usKd;ç Oyg'dEé"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf;jywfç *E¨AÁ"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf; yJhíaeojzifh vlaovljzpfwnf;[laom vdktyfaom tusKd;udk qufpyfí ray;Edkifatmif ½dSawmh\? xif&m jrif&m pyf[yfzmax;xm;aom uGif;qufrsm;jzpfí vlaovljzpf0g'tjzpfjzifh qufpyfívnf; r&EdkifbJ ½dSavawmhonf/ (aemufü tus,f½Sif;OD;tHh) 21/

þwGif ocifjrwfqdkif ñTefjyxm;aom taMumif;,kwådrsm;teuf vlESifh wd&pämefwdkUonf

wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; têudufcsif;vnf;rwlç todcsif;vnf;rwlMu? vluyef;udk vSrSef; odí wd&pämefu pm;zG,f[k xifonf [laom ,kwådudk jy\/ þ,kwådonf cdkifvHkjcif; r½dSay? wd&pämefrSmvnf; tod ½dSonfom jzpf\/ olwdkUvnf; tvSty êudufonfyif? wd&pämefwdkUvnf; vluJhodkUyif om,maomtoHudk êudufonf? ykavGoHcsKdcsKd wl&d,moH omomudk uJRç EGm;ç jrif;ç aus;iSuf tp½dSaom owå0gwdkUonf pdkufí em;axmifwwfMuonf? vlonf tcsKdç tzefç tiefç tcg; êudufovdk om;aumif iSufaumifwdkUvnf; êudufonfyif/ 22/

ocifjrwfqdkifu aoG;oGif;&mwGif vl-vlcsif;rS aoG;oGif;í &onf? wd&pämefaoG;udk

oGif;r&[k ,kwådwpfck jy\/ þtaMumif;jycsufonf vufawGUusus rSm;avonf? vl-vlcsif;yif jzpfaomfvnf; wpfrdaygufwnf;yif aoG;csif; wlygoavm? aoG;trsKd;tpm; rwlvQif vlvlcsif;yif aoG;oGif;í r&ay? wpfzefvnf; wd&pämefwdkU\ taoG;tom;udk tjrJrjywf pm;aomufrDS0Jaeaom vlwdkU\ aoG;ESifh

rwnfhcJhygvQif

xdkwd&pämefwdkU\

taoG;tom;onf

tqdyfawmufjzpfav&m\?

a&m*g

pJGuyfaeaom tcsKdUolrsm;onf arsmufaoG;ESifh t&ufudk aomuf&rS a&m*gaysmufí emvHxlí vmMu\? usef;rm0ûzd;í vmMu\? þtcsufudkaxmufvQif vlUaoG;ESifh wd&pämefaoG;onf a&mpyfí r&avmufatmif rwnfh[k qdkEdkifzG,f r½dSaMumif; odomvSayonf/ 23/

tdyfruf ruf&mwGif vlonf vlUtaMumif;udkom rufonf? wd&pämeftaMumif;udk rruf?

ewfjA[®mtaMumif;udk rruf? xdkUaMumifh atmufodkUvnf; rqif;? txufodkUvnf; rwuf[k ,kwådjyjyef\?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

408

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tdyfrufruf&mwGifvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;½dS&m "mwfacsmufcsm;í rufjcif;ç wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfysuf&ef edrdwftjzpf tdyfruf rufjcif;ç awGUêuHcHpm;zl;onfudk pJGí rufjcif; ponftaMumif;rsm;teuf rdrdtawGUtêuHudkom

trsm;tm;jzifh

rufwwfonfrSmvnf;

"r®wmvdkyif

jzpf\/

odkUaomf

cdkifjrJjcif;

r½dS

jzpfayonf?

uG,fvGefí

acG;jzpfoGm;aMumif;?

wd&pämeftaMumif; rruf[k rnfol qdkEdkifygoenf;/ xdkUaMumifh

þ,kwådvnf;

aCmouolaX;tavmif;onf

zJGpkay:ü

wdkifpdkufjcif;uJhodkU

acG;rBuD;taMumif;udk

pOf;pm;,if;

EGm;owform;ç 0ufowfrm;wdkUonf aocgeD;aomtcg EGm;vdkatmf 0ufvdkatmfonfudk Mum;odaeMu &aMumif; "r®y't|uxmüvmonf? tdrfü arG;xm;aom acG;uav; aMumifuav; ponfwdkUudk pdwfrcsEdkifí t&yfwyg; c&D;oGm;,if; tdyfrufaxG&m rufMuonfrSmvnf; rjiif;omaom tcsufjzpfonf/ 24/

toHvTifh&mwGif rDwmcsif; wlrS zrf;í &onf[k ,kwådwpfck qdk\? odkUaomf xdk,kwådvnf;

vlaovljzpftwGuf usm;uefay;Edkifjcif; r½dSay/? tbd"r®m oabmw&m;t& r[mbkwf "mwf½kyfwdkUonf bkwftqufquftm;jzifh t&yf&yfwGif ysHUvGifhae&m owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tmumo"mwfç reodum&ç aomwyom' þoHk;rsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; csKdUwJhaevQif xdkbkwftqufqufrSvmaom toHudk rMum;Edkif[k qdkxm;onf r[kwfavm? taMumif;rpHkvifvQif teD;tem;ü uyfvsuf½dSaom toHudkyif rMum;Edkif? Oyrm-em;yif ½dSaomfvnf; aomwyom' tvGeftm;enf;vQif rMum;Edkif? txl;ûyjyifxm;aom

ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif;

'dAÁaomw

tbdnmOf

paom

emrf"mwf

txl;ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif;ç r½dScJhygvQif a0;uGmaom t&yfrS toHç odrfarGUao;i,faom toHrsm;udk rMum;Edkifay/ xdkenf;twdkif; tqif; ta&miftrsKd;rsKd; teD;tem;üyif ½dSaomfvnf; pu©Kyom' tvGef tm;enf;aevQif rjrifEdkif? tm½Hku tvGef rIefrTm; ao;i,faevQifvnf; pu©Kyom' tm;aumif;apumrl rjrifEdkif? xdkUaMumifh oabmprS ydkrdkuJvGefaom tultnDjzpfonfh rsufrSefrS pí rSefajymif;txd ½kyftultnD 'dAÁKpu©K paom emrftultnD rygvQif xdk½lyg½Hkudk ½Sdyif ½dSaomfvnf; rjrifEdkifonfum; vlwdkif; vufcHxm;aom obm0"r®yif r[kwfavm? xdkUaMumifh þ,kwådvnf; rcdkifvHkay/ 25/

þqdkcJhNyD;aom taMumif;tcsuf oufaoom"u ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkUjzifh pdppfcsuft&

½kyf0g'udk tajccHí [dk[mjyif onf[mpGufç zsufvdkzsufç jznfhvdkjznfhç taMumif;rwef rcdkifvHkaom ,kwådwdkUudk jyvdkjy OD;Ouú| zefwD;cJhaom vlaovljzpf0g'bufu a½SUaevdkufaom ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyaom"emcsufonf avmuDavmukwå&m ed,mr "r®ESifh rnDñGwfonfjzpfí w&m;r0ifonfhtjyif t"r® avQmufvJcsufrsm;om

jzpfaMumif;

trSwf(2)

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;

pdppfoHk;oyfí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

409

qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oHa,m*okwfESifh vlaovljzpf

26/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u or®m'd|dokwoetzJGUcsKyf\ opöm"r®pmapmif twJG1? trSwf

(1)ü awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|u Oyg'gef rjywfao;wJhvl aovQif vlyJjzpfr,fvdkU oHa,m*okwfü bk&m;a[maMumif;

azmfjyxm;csufonf

oHa,m*okwfESifhvnf;aumif;

tjcm;

trSefwu,f

½dSaeaom

bk&m;a[mygVdawmf

bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;

qefUusifvsuf½dSaMumif;

apm'emwifcJhMu\/ ,if; apm'emudk pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu jyefvnfacsy&mwGif OD;Ouú|\ tmabmftwdkif;yif a,musfm; rdef;rwdkUonf Oyg'gefaMumifh aoaomtcg rlv vlUb0üyif jyefjzpfaMumif; acsy avQmufxm;cJhayonf/ vlao vljzpf rjzpf(0g) vlaovQif vlomjzpf rjzpf[laom tcsufESifh ywfoufí apm'u pk'dwuESpfbuf vkí ajymaeMuaom t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf owåuedygwf oHa,m*okwfudk Munfh&mwGif þodkUawGU&ayonf/ ]]£w¬d bdu©a0 tZÑwåH £wd`E´d,H reodua&mwd £w¬dukwåH £w¬muyÜH/ y/ {0H acg bdu©a0 £w¬d £w¬wHå emwd0wåwd? (tH/ 2? 440/) (tH-owåuedygwf oHa,m*okwf)

jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU. . .trowå0gonf rdrdoEÅmefü jzpfaom trowå0gwdkU\ £aÈ´ç tûytrl/ y/ toGiftjyifç trowå0gwdkU\ rmefç tvdkç toHç tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\? olronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkUü wyfruf\? tvGefarGUavsmf\/ xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkUü wyfrufonf jzpfí arGUavsmfonf jzpfí xdkolronf tjyifyü zdkowå0g\ £aÈ´/ y/ tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\/ xdkckESpfrsKd;aom zdkowå0g\ £aÈ´ponfwdkUü wyfruf\/ tvGefarGUavsmf\? xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;aom yk&dodaÈ´ ponfwdkUü wyfrufonfjzpfí tvGef arGUavsmfonfjzpfí tjyiftyü aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;udk tvdk½dS\? aygif;azmf ,SOfwJGjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom okca0'em aomreóa0'emwdkUudkvnf; tvdk½dS\/ &[ef;wdkU. . . trowå0g\ tjzpfü tvGef arGUavsmfaom owå0gonf tzdkowå0gwdkUü aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;odkU a&muf\? &[ef;wdkU þodkUvQif trowå0gonf trowå0g\ tjzpfudk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ zdkowå0gtwGufvnf; þtwlyif a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUjyif trowå0gonf trowå0gtqifhrS vGefajrmufí tzdkjzpfvmyHk tzdkowå0gonf tzdkowå0gtjzpfrS vGefajrmufí tr jzpfvmyHkudkvnf; ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ þokwfü ouúm,'d|dESifh b0wPSmudk tajccHNyD; tzdktr jzpfwwfyHk tMurf;pm;udk a'oemtpOf a&mufonftm;avsmfpGm a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

410

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

27/

þoHa,m*okwfudk tusOf;csKyfaomf þodkU &ay\/

(1)

rdef;ronf

rdrdb0udk

oGifjyif[efyefudk

om,m\?

oabmus\?

wGJ,SOfjcif;aMumifh

rdrdb0udk

a,mufsm;ESifh

jzpfay:vmrnfh

arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif;

om,m,if;

wJG,SOfjcif;udk

MunfEl;rIudk

a,mufsm;wdkU\

arQmfvifhawmifhw\? arQmfvifhawmifhw\?

wJG,SOfjcif;odkU

a&muf\?

þodkUûyvQif

rdef;ronf

om,m\?

rdrdb0udk

om,m,if;

rdef;rwdkU\

rdef;rb0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ (2)

a,musfm;onf

rdrdb0udk

oGifjyif[efyefudk

oabmus\?

wGJ,SOfrIaMumifh

jzpfay:vmrnfh

rdef;rESifh

wJG,SOfjcif;udk

MunfEl;rIudk

arQmfvifh arQmfvifh

awmifhw\? awmifhw\?

arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif; wJG,SOfjcif;odkU a&muf\? þodkUûyvQif þa,musfm;onf a,musfm;b0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ (3)

txufyg tcsufESpf&yfudk ajymif;jyef vSefaomtm;jzifh rdrd rdef;rb0udk rom,m? rdef;rtoGiftjyifudk oabmrus? zdkESifhwJG&ef rarQmfvifh? ,SOfwJGMunfEl;rIudk rvdkvm;? zdkESifh r,SOfwJGaom rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGwfajrmufEdkifonf/

(4)

xdkenf;twl a,musfm;b0udk rom,molç a,musfm;oGifjyifudk oabmrusolç rESifhwJG&ef rarQmfvifholç ,SOfwJG MunfEl;rIudk rarQmfvifholç rESifh r,SOfwJGol a,musfm;onf a,musfm;b0udk vGefajrmufEdkifonf/

txufyg

tcsufav;csufudk

þoHa,m*okwfu

azmfjyayonf/

þoHa,m*okwf\

tqdktrdefUonf ouúm,'d|dESifh b0wPSmt& zdkrjzpfwwfyHkudk a,bk,senf;tm;jzifh a[mMum;aomokwf jzpfayonf? owå0gwdkU\ pdwfqE´tvdkuf zdk r jzpfwwfyHkudkom azmfjy\? a,musfm;ao a,mufsm;jzpf rdef;rao rdef;rjzpf[k rlao r½dSaMumif;vnf; þokwfuyif azmfjy\? xdkESifh wpfqufwnf;yif vlaovQif vljzpf&rnf[laom owfrSwfcsufrsKd; (0g) oów'd|dt,lrsKd;udkvnf; þokwfu vHk;0 rjyacs/ xdkUjyif þoHa,m*okwfvm twd0wåwd vGefajrmuf\ [laom pum;udk ]]twd0wåwDwd tebd&wmwd {0H 0kwåm, Av00dyóem, t&d,r*¾H ywGm twd0wå0d}[k t|uxmq&mawmf teufzGifhxm;\? jrefrmvdkaomfum; ]]vGefajrmuf\}}[k qdk&mwGif a½SUem;u ]]rarGUravsmf}}[laom pum;ESifhtnD cGeftm;½dSaom 0dyóemÓPftjrifjzifh t&d,r*fudk &a&mufjcif;tm;jzifh vGefajrmufjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ a,musfm;b0ü raysmfaoma,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;b0udk vGefonf? rdef;rb0udk rwG,fwmaom rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGefonfqdk&mü vGefyHkvGefenf;um; ta&;BuD;\? a,musfm;b0udk rwG,fwm rpJGvrf;oltaejzifh a,musfm;b0udk vGef\ qdkonfum; rdef;rjzpfoGm;onf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfay?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

411

tpodkU odkUjzpfvQif

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rnfodkU

vGefoenf;?

t"dyÜm,ftwGif;ikyfae\?

xdkUaMumifh

t|uxmq&mjrwfu

vGefonfqdkonfrSm t&d,mr*fudk &oGm;jcif; jzpfonf[k teufrSefudk 0ifNyD; azmfay;jcif; jzpfayonf/ pifppf þoHa,m*okwfonf oHo&m0#ftwGif;ü vnfwwfyHkESifh oHo&m0#frS uRwfvGwf xGufajrmufyHkudk azmfjyaom okwfaywnf;? OD;Ouú|wdkUvlpk qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf oów'd|dt,ludk azmfjyaomokwf r[kwfacs/ OD;Ouú|wdkUonf rdrdwdkU vlaovljzpftwGuf ygVdawmfrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif

udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;udkyif

oów'd|dt,l½dSol

rdpäm'd|dBuD;wpfOD;

jzpfatmif

pGyfpJGapmfum;MuavNyD? oHo&m0efum; av;pG/ 28/

xdkUjyif

bk&m;a[mygVdawmf[lonf

þoHa,m*okwf

wpfokwfwnf;om

½dSonf

r[kwfay? tjcm;aom axmufxm;zG,f&m okwfygVdawmfrsm; 0denf;w&m;awmfrsm; tbd"r®mw&m;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm ½dSayonf? xdkxdk ygVdawmf tqdktrdefUrsm;ESifh nd§EIdif;csdefqwwf&ef vdkayonf? vlaoNyD;aemuf ewfjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf i&JusyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf acG;jzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf NydwåmjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf tol&um,fjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf edAÁmef0ifpHyHk ponfjzifh a[mMum;aom okwfaygif;rsm;pGm ½dSavonf/ r[m0*¾ygVdawmf

Ze0obokwfü

vlaoNyD;aemuf

ewfjzpfyHkudk

þodkU

azmfjyxm;\?

AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk a½S;OD;pGm trÁv|d0eO,smOfü emMum;&onfh tcsdefrS pí aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfcJhonf? rif;BuD;onf vlUb0rS pkawaomtcg rdrd tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJhzl;aom pmwkr[m&mZfewfbHkü wG,fwmrIaMumifh xdkbHkü ewfom; oGm;í jzpfavonf? Ze0ob ewfom;[k trnfwGif\/ ewfom;onf

jrwfpGmbk&m;xHarSmuf

a&mufaomtcg

þodkU

avQmufxm;avonf?

½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .bk&m;wynfhawmfonf a½S;tcgu wynfhawmf aecJhzl;aom bHkü þewfb0rS vlUb0udk ckESpfBudrf? xdkvlUb0rS þewfb0odkU ckESpfBudrf? aygif; 14-Budrfwdkifwdkif (ewftjzpf? vltjzpf) jzpfcJh&onfudk rSwfrdygonfbk&m;-[k avQmufxm;avonf ('D? 3? 167/) ('DCedum,f r[m0*f Ze0obokwf) tu,fí vlUbHk vlUb0 vlrif;pnf;pdrfudk wG,fwmí Oyg'geftpJGtvrf;aMumifh jzpfpwrf;qdkvQif AdrÁdom&rif;onf

aoNyD;aemuf

vlom

jyefí

Ze0obewfom;[lí

txift½Sm;jzpfavonf?

a[mMum;csufonf

rkcsa'oem

r[kwf?

jzpf&ef½dSonf?

,ckrlum;

pmwkr[m&mZfbHkü

þtcsufudk

axmuf½Ijcif;jzifh

oHa,m*okwfü

jzpfwwfaom

oabmrQudkom

a,bk,stm;jzifh

om"uwpfckudkvnf;

r[m0*¾ygVdawmf

a[mjcif;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 29/

vlrdef;rb0rS

ewfom;

oGm;jzpfaom

ouúyO§okwfü þodkU azmfjyxm;\? jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgu uydv0wfûrdUü a*gydumrnfaom ousomuD0if trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf ½dS\/ olronf &wemoHk;yg;ü Munfñdkí tusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkol jzpf\? rdef;rb0udk ½GH½Smpufqkyfí a,musfm;jzpf&mjzpfaMumif; w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\? xdkUaMumifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

412

tpodkU olr

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

uG,fvGefaomtcg

wm0wðomewfjynfü

a*g,uewfom;[laom

trnfjzifh

txift½Sm;

jzpfavonf/ a*gyuewfom;u ol\ twdwf vlUb0taMumif;udk þodkU jyefajymcJh\? tuREkfyfonf xdkpOftcgu rdef;rom;jzpfvsuf &wemoHk;yg;ü Munfñdkí oDvjznfhusifhNyD;vQif rdef;rb0udk pufqkyfí a,musfm;b0udk awmifhwcJhaomaMumifh odMum;rif;\ om;tjzpfodkU a&mufcJh&ygonf/ ('D? 2? 216/) txufyg

a*gydumtrsKd;orD;

taMumif;t&mudk

axmufí

rdef;rao

rdef;rjzpf[lí

tjrJr½dSEdkifaMumif;? vlaovljzpf[lívnf; ]]rl}} r½dSaMumif; odomxif½Sm;avonf? oHa,m*okwfonfum; udkif;ñTwfrI txl;½dSol tenf;pktwGuf jzpfwwfaom tajctaerQudkom azmfjyjcif; jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ 30/ yg½dS\?

xdkrSwpfyg; vlaoNyD;aemuf i&Jusa&muf&yHkonfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmfwdkUü rsm;pGm

txif½Sm;qHk;

om"urSm

a'0'wfyif

jzpf\?

bk&m;½Siftm;

aoG;pdrf;wnfatmifûyNyD;

oHCmoif;cJGaom yÍöeEÅ&d,uHaMumifh aoNyD;onfhaemuf t0Dpdi&JodkU usa&muf&aMumif; tcdkiftrm a[mMum;xm;csuf

½dSacsonf?

a'0'wfonf

t0Dpdi&Jom;wpfOD; oGm;í jzpf&avonf?

a,mufsm;jzpfí

vla,musfm;jyefjzpfzdkU

a0;pG?

þom"uonfvnf; oHa,m*okwfonf OD;Ouú|wdkU

qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf om"u r[kwfaMumif; odEdkifonf/ 31/

xdkUjyif vlaoNyD; wd&pämef jzpf&yHkwdkUonf ygVdt|uxmwdkUü txift½Sm;yg½dS\/

oDvu©efygVdawmf okbokwf tzGifhü okb'g,um\ zcif awma',s ykPÖm;onf olUom;tdrfü acG; jyefjzpfaMumif; twdtvif; yg½dSonf/ awma',sykPÖm;onf Opöm&r®ufBuD;í ypönf;ESajrm\? bk&m;½SifESifh t&d,moHCmrsm;tm;

vª'gef;avh

r½dS?

aoaomtcg

om;tdrfü

acG;BuD;jzpfaeNyD;

bk&m;½Sifudk

awGUjrifaomtcg 0kwf0kwf[k a[mif\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]awma',s. . . oifonf ,cif vlb0wkef;uvnf; ypönf;&r®uf avmbwufí olawmfaumif;wdkUudk ray;rvªcJh? ,ckvnf; igbk&m;udk tb,faMumifh a[mif&bdoenf;}}[k rdefUMum;vdkufaomtcg awma',srS jzpfvmaom acG;onf pdwfrcsrf;omvSí jymykHü 0yf\/ okb'g,um odí olUzciftm; acG; jzpfaeonf[k ajym&ygrnfvm;[k rausreyfjzpfum jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmuf\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u þ acG; wd&pämefonf oifhzcif vlb0 awma',srS jzpfvmyHk? rSefuefaMumif; vufawGUodvdkvQif jr§Kyfxm;aom ypönf;wdkUudk þacG;tm; tjycdkif;avmh[k rdefUMum;\? acG;u ol vlUb0wkef;u vQKdU0SufpGm ajrü jr§Kyfxm;aom ypönf;OpömwdkUudk olUom;tm; jyay;ojzifh okb'g,umonf ypönf;Opöm rsm;pGm&rS jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUawmfrlonfhtwdkif; þacG;BuD;onf olUzcif vlrS jzpfvmaom wd&pämefygwum;[k vHk;0 ,HkMunfvufcHavonf/ ('D? |? 1? 317/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

413

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þodkUaom jzpf&yfESifh om"uwdkUudk bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;ü txift½Sm;awGU&aomaMumifh vlaovljzpfudk igom a[mwm r[kwf? bk&m;uyg a[mygw,f[k bk&m;½Siftm; qJGxnfhí r&EdkifaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 32/

wpfzef

vlaoNyD;

Nydwåm

jzpfaom

olwdkUum;

teEÅyif?

0denf;ygVdawmfwdkUü

vlaoNyD;aemufjzpfaom NydwåmwdkUudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU jzpf&yfrsm;pGm azmfjyyg½dS\? &mZû*d[fjynf 0dZösuk#fawmifü

t½Sifr[marm*¾v’mef

udk,fawmfBuD;

oDwif;oHk;pOf

t½dk;pkNydwåmBuD;udk

('dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfjzifh) jrifí jrwfpGmbk&m;xH avQmufxm;&m igbk&m;vnf; xdkNydwåmBuD;udk jrifcJh\? xkwfajymaomf r,HkMuygu tjypfjzpfrnfpdk;í rajymcJhay? trSefpifppf xdkNydwåmonf &mZû*d[fûrdUwGif;rS EGm;owform; wpfa,mufaoNyD; jzpfaeaom Nydwåmwnf;[k rdefUMum;awmfrlavonf/ (0d? 1? 144/) þpum;onf

yg&mZduPfygVdawmf

pwkw¬yg&mZdu

0deDw0w¬Kydkif;ü

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\

a[mMum;csufyif jzpf\? xdkEGm;owfa,musfm;onf ol\ a,musfm;b0udk Oyg'gefrnfrQ uyfonf jzpfap olûyaom tukodkvfuHu BuD;vGef;aeojzifh olaoNyD;aemuf vljzpfcGifh ray;bJ NydwåmBuD;jzpfvsuf ½dSayonf/ 33/

vlaoNyD;

tok&um,fjzpfaom

om"uvnf;

½dSay\?

okwfygax,sygVdawmf

ygxduokwfü þodkU yg½dS\? jrwfpGmbk&m;aemufu oydwfxrf;vdkufaom okeu©wåonf pdwfazmufjyefNyD; 0wfvpfpvpfaeí

acG;uJhodkU

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oGm;aom

aum&cwåd,udk

MunfñdkoGm;\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;uodí aum&cwåd,wuwúwGef;udk oifrMunfñdkESifh[k okeu©wåtm; wm;jrpf\? r&ay? xdkUaMumifh oif Munfñdkaom aum&cwåd,onf ,aeUrS ckESpf&ufajrmufaomaeUü pm;ydk;eifhí aovdrfhrnf? aoNyD;aemuf t,kwfnHhqHk;aom tok&mbHkü umvuÍödumrnfaom tok&m jzpfvdrfhrnf? olUtavmif;udk Nydwfjrufawm½dSaom ocØsKif;ü pGefYypfMuvdrfhrnf? okeu©wå. . . tu,fí oif rauseyfao;vQif tavmif;aumifudk vufjzifhykwfNyD; igh½Sif aum&cwåd,. . .oifh vm;&mb0udk odoavm[k ar;vQif umvuÍödutok&m jzpfaeaMumif; ajymvdrfhrnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u *eaocsmpGm rdefUawmfrlvdkuf\? jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUMum;onfhtwdkif;yif tm;vHk; jzpfavonf/ ('D? 3? 4/) þbk&m;vufxufawmfBuD;u jzpfcJhaom wpfu,fhjzpf&yfrSef rIcif;udpöudk avhvmMunfhvQif vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpf½HkrQru tyg,fav;yg; t0iftyg tok&m jzpfaMumif; txift½Sm; od&ayonf/ þodkU vlaoNyD;aemuf ewfç i&Jç wd&pämefç Nydwåm jzpfonfhjyif ukodkvfuHtvdkuf vlvnf; jyefjzpfol ½dS\? þonfum; *wdig;yg; vm;&mig;axG [laom Ak'¨0g'twdkif; jzpfrIaywnf;/ xdkUjyif

vlaoNyD;aemuf

*wd

5-yg;

rvm;bJ

b0Zmwf

csKyfNidrf;awmfrlMuaom

oufaoom"uwdkUonf bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwdkUü rsm;pGm yg½dS\? pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpf&yfudk jyqdk&aomf bk&m;½SifvufxufawmfBuD;u

a*g"du

trnf½dSaom

&[ef;wpfyg;onf

w&m;udk

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êud;pm;

414

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tm;xkwfawmfrlpOf ajcmufBudrfwdkifwdkif psmefavQm&½Sm\? xdkUaMumifh ckESpfBudrfajrmuf psmefjyef&aomtcg vnfyif;udk oifwkef;"m;jzifh vSD;&ef anmifapmif;i,fay:ü vJSvdkuf\/ xdkcPav;wGif rm&fewfu odNyD; þ&[ef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd aoaMumif;MuHNyD; xdka0'emudk 0dyóemwifvdkufygu &[EÅm jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? &[EÅm rjzpfatmif igwm;rSyJ[k MuHNyD; csufcsif; jrwfpGmbk&m;xH 0ifí a*g"du&[ef; olUudk,fol owfaoawmhrnf? wm;jrpfawmfrlyg bk&m;[k avQmufav\? xdkcPrSmyif rax&fonf rdrdvnfyif;udk "m;jzifh vSD;í xdka0'emudk 0dyóem½Ium raocifuav; t&[wår*f t&[wåzdkvfudk &NyD; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlonf/ rm&fewfonf a*g"durx&f aoNyD; b,fb0oGm;í jzpfovJ[k ol\ ewfrsufpdjzifh ½SmazG&m b,fb0rSmrS ½SmrawGUí a*g"durax&f ½kyftavmif;udk oû*Øvf&ef a&mufvmonfh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ar;avQmuf\? jrwfpGmbk&m;u rm&fewf. . .oifvdkyk*¾dKvfonf y&dedAÁmefpHaom &[EÅm\ 0dnmPfudk rjrifEdkif[k rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ þjzpf&yfudk axmuf½Iyguvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfívnf; rjzpf? rnfhonhfbHkb0ürQ rjzpfawmhbJ y&dedAÁmef pH,lawmfrlaom t&d,m&[EÅm yk*d¾Kvfjrwfrsm;vnf; ½dSaMumif; od&ayonf/ 35/

þodkUvQif oHa,m*okwfawmf\ t"dyÜm,frSefudk acsacsiHiH wwfodem;vnfolwdkUonf

vnf;aumif;? þuJhodkU ygVdt|uxmwdkUudk arTaESmufacsmufcsm;í vlaoNyD;aemuf *wd 5-yg; vm;&m 5axGodkU oGm;a&mufjzpfEdkifyHk om"uwdkUudk ½SmazG Munfh½IEdkifolwdkUonfvnf;aumif;? vlaoNyD;aemuf rnfonfh*wd rnfhonfhb0wGifrQ rjzpfawmhaom edAÁLpHt&d,mwdkU\ taMumif;udk ,HkMunfholwdkUonf vnf;aumif; oHa,m*okwfü jrwfpGmbk&m;u vlaovljzpfw&m;udk a[mcJhonf[k a&;MuajymMurnf r[kwfay/ trSefpifppf oHa,m*okwfu 0#fESifh 0#fuif;&mudk jyonfh tESpfom&udkvnf; rqkyfrd? yd#uwfpmaywdkUudk pHkvifatmif rMunfhwwf? rdrdwdkU xlaxmifvdkonfh vlaovljzpf0g'twGuf r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHqGJ,lí

&rnfhokwfrsKd;udkom

&SmNyD;

tudk;jycsifonfh

rrSefuefaom

oabmxm;aMumifh

vlaovljzpfudk igom ajymonf r[kwf oHa,m*okwfrSm bk&m;uyg a[mxm;onf[k bk&m; ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfum 0d0g'g"du½kPf;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;rQom jzpfavonf/ þum; a0pkqufcHaom

oHa,m*okwfESifh pk'dwu

pyfvsOf;í

ocifjrwfqdkif\

rlv0w¬Konfjzpfaom acsypum;wdkUudk

OD;Ouú|\

ajympum;ç

yd#uwfrsOf;om;í

trSm;BuD;

rSm;onfhtaMumif; pDppfazmfjycsuf jzpf\? trSefpifppf vlaovljzpfrIudk cdkifjrJap&ef oHa,m*okwfjzifh usm;uefvdkufjcif;onf tuefrSm;onfhtwGuf rw&m;vkyfaqmifcsuf t"r®0g'oufoufom jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tm;vHk;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuayonf/

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415

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf uGif;qufrsm;

36/

,cktcgwGif apm'em\ txnfudk,fjzpfaom vlaovljzpf0g'udk wnfaqmuf&mü

OD;Ouú| toHk;ûyoGm;aom tkwfcsyfrsm;udk pm&if;wifvdkufaomf ½kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcHí(1) uHudk y,fjcif;ç (2) 31-bHkwnf;[laom tusKd;w&m; cH.pH&mXmeudk ypfy,fjcif;ç (3) bmom omoemudk y,fjcif;ç (4) twdwftem*wfudk y,fjcif;ç (ypöKyÜefwpfb0 oE´d|du[kqdkjcif;) (5) ½kyf0g'wdkUyif t&d,mvrf;pOfûyvkyfjcif;ç (6) pdwfûyjyifrIudk y,fjcif;ç (7) Ak'¨"r®? Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI tm;vHk;udk y,fjcif;ç (8) ½kyfom t½dS emrfudk tjzpfrQom xm;jcif;ç ({upöoówrdpäm0g') (9) tbd"r®myd#uudk vdkovdk zsufjcif;ç pGufjcif;ç tjcm;0denf; okwåefyd#uudkzsufqD;jcif;ç (10) y#doaE¨aecef;udk rdrdpdwful;jzifh xifovdk jyifqifjcif; paom tkwfcsyfwdkUudk toHk;ûyxm;aMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkvlaovljzpf

,Zfyv’if\

tkwfcsyfrsm;ozG,fjzpfaom

uHuH\tusKd;udk

y,fjcif;paom

tcsufwdkUudk a½SUvmrnfh apm'em&yfwdkUü rusOf;rus,f a0zefpdppfjyoGm;rnf jzpfayonf? ,ckapm'emürl cdkifjrJrcdkifjrJ odomap&ef vlaovljzpf yv’iftkwfcsyfrsm;udk tenf;i,fpD pdppf oHk;oyftyfayonf/

uHy,frI txufyg tkwfcsyfrsm;udk wpfckpD pdppfMunfhvdkufaomtcg owå0gwdkUonf uHtm;avsmfpGm 31-bHk avsmf&mb0ü jzpfMu&í uHudk ry,fvQif vlaovljzpfudk wnfaqmufí r&Edkif? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|onf uHudk ypfy,fvdkufonf? wpfzef uH\ tusKd;quftjzpfjzifh oGm;a&muf cH-pH&rnfh bHkXmersm;udk ,HkMunfrI ½dSaeao;vQifvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfjcif;udk ,HkMunfzdkU&ef rjzpfEdkifay? xdkUaMumifh 31bkHwnf;[laom

uH\

tusKd;jzpf&mXmeudkvnf;

OD;Ouú|

y,fvdkufjyefonf?

,if;aemuf

bmomomoemw&m;[lorQonf usifh0wfw&m;udk tOD;xm;um ,Ofaus;rI tzHkzHkjyí qHk;rMu&m bmom omoem½dSaevQif yxrtkwfcsyfjzpfaom uHudk y,fjcif;udpö rNyD;ajrmufEdkif&m? xdkUaMumifh bmom omoemudkvnf; y,fvdkufjyefonf? uHudk y,fcJhonf jzpfí uHudk a0yHkcsxm;&m tcsdeftydkif;tjcm; wnf;[laom twdwf-tem*wfudkvnf; y,f&rnfjzpfí y,fjyefonf? OD;Ouú|onf Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk vufrvGwfao;onfhtaejzifh ouFef;ta&ûcHxm;onf jzpfí Ak'¨vrf;pOfjzpfaom t&d,mvrf;pOfudk rsufuG,frûyomaomaMumifh ½kyf0g'udk t&d,mvrf;pOftjzpf ûyvkyfjyefonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

416

tpodkU 37/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'¨"r®wGif

]]pdwfom½Sifapm

bk&m;a[m}}[lonfESifhtnD

pdwfudk

a½S;OD;pGm

xdef;ausmif;ûyjyif&rnfjzpf&m pdwfudk ûyjyifaeygu uHudky,fí r&Edkif? raemuHonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; tvdktm;jzifh ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaeayonf? xdkUaMumifh pdwfudk wGef;z,fí xkwfypfvdkojzifh edAÁmefudk oGm;&mwGif pdwfrvdk? owdom vdkonf? pdwfum; y[mwAÁy,f&rnfh w&m;omwnf;[k ajcmufckajrmuf tkwfcsyfwpfcsyfudk OD;Ouú|zefwD;&jyefonf? yÍörtkwfcsyf tjzpfjzifh ½kyf0g'udk t&d,mvrf;pOf ûyvkyfcJhNyD; jzpfí ½kyf0g'ESifhqefUusifaom Ak'¨"r® Ak'¨,Ofaus;rItm;vHk;udk y,fzdkUvdkonf? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIudk y,fjcif;[laom owårajrmuftkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpfwnfaqmuf&mü ½kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcs ½kyf0g'udkyif tkwfcsyfûyvkyfcJhonfh tm;avsmfpGm emrf\ ta&;yg t&ma&mufyHkudk tenf;i,frQ

todtrSwfrûybJ

½kyfomy&rwft½dSw&m;?

emrfum;

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jzpfay:vmaom jzpfumrwå tjzpfw&m;[k t|rajrmuf tkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? vlaovljzpf[k qdkaomfvnf; trSefpifppfrSm ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udkom b0[k em;vnfxm;aom ypöKyÜefudkom tcdkiftrm ûyxm;aomaMumifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk zsufqD;ypfrSjzpfawmhrnfjzpfí tbd"r®mESifhwuG tjcm;yd#uwfrsm;udk rdrdvdkovdkzsufjcif;

jznfhpGufjcif;wnf;[laom

tkwfcsyfwpfvTmudk

pDrHavonf?

½kyf0g't&

y#doaEäejcif;udpöudk rdrd\ twåaemrwdjzifh xif&mjrif&mpD&ifívnf; rjzpfaumif;aomaMumifh Ak'ä[m y#doaEäecef;udk þonfum;

xifovdk

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vlaovljzpf

taqmufttHkudk

wnfaqmuf&mü

pDrHxkwfvkyfjyefavonf?

OD;Ouú|

pDrHxkwfvkyfaom

t"r®tkwfcsyfrsm;aywnf;/ 38/

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU aqmifjyaom oufaoom"u-

(u)

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(c)

avmu"r®onf wrvGefavmu vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufrSm½dSaom b0ESifhvnf; qufpyfjcif;r½dSbJ

,ck

ypöu©oE´d|du

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vHk;0oufqdkifonf [lí jywfjywfom;om; em;vnfMuukef&m\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 151) (*)

aoNyD;onfhaemufumv (0g) vkyfwdkif;ukef;\? [dkrSmbufudk vufñdI;ñTefaom t,lum; Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfrS Ak'¨0g'e,fy,ftwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufvmaom (Ak'¨pmcRefawmf 22-23)

{nfhonf0g'jzpfcJhavonf/ (C)

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wGifom

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417

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyfavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½dSonf[lí vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg& wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk yufyufpyfpyf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcsvdkvm;tyfavonf/

(i)

(vlaovljzpf-51)

aumif;rI aumif;wmudk aeUruGm nrvyf 'vpyf tm;xkwfí ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol vlom;twGuf tzdk;wef trsKd;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkcef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD;í xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qdktyfaom 'kp½dkuft,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm; usK;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;½Sxufjruf wu,ftcH&cufonfh xm;cJhMuukef\? pdwful;oufoufjzifh

yufyufpufpuf

tjypf'Pfrsm;udk

tjyif;txef

&uf&ufpufpuf

tjypf'PfcwfcJhMuukef\?

vlom;\

jzm;a,mif;

pdwf"mwfudk

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csrSwfí

pifpifvdk&if;rSm

aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\? (vlaovljzpf-14)

txufygazmfjyyg (u) trSwfrS (i) trSwftxd OD;Ouú|\ pum;&yfrsm;udk aoaocsmcsmpdppf Munfhaomtcg þodkU t"dyÜm,f&ayonf/ vlaoNyD;aemuf tu,fí jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif vlyJjyefjzpfrnf/ tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif bmrSrjzpfawmhay/ ]]tu,fí}}[laom oHo,epum;onf t"dyÜm,fESpfcsufxGufonf? tu,fí jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif? tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif þodkU ESpfcsufxGufayonf/ txufyg(u) trSwfjypum;xJu tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif [laom 'kwd,t"dyÜm,fcsufudk (c) (*) (C) (i) trSwfjypum;wdkYjzifh axmufcHcsufay;xm;\? rSef\(c) u-avmu"r®onf þb0ESifhom vHk;0qdkifonf? (aemufb0ESifhrqdkif[lvdk)/ (*) u-aoNyD; [dkbuf vufñdI;ñTefaom t,lum;? bk&m;t,l r[kwf? aemufrSay:aom t,l? (aemufb0r½dS [lvdk) (C) u-vkyfwdkif;ukef; (ocsKØif;)\ [dkrSmbufrSm b0r½dS? (aemufb0 r½dS[lvdk)? (i) u-ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;ay;&m bHkeef;qdkonfwdkUrSm pdwful;,OfrQom? (aemufb0 aemufbHkb0 r½dS[lvdk)? 39/

txufyg OD;Ouú| pum;rsm;xJü ]]Ak'¨}}[laom pum; ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;udk

EkwfvdkufvQif OD;Ouú| 0g'ppfppf awGU&\? ]]Ak'¨}} ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;vHk;wdkUudk xnfhxm;jcif;um; vkyfMuHzefwD;&ef ckwHk;vkyfjcif;rQom jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|\ 0g'ppfppfum; ]]aemufb0}} r½dS[lownf;/ rSefvS\? OD;Ouú|onf ae&mrsm;pGmü tBudrfBudrf a<u;aMumfxm;onfhtwdkif; p-o-C-Z-u (yÍöyom'½kyf) ig;yg;udkom qkyfudkifxm;aom ½kyf0g'DppfppfBuD; jzpfay&m aemufb0qdkaom tcsufonf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

418

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rsufpdjzifh jrifír&aom em;axmifí rMum;Edkifaom udk,fjzifhxdawGUí r&omaom ½kyfvGefobm0 jzpfaeojzifh rnfhonfhenf;ESifhrQ vufcHí r&acs? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom ypöKyÜKefwpfb0udkom wzGzG a<u;aMumfaejcif;jzpfayonf/ odkUaomf

OD;Ouú|onf

aemufb0r½dS[laom

½kyf0g'tjrifudkvnf;ydkifydkifBuD;

rudkif0Hhol

jzpfaomaMumifh ]]tu,fí}}[laom pum;udk oHk;í ]]aoNyD;aemuf}} tu,fí jzpfOD;rnf qdkvQif}}[laom pum;0gusudk wufavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\aemuf [dkbufrSm bmrQr½dS? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;yg[k qdkygvsuf tu,fí jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif}}[k vmjyefacsao;onfhtwGuf atmf. . OD;Ouú|ES,f udk,fhudk,fudk opömjyefazmuf aeacsonfwum;[k owdxm;rdvdkufMuonf/ aumif;ygNyD? ]]aoNyD;wJhaemuf tu,fí jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrSjzpfp&mr½dS? vlyJjzpf&rnf}}qdkaom pum;t& ]]vlaovljzpf vljzpfvlao}} oHo&m vnf&ayrnf? ol\ pmtkyf wpfae&müvnf; þtwdkif; a&;xm;avonf/ txufyg tcsufwdkUudk yd#uwf usrf;*efESifh nd§í aumufcsufcsonf ½dSaomf aemufb0r½dS[k ,laomt,lonf Oapä''d|d jzpf\? 0db0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? vlaovljzpf jrJonf[laom t,lonf oów'd|d jzpf\? b0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? odkUjzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|onf Oapä''d|dudka&m

oów'd|dudkyg

jzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf?

b,fnmESpfzufvHk;

Ak'¨omoemhordkif;ESifh

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,SOfí

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wpfûydifeufxJ Oapä''d|dudka&m oów'd|dudkyg,lol tawmfuav; ½Sm;ayonf? xdkUaMumifh xl;jcm;aom rdpäm0g'½SifjzpfaMumif; olUpum; olU0g't& od&ayonf/

oE´d|du pdppfcsuf 40/ "ar®m

,ckqufvufí oE´d|duESifh pyfvsOf;aom OD;Ouú|\ pum;wdkUudk pOf;pm;MuukeftHh ]]t,H

oE´d|daum-ig

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acgif;tMum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½dSonf[k vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk wdkufzsuf ypf&ef vdktyfonf}}[k OD;Ouú|u qdkcJh\? þpum;&yfwGif ]]t,H "ar®m oE´d|daum- ig a[mtyfaom þw&m;onf ,ckypöu©rsufarSmuf b0ESifhom qdkif\}}[k teuf t"dyÜm,fxGufaom pum;rsdK;udk yd#uwfawmf\ rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;rSmrS rawGU&? Ak'¨jrwfpGmu þuJhodkU rnfonfhtcgrS ra[m? jrwfpGmbk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfí a&;jcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; pGyfpJGjcif;om jzpfayonf? bk&m;a[m oE´d|du trSefudk odomap&ef ]]oE´d|daum}}[lí a[mawmfrlonfh ae&mrsm;pGm teufrS ygVdawmftcsKdUudk xkwfjy½Sif;vif;OD;tHh/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

419

tpodkU 41/ rdrd\

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t*Fkwå&edum,f? quúedygwf? oE´d|duokwfygVdawmf 313-ü armVd,od0u y&dAdkZftm;

twGif;oEÅmefü

avmbjzpfvQif

avmbjzpfaMumif;

odoavm[k

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

ar;awmfrlaomtcg? odygonf[k ajzqdkavQmufxm;onf? xdkUtwl a'go arm[ rdrdtwGif; oEÅmefü jzpfay:vmvQif a'goç arm[ jzpfaMumif; odoavm[k ar;awmfrlaomtcgvnf; armVd,od0uy&dAdkZfu odygonf[k ajzqdk&m þodkU odcJhvQif oE´d|du"r®jzpfawmhonf[k rdefUawmfrl\/ 'kwd,oE´d|duokwfüvnf; ykPÖm;wpfa,mufu oE´d|du udk,fwdkif jriftyfaom oabm? tumvdu-wpfyg;tcsdefü r[kwfrlí ,ckcsufjcif; odEdkifaom oabm? {[dyódu vmprf;yg Munfhprf;yg[k

zdwfac:jyEdkifavmufaom

oabm?

Moyae,sdu

rdrdpdwfü

uyfí

aqmifxdkufç

tpGrf;ukefpdwfü oGif;xm;xdkufaom oabm? ypöwåH a0'dwAÁ 0dñl[d ynm½dSwdkU udk,fwdkifodEdkif cHpm;Edkifaom oabm[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;vm\? Ak'¨jrwfpGmu rdrdoEÅmefü &m*ç a'goç arm[ç udk,fç EIwfç pdwfudk zsufqD;wwfaom tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mjzpfaevQif jzpfrSef;odoavm[k ar;awmfrl&m ykPÖm;u odygonf[k ajzqdk\? þodkU odvQif oE´d|du ponfjzpfawmh\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm rdefUawmfrl\/ 42/

þokwfawmfwdkU\

teuft"dyÜm,fudk

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avmbjzpfaeonfudk

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a'gojzpfaeonfudk jzpfrSef;roday? jrwfAk'¨tqHk;trudk&í pdwåmEkyóemç "r®mEkyóemudk ½IrSwf yGm;rsm;aom

olonfomvQif

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bmjzpfí

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a½SUpdwftpOfü

yg0ifjzpfysufaeaom oabmwpfckckudk aemufpdwf tpOfjzifh odatmif avhusifhyGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;onf Ak'¨"r®tvdkus

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ypöa0u©PmÓPfudk &nf½G,fí bk&m;½Sifa[mawmfrlonf[k rSwfcsufcs ay;awmfrlxm;ayonf/ 43/

þoE´d|duokwf

ESpfokwfü

Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf

udk,fwdkifodEdkifaom

ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh

w&m;awmfudk a[mawmfrlonf? odkU&mwGif1/

cPypöKyÜef=y&rw¬ppfppf Oyg'fqJjzpfaom cP?

oEÅwdypöKyÜef=aZm0g& av;ig;BudrfrQ qufí jzpfqJcP?

t'¨gypöKyÜef=y#doaE¨pkwdjzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfaom wpfb0wnf; [laom ypöKyÜef?

or,ypöKyÜef=eHeufydkif; naeydkif; wpfaeUwmponf avmua0g[m&tvdkufydkif;jcm;owfrSwf ac:a0:tyfaom jzpfqJcP

[lí ypöKyÜef 4-rsKd;&dS&mwGif oEÅwdypöKyÜefudkom &nf½G,fí þokwfü a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom ,ck ypöu© rsufarSmufb0ESifhom qdkifonf[laom teuf þokwfwdkUrS

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420

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rxGufay? ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;ESifh ywfoufí t|uxmygVd atmufxufnd§í odom½kHazmfjyOD;tHh? ]]oE´d|du}} yk'fudk þodkUzGifhqdkay\/ t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? wduedygwf? tnw&jA[®Pokwft|uxmü þodkU zGifhjy\(u)

oE´d|daum "ar®m a[mwDwd omrH yódwaAÁm a[mwd/ oE´d|daum a[mwd? udk,fwdkifjrifxdkufaom oabm jzpf\ [lvdk/ (wdu-tH? tnw&jAm[®Pokwf? |-141)

(c)

oE´d|daum t,H "ar®mwd t,H avmukwå&"ar®m a,e a,e t"d*awm a[mwd? awe awe y&o'¨g, *EÅAÁwH [dwGm ypöa0u©PÓaPe o,H '|aAÁmwdoE´d|daum/ ]]oE´d|daum t,H "ar®m}}[lonfum; þavmukwå&mw&m;onf udk,fydkifvufudkif&onfh rnfolrqdk

olwpfyg;tay:

,HkMunfjcif;jzifh

csnf;uyfjcif;udkpGefUy,fí

udk,fwdkif

odjriftyfaomaMumifh oE´d|durnfayonf [lvdk/ (o*gxm0*¾-|? a'0wmoH,kwf ord'¨okwf? 41-42) (*)

t&d,ra*¾g wm0 twåaem oEÅmae &m*g'DeH tbm0H ua&maEÅe t&d,yk*¾aveomrH '|aAÁmwd oE´d|daum/ a½S;OD;pGm

t&d,mr*fonf

rdrdoEÅmefü

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r½dSjcif;udk

ûywwfaom

t&d,yk*¾dKvfu udk,fwdkif jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oE´d|du rnf\ [lvdk/ (0dok'¨dr*f-y209) (C)

tyd p e00da"m yd avmukwå&"ar®m a,e a,e [d t"d*awm a[mwd? Aweawe y&o'¨g, *EÅAÁwH [dwGm ypöa0u©PÓaPe o,H '|aAÁmwd oE´d|daum/ wpfenf;rSm

avmukwå&mw&m;

udk;yg;vHk;yif

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rnfolrqdk

olwpfyg;tay: ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;udk pGefUy,fí ypöa0u©PmÓPfjzifhudk,fwdkif jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oE´d|du rnf\/ (0dok'¨dr*f-|? y/ 209) (i)

'd|EÅd 'óeH 0kpöwd? 'd|ar0 oE´d|H/ y/ t&[wDwd oE´d|daum/ avmukwå&m"ar®m[d bm0embdor,0aoe

opädud&d,mbdor,0aoep

'dórmaema,0

0¥b,Hed0awåwd/ jrifjcif;udk 'd|[k qdktyf\/ 'd|ESifh oE´d|dutwlwlyif? jrifjcif;udk xdkufaomaMumifhoE´d|du rnf\/ xifpGmjytHh-avmukwå&mw&m;onf bm0embdor, (yGm;apaomtm;jzifh

odwwfaom

todÓPf)

opädud&d,mbdor,

(rsufarSmufûyaomtm;jzifh odwwfaom todÓPf) tpGrf;tm;jzifh jrifrSomvQifoHo&m 0#fab;udk uif;apwwf qkwfepfapwwf\/ (0dok'¨dr*f-|? y? 209) tvGefcdkifrmvSaom þtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& udk,fwdkif jriftyfaomoabmudk oE´d|duac:onf? vufawGU rsufawGUw&m;[k ac:vdku ac:Edkifonf? w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmukwå&mw&m;udk;yg;udk aomfvnf;aumif;? ypöa0u©Pm ÓPfudkaomfvnf;aumif; oE´d|du\ t&aumuf&onf[k rkcsqwfqwf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

421

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rSwftyf\? þpum;t& oE´d|duudk ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[lí owfrSwfjcif;onf qefUusifbuf t,lomjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 44/

xdkUjyif

]]oE´d|du"r®}}

wpfrsKd;udk

jyOD;tHh?

t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf?

wduedygwf?

tnw&jA[¨Pokwfü þodkU vm½dS\? jA[¨PwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfí ]]oE´d|du udk,fawGUw&m;[k ajymaeMuygonf? b,ftaMumif; b,ftcsufjzifh udk,fawGUw&m;ç tcgrJhw&m;ç vufawGUprf;oyfEdkifaomw&m;ç

pdwfygvufyg

0ifpm;xdkufaomw&m;ç

tod<u,folwdkU

udk,fwdkif

cHpm;xdkufaomw&m; rnfygoenf;}}[k ar;avQmufonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ½Sif;½Sif;uav; a0zefjyawmf rlonfrSm- ]]jAm[®P. . . &m* txdk;tusifhç tESdyfpufcH&í

wyfwwfaom

a,musfm;onf

rdrdç

olwpfyg;ysufpD;atmif

tm;xkwfwwfonf?

pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk cHpm;&wwfonf? ,if; &m* uif;aysmufoGm;aomtcg rdrdolwpfyg;udk ESdyfpufjcif;iSm tm;rxkwfawmh? pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk rcHpm;&awmhacs? xdkenf;twdkif; wyfwwfaom a,musfm;onf udk,fEIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rI ûyrdwwf\? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udkvnf; odwwfaom ÓPfray:? ,if; &m* uif;oGm;aomfum; udk,fç EIwfç pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rIudk rûyjzpf? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udk odEdkifaom ÓPfay:vmwwf\? jA[®mP. . .þodkUaom taMumif;aMumifh udk,fawGUw&m; (oE´d|du) jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifavawmh\? (a'gotESdyfpufcH&ol? arm[tESdyfpufcH&ol txufenf;twdkif;yif)/ (wdu-tH? tnw& jA[®Pokwf? 156) (csHK;í jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf jzpfonf)? ,if; wdu-tHy&dAÁmZmuokwf 157-158 üvnf; tvm;wl a[mawmfrlonf/ 45/

þjA[®PokwfESifh y&dAÁmZmuokwfESpfokwfü avmuDavmukwå&m vufawGUrsufawGU

w&m;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf? avmuDvufawGUrsufawGUw&m;um; t&d,r*fvrf;aMumif; ay:odkU avQmufíaeaom Ak'¨om0u t&d,r*ft,OfodkU 0ifqJ 0ifNyD;jzpfaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk &nf½G,fí a[maom w&m;wnf;? þüvnf;? ]]oE´d|du"r®}} udk ]]omrH yódwaAÁm}} udk,fwdkifjriftyfaom w&m;[líomvQif t|uxmq&m½SifESifhwuG OD;Ouú|qdkouJhodkU

omoemhtpOftvmu

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,ckypöu©

teuft"dyÜm,f

aumuf,lavh

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qdkif\

[laomteuf

t"dyÜm,frxGufay/ aemuft*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? oE´d|du"r®okwf? wpfokwfüvnf; þodkU awGU&\? t½SiftmeE´monf aumorÁDjynf

aCmodwm½Hkausmif;ü½dSpOf

tb,frQavmufaom

taMumif;jzifh

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vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk

w&m;pum;aqG;aEG;Muaomtcg bk&m;½Sif

a[mawmfrlygoenf;[k

tar;½dSvmí ajzqdkonfrSm- igh½Sif. . . yXrpsmef0ifpm;í aejcif;jzifhvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGmu y&d,m,ftm;jzifh vufawGU rsufawGUw&m; (oE´d|du)[k a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUtwl 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmefç pwkw¬psmefç tmumomeÍö,wepsmefç 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefç tmudÍönm,wepsmef ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;í

aejcif;tm;jzifhvnf;

Ak'¨jrwfpGmu

y&d,m,ftm;jzifh

vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

422

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a[mawmfrlygonf? rkcspifppftm;jzifhrlum; ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk ausmfvGefí eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf udavom tmoa0gwdkUudk ukefapvsuf aejcif;jzifh oE´d|du"r® vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlygonf[k ajzqdkavonf/ (e0u-tH? oE´d|du"r®okwf 245-246) txufyg okwfawmfü ]]y&d,m,f}} [laompum; rkcs[laompum;ESpf&yfudk uJGuJGjym;jym; rSwf,l&rnf? rkcsteuf[lonfrSm ESpfenf;ESpfvrf; r½dS? wpfxpfcsenf;vrf; wpfvrf;tm;jzifhom jzpfEdkifaom teuft"dyÜm,frsKd; jzpfonf? y&d,m,f[lonfum; wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabm½dSí wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabmvnf;r½dSaom teuft"dyÜm,f (Relatively Senseful-Thing) jzpfonf/ þoE´d|duokwfawmfudk

axmufqvQif

vufawGU

rsufawGU[laom

oE´d|du"r®onf

Ak'¨omoemawmfü aeUpOfawGUêuHaeus pmjcif;-aomufjcif;-tdyfjcif;-jrif-Mum;-eH-vsuf-xdawGUjcif;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwf? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udk qdkvdkonf r[kwf? orm"d ynmwdkUjzifh tawmftxufwef; usaeaom w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;&,lxm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k odEdkifayonf/ odkU&mwGif t½Siford'¨dax&f awmtkyftwGif;ü a&csKd;NyD;p udk,foefUpifaepOfwGif ewforD;wpfOD;u t½Siford'¨dax&f\ ½lyum, jynfh0wifhw,frIudk Munfh½Ium ]]t½Sif&[ef;. . . oifonf i,f½G,fEkysKdí eufaomqHyifjzifh yXrt&G,fü t½G,faumif;jcif;ESifh jynfhpHkaepOf vlUumr*kPfwdkYudk cHpm;ygOD;vm;? (rm oE´d|duH [dwGm umvduH tEk"m0D)- udk,fawGU umr*kPfudk y,fcGmí udk,fawGUr[kwfaom aemiftcgrS &rnfh umr*kPfaemufodkU rvdkufygvifh}}[lí qdkavonf? þpum;&yfü ewforD;\ tvdkrSm ,ckvufiif; cHpm;Edkifaom umr*kPfonf oE´d|du? aemufb0 ewfjynfusrS cHpm;&rnfh umr*kPfonf umvdu? þodkUaom xifjrifcsufjzifh þpum;udk qdkjcif; jzpfonf? xdkpOftcgu vla&mewfyg t&nftcsif;nHhaom owå0gwdkUonf &[ef;w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;udk ewfjynfpnf;pdrf cHpm;&efç wrvGefumvü csrf;om&&efç trsKd;aumif;om;wdkU ûyvkyfMuonf[k tjrifrSm;vsuf ½dSMuonf/ xdkewforD;\ pum;udk ord'¨dax&fu jyefMum;&mü tdkewforD;. . . igonf wrvGefavmu csrf;omaemufodkU rsufarSmufcsrf;omudk

vdkufaeonfr[kwf? vdkufpm;

wrvGefavmucsrf;omudk

½SmazGae\?

wrvGefavmuü

y,fpGefUum &½dSrnfh

oE´d|du

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qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;rsm;vS\[k bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlonf? rESpfoufzG,f tjypfwdkUvnf; vGefpGm rsm;\[k a[mawmfrlonf? ,ck igvdkufpm;usifhMuHaeaom w&m;um; oE´d|du udk,fwdkifjrifEdkifaom w&m;? tumvdu-tcsdefrvifh tusKd;&aom w&m;? {[dyódu-vufudkudkifqJG &J&JBuD; prf;Munfhprf;yg[k zdwfac:Edkifaom w&m;? Moyae,sdu-edAÁmefudk ydkUaqmifwwfaom t&d,r*fwnf; [laomw&m;? rsufarSmufûyxdkufonfh tjzpfodkU uyfaqmif&rnfh t&d,mzdkvfESifh edAÁmefw&m;? 0dñl[d ypöwåH a0'dwAÁ ynm½dSwdkU udk,fwdkifudk,fus od½dScHpm;xdkufaomw&m; jzpfonf[k rdefUqdkavonf/ ewforD;\

oE´d|du"r®ESifh

t½Sifor'¨dax&f\

oE´d|du"r®wdkUonf

þo*gxm0*¾?

a'0wmoH,kwf? ord'¨dokwf 9-wGif ododomom xl;jcm;uJGvJGí aeayonf? OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

423

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

om;ajr;wdkU\ oE´d|du"r®um; þokwfü ewforD;ajymqdkaom oE´d|dursKd;jzpfonf? omoemawmf\ tESpfom&jzpfaom

oE´d|du"r®um;

t½Siford'¨dax&f

&nfñTef;ajymqdktyfaom

t&d,mr*fzdkvf

edAÁmefw&m;rsKd; jzpfayonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[maom ]]oE´d|du}}onfum; orm"d ynmç r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPfç edAÁmefwdkU\ t&omjzpfayonf? ]]oE´d|du}}onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum; wpfb0twGif; [lonfum; bk&m;tvdk r[kwfay/ bk&m;ESifh rnfodkUrQ roufqdkif jzpfayonf/

]tEkrme} oHk;oyfcsuf 46/

,cktcg

OD;Ouú|\

]]raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf

tEkrmersm;udk

yufyufpufpuf

wdkufzsufypf&rnf}}[laompum;udk pdppfOD;tHh? OD;Ouú|taejzifh tEkrmeudk vufrcHjcif;rSm ]]ypöu©ar0 yrmPH}}[laom ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ tqdktrdefUt& vufawGU rsufawGU ypöu©wpfckwnf;udkom OD;Ouú| vufcHjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf? tEkrmeudk OD;Ouú|u y,fpGefUonfqdkaomfvnf; ]]vlaovljzpf}} onf ol\rsufawGU

vufawGUr[kwf?

olUwynfh

wpfOD;OD;\

vufawGUvnf;

r[kwf?

tEkrme

rsuf&rf;qrQomjzpfaMumif; owdûyrd[ef r½Sdacs? ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumBuD;wdkYü ypöu©od'¨d? tEkrmeod'¨d? Oyrmeod'¨d? oa'¨,sod'¨d[lí NyD;ajrmufaprI od'¨d 4-rsKd;udk vufcH toHk;ûyayonf? tdE´d, 'óeaA'ü a½SUoGm;wpfOD;jzpf[ef½dSaom a*gwru &aohonfvnf; teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSyHkenf;vrf; av;rsKd;½dSaMumif; þodkU azmfjyxm;onf1/ ypöu© = rsufjriftm;jzifh awGUêuHcHpm;í od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç (Perception) 2/ tEkrme = cefUrSef;pOf;pm;í teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç (Inference) 3/ Oyrme = EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;í od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç (Comparism) 4/ oa'¨,s = ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\pum;udk taxmuftxm;ûyí teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç (Understanding through the statement of trustworthy person) þudk&nfí

a*gwruÓ,okwfü

þodkUqdk\?

=(jrefrm)rsufjriftm;jzifh odjcif;ç cefUrSef;aom tm;jzifhodjcif;ç EIdif;,SOfí odjcif;ç ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\ pum;t& odjcif;-[lí odjcif; 4-rsKd;wdkU ½dSukef\ (wuúbmom ESm-32 a*gwr uÓ,okwf 113) trSwf 1-ypöu©od'¨drSm OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG avmum,w0g'D (0g) ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ vufawGUrsufawGU [laom 0g'yif jzpfonf? pyspfoD;udk csKdonf[laom olwpfyg;ajymaom pum;udk udk,fwdkifjrnf;prf;í rMunfh&orQ

r,HkMunfjcif;ç

u&d0dufiSuf\

udk,fwdkifrMum;bl;í r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;aywnf;

tvGefom,m

(Seeing

csKdNrdefaom

beliveing)[k

toH[lonfudk

,ckacwfü ajymqdkoHk;EIef;

aeMuaom pum;uJhodkU udk,fawGUr[kwfvQif r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

424

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

trSwf 2-tEkrmeod'¨d[lonfrSm wpfESifhwpfck csdefxdk;í cefUrSef;vsuf odjcif; jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom nu yifv,fa&wufvmonfudk rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifrawGUvdkuf&? odkYaomf eHeufrdk;vif;aomtcg atmufxyftdrfwdkifrsm;ü

a&wufvmpOfu

a&a&mufcJhonfhtxdrf;trSwf

a&pdkaeonfhae&mudk

Munfhívnf;aumif; Nidwifusef&pfcJhaom 'dkufoa&m jrufopf½GufwdkUudk jrif&ívnf;aumif; vGefcJhaom nu yifv,fa&wufcJhaMumif;udk od&\? þenf;twdkif; rD;cdk;awGUvQif rD;udk rjrif&aomfvnf; rD;½dSaMumif; od&\? taphrS tyifaygufaMumif; ed,mrudk axmufxm;í taphudk udk,fawGUyif rjrif&aomfvnf;

o&ufyifBuD;

tyifBuD;rsm;jzpfaMumif;

refusnf;yifBuD;rsm;udk

jrifaomtcg

taphrS

þodkUrSef;qí

odjcif;rsKd;udk

tEkrmeod'¨d

od&onf?

aygufvmaom ac:onf?

trSwftom;wpfckckudk oHk;oyfem;vnfjcif;onf tEkrmernf\[k tdE´d, 'óea*gwru &aohu qdkonf/ trSwf

3-Oyrmod'¨d[lonfrSm

EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;í

odjcif;rsKd;wnf;?

EGm;aemufowå0gudk

rjrifzl;aom

odjcif;ç

tqifwltoGifwludk

vlwpfa,mufonf

jrifí

EGm;aemufqdkonfrSm

EGm;ESifho@efwlaom owå0gwpfaumifjzpfaMumif; Mum;em rSwfom;zl;í awmodkU a&mufaomtcg EGm;aemufudk awGUjrifvQif þowå0gum; EGm;ESifhwlonf? EGm;aemuf {uefjzpf&rnf[k odonf? ,if;udk &nf½G,fí t"dyÜm,frSm

a*gwruokwfü wpfpHkwpfa,muf

ñTefMum;ajymqdkvdkufaom

pum;\teufudk

qdkonf?

trSwf&jcif;ESifhwuG

jzpfaptyfaom EGm;ESifhwlnDrIonf txl;ûytyfaom txnfj'Afudk odjcif;udk Oyrme[k ac:onf/ trSwf 4-oa'¨,sod'¨d[lonfrSm

jA[®mBuD;\ pum;[k todtrSwfûyMuaom

a0'qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;ç c&pfawmf\ rkcygXfawmfrsm;ç tv’mbk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmfjzpfaom udk&ftefusrf;pmrsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;? tus,fjzefUí teufaumufaomf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü pJGjrJxufoefpGm ,HkMunfrIudk taMumif;ûyí bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;udk trSef[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç

"mwfcJGcef;ü

rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh

txufwef;usaom

Munfh½IoHk;oyfí

"mwfcJGBud,mrsm;

ajymqdktyfaom

tao;Munfh

odyÜHynm½SifwdkU\

ta0;Munfh

odyÜHynmESifhpyfaom

pum;rsm;udk odyÜHynmem;rvnfaom omrmefvlwef;pm;wdkYu trSef[k ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd; yg0ifonf? OyrmodyÜH ynm½SifwdkY\ pum;udk ,Hkí vurÇmodkU vla&mufonfudk ,HkMunfjcif;ç a&wpfpuf-zHkwpfrIefUvQif ydk;rTm;i,fuav;rsm; ajrmufajrmufjrm;jrm; yg0ifjcif;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/ 47/

tEkrmeudk vufrcHqdkaom OD;Ouú|onf Oyrme EIdif;,SOfjcif;ç o'¨=,HkMunfxdkufaom

olwdkU\ pum;udk taxmuftxm;ûyí ,HkMunfjcif;wdkUudk vufrcH[k awG;xifp&m½dSonf/ odkU&mwGif þodkUum; r[kwfacs? odyÜHynm½SifwdkU\ pum;udkrl bk&m;a[mxuf tav;ydkíxm;ojzifh 'g0if\ 0g'ESifh tjcm;½kyf0g'wdkUudk OD;Ouú| vufcH,HkMunfvSayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

425

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkUjyif ,aeU qdkifaumfavmf*sDu vufcHxm;aom1/

½dk;½dk; jrifod Mum;od paom yÍö0dÓPfod (Perception)

tMum;tjrif ryg? awG;awm MuHqod(Bare sensation or imagination)

awG;MuH,if; tqifhqifhodaom tod (0dyóemtod tygt0if) (Speculation)

jyefvnfawG;MuHod (Rememberance) rsm; yg0ifonf/

xdkwGif 1-rSm tm½Hk Hk (Sense-object) ESifh reodum& (Attention) udk tajccHonf? 2-rSm raem'Gg& oufoufomjzpfonf? tm½Hk

(Object)

ESifh owduyfrI

(Impression)

rsm; ryg0ifay?

þESpfrsKd;wGif OD;Ouú|onf 1-udkom vufcHí 2-udk vufrcHvdkay? (0g) yÍö0dnmPfod ½kyfodudkom vufcHí raem0dnmPfod emrfod pdwfodudk vufoifhrcHay? þum; ½kyf0g'Dwdkif; xm;½dSaom oabmxm;wnf;/

odkUaomf

OD;Ouú|onf

i,fi,fu

pmusufí

ynmoifcJhzl;\?

tjrif

tMum;rygonfhtod (Bare sensation) udk em;rvnfí vufrcHjcif;om jzpf&rnf? OD;Ouú|oEÅmefü xdktodrsdK;aygif; tqrsm;pGm &dScJhzl; jzpfcJhzl;onfrSmum; trSefyifwnf;/ 48/

wpfzefwHk e,m,'óeu 1/ 2/

tm½HkESifhqufpyfí od&aom tod? tm½Hkxifvmjcif; r½dS? wpfpHkwpf&m xl;jcm;aom taMumif;wpfckcku

tm½HkESifh tm&r®Pduudk qufpyfay;aom tod? ,if;udk Extra - sensory - per - ception. [k ac:Muonf? þodkU todESpfrsKd;cJGjcm;azmfjy\? ,if;ESpfrsKd;wGif 1-udkom OD;Ouú|u vufcHí 2-udk vufrcHvdkay/ xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨w&m;awmfu jyñTefaom psmef0darmu© r*fzdkvf edAÁmefwdkUudk OD;Ouú| r,HkMunfay? ½kyf0g'Djzpfaeí vufrcH-r,HkMunfonfrSmvnf; qef;awmh rqef;ay/ 49/

þae&mü wuúaA'Sylogismac: tEkrmewpfck xkwfMunfhvQif þodkU awGU&rnf-

OD;Ouú| tvdk (u)

Ak'¨a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf/

(c)

ur®0g'onf bk&m;a[m jzpfonf/

(*)

xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf/

t|uxm #Dum q&mrsm;ESifhwuG Ak'¨0g'DwdkU\tvdk (u)

Ak'¨a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/

(c)

ur®0g'onf bk&m;a[mjzpfonf/

(*)

xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨\ur®0g'onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

426

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þwuúaA'pepft&

OD;Ouú|\

tEkrmeonf

tajccHrSpí

vJGrSm;aeonf?

xdkUaMumifh

taMumif;jycsufESifh ed*Hk;onfvnf; trSm;pifppfjzpfawmhonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkU\ tqdkonfomvQif Ak'¨bmodw pum;awmfwdkUESifh nDñGwfí ,kwådESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaomaMumifh tajccH rSefvsuf ½dSonf? xdkUaMumifh taMumif;jyESifh qHk;jzwfcsufwdkUonfvnf; y&0g'DwdkU vIyf&Sm;r,dkif jrJcdkifaom tEkrme jzpfayonf/ OD;Ouú|onf tEkrmudky,fí rsufawGU vufawGU 0g'Dvdkvdk xifp&m½dSaomfvnf; tu,fpifppfum; þodkU r[kwfay/ tEkrmeudk vufcHvdkonfhtcg vufcHí y,fvdkonfhtcg y,fonf? arsmufu vljzpfvmonfqdkaom 'g0if0g'uJhodkU tEkrmersuf&rf;qonfudkum; OD;Ouú| vufcHxm;ayonf? ]]tDaAmfvl½Sif;pepf} qdkonfrSm tEkrmeyif jzpf\? þ½kyf0g' tEkrmeudk OD;Ouú| udk;uG,fjyefonf/ ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumvm tEkrmeudkrl y,f½Sm;ypfavonf/ qdktyfcJhNyD;aom pum;pOft& OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf taMumif;jywpfcsufjzpfaom Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;wGif usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\[k qdkaompum;ç bHkcef; i&Jcef;onf raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrme[laom pum;wdkUonf "r®ESifh rnDñGwfaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif; trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

ecoDcokwfESifh vlaovljzpfudk pdppfcsuf 50/

vlaovQif vlomjzpfonf [laom 0g'onf atmufyg ecoDcokwf ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh

ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m; [k ed'gef;ysKd;í atmufyg ecoDcokwfudk apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyMuonf/ xdktcgü bk&m;½Sifonf tenf;i,faom ajrrIefUudk vufonf;ay:ü wifawmfrlNyD;vQif ]]&[ef;wdkU. . .'gudk b,fvdkxifMuovJ/ vufonf;ay:ü ig wifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh þajrBuD;onf tb,fu omvGefí rsm;oenf;}}[k ar;awmfrlonf/ ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .þajrBuD;uom ydkí rsm;ygonf? vufonf;ay:ü ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; wifxm;aom þajrrIefUonfum; rajymavmufzG,f tenf;i,frQom ½dSygonf bk&m;? þajrBuD;udk axmufqvQif vufonf;ay:ü ½Sifawmfbk&m; wifxm;aom ajrrIefUonf a&wGufjcif;odkU ra&mufEdkifyg? axmufqjcif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg? tpdwftzdkUodkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k avQmufxm;Muygonf/ &[ef;wdkU. . .þtwlyif vlUjynfrS pkawMuí vlUjynfüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUum; enf;yg;vSukef\? pifppfrSmrl vlUjynfrSmpkawMuí i&Jüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pämefrsKd;üjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ NydwåmbHkwdkUüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ ewfjynfüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? i&Jü jzpfMuukef wd&pämefü jzpfMuukef NydwåmbHkü jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom omvGefí rsm;vSukef\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u rdefUawmfrlonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

427

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þenf;twl ewfbHkç i&JbHkç NydwåmbHkwdkUrS pkawí vlUbHkü vlvmjzpfolenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü jzpfMuolwdkUom rsm;vSyHkudkvnf; r[m0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf? yÍö*wday,smv0*f? pmrsufESm (412?

413?

414)

wdkUü

½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;

udk,fawmfwdkif

a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ygonf[k

xdkxdkokwåefrsm;udk axmufí apm'emwifMuonf/ 51/

þapm'em

rSwfausmufay:ü

pum;&yfjzifh

wifvdkufaomtcg

tvGefcdkifrmwdusaom

vlaovljzpf0g'wnf;[laom

ecoDcokwfwnf;[laom a½T&nfpdrf

rdk;êud;onf

a½Ttppfr[kwfbJ twkjzpfaeaMumif; bGm;bGm;BuD; ay:vmayonf/ ygyo®ð &raw raem bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& owå0gwdkU\ pdwf"mwfonf raumif;rIü tpOfñGwf,drf;vsuf ½dSaomaMumifh udk,f EIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh ûyorQ ajymorQ awG;MuHorQwdkUonf £óm rpä&d, a'go rme igpJG q&mpJG vlrsKd;pJG tp½dSaom wPSm'd|dtpJGwdkUjzifh tjrJzHk;vTrf;tkyfpdk;jcif;udk cHae&onfjzpfí ,if;wdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHonf taumif;jzpfzdkUxuf tqdk;jzpfzdkUom rsm;aeayonf? okp½dkufjzpfzdkUxuf 'kp½dkuf jzpfzdkUu rsm;í aeayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkuf wynfhwyef;wdkUonf ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,faomfvnf; um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUudk vufcHaMumif; þae&mü owdûy&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh rdk;usa½Tudk,f[k OD;Ouú|wdkU orkwfxm;aom twdwfuHudk csefvdku csefxm;apOD;apawmh ,ck avmavmq,f ypöKyÜefü ûyvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHaeaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUum; rdk;ay:us uHr[kwfrlí vufawGU rsufawGU udk,fwdkifûyvkyftyfaom uHjzpfayonf/ xdkuHonf ]]tuf½Sif;ESifh &Dtuf½Sif;

(Action

and

Reaction)

taMumif;ESifh tusKd;w&m;}}

oabmw&m;t& eH&HbufodkU uefvTwfvdkufaom abmvHk;onf eH&Hudk xdrSefí uefaomvlxHodkU jyefvmonfhyrm?

a&xJodkUusoGm;aom

cJvHk;uav;onf

urf;em;odkUta&muf

vIdif;tqufquf

xaponfhyrm tusKd;rûybJ rae? tusKd;rjzpfapbJ aysmufí roGm;ay? þum; avmued,mr "r®ed,mr (The Universal Law, The Order of Norm)

om jzpfonf? rsufarSmufacwf ½lyaA'ynmwdkUu

vufawGUprf;oyf axmufcHxm;aom obm0 jzpfayonf/ ,if;odkUjzpfvQif taMumif;nDñGwfvQif

xdkuHonf

,ckb0üom

oifhavsmfaom

tusKd;ay;onf

tvSnfhtBudrf

r[kwf?

b0rsm;pGmüvnf;

tcgtcGifhwpfckckü

tusKd;ûyonf[k

em;vnfEdkifayawmhonf? xHk;tdk;xJwGif vufudkEIdufí jzLvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif;? uwå&mtdk;xJodkU vufudkEIdufí eufvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif; Munfhum ,ckvkyf ,cktusKd;ay;onf? aemifb0 apmifh&efrvdk [laom pum;rsKd;udk ajymqdkjcif;onf obm0Oya'udk rysHU rESHU rûcHriHkrdaom tqdkjzpfonf/ rD;cJudk udkifrdí ,ckcsufcsif; ylonfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;tylonf csufcsif;aysmufí roGm;? rdrd&& ususee

udkifrdcJhygu

nbufüjzpfap

aemuf&ufrsm;üjzpfap

zl;a,mifaygufuJG

udkufcJemusifí

tusKd;quf 'ku©vSvSBuD; ay;aewwfonfudk vlwdkif;todyif jzpfonf? euf½dIif;pGm ql;pl;cH&aom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

428

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

owå0gwpfa,mufonf ,if; ql;\ tqdyf'Pfudk csufcsif; rcH&apumrl &ufanmif;aomtcg twGif;aqG; aqG;ykyfí t½dk;cdkufatmif temjzpfvsuf 'ku©ay;wwfonfrSmvnf; rsufjrifxif½Sm;aom oufaowpfckyif

jzpfonf?

i½kyfoD;onf

,ckpm;vQif

,ckpyfonf[k

qdk\/

csufcsif;pyfjcif;xuf

umvMumrS

qD;yla&m*gjzpfapwwf?

rsufpdrIefrJG

i½kyfowåd½dSonfudk

rsufuG,fûyí

r&aumif;ay?

0rf;EIwfaq;pm;vQif

odkUaomf

,ck

&ifxJylavmifapwwfaom csufcsif;0rf;emí

"mwfroGm;aomfvnf; tcsdefusvmaomtcg 0rf;emí 0rf;oGm;&onf? xdkenf;twdkif;yif rusef;rrmaom olwpfa,muf oifhavsmfaom aq;0g;"mwfpmudk rDS0Jae&m ,ck csufcsif; xdkaq;onf tpGrf;rjyaomfvnf; umvMumaomtcg

a&m*gaysmufuif;apí

tom;ta&

pdkajy0ûzd;jcif;

touf½Snfjcif;tp½dSaom

tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfaponfrSm vlwdkif;yif awGUêuHzl;aom cHpm;csuftawGUtêuHjzpfonf? þenf;twdkif; tuf½Sif;wpfckonf &Dtuf½Sif;wpfckudk jzpfap&mü ,ckcsufcsif;vufiif;udkom uGufí Munhfum rqHk;jzwf&m? ,ckcsufcsif; vufiif;udkom Munfhí qHk;jzwfwwfonfum; vlnHhwdkU\ t&mrsKd;om jzpfayonf? uH\ tusKd;qufonfum; ,ckb0üaomfvnf;aumif;? b0oHo&m wpfauGUüaomf vnf;aumif; jzpfapvdrfhrnf[lonfudk oEéd|mefus rSwfom;Mu&monf/ 52/

,if;odkUqdkvQif xdkowå0g\ xdkraumif;uHonf &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefaom oludk xdkol\

jypfrIu tcsKyfaxmifodkU ydkUí axmifeef;pHapouJhodkU i&Jpaom 'k*¾wdwdkUü 'ku©vSvScHaprnf rcRwfwnf;? xdki&Jpaom bHkudk xm0&paom bk&m;½SifwdkUu zefwD;xm;onf r[kwf? obm0uom zefwD;onf? obm0[lonfrSm aemufuqdkcJhaom (The Universal Law.The Order of Norms) avmued,mr "r®ed,mr yifjzpfonf? xdki&Jpaom bHkodkU rnfolurQ ydkUonfr[kwf? (The Law of Action & Reaction) ur®ed,mru ydkUonf/ xdktcgrSm vlom;onf vlUb0udk om,mvSygonf? wG,fwmvSygonf? þom; þr,m; þpnf;pdrfESifh rcGJEdkifrcGm&ufyg[k Oyg'gef taxmiftaomif; ½Sdaeaomfvnf; ,if;Oyg'gefxuf tm;½Sdaom Av0 tukodkvfuHu a&rsm; a&Edkif rD;rsm; rD;Edkifyrm xdkvlom;udk tyg,fodkU qGJac:oGm;rnf rcRwfwnf;? vlaovlrjzpfonfhjyif aMumifuav; acG;uav;aomfrS rjzpfrlí i&Jaumif Nydwåmaumif tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;rnf {uefwnf;/ 53/

xdkodkUr[kwf vlom;onf rdwfaqGaumif; q&maumif;udk rSD&í pdwfaumif;0ifum

aumif;rIaumif;&m ûyvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHrdvQif vlUbHkrSm vlvnf;jyefí jzpfEdkifonf? vlUxuftqifhjrifhaom ewfjA[®mtjzpfjzifhvnf; jzpfvmEdkifonf? ,if;udk&nf½G,fí – rdwåorÜ'rm*r®? a,medaom p y,kÍÆawm/ 0dZÆm0drkwåd 0oDbma0g? oAÁarawe vAÇwd/ rmEkódum p orÜwåd? a'0avmau p ,m &wd/ ,m p edAÁmeorÜwåd? oAÁarawe vAÇwd/ (ck? 1? 10/)

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429

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmtusOf;

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0dZÆmÓPf t&[wåzdkvf tbdnmOf þw&m;tm;vHk;udk &Edkifayonf/ vlUbHk

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ewfjynfü½Sdaom

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þtusdK;tm;vHk;udk &½SdEdkifayonf[k ck'´uygX? ed"du@okwfü Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf/ vlaoNyD; vljzpfonfum; tvGefenf;í vlUxuftqifhedrfh owå0gom tjzpfrsm;aMumif; trSm;udk ñTefjywwfaom rrSefonfudkûyí tm;ay;wdkufwGef;wwfaom rdwfaqGwkudk rSDcdk q&mwkESifhaygif;rd enf;rSm;vrf;rSm;udk

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vljyefjzpf&jcif;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkrdkrsm;jym;onf[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlavonf/ txufyg oHk;oyfcsufrSm vlwdkU\pdwfç vlwdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH wdkUudk tajccHí ur®ed,mr "r®ed,mr obm0usus ecoDcokwfw&m;awmfudk a0zefazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpf\/ þbk&m;a[m ygVdawmf ecoDcokwf a'oemawmfESifh OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpfudk ,SOfMunfhvdkufaomtcg ]]rdk;ESifhajrBuD; vif;uGif;wD;í

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twå0g'kyg'gefESifh vlaovljzpf0g' pdppf oHk;oyfcsuf 54/

ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyf? ESm-162? 163 – ü – ]]'DvdkuG udk,fh½kyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh ½kyfemrfoP²mef t½Sdudk pGJwJh

twå0g'kyg'geftwdkif; vl[m vlyJjzpfw,f? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH qdkwmu vleJUrqdkifao;bl;? 'gayr,fh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;wJh ½kyfysufujyefay:vmwJh blw½kyfqdkawmh ½kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f}} [lí OD;Ouú| ajymjycsufudk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? þpum;&yfudk pdppf oHk;oyfOD;tHh/ udk,fh½krf twå0g'kyg'gef

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430

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ygVdawmfvmonfhtwdkif; qdk&vQif rdrdoP²mefü½Sdaom ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwdkUudk (yef;yGifh\ ta&miftqif;ESifh arT;êudifaom teHUudk wjcm;pD,lí yef;onf tarT;eHUESifh jynfhpHkonf? yef;onf vSaom tqif;ESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ajym&müuJhodkU) twå[lí vnf;aumif;? twåudk ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d ½Sdonf[lívnf;aumif;? twåü ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d ½Sdonf[lívnf;aum;if;? ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0dü twå½Sdonf[lívnf;aumif; jrifjcif; oHk;oyfjcif; pGJvrf;jcif;udk twå0g'kyg'gef[k qdk&onf/ xdkwGif rdrd½kyfudkvnf;aumif;? a0-oOf-oif-0d [laom rdrdemrfudkvnf;aumif; twå[lí pGJ,ljcif;rSm Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\ wynfhom;rsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m;\tqdktqHk;rudk &½Sdojzifh ½kyf-emrf tydkif;tjcm;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnfaeMuaom okw0EÅ t&d,om0ursm;tzdkU ,if;odkU twå0g'kyg'gef [k ac:qdkEdkifavmufatmif pGJ,ljcif; r½Sdwwfay/ taMumif;rlum; tnwdw¬d, [dE´LjAm[®P polwdkU ,lqaom twåpGJ[lonf xdk½kyf? xdkemrfwdkUudpöudk ½kyfudpö emrfudpö ½kyfoabm emrfoabm[k rxifjrifbJ twå\udpöç

twå\

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twGif;om;taejzifh wnf½SdouJhodkU cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;azmufjyef a½GUvsm;aeaomfvnf; twåonf azmufjyefa½GUvsm;jcif; r½SdbJ tjrJwnfaeonf[k qdkMu\/ xdktwå\qdkcJhNyD;aom o½kyf oabm vu©Pmudk trSef[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ,lqí oGm;wm vmwm twå? odwm jrifwm twå? pm;wm aomufwm twå ponfjzifh ½kyfemrfy&rwfw&m;wdkU\ udpötrSefudk twåudpöwnf;[k xifjrif,lq pGJvrf;jcif;onfomvsif twå0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/ 55/

½kyfemrf t½Sdudk pGJwdkif; twå0g'kyg'gef r[kwfay? ½kyfemrft½Sdudk twå[k pGJvQifjzpfap

½kyfemrfwdkU\udpöudk twå\ udpö[k pGJvQifjzpfap twå0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/ ½kyfemrft½Sdudkyif om,mzG,f[k pGJu umrkyg'gef jzpfayonf/ Ak'¨"r® Ak'¨tqHk;trudk rMum;em rrSwfom;zl;ç roif,l ravhvmzl;aom AmvwdkUtzdkU vlrSef;odonfh

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a[mawmfrlonf/ ,if;odkU yk*¾dKvfESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; ½Sd&mwGif yxrtrsdK;tpm; jzpfaom okw0EÅt&d,om0uwdkU\ oEÅmefü twå0gEkyg'gef[lí r½Sd? t&d,r*fudk r&ao;orQ umrkyg'gefum; tenf;trsm;½dSonf/ xdkumrkyg'gef[lonfum; ig;yg;tm½kH umr*kPfESifhwuG rdrd\ udk,fcE¨m rdrd\ om;r,m; pnf;pdrfOpöm ta>ct&H bHkAdrmef tdk;tdrfponfwdkUü NidwG,fwyfruf pGJvrf;vsuf½Sdaom qGJwdkif;&onfh oa&êud;yrm [dkbHk

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431

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

qGJcsdwfvsufaejcif;wnf;/ ,if; umrkyg'gefonf &[EÅm rjzpfao;orQ tem*grf wdkifatmif vufvSrf;rDvsuf ½Sdonf/ tem*grfyk*¾dKvfrsm;ü

umr&m*[lí

r½Sdaomfvnf;

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umrkyg'gefum; ½Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gef ½Sdaeao;orQ b0taESmif tzGJUrS rvGwfao;? aoNyD;aemuf vlUbHk vlUb0ü rnfonfhtcgrQ jyefí rjzpfawmhacs? jA[®mYjynfü y#doaE¨aernf pif;pif;wnf;/ om"uum; ]]uwarm p yk*¾avm tem*grD? £a"uapöm yk*¾avm yÍöEéH Mo&rÇm*d,meH oHa,mZemeH y&du©,m Moyygwdaum a[mwd ww¬ y&dedAÁm,D tem0w¬d"ar®m wo®m avmum? t,H 0kpöwd yk*¾avm tem*grD/ (tbd? 4? 119/)

jrefrmtusOf; tem*grf yk*¾dKvf[lonf tb,fodkU oabm½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfenf;? þavmuü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf Mo&rÇm*d,oHa&mZOfig;yg;

ukefjcif;aMumifh

jA[®mhjynfü

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rjyefvnfawmhbJ y&dedAÁmef pHawmhrnfholwnf;? þyk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk tem*grf[k ac:qdktyf\/ (yk*¾vynwfygVdawmf? 119-ponf)

&Sif;vif;csuf Mo&rÇm*d,oHa,mZOf ig;yg;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaom umr&m* oHa,mZOfudk y,fNyD;aomaMumifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf vlUjynfü y#doaE¨aemufxyfraebJ jA[®mhjynfodkUuyfa&mufí y#doaE¨aeonf/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fh½kyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh twå0g'kyg'gefç ½kyf emrft½Sdudk pGJwJh twå0g'kyg'gef[laom OD;Ouú|\ pum;onf umrk'yg'gef\ oabmo½kyfudkyg twå0g'kyg'gef[k qdkrdacsaomaMumifh y&rw¬ cGifrus? teuf"dyÜm,f rjywfom;? rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfvsuf ½Sdonf/ 56/ a½SUem;u

wpfqifhwufí vl[mvlyJjzpfw,fqdkaom pum;udk qdkjyef\/ þtqdk\ trSm;udk qdkcJhNyD;aom

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tvGef½Sm;½Sm;yg;yg; taMumif;nDEdkifrS vlUbHkodkU jyefí jzpfonf/ odkUygvsuf vlaovljzpf[k qdkjcif;onf Ak'¨a'oemawmf t&yf&yfESifh qefUusifaom tvGefvGJrSm;aom tqdkjzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmftrSwf(2) oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

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432

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) uHESifhvlrqdkif ½kyfysufESifhqdkifaom vlaovljzpf pdppfcsuf

57/

]]ukodkvf tukodkvf udpöu oleJUrqdkifao;bl;? 'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh

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þae&mü Zeu paom uHwdkUudk ½Sif;í jyOD;tHh? xdkuHwdkUonf OD;Ouú| pGyfpGJonfhtwdkif;

t½SiftEk½k'¨g\ vuf&mr[kwf? bk&m;a[m uHrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; trSeftwdkif; od½SdMuap&ef jzpfayonf/ y|mef;ygVdawmf? yO§m0g&? tEkvHk? urÜypö,ü ]]ememu©Pdum ukovm apwem 0dygumeH cE¨meH u#wåm p ½lygeH ur®ypöa,e ypöa,m}}[lí vnf;aumif;? ]]ememu©Pdum tukovm apwem 0dygumeH

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433

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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þum;

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½kyf0g'orm;yDyD ½kyfudkom ta&;ay;jcif; jzpfayonf/ 59/

Oyw¬rÇuuH OyyDVuuHudk ½Sif;OD;tHh? þuHESpfrsdK;ESifh ywfoufí tbd"r®m0dbif;

ygVdawmfBuD;ü þodkUa[mawmfrlxm;\/ (u)

taw¬upömed ygyumed ur®orm'gemed 0wdorÜwåd ywdAmVmed e 0dypöEÅd?

(c)

. . . . . . . OywdorÜwåd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .

(*)

. . . . . . .umvorÜwåd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .

(C)

. . . . . . ya,m*orÜwåd ywdAmVmed e 0dypöEÅd/ (tbd? 2? 380/) (tbd"r®m0dbif; ygVdawmf)

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(u)

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(c)

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(*)

acwfaumif; tcgaumif;[laom umvorÜwåd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif; cH&vQif . . . .

(C)

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t[kwfxifMuavatmif uHwHwdkif;BuD;udk csdK;zsuf&ef êud;pm;jcif;rQom jzpfayonf/ 63/

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tu,fí ocifjrwfqdkif wifonfhtwdkif; umrb0 ½lyb0 t½lyb0wdkUudk y,f&rnf[k

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25/

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r[med'geokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 31/

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o*Ðwdokwf oHk;owfcsuf 32/

q|rajrmuf acsycsuftaejzifh ocifjrwfqdkifu o*Ðwdokwfudk udk;um;í ]]olaX;

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y,faMumif; jyqdkxm;jcif; r½Sday/

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bk&m;}}[lí

pGJcsufwifxm;Muavonf/ xdkpGJcsufudk þu@ü pk'dwuwdkUbufrS wpfpHkwpf&mjyefvnf acsyjcif; rûyMuay/ 65/

,if;ygVdudk þ½Hk;awmfodkU wifjyxm;aom oufaocHpmtkyfrsm;wGif ½SmazGMunfh½I&m

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS twGif;a&;rª;OD;udkudkav; ûypkaom ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} trnf½Sd pmtkyftwGif;rsufESmzHk;wGif a½SUwef;wifí atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ upöm,e . . . avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d/ (Ak'¨a*gwr) 66/

þ 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcHpmtkyfudk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS oabmw&m;a&;wm0efcH

em,uBuD; (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wnf;jzwfonf)[k azmfjyxm;NyD; A[dkobmywdtzGJU Ouú|BuD; OD;wifu trSmpm ed'gef;a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ þygVdtrSm;udk tbd"r®m q&mpdef ûypkaom ]]or®m'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif; ta&;awmfyHk}} pmtkyf? ESm 62-wGifvnf; bk&m;a[mygVd jzpfav[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xdkygVdudk teufjrefrm jyefqdk&ygvQif]]tdk upöm,e avmu\jzpfaMumif; wPSmonfvnf; ½Sd\/ avmu\ csKyf&m edAÁmefonfum; r½Sd}} þodkU yd#uwfoHk;oG,f

t"dyÜg,fjzpfaeí oH*g,em

q&mawmfwdkU

6-wefwif

tvGefwkefvIyfacsmufcsm;rdayonf?

usrf;pmwdkUü

ydkufpdwfwdkufí

edum,fig;&yf

½SmazGMunfh½Iygaomfvnf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

460

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rnfonfhusrf;*efwGifrS rawGU½Sd&/ odkUygvsuf xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ vufjzpfyHkrSm;½dkufygVd\ atmufrS (Ak'¨a*gwr)[k xifxif½Sm;½Sm;BuD; a&;jyxm;onfrSmvnf; bmoma&;udk ½dk;½dk;om;om; avhvmolrsm;tzdkU BuDrm;aom tEÅ&m,fBuD;wpfckyif jzpfaeayonf/ rSwfcsuf/

þtaMumif;udk

apm'emtrSwf

(18)udk

oHk;oyfonfhtcg

tus,fa0zefí

½Sif;vif;jyqdkrnf jzpfonf/

0daooapm'em pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 67/

,ckwzef

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ þtrSwf(3)

0daooapm'emudk

apm'emESifh

ywfoufí

pDppfoHk;oyf

jy&ayOD;rnf/

31-bHk½SdaMumif;

cdkifvHkaom

tudk;om"ursm;udk xkwfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0daooapm'emtjzpf bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;udk tcdkiftrm wifoGif;jyqdkoGm;ayonf/ ,if;odkUwifoGif;&mü t*FkwådK&f{uedygwf? {u"r®ygVd? q|rl pmrsufESm 39-ESifh ,if;\ jrefrmjyef ESm 48-udk axmufí(u) vlaoewfjzpfenf;yg;í tyg,fbHkü tjzpfrsm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? (c) vlaovljzpf enf;yg;í tyg,fbHkü tjzpfrsm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? "r®[',0dbif;ygVd q|rlç ESm 427-ESifh 436-udk axmufí(*) umr 11-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? (C) ½ly 16-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? (i) t½ly 4-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? "r®[',0dbif;ygVd q|rlç ESm 437-udk axmufí(p) 'ge oDv OaygoxaMumifh ewfjynfajcmufxyf a&mufEdkifyHkudk vnf;aumif;? o|dedygwf? oHudpöZmwf ESm 60-udk axmufí(q) i&J½SdaMumif;udk vnf;aumif; toD;oD; oufaoom"u wifjycJhayonf/ xdkapm'u q&mawmfwdkU wifjyudk;um;aom om"uwdkUonf 31-bHkESifhywfoufí tvGefcdkifrmaom om"ursm; jzpfMuayonf/

31-bHk0g'[laom pum;udk pdppfcsuf 68/

NyD;cJhaom

pum;&yfwdkUjzifh

31-bHkqdkif&m

þtrSwf

(3)apm'emESifh

pyfvsOf;í

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pGJqdkwifjycsufudk acsyaom pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ acsycsufudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif;ç apm'emyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ 0daooapm'emudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif; þudpöESpf&yf NyD;jywfcJhayNyD/ ,ckwpfzef qufvufí 31-bHkjyóemESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oD;jcm;okH;oyfcsufudk azmfjyaytHh/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

461

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

]]31-bHk0g'}}[laom pum;&yfü 31-bHkESifh 0g'[laom pum;ESpf&yf yg½Sdonf/ 31-bHktaMumif;udk a½SUwGifazmfjyrnf jzpfonf/ ,ck 0g'[laom pum;udk ½Sif;vif;aytHh/ 69/

0g'qdkonfrSm

,ckacwfü

jrefrma0g[m&

pum;vHk;tjzpf

wGifus,faeaomfvnf;

rl&if;bmomtm;jzifh ygVdpum;vHk; jzpfonf/ «0'"mwf+Pypönf;jzifh NyD;aomyk'fwnf;» ,if;0g'[laom ygVdpum;\ teufrSm t&mXmeodkUvdkufí teuf (7)rsdK; xGuf½Sdayonf? ,if; teuf(7)rsdK;wdkUum;(u) pum;[laomteuf? (c) ajymqdkjcif;[laomteuf? (*) tjypfa'go[laomteuf? (C) t,l[laomteuf? (i) rdpämÓPf[laomteuf? (p) ajymqdkonfh t&if;cHapwem [laomteuf? (q) tjiif;tcHkpum;[laom teufwdkY jzpfayonf/ 70/

t*Fvdyfbmom tpfZif

(ISM)

[laom pum;vHk;udk jrefrmjyefqdkaomtcg 0g'[lí

jyefqdkMuonf? om"utm;jzifh (qdk½S,fvpfZif;=qdk½S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepfZif;=uGefjrLepf0g') ponfwdkU jzpfayonf/ ,if; tpfZif[laom pum;udk zGifhqdkMu&mü vufawGUaqmif½GufrI ponfwdkUjzpfonf/ txufyg

t"dyÜg,f

zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t&

toifhavsmfqHk;udk

,lonf½Sdaomf

þü

0g'[laompum;vHk;\ teufrSm ]pum;} odkYr[kwf ]t,l} [lí jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHk 0g'[l&mü ]31-bHkqdkif&mpum;} odkUr[kwf ]]31-bHkqdkif&mt,l}}[lí jzpfayonf/ þt"dyÜg,ft& 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom a&;om;csuf\ teufudk zGifhqdkonf½Sdaomf 31bHkESifh pyfaompum;ç t,l[k qdk&ma&mufayonf/ þonfum; 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom a0g[m&ESifh ywfoufí ½Sif;vif;csufaywnf;/

31-bHkpm&if; 71/

txufwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfh tudk;om"ursm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½IygvQif

31-bHkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; vufcHonfhtaMumif; (bk&m;a[ma'oemwGif 31-bHk xif½Sm;½SdaMumif;)udk odomEdkifayNyD? ydkrdkíodomxif½Sm;ap&ef tenf;i,fpdppfí azmfjyaytHh? 31-bHk qdkonfrSm atmufygwdkUyif jzpfMuayonf/ (1) i&JbHk? (2) wd&pämefbHk? (3) NydwåmbHk?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

462

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(4) tok&um,fbHk? (5) vlUbHk? (6) pmwkr[m&mZf ewfbHk? (7) wm0wðom ewfbHk? (8) ,mrm ewfbHk? (9) wkodwm ewfbHk? (10) edr®me&wd ewfbHk? (11) y&edr®dw0o0wåd ewfbHk? (12) jA[®yg&doZÆm jA[®mbHk? (13) jA[®yka&m[dwm jA[®mbHk? (14) r[mjA[®m jA[®mbHk? (15) y&dwåmbm jA[®mbHk? (16) tyÜrmPm jA[®mbHk? (17) tmbó&m jA[®mbHk? (18) y&dwåokbm jA[®mbHk? (19) tyÜrmPokbm jA[®mbHk? (20) okbudPSm jA[®mbHk? (21) a0[yædKvf jA[®mbHk? (22) tonowf jA[®mbHk? (23) t0d[m jA[®mbHk? (24) twyÜm jA[®mbHk? (25) ok'óm jA[®mbHk? (26) ok'óD jA[®mbHk? (27) tued| jA[®mbHk? (28) tumomeÍöm,we jA[®mbHk? (29) 0dnmPÍöm,we jA[®mbHk? (30) tmudÍönm,we jA[®mbHk? (31) ae0onmemonm,we jA[®mbHk/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

463

tpodkU 72/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þ 31-bHkpm&if;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom ygVdawmfrS

aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;aom pm&if;jzpfayonf/ ,if;ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;udk rrDrurf; rMunfhr½IEdkifolrsm;u]]¤if; 31-bHkonf Ak'¨a*gwr y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD; ESpfaygif; 956-ESpf tMum;wGifrS oD[dkVf t½SiftEk½k'¨gûypka&;om;aom tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; (0g) oû*Ø[fusrf;üom vmonf}} [k rSwfcsufûyí wm0efrJh ajymqdka&;om;Muavonf/

31-bHkESifh ywfoufí tcsufoHk;csuf 73/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk ûcHíavhvmMunfhvQif 31-

bHkESifhywfoufí tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&onf/ (u)

yxrtcsuf 31-bHk 31-b0 {uefrkcs½Sdonfh taMumif;udk a[mMum;jcif; jzpfonf/

(c)

'kwd,tcsuf 31-bHkom;wdkUtzdkU txdkuftavsmuf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/

(*)

wwd,tcsuf 31-bHk? 31-b0wdkUudk rwG,fwmapbJ vGwfajrmufrI enf;vrf;udk a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/

74/

½Sif;OD;tHh?

31-bHk?

31-b0½SdaMumif;

a[mMum;jcif;onfum;

Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf

avmu0d'l*kPfawmfESifhtnD t½Sdudkt½Sdtwdkif; a[mawmfrljcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdk 31-bHk? 31-b0onf þurÇmüomru ,cifh,cif urÇmYurÇmwdkUüvnf; ½SdcJhzl;NyD; jzpfonf/ ,ckvuf½Sd urÇmüvnf; ½Sdaeonfyif jzpfonf/ aemif tawmrowf vmvwåHUaom urÇmYurÇmwdkUüvnf; ½Sdaevdrfhrnfom jzpfonf/

om"utm;jzifh

avonfvnf;aumif;ç

avmutwGif;ü

rD;onfvnf;aumif;

ajronfvnf;aumif;ç ½SdNyD;

½SdqJ

a&onfvnf;aumif;ç

½SdvwåHU

jzpfouJhodkUaywnf;/

wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf 31-bHkonf MoumoavmuBuD; jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ 75/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;

t"duOD;wnfcsuf

yGifhawmfrlvmaomtcg

xm;aomfvnf;

½SdESifhaeaom

avmuESifh

b0rS

xGufajrmufa&;twGuf

b0udk

taMumif;wdkufqdkifovdk

xkwfazmfa[mMum;&onfrSm obm0usaom tcsufyif jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkU\ jzpfysufûyjyifajymif;vJaeaom aMumif;usdK;quf obm0"r® (tbd"r®m)ynmudk azmfxkwf&mü 31-bHk? 31b0wdkUonf ynm&yf\ toHk;cHypönf;rsm; jzpfvmayonf/ 76/

31-bHkom;wdkU taejzifh yg&rD tEkt&ifhvdkufí b0rS vHk;0rxGufajrmufEdkifao;onfh

Mum;umvwGif txdkuftavsmuf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; Ak'¨u a[mMum;xkwfazmfawmf rlcJh&ayonf/

Oyrm-

orÜ'gw&m;ç

r*Fvmw&m;ç

od*Fgavm0g'okwfpaom

w&m;rsdK;udk

a[mMum;awmfrljcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkw&m;rsm;udk vdkufemusifhoHk;olwdkif; txdkuftavsmuf trSefyif BuD;yGm;csrf;omrIudk &½SdMuayonf/ rnfonfhusrf;*efyd#uwfwGifrS ]]bk&m;[lu 0drkwådudkom a[monf}}[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

464

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tqdkr½Sdacs/ 77/

þwGif tvsOf;oifhí qdk&ayOD;rnf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk opömav;yg;w&m;ç tewåw&m;ç

y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m; þw&m;oHk;rsdK;avmufudkom a[mMum;cJhaom bk&m;tjzpf ajyma[ma&;om; 0g'jzefUí aeolrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkU\ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk(u)

rjynfhpHkaom bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?

(c)

wpf,loef bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?

(*)

avmuom;tm;vHk;wdkU\

aus;Zl;½Sifr[kwf?

edAÁmef&&m&aMumif;

wpfckwnf;udkom

tm;xkwfol (vlenf;pk) wdkU\ aus;Zl;½Sif bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;? wGef;ydkUvsuf ½Sdayonf/ þodkUûyvkyfjcif;onf

jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;

tBuD;tus,f

jypfrSm;&ma&mufonf?

yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; zsufqD;&ma&mufayonf/ 78/

pd&H

wd|wk

o'¨ar®m

[lí

Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vHk;

awmifhwvsuf½Sdaom

o'¨r®

(olawmfaumif;w&m;)onf(u)

avmud,o'¨¨r®=avmuDqdkif&m olawmfaumif;w&m;?

(c)

avmukwå&mo'¨r®=avmurS vGwfajrmufa&;qdkif&m olawmfaumif;w&m;

[lí 2-rsdK; ½Sdayonf/ avmud,o'¨r®qdkonfrSm 'ge oDvw&m;rsm;ç jA[®pdk&fw&m;rsm;ç r*Fvm od*Fgavm0g' ponfwdkU yg0ifayonf/

avmurS

vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh

pyfvsOf;í

a[mMum;awmfrlaom

avmukwå&mo'¨r®

w&m;awmfrsm;onfvnf; xdkxdkbk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;ü tajrmuftrsm; yg½Sdayonf/ txl;ojzifh r[mowdy|meokwfawmfonf

b0rS

vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf

vufawGUvrf;ñTefjyaom

usifhvrf;

MuHvrf;w&m;awmfyif jzpfayonf/ owdy|mefw&m;udk bk&m;½Siftvdkawmftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfolonf r*¾opömvrf;pOfay:odkU trSefyif a&muf½SdEdkifayonf/ þum; 31-bHkESifhywfoufí odrSwfzG,f&m tcsufoHk;csufaywnf;/

31-bHk½SdaMumif; om"ursm; 79/

edum,fig;&yfç yd#uwfoHk;yHkwGif 31-bHkç 31-b0 ½SdaMumif; a[mxm;aom ygVdawmf

tajrmuftrsm;udk

yd#uwfusrf;*ef

oifMum;zl;olwdkif;

awGU½SdrSwfom;

EdkifMuayonf/

odom½Hk

aumufEkwfazmfjy&aomf£wd0kwf ygVdawmfwGifaw 0¹k,EÅd ed&,H? wd&pämeÍö a,meda,m? tok&H aywåd0do,H? trkwåm rm&AE¨em/ (ck-1? 257/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

465

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[lívnf;aumif; aewådygVdawmfwGifed&,*grD ra*¾g wd&pämea,med*grD ra*¾g aywåd0do,*grD ra*¾g tok&a,meda,m ra*¾g o*¾*grda,m ra*¾g rEkó*grD ra*¾g/ (ck-10? 62/) [lívnf;aumif; a[mxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf? þ £wd0kwf ygVdawmfESifh aewådygVdawmfvm a'oemawmfrsm;t& tyg,fav;bHk ewfjynf 6-xyf vlUbHktm;jzifh-umr 11-bHk txift½Sm;½SdaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ wpfzef t*Fkwå&ygVd? wduedygwf? ESm-213? 214? 215 wGifvnf;aumif;? 0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm 437? 438?

439

wGifvnf;aumif;

ewfjynf

6-xyfudk

trnfESifhwuG

oufwrf;udkyg

,SOfwGJí

a[mMum;xm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ 0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm-439? 440? 441 wGif jA[®m 20-wdkU\ trnfudk oufwrf;ESifhwuG a[mMum;xm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ þygVdawmft& 31-bHk trSefyif½Sdaeonf qdkaomtcsufudk oHo,uif;pGm vufcH,HkMunfxdkufayonf/

,rdkufygVdawmfvm 31-bHkrsm; 80/

txufazmfjyyg

ygVdawmfrsm;tjyif

,rdkufygVdawmf?

Moumo0g&?

yk*¾avmumo

0g&rsm;üvnf; 31-bHkwdkU\trnfudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ a[mxm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ tenf;i,f xkwfazmfí jy&ygvQif(u)

cE¨,rdkuf ygVdawmf yxrpmtkyf ESm-31? 32 wGif (tonoawå) (yÍöa0guma&) (t½lay) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowfbHk? yÍöa0gum&bHk? t½lybHkwdkU ½SdaMumif;udk odEdkifayonf/

(c)

tm,we,rdkuf? ygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm 48-wGif (½lyg0pa&) (umrm0pa&) (tonoawå) [laom trnfemrwdkUudkwyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh ½lyjA[®mbHk? umr0p&bHk?

tonowf

jA[®mbHkwdkU

½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;

tm,we,rdkufudk

axmufí odEdkifayonf/ (*)

opö,rdkufygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm-213? 215-wGif (tonoawå) (pwka0guma&) (yÍöa0guma&) (tyga,) [laom trnfemrrsm;udk wyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowf

jA[®mbHk? cE¨mav;yg; ½SdaombHk? cE¨mig;yg;½SdaombHk? tyg,fbHkwdkU

½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; (C)

opö,rdkufudkaxmufí odEdkifayonf/

ocFg&,rdkuf? 'kwd,pmtkyf? ESm-7-wGif (yXrZÑmae) (½lyg0pa&) (t½lyg0pa&) [laom trnfemrwdkYudk

wyfía[mxm;aomaMumifh

½lyg0p&bHk?

t½lyg0p&bHkrsm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

466

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½Sdaeonfqdkaom tcsufudk ocFg&,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifayonf/

(i)

"r®,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-9-wGif (tonoawå) (pwka0guma&) (yÍöa0guma&) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wdkuf½dkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowf jA[®mbHk?

cE¨mig;yg;½SdaombHk cE¨m av;yg; ½SdaombHkrsm;udkvnf; "r®,rdkufudk

axmufpí odEdkifayonf/ (p)

£`E´d, ,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-124-wGif (tonoawå) (t½lay) (yÍöa0guma&) [laom trnfwdkUudk wdkuf½dkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh cE¨mwpfyg;½Sdaom tonowfbHk?

cE¨mav;yg;½Sdaom

t½lybHk?

cE¨mig;yg;½Sdaom

yÍöa0gum&bHkwdkU

½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; £`E´d, ,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifjyefayonf/ (q)

tEko, ,rdkufygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-61-wGif (½ly"mwk,m) (t½ly"mwk,m) (umr"mwk,m) [laom trnfudk oHk;oyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh ½ly 16-bHk?

t½ly

4-bHk? umr 11-bHk tm;jzifh 31-bHk trSefyif ½SdaMumif;udk tEko,,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifayonf/ þum; 31-bHk ½SdaMumif; t>rufrQazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ ,rdkuf ygVdawmf wpfusrf;vHk;wGif 31-bHk

trnfrsm;udk

tBudrfrsm;pGm

a[mxm;cJhayonf?

omav,suokwfwGif

31-bHkwdkU\

trnfrsm;ESifh

txl;ojzifh

rlvyPÖmo

a&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk

ygVdawmf? twdtvif;

a[mMum;xm;cJhayonf/

31-bHka&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm; 81/

31-bHk½SdaMumif;udk jyqdkNyD;aemuf ,ckwzef 31-bHka&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkvnf;

jyqdk&ayOD;rnf/ 31-bHkudk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;MunfhvQif 'k*¾wdbHk? ok*wdbHk[lí 2-rsdK; 2-pm; uGJjym;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ tyg,fav;bHkudk 'k*¾wdbHk[k ac:í? usefbHkrsm;udk ok*wdbHk[k ac:qdkonf/ (u) t"r®p&d,m=rw&m;usifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem) (c) 0dorp&d,m=rnDrrQusifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem) wdkUaMumifh

tyg,fbHkodkU

usa&mufEdkifaMumif;

rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf?

omav,suokwfwGif

atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/ ]]t"r®p&d,m0dorp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uapö owåm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆEÅd}} (r? 1? 354/)

jrefrmjyef ]]ol<u,fwdkU rw&m;rI? rrQwrIudk ûyvkyfjcif; taMumif;aMumifh þavmuü tcsdKUaom owå0gwdkUonf udk,fcE¨mysufpD;í aoonfrSaemufü csrf;omuif;aom? raumif;aom vm;&m

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

467

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ysufpD;í us&mi&JodkU a&mufMu&ukef\}}/ (rjref 1? 467/) 82/

ok*wdbHkb0odkU a&mufEdkifjcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf;(u) "r®p&d,m=w&m;ojzifh usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem) (c) orp&d,m=nDrQpGm usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem)

wdkUaMumifh jzpfaMumif; rlvyPÖmoygVdawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/ ]]"r®p&d,morp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uapö owåm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm ok*wð o*H¾ avmuH OyyZÆEÅd}} (r? 1? 355/)

jrefrmjyef ]]ol<u,fwdkU w&m;rI? rQwrIudk ûyvkyfjcif; taMumif;aMumifh þavmuü tcsdKUaom owå0gwdkUonf udk,fcE¨mysufpD;í aoonfrSaemufü aumif;aomolwdkU\ vm;&m ewfjynfodkU a&mufMuukef\}}/ (rjref 1? 366-7/) rSwfcsuf/

/ þrlvyPÖmo ygVdawmf? omav,suokwfwGif tyg,fbHk? ewfjynf 6-xyf? jA[®mbHk

20-wdkU\ trnfESifhwuG a&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkyg twdtvif; a[mMum;xm;ayonf/

31-bHky,f 0g'udk pdppfjcif; þ

31-bHky,f0g'onf

vlaovljzpf0g'D

OD;Ouú|ESifh

ol\aemufvdkuf

wynfhtcsdKU\

0g'jzpfonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf 31-bHk0g'? Ak'¨vufrcHaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;jzefUa0jcif;ç a[majymjcif;rsm;

ûyvkyfaeMuaomfvnf;

avhvmoifMum;zl;Muaom tenf;i,frQudkom

pifppfrl

olrsm;um;

r[kwfMuay/

avhvmcJhMuolwdkU

jzpfonf/

Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk jrefrmjyef

yd#uwfESifh

(þtaMumif;udk

tajccHusus t*Fvdyfbmomjyef

EdkifiHawmf

oD;jcm;

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; ar;jref;pdppfpOfu pk'dwuwdkUudk,fwdkif &[ef;? ½Sif? vl y&dwfowfrsm;\a½SU þ½Hk;awmfwGif 0efcHcJhMuNyD; jzpfonf/)

31-bHkudk tb,fhaMumifh y,fMuoenf; 84/

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tb,fhaMumifh 31-bHkudk oJoJrJrJ y,faeMuoenf;/ þtcsufudk

pl;prf;½SmazGaomtcg atmufyg OD;Ouú|\ oabmw&m; cH,lcsufudk awGU&ayonf/ ]]xdkUaMumifh vlom;onf awG;awmqifjcif&ayrnf? tjyeftvSef ppfaq;a0zef&ayrnf (p-o-C-Z-u) qdkwJh ol\ yom'½kyfig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;ûyí ae&ayrnf/}} (tpGJûywf wJukyfa½Teef;awmf? ESm-52-53-rS) txufyg pum;&yfonf OD;Ouú|pGJudkifaom tajccH oabmw&m;udk azmfjyvsuf ½Sdayonf/ yom'½kyfig;ckudk pOf;pm; a0zefrItm;vHk;\ tajccHtjzpf qkyfudkifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ]]yom'½kyf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

468

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;ûyíae&ayrnf/}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ ñTefMum;csufonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'D? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU\ r@dKifoabmxm;yif jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkU (rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f)[laom vuf½SdvlwdkU\ yom'½kyf ig;ckudkom toHk;csí ,if;yom'½kyf ig;ckwdkUjzifh ae&mwum wdkif;wmMunfhaeMuygu tb,fodkUvQif tjrifrSef&EdkiftHhenf;/ OD;Ouú|\ tawG;tac:wGif raem0dnmPf\ tcef;u@um; vHk;0 aysmufuG,fvsuf ½Sdayonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfü yg½Sdaom ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmOf ponfwdkUrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u xl;aom raem0dnmPfjzifh odjrif&½Sdí a[mMum;cJhaom t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí vufcH ,HkMunfa&;onfvnf; raem0dnmPfudk toHk;csrSomvQif jzpfEdkifayonf/ 85/

,ck OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ (p-o-C-Z-u)[laom yom'½kyf

ig;yg;udkom trSefw&m;\ wdkif;wmrI aywHwpf&yftjzpf toHk;csNyD; azmfjyyg bk&m;a[m w&m;rsm;udk wdkif;wm MunfhMujcif; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmPf ponfwdkUudk

rdrdwdkU\

vuf½Sdrsufpdjzifh

rjrifMu&aomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;?

ewfoH?

i&JoHESifh

wefcdk;tbdnmPfoHwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ yuwdem;jzifh rMum;&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ewf&eHU? i&J&eHUESifh wefcdk;tbdnmPf&eHUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ arG;&myg ESmacgif;jzifh teHUcHí r&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ewft&om?

i&Jt&om?

wefcdk;tbdnmPf

t&omwdkUudk

rdrdwdkU\

yifudkvQmjzifh

vsufí

r&aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewftawGU? i&JtawGU? wefcdk; tbdnmPftawGUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ rdarG;wdkif;? zarG;wdkif;vufrsm;jzifh udkifwG,fprf;oyfí r&MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? xdkUjyif yom'ig;yg;wdkU\ tuljzpfaom rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh Munfh½Ií rjrifMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewfbHk? i&JbHkr½Sd? 31bHkr½Sd? wefcdk;tbdnmPfr½Sd ponfjzifh a&;om; a[majym aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/ 86/

OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf þuJhodkUaom yom'½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfMuav&m olwdkU\0g'udk

xlaxmif jzefUjzL;&mü usm;uefay;&eftvdkUiSm yd#uwfoHk;yHkxJrS okwfw&m;tcsdKUudk vGJrSm;pGm xkwfaqmif udk;um;Muívnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk bk&m;a[mygVdrsm;tjzpf zefwD;Muívnf;aumif;? xdkxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk xdkxdkae&mrsm;wGif azmfjyaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; twdtvif;awGUMu&ayonf/ trSefpifppf rsufpdponfjzifh jrifawGU&rS (0g) yom'ig;yg;jzifh prf;oyfí&rS rSefuefonf[k bk&m;a[mpmay vHk;0 r½Sday/ yom'ig;yg; ½kyfw&m;udkom qkyfudkifxm;aom0g'onf Ak'¨0g'r[kwfay/ 87/ awGU&ayonf/

vlaovljzpf0g'udk wDxGifol OD;Ouú|udk,fwdkif t,l0g'a&;&mü jywfom;rI r½Sdonfudk 31-bHky,f0g'ESifh

vlaovljzpf0g'

ESpfcktMum;ü

vIyf½Sm;

,drf;,dkifaeonfudk

awGU&ayonf/ om"uudk jy&ygrl]]Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyfavonf/ vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½Sdonf[lí vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk yufyufpufpuf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcs vdkvm;tyfavonf/}}

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

469

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? ESm-51-[laom a&;om;csufonf aovQifjywf\ (aemufb0r½Sd) [laom Oapä'0g'udk vufcHaMumif; odomayonf/ wzef]]vlom;onf

aoNyD;aemufü

qufvufí

jzpfae&OD;rnfqdkvQif

vlrSwyg;

tjcm;aomowå0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEdkif/}} (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? ESm-306) [ka&;om;xm;jyef&m

þa&;om;csufonf

oówoabmudk

vufcHaMumif;

aMujimonfhoabm

oufa&muf aejyefonf/ 88/

OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 51-ü aoNyD;onfrSaemufü jywf\[laom

t,ltqudk a&;om;NyD; jzpfygvsuf? ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 306-wGifrl vlaoNyD;aemuf vlyifqufí jzpf&rnf[laom oówoabmudk qdkjyefavonf/ ol\a&;om;csuft& OD;Ouú|onf 31-bHky,f0g'ESifh vlaovljzpf0g' 2-cktMum;ü pdwfxm; rwnfrNidrf ½Sdaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ wenf;qdkaomf OD;Ouú|onf oów0g'vnf;½Sd? Oapä'0g'vnf; ½Sdaeayonf/ t,l0g'a&;&mü rSm;onfjzpfap? rSefonfjzpfap jywfom;&rnfjzpfonf/ OD;Ouú|rSmrl oabmw&m;a&;&mü rydkifaomaMumifh ,ckuJhodkU a,mif0g;0g; ,lqa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfrdayonf/ þuJhodkU q&m rjywfom;rIaMumifh b0jywfjcif;ESifh vljyefjzpfjcif;[laom 0g' 2-ckudk wpfûydifeuf udkifpGJxm;aom q&mBuD;\ aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUvnf; xdkxdkþþ tvDvDuGJjym;í a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; jzpfaeMuonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/ 89/

31-bHky,f0g'DwdkUteuf tcsdKUwdkUonf vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMuí tcsdKUwdkUu

vlaovljzpf 0g'udk vufrcHMuacs/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufrcHMuolwdkUonf aovQifjywf\[laom t,lpGJ½Sdí Oapä''d|dwdkU jzpfMuonf/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMuukefaom olwdkUonf b0rjywf (b0 wpfqufwnf;)[laom oów'd|dodkU ,drf;aomolrsm; jzpfMuukefonf/ þodkU uGJjym;MuaomaMumifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkcsuf 21-csufwdkUwGif (vlaovljzpf0g')pGJcsufudk tcsdKUuom ajz½Sif;í tcsdKUu jyefvnfajz½Sif;jcif; rûyMuacs/ ajz½Sif;jcif;rûyMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkU q&mBuD;\ 0g'udk(rESpfoufonfhwdkifatmif) ypfy,f&ef 0efav;aeMuukef[efwl\/ odkU&mwGif ,if;odkU ajz½Sif;jcif; rûyMuaomolwdkUonf ]]qdwfqdwfae oabmwl}}xHk;jzifh apm'uq&mawmfwdkU pGJqdkonfhtwdkif; [kwfrSef\[k 0efcHaomoabmodkU oufa&mufaeayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

470

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\qHk;jzwfcsuf

90/ ukodkvfuH

þ 31-bHkESifhywfoufí ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHw&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ayrnf/ (okp½dkufw&m;)aMumifh

'k*¾wdb0odkUusa&muf&jcif;

ok*wdb0odkUa&muf&jcif;ç

[laomtodw&m;

rxm;½Sdol

tukodkvfuH rSeforQ

('kp½dkufw&m;)aMumifh

31-bHkudk

vufrcHvdkbJ

raumif;aomtMuH? raumif;aomtajym? raumif;aomtûytrlrsm; ûyvkyf&ef 0efav;Murnfr[kwfay/ owå0gwdkU\

pdwfonf

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&rwd

raem}}[laom

Ak'¨a'oemt&

tukodkvfbufüom

arGUavsmfwwfaom oabm½Sd&um; rdpämouFyÜ½SdolwdkUtaejzifh uHy,f? bHky,f0g'rsm; xGef;um;cJhaomf ukodkvfudk

ypfy,fjcif;ç

ay:aygufvmukef&m\/

tukodkvfudk þuJhodkU

vufcHjcif;paom

uHy,f?

bHky,f0g'rsm;

rvdkvm;tyfaom

jzpf&yfwdkUonf

rxGef;um;?

rjyefUyGm;ap&ef?

Ak'¨\yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk o'¨gw&m; cdkifcdkifxm;í avhvm tm;xkwf&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ þtrSwf(3) pGJqdkcsufESifh ajz½Sif;csufwdkUudk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJcsufudk pk'dwuwdkUbufrS ajyvnfatmif rajz½Sif;EdkifaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHkudk y,faom0g'onf oH*g,em 6-wefwif ax&0g' yd#uwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusif½HkrQru avmu vlom;taygif;wdkUtm;vnf; raumif;rI xGef;um;a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;aom 0g'jzpfaomaMumifh t"r®0g' ppfppfjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

471

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'emtrSwf(4) uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,fjcif;ESifh pyfaom0dedpä, Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;ü ouf0if,HkMunfrI ysufpD;atmif zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u-

(u)

aumif;rI

aumif;wmudk

aeUruGm

nrvyf

'vpyftm;xkwfí

ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol

vlom;twGuf te*¢tzdk;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wpfcrf;wem; pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\/

pifppf

vdk&if;rSm

pdwful;oufoufjzifh

vlom;pdwfudk

jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif cHMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,ESdyf? ESm-14) (c)

]]tEdkUtck 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;om aewmawG[m a½S;b0u y&Hy& b0b0u ukodkvf r[kwf&bl;aygh}} ]][-'gu b,fa½S;a½S;u uHrSr[kwfbl;/ y/ bk&m;tvdkawmh t"r®wJh w&m;r[kwf vdkU qdkwmyJ}}/

(*)

(vlaovljzpf jyóem ESm-158-159)

ukodkvf tukodkvf tusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k ur®óuwvrf;*dkPf;rS ,HkMunfaom w&m; jzpf\/ xdkw&m;onf jAm[®Pa0' a'oemrS

jrpfzsm;cH

pD;qif;vmaom

w&m;jzpfav&m

tm;ay;aeaom w&m;jzpfonf/ (C)

Ak'¨\

rl&if;a'oemrsm;ü

(Ak'¨0dyóem 1-ESm-146) twdwfuHudk

tpGJûyaom

tukodkvfrsdK;tm; pGJolvufcH ,HkMunf&ef rygr½Sday/ (i)

oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom y&Hy&

ur®m0p&ukodkvf

(Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; ESm-57)

t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg& [laom twdwfb0 taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck ypöu©b0rSm

0dÓPf

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tusdK;w&m;

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pk'dwuwdkU\

a&;om;csufrsm;udk

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þpum; ESpf&yfwGif (u)onf tus,fpkPÖd, y"me pum;&yf jzpf\/ (c)onf tusOf;aqmifyk'f *gxm jzpf\/ þ0g'onfvnf; yxr0g&uJhodkUyif opömav;yg;udkjyvsuf t&[wåzdkvf txGwfwyfum a[mtyfaom 0g&jzpfonf/ usef0g&tm;vHk;onf tvm;wlcsnf;jzpfonf/

(,if; t|uxm-222)

þokwfonf 'ku©ESifhork', ESpfyg;udk ½IrSwfí eda&m"ESifhr*¾ ESpfyg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD;vQif t&[wåzdkvfodkU qdkufa&mufum b0'ku©\ taMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk y,fpGefUyHkudkom a[mawmfrlaom okwfjzpfonf/ y,fpGefU&ef a[mjcif;onf ½Sdjcif;udk xif½Sm;aponf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU qdkouJhodkU uH-uH\ tusdK; r½Sd[k a[mawmfrlaomokwf r[kwfay/ 10/ pum;&yfvnf;

]]Oy"d e u,d&m}} b0qif;&J\ wnf&mjzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk rûy&m[laom b0qif;&J?

0#fqif;&J\

taMumif;jzpfaom

0#³edódw(0#fudkrSDaom)

ukodkvfESifh

tukodkvfuHudkom rûy&m[k qdkonf/ 0d0#³edódw (0#fudk rrSD? edAÁmefudk &nfaom) ukodkvfuHudkum; rûy&m[k rqdkacs/ 0d0#³edódw ukodkvfuHudkvnf; rûy&m[k qdkvQif r*fzdkvf\ eD;uyfaomtaMumif; y'|mefjzpfonfh (0g) r*fzdkvf&atmif vkyf&onfh 0dyóemukodkvfudkyif rûy&m[k qdk&ma&mufcsdrfhrnf/ 0d0#³edódw ukodkvfudk rûyvkyfvQifvnf; rnfonfhtcgrQ r*fzdkvfudk r&EdkifawmhbJ 0#³cgPku oHo&m0#f opfikwfomjzpfí aeawmhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh r*fÓPfudk &atmifvkyfí r*fukodkvfjzifh avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk y,fpGefU&efudkom a[mawmfrlonf[k rSwf&m\/ þt"dyÜg,fudk odem;vnf EdkifMuap&ef rZÑdryPÖmo? ukuúK&0wduokwf ESm-52? 53 üvmaom uHav;rsdK;wdkUudk tusOf;csKH;í jyOD;tHh/ uHonf(1)

rnf;npfí rnf;npfaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]uPSuPS0dygu} uH?

(2)

jzLpifí jzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]okuúokuú0dygu} uH?

(3)

rnf;npfjzLpifí rnf;npfjzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]uPSokuú uPSokuú0dygu} uH?

(4)

rrnf;npf rjzLpifí rrnf;npf rjzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh tjcm;uHudkukefapwwfaom ]tuPStokuú tuPStokuú 0dygu ur®u©,} uH[líav;rsdK; ½Sd\/

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478

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkav;rsdK;wdkUwGif(1)

rnf;npfí rnf;npfaom tusdK;½Sdaom uH[lonf tjypf½Sdaom um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH[k qdktyfaom tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/

(2)

jzLpifí

jzLpifaom

tusdK;½SdaomuH[lonf

tjypfr½Sdaom

um,uH?

0pDuH?

raemuH[kqdktyfaom avmuDukodkvfuHjzpfonf/ (3)

rnf;npfjzLpifí rnf;npfjzLpifaom tusdK;½Sdaom uH[lonf tjypf½Sd r½Sd a&maESmaom avmuD ukodkvf tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/

(4)

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xdkjyqdktyfNyD;aom

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r*fav;yg;

apwemwnf;[laom

avmukwå&muH jzpfay:atmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfí a½S;uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk ukefqHk;ap&ef &nf½G,fawmfrlum þokwfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ þt"dyÜg,fudk t*Fkwå&ygVd? pwkuúedygwf ESm-553 rS 559? oHcdwåokwf? 0dwåm&okwf? aomPum,eokwf? yXrodu©my'okwf? 'kwd,odu©my'okwf? t&d,r*¾okwf wdkUüvnf; a[mawmfrl\/ 11/

,if;pum;&yf\ tqufü ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]Ak'¨0g'D taeESifh,laom ukodkvfum;

'kp½dkufudk a½Smif&efomjzpfonf}}[kqdkjyef\/ 'kp½dkufudk a½SmifMuOfrIonf 0d&wDoDvukodkvfuH jzpf\/ xdk0d&wDoDv ukodkvfudkom,lojzifh 'geukodkvfuH? orxbm0emukodkvfuH? 0dyóembm0emukodkvf uHwdkUudk

y,f½Sm;&m

a&muf\/

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Ak'¨ESifhrqdkifonfudk

txl;*½kûy&efvdk\}}[laom ol\ aemufpum;jzifh rlum; 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyóem ukodkvfuH tm;vHk;udkyif ocifjrwfqdkif y,fjyef\/ rSefvS\- 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyóem ukodkvfuH[lonf umrm0p&ukodkvfpdwf 8-yg;wdkUü ,SOfaom umrm0p& ukodkvfuHcsnf; jzpfavonf/ xdkumrm0p& ukodkvfuHudk y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyóempaom ukodkvfuHwdkUudk y,f&ma&muf onfhtjyif rdrd\ a½SUpum;udkvnf; y,f½Sm;NyD; jzpfaeayonf/ udk,fhpum;csif;yif

rnDay?

xdkUaMumifh

pk'dwuwdkUonf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

pGJqdkonfhtwdkif;

yl&Puóypaom wdw¬drsm;uJhodkU uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,f½Sm;MuonfrSm vGefpGm xif½Sm;avonf/

(p) q|aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 12/

uHy,fa&;qdkif&mrsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;aMumif; r[m0*¾ aAmZÑ*FoH,kwf? wPSu©,okwf

182-wGif ]]Oayu©m oarÁmZÑifudk yGm;rsm;aom xdk&[ef;onf wyfrufrI wPSmudk y,f\/ wyfrufrI wPSmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh uHudky,f\/ uHudky,fjcif;aMumifh 0#fqif;&Judk y,f\/ O'g,D þodkUvQif wPSmukefjcif;aMumifh uHukef\? uHukefjcif;aMumifh qif;&J'ku© ukefqHk;jcif;odkU a&muf\[k a[mMum;

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479

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xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[lí q|aom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ ESm-182 ü þokwfryg? 82-üomygonf/ odkUaomf

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avmukwå&m

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teufudkom

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taxmuftul

rûybJ?

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41-wGif

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pum;udkom taxmuftulûyayonf/

(q) owåraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 13/

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ynwfudk

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf

rZÑdryPÖmo?

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Ak'¨½Sifawmfu

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okwåefa'oemawmf\

teuft"dyÜg,fudk

qifjcifEdkifaomÓPf

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(Z) t|raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 14/

raumif;rI

tukodkvfûyolwdkif;

tyg,fodkUus\

qdkaompum;onf

uHudk

vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udk oVm,weoH,kwf? ocF"rokwf 499-wGif ]]Ak'¨½Sif\ tvdkum; xdkraumif;rI aumif;rI ukodkvfuHwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdkraumif;rIrS vGwf\/ umrwdkUrS

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480

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rSm;rSef;odí aemifrûyvkyfawmhyg[k a½SmifMuOfaomf? y,fpGefUaomf raumif;rI[k odojzifh xdkuHrSvGwf\/ odkU&mwGif igonf raumif;rIudk ûycJhrd\wum;[k pGJvrf;í ESvHk;romjzpfaeaomf xdkraumif;rIuHudk pGJvrf;jcif;jzifhyif

xdktukodkvf

raumif;rIrS

rvGwfEdkifaMumif;

a[mMum;xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[k

t|raom"emudk avQmufxm; jyefavonf/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u ]]raumif;rI tukodkvf ûyolwdkif; tyg,fus\}}[k rqdkaomaMumifh þaom"emonf apm'emESifh roufqdkifacs/ ]]uHudk vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;}} udkvnf; xdkokwfü rjyqdkacs/ xdkokwf\ qdkvdk&if; tusOf;csKyf t"dyÜg,f þodkUjzpfonf/ ed*P²em#ykwåac: *sdef;q&mBuD;\ wynfhjzpfol todAE¨u\om; ½GmolBuD;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]ed*P²em#ykwåonf wynfhwdkYtm; tb,fodkU w&m;a[moenf;}}[kar;awmfrlav&m ]]toufowfol [lorQ?

ray;onfudk

cdk;,lol

[lorQ?

umrwdkUü

rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhol

[lorQ?

r[kwfrrSef

ajymol[lorQonf tyg,fus\/ i&Jus\/ rsm;aom xdkxdkuHu aqmifoGm;\ [lí w&m;a[mygonf}}[k ½GmolBuD;u ajzqdkavonf/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]toufowfolonf owfaomtcsdefESifh rowfaomtcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? ray;onfudk cdk;,lolonf cdk;,laomtcsdefESifh rcdk;,laom tcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? umrwdkUü rSm;,Gif;pGmusifholonf rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhaomtcsdefESifh rusifhaom tcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? r[kwfrrSef ajymolonf r[kwfrrSef ajymaomtcsdefESifh rajymaom tcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;}}[k ar;awmfrljyef&m ]]toufrowfaomtcsdef? rcdk;,laomtcsdef? umrwdkYü rSm;,Gif;pGm rusifhaomtcsdef? r[kwfrrSef rajymaomtcsdefu rsm;ygonf}}[k ½GmolBuD;u ajzqdk avonf/ ]]½GmolBuD; ed*P²em#ykwå\pum;t& rsm;aom xdkxdkuHu aqmifoGm;cJhvQif wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ tyg,fusol?

i&Jusol[lí

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r[kwf}}[ked*P²\

t,l0g'udk

y,fawmfrlNyD;vQif

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uJh&JUawmfrl\/

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a½SmifMuOf&efvnf;

taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

a[mawmfrl\/

toufowfjcif;udk

xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;\

uJh&JUawmfrl\/

wynfhonf

a½SmifMuOf&efvnf;

a[mawmfrl\/ olUtoufudk þa½GU þrQ igowfrd\/ olUtoufudk þa½GU þrQowfrdjcif;onf

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481

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

raumif;? odkUaomfvnf; igonf xdktoufowfrdjcif; taMumif;aMumifh ESvHk;romjzpfaevQif xdkûyNyD;aom raumif;rIonf rûy&mvnf; a&mufrnfr[kwf[k qifjcifum xdktoufowfrIwdkUudk pGefUí aemiftcgü vnf; toufowfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfvsuf raumif;rIudk pGefU\/ raumif;rIrS vGefajrmuf\}} (oHjref?2/ 498/) [k ygPmwdygwudk y,fpGefUyHkudk vnf;aumif;? xdkUtwl t'dEém'ge? umarokrdpämpm&? rkom0g'wdkUudk y,fpGefUyHkudk vnf;aumif; a[mjyawmfrlNyD;vQif okp½dkufq,fyg;ESifh jynfhpHkapum jA[®0d[m&av;yg;wdkUudk

yGm;rsm;í

½lyg0p&tyÜempsmef

r[*¾KwfuHjzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif;?

xdkr[*¾Kwf*½kuuHu

toufowfjcif;

ygPmwdygwuHpaom

umrm0p&uHudk

vTrf;rdk;oGm;í

umrm0p&uH tusdK;ray;EdkifawmhyHkudkvnf;aumif; a[mjyawmfrlonf/ þokwfonf

ûyrdaom

tukodkvfuHudk

tm½kHûyí

aemifwwpfzef

ylyefrIudk

rjzpfapbJ

xdktukodkvfudk aemifwpfzef rûyrdatmif a½SmifMuOf&efESifh tukodkvfudk y,fEdkifaom *½kuuHudk tm;xkwf&efudkom a[mjyaom okwfjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif ajymouJhodkU raumif;rI tukodkvfûyolwdkif; tyg,fus\ [laom pum;onf uHudk vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udkvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrrl? apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; þodkU apm'emrI rûyMuay/ Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkum; xdkraumif;rI tukodkvfwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdktukodkvfrSvGwf\ [laompum;onf Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkr[kwf? ocifjrwfqdkif\ tvdkomjzpfonf/ rdrdtvdkudk Ak'¨bk&m;tvdkjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif tvdktm;jzifhum; tukodkvfudk vkyfcsifoavmufvkyf rpGJvrf;vQif NyD;a&m? rpGJvrf;vQif xdkuHrSvGwf\[k qdkvdk\/ þt,lonfum; ]]ewåd okuw'kuúwmeH ur®meH zvH 0dygaum}}paom uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,faom wdw¬dwdkU\ tvdkESifh udkufnDayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þokwfonf pk'dwu\ taxmuftul rjzpfEdkifacs/

(ps) e0raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 15/

uHtm;vHk;rS

pGefUolonfomvQif

qif;&Jtaygif;rS

vGwfaMumif;udk

okwåedygwf?

obd,okwf 340-wGif ]]tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf qif;&JusdK;'ku©udk jzpfapwwfaom twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜKefuH[lorQwdkUudk r*fÓPfjzifh vTifhrIwfxkwfypfí vSnfhywfrI rm,m? armufrmrI rme? trsufxGufrI a'gowdkUudk ydkif;jcm; odvsuf (jzpfaMumif;? jzpfjcif;ç csKyfjcif;ç csKyfaMumif;) ½kyferfwdkU\ tqHk;udk ûytHh[k usifhaom y&dAÁmZu tjzpfodkU a&muf\/ y&dAÁmZu qdkonfrSm uHudk vTifhrIwf xkwfypfoljzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}[k e0raom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ þaom"emvm om"upum;&yfonf okwåedygwfüvmaom'ku©a0yuHú ,'w¬d urH®? O'¨ra"m wd&d,H 0gyd raZÑ/ y&dAÁmZ,dwGm y&dnmpm&D?

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482

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umvywfvHk;

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aumif;rIûyolonf aumif;usdK;wdkUudkom awGUjrif&awmh\/ (ck jref 1? 30/) þuJhodkU tvGefcdkifrmvSaom bk&m;a[m a'oemt& uHonf &ifhusufrS tusdK;ay;onf[laom 0g'onfom Ak'¨\ur®0g' jzpf\/ i½kwfoD;pyfovdkqdkonfrSm Ak'¨\ur®0g'r[kwf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh txufygbk&m;a[mygVd txift½Sm;½Sdaeí i½kwfoD;ur®0g'udk Ak'¨\ur®0g'jzpfatmifvSnfhpm;aomfvnf; atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay/ tumvdaum-[laom w&m;*kPfawmft& csufcsif; tusdK;ay;onf qdkonfum; 'ge? oDvpaom ukodkvfuHrsdK;? ygPmwdygwç t'dEém'gepaom tukodkvfuHrsdK;ESifh vHk;0roufqdkif? avmukwå&mcef; zGifhaomtcg

r*fukodkvfjzpfNyD;

csufcsif;

zdkvftusdK;ay;onfudkom

qdkjcif;jzpfonf/

r*fNyD;

zdkvfvmonfudkom tumvdu udef;ao tcgrvifhjzpfay\/ avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfcef;üum; tcgrvifhr[kwf? tcgvifhonfomjzpfonf/ &ifhusufrSom tusdK;ay:onf/ þum; Ak'¨\ur®0g' ppfppfaywnf;/ OD;Ouú|\uHt,ltqonf atmufyg bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;ESifh tb,frQavmuf qefUusifyHkudk qufvufNyD;qdkOD;tHh/ tusdK;ay;&mumvudk ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;[k owfrSwfjcif;onf tusdK;ay;&m umvtm;jzifh tukodkvf uHoHk;yg;udk a0zefa[mjyaom ed'geokwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusifaeonf/ pk'dwuwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wifjypGJqdkonfhtwdkif;

bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh

qefUusifonfrSm rjiif;omay/ 34/

ydkrdkxif½Sm;ap&ef

t*Fkwå&ygVd?

'ouedygwfüvmaom

oaÍöweduokwfESifh

u&Zum,okwfwdkUudk tusOf;csHK;íjyvdkayonf/ xdkokwfwdkUü]]em[H bdu©a0 oaÍöwedumeH ur®meH uwmeH OypdwmeH tyÜ#doHa0'dwGm AsEÅDbm0H 0'grd? wÍö acg 'da|0 "ar®m OyyaZÆ0g tya& 0g y&d,ma,}} (tH 3? 497? 503/) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]&[ef;wdkU aphaqmf? tm;xkwf? ûyvkyf? qnf;yl;tyfukefaom uHwdkU\tusdK;udk rcHpm;&bJ uif;aysmufjcif;udk igrqdk? xdktusdK;udkvnf; rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap? tjcm;rJh('kwd,) b0üjzpfap? aemufb0 tqufqufüjzpfap cHpm;&\ }}(tif jref 3? 487?493/) [kpum;csDawmfrlNyD;vQif towfoufjcif;paom um,uH ysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;paom 0pDuH ysufpD;rIav;rsdK;? olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk rw&m;vdkcsifrI tbdZÑmpaom raemuHysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? þtukodkvfuH q,frsdK;udk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

493

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkU a&muf&ukef\/ olUtoufowfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

um,uHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?

0pDuHjynfhpHkrIav;rsdK;?

tbdZÑmr½Sdjcif;paom

r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;rS raemuHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?

þukodkvfuHq,frsdK;udk aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&ukef\ [ka[mawmfrlonf/ þa'oemawmfwdkUjzifh tusdK;ay;aom

rsufarSmufb0ü

OyyZÆa0'eD,uH?

ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH

[lí

tusdK;ay;aom

wwd,b0rSpí

þuHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk

'd|"r®a0'eD,uH?

tqufqufaomb0wdkUü wdkuf½dkufa0zefí

'kwd,b0ü tusdK;ay;aom

jyawmfrlonf/

xdkUaMumifh

ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;rSm tusdK;ay;onf [laomt,lonf Ak'¨\ur®0g'r[kwfaMumif; odomayonf/ 35/ t½Sifom&dykwå&mr[max&fjrwfonfvnf;(1)

ta[mod ur®H ta[mod ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í twdwfb0ü tusdK;ay;NyD;aomuH?

(2)

ta[mod ur®H ea[mod ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í twdwfb0ü tusdK;ay;NyD;r[kwfaomuH?

(3)

ta[mod ur®H tw¬d ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0üjzpfNyD;í ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH?

(4)

ta[mod ur®H ew¬d ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ray;aomuH?

(5)

ta[mod ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH/

(6)

ta[mod ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0üjzpfNyD;í tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåH r[kwfaomuH[lí twdwfuH 6-rsdK;/

(7)

tw¬d ur®H tw¬d ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH?

(8)

tw¬d ur®H ew¬d ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ray;aomuH?

(9)

tw¬d ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH?

(10)

tw¬d ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYr[kwfaomuH[lí ypöKyÜefuH 4-rsdK;/

(11)

b0dówd ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

494

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tem*wfb0ü jzpfvwåHYjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH?

(12)

b0dówd ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ tem*wfb0ü jzpfvwåYHjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHY r[kwfaom uH[lí tem*wfuH 2-rsdK; wdkUudk a0zefydkif;jcm;í a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ (ck 9? 271/) (y#dorÇd'gr*f

þy#dorÇd'gr*f

ygVdawmf/)

ygVdawmfuvnf;

i½kwfoD;ur®0g'?

ykcufESifh

acgif;Mum;ur®0g'onf

Ak'¨\ur®0g' r[kwf y,fcsvsuf ½Sdayonf/ 36/

þt&mü

jrwfpGmbk&m;a0zefa[mMum;onfh

Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf?

r[mur®0db*F

a'oemawmfudk tusOf;rQazmfjyvdkayao;onf/ aygwvdykwåy&dAdkZf\ tar;udk t½Siford'¨donf cGJjcm;a0zefí ajzqdkoifhvsuf wpfzufowf ajzqdkrdjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í uHtrsdK;rsdK;udk a0zef a[mMum;awmfrlvdkaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf(1)

þrsufarSmufb0ü toufowfrIpaom 'kp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf?

(2)

þrsufarSmufb0ü toufowfrIpaom 'kp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf?

(3)

þrsufarSmufb0ü

toufowfrIrSa½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

okp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí

aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf? (4)

þrsufarSmufb0ü

toufowfrIrSa½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

okp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí

aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf? þav;rsdK;wdkYudk

rmwdum(acgif;pOf)xm;í

wpfyg;aom

orP

jAm[®PwdkU\

t,lwdkUwGif

cGifhûyEdkifaomt,l? cGifhrûyEdkifaomt,lwdkUudk a0zefawmfrlNyD;vQif tcsKyftm;jzifh þodkUa[mawmfrlonf/ (1)

yXryk*¾dKvfonf xdk'kp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü 'ku©a0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom ,kwfrmaomuHudk ûy\/ aocgeD; umvüvnf; rdpämt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/ xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIpaom uH\tusdK;udk rsufarSmufb0ü jzpfap? 'kwd,b0üjzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/

(2)

'kwd,yk*¾dKvfonf xdk'kp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü okca0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;aomuHudk

ûy\/

aocgeD;

umvüvnf;

or®mt,ludk

jynfhjynfhpHkpHk

aqmufwnf\/ xdkaumif;aom uHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&\/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIpaom

uH\tusdK;udk

rsufarSmufb0ü

jzpfap?

'kwd,b0üjzpfap?

wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

495

tpodkU

(3)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wwd,yk*¾dKvfonf

xdkokp½dkufuH\

a½SUtzdkU?

aemuftzdkUü

okca0'em\

taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;aomuHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIrS

a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

uH\tusdK;udk

rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap?

'kwd,b0üjzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/ (4)

pwkw¬yk*¾dKvfonf xdkokp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü 'ku©a0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom ,kwfrmaomuHudk ûy\/ aocgeD; umvüvnf; rdpämt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/ xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom

uH\tusdK;udk

rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap?

'kwd,b0üjzpfap?

wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/ (r jref 3? 25-rS-260/) þOy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf? r[mur®0db*Fokwft&vnf; i½kwfoD;ur®0g'ESifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; ur®0g'onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh roufqdkifaom OD;Ouú|\ omoemjyify0g'omjzpfaMumif; odomayonf/ 37/

xdkUjyif-

(1) *wdorÜwdå = vlewfjA[®m[laom aumif;aomb0? (2) Oy"dorÜwdå = vSyjynfhpHkaom ½kyfqif;t*Fg? (3) umvorÜwdå = rif;aumif;? vlaumif;wdkUjzpf&m acwfumvaumif;? (4) ya,m*orÜwdå = aumif;aomvHkUvya,m* todtvdr®m? þav;yg;wdkUonf ukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&ef taMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/ (1) *wd0dywåd = tyg,fav;yg;[laom raumif;aomb0? (2) Oy"d0dywåd = rvSy? rjynfhpHkaom ½kyfqif;t*Fg? (3) umv0dywåd = rif;qdk;? vlqdk;wdkUjzpf&m acwfqdk;acwfysuf? (4) ya,m*0dywåd = rSm;,Gif;aomvHkUvya,m*ESifh todtvdr®mr½Sdjcif;ç þav;yg;wdkYonf tukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&eftaMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/ tcsdKU tukodkvfwdkUonf orÜwdåESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh r&MubJ? 0dywådESifh êuHêuduf onfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\/ tcsdKU ukodkvfuHwdkUonf 0dywådESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh r&MubJ? orÜwdåESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\ [lívnf; uHwdkU\ tusdK;ay;[ef? ray;[efwdkUudk 0dbif;ygVdawmfBuD;ü tus,fa0zef a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd 2? 351/) / xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf ]]wzef xdkUjyifvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif; jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odawmfrl\/ twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

496

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odaMumif;jzpfaom þÓPfawmfonf bk&m;½Sif\ ÓPfawmftm;aywnf;/ ,if; tm;awmfodkUa&mufí (,if; tm;awmfudk taMumif;ûyí) bk&m;½Sifonf jrwfaom oAÁñkwÓPft&mudk 0efcHawmfrl\/ y&dwfowfwdkUü r½GHUraMumuf jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU &J&Jawmuf rdefU>rufawmfrl\/ jrwfaom"r®pufudk vnfapawmfrl\}}[k jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU &J&Jawmuf êuH;0g;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (0dbif;ygVdawmf-329) 38/

þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefuHESifh xdkuHwdkU\

tusdK;w&m;wdkUudk cGJjcm;ydkifydkif odjrifEdkifonfh oAÁñkwÓPfwnf;[laom wxm*w\ tm;awmfjrwfudk ykwfcwfapmfum;?

y,f½Sm;wm;jrpfvsuf

i&JbHkrsm;onf

pdwful;

]]ukodkvf?

oufoufjzihf

tukodkvfuHwdkU\

tusdK;w&m;ESifh

ewfbHk?

vlom;\pdwfudk

jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifjcif;ç

ajcmufvSefUjcif;omjzpfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]],ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf a½S;a½S;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifhr[kwf? ,ckb0tvkyf\ aus;Zl;oufoufjzpfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨\ ur®0g'um; ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;om

jzpfonf}}[lí

vnf;aumif;?

jrpfzsm;cHvmonf}}

[lívnf;aumif;?

]]Ak'¨\

y&rÜ&umrm0p&ukodkvf?

tukodkvfusdK;udk

]]ur®óuwvrf;pOfonf rl&if;a'oemü

vufcH,HkMunf&ef

jAm[®Pa0'rS

twdwfuHudk

tpGJûyaom

rygr½Sd}}[lívnf;aumif;

a&;om;

a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkU\ t,lonf uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,f½Sm;aom ru©vda*gomv wdw¬dq&mBuD;\ rdpämt,lrsdK;om jzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f r½Sdacs/ 39/

xdkuH-uH\tusdK;udk

y,faomwdw¬dt,l0g'udk

t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf?

wduedygwf?

auourÁv okwfü þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; ½Iwfcsawmfrl\/ ]]&[ef;wdkU csnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf[lorQwdkUwGif vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &ufxm;tyfaom urÁvmudk t,kwfnHhqHk;t0wf[k qdkxdkuf\/ &[ef;wdkU vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom urÁvmonf at;aom&moDü tvGefat;\/ yltdkufaom&moDü tvGefyltdkuf\/ tqif;vnf;rvS? teHUvnf;raumif;? Murf;wrf;aomtawGUvnf; ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU þwlomvQif rsm;pGmukefaom orP jAm[®PwdkU\ t,l0g'[lorQwdkUwGif ru©vda*gomv\ t,l0g'udk t,kwfnHhqHk;[k qdkxdkuf\/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh ru©vda*gomvonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom 0D&d,r½Sd[k ajymqdkavh ½Sd\/ þodkU,lavh ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU

a½S;vGefavNyD;aom

umvü

yGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom?

ylaZmftxl;udk

cHawmfrlxdkufaom?

w&m;tm;vHk;udk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom bk&m;½SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefNyD/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf xdkyGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom bk&m;½SifwdkUudkvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd[k wm;jrpf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

497

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

&[ef;wdkU aemiftem*wfumvü yGifhawmfrlvwåHUaom? ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m; tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaombk&m;½SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefvwåHU/ &[ef;wdkU ,cktcgü ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;wdkU

r*fzdkvfrS

tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh

ru©vda*gomvonf

yGifhawmfrlNyD;?

yGifhawmfrlvwåHU bk&m;½SifwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? igbk&m;udkvnf;aumif; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd}}[k wm;jrpfbd\/ &[ef;wdkU ,cktcgü ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? tvHk;pHkaomw&m;wdkUudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\[k a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf ighudkvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHonfr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd[k wm;jrpf\/ &[ef;wdkU jrpfqHkjrpf0ü axmifxm;tyfaomjr§HK;onf rsm;pGmukefaom ig;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef? qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJhysufpD;&efjzpfouJhodkU? þtwlomvQif vlaxmifjr§HK;yrm avmuü jzpfay:vmaom tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf rsm;pGmaomowå0gwdkU tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef? qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJh ysufpD;&efjzpfayonf}}[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ (tif jref 1? 307-308/) þbk&m;½Sif\ rdefUcGef;awmfESifhtnD OD;Ouú|onfvnf; wdw¬dBuD;ru©vda*gomvyrm jzpf\/ pk'dwuwynfhBuD; tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef?

ocifjrwfqdkifrStp qif;&J&ef?

qdkoifhayawmhonf/

a*gwr

or®m'd|dokawoeorm;rsm;

tusdK;rJhysufpD;&ef

jzpfay:vmaom

bk&m;wpfqludkomru?

tp½Sdaom

owå0gtrsm;

vlaxmifjr§HK;BuD;jzpfonf[kom

bk&m;tqlqludk

qefUusifol?

wm;jrpfol

jzpfayonf/ (c)trSwfaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 40/

(c)]],ckb0ü csrf;omjcif;udk a½S;a½S;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,HkMunfvQif ykaAÁuw

a[wk'd|d jzpfonf/ t"r®jzpfonf/}}[laompum;&yfudkvnf; ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk uGJjym;pGm rodem;rvnfjcif;aMumifh qdkrdjcif;jzpfayonf/ ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkUum; tenf;i,frQrwlay/ uH-uH\tusdK;onf ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuHaMumifh aumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf/ tukodkvfuHaMumifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

498

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

raumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf[k odaomÓPfonf ur®óuwÓPf rnf\/ tvª\tusdK;onf ½Sd\ponfjzifh

jzpfaomÓPf?

opömEkavmrduac:

0dyóemÓPfudkxm;í

tm;vHk;aom

avmuD

ukodkvfÓPfonf ur®óuwÓPfrnf\[k 0dbif;ygVdawmf 341-üvmonf/ csrf;omcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ qif;&JcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ rqif;&J? rcsrf;om Oayu©mcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ olUtoufowfjcif;ç olUOpömcdk;jcif; wdkUonfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf/ rnfonfht&mrqdk jzpfjzpforQonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf[k a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;udkcsnf; tjrwfwEdk; ,HkMunfpGJvrf;rIonf

ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d

jzpfonf/

ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk

odem;vnfMuap&ef

jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonfhpum;&yfrS t"dyÜg,frysuf tusOf;csHK;í jyvdkayonf/ ]]&[ef;wdkU vnf;aumif;?

þowå0gonf

rqif;&J?

taMumif;aMumifhom

tvHk;pHkaom

csrf;omrIokcudk

rcsrf;om(vspfvsL½IrI)

cHpm;&\}}[k

Oayu©mudk

ajymavh,lav½&Sdaom

vnf;aumif;? vnf;aumif;

qif;&JrI'ku©udk a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

orPjAm[®PtcsdKUwdkU

½Sdukef\/

xdkorPjAm[®PwdkUodkU csOf;uyfí t½SifwdkU þowå0gonf tvHk;pHkaom okc? 'ku©? Oayu©mudk a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom cHpm;&\[k oifwdkU ajymavh,lavh½SdMu\[lonf rSefoavm[k igar;\/ rSef\[k xdkolwdkUuvnf; 0efcHMu\/ t½SifwdkU odkUjzpfvQif olUtoufudk owfavh½SdolwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhom

jzpfMu&vdrhfrnf/

rjrwfaomtusifhudk

usifholwdkUonf

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhom

jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/

rkom;ajymolwdkUonf

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf&vdrfhrnf/ ukef;wdkufpum;? Murf;wrf; aompum;? Nydefzsifa;ompum;udk ajymolwdkUonf

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhom

jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/

olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk

rufarmav½&Sdol? ysufpD;apvdkpdwf½Sdol? rSm;aomt,l½SdolwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf[k igqdk\/ &[ef;wdkU

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;udkomvQif

tjrwfwEdk;

,HkMunfpGJvrf;MuolwdkUtm;

þtrIudpöudk ûy&ef? rûy&ef tvdkqE´? tm;xkwfrI 0D&d,onf rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/ þodkU ûyoifhonf? rûyoifhonfudk trSeftuef? tcdkiftjrJr&cJhaomf owdvGwfuif; apmifhpnf;jcif;r½SdbJ aeolwdkUtwGuf toD;tjcm;

taMumif;ESifhwuGjzpfaom

orP0g'

r½SdEdkifawmhacs/

&[ef;wdkU

þonfum;

þodkUajymavh,lav½&Sdaom orPjAm[®PwdkUü taMumif;ESifhwuG ig\yXrESdyfjcif;wnf;}} (tif jref 1? 192? 193/) þwdw¬,weokwfvm bk&m;a[mw&m;udk em;vnfolrSeforQonf ,ckb0ü csrf;omjcif;onf a½S;ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,lqcsufudk t"r®[krqdkcJhMuay/ 41/

ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkU\ xl;jcm;yHkudk em;vnfcJhMuonfhtwGuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

499

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t|uxmq&mBuD;u

þodkU

qufvuf½Sif;jyxm;\/

tukodkvfuHESifh,SOfaom

ur®a0'em?

cHpm;rI

ud&d,mpdwfü,SOfaom

a0'emonf

ud&d,a0'em?

ukodkvfuH?

0dygufpdwfü,SOfaom

0dygua0'em[lí oHk;rsdK; ½Sd\/ xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUwGif ur®a0'em? ud&d,a0'emwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf

r[kwf?

vuf½SdawGUêuHvmaom

0dygua0'emonfomvQif

a½S;uûycJhzl;aom

taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh

taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k

jzpfonf/

odjrif,lqjcif;onf

ur®óuwor®m'd|djzpfonf/ ur®a0'em? ud&d,a0'em? 0dygua0'emoHk;rsdK;vHk;onf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf\[k vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onfom ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ tema&m*gwdkUonf onf;ajcaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? ovdyfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? avaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? xdkoHk;rsdK;aygif;qHk usa&mufrI oEédygwfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? OwkazmufjyefrIaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? cE¨mudk,fudk rnDrñGwf? rrQrw aqmif½Gufjcif;aMumifh jzpfaom tema&m*g? vHkvtm;xkwf ûyvkyfjcif;aMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? uH\tusdK;aMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g[lí ½SpfrsdK;½SdMu\/ xdka&m*g ½SpfrsdK;wdkUudk oufqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkUaMumifh jzpfonf[k odjrifjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ ]]tema&m*g rSeforQ a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;onf}} ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/ rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;½Sdaom (rsufarSmufb0ü tusdK;ay;aom) 'd|"r®a0'eD,uH? 'kwd,b0ü uyfa&mufí cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;½Sdaom ('kwd,b0ü tusdK;ay;aom) OyyZÆa0'eD,uH? tqufqufaom

b0ü

cHpm;tyfaom

tusdK;½Sdaom

(tqufqufaomb0ü

tusdK;ay;aom)

ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH[lí uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkuHoHk;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif ,HkMunfjcif;onf

ur®óuwor®m'd|d

jzpf\/

a½SUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk

y,fí

ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH

wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;&aomtusdK;? 'kwd,b0ü cHpm;&aomtusdK;? tqufqufb0ü cHpm;&aom tusdK;[lí

uH\tusdK;oHk;rsdK;wdkUudk

jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mxm;awmfrlonf/

xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk

odjrif

,HkMunfjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ a½SUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk y,fí ty&my&d, tqufquftusdK; wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ ukodkvfapwem? tukodkvfapwem? 0dyguapwem? ud&d,apwem av;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkav;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif,HkMunfjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ 0dygu apwemrS wpfyg;aom apwemoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk y,fí 0dyguapwem wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/ (tH | 2? 156/) 42/

þodkUvQif

ur®óuwor®m'd|dESifh

ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|donf

wGif;xGufpdefESifh

csufausmufyrm vGefpGm uGJjym;jcm;em;vSayonf/ ,if;odkU vGefpGmuGJjym;jcm;em;onf\ tjzpfudkvnf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

500

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t|uxmtqdkudk rMunfh½Irdapumrl jrwfpGmbk&m;\ 'kwd,0guspum;awmfjzifhyif ay:vGifxif½Sm;pGm odEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkU odEdkifygvsuf aemuf0gus pum;&yfudk csefvSyf0Sufxm;í wpfyg;olrsm; ,HkrSm;oHo, jzpfavatmif MuHaqmifvsuf ]],ckb0 csrf;om<u,f0jcif;onf a½S;uHaMumifhjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfvQif ykaAÁuw a[wk'd|d jzpfonf/ bk&m;u t"r®[ka[monf}}[ka&;om; a[majymjcif;onf OD;Ouú|taejzifh

ur®óuwÓPfESifh

ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d

jcm;em;csufudk

trSefwu,f

rodí

a&;om;a[majymrdjcif;avm[k xifrSwfzG,fr½Sd? omoemawmfudk tajctjrpfrSvSefí wl;ûzdzsufqD;ypf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om; a[majymjcif;om jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|onf pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,[laom yom'½kyf ig;yg;udkom toHk;csonfh ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; ae&mrsm;pGmü a&;om;a[majym qHk;raeonfudk awGUMu&onfjzpfí Ak'¨0g'udk ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh MunfhNyD; a&;om;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf ol\½kyf0g'udk Ak'¨"r® tultnD,lNyD; xlaxmifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf Ak'¨"r®rsm;udk ½kyf0g'rsm;jzpfatmif yufyufpufpuf omoemxJ0ifNyD; zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyf ,lqawmfrlMuonf/

(*) trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 43/

(*)

]]ukodkvf?

tukodkvftaMumif;aMumifh

tusdK;qufjzpfonf[laom

ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf jAm[®Pa0'rS jrpfzsm;cHvmonf/ oHo&m vnfaea&;udkom tm;ay;aomw&m; jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csufvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a'oemESifh zDvmjzpfaom a&;om;csufjzpfonf/ Ak'¨"r® tppfrsm;udk jAm[®P0g'[korkwfNyD; jynfolvlxk xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;om jzpfavonf/ ur®óuwmor®m'd|donf ukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;wdkU\ tajccHt&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ ur®óuwmor®m'd|d ½SdrSomvQif tukodkvfudkvnf; a½SmifMuOfEdkifonf/ 'ge? oDv? bm0em ukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf; jzpfyGm; apEdkifonf/ xdkUaMumifh þur®óuwmor®m'd|dESifh oDvudk ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tp[lí jrwfpGmbk&m; þodkU a[mawmfrlonf/ wo®mwd[ wGH bdu©K tm'dar0 0daoma"[d ukoavok "ar®ok/ aum pm'd ukovmeH "r®meH? oDvÍö ok 0dok'¨H 'd|d p OZkum/ (oH 3/ 124/)

jrefrmjyef &[ef; oif w&m;awmif;yefjcif; taMumif;aMumifh oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü tpydkif;udkom okwfoif pifMu,fapOD;avmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tpydkif;[lonf tb,fenf;? pifMu,faomoDvESifh ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/ &[ef; odkUjzpfvQif oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü tpudkyif okwfoifavmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tpum; tb,fenf;/ aumif;pGm pifMu,faomoDvESifh ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/ (oH jref 3/ 129/) 44/

þur®óuwmor®m'd|dESihf

jynfhpHkaom

olonfomvQif

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

t,lrSef½Sdol?

501

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ajzmifhrwfaomt,l½Sdol? w&m;awmfü rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfñdkoljzpfí olawmfaumif;w&m;[laom omoemawmfodkU a&mufvmol (omoemhEG,f0if) jzpfaMumif;udk or®m'd|dokwfü þodkU a[mawmfrlonf/ igh½Sif...t&d,mwynfhonf

tukodkvf

tukodkvf\

taMumif;&if;?

ukodkvf

ukodkvf\

taMumif;&if;udk cGJjcm;í od\/ igh½SifwdkU þrQjzifhvnf; t&d,mwynfhonf t,lrSef½Sdol jzpf\/ xdkol\ t,lonf

ajzmifhrwf\/

w&m;awmfü

rwkefrvIyf

ouf0ifMunfñdkrIESifh

jynfhpHkvsuf

olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom omoemawmfodkU a&mufvmol jzpf\/ (rlvyPÖmoygVd-57) 45/

þw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk axmufxm;í ur®óuwÓPf (ur®óuwor®m'd|d)onf

jAm[®Pa0'rS oGif;,lxm;aom w&m;r[kwf? bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlxm;aom w&m; jzpfonfudk oHo, uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif; rSwf,l&m\/ ]]avmuonf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ owå0gtaygif;onf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ oGm;aeaom &xm;\ em;yef;pGef;uJhodkU owå0gwdkUudk uHu zGJUpyfxm;\/}} (r jref 2/ 418/) (owå0gonf) uHaMumifh ausmfapmjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? csD;rGrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; &\/ uHaMumifh qHk;½IH;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?

owfjzwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?

aESmifzGJUjcif;udkvnf;aumif;

&\/

txl;xl;ûywwfaom xdkuHudk odvwfaomf avmuü uHonf r½Sd[lí tb,fhaMumifh ajymqdk&mtHhenf;}} (tbd jref 4-'k/ 292/)

(uxm0w¬KygVdawmf jrefrmjyef)

(C)trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 46/

ur®óuwÓPf[k qdktyfaom 'd|dZkur®yknud&d,0w¬Konf oHo&mvnfa&;udk tm;ay;aomw&m; [kwf-r[kwfudk pdppfMuukeftHh/ ur®óuwÓPf[lonf ]]'kp½dkufq,fyg;onf tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk zsufqD;wwf? tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpömjzpfaom uHr[kwf? okp½dkufonf tusdK;rJhwdkUudk zsufqD;wwf? tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpömjzpfaom uHrnf\}}[k odwwfaomÓPfyifwnf;/ xdkÓPfü wnfí 'ge? oDv? Oaygoxpaom aumif;rIwdkUudkûyvsuf csrf;ompnf;pdrf tqifhqifh cHpm;NyD;vQif edAÁmefodkU a&mufMuolwdkUrSm *Pef;csí rjyEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfudk oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm ESm-397- ü þodkU jyqdkxm;ayonf/ ]]OpömjynfhpHk uHkvHk<u,f0aom a,mufsm;onf vSnf;aygif;ig;&mwdkUü axmywf? ysm;&nf? wifvJ? qm;? ESrf;? qefpaom &du©mrsm;udkwifí uEÅm&c&D;cJudk oGm;onf½Sdaomf wpfpHkwpfck ûyzG,fudpö jzpfay:vmygu toHk;taqmiftm;vHk; ,lcJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh awmifawmifþþ MuHpnfxdwfvefUrI r½SdbJ ab;r½Sd&m

t&yfodkU

okp½dkufq,fyg;onf

a&mufEdkifouJhodkU? udk,fydkifOpömjzpfonf[k

þtwl('kp½dkufq,fyg;onf odpGrf;Edkifaom)

udk,fydkifOpömr[kwf?

ur®óuwÓPfü

wnfvsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

502

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rsm;pGmaomtvªudk

ay;vª?

oDvudkjznfhusifh?

Oykofudk

aqmufwnfí

csrf;omtqifhqifh?

pnf;pdrftqifhqifh cHpm;NyD;vQif edAÁmefodkU a&mufukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ ta&twGufum; tydkif;tjcm;r½SdEdkif? *Pef;rjyEdkif}}/ (tbd? |? 2? 497/) 47/

tcgwpfyg; a0omvDjynfom; O*¾ol<u,fonf jrwfpGmbk&m;trª;½Sdaom oHCmawmfudk

rdrdtdrfodkUyifhzdwfí ESpfûcdufzG,fjzpfaom vªzG,f0w¬KwdkUudk pDrHNyD;vQif ]]t½Sifbk&m; ESpfûcdufzG,fypönf; 0w¬Kudk ay;vªolonf ESpfûcdufzG,ftusdK;udk &\}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufawmfrS wynhfawmf Mum;em&zl;ygonf/ wynfhawmf\ þtifMuif;yGifhESifhwlaom cJzG,fponfrsm;onf ESpfûcdufzG,f½Sdygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wynfhawmftm; oem;apmifha½Smuf csD;ajr§mufaomtm;jzifh xdkvªzG,f0w¬KwdkUudk tvªcH awmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm;í vª'gef;avonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tvªcHawmfrlNyD; ]]remy'g,D vbaw remyH}}paom ESpf*gxmwdkUjzifh tEkarm'em ûyawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm-]]ESpfûcdufzG,fudk

ay;vªolonf

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&Edkif\/

tMuifolonf

ajzmifhrwfaom tvªcHyk*¾dKvfwdkUü vdkvdkcsifcsif t0wfouFef;? tdyf&mae&m? qGrf;abmZOf? tazsmf,rumESifh trsdK;rsdK;aom vªzG,fypönf;wdkUudk ay;vª\/ v,f,majraumif;ESifhwlaom

&[EÅmwdkUudkodí

pGefUvTwfcsD;ajr§muftyf\/

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ay;vªaom xdkolawmfaumif;onf pGefUEdkifcJonfudk pGefUí ESpfûcdufzG,ftusdK;udk &\/ aemiftcg O*¾ol<u,fonf pkawNyD;vQif ok'¨g0gojA[®bHküjzpfí t&[wåzdkvfodkU a&mufum jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfodkU tzl;tajrmf vma&mufavonf/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]O*¾...todkUenf; (b,fhES,fvJ) oifhtm; tvdktwdkif; jynfhpHk\avm}}[k ar;awmfrlav&m ]]t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmftm; tvdktwdkif; pifppf jynfhpHkyg\}}[k avQmufavonf/ O*¾ol<u,f tvdk½Sdaom tusdK;um; t&[wåzdkvf jzpfonf/ xdkt&[wåzdkvfudk&í tvdktwdkif; jynfhpHkyg\[k avQmufavonf/ (t*Fkwå& yÍöuedygwygVd 42 rS 45? ,if;t|uxm 23 rS 25 ) OD;Ouú|\ pGyfpGJcsuftwdkif; uHûyvQif oHo&mvnfonfqdkygu O*¾ol<u,f &[EÅmjzpfrnf r[kwf/ ,ckrl ukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfaom O*¾ol<u,f &[EÅmjzpfí oHo&mjywfavNyD/ þw&m;awmf jzpf&yfrSefudk axmufí OD;Ouú|onf pnf;vGwf0g;vGwf wm0efrJh a&;om;a[majymaom? omoemudk zsufqD;olom jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 48/

xdkUjyif

ur®óuwmvrf;pOfESifh

pyfvsOf;í

a[mMum;csufrsm;pGm

½Sdayao;\/

t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? wduedygwfü þodkUa[mawmfrl\/ ]]tMuifolwdkUonfum;

ynm½SdwdkU

csD;rGrf;tyfaom

ynm½Sd

olawmfaumif;wdkUudk

rSD0Jqnf;uyfukef\/ xdkolwdkU\ o'¨gw&m;onfum; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü tjrpfozG,f jzpfí wnf\/ xdkynm½SdwdkUonf

ewfjynfodkUvnf;

vm;a&muf&ukef\/

þvlUjynf0,f

jrwfaomtrsdK;üvnf;

jzpf&ukef\/ tpOfojzifh edAÁmefodkU a&muf&ukef\}} (tif jref? 1? 108/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

503

tpodkU 49/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ck'´uygXygVdawmf? ed"du@okwfüvnf; þodkUa[mMum;\/ ]]vlUjynf½Sd pnf;pdrfOpömudk

vnf;aumif; ewfjynfü arGUavsmfzG,fudkvnf;aumif; edAÁmefcsrf;omudkvnf;aumif; tusdK;tm;vHk;udk xdkukodkvfa½Ttdk;aMumifh &Edkif\}} (ck jref 1? 9/) 50/

yXmef;ygVdawmfBuD;ü

ur®óuwÓPf

ukodkvfuHudk

tajcûyí

oHo&mjywfNyD;

edAÁmef&yftxd a&mufyHkudk þodkU a[mMum;xm;\/ o'H¨ Oyedóm, 'geH a'wd? oDvH orm'd,wd? Oaygoxur®H ua&mwd? psmeH OyÜga'wd? 0dyóeH OyÜga'wd? r*H¾ OyÜga'wd? tbdnH OyÜga'wd? ormywdå OyÜga'wd/ &wemoHk;yg; uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;tay: ouf0if,HkMunfrIudk trSDûyí (taMumif;ûyí) tvªay;vª\/ oDv aqmufwnf\? Oykofapmifh\? psmef&atmif tm;xkwfí psmef&\? 0dyóem ur®|mef;w&m;

yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\?

aomwmywådr*fpaom

r*fÓPfav;yg;udk

jzpfay:&½Sdap\/

tbdnmOfudk jzpfay:&½Sdap\/ ormywfudk jzpfay:&½Sdap\/ (þaumif;usdK; tqufqufum; uH-uH\ tusdK;tay: ouf0if,HkMunfrIrS jrpfzsm;cHcJh\/ uH-uH\ tusdK;udk r,HkMunfvQif o'¨grJhvQif þodkUaom tusdK;xl; r&Edkif r&ay)/ þokwåeftbd"r®m a'oemawmfwdkUudk axmufí umrm0p& ukodkvfuHonf r*fzdkvfwdkUtm; yuwlyedó,owådjzifh aus;Zl;ûyum oHo&m0#frS uRwfvGwfxGufajrmuf apEdkifaom w&m;jzpfonf/ oHo&mü vnfapwwfaom w&m;r[kwf[k odomayonf/ oHo&mü vnfapwwfaom w&m;um; ur®óuwmvrf;pOf r[kwf? t0dZÆmESifh wPSmom jzpfonfudk terw*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfü þodkU a[mawmfrlavonf/ terwa*¾g,H bdu©a0 oHoma&m? ykAÁmaum#d e ynm,wd t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0dwH oHo&dwH/ (oH 1? 387/) t"dyÜm,frSm - ]]&[ef;wdkU þ oHo&m\ tpudk rodEdkif? rodrIt0dZÆmjzifh ydwfzHk;tyfukefonf/ wPSmaESmifêud;jzifh zGJUcsnftyfukefonf jzpfí þb0rS xdkb0? xdkb0rS þb0odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnf Mu&ukefaom owå0gwdkU\ a½SUtpGef;onf rxif}}/ (oH jref 1? 375/) xdkUaMumifh

Ak'¨0dyóem

(1)ü

a&;om;xm;aom

ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf

azmfjyyg

bk&m;a[ma'oemwdkUESifh vHk;0qefUusifonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

(i) trSwfjy aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 51/

(1) ]]t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh

,ckypöu©b0rSm 0dnmPf? emrf½kyf? oVm,we? zó a0'em[laom tusdK;w&m;rsm;vmí jzpf&onf ponfjzifh

twdwfb0u

taMumif;aMumifh

,ckb0wGif

tusdK;w&m;rsm;vmí

jzpf&ol[laom

t,ltqrsm;rSm twåvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf}}[laom 0drkwåd&ot&aumufusrf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

504

tpodkU ESm-22?

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wdkUüygaom

a&;om;csufonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfudk

twåvrf;pOf0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;[k pGyfpGJxm;aom a&;om;csufom jzpfonf/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;udk vufcHoa,mifa,muf wpfae&mü [efjyxm;í þae&mü yufyufpufpuf zsufqD;xm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfESifh omoeywdw¬dwdkU\ twå0g'wdkU rwluGJjym; jcm;em;yHkudk

trSeftwdkif;

oabmayguf

em;vnf;Edkif&ef

twå0g'udk

a½S;OD;pGm

jyqdkMuukefthH?

omoemywdw¬dwdkU pGJvrf;xifrSm;aom twåonf y&rwå (y& + twå)? ZD0twå[lí 2 rsdK; ½Sd\/ urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh owå0gawGudk pDrHzefqif;Edkifol r[mjA[®m½Sdonf xm0&bk&m;½Sdonf[k pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf y&rwåpGJjzpfonf/ xdky&rwåpGJvrf;yHkudk oDvu©ef ygVdawmf ESm- 19-20 ü jyqdkxm;ayonf/ owå0gwpfa,mufwpfa,muf\ toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmOfaumif ½Sdonf[k pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf ZD0twåpGJjzpfonf/ 52/

ZD0twåpGJvrf;yHkum; owå0gwdkU\ cE¨mudk,ftwGif;ü toufaumif? vdyfjymaumif?

0dnmOfaumif[k qdk&aom twå½Sdonf/ xdktwåonf vGefpGm tpGrf;xufjrufonf/ um&u - ûyvkyfzG,f[lorQudk twåuûyvkyfonf/ aumif;rI raumif;rI[lorQudk twå\ owådaMumifh ûyrdMuonf? oGm;vmvkyfudkifrI [lorQ twå\ owådaMumifhom jzpf&onf/ a0'u - aumif;rI raumif;rI\ tusdK;udkvnf; twåu cHpm;onf/ csrf;omrI qif;&JrI paom cHpm;zG,f[lorQudk twåucsnf; cHpm;onf? ,ckvdk b0u aumif;rI raumif;rIwdkUudk ûycJhvQif aemiftcg rdrdûycJhaom aumif;rI raumif;rI\ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfwdkUudk twåuyif cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ omrd - cE¨mtdrfqdkif&m0,f ydkifotkyfpdk;Edkifaom twåonf cE¨mtdrf\ t½Sifocifjzpfonf/ ed0goD - cE¨mtdrfa[mif; ysufpD;aomtcg cE¨mtdrfopfudk pDrHzefwD;vsuf cE¨mtdrfopfodkU a½GUajymif;

aexdkifonf?

cE¨mtdrfom

ysufpD;onf?

twåaumifum;

b,ftcgrQ

rysufrpD;bJ

tjrJwnfonf/ o,H0oD - cE¨mudk,fESifh qdkif&m0,f rdrdtvdkodkU vdkufygapEdkifonf/ þum&u? a0'u? omrd? ed0goD? o,H0oD[laom tjcif;t&m ig;rsdK;jzifh twå½SdaMumif; pGJvrf;xif&Sm;aerIonf

twå0g'udk

jzpfaponf

(0g)

ZD0twåpGJ

jzpfayonf/

cE¨mudk,fxJrSm

twåoufouf½Sdonf[laom rdpämtjrifaywnf;/ tcsdKUurl cE¨m 5-yg;xJu cE¨mwpfyg;yg;udk twå[k pGJMu\/ cE¨mig;yg;wdkUwGif tcsdKUu ½lyu©E¨mudk twå[k pGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu 0dnmPu©E¨m (pdwf)udk twå[kpGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu a0'emu©E¨mudk tcsdKUu onmu©E¨mudk tcsdKUu ocFg&u©E¨mudk twå[k pGJvrf;Muonf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ aoaomol\ Oo®m"mwfysuf *E¨AÁ"mwfonf ESvHk;tdrfrS aemufqHk;ysufNyD; ESmacgif;u

xGufvmwJhavxJrSm ygvmNyD;vQif A[d'¨avxkxJrSm ysHUESHUoGm;vsuf xdkavudk ½Irdaom rdbavmif;wdkU\

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

505

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

udk,fcE¨mtwGif;odkU a&mufum aoG;xJrSm a&mpyfoGm;NyD;aemuf xdk*E¨AÁ"mwfrS vljyefjzpfvmonf[laom OD;OuúX ocifjrwfqdkifESifh ol\aemufvdkuf aemufygwdkU\ t,lonf ½kyfudk twåpGJvrf;aom twå0g'om jzpfayonf? rdpäm0g'ppfppfom jzpfawmhonf/ Ak'¨0g' vHk;0r[kwfay/ 53/

a½S;b0u ½kyfjzpfap? emrfjzpfap wpfckckonf odkUr[kwf ½kyfemrfESpfrsdK;vHk;onf b0opfü

ygvmonf[k,lvQif

oów'd|djzpfonf/

a½S;b0u

½kyfemrf[lorQESifh

vHk;0tquftoG,fr½Sd

aemufb0ü aemuf½kyf aemufemrf topfjzpfonf[k ,lvQif Oapä''d|djzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfum; rnfonfhtwå rnfonfh½kyfemrfrQ wdkuf½dkuf ul;ajymif;vmjcif; r½SdbJ taMumif;aMumifh tusdK;jzpfyHkrQudkom jyaomaMumifh qdkcJhyg twå0g'ESifh vm;vm;rQ roufqdkif? xdkoów'd|d? Oapä''d|dESpfrsdK;rS uif;vGwfí tewåtjzpfudk xif½Sm;pGm azmfjyaom a'oemawmfom jzpfonf/ ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf þypöu©b0 yuwdumvüyif wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkUvnf;aumif;? wpfcPrS wpfcPodkUvnf;aumif; rajymif;ra½GU EdkifMuukef? Oyg'f XD bif=jzpf wnf ysufpepfjzifhom jzpf½SdaeMuayonf/ xdkUaMumifh b0a[mif;rS pkawí b0opf0,f jzpf&mtcgü ]]b0a[mif;rS ½kyfemrfrsm; ajymif;a½GUygavovm;}}[k tb,frSmvQif ,HkrSm;zG,f ½Sdcsdrfhrnfenf;/ b0topf y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrfcE¨monf b0a[mif;rS ½kyfemrfcE¨mrsm; ajymif;a½GUvmjcif; r[kwf? odkUaomf t0dZÆm? wPSm? ocFg&wdkUu 0dkif;0ef;pDrHvdkMuojzifhom b0opf y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrf cE¨m jzpfay:vm&jcif;aMumifh b0a[mif;rS taMumif;rsm;ESifhvnf; ruif;acs/ þodkUom aMumif;usdK;uGif;quf ½Ijrifjcif;onf y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmjzpfayonf/ 54/

xif½Sm;atmif jyOD;thH? twdwfb0ü aocgeD; owå0g\ oEÅÅmef0,f aemufb0ü

y#doaE¨usdK;udk ay;rnfhuH tm½Hkjzpfap? xdkuHudkûypOf awGUêuHcJh&aom tajctae (ur®edrdwf) tm½Hkjzpfap jzpf&rnfhb0ü tajctae (*wdedrdwf) tm½Hkjzpfap? wpfrsdK;rsdK; xifvmjrJ jzpfonf/ xdkaocgeD; owå0gonf

t0dZÆmEko,

ruif;ao;aomaMumifh

xdktm½Hkü

tjypfudk

rjrifEdkif

wPSmEko,

ruif;ao;aomaMumifh xdktm½Hkudk pGJvrf;ñGwfudkif;aeavonf/ naecsrf;tcgü awmif&dyfBuD;rsm;onf ajrjyifay:ü t&dyfxdk;í zHk;vTrf;vmouJhodkU xdkuH? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwf tm½Hkwpfckckonf pdwftpOfü vTrf;rdk;í xifaeavonf/ xdkxifay:aeaom tm½Hkudk r&PmoEéaZm 0dnmPfu qkyfudkifxm;ouJhodkU tm½Hkûyavonf/ xdktcgb0\ aemufqHk;jzpfaom r&PmoEéaZm0dnmPf tm½HkûycJhaom uH? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwf? tm½Hkwpfckckudkyif tm½Hkûyvsuf b0opf0,f y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:avonf/ y#doaE¨ESifhtwl pdwf apwodwf emrfw&m;ESifhwuG ur®Z½kyfrsm;vnf; jzpfavonf/ t½lybHkürlum; ½kyfw&m;rygbJ emrfw&m;oufoufom jzpfavonf/ ,if;odkU taMumif;aMumifh

b0topfjzpf&mü b0opfü

b0a[mif;u

½kyfemrfrQom

t0dZÆm

wPSmEko,ESifh

jzpfvm&onf/

ocFg&[laom

owå0gaumif?

toufaumif?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

506

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

twåaumifjzpfvmonf r[kwf? xdk½kyfemrfw&m;onfvnf; b0a[mif;rS ajymif;a½GUvmonf r[kwf? b0a[mif;u t0dZÆm? wPSmEko, uH ocFg&[laom taMumif;ESifhuif;ívnf; jzpfvmonf r[kwf? Oyrm awmif\teD;ü [pfatmifvdkufaom toHonf awmifeH&Hudk ½dkufí yJhwifoHac:aom toHwpfrsdK; ay:xGufvm\/ xdkyJhwifoHonf rlvatmfoH r[kwf? rlvatmfoHESifh uif;vsuf tvGwfoufoufvnf; rjzpfEdkifouJhodkUvnf;aumif?

qDrD;wpfckrS

rD;ul;&mü

'kwd,rD;onf

yxrrD;vnf;

r[kwf?

yxrrD;ESifhuif;í tvGwfoufoufvnf; rjzpfEdkifouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? wHqdyfESdyf&mü wHqdyf&monf rlvwHqdyfvnf;r[kwf? rlvwHqdyfESifhvnf; uif;ívnf; rjzpfouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? rSefMunfh&mü rSefxJu

t&dyfonf

yuwdvlvnf;r[kwf?

yuwdvlESifhuif;í

tvGwfoufoufvnf;

rjzpfouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrfcE¨monf b0a[mif;u ½kyfemrfvnf; r[kwf? b0a[mif;u t0dZÆm wPSm uH ocFg&taMumif;wdkUESifhvnf; ruif;Edkifacs/ 55/

a½S;a½S;b0u t0dZÆm wPSm uH ocFg&taMumif;aMumifh b0opfü ½kyfemrf jzpf\[k

,ljcif;aMumifh Oapä''d|drS vGwf\/ a½S;a½S;b0rS ½kyfemrfrsm; ajymif;a½GUvmonf r[kwf[k ,ljcif;aMumifh oów'd|drSvnf; vGwf\/ a½S;a½S;b0u taMumif;ESifh ruif;[k,ljcif;aMumifh (xm0&bk&m; polu zefqif;rIaMumifh owå0gtopf jzpfvm\)[laom e0owåygwkbm0'd|drSvnf; vGwf\/ þum; twdwfb0taMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;jzpfyHk y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfwnf;/ tu,fí

t0dZÆm

þb0ul;yHktwdkif;

wPSmuif;NyD;ygvQif

y#dpöorkyÜg'f

aoaomtcg

a'oemcef;onf

vGefpGm

aemufb0rjzpfEdkifawmhay? eufeJvS\/

pmayusrf;*ef

oiftHavhusifzl;olrsm;aomfvnf; em;vnf&efcuf\/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;omoemawmftay: Munfñdkaom pdwfjzifh êud;pm;zwf½I avhvm&efjzpfayonf/ (oar®m[0daem'eD -154-155? 0dok'd¨ 2/ 186 -187) vlaovljzpf jyóem 146 -ü ]]at; tJ'gayghuG? 'dkUvlawGu tJ'D uHedrdwf? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwfqdkwJh tJ'Doû*Ø[f bHkydkif;u[meJY tvSnfhtywf tvdrfcHae&wm MumyaumuGm}}[laom a&;om;csufudk

awGU&\/

OD;OuúXqdkvdkwmu

uHedrdwf

ur®edrdwf

*wdedrdwfqdkwmawG[m

oû*Ø[fusrf;uvmwJh pum; t½SiftEk½k'¨g\vSnfhuGuf þodkU qdkvdkayonf/ þpum;t& OD;OuúXonf oû*Ø[fusrf;udk b,fvdkûyxm;onf[k udk&ifuav;rsm;avmufyif rod&ma&mufaeonf/ oû*Ø[fusrf;onf tbd"r®m

ckESpfusrf;

oabmraygufaMumif;

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;\ ay:vGifonf/

tusOf;csKyfrQom

oû*Ø[fusrf;\

jzpfonfqdkaom

tajccHjzpfaom

tcsufudk

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk

rMunfhwwf&m a&mufonf/ Munfhzl;aomfvnf; xdkbk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;udk tvum;[mawG[k ypfy,fxm;aMumif; xif½Sm;aeayonf/ oû*Ø[fusrf;q&monf xdkxdkuHedrdwf ur®edrdwf *wdedrdwfponfhwdkUudk Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf (203)ü vmaom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrS ,lí jyqdkjcif; jzpfayonf/ ]]&[ef;wdkU

aemufwpfrsdK;um;

ao&m

tif;ysOfü

wifxm;tyfonfvnf;jzpfaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

507

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ao&manmifapmif;ü wifxm;tyfonfvnf;jzpfaom ao&majrt&yfü rxbJ avsmif;tdyfonfvnf; jzpfaom xdkvlrdkuf\ a½S;uûycJhaom um,'kp½dkuf? 0pD'kp½dkuf? raem'kp½dkuf[lukefaom ,kwfrmaom tûytrlwdkUonf aocgeD;tcgü xifukef\/ ay:ukef\/ vTrf;ukefvmukef\/ &[ef;wdkU Oyrmtm;jzifh BuD;pGmaom

awmifxGwfwdkU\

t&dyfwdkUonf

naecsrf;tcg

ajrjyifü

xifukef

ay:ukef

vTrf;rdk;vmukefouJhodkU &[ef;wdkU þtwl ao&mtif;ysOfü/ y / vTrf;rdk;vmukef\/}} (r 3? 208/) txufwGif qdkcJhNyD;aom bk&m;a[mygVd t|uxmwdkUt& ]]twdwf b0taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜefb0tusdK; jzpfonf}}[laom t,lonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tvdkawmfus tewåvrf;pOf trSefjzpfonf/ 0drkwåd&ot&aumuf usrf;vm y#dpo ö rkyÜg'fudk ykwfcwfa&;om;csufonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ a'oemawmfudk zsufqD;aom pum;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf

uH-uH\tusdK;&SdyHkESifh

t&[wår*fÓPfjzifh

uHy,fpGefUyHkpaom

rSefuefaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& ½Sif;vif;oHk;oyfí jyawmfrlcJhMuNyD? þodkU jycJhNyD;aom uHudk y,f&ef (0g) ur®0#f udavo0#fuif;&ef enf;vrf;rSefudk OD;OuúXESifhwuG ol\aemufvdkuf[lorQwdkUonf usepGm rodMuíaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsdKUodMuapumrl omoemudk tjrpfygrusef y,fvSefzsufqD;vdkívnf;aumif;? uH\tusdK;rsm;udk pdwful;oufouf[lívnf;aumif? ,ckb0csrf;omrIonf a½S;uHaMumifh r[kwf vdrfvnfaoG;pkwf tjrwfxkwfzdkY odkUr[kwf aumif;atmif rSefatmifvkyfzdkU[lívnf;aumif;? ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf jAm[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif;? twdwfb0 taMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜefb0tusdK; jzpfol[laom y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfudkyif twåvrf;pOf[lí vnf;aumif;?

wGifwGifBuD;

ur®óuwmor®m'd|dudk

ykwfcwfMuí zsufqD;vsuf

ukodkvf[lorQwdkU\ omoemawmfBuD;

rlvtkwfjrpf

uG,fyatmif

tajccHjzpfaom MuHaqmifêud;ukwf

tm;xkwfaeMuonfh ]]tud&d,wdw¬d,0g'D}} rsm;om jzpfMu\/ txl;tm;jzifh ,kwfrmqdk;0g;aom tcsufrSm rdrdwdkUajymcsifonfh tcsufudk ]]Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkum;}} ]]Ak'ËSifhrqdkif}} ]]Ak'¨\ 0g'r[kwf}} ponfjzifh Ak'üdk rw&m; toHk;csí a&;om;ajyma[mMujcif; jzpfayonf/ þodkU ]]Ak'öH}} vdIifvdIifay;NyD; pnf;½Hk;Muojzifh ½dk;½dk;rubJ tqef;xGifí uçcsifMuaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUonf ea0wdrfawmif a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;jzpfNyD; olwdkUvSnfhpm;rIatmufrSm usqHk;½SmMuNyD? tdrfOD;u bk&m;pifudk ûzwfcsol ûzwfcsMuavNyD? qHk;½HI;MuavpGwum;/ trSefpifppf

uHr½Sd?

uH\

tusdK;tjypfr½Sdpaom

ew¬du0g'udk

a½S;acwfurÇmYvlom;wdkU

a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; usifhoHk;cJhMuavNyD? Ak'¨bk&m;ryGifhcif acwftcgu tqdkyg ew¬du0g'ponfjzifh vlay:vlaZmfvkyfNyD; xm;cJhMu\/ wynfharG;cJhMu\/ odkU&mwGif a*gwrAk'¨yGifhay:awmfrlvmaomtcg a½S;a[mif;ur®0g'xJrS twåudk y,fEkwfNyD; tw¬du0g'udk tm;ay;cJhonf/ tw¬du0g'udk b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufrItqifhtwGuf tajccHtjzpf owfrSwfawmfrlcJh\/ ew¬du0g'udk vHk;0rSm;,Gif;aMumif; jywfjywfom;om; qefUusifcJhonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

508

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

odkUjzpfavaomaMumifh a*gwrAk'¨bk&m; yGifhay:awmfrlcsdefrSpí urÇmhvlom; cyfrsm;rsm;onf ew¬du0g' rSm;rSef;odí pGefUypfcJhMu\/ tw¬du0g'rSefudk vufcHusifhoHk; vmMu\/ xdkUaMumifhyif w&m;rSefudk usifhMuHtm;xkwf MuNyD; w&m;xl;&cJhMuavNyD/ þodkU

Ak'¨omoemha&mifjcif

ay:vmonfhtwGuf

a½S;vlwdkU

pGefUypfcJhonf

ew¬du0g'

taqG;ta[mif;BuD;udk awmifwGif;BuD;rS OD;OuúXu jyefvnf toufoGif;NyD; yGJxkwfjcif; jzpfayonf/ tb,faMumifh

ew¬du0g'udk

OD;OuúX

jyefaumufoenf;qdkaom

ew¬du0g'

(uHr½Sd?

uH\

tusdK;r½Sd0g')onf OD;OuúXudkifpGJxm;aom ½kyf0g' (p o C Z u yÍöyom0g')ESifh udkufnDaeaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

rSef\-

ew¬du0g'onf

wpfb0pmrQom

jzpf\/

OD;OuúX\

½kyf0g'onfvnf;

wpfb0pmrQom jzpf\? þodkU 0g'csif; ESD;aESmrdí OD;OuúX\ acwfa[mif;0g'udk jyefvnfqef;opfjcif; jzpf\/ a½S;acwf

wdw¬dBuD;rsm;ESifh

,ckacwf

OD;OuúX

xl;aomtcsufrSm

a½S;acwfwdw¬dwdkUu

xdkew¬du0g'udk rdrdwdkU0g'tjzpf ajymifajymif½Sif;½Sif;0efcHa[mMum;\/ OD;OuúXurl Ak'¨yd#uwfxJ 0if½IyfNyD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onfyif uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,foa,mifaqmifvSnfhNyD; Ak'¨\ rsufESmzHk;udkpGyfum olU0g'udk

jzefU\/

þodkUxl;ayonf/

xdkUaMumifh

bmoma&;rSm

½dk;½dk;usifh

jrifhjrifhMuHr[kwfbJ

tqef;vdkufcsifolwdkU taejzifh OD;OuúX\ pufuGif;rdum i&Jaq;azmfí rSD0JaeMujcif; jzpfavonf/ OD;OuúX\ vkyf&yfudk o½kyfay:atmif Oyrmaqmif&aomf a½S;vlwdkU0wfNyD; pGefUypfxm;onfh ykqdk;pkwfudk

jyefaumufí

ûyjyifNyD;

Ak'¨wHqdyfuyfum

jyefvnf0wfqifjcif;

0wfqifapjcif;om

jzpfavonf/ þodkU oHk;oyfjyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;t&yf&yfaMumifh OD;OuúXESifhwuG ol\aemufvdkuf [lorQwdkU\ uH-uH\tusdK;udk y,faom0g'onf Ak'¨jrwfpGma'oemESifh zDvmuefUvefUjzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfonf/ bk&m;½Sifvufxufuvnf; yl&mPuóy? ru©vda*gomv paom wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;\ 0g'udk jyefvnftoufoGif;xm;aom

rdpäm0g'rsm;rsdK;om jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f

tzGJU0if q&mawmfwdkU wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

509

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (5) twdwf tem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkuf wynfhwdkUa&;om;xkwfa0aom

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS (u)

uyÜmYvlom;\

wpfckwnf;aom

(0g)

ESpfckrjzpfEdkifaom

t"dutvdkqE´um;

ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;½Sd ypöKyÜefwdwdjzpfaom ypöu©e,ftwGif;ü udk,fa&mpdwfyg {uef csrf;omrI&a&;yif jzpfonf/ (c)

or®m'd|dokawoDwdkUonf

(tewåa&mifjcnf? ESm-186) aumif;rI

raumif;rI

taMumif;tusdK;wdkUudk

ypöKyÜefus

vufcH,HkMunfonf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;qdkif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm; tydk'f - *) (*)

Ak'¨onf olonf ykcufESifhacgif;tMum; vufiif;'d| awGUêuHae&aom ypöKyÜefb0udkom wdusjywfom;pGm

azmfxkwfcJhojzifh

ajymovdkvkyfí

vkyfovdkajymcJhaom

vufawGUorm;jzpfcJhonf/ (Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef? oifwef; trSwfpOf 1? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyf? ESm-39) (C)

Ak'¨&JU vrf;ñTefcsufu/ y/ wrvGefudpu ö sawmh pOf;udk rpOf;pm;MueJUwJh? rif;wdkUeJU bmrSrqdkifbl;?

tJ'gawG

r½Sdygbl;wJh/

oGm;pOf;pm;ae&if

'ku©yGm;pnf;a&;rSwpfyg;

bmtusdK;rS

(opömAdrmef twGJ 1/ trSwf 6? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)

þpmydk'fwdkUudk xkwfjyMuí OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm;onf (1)

twdwfb0

tem*wfb0wdkUudk

vufcH,HkMunfrI

r½SdMubJ

ypöKyÜefwpfb0udkom

vufcH,HkMunfMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif;? (2)

tem*wfb0 wpfydkif;wpfpudk vufcH,HkMunfMuolrsm;uvnf; ]]vlaovQif vljzpfonf}} [laom abmiftwGif;üom vufcHMuaMumif;?

(3)

]]twDwH emEk aompmrd}} paom bk&m;a[m awrdZwfvmpum;udk udk;vsuf Ak'¨udk ypöKyÜeform;jzpfav[ef vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUaMumif; oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudk olwdkUvdkyif rsufaphwpfqHk;om MunfhEdkifonfh olvdkigvdk omrnvlpm; ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm;jzpfatmif yHkoGif;aeMuaMumif;?

(4)

,if;odkU

yHkoGif;aeMujcif;onf

odzG,f&mrSeforQudk

vHk;0OóHk

twdwfb0ESifh tukeftpif

tem*wfb0taMumif;t&m

odjrifEdkifaom

ykaAÁed0goEkówd?

tem*wHoÓPfawmfrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh ÓPfawmfBuD;rsm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü r½SdMuyg[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

510

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ajymEdkifatmif êud;pm;aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; a½S;OD;pGm apm'emMuonf/

wpfzef apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u -

(u)

pk'dwuwdkUonf

0dyóem½I&ef

*gxmpum;&yfjzifh

useforQ

&nf½G,fí

a[mawmfrlaom

Ak'¨a'oemtm;vHk;udk

ba'´u&wåokwfvm

y,f½Sm;&ef

êud;pm;aejcif;om

jzpfaMumif;? ,if; ba'´u&wåokwfvm*gxmrsm;onf 0dyóem½Ionfhtcg ypöKyÜefudkom ½I&rnf[k qdkvdkí twdwf tem*gwf r½Sd[laom teuft"dyÜm,f vHk;0rxGufaMumif;? (c)

]]wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 ,H udÍöd½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH}} paom tewåvu©Pokwf ygVdawmfü twdwfESifh tem*gwfudk ypöKyÜefESifh wajy;nD a[mqdkxm;aMumif;? twdwfcE¨m tem*wfcE¨m

ypöKyÜefcE¨m[lí

umvoHk;yg;

aocsmpGm

a[mxm;aMumif;?

tewåvu©Pokwfü a[maom twdwf tem*gwfudk y,fjyefaMumif;? (*)

'DCedum,f? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü ig;yg;oDv\ tusdK;tjypfjyawmfrl&mrSmyif ypöKyÜefESifh tem*wf

tusdK;tjypfwdkUudk

yl;wGJí

jyawmfrlcJhaMumif;

[lí

0daootm;jzifh

apm'emMuavonf/ 3/ OD;Z0e?

xdkapm'emudk pk'dwursm;jzpfMuaom awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU? ae½Sife,fausmif;q&mawmf awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU

OD;OaZÆmwduwdkUu

ig;qifhausmif;q&mawmf

jyefvnfacsyjcif;

OD;Z0e?

rûyMubJ

a';'&JûrdU

uGif;ausmif;q&mawmf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

apm'emtwdkif;

t"r®0g'jzpfonfqdkonfrSm rSefuefí pGefUvTwfygaMumif; 0efcHoGm;Muonf/ usefpk'dwursm;jzpfMuaom

awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU?

ewfrSDawm&ausmif;ae

OD;qE´m"du?

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfOuúX OD;cif[efESifh ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUuom toD;oD; acsy aom"emMuonf/ xdkapm'em aom"emrsm;onf twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 ½Sd-r½Sd[laom t,l? twdwfb0 tem*wfb0

jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[m-ra[m[laom

t,lESifhpyfvsOf;í

jzpfay:vm&um;

xdktajccHtaMumif;ESifh oufqdkifaom pum;rQudkom xkwfEkwfoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfMuukeftHh? ,if;apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfwGif aom"emudk roHk;oyfrD apm'empum;&yf\ ,xmblwus-rusukd a½S;OD;pGm oHk;oyfawmfrlMu&mü apm'uq&mawmfrsm; aumufEkwfwifjyxm;aom (u) (c) (*) (C) trSwfjy pk'dwuwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;0,f pk'dwuwdkU\ tvdkudk wdusrSefuefpGm odEdkif&ef oufaocH pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS

atmufazmfjyyg

a&;om;csufrsm;udkyg

xkwfEkwfí

ESD;aESm

wdkufqdkifvsuf

ay:aygufcJhaom

0g'jzpfonf?

oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ (1) b0ul;0g'onf

Ak'¨ray:rD

a½S;acwfuwnf;uyif

,if;0g'onf ur®0g'tjzpf toGifajymif;um Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlaom acwftxd wGifus,fcJhonf? ur®0g'rSm jA[®Pa0'\ twåudk tajccHonf? twåtajccHaom 0g'jzpfonfhtwdkif; ,cifuvnf;jzpfcJhNyD?

,ckvnf;jzpfqJ

aemifvnf;

jzpfvdrfhOD;rnf[lí

umvoHk;yg;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

511

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tpOfquf\/

rnfonfhtcgrS umv0drkwf rjzpf/ ,if;0g'udk Ak'¨u umv0drkwfjzifh

awmfvSefy,fpGefUap\/

(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-6)

(2) þtcsufonf yxroH*g,emwifyGJudk &[ef;awmftcsdKU tm½HkûyawmfrrlaMumif; xif½Sm;onf? tb,faMumifhenf; twdwf tem*wfw&m;pkrsm;? twåtwåed,paom 0dnmP0g'rsm; jyefygvmaomaMumifh -

(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-6)

(3) þokwfü 'k*¾wd=raumif;aom vm;&m[lonf aoNyD;aemufrS i&JbHkponfudk a&muf&rnf[k t"dyÜm,f taumufoifhay? ,ckypöu©rsufarSmufüyif ao&m anmifapmif; rvJavsmif;rDrSmyif t&d,mwynfhom;wdkif; OD;wnfcsDwuf&rnfh 0drkwådyef;wdkifESifh vGJacsmfí 'ku©tm;vHk;wdkU\ vufonfjzpfaom wG,fwmrI oHa,mZOfrsm; wdk;yGm;um rvdkvm;tyfaom 'ku©rsm;ESifhom awGUêuHae&rnf[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,l oifhvSayonf/ odkUrSom oEd´|d*kPfajrmufí Ak'¨\ "r®oabmudk em;vnfoljzpfvdrfhrnf jzpfownf;/ rSwfcsuf/

(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-128)

/ þokwf[lonf rZÑdredum,f? aygwvd,okwfudk qdkvdkonf/

(4) odkU&mwGif þy#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfBuD;udk vGefNyD;b0 a&mufqJb0? vmvwåHUaomb0 (0g) rarG;rD [dkbuftajctae jzpfqJ? ,ckb0tajctaeESifh aoNyD;aemuf a&muf&rnfh tajctae oHk;&yfay:wGif jzefUcif;í jywwfMu\/ þt,ltqonf tAsmuwoH,kwf ponfwdkUwGif Ak'¨udk,fwdkifu ra[mtyf[laom udpö&yfudk y&d,m,fjzifh a[mawmfrlap&m a&mufayonf/

(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-161? 162)

(5) oEd´|daum-ypöKyÜefumv ,ckb0[k qdktyfaom (ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;ü) vufiif;'d| apmifhrae&bJ atmifhrae&bJ aMumifhMuí rae&bJ tusdK;&wJh vu©Pm/ (opöm"r® twGJ 3? trSwf 8? ESm -2) (6) or®m'd|dtzGJU\ vufoHk;0g'rSm oEd´|du ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfaMumif; jynfvHk;uRwf "r®obifu qHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

(opöm"r® twGJ -2? trSwf-7? ESm-12)

þa&;om;csufrsm;ESifh ,cif (u) (c) (*) (C) a&;om;csufrsm;udk pyf[yfí txyfxyf oHk;oyfonfhtcg apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkaom (1) (3) trSwf? pGJqdkcsuftwdkif; OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm;onf twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 r½Sd? ypöKyÜefwpfb0om ½Sdonf[k Oapä't,ludk vufcH,HkMunfolrsm;

jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?

jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;

ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm;jzpfatmif

vdrfnmí 0g'jzefU yHkoGif;aeMuaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xif½Sm;pGm awGUMu&ayonf/ OD;Ouú\

vlaovljzpfpmtkyf?

ocifjrwfqdkif\

vlaovljzpfpmwrf;rsm;udk

Munfh½IoHk;oyfonfhtcg

pGJqdkcsuftwdkif;

tem*wfb0

tcsdKUu

vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyfESifh

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wpfydkif;wpfpudk

]]vlaovljzpf}}

pGJqdkaom

(2)trSwf

abmiftwGif;üom

vufcHaMumif;udkvnf; awGUMu&ayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

512

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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,ckrS

wnfaeap&

csxm;Mu&rnf/ £rH acg wH bdu©a0 aomabx ,H wkarS {0H oGmu©maw "r®0dea, yAÁZdwm ormem tmp&da,ok

tmp&d,arawåok

OyZÑma,ok

OyZÑm,rawåok

t*g&0g

tyÜ#dóm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

532

tobm*0kwådum 0d[a&,smwd/ (0d 3? 275/) (0denf;r[m0gygVd)

jrefrmtusOf;

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

&[ef;wdkU oifwdkU\ q&m q&mavmuf av;pm;xdkufol OyZÑm,fq&m OyZÑm,fq&mavmuf av;pm;xdkufol yk*¾dKvfrsm;tay: r½dkrao rwkyfrysyf toufarG;rI rwlnDbJ oifwdkU aeMurnfqdkvQif þodkU igbk&m; aumif;pGm a[mxm; (aumif;pGm pDrHxm;) tyfaom omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyolrsm; jzpfMuygvsuf xdkomoemudk oifwdkU wifhw,fapEdkifukefrnfavm? wifhw,faponf rnfMuukefrnfavm/ þ ygVdawmfESpf&yfü a[mawmfrltyfaom "r®0de,o'´gjzifh omoemawmfudk qdkvdkonf? "r®0de,o'´gu ]]omoem}}[laom teuft"dyÜm,fudkazmfjyonf? þodkU ]]omoem}}[laom teufudk ,ljcif;onf

ygVdawmf\

teuft"dyÜm,f

aumuf,lyHk

xHk;enf;jyaom

atmufyg

r[meda'´o

t|uxmpum;t& ygVdwwf ynm½Sifwdkif; em;vnfNyD;om; jzpfMuygonf/ (1)

tyd apwH odu©wå,ocFgwH ouvH omoeH? twåaem um&uH tyga,ok tywrmeH uwGm "ma&wDwd "ar®m? aom0 oHudavoyu©H 0daewDwd 0dea,m? "ar®m p aom 0dea,m pmwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 126)

wpfenf;rSm odu©moHk;yg;jzifh a&wGuftyfaom omoemwpfckvHk;onf vdkufemusifhMuHoludk tyg,frusapbJ aqmifxm;wwfaomaMumifh "r®? npfñl;aom tydkif;udk y,fwwfaomaMumifh 0de, rnf\? "r®0de, [laom ygVdjzifh bk&m;omoemwpf&yfvHk;

aumuf,l&yHkudk

atmufygtwdkif;

odEdkifayao;\/ (2)

ukv"ar®[d 0g tukovm "r®meH {o 0dea,mwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 126)

ukodkvf"r®wdkYjzifh

tukodkvf"r®wdkYudk

y,fazsmufwwfaomaMumifh

(oDvwå,o*Ðwdu)

omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (3)

"ar®e 0g 0dea,m e '@m'D[Dwd "r®0dea,m/ (r 1? 127/)

wkwfvQifuef ponfjzifh r[kwfbJ w&m;ojzifh qHk;r&m jzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (4)

"r®m, 0g 0dea,m "r®0dea,m? te0ZÆ"r®wåaO§S§o 0dea,m? e b0abm*grdow¬H/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)

b0pnf;pdrf

tusKd;iSm

r[kwfbJ

tjypfuif;aom w&m;tusKd;iSm qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh

omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (5)

0dod|H 0g e,wDwd 0dea,m? "r®awm 0dea,m "r®0dea,m? oHom&"r®awm [d aomum'd"r®awm 0g {o 0dod|H edAÁmeH e,wd/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)

oHo&moabm aomu paom oabmrS xl;aom edAÁmefodkU aqmifwwfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (6)

"r®ó 0g 0dea,m e wdw¬u&meEdÅ "r®0dea,m? "r®blawm [d b*0g? waó0 0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

533

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

w&m;wHk; w&m;cJBuD; jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemawmfonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (7)

,o®m 0g "r®m {0 tbdan,sm y&dan,sm y[mwAÁm bma0wAÁm opädumwAÁm p? wo®m {o "ar®ok 0dea,m e oawåok eZDa0ok pmwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)

tbdan,s

y&dan,s

y[mwAÁ

bma0wAÁ

opädumwAÁ

jzpfaom

w&m;wdkUü

qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (c)

"r®o'´goufouf yd#u oHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk £" ye bdau©a0 {upö ukvykwåm "r®H y&d,mykPEdÅ okwåH a*,sH a0,smu&PH *gxH

O'geH £wd0kwåuH ZmwuH tAÇKw"r®H a0'vH’? aw wH "r®H y&d,mykPdwGm awoH "r®meH ynm, tw¬H e Oyy&du©EÅd/ (r 1? 187/)

jrefrmtusOf; &[ef;wdkU

þomoemawmfü

tcsKdUaom

tESpfrJhaom

a,mufsm;wdkUonf

okwå?

a*,s?

a0,smu&P? *gxm? O'gef;? £wd0kwf? tAÇKw"ar®? a0'v’ [kqdktyfaom "r® (yd#u oHk;yHk) udk oif,lMuukef\? oif,lNyD;aomf xdkolwdkUonf xdkygVd"r®wdkU\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk ynmjzifh aumif;pGm rqifjcifMuukef (ponf)/ rSwfcsuf/

(rlvyPÖmo tv*'´Lyrokwf/)

/ þ ygVdawmfonf okwåo'´gjzifh 0denf;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh eda'´o okwåedygwf ponfwdkUudk

aumuf,l&rnf[lívnf;aumif;?

a0,smu&Po'´gjzifh

tbd"r®yd#uwpfckvHk;ESifh

*gxmrygaom

okwfrsm;udk aumuf,l&rnf[lívnf;aumif; þokwftzGifh t|uxm ESm-9 ü t|uxmq&m zGifhqdkxm;onf/ (*)

0de,o'´goufoufu yd#uoHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk uwarm p bdu©a0 ok*w0dea,m? aom "rH® a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZÑuvsmPH

y&da,momeuvsmPH omw¬H oAsÍÆeH au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H jA[®p&d,H yumaowd? t,H bdu©a0 ok*w0dea,m/ (tH 1? 465/) (ok*w0de,okwf)

jrefrmtusOf; &[ef;wdkU igbk&m;\ tqHk;tr[lonf tb,fenf;? xdkigbk&m;onf tp tv,f tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; aumif;í teufo'´gESifh jynfhpHkaom? tbufbufrS pHkvifí pifMu,faom "r® (yd#uawmf)udk a[mawmfrlonf/

jrwfaomtusifhudk

xifpGmjyawmfrlonf/

&[ef;wdkU

þonfum;

igbk&m;\

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

534

tqHk;trawmfaywnf;/

tpodkU rSwfcsuf/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / a½SUokwfü "r®o'´gonf yd#u 3-yHkudk a[mouJhodkU þokwfü 0de,o'´gonfvnf;

yd#u 3-yHkudk a[monf/ (C)

okwåo'´g yd#uoHk;yHk a[myHk

"r®o'´g 0de,o'´gwdkYonf yd#u 3-yHkudk a[mouJhodkU okwå(okwåEÅ)o'´gonfvnf; yd#u 3yHkudk a[mao;onf? t*Fkwå&edum,f pwkw¬r[mya'ookwfü£' ye bdu©a0 bdu©K {0H 0a',s? or®KcgaywH tm0kaom b*0awm okwH or®Kcg y#d*¾[dwH t,H "ar®m t,H 0dea,m ow¬KomoeH/ (tH 1? 489/) ]]&[ef;wdkU þomoemawmfü &[ef;wpfyg;onf þodkUqdk&m\? igh½SifwdkU igonf jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufü þum; "r®? þum; 0de,? þum; ow¬Komoe [lí emMum;oif,lcJhonf[kqdk&m\? &[ef;wdkU xdk&[ef;\ pum;udk vufrcHESifhOD;? y,fvnf; ry,fESifhOD;? olqdkaomyk'f ygVdtu©&mwdkUudk aumif;pGm avhvmí okwå(yd#u 3-yHk)ücsoGif;um &m*uif;aMumif;w&m;ü xifapum yd#uodkU 0ifvQif? &m*uif;aMumif;w&m;ü xifvQif þum; igbk&m;\ pum;wnf;? þ&[ef;onf aumif;pGm oif,l avhvmEdkifayonf[k qHk;jzwfavmh ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ rSwfcsuf/ / þokwfü ok'dEéax&fonf okwå[laom pum;vHk;jzifh rodrf;ûcHEdkif riHkrdEdkifaom bk&m;pum;awmfr½Sd? tokwå emruH Ak'¨0peH ew¬d [kqdkí þ r[mya'ookwfü yd#u 3-yHkonf okwå &m* ponf uif;jcif;\ taMumif;onf 0de, rnf\[k rdefUqdkcJhzl;avonf? þodkU ax&0g'udk jyqdkum t|uxmq&mu qufí- xdkUaMumifh okawå awyd#au Ak'¨0pae Mowma&wAÁmed (yd#u 3-yHk Ak'Á0pe [laom okwfü csoGif;&rnf)? 0dea, {wo®ð® &m*g'd0de,um&aP oHoaE´wAÁmed (tH |? 2? 357/ 'D |? 2? 156/) (&m* ponf uif;jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom 0de,ü xifap&rnf)[k þae&mü teufaumuf,lyg[k zGifhqdkxm;avonf/ (r[mya'ookwf |-ESifh r[m0*¾ r[my&dedAÁmeokwf-157) / (i)

"r®o'´g avmukwåw&m; 9-yg;udk a[myHk "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g,mwd "ar®m emr e0 avmukwå&"ar®m? tEk"ar®m emr 0dyóem'd

wó"r®ó tEk½lyg "r®y#dy'g "r®mEk"r®my#dy'g/ (r[meda'´o |? 55/)

jrefrmjyef "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g

[laom

pum;&yfü

"r®[lonf

avmukwå&mw&m;

9-yg;wnf;?

avsmfaomtusifh[lonf 0dyóemponfwnf;? xdkavmukwå&m w&m; 9-yg;tm; avsmfaom 0dyóem paom tusifhonf "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g rnf\/ (p)

(r[meda'´o t|uxm)

"r®o'´g tbd"r®mudk a[myHk okwåEÅdaumwd okwåaEÅ ed,kawåm? 0de,"a&mwd 0de,yd#u"a&m? "r®uxdaumwd tmbd"r®daum/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

535

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(r[meda'´o |? 172/)

(r[meda'´o t|u0*¾ 'k||uokwf)

jrefrmjyef okwåefygVdawmfü wm0efcsxm;jcif;cH&aom olonf okwåEÅdu rnf\? 0denf;yd#uudk aqmifaom olonf 0de,"& rnf\? "r®udk a[majymol[lonfum; tbd"r®mudk (wm0ef,lí) aqmifaom olwnf;/ 6/

þodkU ]]"r®0de,}}[lí "r®ESifh0de, wGJvsufyk'f? ]]"r®}}oufouf? ]]0de,}}oufoufyk'f?

,if;ESifh tvm;wlaom ]]okwåo'´g}}? ¤if;wdkU\ a[mavh½Sdaom yd#uusrf;*efü oHk;pGJavh½Sdaom teufwdkUudk ,ckuJhodkU xkwfjyjcif;rSm ]]"r®H p 0de,H p}} paom yk'fudk vufudkifûyí teuft&aumuf xkwfMuaom bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUESifh ,if;wdkU\ aemufvdkuf jrefrm(or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if)wdkU\ tqdkudk pdppf&ef jzpfonf? "r®H p 0de,H [laom ygVda0g[m&wdkU\ o'´geuf &if;jrpfteufuav;avmufudkom usOf;ajrmif;pGm qkyfudkifívnf;aumif;? bk&m;a[mygVd a0g[m&wdkU\ ,xmblw teufrSef&atmif zGifhjyaom t|uxmq&mBuD;wdkU\ ñTefjycsufwdkUudk ypfy,fívnf;aumif;? udk,fvdk&mudk pGJí a&;om;ajymjcif;onf yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusif½HkrQru avmutpOftvmtm;jzifhvnf; vHk;0 qefUusifayonf/ om"u jy&aomf EdkifiHwumü tajccHOya'yg pum;vHk;wdkUudk Oya'jy|mef;ol tpdk;&wdkUu rnfonfhpum;udk rnfodkU qdkvdkonf[k teufzGifhqdkcsuf owfrSwfay;pjrJjzpfonf?

owfrSwfay;onfh

teuftwdkif; jynfolwdkUu vdkufem&onf? Mum;vl

wpfOD;wpfa,mufu tajccHOya'üygaom a0g[m&udk tbd"mefvSefMunfhNyD; rdrdvdkcsifovdk t"dyÜm,f azmf,lí

r&ay?

þenf;twl

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfü

ygaom

a0g[m&wdkU\

teufudkvnf;

t|uxmq&mrsm; zGifhjyonfhtwdkif;om teuf,l&ayonf? þum; obm0enf;vrf;aywnf;/ 7/

]]"r®}}ESifh ]]tbd"r®}}? ]]0de,}}ESifh ]]tbd0de,}} wGJpyfí a[mvQif ,l&rnfh teufrsm;udk

qufvufjyqdkOD;tHh/ (u)

]]yke py&H bdau©a0 bdu©K "r®umarm a[mwd yd,ork'g[ma&m tbd"r® tbd0dea, OVm&ygarmZÆm}} (tH 3? 275/ 'D 3? 257) ponf ('ou? tH? yxr emxokwfESifh 'D-3? o*Ðwdokwf)

jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU &[ef;wpfyg;onf (yd#u 3-yHk[k qdktyfaom) w&m;udk vdkvm;onf cspfzG,f emvdkzG,faom pum;udkajymqdkwwfonf? tbd"r®m (odkUr[kwf -r*fzdkvf)üvnf;aumif;? cE¨u? y&d0g& [laom jrwfaom (us,f0ef;rsm;jym;aom) 0denf; (odkUr[kwf-udavom Nidrf;at;aMumif;w&m; [laom tbd0de,)üvnf;aumif; (oif,lavhvmjcif;ç usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh) xl;jcm;jrifhrm;aom 0rf;ajrmufjcif; &Sdonf/ (c)

0denf;r[m0gygVdawmf

OyorÜma'wAÁ

yÍöuü

edó&nf;ay;Edkif?

OyZÑm,fûyí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

536

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &[ef;cHay;Edkifaom &[ef;\t*Fg (t&nftcsif;) 5-yg; teuf]]y#dAavm a[mwd taEÅ0goð 0g tbd"r® 0daewHk tbd0dea, 0daewHk}} (0d 3? 93/)

rdrd\ twGif;aewynhfudk jzpfap twlaewynfhudk jzpfap ½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh pyfaom tbd"r®mü oGefoifqHk;rjcif;iSm

pGrf;Edkif&rnf?

ygwdarmuf

Obawm0dbif;ESifhwuG

plV0gcE¨u

r[m0gcE¨u

aomVoy&d0g& [laom txufwef;usaom tbd0de,ü ydkUcsoGefoif ûyjyifqHk;rjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifol jzpf&rnf[laom t*Fg 2-&yf vm½Sdayonf/ ,ck

aqmifjyxm;aom

okwf

ESpfokwfwGif

yxrokwfü

"r®umarm[laom

ygVdjzifh

"r®udkvnf;aumif; tbd"r®[laom ygVdjzifh tbd"r®mudkvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd; a[mxm;&m ,if; emxokwf t|uxm (tH |? 3? 291/) "r®t& tbd"r®mESifhwuG yd#uoHk;yHkudkvnf;aumif; tbd"r®mt& r*fzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; aumufjyxm;ayonf? wpfenf; aumuf,lvQif "r®t& okwåEÅyd#uudk,lí tbd"r®mt& tbd"r®myd#uudk ,l&rnf[kzGifhjyxm;onf? 'kwd,okwfü tbdormpm&dum, odu©m,mwd cE¨u0awå[kzGifhqdkvsuf aocd,odu©myk'f toDwdu©E¨u usifh0wfrsm;ESifhwuG Obawm0dbif;udk 0de,[k aumuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;?

tbd0de,

[lonfudk

plV0gcE¨u

r[m0gcE¨u

aomVoy&d0g&

aumuf,l&rnfudkvnf;aumif; ñTefjyawmfrlonf? wpfenf;aumuf,lvQif 0denf;yd#u wpfckvHk;udk 0de,? udavom Nidrf;at;jcif;taMumif;udk tbd0de,[k aumuf,ljyxm;ayonf/ txufwGif azmfjycJhNyD;aom ygVdawmft|uxm pum;&yfwdkUudk tusOf;csKyfí azmfjy&aomf þodkU odtyf\/ (u)

plV0gygVdawmf o*Fg,emcef;ü tbd"r®myd#u rygjcif;rSm tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m r[kwfí rygjcif; r[kwf? plV0gygVdawmfü o*Fg,emwifyHk odom½Hk t>rufrQygjcif; jzpfí rygjcif;om

jzpfonf?

tjynfhtpHkrygacs? usefaom

tbd"r®momru

tjcm;aom

okwf

0denf;rsm;pGmvnf;

plV0grSm rygí bk&m;a[mr[kwf&pwrf;qdkvQif tbd"r®momru

ygVdawmf(90)&mcdkifEIef;onfvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&ef½Sdonf/

odkUaomf þodkYr[kwf?

o*Fg,em q&mjrwfwdkUonf tbd"r®mESifhwuG jynfhjynfhpHkpHk

o*Fg,emwifNyD; wm0efcGJa0

oif,lcJhMu\? cufcJeufeJaom Ak'¨tbd"r®mw&m;awmf

,aeUtxd raysmufrysuf

wnfwHhvmjcif;onf

oifol

aqmifol

½SdcJhíom

"r®0de,o'´gonf omoemawmf wpf&yfvHk;udk a[monf? "r®o'´gwpfckwnf;

yd#u

jzpfaMumif; tvGefxif½Sm;ayonf/ (c)

3-yHkudk

a[monf?

(okwåEÅo'´g)

0de,o'´gwpfckwnf;

yd#u

3-yHkudka[monf?

okwåo'´g

vnf; yd#u 3-yHkudk a[monf? olUae&mESifhol ygVda0g[m&rsm;onf

teufrsm; trsKd;rsKd;½Sdonf/ (*)

bk&m;½Sifvufxufawmfüyif

tbd"r®mw&m;

½SdaeaMumif;

0denf;r[m0gygVdawmfü

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

537

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]tbd"ar® 0daewHk}} tbd"r®mw&m;ü qHk;rpdrfhaomiSm[k wdkuf½dkuf txift½Sm; yg½Sdonf/

odkUjzpfaomaMumifh plV0gygVdawmf o*Fg,emcef;ü tbd"r®m[laom a0g[m& tbd"r®mbmPu rygí tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k pk'dwuwdkU aumufcsufcsjcif;onf plV0gygVdawmfrSwyg; tjcm;aom ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk us,fus,fjyefUjyefU rMunfhwwfíom ,ckvdk trSm;udkajymrdMujcif; jzpfayonf/ 9/

,if;odkU omoemawmf\ xHk;enf;Oya' ygVd*wd (ygVdawmf\ taetxm;)udk a½SUaemuf

axmufq a'oujzpfaom ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;\ As*Fsw¬ (qdkvdkaom teuft"dyÜm,f) udk r0SufruG,f vnfvnfywfywf odaomÓPf r&½SdygbJvsuf wpfenf;awGUjzifh avGUavGU&rf;&rf; uavmifo&rf; vQm&rf;Muum Ak'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m) jzpfygvsuf tAk'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m r[kwf)[k qdkrdMuvQif tvGef aMumufzG,faumif;aom trSm;udk vGefusL;&m a&mufí oHo&m0ef BuD;av;vSayonf/ 10/

,cktcg

]]tbd"r®mudk

Ak'¨jrwfpGm

ra[mcJh}}[kqdkMuaom

olwdkU\

vufoHk;

tudk;om"uûyaom pum;rsm;udk pdppfjyOD;tHh/ a,m acg tmeE´ r,m "ar®m p 0dea,m p a'odawm ynawåm? aom 0g rrpöa,e ow¬m - ('D? 2? 126-7/) tmeE´m "r®ESifh 0de,udk igbk&m;onf a[mMum;cJh aumif;pGm em;vnfatmif ½Sif;vif;cJhNyD? igbk&m;vGefawmfrlaomtcg xdk"r®ESifh 0de,onf (oifwdkUudk tjrJrjywf oGefoif>ruf[ enf;vrf;jyaom) q&mjzpfonf? (q&mtjzpf oGefoifqHk;r enf;vrf;jyayvdrfhrnf/) þpum;onf Ak'¨jrwfpGm y&dedAÁmef0ifpHawmfrlcgeD; ta&;wBuD; cdkifcdkifvHkvHk cHkwifavmufatmif rdefUqdkcJhaom pum;awmfjzpfonf? þpum;ü "r®ESifh 0de,udkom awGU&í tbd"r® [laom pum;vHk;udk rawGU&? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨onf tbd"r®mudk ra[mcJhay? þodkU bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; taemufokawoDwdkU xifjrifMu cH,lMuonf/ 11/

þrQru

o*Fg,emwif&mtcg

oHCmhacgif;aqmif

obmywd

jzpfawmfrlaom

t½Sifr[muóyonf 500-aom oHCmhtv,fwGif þodkU rdefUawmfrl\okPmwk ar tm0kaom oHaCm? ,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm £rmed yÍöbdu©Kowmed orÜaEé,s &mZ*a[ 0óH 0oEÅmed "r®Íö0de,Íö o*FgwHk? e tan[d bdu©L[d &mZ*a[ 0óH 0odwAÁEÅd? {om Úwåd/ (oH 1? 31/)

jrefrmjyef ]]igh½SifwdkU oHCmawmfonf ig\pum;udk em;axmifapcsif\? oHCmawmftm; taMumif;tcGifh oifhwifhnDñGwfvQif &[ef;ig;&mwdkUonf &mZû*d[fûrdUü 0gqdkvsuf "r®ESifh0de,udk aygif;pk½Gwfum o*Fg,emwif&ef oHCmawmfrsm;u or®Kwday;apcsifyg\? tjcm;&[ef;rsm;onf &mZû*d[fûrdUü 0gruyf&[k oHCmawmfrsm;u or®Kwday;apcsifyg\? þum; (ig\) tqdkûycsuf odapcsufwnf;}} (plV0gyÍöowducE¨u)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

538

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þpum;&yfüvnf; "r®ESifh0de,om ygonf? tbd"r® ryg? tbd"r®m[lonf om0u&[ef;wdkU\ aemufrSxGifaom

aemufwdk;vuf&jzpfonf/

yxro*Fg,emwif&müvnf;

ryg?

'kwd,o*Fg,em

wif&müvnf; ryg[k Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfaom taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUu qdkMuonf? xdkbmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; pma&;q&mwdkU\ pum;us aumufenf;twdkif; xdkygVdawmfü ]]"ar®m p 0dea,m p? "r®Íö 0de,Íö}}om ygonf? okwåÍö (0g) okwåEÅÍö[lí rygay? xdkUaMumifh okwåefudkvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&rvdk ½Sdayonf? tbd"r®[laom pum;vHk;rygí bk&m;a[m r[kwf[kqdkaom pum; toGm;tvmt& okwå[laom pum;vHk;rygí okwå(okwåef)ygVdawmfrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qufqdk&efyif ½Sdayonf? ]]"r®}}udk okwåef[k tb,fhaMumifh aumuf&rnfenf;? ]]"r®}}udk okwåef[kaumufvQif "r®ESifh tvGefeD;pyfaom tbd"r®mudka&m tb,fhaMumifh raumuf,lEdkif rxnfhoGif;EdkifbJ ae&ygrnfenf;? þum; olYpum;ESihfol jyefí oHk;oyfjycsufaywnf;/ 12/

trSefum; a½SUpmrsufESmrsm;ü qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; "r®o'´gonf bk&m;pum;awmf [lorQ

(yd#u 3-yHkvHk;)udka[m\? þü ,if;ESifh wGJzufjzpfaom 0de,o'´g\ 0denf;yd#u[laom teufudk csefvSyfí <uif;aom yd#u 2-yHk[laom teufudk a[monf/ (teufwk) pum; 2-vHk; 3-vHk;wGJí oHk;vQif aemufpum;vHk;\ teufudk csefvSyfí a½SUpum;vHk;\ teufudk azmfxkwf&jrJ jzpfonf/ Oyrm-oa'0wH orm&uH [laom ygVdawmfü a'0o'´gonf ewfjynf 6-xyfvHk;½Sd ewftrsm;udk a[mEdkifaomfvnf; aemufü wGJ,SOfvsuf½Sdaom rm&o'´g\ teufjzpfonfh 0o0wåDewfjynf½Sd ewfwdkUudk csefvSyfí <uif; ewfjynf 5-xyf½Sd ewfwdkUudkom a'0o'´gt& aumuf,l&awmhouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? "r®m,we "r®"mwk [laom pum;vHk;rsm;ü "r®o'´gonf edAÁmefESifhwuG y&rw¬w&m;tm;vHk;udk a[mEdkifaomfvnf; pu©m,we paom tm,we 11? pu©K"mwfpaom "mwf 17-yg;wdkUjzifh pdwf-89? MoVm&du½kyf 12-yg;udk aumuf,lNyD; jzpfí ,if;wdkUudk csefvSyfum apwoduf 52? okckr½kyf 16? edAÁmefwdkUudkom "r®o'´gt& aumuf,l&awmhouJhodkUvnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/ aemuf Oyrmwpfck ½IavOD;ur®H 0dZÆm p "ar®m p? oDvH ZD0dwrkwårH/ {awe rpöm okZÑEÅd? e a*gawåe "aee 0g/ (oH 1? 13/) 13/

þ o*gxm0*¾ a'0wmoH,kwf aZw0eokwf ygVdawmfü "ar®m [laom ygXfjzifh

avmukwå&mr*¾if 8-yg;vHk; a[mEdkifaomfvnf; 0dZÆm[laom ygXfjzifh or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜr*¾if[laom ynmr*¾if 2-yg;udk aumuf,l&ef ½SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? oDvH-[laom ygXfjzifh or®m0gpmç or®mur®EÅç or®mtmZD0 [laom oDvr*¾if 3-yg;udkom aumuf,l&awmhonf/ 14/

,ckqdkcJhNyD;aom aumuf,lenf;udk a*gAvdA'¨enf;[lívnf;aumif;? yknÓPorÇm&enf;

[lívnf;aumif; ac:qdk&onf? tenf;i,f½Sif; OD;tHh? ]]*ga0gp AvdAa'¨ p *P,aEÅm tmae[d= 0efaqmifEGm; vm;ESifh tjcm;EGm;wdkYudk a&wGufum ac:,lcJhyg (avmuDyHkpH)[k qdk&mü *ga0g=[laom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

539

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pum;vHk;jzifh EGm;tdkç EGm;ysdKç EGm;ydkufç EGm;aygufp txD;tr tm;vHk;udk odrf;csHKí a[mEdkifaomfvnf; AvdA'¨[laom aemufyk'fjzifh 0efaqmifEGm;vm;udk csefum <uif;aom EGm;rsm;udkom a*go'´gt& aumuf,l&onf/ 15/

þenf;twdkif; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ rkcygXf EIwfxGufpum;awmf [lorQudk &nfñTef;í "ar®m

p 0dea,m p "r®Íö 0de,Íöyk'f 2-yk'fudk awGUavorQ 0de,jzifh 0denf;yd#uudk aumuf,l&aMumif; odrSwf&ayrnf/ xdkUaMumifh£rH "r®0de,EÅd £rH "r®Íö0de,Íö? Ob,arÜwH omoeaó0 emrH? "ar®e a[w¬ a'G yd#umed 0kwåmed? 0dea,e 0de,yd#uH? £wd wD[d yd#au[d yumodwH y#dywåð t"kem tm*awmrSDwd 0'wd - (oH? |? 1? 42/) [lí vnf;aumif;? £rH "r®0de,H[lonfum; þokwftbd"r®modkUvnf;aumif;? þ0de,odkUvnf;aumif; ,ckrS a&mufvmol jzpfonf? þ 2-yk'fvHk;onf omoemawmf\ trnf jzpf\? rSef\- þwpfyk'fwGif "r®jzifh yd#u 2-yHkudk 0de,jzifh 0denf;yd#uudk qdktyfonf? þodkU yd#u 3-yHkjzifh jytyfaom tusifhodkU ,ckrS ig a&mufvmonf[k &[ef;u qdk\/ "ar®mwd okwåmbd"ar® o*FPSmwd? 0dea,mwd ouvH 0de,yd#uH/ y/ ouvO§d Ak'¨0peH "r®0de,0aoe ‘'k0d"H a[mwd? (om&w¬? #D? 1? 21/) [lí vnf;aumif;? "ar®m [laom ygXfjzifh okwftbd"r®mwdkUudk odrf;,l\? 0dea,m [laom ygXfjzifh 0de,yd#u tvHk;pHk;udk odrf;,l\? rSef\- tvHk;pHkaom bk&m;pum;awmfonf "r®0de,\ tpGrf;jzifh ESpfyg; ½Sd\? t|uxm #Dumq&mwdkU omoem tpOftvmtwdkif; zGifhqdkjcif; ûyMuayonf/ 16/

,cktcg

tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;a[maMumif;

ygVdawmfrsm;ü

wdkuf½dkufvmaom

om"upum;&yfwdkUudk xkwfEkwfí jyOD;tHh(1)

ukovm[H 0dok'¨Dok? uxm0w¬K0dom&'/ tbd"r®e,nL p? 0odyÜwårSd omoae/ (ck? 4? 228/)

jrefrmjyef wynfhawmfr acrmonf 0dok'¨dw&m;wdkUü vdr®m uRrf;usifygonf? 10-yg;aom uxm0w¬KwdkUü (tusdK;tjypfudk odaomtm;jzifh) &J&ifhygonf? tbd"r®menf; (jzpfaom blrEÅ& ponf) wdkUudk em;vnf oabmaygufygonf? odkUjzpfí bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfü tpGrf;xufol tjzpfodkU a&mufcJhygonf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ txufyg uxm0w¬K0dom&'g-[laom acrmax&Dty'gefvm pum;&yfü ]]uxm0w¬K}}

udk tbd"r®m 7-usrf;rS 5-ckajrmuf uxm0w¬Kusrf;udk r,l&? uxm0w¬K 10-yg; (uxm=pum;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

540

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0w¬K=wnf&m? pum;wnf&m? pum;jzpfaMumif;) udkom ,l&rnf? taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUum; þodkUaom

teufrQudk

rod½SmMuí

uxm0w¬K[k

toHMum;umrQjzifh

tbd"r®m

7-usrf;rS

uxm0w¬Kusrf;yJ[k ,lí xdkty'gefygVdawmfudkyif wwd,oH*g,em aemufydkif;usrS a&;om;aomusrf; jzpfonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm pGyfpGJ ajymqdkMuonf/ (2)

okwåEÅH tbd"r®Íö? 0de,Íöyd au0vH/ e0*ø Ak'¨0peH? {om "r®obm w0/ (ck? 3? 48/)

okwåefç tbd"r®mESifh 0de,yd#uwpfckvHk;onfvnf;aumif;? t*Fg 9-yg;½Sdaom Ak'¨tqHk;tronf vnf;aumif; þtvHk;pHkonf oif\ "r®obif jzpfonf/ þpum;um; Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkifu Oygvdax&ftm; rdefUawmfrlaom pum;jzpfonf? þ*gxmü yd#u 3-yHkudk wdkuf½dkuf >rufqdkxm;awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ (3)

£"m0kaom om&dykwå a'G bdu©L tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅd? aw tnrnH yO§d ykpäEÅd? tnrnó yO§d yk|m 0dóaZÆEÅd? aem p oHoma'EÅd? "r®D p aeoH uxm y0wådeD a[mwd? {0½laye acg tm0kaom om&dykwå bdu©Kem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ (r? 1? 275/)

igh½Sif om&dykwå&m þomoemawmfü &[ef; 2-yg;onf tbd"r®mESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;udk ajyma[maeMuukef\? olwdkUonf tcsif;csif; jyóem ar;Muukef\? jyóem ajzMuukef\? ar;ajz&mü tcsif;csif;udk rqkwfepfapMuukef? olwdkU\ w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;onf (aMumif;usdK;,kwåd tjynfh½Sdí) w&m;ESifhnDpGm

tvsOfrjywf

jzpf\?

Igh½Sif

om&dykwå&m

þodkUaom

&[ef;rsdK;jzifh

a*god*F

tifMuif;awmBuD;onf om,mwifhw,f ay&m\/ (rlvyPÖmo r[ma*god*Fokwf? t½Sifarm*¾v’mef\ avQmufxm;csuf? ) (4)

yke py&H bdu©a0 b0dóEÅd bdu©L tem*wr'¨geH tbm0wdum,m tbm0dwoDvm tbm0dw- pdwåm tbm0dwynm? aw tbm0dwum,m ormem tbm0dwoDvm tbm0dwpdwåm tbm0dwynm tbd"r®uxH a0'v’uxH uaxEÅm uPS"r®H Mouúrrmem e AkZÑdóEÅd/ (tH? 2? 94/)

&[ef;wdkU wpfzefaemufxyf qdktHh? tem*wfumvü udk,fudk wpfenf; (um,*wmowd) udkvnf; ryGm;apç oDvudkvnf; rjznfhusifhç orm"dESifh ynmudkvnf; rwdk;yGm;apbJ aeMuaom &[ef;wdkU ½SdMuvdrfhrnf? xdk&[ef;wdkUonf um,*wmowdvnf; r½Sdç oDv orm"d ynm wdk;yGm;atmifvnf; tm;rxkwfMurlí

tbd"r®m

pyfaom

pum;

a0'v’ESifh

pyfaompum;udk

ajymqdkMuonf½Sdaomf

rnf;eufaom tukodkvfoabmodkU oufa&mufMuum teuft"dyÜm,f rodbJ ½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ (t*Fkwå&rÍöu edygwf wwd, tem*wb,okwf/) (5)

awe acg ye ora,e orÁ[kvm ax&m bdu©L ypämbwåH yd@ygwy#duúEÅm r@vrmaV oEdéodEém oEédywdwm tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅd? wMw ok'H tm,o®m pdawåm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

541

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) [w¬dom&dykawåm ax&meH bdu©LeH tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅmeH tEÅ&EÅ&m uxH Moygawwd/ (tH? 2? 344)

xdktcg rsm;pGmaom ax&fwdkUonf qGrf;pm;NyD;aemuf qGrf;pm;&mrS zJcGmMuNyD; wefaqmif;0ef;ü xdkifum pnf;a0;MuvQuf tbd"r®mpum; ajyma[maeMuavonf? xdktpnf;ta0;ü [w¬dom&dykwå [lívnf;ac:Muaom t½Sifpdwåonf ax&fBuD;rsm; tbd"r®mpum; ajyma[mMupOf tMum;tMum;ü pum;0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufavonf/

(t*Fkwå&yÍöuedygwf [w¬dom&dykwåokwf ygVdawmf/)

txufazmfjyyg ty'gefygVdawmf acrmax&D O'gef;pum;üvnf;aumif;? rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf r[ma*god*Fokwfüvnf;aumif;?

Oygvdax&my'gefüvnf;aumif;?

t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf

wwd,

tem*wb, okwfüvnf;aumif;? ¤if;t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf [w¬dom&dykwåokwfüvnf;aumif; tbd"r®me,ç tbd"r®uxH ponfjzifh tbd"r®moHrsm; tvGefnHaeonfudk awGUEdkifayonf/ þokwfawmfrsm;vm tbd"r®[laom pum;&yf wdkUonf yd#uoHk;yHkxJrS tbd"r®myd#u (tbd"r®m w&m;jcif;awmif;) udkyif txift½Sm; ñTefjyaeayonf? þum; okwåefygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom tbd"r®m\ om"ursm;aywnf;/ xdkUjyif 0de,yd#uygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom tbd"r®o'´g oufoufudk jyqdkOD;rnf/ (1)

temywåd e 0d0aPÖwkumarm ]]£CF wGH okwåaEÅ 0g *gxma,m 0g tbd"r®H 0g y&d,mykPók? ypäm 0de,H y&d,mykPdóoDwd bPwd? Or®wåuó tm'dur®duómwd/ (0d? 2? 189/)

jrefrmjyef 0denf;udk uJh&JUvdkaom pdwfr½SdbJ ]]oifonf a&S;OD;pGm okwåefygVdawmfrsm;ç *gxmrsm;udk jzpfap? tbd"r®mudk jzpfap oifESifhyg? aemuftcg 0denf;udk oif&ygvdrfhrnf? þodkUajymvQif tmywfroifh? ½l;oGyfí ajymrdajym&m ajymaom &[ef;ç vufOD; vGefusL; ajymrdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/ (0davceodu©myk'f)/ (2)

yO§H ykapä,smwd okwåaEÅ MoumoH um&maywGm 0de,H 0g tbd"r®H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd ygpdwåd,ó? 0dea, MoumoH um&maywGm okwåEÅH 0g tbd"r®H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd ygpdw¬d,ó?

tbd"ar® MoumoH um&maywGm okwåEÅH 0g 0de,H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd

ygpdwåd,ó/ (0d? 2? 460/)

jrefrmjyef yO§H ykapä,s= [lonfum; okwåefü tcGifhawmif;NyD; 0denf;udk jzpfap tbd"r®mudkjzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\? 0denf;ü tcGifhawmif;NyD; okwåefudkjzpfap tbd"r®mudk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\? tbd"r®mü cGifhawmif;NyD; okwåefudk jzpfap 0denf;udk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/ (bdu©LeDyO§mykpäe odu©myk'f) txufyg 0denf;ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk MunfhvQif 0de,H 0g tbd"r®H 0g [lí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

542

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xifomjrifom pGmawGUMu&ayonf? 0denf;udk rnfolynwfoenf;? a*gwrbk&m; ynwfonf? rnfolrQ rjiif;Edkif? odkUjzpfvQif xdk0denf;ESifh uyfaeaom tbd"r®mudk rnfola[moenf;? a*gwrbk&m;a[myif jzpf&ayrnf? rSef\- 0denf;uawmh a*gwrbk&m; ynwfwJh 0denf;yJ? tbd"r®muawmh OyedoQ'fusrf;u vmwJh twå0g' tbd"r®myg[k pdwfrSefaomol rnfolurQ ajymvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ þuJhodkU ½dk;½dk;ESifh ½Sif;½Sif; awG;Munfhwuf½HkrQjzifh tbd"r®monf a*gwrbk&m;a[m rkcs{uef odEdkif rSwfEdkifMuayonf/ owdûy&efum;

urÇmYbmomBuD;

4-&yfü

Ak'¨bmomonf

tbd"r®maMumifh

tvGef

cdkifrmaeonf? tvGef rsufESmyef;yGifhaeonf? odyÜHynmuyif vdkufí rrDao;? xdkUaMumifh bmomjcm;rsm; Ak'¨bmom

qefUusifa&;orm;wdkUu

Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk

odu©mcszdkU

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u

êud;pm;vmcJhMuayNyD/ 17/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ol\ aemufvdkufwdkUonf udk,fhÓPfpGrf; udk,fhÓPfpjzifh

Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk qefUusif ykwfcwfMuonfr[kwf? Ak'¨bmomr[kwfaom bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm; pma&;q&mwdkU\ ESmacgif;jzifh touf½lolrsm; jzpfMu\? ,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ tm;udk;&m taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkU\ tqdktcsdKUudk xkwfjypdppf OD;tHh/ (A)

The omission of the Abhidhamma only proves that it was not yet known as a separate Pitaka. At the same time it is unnecessary to suppose that anything like the Abhidhamma was in existence at the first recital of the Dhamma.

yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®m rygjcif;onf xdkpOfu tbd"r®myd#utaejzifh oD;jcm; r½Sdjcif;udkom azmf½HkomrubJ ,if; yxroH*g,emü (tbd"r®mtrnfESifhyif r[kwfapumrl) tbd"r®mESifh wlaom (tbd"r®m oabmudkaqmifaom) wpfpHkwpf&m ½Sdonf[líyif awG;xifzG,f rvdkay/ (E.J.Thomas P.167)

(B)

The date of the Pali Abhidhamma is very doubtful and I don’t reject the hypothsris that it was composed in Ceylon, for the Sinhalese seen to have a special taste for such literature. But there is no proof of this Sinhalese origin.

jrefrm ygVdtbd"r®m\acwfonf

tvGef

raorcsm½Sdonf?

,if;tbd"r®mudk

oD[dkVfü

a&;om;cJhonfqdkaom wifjycsufudk uREfkyf rjiif;y,f? ,if;odkU ry,fEdkifonfrSm oD[dkVfom;rsm; þodkU cufcJeufeJonfh pmayrsm;ü av;pm;jrwfEdk;rI txl;½SdyHk&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUaomf oD[dkVfu ponf[laom tcsufudk oufaojyp&m r½Sdjzpfonf/ (Hindusim and Buddhism Vol.1 G.Eliot P,292)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

543

tpodkU

(C)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Thus neither the Khuddaka Nikaya nor the Abhidhamma receives mention is the earliest tradition of the first Council and both consequently may be deemed as later and less suthotitative additions, however ancient.

jrefrm yxroH*g,em a½S;OD;qHk; tpOftvmü ck'´uedum,fa&m tbd"r®myg>rufqdkjcif;rcH&? xdkUaMumifh ,if; ck'´uedum,fESifh tbd"r®m 2-rsdK;vHk;onf a&S;yifusapumrl aemufydkif;acwfESifh qdkifí cdkifvHkrI r½SdvSaom usrf;rsm;[k todtrSwfûy cH&ayrnf/ (J.G.Jenning’s Vedantic Buddhism. Introduction Notes P.L VII)

(D)

No Abhidhamma is mentioned. It is possible that when the account was composed there was on Abhidhamma not separated as a third Pitaka, but we can be sure that whatever it was it did not consist of the works now known by that name. However, other schools hold that the Abhidhamma was recited, and that this was done by Kassapa himself.

jrefrm (yxroH*g,emü) tbd"r®mudk rqdkay? yxroH*g,em taMumif;t&mudk a&;om;pDpOfpOftcg tbd"r®yd#utjzpf cGJrxkwf&ao;aom tbd"r®mum; ½SdEdkifonf? odkUaomf xdktbd"r®m[laom trnfjzifh ,ckodaeMuaom usrf;pmrsm;udk yxroH*g,emü ryg-[k uREfkyfwdkU tcdkiftrm qdkEdkifonf? odkU&mwGif tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;uvnf; xdkyxroH*g,emwGif tbd"r®mudk oH*g,emwifonf? ,if;udk t½Sifr[muóy udk,fwdkif ½Gwfqdkonf[k ,lqMuavonf/ (The History of Buddhist thought by E.J. Thomas . P.28) (i) rpfpf½dkufpfa';Apfum; olr\ "r®o*FPDbmomjyef ed'gef;ü twdtvif; twdtus qdkxm;onfrSmAbhidhamma is not the message of the founder. It is the work of the monkish world that grew up after him.

tbd"r®mqdkwm Ak'¨0g'udk pwifwnfaxmifol Ak'¨\pum; r[kwf? ol(Ak'¨)\ aemufrS wdk;wufjyefUum;vmaom om0u&[ef;rsm;\ vuf&m jzpfonf/ (Preface to “A Buddhist manual of Psycho-Logical Ethice”)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

544

tpodkU

18/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þtqdkrsm;wGif tenf;i,f uGJvGJrI ½Sdapumrl yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®myd#u r½Sdao;-

[laom tqdkum; wlnD\? xl;jcm;onfum; oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf; tqdk tbd"r®mudk yxroH*g,emü wifí t½Sifr[muóy udk,fwdkif ½Gwfqdkonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf? (c) trSwfjy a*sm*sftDvDa,mhwf\ tqdkum; a0;uGmvGef;vS\? oD[dkVfuRef;usrS a&;onf[kqdkvQif rdvdE´yO§mudkyif todtrSwfûy&m a&muf\? &,fzG,f aumif;aom tqdkomjzpfayonf/ (aemufü ½Sif;OD;tHh) txufyg bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm;wdkU\ oHk;oyfcsufudk MunfhvQif olwdkU\xifjrifcsuf(0g) twåaemrwdudkom ajymaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf? olwdkUonf plV0gygVdawmf yxroH*g,em rSwfwrf;ü tbd"r®m yd#u tbd"r®bmPu [lí wdkuf½dkuf ryg½Sdonfh tcsufudkudkifNyD; yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®m ryg[k oJoJrJrJ udkifNyD; ajymaeMujcif; jzpf\/ xdkolwdkU\ aumufcsufum; plV0gygVdawmf oH*g,emcef;ü tbd"r®mudkrjyí tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k aumufcsufcsvdkufMujcif; jzpfonf/ þaumufcsuftay: xyfqifhuJNyD; ½dkufpfa';Apfu bk&m;r½SdrS ol\wynfhawGu a&;xnfhjcif; jzpf\[k uGefUvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf taemufEdkifiHu Ak'¨bmomudk a&;aom olrsm;onf tbd"r®m\ av;euf us,fjyefUyHkudk &dyfrdzdkU rqdkxm;bd? 0denf; okwåefudkyif ususee od½Sdolrsm; r[kwfMuay? tbd"r®mESifh ywfowfí olwdkUcsxm;aom rSwfcsufudk MunfhygOD;? “Valley of dry bones” (½dk;acsmuf *Edkif) BuD;ygwJh? tbd"r®mynm[m

bmrSvnf;

em;rvnf?

odyfysif;p&maumif;wJhtwGuf

Oyrmtm;jzifh

t½dk;awG

awmifvdkyHkaewJh awm*EdkifBuD;ESifh wlygonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ q&mESifhwynfh ESpfydkif;½Sdonf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u q&m? aemufacwfay:&[ef;wdkUu wynfhwnf;? q&monf rsm;aomtm;jzifh wynfhxufawmfjrJwnf;? xdktaemufEdkifiHu aomrwfwdkU tDvDa,mhwfwdkU *sif;eif;wdkU a';ApfwdkU qdkaom pma&;q&mwdkUonf tbd"r®m,rdkufusrf;ESifh y|mef;usrf;udk ,ckacwf wdyd#u pmar;yGJ0if t½Sifjrwfrsm;avmuf pepfwus oif,lrdygvQif þodkU xifjrifMurnf r[kwfay/ yxroH*g,mü

tbd"r®m

ryg[laom

tjrifudk

olwdkUjrifMuonfrSm

tpü

qdkcJhovdk

"r®0de,toHk;udk em;rvnfaomaMumifh jzpf\? ,if;odkU em;rvnfjcif;rSmvnf; t|uxmq&mrsm;\ tzGifhudk aocsmpGm rMunfh½I roHk;oyfwwfaMumifh jzpf\? rMunfhjcif;onf t|uxmq&mrsm;udk rvdkvm;í jzpf\? txifrBuD;ívnf; jzpf\/ t|uxmq&mrsm;tay: taemufEdkifiHom;wdkU txifrBuD;yHkudk ½Iyg? K.E.Neumann au-tD; EsLref qdkolu t|uxmq&mrsm;udk Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if; rodem;rvnfMuaom idiotic nitwits evAdef;wHk;rsm; jzpfMuonf[k wpfcgu qdkzl;avonf?

(Buddhist thought in India by Edward Conze p.32)

t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if;udk rod[k oluqdkojzifh olurS Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if;udk odonf[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

545

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

r½SufraMumuf ajym&ma&mufayonf/ aomrwf 0DvD,H ½dkufpfa';Apfuvnf; Ak'¨a[maom opömav;yg;udkyif So-called Four Aryan Truth ]]t&d,opöm 4-yg;[kqdkaom}} [k ('D? 3? o*Ðwdokwf bmomjyef ed'gef; ESm-198)ü rav;rcefU

a&;cJhzl;onfhjyif t|uxmq&mrsm;\ tpOftvm rSwfwrf;rsm;ç tqdktrdefUrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyxm;\/ The root of that BIRNA which growing up along with the rest of Buddhism went on sperding so luxuriantly that radually covered up much that was volue in the earlier teaching and fiually to the downfall in its home in India of the aneient faith.

jrefrm Ak'¨"r®\ t<uif;tusefrsm;ESifh wGJ,SOfí BuD;yGm;vmcJhaom Ad&Paygif;jrwf\ tjrpfrsm;onf vGwfvyfxlydef;pGm

jyefUESHUvmcJh&um;

a½S;a[mif;Ak'¨tqHk;rrsm;wGif

wefcdk;BuD;aom

tcsuftvuf

trsm;tjym;udk wpfjznf;jznf; zHk;tkyfvmum aemufqHk;ü tdEd´,jynfwGif a½S;a[mif;,HkMunfrI\ usqHk;aysmufuG,fjcif;odkUyif ydkUaqmifcJhayonf}} [k qdkcJhavonf? ('D-2 r[my'geokwf bmomjyefed'gef; ESm-6) opöm 4-yg;udkyif ayghysufysuf a&;om;azmfjyaom aomrwfpf a';Apf\ ygVdbmomoif,ljcif;onf Ak'¨bmomudk cszdkU tjrpfu EkwfypfzdkUom oif,lavhvmMujcif;ayavh[k pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfayonf? opömav;yg;udkrS

[movkyfaeuwnf;u

Ak'¨"r®bufu

ckcHa&;aeaom

t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk

ykwfcwfonfrSm rqef;awmhay/ 19/

olwdkU\ t,ltq ajymif;vJcJhyHkudkvJ ½Iyg? a½S;a[mif; tdEd´,ordkif;udk a&;ol V.A.Smith

onf ol\ ]]taomu}} [laom pmtkyfwGif 'Dy0HoESifh r[m0Hotqdkudk uJh&JUjypfwifí Ak'¨ESifh *sdef;acgif;aqmif r[m0D&wdkU\ uG,fvGefonfhESpfudk B.C.-487-486 [k tcdkiftrmqdkcJhNyD; aemufrS ]]cg&a0}} ausmufpmudk awGUjrif&aomtcg 'Dy0HoESifhr[m0HowdkU\ tqdkudk jyefvnfaxmufcHum Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHonfhESpfudk

bDpD-543-[k

jyifqifcJh&avonf?

þtcsufudk

axmuf½Ií

taemufEdkifiH

pma&;q&mwdkUonf tvGefta&;&rf;Muonf[k aumufcsuf&\? xdkUjyif olwdkUtodÓPf rus,fjyefUyHk rESHUpyfyHkudkvnf; odEdkifayao;onf/ (The Early History of India p.50) Senart aqewfqdkaom ynm½SifBuD;uvnf; taomuausmufpmudk taxmuftxm;ûyí Ak'¨0g'ü

oDvrQom yg0ifaMumif; taomuacwfrQru oD[dkVfü omoemrjyefUyGm;rDESpf 100-ausmftwGif;üvnf; oDvrQxuf rydkaMumif; Path ac: r*¾if 8-yg; [lonfrSm om0u&[ef;wdkU\ xGifvHk;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? edAÁmefqdkwmudkvnf; Ak'¨ ra[maMumif; (Indian Antiquary 2892.P.364-5) ü qdkxm;avonf/ (Early Buddhism and its origins by Varma p.428)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

546

tpodkU

20/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

olwdkUonf vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;rsm;yDyD Ak'¨udk vufcH,HkMunfaomolrsm; r[kwf? Ak'¨\

oAÁKñkwÓPfawmfudk r,HkMunfMu? oAÁKñkwÓPfawmfudk &&m&aMumif; yg&rDw&m;wdkUudk r,HkMunfMu? psmef

0darmu©r*f

qdkonfudkvnf;

r,HkMunfMu?

vlvdkajymonf?

olawmfpifBuD;wpfa,muf

xl;jcm;onf[k

,HkMunfvdkMuonf?

a*gwrAk'¨onf

ynm½SifBuD;wpfa,muf

oAÁñkwÓPfjzifh

odjrifí

vlom;omjzpfí

vlvdkaeí

tjzpfrQom

olwumxuf

a[mxm;aom

,ckavmuç

wrvGefavmuç ewfjynfç jA[®mjynfç i&Jç Nydwåmqdkonfrsm;udkvnf; r,HkMu? ewfjynf i&Jjynf ponfygaom tbd"r®mudk r,HkMunfMu? olwdkU ,HkMunfonfum; zefqif;cH&NyD; vljzpfvmrIudkom ,HkMunfonf/ xdkUaMumifh twdwfb0udk r,HkMunf? aoNyD; 0dnmOfb0jzifh urÇmysufatmif apmifh&rnfudk ,HkMunfonf? xdkUaMumifh aemifb0tqufqufudk r,HkMunfMu? Ak'¨bmomw&m;onf olwdkUtzdkU tvGefqef;aeonf? xdkUaMumifh ordkif;aMumif;t& oufaoxlEdkifaom a½S;a[mif; ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdoavmufom (Historical fact) trSefw&m;[k ,lqMuonf/ olwdkUrawGUao;aom rawGUEdkifaom ausmufpmwdkUüygaom w&m;wdkUudkrl olwdkUrodMuawmhacs? jrefrm Ak'¨0g'D trnfcHaom pifppf ½kyf0g'D OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm; txl;tm;jzifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk pepfwus vHkvHkavmufavmuf avhvmrI tvsOf;r½SdbJ taemufpmayrsm;udkom oHa,mifvdkufum

tcsdef½Sdoa½GU

t"r®0g'awGudkom

&[ef;awmfaumif;awGudkyg tvif;a&mifudkay;&ef u,fwif&ef

odrf;usHK;

avhvmtxifBuD;vGef;MuNyD; a&;om;jzefUa0Mu ykwfcwfaeMuayonf?

tjcm;rodem;rvnfaom

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf

xdkbmomjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\

a[majymMu?

omoemh0efxrf;

,if;wdkUtm;vnf;

trSefw&m;

olrsm;tm;vnf;

vlaovljzpf

0g'ab;tEÅ&m,frS

usrf;tapmifapmifrS

xkwfEkwfwifjy

qHk;jzwfcsrSwfjcif;

ûy&ayonf/ 21/

xdkUjyif Ak'¨"r®udk eufeJpGm oif,lavhvmí tbd"r®mudk tav;teuf cH,lxm;aom

taemufEdkifiHom; tjcm;ynm½Sifrsm;url Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh pyfí b,fvdka&;om;cJhonfudk qufvufí azmfjyOD;tHh?

"r®o*FPD

tbd"r®ygVdawmfBuD;udk

*smreDvlrsdK;

bdu©KÓPwdavmuonf

*smrefbmomjyefqdkcJh&m ed'gef;udk tawmfjynfhpHkpGm okawoeoabmw&m;rsm; n§yfía&;om;cJhonf? ,if;ed'gef;udk wynfhjzpfol ÓPaygPdu u t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh jyefqdkum Abhidhamma Studies (tbd"r®mavhvmcsufrsm;) [laom pmtkyfudk a&;cJhonf? xdkpmtkyf zóyÍöru (The Pentad of Sense Inperssion) [laom tcef;ü tbd"r®monf Ak'¨ñTefjyaom vrf;p (rmwdum) jzifh xdkxdk okwåef (Oyrm-

rZÑdredum,f Oy&dyPÖmo tEky'okwf ponf) ü a[mawmfrlaom "r®tpkwdkUudk tpDtpOfusatmif pepfwuspDpOfí t½Sifom&dykwå&m oifjyxm;aom csydkUpOf jzpfonf[lí a&;om;ayonf/ qufvufí ÓPaygPdu u ol\ tbd"r®mavhvmcsufrsm; pmtkyf ESm-25-ü þodkU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

547

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a&;om;xm;\/ “The Anupada Sutta showe that an elaboration of thdoctrine in the manner of the Abhidhamma was under taken at the Master’s Life time, by analytically and Philosophically gifted disciples. This development was experessly encouraged by the Buddha when, in that Discourse he mentioned and highly praised Sariputta’s fourtnight of analytical onguiry 2.”

jrefrm y'0dbm* (tu©&m yk'fAsnf;wdkUudk cGJpdwfa0zef ydkif;jcm;jcif;) tw¬0dbm* (teuft"dyÜg,fudk tpDtpOfwus

a0zefuefUowfydkif;jcm;jcif;)

t&mü

tvGefawmfMuaom

wynfhrsm;onf

Ak'¨vufxufawmfuyif tbd"r®m yHkoP²meftoGifjzifh ]]"r®}} rsm;udk tao;pdwf pDpOfcJhMuonf qdkonfudk tEky'okwfu azmfjyaeayonf? þtEky'okwfü t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ 2-yu©twGif; tEky'0dyóem (tpdwftpdwf cGJjcm;oHk;oyfEdkifjcif;)udk txl;>rufqdk csD;usL;awmfrlpOf Ak'¨onf þodkU tbd"r®mtoGif jrifhrm;wdk;wufjcif;udk odompGm tm;ay; awmfrlavonf/ (Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.25) tbd"r®mudk omrefvlwdkUtm; Ak'¨onf a[m>rufjcif; rûyay? cufcJeufeJaom t"dyÜm,frsm;udk a[majymaejcif;jzifh

tcsdefrukefapbJ

okPEÅyk*¾dKvf

(w&m;emyk*¾dKvf)wdkUtm;

,if;wdkU\

vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tajccHusaom vufawGUusifhoHk;zG,f w&m;rsm;udk a[mawmfrlonf? ,if;"r®wdkUudk r[m0*¾oH,kwfüvmaom aomwmywådoH,kwf opöoH,kwf paom okwåefwdkUü Ak'¨jrwfpGm txyfxyf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf? tdrfaeolvlom;wdkUtm; rqdkxm;bd? omoemawmfwGif;odkU0ifí wpfudk,fwnf; usifhvdkMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;yif

tbd"r®mw&m;awmfBuD;udk

a[mMum;awmfrrlbJ

,if;wdkUESifh

oifhawmfaom ur®|mef;tvkyfw&m;rsm;udkom a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ vlenf;pkom vufcHodrf;ydkufEdkif em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifaom tbd"r®mudk xufjrufpl;½Saom ÓPf½Sdaom ½Sifom&dykwå&m ½Sifr[maum|du ½Sifr[mupöme paom ax&fBuD;rsm;tm; tus,f½Sif;vif; a0zefap&ef wm0efay;aomtm;jzifh &[ef;y&dowftv,fwGif tusOf;t>rufrQom a[mí ae&mrSxum <uoGm;awfrlavonf? w&m;em &[ef;y&dowfwdkUonf bk&m;½Sif\ tusOf;oacFyuxmudk em;rvnfMuí ½Sifom&dykwå&mxH

csOf;uyfrSwfom;

tus,ftm;jzifh

em;vnfMu&ayonf?

xdkUaMumifh

&[ef;rsm;

tm;udk;,HkMunfpGm ½Sifom&dykwå&mxH csOf;uyfem,lEdkifMuap&efom&dykawåm bdu©a0 wxm*awe tEkwå&H "r®puúH y0wådwH or®a'0 tEky0awåwd (r? 3? 79/) &[ef;wdkU

igbk&m;

vnfapawmfrlaom

(a[mawmfrlcJhaom)

tjrwfqHk;w&m;pufudk

om&dykwå&monf igbk&m;enf;wl vnfapjcif; (a[majymjcif;) iSm pGrf;Edkifayonf [lívnf;aumif;/ ]]&[ef;wdkU

jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom

oDvç

orm"dç

ynmESifh

0drkwådt&mü

xdyfwef;a&muf

pGrf;aqmifEdkifol[k qdkvQif om&dykwå&mudk &nf½G,fí ajymrS rSefrnf}} [lívnf;aumif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

548

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

]]igbk&m;\ twGif;ESvHk;"mwfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh &ifrSaygufzGm;olç EIwfxGufpum;awmfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh EIwfawmfrS aygufzGm;olç "r®aMumifhjzpfí "r®u zefwD;tyfaomolç "r®tarGudkom cH,lí tmrdotarGudk rcH,laomol-[líqdkvQif om&dykwå&mudk &nf½G,fíajymrS rSefrnf}} [lívnfaumif; Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf cHwGif;rqefU csD;usL;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (rZÑdredum,f? Oy&dyPÖmo tEky'okwf) xdkjyif ÓPaygPdu u qufvufí qdkjyefonfrSmIt is therefore quite probable that the Buddha transmitted the gist of his Abhidhammic knowledge to such individual monks whom he knew to be capable of elaborating and applying the briefly indicated by their own penetrative intellect e.g in the case of Sariputta.

jrefrm xdkUaMumifh

Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf

tbd"r®mqdkif&m

todÓPfESifhpyfí

tusOf;t>rufrQuav;udk

½Sifom&dykwå&muJhodkU tus,fcGJa0 a[majymEdkifrnfholç ûcHí jyvdkufaom enf;udk rdrdwdkU *rÇD&ÓPfjzifh toHk;ûyEdkifrnfhol[k

,HkMunfcJholwdkUtm;

vTJajymif;

vufurf;awmfrlcJhonf?

þtcsufonf

tvGefjzpfEdkifonfh tcsuf jzpfonf/ (Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.24-25) txufyg *smrefvlrsdK; bdu©KÓPwdavmu? ÓPaygPdu wdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk csifhcsdef zwf½IMunfhvQif tb,frQ ynmom;ygyg oHk;oyfa&;xm;onfudk awGUEdkifayonf? pmzwfoufwrf; &ifholrSeforQ csifhwGufí&onf? aomrwfpfa';ApfuJhodkU udk,fvdk&m qGJí oHk;oyfxm;csufrsdK; r[kwf? ausmufpmwpfcsyf MunfhNyD; Ak'¨bmomwpf&yfvHk;udk qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsdK;r[kwf? yd#uoHk;yHkudk ususee oif,lavhvmNyD;rS wm0ef½Sd½Sd a&;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf? urÇmynmausmfwdkU\ tqdkum; tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[monf[laom trSefw&m; jzpfayownf;/ 22/

P.T.S

ygVdtoif; (vef'ef) twGif;a&;rª; jzpfcJhaom uG,fvGefol

Mr.Lggleden

rpöwmtpf*av'ifqdkol tbd"r®mpaumvm;u ol\ Introductory Notes on the Abhidhammatthasangaha ü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;\/ taemufokawoDwdkUonf a½S;tcgu ajymcJha&;cJhMuovdk tbd"r®monf tjcm;yd#ursm;xuf aemufusrS ay:vmonf? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef0ifpHNyD;aemuf &mpkESpfrsm; vGefNyD;rS om0u&[ef;rsm;\ xGifrIjzifh wdk;wufvmonf?

cefUrSef;ajctm;jzifh

taomurif;vufxuf

bDpD-250-cefUwGif

tawmfjynfhpHkNyD;

jzpfyHk&aom Ak'¨\ "r®o*FPD rmwdumay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom usrf;pmrsm;[k ,lqxm;Muonf? odkU&mwGif oHCmhavmuwGif wnf½Sdaeaom a½S;tpOftvm tjrift& Ak'¨tjzpf a&mufawmfrlNyD; pwkw¬owåm[wGif

emrfESifh½kyf

y&rwftxyftvTm

wpfckvHk;udk

jzpfEdkiforQ

tao;pdwfí

½IjrifoHk;oyfawmfrl&mrS tbd"r®m[lonf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ,if;udk reom00w¬mydwa'oem The initial

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

549

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Conecption in the Master’s mind [k ac:onf? ,if;aemuf tbd"r®m oiftHavhusuf aqmif½Gufaom

oludk w&m;ra[mapumrl "r®uxdu ac:a0:cJhMuonf? þrQ BuD;us,frsm;jym;í a½SUaemuf(qefUusifjcif; r&Sd) tpOfajyjypfaom usrf;pmonf Ak'¨\ ÓPfawmfrSwyg; tjcm;olwdkU\t&m r[kwfEdkif “Abhidhamma is the domain Proper of the Buddha”.

tpf*av'ifonf rpöpf½dkufa';ApfwdkU r½SdaomtcgrS vef'ef ygVdtoif;BuD;\ twGif;a&;rª; jzpfvmolaywnf;? ,cifOuú| a';Apfu tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k qdkoGm;\? tck twGif;a&;rª; tpf*av'ifu 'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;NyD; a½SUaemuftqifajyvSaom usrf;BuD;onf bk&m;ÓPfrSwyg; tjcm;ol\vuf&m rjzpfEdkifyHkudk ydkifydkifBuD; qdkxm;\? (0g) tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[m tppfyg[k qdk\/ a';Apfu plV0gygVd oH*g,emtcef;ü tbd"r®m[koD;jcm;trnfwyfí oH*g,em rwifonfudk uyfNyD; bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k ajym\? tpf*av'ifu ]]'Davmuf BuD;rm;us,fjyefU tqifajy}} [laom 0daooeBuD;rsm;jzifh *kPfûyum bk&m;a[mtppf[k qHk;jzwf\? þESpfOD;om; pum;wGif a';Apfonf

tbd"r®m

usrf;om;udk

rEdIufMunfhbJ

twdrfteuf

rodbJ

tjyifu

MunfhNyD;

ajymjcif;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ae\? tpf*av'ifrSmrl tbd"r®mudk avhvmMunfhNyD;rS BuD;us,fvScsnfhvm;? rsm;jym;vScsnfhvm;?

'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;ayrJh

a½SUaemuf

nDñGwftqifajyvScsnfhvm;[k

twGif;om;odkU 0ifMunfhNyD;rS tbd"r®mudk bk&m;rSwyg; tjcm;rnfolrQ ra[mEdkif[k obm0udk udkifNyD; rSwfcsufcsjcif; jzpfayonf/ OD;Ouú|wdkU vlpkum; Ak'¨bmomudk zsufqD;&atmif êud;pm;aeaom ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMuí a';ApfwdkU aemufodkU vdkufMu\? ÓPwdavmuwdkU tpf*av'ifwdkUESifhum; rwJhMuacs/ 23/

,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzpfaom bmPu pm&if;wGif rawGU&jcif;ç

t|uxmrsm;ESifh

a½S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif

tbd"r®bmPu[lí

rawGU&jcif;aMumifh

tbd"r®m

bk&m;a[mr[kwf qdkonfudk pdppfjyOD;tHhokr*Fv0dvmodeDrnfaom

'DCedum,f

oDvu©E¨0*f

t|uxm-ESm

15?

16-wdkUü

yxroH*g,emtNyD; t½Sifr[muóyax&fu t½SiftmeE´mtm; 'DCedum,fudk? t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm;

rZÑdredum,fudk?

t½Sifr[muóytm;

oH,kwåedum,fudk?

t½SiftEk½k'¨gax&ftm;

t*Fkwå&edum,fudk ydkUcsapmifha½Smuf&ef vTJtyfaMumif; qdkonf/ 0denf;yd#uudk t½SifOygvdtm; vGJtyfaMumif;qdkí tbd"r®myd#uudk Zmwfç eda'óç y#dorÇd'gr*fç ty'gefç okwåedygwfç ck'úygXç "r®y'ç O'gef;ç £wd0kwfç 0drme0w¬Kç ayw0w¬Kç ax&*gxmç ax&D*gxm [laom þusrf;i,f 13-usrf;ESifhtwl ck'ú*E¦trnfay;í oH*g,emwifaMumif;udkqdkonf? þum; 'DCbmPuax&fwdkU\ tpOftvm rSwfom;csuft& jzpfonf? rZÑdrbmPuwdkU\ trSwftom;t&um; p&d,myd#u

Ak'¨0Hoyg

xnfhoGif;í

aygif;

15-usrf;udk

ck'´u*E¦trnfjzifh

okwåEÅyd#utjzpf

oH*g,emwifcJh Muonf[k qdkonf? þrSwfom;csuft& tbd"r®myd#u u wjcm; usefusrf;i,f 15-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

550

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

usrf;u wjcm; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf? (pk'dwu OD;qE´"du qdkouJhodkY tbd"r®m 20-usrf; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfay) odkU&mwGif þ ck'´u*E¦ 15-usrf;udkvnf;aumif tbd"r®myd#uudkvnf;aumif; rnfolUtm; pOfqufrjywf csydkUaqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;onf[k þokr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmu rqdkacs/ þodkU rqdkaomaMumifh ck'´uedum,f[lí yxroH*g,emü r½Sd? tbd"r®m yd#u[lívnf; r½Sdao;[k

taemufwdkif;

okawoDwdkUu

qdkMu\?

aemufvdkufjzpfaom

or®m'd|dokawoe

tzGJU0ifwdkUuvnf; oHa,mifvdkufí qdkMu\/ 24/

xdktqdkudk

pdppfMunfhOD;tHh?

okr*Fv0dvmodeD

rnfaom

'DCedum,f

t|uxm

jA[®ZmvokwftzGifh ed'gef;ü rqdk½HkrQjzifh tbd"r®mbk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&tHhavm? tjcm;ae&m tjcm;okwfwdkUü zGifhqdkxm;onfudk tb,fhaMumifh vspfvsL½IMuoenf;? t*Fkwå&edum,f wdu 'kwd, ygyPduokwfü þodkU a[mawmf rlxm;\/ ]]£" bdu©a0 bdu©K a, aw bdu©L A[kókwm tm*wm *rm "r®"&m 0de,"&m rmwdum"&m? aw umave umvH OyouFrdwGm y&dykpäwd y&dyO§wd}} (tH? 1? 155/) &[ef;wdkU yd#u 3-yHkudk rsm;pGm Mum;emrSwfom;NyD;aomç edum,fudkaqmifukefç yd#u 3-yHkudk aqmifukefç 0denf;udk aqmifukefç rmwdumudk aqmifukefaom &[ef;wdkUonf ½Sdukef\? þ&[ef;onf &Hcg&Hcg xdkA[kokw &[ef;wdkUodkU csOf;uyfí ar;jref;pHkprf;\/ þt*FkwådK&fygVdawmfü tm*wm*rm [laom ygXfjzifh edum,f 5-rsdK;wGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkaomf vnf;aumif; ESpfrsdK; oHk;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif; ig;rsdK;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; aqmifolwdkUudk taotcsm azmfjyxm;\? þtcsufudk bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkudk odaom t|uxmq&mBuD;u þodkU zGifhjyxm;\/ tm*wm*rmwd {aum eduma,m {aum tm*arm emr? a'G edum,m a'G tm*rm emr? yÍö edum,m yÍö tm*rm emr? {awok tm*arok a,oH {aumyd tm*arm tm*awm y*kaPm y0wådawm? Aw tm*wm*rm emr/ (tH |? 1? 87/)

jrefrmjyef tm*wm*rm [lonfum; edum,fwpfusrf;onf tm*rwpfck rnf\? edum,f 2-usrf;onf tm*r 2-ck rnf\? edum,f 5-usrf;onf tm*rm 5-ck rnf\? þtm*rxJrS tm*rwpfckckudk EIwfwuf½G½G aqmifxm;aomolonf tm*wm*r rnf\/ rSwfcsuf/

/ tm*r[laom pum;vHk;udk ajrmufydkif; Ak'¨0g'DwdkUu ouúwbmomjzifh a&;om;&mü

oHk;pGJMuonf? ax&0g' ygVdusrf;*efrsm;üum; edum,ç tm*r-[laom pum; 2-rsdK;vHk;udkyif edum,ftjzpf toHk;ûyMuonf? "r®"&m [l&mü "r®t& yd#u 3-yHkudk aumuf,l&rnf[k ('D? r[m0*¾|? 146) ü qdk\? wpfzef okwåEÅyd#uudk aumuf,l&rnf[k t*Fkwå& edum,f wdu-'k ygyPduokwf t|uxm (ESm-89) ü qdk\? 0dok'¨dr*f r[m#Dumq&m t½Sif"r®ygvu okwåmbdocFgwó "r®ó "m&aPe "r®"&m- [k edum,fBuD; 4-rsdK;rS <uif;aomç ck'´uedum,fü tusHK;0ifaom okwfESifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

551

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tbd"r®mudk "r®t& aumuf,l&rnf[k qdk\/ (yx0D uodPtzGifh ESm-141) þt|txm #Dumrsm;tqdkudk ûcHí,laomf edum,faqmifrsm;udk 'DCbmPuç rZÑdrbmPuç oH,kwåbmPuç t*Fkwå&bmPu[lí toD;toD; wpfpkwpfzGJUpD rqdkbJ tm;vHk; ygatmif tm*wm*rm [lí bk&m;½Sifudk,fwdkif a[mawmfrl\? "r®"&m[laom ygXfjzifh <uif;aom ck'´uedum,faqmifç tbd"r®maqmif (tmbd"r®du) yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk a[mawmfrl\? rmwdum"&m-[laom ygXfjzifh 0de,tusOf; ygwdarmufudk aqmifol tbd"r®mtusOf; rmwdumudk aqmifolwdkUudk a[mawmfrl\? þodkUvQif þygyPduokwfawmfü yd#uoHk;yHkaqmif edum,faqmif ck'´uedum,faqmif tbd"r®maqmifwdkUudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif &nfñTef; rdefU[awmfrlcJhyHkudk taotcsm rSwf,l&ayonf? taemufwdkif; okawoDqdkaom bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm; q&mwdkUonfum; vdk&m,l rvdk&mcsefí a0zefMujcif;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 25/ tif'yfpf

wpfzef pmayordkif; ½Iaxmifhjzifh oHk;oyf&aomf bDpD 125- rS 95 txd tdE´d,jynf e,fjcm;wpfavQmuf tkyfpdk;oGm;aom *&dwfbk&if areE´&fac: rdvdE´rif;BuD;onf

(Indus)

omoemawmfudk

Munfñdkav;pm;í

ar;avQmufcJhzl;onf?

xdktcg

r½Sif;rvif;aom

yd#uwft&m

uRrf;usifí

Ak'¨"r®a&;&m

ar;cGef;tajrmuftjrm;udk

EIwfa&;<u,f<u,f

ÓPfBuD;us,faom

t½Sifem*odefonf tar;[lorQ oabmusatmif ajzqdkcJhonf? xdk taMumif;t&m tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom

usrf;pmudk

rdvdE´yO§m[k

ac:onf?

t½SifAk'¨aCmouJhodkUaom

ax&0g'D

t|uxm#Dumq&mwdkUonf tcGifhêuHwdkif; rdvdE´yO§mvm pum;rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; udk;um;í zGifhqdkoGm;Muonf/ ,if; rdvdE´yO§mü(u)

awe acg ye ora,e tm,o®m em*aoaem orP*P y&d0kawm 0deDawm 0dom&a'g aw yd#aum a0'*l / y/ om0ve*&H tEkyÜawåm a[mwd/ (ck? 11? 19/)

xdktcg pwkopöÓPfjzifh

&[ef;taygif;

jcH&Hvsuf

vrf;qHk;a&muf

odrfarGU,Ofaus;í

aygufajrmufNyD;ol

&J&ifhawmfrlNyD;

yd#u

t½Sifem*aoeonf

3-yHkaqmif om*vûrdUodkU

a&mufvmavonf[lí vnf;aumif;(c)

aw p awyd#um bdu©L? yÍö aeum,dumyd p/ pwk aeum,dum ap0? em*aoeH yka&u©½Hk/ (ck? 11? 20/) (,if; rdvdE´yO§m)

yd#u 3-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;ç edum,f 5-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;ç edum,f 4-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf em*aoeax&fudk a½SUoGm;ûyawmfrlMuukef\ [lívnf;aumif;? yd#u 3-yHkaqmifç edum,f 5-&yfaqmifç edum,f 4-&yfaqmif [laom pum;vHk;rsm; txift½Sm; awGU&\/ 26/

þrQru rdvdE´yO§mü þodkU qdkxm;\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

552

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]b*0awm acg r[m&mZ "r®e*a& {0½lyg Zem y#d0oEÅd okwåEÅdum a0e,dum

tmbd"r®dum "r®uxdum ZmwubmPum 'DCbmPwm rZÑdrbmPum oH,kwåbmPum t*Fkwå&bmPum ck'´ubmPum}} (ck? 11? 324/) ponf-

jrefrmjyef rif;jrwf

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\

w&m;ûrdUawmfü

okwåefaqmifç

0denf;aqmifç

tbd"r®maqmifç

tbd"r®mw&m;udk a[majymolç Zmwuudk aqmifol 'DCbmPu('DCedum,faqmif)ç rZÑdrbmPuç oH,kwåbmPuç t*Fkwå&bmPuç ck'´ubmPu(ck'´uedum,faqmif)? þodkU oabm½Sdaom ûrdUawmfol ûrdUawmfom;wdkU aeMuygukef\/ þygVdawmfü

ck'´uaqmifç

tbd"r®maqmif[laom

pum;vHk;rsm;

twdtvif;

qdkxm;í

yxroH*g,emwifNyD;csdefrS tqufrjywf aqmifvmMuaom tpOftvm rkcs½SdcJhayonf? c&pfray:rDESifh ay:NyD;p &mpkESpfOD; (bk½Sm;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; ESpf 500-cefY) ü xif½Sm;cJhaom rdvdEýO§mü tmbd"r®du [lívnf;aumif;ç ck'úbmPu[lívnf;aumif; yg½SdcJhvsuf at'D 500-&mpk (rdvdEýO§maemuf ESpfig;&mcefU)ü

a&;om;pD&ifaom

t½SifAk'¨aCmo\

okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|txmü

taMumif;½Sd&rnf?

taMumif;um;

½Snf½Snfa0;a0;

½SmaezG,f

rvdk?

t½Sifom&dykwå&m\

wynfhrsm;onf

tbd"r®mudk

tjrJavhvm

csydkUaeojzifh

rygonfrSm

Ak'¨vufxufawmfrSpí vGefpGmxif½Sm;

todrsm;aeaomaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh txl;wvnf tbd"r®mudk wm0efvTJaep&m rvdk/ aemufwpfaMumif;rSmvnf; ]]ZmwubmPum}} [lí rdvdEýO§mü t>rufazmfjyxm;ouJhodkU "r®y'bmPuç O'gebmPuç £wd0kwåbmPu ponfwdkUvnf; {uef ½Sd&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm ck'úedum,fü yg0ifaom usrf;pmrsm;onf ½Snfvsm; rsm;jym;vSonf r[kwf? wpfyg;pD wpfOD;pDcGJí aqmifMuvQif *gxm 300? 400 rQavmufom ½SdaomaMumifh pum;vkyfí ajymp&myif r½Sdacs? wdkawmif;í aqmifvG,f rSwfvG,faomaMumifh aqmifolvnf; aygrsm;cJhayvdrfhrnf? xdkUaMumifh ck'úedum,fudk b,folUtm;

wm0efay;cJhonf[k

qdkzG,f

rvdkawmhí

½SifAk'¨aCmoonf

okr*Fv0dvmodeDü

ck'úbmPu- [lí rqdkbJ csefcJh[ef ½Sdayonf/ okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmpum;udk taoudkifvsuf tbd"r®momru usefck'úedum,fwpfckvHk; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&ef½Sdonf? odkUaomf ck'úedum,fwpfckvHk; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkvQif &,fzG,fom jzpfrnf? xdkUaMumifh tbd"r®mwpfckwnf;udk uGufNyD; xdk;ESufcsufonf vHk;0 obm0 rusay/ 27/(u) þü qdkzG,f ½Sdao;\? E.J Thomas qdkolu ol\ The History of Buddhist Thought ]]Ak'¨"r®ordkif;}} [laom pmtkyfü t½Sifom&dykwå&monf ol\ wynfh 500-wdkUtm; tbd"r®mudk

ydkUcscJhonf[laom

t½SifAk'¨aCmo\

tqdkudk

jyuf&,fûyonfhyrm

rZÑdredum,fudk t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm; wm0efvTJcJhonf[laom pum;udk tav;teufxm;

trSeftm;jzifh

rSwf,lygvQif

tbd"r®mudk

olwdkU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

avhvm

553

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aqmif½Gufonf[laom pum;onf tajctjrpf r½Sd[k qdkvdk[efjzifh oHo,udk rodrom oGif;cJhavonf/

(c)

onfomru "r®b@m*g&du (w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;) [k *kPfûycsD;usL;jcif;cH&avmufatmif Ak'¨yg0persm;udk tvHk;pHk&½Sd aqmif½Gufol t&SiftmeE´mtm; 'DCedum,fudk wm0efvTJonf [lonfrSmvnf; oHo,½SdzG,f aumif;onf[k oHo,oHESifh ol\ xifjrifcsufudk a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&\/

(*)

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ acsycsufüvnf; odkUuavmufBuD;us,f xif½Sm;onfh tbd"r®mBuD;udk ao;i,faom ck'´uedum,fü xnfhoGif;xm;onfrSm tvGef &ifemzG,f&m aumif;vSonf[k qdkxm;\/

þtqdk þoHo,wdkUum; ax&0g' tpOftvmudk vHk;pHkaphiS rodMuívnf;aumif; Bius or Prejudice

ac:aom ordkif;q&mwdkU\ bufvdkufrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwef&m\? igwdkU\

jrefrm&mZ0ifudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif a&;om;oGm;Muaom t*Fvdyfordkif;q&mrsm;ç tdE´d,&mZ0ifESifh pmayordkif;udk tay:pD;jzifh tEdkifusifh a&;om;oGm;Muaom udkvdkeDacwf Adkvfocif ordkif;q&mrsm;\ tMuHyufpuf trSm;teufrsm;udk aemufay:wdkif;&if;om; a'ocH ynm½SifwdkUu xkwfazmfwifjyNyD; trSefodkUjyefa&mufatmif renf;BuD; êud;pm;aeMu&onf r[kwfygavm? odkUjzpfí tbd"r®mESifh ywfowfí olwdkUoGif;cJhaom oHo,tyif;vHk;udk csEdkif&ef trSefudk þodkU em;vnfMuapvdkonf? wpfcsufpD ½Sif;jytHh/ (u)

t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;onf xufjrufpl;&Saom ÓPfy#dbmef½Sdonfh yg&rD orÇm&½Sifrsm; jzpfMuí tbd"r®mudk xufatmufjyefvSef tzefzefydkUcs EIwfvGwf&Muonf? Ak'¨tbd"r®m a[mNyD;onfh ckESpf0gajrmuf *-0g ta&mufavmufrS pí tbd"r®m wwfajrmufcJhMuonf? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefrpHrD 37-ESpfeD;yg;avmuf tbd"r®mudk aqmifcJhMuonf? xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf rZÑdredum,fudk wm0efay;vQifvnf; 0efrav;MubJ tvG,fuav; aqmifxm;Edkifaom ÓPAv ½SdMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh t½Sifr[muóy trª;½Sdaom yxr oH*g,emwif ax&ft½Sifrsm;u xdkt½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm; tbd"r®mqefvSaom rZÑdredum,fudk wm0efay;Muonf? þ

Buddhist

Tradition

tpOftvmBuD;rSm tvGef cdkifvHkaom rSwfwrf;BuD;wpfqlozG,f jzpfonf? bmrQ awG;awm,HkrSm;aezG,f oHo,jzpfzG,f r½Sday/ (c)

"r®b@m*g&du

w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;

t½SiftmeE´mtm;

'DCedum,fudk

wm0efay;awmfrlonfrSmvnf; bmrsm; qefUusifygoenf;? t½SiftmeE´m yd#u 3-yHk aqmifEdkifapumç wpfenf;qdk&vQif t½SiftmeE´monf yd#u awmtkyfwGif t½IyftaxG; ,Sufajr§;rwG,f tvG,fusufpm; jcaoFhrif;BuD;ozG,f jzpfjim;vnf; wynfhwdkUtm; ydkUcs&mü abmifcufí xm;vQifMum½Snf av;jrifh toifhvG,ful wHcGefxlaqmuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

554

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aygufajrmuf BuD;yGm;vGefpGm xGef;um;Edkifonf r[kwfygavm? oD[dkVfuRef;ü 'DCbmPu wdyd#u r[moD0ax&f [lonf udk 'DCedum,f r[m0*¾t|uxm ESm 133üvnf;aumif;?

,if;'DCedum,f

ygxdu0*¾t|uxm

ESm-66-ü

vnf;aumif;

t½SifAk'¨aCmo rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk ½Iyg? ,if; r[moD0ax&fonf wdyd#u (yd#u 3-yHk aqmifxm;onfh) tjyif 'DCbmPu [laom bGJUudkvnf; cH,lxm;ayao;onf? xdkUaMumifh t"dum&rf rnfaom oD[dkVfom;ynm½Sif a&;om;onfh ]]oD[dkVfuRef; a½SUydkif;omoema&; ordkif;}} pmtkyf ESm-25ü þodkU rSwfcsuf csxm;avonf/ “It is necessary to note here that being a Bhanaka of a particular section of canon meant only that the person in question made a special study of that portion and did not in any way imply an ignorance or neglect of ther other sections of pitakas.”

]]edum,fwpfckckudk

aqmifxm;ol

bmPuqdkonfrSm

xdkedum,fudk

txl;wvnf

avhvmusufrSwfol [líom qdkvdkí tjcm;edum,f tjcm; yd#uudk vspfvsL½Iol ravhvmol[lí rqdkvdkaMumif; rSwfom;zdkU vdktyf onf}}

(Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon p.25 by Adikaram)

(8) 1 ^0de,"& (0g) a0e,du [laom pum;vHk;jzifh 0denf;udk aqmifolç tmbd"r®du [laom pum;vHk;jzifh

tbd"r®mudk

aqmifolrsm;

½SdcJhaMumif;

taxmuftxm;rsm;

jycJhNyDjzpfonf?

Ak'¨pum;awmfrsm;udk 5-pkcGJí edum,[laom pum;jzifh oHk;EIef;ac:a0:aomtcg 0denf;a&m tbd"r®myg ck'úüxnfhoGif;í oH*g,em wifMuonfhtavsmuf ck'úedum,f [líyif ac:a0:oHk;EIef;Muayonf? ck'ú[lonfrSm 'DC t½Snfç rZÑdr tv,ftvwfESifh EdIif;,SOfí ck'ú twdka[m t"dyÜm,fudk aumuf,l&onf? tao;tzGJ wefzdk;enf;aom okwfrsm; ygVdawmfrsm;[k tvGJraumuf&m? xdkUaMumifh 0denf;udk aqmifolrsm;udk 0de,"&-[k ac:qdkouJhodkU 0db*F"&mç rmwdum"&m[lí ac:qdkxm; onfudkvnf;

ygVdawmfrsm;ü

trsm;tjym;awGU&ay&m

0denf;ig;usrf;vHk;udk

aqmifol½Sdovdk

Obawm0dbif;rQ aqmifolç rmwdumac: ygwdarmufrQ aqmifolç cE¨urQ aqmifolrsm; ½SdaomaMumifh xdkedum,fBuD;rsm;ESifh EdIif;pmvQif wdkawmif;onf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ (*)

2 ^wpfzef tbd"r®mudk aqmif&müvnf; rmwdum"&m-[laom ygVdawmfpum;udk axmufí wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumrQudk aqmifolç eda'´oy'bmZeDrsm;ESifhwuG "r®o*FPDudk aqmifolç 0dbif;rQudk aqmifolç y|mef;oufoufudkom aqmifolç "mwkuxm yk*¾vynwfrQaqmifolç ,rdkufrQaqmifol [lívnf; ½Sdonf? tbd"r®m 7usrf;[k cGJxm;onfrSmvnf; u@tvdkuf cGJjcm;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? obm0"r®odkU csOf;uyf enf;tm;jzifh cGJxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh rdrdoef&m qE´½Sd&m aqmifxm;cJhMuonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tvGef cufvSygonf (us,fvSygonf) qdkaom y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk þ 20-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

555

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &mpkESpfü tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k rEÅav; rpdk;&drfq&mawmfBuD; txl;oD;oefU jyifqifum enf;opf pepfopfrsm;jzifh xyfwvJvJ ydkUcsaqmif½GufouJhodkU jzpfonf? þqdkcJhNyD;aom tpOfjzifh csydkUaqmif½Gufjcif;onf wm0efcGJa0jcif;

Divison

Labour

pepft&

Mum½SnfwnfwHhapaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom tpOftvm jzpfayonf? þodkUqdkaom ck'´u(wdkaom

okwfrsm;)

ac:qdkonfhtwGuf

ck'´uedum,fü

xnfhoGif;a&wGufaomaMumifh

bmrQ

twdktxGm

odrfi,fp&m

rvdkyg?

tao;tzGJuav;rsm;[k

b,ftcgrQ t"dyÜm,frxGufay? xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU bmrQ &ifemzG,f rvdkay/ (C)

3 ^tydkif;cGJa0&mü &Hcg rvdktyfaom teuft"dyÜm,f qefUusifovdk½Sdaom w&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&onfvnf; ½Sdwufonf? a0'em 3-rsdK; (csrf;omç qif;&Jç toifhtwifh tv,ftvwf cHpm;rI)udk okcESifh 'ku© 2-rsdK;om cGJa0aomtcg Oayu©m[laom tv,ftvwf cHpm;rIudk wnfNidrfaom oabm½SdaomaMumifh okcü xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&\/

Oayu©m ye oEÅwåm okcrdapö0 bmodwm/ (tbd |? 2? 170) (oar®m-|) xdkUtwl bk&m;&[EÅmwdkU\ oEÅmefüjzpfaom [odwkyÜg'fpdwfudk aombe(aumif;) taombe (raumif;) [k ESpfydkif; cGJa0aomtcg taombebufodkU xnfhoGif;Mu&onf? [odwkyÜg'fpdwfudk,fwdkifu raumif;aomaMumifh taombe ac:&onf r[kwf? aombe trnf&aeus jzpfaom ukodkvfrlvrsm; r½SdaomaMumifh rlt& taombe[k ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfavonf? xdkUaMumifh tydkif;cGJa0aomtcg pum;vHk;\ Literary Meaning (pum;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,f)xuf Derivative Meaning (qifhyGm; t"dyÜm,f)udk ydkí

owdûy&ayrnf? þodkUaom pmayynm\ odrfarGUaom oabmobm0udk us,fus,f0ef;0ef; ravhvmbJ tawG;tac:

zDvdkqdkzD

q&mrsm;uJhodkU

xif&mpGyfa&;cJhMuav&m

xdktaemufwdkif;

okawoDwdkU\

trSm;rsm;udk aemufvlwdkUu vdkufjyifírqHk; ½Sdaeayonf/ 28/

OD;Ouú|trª;ûyí a';'&JûrdU yÍöedum, "r®omupämtzGJUrS a&;xdk;pdkufxlxm;tyfaom

ausmufpmESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom Ak'¨omoemhordkif; ESm-10-ü yxroH*g,emwGif oHCm

(1000)

wpf,lZemtuGm

ausmfwdkUu

owåyPÖdvdkPf*l

y@0vdkPf*lwGif

(ax&fBuD;wdkU

yxroH*g,em

oH*g,emwif&mXme)\

tûydifwifMuonf

[laom

taemuf tqdkonf

ax&0g'rSwfwrf;rsm;ü rvmaom cdkifvHkrIr½Sdaom tqdk jzpfonf? ,if;wdkUudk r[mo*Ðwd[k ac:qdkaMumif; xyfqifhí qdkjyefao;\? 'kwd, oH*g,emESifh tûydifwif Muaom r[moHCdu (0g) r[mo*ÐwdESifh a&maxG;aejcif;om jzpfonf? yxroH*g,emü pifûydifoH*g,em r½Sdacs/ atmufyg J.J.Jones a&;om;aom r[m0w¬K t*Fvdyfbmomjyef twGJ-3? ed'gef; Introduction ü-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

556

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Mahasanghikas were a Buddhist sect formed at the time of the second Council at Vesali 338. B.C. They subsequently split up into sevetal schools among which, the Lokuttaravadins seem to approximate closest to the original Sect.

(jrefrm) r[moHCduonf bDpD 338-ckESpf a0omvDü usif;yaom 'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdefü ay:vmaom Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf? ¤if;wdkUonf aemufxyfí *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;Muao;&m avmukwå&

0g'D*dkPf;uGJwpfckonf

'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdefü

rlvax&0g'ESifh

oD;oefUcGJí

tawmfeD;pyfyHk&onf[laom

oH*g,emwifMuaom*dkPf;udk

pum;jzifh

r[moHCdu[lívnf;aumif;ç

r[mo*Ðwd[lívnf;aumif; ac:qdk Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf/ 29/

r[moHCdu

þü r[m0w¬K[lonf r[moHCdu*dkPf;\ 0de,0w¬K jzpfonf ,if;\ ed'gef;ü

*dkPfBuD;\

ygVdawmfrlt&

0w¬Krsm;pGm

tpysdK;xm;ayonf?

odkU&mwGif

0de,yd#u[k

avhvmMunfh&mwGif

0denf;ynwfawmfrsm;

=rZÑdr

a'o

avmukwå&0g'Djzpfaom

yg0ifaom

0de,yd#u

trnfay;xm;aomfvnf; bmrQrawGU&?

tpum;}}

[lí

xdkr[m0w¬Kusrf;udk

ax&0g'yd#urS

[dkrSonfrS

xkwfEkwfa&;om;aom 0w¬KtaMumif;t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ 30/

wdAufpma&;q&m

wm&memx

a&;om;í

½Sdzem;

Schiefner

qdkolu

t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom wdbuf0d e,rSwfwrf;rsm;ç at'D 629-ck w½kwfc&D;onf [Gifqdkif\ S.Beal (qJjrL0Jvfbdvf) t*Fvdyfbm omjyefqdkaom rSwfwrf;rsm;ç J.Takakusu wumulqlrnfaom *syefynm½Sif a&;om;onfh

]]oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS

tbd"r®mpmayrsm;}}[laom

pmwrf;rsm;udk

ûcHíMunfhvdkufaomf

yxroH*g,emwifcsdefü ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf? tbd"r®myg½Sdonf [lívnf;aumif; ryg[lívnf;aumif; tqdkESpfrsdK;udk awGU&onf? tbd"r®myd#u ygonf [laom w½kwfr[m0w¬K usrf;tqdkrSm ygVdpmayESifh qdkyHk wlonfudk

awGU&í

Dulva

Oygvdax&fuvnf;aumif;ç

'kvfA-ac:aom "r®udk

wdAuf0de,usrf;

'kwd,wGJ

tqdkt&

0de,udk

tmeE´max&fuvnf;aumif;

tbd"r®mudk

r[muóyax&fu

vnf;aumif; OD;aqmifí oH*g,emwifonf[k qdkonf? wm&memxtqdk t& oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf; (aemiftcg 0dbmom

rnfaom

t|uxmudk

a&;om;í

xdkt,ludk

vufcHaomaMumifh

a0bmoduwGifonf) u tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk bk&m;a[m[k ,lí

okwåEÅdu*dkPf;url

bk&m;a[m[k r,lqbJ q&mtoD;oD;u a&;om;onf[k ,lqMuaMumif; od&onf/ 31/

rnfodkUqdkap Ak'¨jrwfpGm tbd"r®mudk a[mawmfrlcJhonf[laom rSefuefrIudk awmifydkif;

ajrmufydkif; ESpfydkif;vHk;u vufcHMuonf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf? *dkPf;toD;oD; uGJoGm;jcif;rSmvnf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

557

tpodkU 0de,t,ltqESifh

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vdkufemusifhMuHa&;wdkUwGif

tavsmYtwif;

twdrfteuf

uGJjym;&mrS

pcJhonf?

uGJjym;oGm;NyD;aomtcg Ak'¨a[mawmfrlaom w&m;"r®ESifh pyfí t,ltqa&;&mwGifvnf; trSefrS aoGz,fwdrf;apmif; oGm;Muayonf? xdkUaMumifh 'Dy0Ho yÍöru@ü þodkUqdk\/ edaj*ma"m0 r[m½kau©m? ax&0g'gerkwåarm/ tEleH te"duH ap0? au0vH ZdeomoeH/ u@um 0d, ½ku©rSd? edAÁwåm 0g'aooum/ (*gxm-52/)

jrefrmjyef 0g'wdkUwGif

tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom

ax&fBuD;wdkU0g'onf

jrwfAk'¨omoemawmfonf

r,kwfrydk

jynfh0ayonf?

tvHk;pHk

yanmifyifBuD;ESifhwlonf? <uif;aom

*dkPf;0g'wdkUum;

opfyifrSmaygufaom ql;wdkUESifh tvm;wl ukefonf/ yxar 0óoaw ew¬d? 'kwda, 'oowEÅa&/ bdEém owå&o 0g'g? OyÜEém Zdeomoae/ ( *gxm-53/)

jrefrmjyef Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef pHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&mtwGif; tuGJtjym; r½Sdao;? 'kwd,&mpkwGifum; omoemawmfwGif *dkPf;BuD; 17-*dkPf; uGJjym;pGm ay:vmMuawmhonf/ r[mo*Ðwdum bdu©L? 0davmrH tuHok omoeH/ bdE´dwGm rlvo*F[H? tnH tuHok o*F[H/ (*gxm-32/)

jrefrmjyef r[mo*Ðwdu*dkPf;om;

&[ef;wdkUonf

omoemawmfudk

wdrf;apmif;atmif

ûyMuvsuf

rlvoH*g,emudk zsufí oH*g,emtopf ûyMuonf/ tnw¬ o*F[dwH okwåH? tnw¬ tu&ðok aw/ tw¬H "r®Íö bdE´ðok? a, eduma,ok yÍöok/ (*gxm-33)

jrefrmjyef olwdkUonf tjcm;yd#uü pkpnf;NyD;aom okwfudk onfhjyifwyg; tjcm;yd#uü xnfhoGif;Muí edum,f 5-&yfwGif teufa&m ygVdudkyg zsufqD;Muonf/ y&d,m, a'odwH pmyd? taxm edyÜ&d,m, a'odwH/ eDww¬H ap0 ae,sw¬H? tZmedwGme bdu©a0g/ (*gxm-34)

jrefrmjyef xdk&[ef;wdkUonf y&d,m,fjzifha[monfh a'oemudk rkcsenf; aumuf,lMuonf? eDwwå=

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

558

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wdkuf½dkufteuf ae,sw¬= oG,f0dkufaom teufudk rod½SmMuítnH oE¨m, bPdwH? tnw¬H Xy,ðok aw/ AsÍöepäm,m, aw bdu©K? A[Hk tw¬H 0demo,Hk/ (*gxm-35)

jrefrmjyef xdk&[ef;wdkUonf teufwpfrsdK;udk &nf½G,fí a[mawmfrltyfaom okwfudk teufwpfrsdK; azmfxkwfMuonf? pum;vHk; xyfwdk;í teufrSef tajrmuftjrm;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ qa×wGm {ua'oH p? okwåH 0de,Íö *rÇd&H/ ywd½lyH okwå0de,H? wÍö tnH u&ðok awm/ (*gxm-36) y&d0g&H tw¬K'¨g&H? tbd"r®yu&PH/ y#dorÇd'H p eda'´oH? {ua'oH p ZmwuH/ {wåuH edóZÆdwGme? tnmed tu&ðok aw/ (*gxm-37/)

jrefrmjyef eufeJcufcJaom okwftcsdKU 0denf;tcsdKUudk y,fpGefUí xdkolwdkUonf tjcm; oifhawmfaom okwf 0denf;udk ûyvkyfMuonf? aomVoy&d0g& ESifh t|uxmu@ tbd"r®m? wpfenf; t|uxmu@ xdkrS<uif;aom tbd"r®mudk y,fMuonf? y#dorÇd'g plVESifh r[meda'´o ZmwutcsdKUudk y,fpGefUMuonf? þrQavmuf y,fpGefUí olwdk\Uonf tjcm;topfjzpfaom usrf;rsm;udk a&;Muonf/ þrQ qdkNyD;aom pum;pOfjzifh ax&0g'rS cGJxGufoGm;Muaom *dkPf;uGJwdkU rlvoabmxm;ESifh tajctaeudk odEdkifavmufNyD? xdkUaMumifh ax&0g' q&mpOfqufonf ,if;wdkUudk xnfhí rpOf;pm;Muay/ 32/

,cktcg yxroH*g,emudk t,HktMunf r½SdMuaom oHCmawmfrsm; ½SdMuaMumifhESifh

xdkoHCmwdkU\ a½SUajy;tjzpf 'u©dP*d&drS t½Sifyl&Pudk yHkpHxkwfvmMuaom pk'dwuwdkU\ tqdkudk pdppfjythH/ taMumif;t&mum;

'u©dP*d&dZeyk'fü

&[ef;y&dowf

tajrmuftjrm;ESifh

a'opm&D

vSnfhvnfaeaom t½Sifyl&Ponf &mZû*d[fodkU a&mufvmaomtcg oDwif;0gv uRwfaeayNyD? tb,fudk axmufí 0guRwfrS a&mufvmaMumif; od&oenf;- [ljim;tHh? 0grqdkrDuyif ½Sifr[muóyax&fu oHCmhtv,fwGif a½G;aumuf xm;aom oHCm 500- rSwyg; tjcm; &[ef;rsm; &mZû*d[fü 0gruyfMu&[k oH*g,emÚwfjzifh aMunmxm; NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh 0gwGif;r[kwfrlí 0gytcgjzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf? &mZû*d[f a0VK0efausmif;odkU a&mufvmaomtcg t½Sifyl&Ponf oH*g,emwif ax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ESD;aESmajyma[monf? (axa& [d bdu©L[d o'¨ð y#doar®m'dwGm {urEÅH edoD'dplV0gygVdawmf) t½Sifyl&P <uvmaomtcg oH*g,emudpövnf; NyD;pD;aeNyD; jzpfonf? (axa&[d bdu©L[d "ar® p 0dea, p o*Ðaw(plV0g-486) ax&fBuD;rsm;u ]]axa&[d tm0kaom yl&P "ar®m p 0dea,m p o*Ðawm? Oay[d wH o*Ðwð}} igh½Sifyl&P ax&fBuD;wdkYonf "r®0de,udk oH*g,em wifNyD;ygNyD?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

559

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkoH*g,em (wifNyD;aom "r®0de,) odkU csOf;uyfyg (csOf;uyfí "r®0de, wdkUudk avhvmyg) [k ajymqdkMuonf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ oH*g,emodkU csOf;uyfyg[lonfudk oH*g,emwif&m yg0ifyg[k t"dyÜm,f r,l&?

taMumif;rSm rlvuyif tjcm; oHCmrsm;udk wm;jrpfNyD; jzpfí wpfaMumif;ç ,cktcg oH*g,emwifNyD; jzpfaeí wpfaMumif; jzpfonf/ xdktcg

t½Sifyl&Pu

]]ax&fBuD;rsm;

"r®0de,udk

oH*g,emwifMuonfrSm

tvGef

aumif;rGefygonf? (oko*Ðwm0kaom axa&[d "ar®m p 0dea,m p) odkUaomf wynfhawmfuawmh toufvnf;BuD;vSNyDjzpfí

"r®0de,awG

tm;vHk;

ravhvmEdkif

raqmifxm;Edkifyg?

bk&m;½Sif

rsufarSmufawmfwGif Mum;em rSwfom;cJhwJhtwdkif;yJ aqmifxm;ygrnf? &wmavmufyJ aqmifxm;ygrnf (,ax0 r,m b*0awm or®Kcg okwH or®Kcg y#d*[ ¾ dwH wax0g[H "ma&ómrd)}} [k avQmufxm;onf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ þygVdawmfvm t½Sifyl&P\ avQmufxm;csufü pk'dwuwdkU ,lqouJhodkU tcsdKU

rax&frsm; oabmrwlaMumif; [laom teuft"dyÜm,f tenf;i,frQ rxGufay/ 33/

,cktcg

oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS

tbd"r®m

7-usrf;udk

pdppfMutHh?

Ak'¨jrwfpGm

vufxufawmfrSpí tbd"r®mudk oif,lavhvmMuaom &[ef;rsm;tv,fwGif wm0efcGJa0 aqmifxm;Mu&ef tydkif;u@

cGJMu&m

7-usrf;

7-pk[laom

pum;onf

tbd"r®maqmif

r[kwfaom

tjcm;

om0u&[ef;rsm;xHodkUvnf; ysHESHUxif½Sm; todrsm;aom pum;jzpfcJhonfrSm {uefjzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh tbd"r®m\ (7) ocFsmESifh ywfoufí t|omvdeD t|uxmü 0dw@0g'D (qefUusifbuf ajymwwfaom) yk*¾dKvfrsm;u

7-usrf;jynfh&ef

r[m"r®[',rnfaom

usrf;udkvnf;aumif;ç

r[m"mwkuxm

usrf;udkvnf;aumif; xkwfaqmifvmMuonfudk azmfjyxm;ayonf? þwGif orme0g'Dyk*¾dKvfrsm;u oifwdkUwifjyvmaom r[m"r®[',usrf; qdkonfrSm rlv"r®[',0dbif;rSm ygNyD;om; w&m;awGcsnf; rsm;ygonf? topf[lí rsm;pGm ryg? ar;cGef;awG xkwfxm;aom yO§m0g&rQyJ ryg <uif;usef ½Sdaeygonf[lívnf;aumif;ç

r[m"mwkuxmusrf;

rlv"mwkuxmusrf;&if;xuf

tydk[lí

qdkonfrSmvnf;

rsm;rsm;r½Sd?

txufenf;twdkif;yif

aemufjznfhygVdawmf

tenf;i,frQ

ygonf[lívnf;aumif; ajz½Sif;um 0dw@0g'DwdkU\ tqdkudk acszsufcJhMuonf/ 34/

þae&mü awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm& OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emü ]]r[m"r®[',ESifh

r[m"mwk-uxmusrf;BuD;rsm;rS

wpfusrf;usrf;om

tjynfhtpHk

½SdcJhygvQif

uxm0w¬Kusrf;\

tajctaeonf wpfrsdK;wpfzHk jzpfoGm;EdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&ygonf bk&m;}} [k aom"emûyoGm;onf? ygVdtqdkESifh ygVd\oabmoGm;udk rydkifEdkifaomaMumifh OD;qE´m"du t"dyÜm,f t,ltq rSm;oGm;jcif;om jzpf\? ol\ tvdktm;jzifh tykAÁH ew¬d? uwdy,m0 yO§m0g&m t0aoom [laom ygXf\t"dyÜm,frSm txufü qdkcJhovdk topftqef; bmrQryg[lí r[kwfawmhbJ yO§m0g&enf;enf;yJ usefawmhonf? tjcm;[mawG aysmufukefNyD;[lí t"dyÜm,f xGwfaeawmhonf/ pk'dwu OD;qE´m"du jyóemtudkifrwufrI

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560

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jzpfayonf? rajyvnfonfhtjyif trSm;wpfck xyfrHí ûyrdvsufom; jzpfayawmhonf? OD;qE´m"du qdkouJhodkU oAÁw¬d0g' tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk tm;usjcif; r[kwf? oAÁw¬d0g'DwdkUuom ax&0g' tbd"r®mudk oHa,mifvdkufí tbd"r®m 7-usrf; pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfolu rnfolUxHrS twk,lonf qdkonfudk atmufygrSwfwrf;udk ½Ií qHk;jzwfEdkif\/ 35/

ausmufpm0ef

qm*Refrm½S,fESifh

ya&mfzufqm

&ufyqifwdkU\

qHk;jzwfcsuft&

uedoQurif; eef;wufaom tcsdeftcgonf c&pfESpf 77-78 jzpf&m xdkrif;\ vufxuf oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS wwd,oH*g,em wifjcif;onf at'D ESpf 100-cefUavmufwGif jzpfzG,f½Sdonf[k qdkMuonf? at'D wpf&monf bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD; ESpfaygif; (700) cefUjzpfavonf? uedoQurif;udkvnf; 'kwd,taomurif;[k todtrSwf ûyMuonf? ,if; wwd,oH*g,em taMumif;udk at'D 6-&mpkESpfwGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom w½kwfc&D;onf Hiuen Tsiang ([Gifqdkif)\ rSwfwrf;rS uREfkyfwdkU od&onf/ 36/

oH*g,emwif&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk a½G;aumuf&mü yxroH*g,emwGif t½SiftmeE´mudk

csefvSyfí 499-yg; a½G;aumufouJhodkU þüvnf; t½Sif0okrdwåudk csefvSyfí oHCmtajrmuftjrm;xJrS &[ef;awmf 499-yg;udk a½G;aumufavonf? t½SiftmeE´monf yxroH*g,emwGif rygvQif rNyD;Edkifaom tvGef t&nftcsif;jynfh0ol jzpfaomfvnf; &[EÅmrjzpfao;í 500-wGif pm&if;rxnfhEdkifao;ouJhodkU þoH*g,emüvnf; t½Sif0okrdwåonf y&d,wåd*kPf jynfhpHkaomfvnf; &[EÅm rjzpfao;aomaMumifh 500wGif

wpfyg;csefí

a½G;aumufcJhjcif;

jzpfonf?

aemiftcgrS

&[EÅmjzpfí

500-

ta&twGuf

jynfh0avawmhonf[k qdk\/ 37/

t½Sif0okrdwåudk

acgif;aqmiftjzpfxm;í

okwåefyd#utwGuf

Oya'oow¬

0denf;yd#utwGuf 0de,0dbmomow¬ tbd"r®myd#utwGuf tbd"r®0dbmomow¬[lí #DumBuD; 3apmif a&;om; pDuHk;Muonf? uedoQubk&ifonf ,if;wdkUudk aMu;jym;ay:wGif a&;wifapí apwDwnfum XmyemxnfhoGif; ylaZmfonf[k qdkonf/ 38/

þoAÁw¬d0g'D*kPf;rS tbd"r®m 7-usrf;rsm;wGif umwsm,edylMw a&;om;pD&ifaom vdk&if;jzpfonf? ,if;onf ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk twk,lí

ÓPy|mef;onf

trnfemray;xm;aomusrf; jzpfaomfvnf; yg0ifaom w&m;awGrSm y|mef;ypönf;rsm; ryg0if? AE¨eç ur®ç ½ly"mwkç aAm"dt*Fç orm"dESifh 'd|d paom ÓPfjzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;om yg\? usef 6-usrf;rSm tjcHt&H? wpfenf; tajccHusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf? ,if;wdkUudk usrf;trnf\ aemufü wGJí yg'o'´gjzifh ac:a0:Mu&onf? ,if;wdkUrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ (1)

o*Ðwdy&d,m,yg'- r[maum|dv? odkUr[kwf om&dykwåa&;? tbd"r®m (ax&0g') yk*¾vynwfESifh wlonf[k qdk\/

(2)

jyu&Pyg'

- 0okrdwåa&;? 0dbif;usrf;ESifh wlonf[k qdkMu\/

(3)

0dnmPum,yg'- a'0or®a&;? 0dnmP 6-yg;ESifh qdkifonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

561

tpodkU (4)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) "gwkum,yg' - yl&P? odkUr[kwf 0okrdwåa&;? "mwf 18-ESifhqdkifonf? wpfenf; "gwkoH,kwfESifh tvm;wlonf[k qdkMu\/

(5)

"r®u©E¨yg'

- om&dykwå? odkUr[kwf arm*¾vme a&;? ,ordwåtvdk r[maum|dva&;?

ta&;BuD;aom tbd"r®m oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifonf[k qdkonf/ (6)

ynwådyg'

- ygxdurS vu©PokwfESifh wlonf? ½Sifarm*¾vmefa&;[k qdkMu\/

39/

txufyg oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk oHk;oyfaomf awmifydkif;ax&0g'

tbd"r®mESifh tuGmBuD; uGmaeayonf? ax&0g'tbd"r®mudk twk,lí wDxGifyHk&aMumif;rSm tay:&H EdIif;,SOfpOf;pm;½HkrQjzifh odomayonf? y"mejzpfaom ÓPy|meusrf;onf trnfrQ qifwl½dk;rSm; wlaomfvnf; ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;uJhodkU tcufcJqHk; teufeJqHk; tus,fjyefUqHk;jzpfaom aMumif;usdK; ypönf;qufrsm; 24-ypönf; rawGU&bJ ax&0g' 'kwd,tbd"r®musrf; 0dbif;ygVdawmfrS ÓP0dbif;qefqef pDpOfxm;onfh usrf;wpfapmif jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf? ax&0g' tbd"r®mudk ½Sifom&dykwå&mu pDpOfonf? oifjyonf? ocFsmenf;t& aqmifvG,frSwf vG,fatmif ocFsm0g&[lí taxmuftulûy u@wpfck jznfhpGufay;onf? rmwdumwGifvnf; Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif oifjyonfh wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumtjyif xdkxdkokwåefrS aqmif,l pDpOfum okwåEÅrmwdum[lí 'ku rmwdumwpfrsdK; jznfhpGufayonf? þum; ax&0g' tbd"r®mwGif trsm;odç trsm;vufcHxm;Muaom q&mpOf qufrS qif;oufvmaom tpOftvmBuD; wpf&yfjzpfonf? ,if; tpOftvmudk ½SifAk'¨aCmoonf rzHk;ruG,f wdwdyy today; ½Sif;vif;cJhayonf? ,if;udk twk,lí Ak'¨wynfhBuD;rsm;\ trnfudk oHk;um t½Sifr[muóy ûyonf[kvnf;aumif; t½Sifom&dykwå&m t½Sifarm*¾vmefç t½Sifr[maum|dv ûyonf[lí vnf;aumif; ax&0g'ü tqef;topfjzpfaom a'0½S&frmç uwsm,eDylMwç yl&P0okrdwå[laom usrf;ûytrnfrsm;udk jznfhpGufívnf;aumif; oAÁw¬d0g'D tbd"r®mudk qdkjcif; jzpfay&m\/ þtcsufudk &nf½G,fí 'Dy0Hotcef; 5? *gxmeHygwf 39-ü ykAÁ*Frm bdEé0g'g? r[mo*Ðwd um&um? awoH p tEkuma&e? bdEé0g'g A[l t[Hk/

jrefrmjyef t,ltq uGJjym;aom r[mo*Ðwd *dkPf;om;wdkUonf (teuft"dyÜm,f t,ltq uGJjym;&mü) a½SUoGm; jzpfMuukef\? tjcm; rsm;pGmaom *dkPf;uGJwdkUonfvnf; xdk r[mo*Ðwd *dkPf;om;wdkUudk twkvdkufaomtm;jzifh t,luGJjym; jcm;em;pGm jzpfay:vmMuavukefNyD[lí qdkxm;avonf/ xdkUaMumifh tqdkyg oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf; tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨ra[movdk ax&0g' tbd"r®mudkvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaom tqdkom jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/

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562

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &wem,& (pwkw¬) owåm[ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf

40/

pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;\ aom"emcsuf tcsKyfrSm-

(1)

r[m0*¾0denf;ygVdawmfü

owåm[

5-ckom

ygygvsuf

tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;a[m

vkyfcsifaomaMumifh pwkw¬(&wem,&) owåm[ESifhwuG owåm[ 7-ckudk Ak'¨aCmo csJUxGif a&;om;onf? ygVdESifh t|uxm 2-&yfwGif b,foif;udk tav;teuf xm;xdkufygovJ(2)

Ak'¨onf (u) a&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyawmfrlNyD;aemuf (c) 2-vSrf; 3-z0g;jzifh (*) jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyf½Sd

(C)

wm0wðomewfjynfodkU

tbd"r®mw&m;

a[mawmfrl&ef

<uawmfrljcif; (i) edr®dw½kyfudk zefqif;jcif; (p) ajrmufuRef;odkU qGrf;cH<uawmfrljcif; (q) te0wwftdkifü aeUoefUawmfrljcif; þtcsufrsm;onf '@m&D yHkjyif qefaeonf/ (3)

½SifAk'¨aCmoonf

to*F

wm0wðomewfjynfodkU

oGm;í

jyóemar;jref;jcif;

Zmwfvrf;udk ,lí tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m vkyf&ef Zmwfvrf;topf xGifonf[k jzpfavonf/ or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkU\ pum;ü 0denf;ygVdü owåm[ 5-ckom ygonf[k qdkonf? trSefu ygVdawmfü 4-ckom ½Sdonf? to*F wm0wðomodkU oGm;onf qdk&mü wm0wðomr[kwf? wkodwm jzpfonf? pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf bk&m;omoemawmfudk zsufvdkaZmrTefaeMuNyD; rdrdwdkU\ pum;udkyif rSefatmif rqdkEdkifbJ jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 41/

a½S;OD;pGm t½SifAk'¨aCmotay: pk'dwuwdkU tjypfyHkí csjcif;udk ½Sif;vif;vdkayonf?

jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmf umvuyif bk&m;pum;awmfudk zGifhqdkonfh ygVdawmftzGifh (0g) t|uxmrsm;

½SdcJhonf?

ay:xGef;vmoljzpfonf?

½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf xdk½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo

omoemESpf ray:cifu

900-rS

1000-twGif;üom

bmt|uxmrQ

r½Sdonfr[kwf?

t|uxmusrf;BuD;awG ½SdcJhonf? bk&m;y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;csdefrS pí ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo ay:csdeftxd Mum;umv

ESpfaygif;

(rlvt|uxm)ç

1000-c&D;

twGif;rSm

r[mypö&Dt|uxmç

&SdcJhaom

uk½kE´Dt|uxmç

t|uxmBuD;wdkUum;

r[mt|uxm

tE¨ut|uxmç

oacFyt|uxmç

oD[Vt|uxm (ayg&mPt|uxm) wdkU jzpfMuonf/ xdkt|uxmBuD;wdkUonf Ak'¨rsufarSmuf om0uBuD;rsm; jzpfaom ½Sifr[muóy ½SiftmeE´m paom rax&ftqufquf q&mpOfquf tjrwfwEdk; odrf;ydkufvmcJhaom teuft"dyÜm,f oabmobm0 tqHk;tjzwf

jzpf&yfrSwfwrf;rsm;udk

o'¨r®oar®ookwfvm

odkrSD;odrf;qnf;vmcJhaom

a'oemawmft&

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a½TwHwif;BuD;rsm;yrm

bk&m;wpfql}

taejzifh

jzpfMuonf? tav;*½kûyum

wnfwnfNidrfNidrf xdef;odrf;vmMuaom usrf;r[mBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonf? odkUjzpfí cuf\? us,f0ef;\/ xdkUaMumifh usrf;ûytmZmenfjzpfaom ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo ay:vmaomtcg bk&m;½Sif vGefawmfrlNyD;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

563

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aemuf tESpfwpfaxmifcefU uGmvSrf;aeNyD;aom &[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ ynm owd orm"dwdkUESifh oifhavsmfatmif a½S; t|uxmBuD;rsm;udk aygif;½Hk;í xdkt|uxmBuD;rsm;\ tqdktrdefUudk rwdrf;r,drf;apbJ tusOf;csHK;í t|uxmopfrsm;udk ûypkolom jzpfonf? o*F[um&u (twdkcsKyfol) omjzpfonf? xdkodkU a&;om;&mü Ak'¨bmodw bk&m;a[mjzpfaom ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;ojzifh ol\t|uxmrsm;onf ydkí acwfpm;vmNyD; trsm;oHk; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf t|uxmopfrsm;ü olUoabm olUxifjrifcsufudk a&;vdkaomtcg twdtvif;yif

½dk;om;pGm

0efcHí

a&;wwfaom

yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf?

rvdrfhwywfjzifh

[dkuonfu

yHkwlul;cswwfaomolrsdK; r[kwfaMumif;udk ygVdpmayESifh &if;ESD;í ygVdt|uxmudk rjywfavhvm Munfh½IoHk;oyf csydkUaeMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ç bufrvdkuf okawoDrsm; todyif jzpfayonf/ tu,fí olUoabmESifhol r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHa&;omygrl xdkpOftcgu omoemawmfapmifh jzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&0Ho y'Dyq&max&fjrwfBuD;wdkYonf vufydkufMunfhaeawmfrlMurnf r[kwfay? rkcspifppf zsufy,f½kyfodrf;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? ,ckacwfvdk yd#upm&if;0if usrf;BuD; usrf;cdkifrsm;udk jyufwdjyufacsmf ua&mfurnf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm; a&;om;0hHrnfhacwftcgvnf; r[kwf? o'¨gç ynm tjynfht0&Sdaom acwftcg jzpfí ,kwfnhHaom pdwfaepdwfxm; ½Sdolrsm; cdkem;usufpm;EdkifzG,f r½Sday? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufom0uwdkUonf cJypfaom oludkoma½S;½Itm½Hkpdkufí a&mufvmaom cJudk trIrxm;aom jcaoFhuJhodkU rusifhrlí rdrdxHarSmuf a&mufvmaom cJudkom rmefzDudkufcJ rJíaeaom aumav,suuJhodkU usifhaeMuayonf/ 42/

(1) 0denf;r[m0*¾ygVdawmf O'gef;ygVdawmfwdkUü (5-r[kwf) owåm[ 4-ckom vmonf?

odkUaomf tpOftvm ax&0g'rSwfom;csuf t&rSm 4-owåm[ rubJ 7-owåm[ jzpfaeayonf? trSefpifppf 7-owåm[jzpfvsuf ygVdawmfü tb,fhaMumifh tb,fodkU tb,fyHk 3-owåm[ aysmufí aebdoenf;? þum; ar;p&mç ar;oifhar;xdkufaom ar;cGefyif jzpfonf? xdkar;cGef;\ tajzum;“tx acg b*0g owåm[ó tpöa,e wrSm omrm"drSm 0k|[dwGm” xdkpOftcg Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf 7-&ufvGefvwfaomf xdkt&[wåzdkvform"drS xawmfrlNyD;í“aAm"d½ku©rlvm a,e tZygvedaj*ma"m? awEkyouFrd” aAm"dyif teD;rS xGuf<uawmfrlí tZygv anmifyifodkU csOf;uyfawmfrlavonf/ þpum;&yfü 0k|[dwGm OyouFrd-xNyD; csOf;uyfawmfrl [laompum;udk pOf;pm;aomf ]]bkwGm o,wd? pm;NyD; tdyfwmyJ}} [k avmu qdk½dk;pum;wGif pm;NyD;NyD;csif; wpfqufwnf; tdyfonf[k rqdkvdk pm; NyD;vQif yg;pyfç vufç yk*H cGufa,muf aq;ao;onf? udk,fvufokwfoif a&tdrf0ifao;onf? uGrf;aq;pm;oHk; rSD0Jao;onf? NyD;aemuf (tjrm;udpö raqmif½GufawmhbJ) tdyf,modkU wef;0ifawmhonf[k t"dyÜm,fxGufonf? þüvnf; xdkowåm[ vGefvwfaom (tjcm; b,ft&yfodkUrS r<urlí tZygv anmifyifodkU csOf;uyfawmfrlayonf tZygvanmifyifodkU r<urD aAm"dyifteD;ü aemufxyf 3-owåm[

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564

tpodkU qufí

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aeawmfrlonf)

þvufoJuGif;twGif;ü&Sdaom

pum;

2-&yfonf

ygVdawmfü

wdkuf½dkufrygaomfvnf; &Edkif-&aumif;aom teuft"dyÜm,f (y#dau©yw¬ç tEknmww¬) jzpfonf? ygVda0g[m&wGif wm;jzpftyfaom y#dau©yw¬ç &oifhojzifh ,lEdkifaom tEknmww¬ 2-rsdK;½Sd&m þae&mwGif aAm"dyifrS tjcm;t&yfodkU oGm;jcif;onf y#dau©yw¬ç þaAm"dyif atmufrSyif aemuf &ufaygif; 21-&uf qufí aejcif;onf tEknmww¬ jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh(1)

rrSdwfaom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh oAÁñkwÓPfudk &awmfrl&m rm&f 5-yg;udk atmifawmfrl&m yv’if(ae&m)udk pl;pdkufpGm Munfhvsuf &ufowåwpfywfMumrQ aeawmfrlonf/

(2)

yv’ifESifh &yfae&m 2-cktMum; zvormywftMum; ypöa0u©Pm ÓPfappm;&if; pBuø<uvsuf &ufowåwpfywfMumrQ aeawmfrlonf/

(3)

ewfwdkU

zefqif;tyfaom

w&m;&wemrsm;

&wema½Ttdrf

oHk;oyf&mjzpfaom

(wpfenf;) ae&mü

qifjcifoHk;oyf&if;

&ufowåwpfywfMum

aemufxyfqufí

ukefapawmfrljyefonf/

tbd"r®m

t|uxmtvdk

teEÅe,orEÅy|mef;usrf;BuD;udk

aeawmfrlonf

þodkU

3-owå[udk

þwGif 1-udk tedrdoowåm[ç 2-udk puFrowå[ç 3-udk &wemC&owåm[[k ac:onf? ,if; owåm[toD;oD; ukefvGefap&mXmewdkUü apwDtoD;oD; wnfcJhMuonf? (þ ae&mtoD;oD;onf t|uxmq&mrsm; vufxufu trSefwu,f½SdcJhaom apwDrsm; jzpfzG,f½Sdonf[k tD;a*saomrwfpf a&;om;aom The life of Buddha ac: pmtkyfESm 85-ü azmfjyxm;onf/) ,if;odkUqdkvQif ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm qefYusifjcif; r½Sd? r½SdaomaMumifh ygVdESifh t|uxm b,foif;u yrmPûyavmufonf [laom jyóem ray:awmhacs/ 43/

(2) uâ&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyjcif;ç iêdr®dw½kyfudk zefqif;jcif;ç pâjrmufuRef;odkU qGrf;cH<uawmfrljcif;-

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Ak'¨jrwfpGm

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omvGefí

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pGrf;aqmifawmf

565

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(2) c^ 2-vSrf; 3-b0g;[laom pum;rSm tu,fwdwd vlwdkUajcjzifh vSrf;<uoGm;ouJhodkU

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yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom t½Sdw&m; tajccHw&m;tjzpf w&m;aoudkifxm;Muaom ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMuí ½dk;½dk;vlwdkU rvkyfEdkifaom wefcdk;tbdnmOft&mrSeforQ r,HkEdkifMuí wm0wðom tbd"r®mwdkUudk '@m&D[k pGyfpGJMujcif; jzpfayonf? pyspfoD; csOfonf[laom tajymrsdK;yif jzpfavonf/ 45/

(2) *^ C jrif;rdk&fawmifudk vlwdkUrsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;onf r[kwfç rSefajymif;jzifhyif

jrifEdkif aumif;aomt&m r[kwfay? û*dvfwk 'kef;ysH? urÇmywf,mOfwdkU aumif;uiftESHU oGm;aeonf[k qdkaomfvnf; jrif;rdk&fawmif\ cg;v,favmufrQ a&mufEdkifzG,f r½Sday? vAdrmefodkU vlom;rsm; oGm;a&mufajccsEdkifNyD;[k qdkjcif;onf Ak'¨pmaytjrift& rqef;ay? psmeftbdnmOf wefcdk;&½Sdaom olrsm;onf v-aersm;udk vufjzifh udkifwG,foHk;oyfEdkifonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdkonfrSm ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfcJhNyD jzpfonf? rE¨mwkrif;BuD;onf wm0wðomewfjynfü odMum;rif; 32-quf vJonfhwdkifatmif ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;cJhonf[k qdk\? rjzpfEdkifonf r[kwf? ewfjynf 6-xyfwGif pwkr[m&mZfESifh wm0wðomewfjynf 2-xyfonf ajrudk rSDí wnfaeaom bkr®|uewfjynf jzpfonf? <uif;ewfjynf

4-xyfonf

[mvm[if;vif;

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tmumo|u

ewfjynfjzpfonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdk\? tuef;udk jrifatmif rjyEdkifouJhodkY psmefudk r,Hkaom olrsdK;tm;

,Hkatmif

rajymEdkif?

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rjyEdkif?

rjyEdkifaomaMumifh

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owå0gtoD;oD;ü txift½Sm; ½SdMuaom Spinit, Cognizance, Consciousness ponfjzifh ac:aeMuaom pdwf Intellisence, Insight paom ynmÓPf\ tqifhtwef; t&nftcsif;rsm;udk "mwfyHk½dkufí rjyEdkif? rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fwdkUjzifhvnf; prf;oyfrawGUEdkifaomaMumifh r,HkEdkif[k qdkMurnfav? jrif;rdk&fawmif ESifhpyfí ygVdusrf;*efrsm;ü tjrifh,lZem rnfrQç ajratmufwGif ûryfaeaom twdkif;tq rnfrQ[k twdtus qdkaomfvnf; ajymif;vJwwfaom obm0t& xdktwdkif;twmrsm;onf xdktwdkif; tjrJwnf½SdMurnfr[kwf? jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;\ ywf0ef;usifwGif ,k*E¨& paom awmifBuD; 7-vHk;ESifh awmifwdkU\ tMum;tMum;wGif tvGefat;jraom oD'EÅ&ork'´&mrsm; ½SdaMumif; qdkonf? þudpörsdK;ü pmqdkESifh

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566

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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a&cJvGifjyifBuD;rsm;

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rdkvdkawmhpfawmifwef;[k trnfay;cJhonf qdk\? ,if; a&cJawmifwef;onf rdkif 1-axmifcefU ½Snfvsm;í tcsdKUawmifxGwfrsm;onf ay 1-aomif;ausmf jrifhonf? awmiftar&duwdkuf½Sd tif'D;awmifwef;BuD;rQ ½Sdrnf[k cefUrSef;cJhMu\? vuf½SdurÇmüyif ,aeUvlom;wdkU rawGUao; rodao;aom tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm ½Sdaeonf? ,aeUodorQonf tukefyJ[k rnfonfhodyÜH½SifurQ rajym&JMuonfudk owdcsyftyfonf/ Surface at the pole! By Commander James Calvert U.S.N.

46/

xdkuJhodkU

vlwdkUvufvSrf;

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awG;ac:í

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(rZÑdryPÖmo plVoukvk'g,dokwftzGifh t|uxm)

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567

tpodkU

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48/

Am*sDeD,m;wuúodkvfESifh

ae½Sife,f

ouf½Sdowå0grsm;wGif

awGU&aom

tmumo[if;vif;jyifü

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(rmefq½dk0&f) trnfjzifh

(2) q^ te0wwftdkif qdkonfrSmum; ,cktcg

awGU½Sd em;vnfaeMuayNyD? a½S;tcgu t|uxm#Dum usrf;a[mif;rsm; tqdkESifh tvHk;pHk rwlnDapumrl &mywdç CmC&mç *@wf *sremç r[Djrpfrsm;\ jrpfzsm; taemufajrmufzuf½Sd xifxif½Sm;½Sm;

(Indus

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tavmif;awmf

arawå,s½Sd&m

okodwmewfjynfodkU tbdnmOfwefcdk;jzifh oGm;a&mufum tavmif;awmf arawå,sxHrS okn0g'w&m;udk emcHrSwfom;avonf? xdktcg wyfrufrI pGJvrf;rI (o*F) auGuGif;uGm oGm;awmhojzifh xdktcgrSpí 0okAE¨K 1-rS to*Ftjzpf trnfajymif;vJ ac:wGifvmawmhonf? wpfzef to*Fonf vlwdkUtm; okn0g'udk oabmaygufatmif

a[majymí

r&Edkifojzifh

tavmif;awmf

arawå,sudk

awmif;yef&m

vlUjynfodkU<uvmNyD; av;vwdkif a,m*g0p&blrdudk ½GwfzwfoifMum;ay;cJhowwf? ,if;udk to*F#Dum a&;í a,m*gpm&blrdusrf;[lí jzpfay:vmcJhowwf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ ya&mzufqm

H.Ul

u ewfjynfrS tavmif;awmfr\arawå,s? r[kwf vlom;

q&marawå,s [kqdkonf/ þZmwfvrf;udk

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU

xifjrifpGyfpGJouJhodkU

½SifAk'¨aCmou

vHk;0

twkrcdk;onfrSm xif½Sm;onf? rSefvS\- 0okAE¨KnDaemifwdkUESifh ½SifAk'äCmo acwfûydif jzpfonf? ajrmufydkif;ESifh awmifydkif; tvSrf;uGmvSonf? Ak'¨wynfhom; tm;vHk;twGif; wm0wðomwGif tbd"r®mudk Ak'®jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlaMumif; jyefUESHUxif½Sm;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? twkcdk;onf[k ajymqdkvQif aemufrSay:aom ajrmufydkif;u awmifydkif;tqdkudk cdk;onf[kom qdkEdkifonf? taMumif;rSm Ak'¨0g' *dkPf;uGJwdkif;wGif (tbd"r®m Ak'ä[m-ra[m) tjrifrwlMuaomfvnf; tbd"r®m[laom trnfjzifh oabmw&m; wpfrsdK;udk olUenf; olU[ef udk,fenf; udk,fh[efjzifh toD;oD; xkwfazmfaeMujcif;onfyif wlnDaom "r®tarGtESpf wpfckudk tm;vHk; ydkifqdkifMuaMumif; xif½Sm;apaom oufaowpfckjzpfayonf? tcsif;csif; woD;wjcm; ruGJrjym; brdrsm; ydkifqdkifcJhaom ,if;tarGtESpfudk uspfvpfodyfonf; rysufruGJ&atmif tpGrf;EdkifqHk; xdef;odrf; apmifha½SmufcJhonfrSm rlvyifr *dkPf;BuD;jzpfaom ax&0g' *dkPf;BuD;omvQif jzpfayonf? xdk*dkPf;BuD;onf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;rS awmifydkif; awmifydkif;rS oD[dkVfodkU wpfa½GUa½GU ajymif;a½GU oGm;apumrl ½SifAk'äCmowdkU acwfwdkifatmif r[m0d[m& *dkPf;BuD;twGif; wif;wif; &if;&if; cdkifcdkifrmrm aumif;pGm wnfvsufom ½Sdayownf;/

0drkwådr*¾ESifh 0dok'¨dr*¾ pdppfcsuf 51/

tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m) r[kwf[k qdkvdk&muaeí OD;Ouú|ESifhwynfh

pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUonf tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m jzpfaMumif; a&;ol t½SifAk'¨aCmoudkyg pmolcdk;[k pGyfpGJvdkaomaMumifh]]þodkUqdkvQif 0dok'¨dr*fonf 0drkwådr*fudk rSDjirf;ûy enf;,l&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf[k taxmuftxm;r½SdbJ xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif; (tom;vGwf? tajctjrpfr½Sd pGyfpGJjcif; ûycJhMuavonf? ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoay:ü tjrJwap tqdk;jrif 0g'jzifh Munfhavh&Sdaom OD;Ouú|\ Mo0g'cH OD;OaZÆmwduESifh or®m'd|dokawoe (yÍöedum,okawoDtzGJU) qdkolwdkUonf a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wdkuf twGif;ü

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

569

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ausmufpmwdkifBuD;wpfckudk tcdkiftrm pdkufxlxm;NyD;vQif Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; pum;&yfrsm;udk txift½Sm; a&;xdk;xm;cJhMuonf? ,if; ausmufpmwdkif\ awmifbufrsufESmwGif 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;qdkonfrSm

0drkwådr*¾usrf;udk

bmomjyefxm;av[ef-

½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotm;

atmufygtwdkif; odu©mcsí rSm;,Gif;pGm twd tvif; ajymifajymifwif;wif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;Muavonf/ ]]oD[dkVfa&mufvQif Ak'¨aCmoonf aZw0e0goD*dkPf;odkU yxra&mufoGm;\? yd#uwfrSm r[m0d[m&

0goD*dkPf;üom

t½SifAk'¨aCmo

oD[Vtu©&mESifh

csOf;uyf&avonf?

ol\

xdef;xm;av&m

yifudkt&nftcsif;udk

r[m0d[m&0goDodkU jyvdkí

0drkwådr*¾tm;

jyefqdka&;om; wifjyvdkuf&\? þonfwGifrS r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;rS vufcHavonf}}/ olwdkU qdkovdk [kwf r[kwf pdppfMuOD;tHh52/

*vfw,f#Dom*r od&d&weaZmwdrax&fESifh w&v’d,'´ od&dygvrax&fwdkU 1963-ü

BuD;MuyfyHkESdyfaom ygVdbmoma&; 0drkwådr*¾usrf;onf pmrsufESm 41-rsufESm ½Sdonf? oD[dkVfom; aomrESifh acrdE´wdkU w½kwfbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqdkaom 0drkwådr*¾usrf;onfum; 362-rsufESm ½Sdonf? rpöwmbmywf\ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefrlvnf; ½Sdonf? odkU&mwGif ,if; bmomjyefonf aomrESifh acrdE´wdkU\ bmomjyefavmuf rjynfhpHk? ygVdrlESifh w½kwfrlwdkUonf tcef;cGJyHkcsif; wloa,mif ½Sdaomfvnf; w½kwfrl t*Fvdyfbmomjyefü yg½Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;pGmonf ygVdrlü aysmufuG,fae\? odkUaomf tu,fyif jynfhpHkpGm yg½Sdonfjzpfap? r[m0d[m &0goDwdkU\ 0g'[k rqdkEdkifay? taMumif;rlum; 0dok'¨dr*fr[m#Dumu

tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\

0g'[k

jyñTeftyfaom

tcsuf

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk

t½SifAk'¨aCmo 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü y,fxm;onfudk awGUjrif&aomaMumifh aywnf;/ 53/

t½SifAk'¨aCmoonf 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;udk a&;aomtcg ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH 0HoZó

b'´EÅoHCygvó taZÑoeH *a[wGm}} r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU\ tEG,füjzpfaom t½SifoHCygv\ wdkufwGef;jcif;udk ,lí ûyonf[lívnf;aumif;ç rdrdudk,fudk &nfñTef;um ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH ax&meH 0HomvuFm&blawe}}

r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU

wefqmqifwwfaomax&fonf

þusrf;udk

tquftEG,fudk

ûypD&ifonf[lívnf;aumif;

tuGufvnfatmif qdkcJhonfESifhtnD

r[m0d[m&0goDwdkUESifh t,lrNyD rwlnDaom usrf;wpfusrf;udk rSDí enf;cHí twk,lí (0g) cdk;í a&;om;cJhvdrfhrnfavm[k awG;rS rawG;aumif;aom udpöjzpfonf? ,if;udpöudk pk'dwuwdkU MuHMuHzefzef awG;awm pOf;pm;MuonfrSm tvGef tHhMop&m aumif;vSayonf? Ak'¨bmombufu &J&Jawmuf ckcHaeaom ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoudk usqHk;atmif enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh qJa&;ae Mujcif;omjzpfonf? þtcsufudk MunfhvQif or®m'd|dokawoe

qdkolwdkUonf

omoemESifh

ywfoufí

Ak'¨bmom

uG,faysmufa&;udk

tm;xkwfaeMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

570

tpodkU 54/ vlajymolajym

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ygVd0drkwådr*¾usrf;i,fuav;\ ed'gef;udk ûypkMuaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUu pmwdkUudk aypmESifh tcsufwdkUudk

t&Sifr[dE´xHrS&aom pD&ifxm;aMumif;

rlwnfí

enf;Oya'owdkUudk

aemufrS

ygVdbmom

r[mt&d|Oywdóax&fonf pkpnf;í

0drkwådr*¾

jyefqdkxm;aMumif;

oD[dkVf

a&S;OD;omoemûy

trnfay;um

oD[dkVfbmomjzifh

,if;udk

r[m0d[m&0goD

&[ef;wdkU

EIwfwufaqmifxm;MuaMumif;udk qdkMu\? þtqdk rnfrQtxd rSefrnfrod&aomfvnf; t½SifAk'¨aCmowdkU t½Sif"r®ygvwdkUacwfü

awGU&aom

tqdktrdefU

t,ltqrsm;um;

wdrf;apmif;

azmufjyefaeaom

tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\ 0g'rsm; jzpfaeMuayonf? xdkUaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goDwdkU\ qDrD;wefaqmif jzpfol t½SifAk'¨aCmoonf taMumif;tcsuf jyufjyufxifxif ay:vGifatmifjyum y,fcJh&avonf? odMum;0Suf Zmwfvrf;onf yg;pyf&mZ0ifrQom jzpfí *E¦0ifajrmuf cHkwnfavmufaom udpö r[kwf&um; pum;vkyfí ajymqdk ajz½Sif;aezG,f rvdk? 0drkwådr*¾udk enf;rrSD twkrcdk; ax&0g' t½dk;tpOfudkom wifjyxm;aom 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ûyol t½SifAk'¨aCmo\ ½dk;om;jzLpif Munfvifaom ÓPftpGrf;aMumifh 0drkwådvrf;ç 0dok'¨dpcef;udk ajzmifhwef;atmif ydkYaqmifvsufom ½Sdayownf;/

tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf ]]trSefrSvnf; oû*Ø[fESifh ewfrSDoHCmrSm wapmif;ap;ESifh rsufacs;om jzpf\}} (ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlao vljzpfjyóem ESm-142) ]]rifhoû*Ø[fqdkwmu

cyf½Sif;½Sif;ajym&,if

or®m'd|dqdkwJh

trSefjrif

trSefodzdkU

udpöjzpfwJh

OD;pD;w&m;udkawmif rsufajcjywfEdkifwJh 'd|Kyg'gefw&m;awG jzpfvmEdkifw,f}} (vlaovljzpfjyóem-144) ]]'dkU vlawGudk tJ'D uHedrdwfç ur®edrdwfç *wdedrdwfqdkwJh tJ'Doû*Ø[fbHkydkif;u[meJY tvSnfhtywf tvdrfcHae&wm MumyaumuGm? tJ'DedrdwfawG ig tvum; ajywm r[kwfygbl;uGm? tbd"r®m 7-usrf; pvHk;xJrSm ½Smcsifwdkif;½Smyg? b,fae&mrS ygwm r[kwfbl;}} apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;

þ½Hk;awmfodkU

wifjyxm;aom

(vlaovljzpfjyóem-146) oufaocH

pmtkyfpmwrf;trsm;xJu

ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpf jyóemwpftkyfxJrSmyif oû*Ø[fq&mudk vufñld;xdk;í Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk rawmfrw&m;

oa&mfapmf

um;xm;csuf

tawmfrsm;rsm;ygonf?

Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk

odu©mcsvdkí

t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk a½SUwrf;wif ]]Aef;jy}} r[kwf w½kwf tykyfcsvdkufyHk erlemrQ azmfjyvdkufonf/ 56/

t½SiftEk½k'¨g\ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;um; i,fyifi,faomfvnf; wu,fxda&mufç

tbd"r®m 7-usrf;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;í aESmufEdkifavmufatmif *kPfajrmufaom usrf;uav; jzpfonf/ “The Abhidhammatthasanghaha is the most authoritative of thesese there texts. In this short manual, the Abhidhamma doctrine of the Mahavihara sect is very clevery condensed the book may be said to represent the highest peak the of doctrinal development of Abhidhamma”. Encyclopaed 1A of Buddhism Buddhism Fascicule; A-ACA pp.79-80

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

571

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;uav;onf tEk½k'¨ga&; o*F[ç y&rw¬0dedpä,ç emr½lyy&dapä' 3-usrf;wGif tcdkifrmqHk;

usrf;jzpfonf?

oabmw&m;rsm;udk

þvufpGJ

usrf;i,fuav;wGif

tvGefusifvnfEdkifeif;pGm

r[m0d[m&edum,BuD;\

oyfoGif;jznfhodyfí

xm;onf?

tbd"r®m

þpmtkyfuav;udk

tbd"r®myd#u\ "r®a&;&m tjrifhqHk;tqifhtxd wifjyEdkifaom pmtkyf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ (Ak'¨"r®pG,fpHkusrf; twGJ? at-tp? ESm-79-80) “It is interesting to mote what the says in the Namarupaparicheda, that he composed the work according to the commentaries of the Mahavihara”.

emr½lyy&dapä'usrf;ü r[m0d[m&edum,rS t|uxmrsm;ESifhtnD þusrf;udk ol pD&ifaMumif; qdkxm; onfudk rSwfzdkUaumif;onf? Pali Literature of Ceylon (oD[dkVf ygVdpmayrsm;) pmtkyfü a'gufwm rmvmvmaqu& u qdkonf? tcsKyfajym&vQif o*F[usrf;uav;onf tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk udk,fpm;ûyonf? r[m0d[m&edum, (ax&0g'*dkPf;)BuD;rS t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;udk rSDí a&;onf? ol\ twåaemrwdjzifh

wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ

a&;onfr[kwf?

atmufajcrS

xdyfqHk;

a&mufatmif

tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm;udk ûcHí a&;onf[k qdkvdk\? ,if;odkUqdkvQif t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk? odkUr[kwf ol\ oû*Ø[fusrf;udk bmrQ tjypfwifaezG,f odu©mcsaezG,f rvdk? t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;? ,if;wdkUrSwpfqifh ygVdawmfudkom owåd½Sd½SdESifh Challenge vkyfzdkU pdefac:zdkUom ½Sdavonf/ ocifjrwfqdkifu ol\ vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyf ESm-149? 150-ü ]]Armtac: vufoef;ac: oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif;udk ½SiftEk½k'¨gonf tdE´d,jynfawmifydkif;

Kancipura

aupdyl&½Sd wrÁm&|ausmif;wGif

oGm;a&muf ynmavhvmpOf a&;onf[laom tydk'fodkU a&mufvm\/ þae&modkU a&mufaomtcg q&mawmf (OD;Ouú|)u &yfcdkif;vdkufNyD; ]]udkif; rif; ½SiftEk½k'¨g[m jAm[®P Ak'¨bmomausmif;rSm aeNyD; ynmoifw,f? 'DoN*ØK[f 9-ydkif;udkvJ tJ'D aupdyl&rSmyJ a&;w,fvdkU qdkwm awGUyvm;}} ]]uREfkyfonf oufjyif;csvdkuf\? oû*Ø[faemufydkif;wGif tb,f aupdq&mwdkUu tb,fodkU aumuf,lonf? tb,f aupd0g't& b,fodkUqdkonf paom rSwfcsufrsm;udk awGU&onfudk jyefvnf pOf;pm;rdvmonf?

tdE´d,jynfwGif

rlvAk'¨w&m;awmfrsm;rSm

jAm[®Pt,lw&m;rsm;

wpfpwpfp

a&mESmvmojzifh wjznf;jznf; cRwfacsmf wdrf;yg;vmonfwGif ouú&mZf 700-at'DrS tpûyNyD; vHk;0 aysmufuG,fcJh&onf? ,ck ½SiftEk½k'¨g oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif;udk a&;aom aupd0g' xGef;um;&m tcsdefudk Munfhvdkufaomtcg c&pfouú&mZf 12-&mpkyif ausmfpûycsdef a&mufaeNyDjzpfí rlvAk'¨acwfESifh ESpfaygif; 1600-ausmfrQyif uGmvSrf;aomumv jzpf½Hkru tE´d,jynf uGefcsD0&rfü Ak'¨0g'Dysuf jAm[®P0g' tBuD;tus,fvGrf;rdk;csdefodkUyif a&mufaeNyDudk awGU&acsNyD}} [l í pk'dwuwdkUu a&;om;xm;onf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

572

tpodkU 57/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&\ oD[dkVfygVdpmay pmtkyf-173 udk Munfhvdkufaomtcg-

“Both works were written while the author was residing at Kancipura in the Tambarattha, as he says in the colophon or nigamana of the Paramattha Winicchaya.”

]]emr½lyy&dapä'ESifh y&rw¬0dedpä, 2-usrf;udk uÍödyl&ç wrÁ&|-ü aexdkifpOf a&;onf[k y&rw¬0dedpä,usrf; ed*Hk;wGif qdkxm;aMumif;}} udk awGU&\? uÍödyl&ü a&;aom oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif; r[kwfacswum;? y&rw¬0dedpä, ed*Hk;ü aoa| uÍöd0a& &a|ç uma0&d e*a& 0a&/ ukav oÍÆwblaweç A[kókawe ÓPdem/ tEk½ka'¨e axa&eç ted½k'¨,oódem? wrÁ&a| 0oaEÅeç e*a& wÍö emrau/ y&rw¬H yumaoEÅHç y&rw¬0dedpä,H/ yu&PH uxH aweç y&rw¬w¬ a0'dem/ [lí qdkxm;onf

jrefrmjyef ]]uÍöd0&rnfaom wdkif;? uma0&drnfaom ûrdU? jrwfaom trsdK;aumif;ü zGm;jrifBuD;yGm;aom tEk½k'¨ax&fonf wrÁ&|wdkif; wÍörnfaomûrdUü aepOf y&rw¬0dedpä,usrf;udk a&;onf}} tusOf;teuf þodkUxGuf\?

uma0&dü

oû*Ø[fudk

a&;jcif;r[kwf?

y&rw¬0dedpä,udk

a&;aMumif;

þed*Hk;u

oufaotaxmuftxm; tcdkiftrm jyvsuf½Sdonf? OD;Ouú| q&mwynfh 2-OD;wdkUu oû*Ø[fudk uÍödyl&ü a&;owJh? rSm;rSrSm; jzpfygay\/ 58/

emr½lyy&dapä'usrf; ed*Hk;ü ,if;usrf;udk b,fae&mrSm a&;onf qdkonfudk wdkuf½dkuf

rqdkbJ oG,f0dkufí þodkU qdk\/ r[mar½kedbH a*[Hç r[mapwd,blodwH/ r[m0d[m&rm½kV-r[maAm"dr[kó0H/ tvuFmwHk ya[mEÅmvHç pd&umvH wayg"em/ vuFm'Dyó vuFm&Hç uvuFmy*wmv,H/

jrefrmjyef jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;ESifh

wlaom

r[mapwDjzifh

wefqmqiftyfaom

r[maAm"dyGJawmfBuD;odkU

wufa&muf&mjzpfaom vuFmuRef;\ tqifwefqm jzpfaom tjypfuif;aom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ ae&mjzpfaom (r[m0d[m&H a*[H/) r[m0d[m& rnfaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pGrf;pGrf;wrH

Mum½Snfav;jrifh

wefqmqifjcif;iSm

pGrf;EdkifMuygap?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

þpum;jzifh

573

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm aeí þpmudk a&;jcif;jzifh igonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk wefqmqifouJhodkU þausmif;wdkufBuD;udk

tjcm;

&[ef;awmfwdkUonfvnf;

wefqmqifEdkifMuygap[k

pmayydkUcsjcif;

usrf;pma&;jcif;jzifh

tmoDoykAÁued*Hk;udk

tEk½k'¨gqdkavonf/

a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&-u oû*Ø[fusrf; b,frSma&;onf[k rqdkcJh? o*F[usrf; ed*Hk;üpm&dwåaombdw0domvukavm'a,e? o'¨gbd0k¹ky&dok'¨*kaPm'a,e? erÜ0Sa,e yPd"m, y&mEkurÜH/ ,H yw¬dwH yu&PH y&ded|dwH wH/

jrefrmtusOf; erÜrnfaom 'g,umonf olwyg;wdkUudk oem;MuifemrIudk aqmufwnfí awmif;yeftyfaom o*F[ usrf;onf NyD;qHk;cJhayNyD/ yane awe 0dykave wkrlvaomrH? "nm"d0gork'dawm'dwrm,kuEÅH/ ynm0'gw*kPaombdwvZÆd bdu©L? ynEÅK ykn0dba0g',r*Fvm,/

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Conjeveram

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574

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhom0uwdkU y,fxm;Muaom uH ur®edrdwf *wdedrdwfESifh pyfí pdppfcsuf 60/

Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf Amvy@dwokwfü þodkU a[mawmfrl\/ yke py&H bdu©a0 AmvH yDXorm½kVH 0g rÍÆorm½kVH 0g qrm,H 0g aormeH ,medó ykaAÁ

ygyumed ur®med uwmed uma,e 'kpö&dwmed 0gpm, 'kpö&dwmed reom 'kp&ö dwmed? wmedó wrSd ora, MovrÁEÅd taZÑmvrÁEÅd tbdyÜvrÁEÅd? ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 r[wH yAÁwul#meH qm,m om,ESor,H yx0d,m MovrÁEÅd taZÑmvrÁEÅd tbdyÜvrÁEÅd/ (r? 2? 203/) &[ef;wdkU aemufxyf wpfrsdK;um xdkaovkeD;yg; acsmufcsm;íaeaom vlrdkuftm; Oyrmtm;jzifh naecsrf;tcsdefrSm awmifBuD;wdkU\ t&dyfrsm;onf ajrjyifü vmí xifouJhodkU a½S;a½S;u ûycJhzl;aom um,uH raumif;rIç 0dpDuH raumif;rIç raemuH raumif;rIwdkUonf xdkifcHkü jzpfap ckwifü jzpfap ajrüjzpfap ae&pOf xdktcgü wGJvsm;usouJhodkU xm;í xifMuukef\/ y/ xdkvlrdkufonf udk,f EIwf pdwfjzifh raumif;rIudk ûyusifhcJhí (ûyusifhcJhaomaMumifh) cE¨mudk,f ysufuGJí aoyGJodkU 0ifa&mufaomtcg i&JodkU usa&muf&\/ (jrefrmcsHK; jyefxm;onf)/ þum; aocgeD;tcgüvnf;aumif;ç raorD 'ku©qif;&J tusyftwnf;BuD;pGm usa&mufaom tcgüvnf;aumif; Amvowå0gtm; xdkuHtm½Hkrsm; xifwwfyHkudk jyaom Ak'¨pum;awmf pifppfwnf;? rSefvS\?

owå0gwpfOD;

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575

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdk&mZ0wfrIBuD;onf t&dyfyrm aemufuvdkufí ajcmufvSefU aeouJhodkU ½Sd\? trSwfxifxif aumif;rIwpfckck ûyvkyfxm;aom oltzdkUvnf; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f tm½HkwpfckckESifh awGUwdkif;awGUwdkif; xdkaumif;rIay:vmavh ½Sdonf? xdkOyrmtwdkif;yifwnf;? xdkuJhodkU ay:vmaom xdkuHtm½Hkonf uHudk ûypOfwkef;uuJhodkUyif pdwftpOfü xifvmwwfayonf? aocgeD;rS ûyvkyfaomuH jzpfygrl xdkuHuyif y#doaE¨usdK;ay;avawmh&m xdkuHrsdK;udk tmoEéuH[lí ac:onf? xdkUaMumifh r[mur®0db*F Oy&dyPÖmo okwfü þodkU a[mawmfrl\/ ykaAÁ0gówH uwH a[mwd ygyur®H 'ku©m a0'eD,H? ypäm0gówH uwH a[mwd ygyur®H 'ku©a0'eD,H? r&Pumav0gó a[mwd rdpäm'd|dorwåm orm'dEém? awe aom um,ó ab'g y&r®&Pm tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆwd/ (r? 3? 257/)

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r&PmoEéukodkvfaZmrsm;onf a½S;uûycJhonfh ukodkvfuH tm½Hkudk tm½HkûyMu\/ þteufoabmudk(1) ]]ukoavm "ar®m ukovó "r®ó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m? 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm wH ypöa0u©wd? ykaAÁ okpdPÖmed ypöa0u©wd}} (tbd? p/ (y|me-y)132/)

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576

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/

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þum; uHtm½HkxifyHk t>rufwnf;/

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xdkol\ b0opf y#doaE¨pdwf b0ifpdwfwdkUonf a½S;b0u r&PmoEéaZm ,lay;tyfaom apwDawmfwnf;[laom ur®edrdwf ½lyg½Hkudkyif tm½HkûyMu\/ þteufoabmudk(4)

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o'´g½Hkur®edrdwf ponf xifyHkudkvnf; þenf;twl rSwf,lMu&m\/

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577

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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þteufoabmudk-

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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pkwdusí

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Own-Being

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0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om

vufcH,HkMunfcJhMuayonf? rodrIum; qkd;0g;avpG/ 62/ ig

]]edum,fawGxJu "r®pMumeJU wkdufNyD; a½G;xkwfvdkU&wJh okwfawGxJu 5-okwfavmufyJ

udkifxm;vdkufr,f?

t|uxm#DumawG

uRrf;jyefusrukefawmh ighajymuGm}} þum;

OD;Ouú|u

½SdoavmufeJU

ighudkwkdufcsifwkdif;

wkdufMuprf;ygap?

(OD;Ouú| tajym-vlaovljzpfjyóem-353) arSmifxJü

oû*Ø[fq&mbufu &yfaeygNyDaum/

vufoD;qkyfjyjcif;omjzpf\/

ygVdawmfrsm;uyif

uRrf;axmifusolum; OD;Ouú|om trSefjzpfrnf/

wpfzef]]t|uxm#DumqkdwmawGu bk&m;a[mudk rSD;a&;w,fvdkUom qkdwmyJ½Sd&JU Ak'¨bk&m; a[mwmuav;

wpfvHk;udk

udk,fvdkwJhteufxifatmif

udk,fvkd&m

udk,fqGJa&;wJh

oD[dkVfpma&;q&mawG&JU ÓPfawGcsnf;yJ}} OD;Ouú|onf ocifjrwfqkdif&JU vlaovljzpfjyóem pmtkyf 353-rSm ygwJhtwkdif; ajymonfrSef&if þtajymonf ]]udk,fcsif;pmí ajymjcif;? udk,fESifhEdIif; r½dkif;}} [laom ajymjcif;om jzpfayrnf/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk ocifjrwfqkdifESifhtwl q&mwynfhESpfa,muf ÓPfeDÓPfeufawGeJU udk,fvdk&m

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

579

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

udk,fqJGa&;Mu ajymMuwmawGum; *Pef;csjyíyif r&Ekdifatmif ½Sdawmh\/ oû*Ø[fq&m\rSD&m jzpfaom t|omvdeDESifh oar®m[0daem'ed tbd"r®mt|uxmBuD; ESpfapmif? rlv#DumESifh tEk#DumBuD; ESpfapmif ruG,forQ Ak'¨tbd"r®m b,fawmhrQ ruG,fEkdifatmif ygVdawmfawGudk opöm½Sd½Sd ,kwådrSefrSefESifh t0gt<um; tNzD;tjzef;ryg aocsmpGm zGifhqkdxm;onfjzpfí OD;Ouú|uhJokdUaom ½kyf0g'D taxmiftaomif; todef; toef;wkdUom uRrf;jyefíusrnf rvGJwnf;/ OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhwkdUonf ZeuuH Oyw¬rÇuuH paom uH? 'd|"r®a0'eD,uH paom uHwkdUudk ykaAÁuw- a[wk'd|dtrnfay;NyD; y,fcsxm;um oû*Ø[fq&mudk tûywfESHyHkwkdukd a½S;tcef; vlaovljzpf apm'emtrSwf (2) ü ajz½Sif; qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfí þae&mü roHk;oyfawmhNyD/

oH*g,em 6-wefukd ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majyma&;om;csufESifh pyfí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ pdppfcsuf 63/

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU wifjycsuft& OD;Ouú|\ tpGJûywfuJukwfa½Teef;awmf ESm 68-9 ü-

]]olwkdUonf rdrdwkdUESifh oufqkdif&m rkcygXfawmfrsm;udk oH*g,em txyfxyfwifjcif;jzifh rGrf;rHjyifqif&ef êud;yrf;cJh MuukefNyD/

'gayr,fvdkU xkdxkd oH*g,emwifyGJwkdUudk t,lonf; acgif;rmaom

wpf,loefyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;u BuD;pdk; vTrf;rkd;vsuf aewJhtjyif trSm;udk jyifqif&ef xnfhygXfukd Ekwfy,fypf&ef (0g) ydkzsuf vkdpGuf ûyvkyf&ef pGrf;&nfowåd olwkdUrSm tjynfhtpHkr½Sdjcif;aMumifh olwkdU\êud;yrf;rIrsm;onf pdwful;tqifhüom pkawcJhMu&avNyD}} þpum;udk awGU&\/ oH*g,emwifjcif;\

&nf½G,fcsufudk

plV0gygVdawmfrSwfwrf;wGif

t"r®0g'rsm;

acgif;raxmifEkdifatmif? "r®0g'rsm; rwdrf;rapmif; aumif;pGmwnfwHhatmif ½GwfqkdoH*g,emwifMurnf[k azmfjycJhonf/

xkd&nf½G,fcsuftwdkif;yif yxr? 'kwd, oH*g,emrsm;udk wifawmfrlcJhMuonf/

yxroH*g,emwGif

yg0ifcJhaom

ax&fBuD;rsm;ukd

'Dy0if

tcef;

(4)ü

xkdwGif

atmufygtwkdif;

rSwfwrf;ûypkxm;cJhMuonf/ *gxm(7)jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfü "kw0g'DwkdUwGif tawmfqHk;jzpfol t½Sifr[muóyonf vnf;aumif;? A[kokwyk*¾dKvfwdkUwGif tawmfqHk;jzpfol t½SiftmeE´m? 0de,t&mü ynm½Sdaom t½SifOygvdonf vnf;aumif;? ("kw0g'Dera*¾g aom? uóayg Zdeomoae? A[kókwmermeaE´m? 0dea, Oygvd y@abm/) (8)

'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOft&mü tawmfqHk;jzpfaom t½SiftEk½k'¨g? y#dbmefÓPf xl;vSaom t½Sif0*Ðo?

"r®uxduyk*¾dKvfwkdUwGif

tawmfqHk;jzpfol

t½SifykPÖ?

qef;Mu,faom

w&m;pum;ukd ajyma[mwwfol t½Sifukrm&uóyonf vnf;aumif;? ('dAÁ pu©KrdS tEk½ka'¨g? 0*Ðaom y#dbme0g? ykaPÖm p "r®uxdumeH?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

580

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0dpdMuwuxukrm&uóayg/) (9)

tus,fcGJa0

ajzqkd&mü

tawmfqHk;jzpfol

t½Sifr[mupönf;?

t½Sifaum|duonfvnf;aumif;?

y#dorÇd'gt&mü

tjcm;rsm;pGmaom

{w'*ft&mü

xm;jcif;cH&ol rax&fBuD;wkdUonfvnf;aumif; yg½SdMuukef\/ (0dbZÆrSd upöm,aem? aum|daum y#dorÇd'g/ tanywåd r[max&m? t*¾edu©dwåum A[l/) (10)

tqkdyg ax&fBuD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? olawmfaumif;jzpfMuaom &[ef;udpö NyD;NyD;ol tjcm; ax&fBuD;wkdUonfvnf;aumif; ig;&maom xkdax&fwkdUonf pkaygif;½Gwfqkdjcif; ûytyfaom "r®0de,oH*g,emukd ax&0g'[lí qkdtyf\/ (aw[d

pan[d

axa&[d?

uwudapö[d

om"l[d/

yÍöoaw[d

axa&[d?

"r®0de,o*Fa[m/ axa&[d uwo*Fa[m? ax&0ga'gwd 0kpöwd/) þ'Dy0HorSwfwrf;t&

yxroH*g,emwGif

yg0ifaom

t,lonf;acgif;rmol wpf,loefrsm; r[kwfMuay/ jzpfMuayonf/

xkd&[EÅmax&fBuD;rsm;

rax&fBuD;wkdUonf

OD;Ouú|uJhodkU

udavomrvdrf; tylNidrf;NyD;aom ax&fBuD;rsm;

tzkdU

twå

twåed,

jAm[®Pvrf;pOfawGudk

jyefvnftoufoGif;í ax&0g'usrf;pmawGxJ xnfhoGif;zkdU jzpfEkdif rjzpfEkdif pOf;pm;jcif;rûybJ ]]edum,f\ edum,f}} ESm 6-Ak'¨omoemhorkdif; acgif;pOfatmufwGifvnf;aumif;? a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü pdkufxlxm;aom

ausmufpmwkdifwGifvnf;aumif;

atmufygtwkdif;

rrSefruef

a&;xkd;xm;onfudk

awGU&ayonf/ ]]þtcsufonf xif½Sm;onf/

yxroH*g,emwifyGJukd

tb,faMumifhenf;/

&[ef;awmftcsdKU

tm½HkûyawmfrrlaMumif;

twdwf tem*wfw&m;pkrsm; twå twåed, paom

0dnmP0g' jyefygvmaomaMumifh þyxroH*g,em wifyGJü ryg0if&aom usefoHCmawmfwdkUu t½Sifr[muóypaom wpf,lZemtuGm

ax&fBuD;wkdU

yPÖ0vdkPf*lü

tûydif

oH*g,emwif&m

owåyPÖdvdkPf*l\

oH*g,emwifMujyefonf}}

[lí

taemuf r[kwfrrSef

vkyfBuHa&;om;xm; avonf/ w½kwfrSwfwrf;ü awGU&aom ]yxroH*g,em pifNydKifwifonf} [laom tqkdonf ,kwådr½SdaMumif; þqHk;jzwfcsuf wpfae&mü pdppfNyD;jzpfonf/

'kwd,oH*g,emwGif 0de,udk qefUusifbufûyusifhMuaom

&[ef;rsm;\ t"r®0g'D tazmftaygif;udk pkaygif;pnf;½Hk;í tûydifoH*g,emwifaMumif;udkvnf; atmufü pdppfNyD;jzpfonf/ 64/

,ck wwd, oH*g,emESifh pwkw¬oH*g,emtaMumif;udk pdppfOD;tHh/ OD;Ouú|trª;ûyí a';'&JûrdUü jyKvkyfusif;yaom yÍöedum, "r®omupämtzGJUrS xkwfa0onfh

]]edum,f\ edum,f}} ac: pmtkyf ESm-9 ü atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;\/ Ak'¨0g'onf tewåur®0g' jzpfí [dE´LjA[®P0g'onf twåur®0g'jzpfaomfvnf; tewåESifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

581

tpodkU twå[laom

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tajccH

wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk

jcm;em;csufukd ,lí

rsufuG,fûyum

[dE´LjAm[®P0g'D

xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif ûyvkyf0g'jzefUMu\/

ur®0g'[laom

bk&m;ESifh

wlnDonfh

Ak'¨0g'Dbk&m;

a0g[m&

twlwlyif[k

pmPus paom jAm[®P ynm½SifBuD;rsm;uvnf;

Ak'¨0g'twGif;odkU a&maESmxnfhoGif;um Ak'¨0g'twGif;u0ifí zsufqD;Muavonf/ þwwd,oH*g,emü

tûydif[lí

xifxif½Sm;½Sm;

wif&ef

taMumif;ray:awmhay/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf taomurif;BuD;u tuGJuGJaom oHCmrsm;\ tvkdodkUvdkufí trsm;êudufjzpfap&ef pkaygif;NyD; wifvdkufaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ax&0g'D*dkPf;om;wkdUu vkdufavsmcJh&\/

rauseyfMuaomfvnf;

rif;tmPmaMumifh

rqefUusifvdkojzifh

þtrSm;\ 'Pfonf tpOftquf omoemorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}

(a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;½Sd ausmufpmwkdifwGifvnf; þpmydk'fudk a&xkd;xm;avonf/) txufyg OD;Ouú| OD;OaZÆmwduwkdU\ ta&;tom;rsm;onf [kwfonfxufydkí rdrdvdkovdk qGJ,lum a½S; oH*g,emrsm;udk t½SdeftapmfrJhap&ef apwem,kwfjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ta&;tom;rsm; jzpfavonf/

taMumif;rlum;

omoemawmfwGif;odkU omoeygvu

rdpäm'd|d

wwd,oH*g,em

t,ltrsdK;rsdK;½SdolwkdU

(omoemapmifh)

rwifrDumvu 0ifa&mufum

ax&fBuD;rsm;onf

,ck

OD;Ouú|wkdYuJhodkU

twGif;rSaeí

zsufaeapumrl

rsufajcjywfrcHbJ

omoemawmfudk

umuG,fapmifha½SmufawmfrlcJhaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ 65/

rSefvS\-

taomurif;BuD;

eef;rwufrDuESifh

eef;wufNyD;aomtcsdefydkif;

twefMumatmifyif tjyifrS t,l0g' trsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh Ak'¨omoemawmfukd ykwfcwfxdyg;aeMuaom jAm[®PwkdUonfvnf;aumif; pm; 0wf aea&; ajyvnfrI r&Muí ta,mifaqmif ouFef;0wf acgif;&dwfvsuf ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom Ak'¨wynhfom; &[ef;awmfrsm;Mum;wGif wkd;0ifaexkdifum twGif;rS zsufqD;aeMuaom

tacsmiform;

vlwef;pm;

trsdK;rsdK;onfvnf;aumif;

trSefyif

½SdaeMu\/

xkdtaMumif;udk r[m0ifuvnf;aumif; orEÅygom'duac: yg&mZduPft|uxmuvnf;aumif; ruG,f r0Suf yGifhvif;pGm a&;om;xm;cJhMu\/ ,if;odkU

tjyifa&mtwGif;yg

tzsuftqD;

taESmifht,SufawG

½SdaeMuaomfvnf;

&[ef;awmfwkdUonf trIrJh trSwfrJh aeMuonf r[kwf? b,foif;u tppf b,f[mu twk[k aumif;aumif;BuD; odawmfrlcJhMu\/ odrftwGif; a&mufESifhaeMu\/

oHCmtrsm; Oykofûyrnf BuHvQif oHCmwkawGu Oykoftdrf

uHBuD;uHi,fwpfckckûyrnf BuHvQif olwdkUt&ifodí ae&m,lESifhMu\/

oHCmawmfrsm;onf tajcrvSyHkudk odaomaMumifh tEÅ&m,f 10-yg;wGif jA[®p&d,\ tEÅ&m,fudk jrifawmfrlojzifh OykofrûybJ y0g&PmrûybJyif ckepfESpfwkdifwkdif aeawmfrlcJhMu\/

þodkU owdorÜZOf

½SdMuaom &[ef;awmf oHCmawmfrsm;onf jAm[®P0g' rdpämt,lwkdUukd tb,frSmvQif ta&mtaESm cHMurnfenf;/

owdorÜZOf BuD;rm;awmfrlvSí omoemawmfudk toufESifhxyfwl jrwfEkd;awmfrlMuaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

582

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oHCmhax&f t&d,myk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; txift½Sm; ½SdawmfrlMuonf/

aemiftcg taomurif;w&m;BuD;onf

tajctaet&yf&yfukd odawmfrlí 0dbZÆ0g'ESifh tnmwdw¬d,0g' uGJjym;jcm;em;atmif oifMum;avhvmum omoemawmfudk oefU½Sif;atmif tyef;wBuD; tm;xkwfawmfrlcJh&onf r[kwfavm/ 66/

bkd;awmf

pE´*kwfrif;BuD;vufxufü

wkdif;ûyjynfûy

bk&ifhtwkdifyifcHjzpfaom

pmPustrwfBuD;onf aum#dvs trnfjzifh tw¬ow¬EkdifiH tkyfcsKyfyHk usrf;BuD;wpfapmif Kautilya's Arthasastra udk a&;om;cJhonf/

rSef\-,if;usrf; \ t"sm, tcef;(2)ü orP? y&dAÁmZu (Ak'¨0g'D

&[ef;ESifh tjcm;&[ef;) rsm;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJhonf/

t"dyÜm,frSm tqkdyg orP y&dAÁmZuwkdU

tb,fudpörSm yg0ifoifh tb,fae&mü ryg0ifoifh ponfjzifh u@ cGJjcm;csufrsdK;rQom jzpf\/ bmoma&;pnf;ESifh EkdifiHa&;pnf; jcm;ay;jcif;om jzpfonf/ trSefrSm (rEkówd) uJhodkUaom a0'\ tNcHt&Husrf;rsm; acwfrrDawmhí jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf a,mtwGif;0efrif;BuD; pD&ifaom &mZ"r®o*F[usrf;uJhokdU

acwfESifhavsmfatmif

omoemawmftwGif;odkU

0ifa&mufaESmifh,SufaMumif;

“Everything is not given for that matter.”

EkdifiHukd

jyifqifa&;usrf;BuD;wpfapmif taxmuftxm;

ûycJhayonf/

bmrQrawGU&aomaMumifh

'Dtcsufudk axmufcHonfh oufaor& [lí

E.J.Thomas

qkdovdk qkd&rnfom jzpf\/ 67/

]]taomurif;BuD;onf tuGJuGJaomoHCmrsm;\ tvdkodkUvkdufí trsm;têudufjzpfap&ef

pkaygif;NyD; wifvkdufaomaMumifh jzpfonf}} þum; OD;Ouú|ESifh wynhfom0uwkdU tBudrfBudrfa&;om; apmfum;aeMuaom pum;jzpfonf/

(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-9? Ak'¨omoeorkdif;pmapmif tusOf; ESm-

14? a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkdiftwGif; pdkufxlxm;aom ausmufwkdif½Sd taemufzufrsufESmrS pm) taomurif;BuD;onf trsm;têuduf jzpfap&ef ,ckuJhokdU pkaygif;wifvkdufaom taMumif;t&mudk omoemawmf usrf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ausmufpmESifhwuG avmuDrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm;ü vnf;aumif; ,aeUtxd rawGU&/

ynm½SdwkdU oabmvu©Pmum; xl;jcm;aomtaMumif;t&m uGJvGJaomtcsuf½SdvQif

ckdifvHkaomtukd;tum;

taxmuftxm;jyí

a&;om;NrJjzpfonf/

OD;Ouú|wkdU\

edum,f\

edum,fpmtkyf? þomoemorkdif;pmwrf;wkdUum; tukd;tum; razmfjy? ighpum; EGm;&? Murf;ydk;ukd vdyfjzpfatmif pum;Ekdifvk ajym&aom pum;&nfvkyGJrsdK;uJhokdUom jzpf\/

wpfenf; t½l;tESrf; ajymaom

pum;uJhodkUom ½Sdayawmh\/ 68/

wpfzefvnf;

]]ax&0g'D*dkPf;om;wkdY

rqefUusifvdkojzifh vkdufavsmcJh&\/

rauseyfMuaomfvnf;

rif;tmPmaMumifh

þtrSm;\'Pfonf omoemorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}

[k qkdvdkufao;onf/ t½Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdó uJhodkUaom &[EÅmBuD;rsm;udk apmfum;vdkufaom pum;onfom jzpf\/ "r®r[kwfonfudk aMumufaomaMumifh

"r®[k rif;ESifh

qkdrnfhtpm;

taocHoGm;rnfh

qefUusif&rSm

pkd;í

t&d,mrsm;

jzpf\/

rif;tmPmudk

xkdt&d,myk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;onf

rawmfrw&m;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

583

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ausmufta&ma&m oJta&ma&m oH*g,em wifjzpfcJhMuonf[k qkd&uf qkd0HhonfrSm tvGeftHhMop&m aumif;vS\/ oH*g,emudpöonf &[ef;awmf oHCmawmfwkdU\ tvkyfjzpfonf/

rif;ESifh rnfodkUrQ

rqkdif/

vHkûcHa&;

rif;\taxmuftyHhudk

&,ljcif;um;

ae&mxkdifcif;

qGrf;uGrf;ESifhwuG

paom

tjyiftyudpötwGufom jzpf\/ "r® [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk pdppfí þum; "r®? þum; 0de,[k "r®0de,wkdUudk pdppfNyD;rS aygif;pk½Gwfjcif; oH*g,emwifjcif;onf oHCmawmfwkdU\udpö jzpfonf/ wifNyD;aemufvnf;

xkdacwf

aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf tqHk;tjzwfwkdUrSmvnf;

xkdtcgü

ay:aygufíaeaom

uxm0w¬Kusrf;BuD;udk

Ak'¨pum;awmfudk

udk,fxnfûyí

"r®a&;&m

t½IyftaxG;wkdUukd

a[mxm;awmfrlcJhonf/

þusrf;üay;aom

Ak'¨ay;awmfrlcJhonfh

enf;vrf;twkdif;om

jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh tbd"r®mckepfusrf;wGif wpfusrf;tjzpf pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þaqmif½GufawmfrlcsufrS jzpfyGm;vmaom toD;tyGifhwkdUudk ,aeUwkdifatmif awmifydkif; ax&0g'omoem rSmomru ajrmufykdif; r[m,meomoemrSmvnf; cHpm;pHpm;vsufyif ½SdMuayonf/ jyóemwpf&yf&yfudk uxm0w¬K tqkdESifh n§dí qHk;jzwfMu&ayonf/ odkUuavmuf BuD;us,faom aumif;arGBuD;udk qkd;arGBuD; jzpfav[ef]]þtrSm;\ 'Pfonf tpOftquf omoemhorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}[k qkdcJhMu\/ þtqkdonf vlwkdU\ ÓPfrsufpdxJodkU oHo,ESifh trSm;wnf;[laom oJudk yufvdkufjcif;om jzpf\/ ynm½SdwkdU\ tv,fü tvGef½SufzG,f aumif;avpG/ 69/

xkdUjyif

oD[dkVfuRef;omoemukdvnf;

*kPfodef

ysufapvdkaomaMumifh

wwd,oH*g,emwif\ trSm;udk oD[kdVfuRef;u qufícH,lyHk? tdE´d,rS oD[dkVfuRef;odkU *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; 0ifa&mufvmojzifh ydkrkd½IyfaxG;í oGm;yHk? uRef;om; &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufcsufaMumifh ,ufcsnfxuf csKyfcsnfu rsm;aeyHk ponfjzifh [kwfonfxuf tqrwef ydkrkd csJUum;í jrefrmEkdifiHomoemxd *kPfysuf oa&ysuf zsufqD;vsuf qkdcJhMuonfrSm]]oD[dkVfodkU a&mufvmaom yd#uwfonf wwd,oH*g,emrS twnfûycJhaom a'oemrsm;yif jzpf&m rlvuyif *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK;wkdU\ tqkdtrdefUrsm; t,ltqrsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif yg0ifvsuf ½Sdae? aemufxyf yd#uwfaqmif pmayynm½SifwkdU\ tzGifh oH0PÖem? t|uxm? #Dum ponfwkdUu xyfavmif;í uGefUvdkufMujyefojzifh ydkíyif a&maxG;um Ak'¨\ tewå"r®rsm; arS;rSdefcJh&jyefonf}} [k edum,f\

edum,f

ESm(10)ü

vnf;aumif;?

Ak'¨omoemorkdif;

ESm(16)ü

vnf;aumif;

OD;Ouú|udk,fwkdifESifhwuG tjcm;aemufvkdufwkdU\ yÍöedum,"r®omupämtzGJU0if polwkdU (oGm;ykyfavvGifh) qkdcJhMuonf/ þae&mü oD[dkVfuRef;om; omoemapmifh omoemûy a½S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ Ak'¨ omoemawmfukd toufyrm jrwfEkd;umuG,f apmifha½SmufcJhMuyHkudk tusOf;rQ jyvkdayonf/ 70/

bDpD 50 rS 43-txd jAm[®Pwdóckd;olBuD;[k orkdif;wGif xifusef&pfcJhaom

jAm[®PtrsdK;om;

wdó

olykefBuD;aMumifh

oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vHk;

rif;ESifhjynfol

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

½Sifvltrsm;wkdU

584

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tvGeftwd'ku©a&mufí

z½dkz&JjzpfaeMupOf

tdE´d,

awmifykdif;rS

wrdvfvlrsdK;

olykefacgif;aqmif

ckepfOD;wkdUvnf; oD[dkVfuRef;odkU 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf vk,uf owfjzwfí aepOf rkd;acgifa&½Sm;jcif;? iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;[laom ab;&efBuD;uvnf; q,fhESpfESpfMumrQ qufvsufyif usa&mufvsuf ½Sdaeaom tcsdeftcgjzpfonf/ xkdtcsdefonf wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvsufaeaom 0¥*grPdrif;yif &ifrqkdif&J avmufatmif

tiftm;enf;yg;aeonfjzpfí

a½Smifykef;aeaom

tcsdeftcgvnf;

jzpfonf/

oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm tqkdt& odMum;rif;uyif]]r[m baEÅ OyÜaEé apma&m e ouúm y#dAm[dwHk? oHaCm y&ork'´H *päwk? t[H ork'´g&u©H u&dómrd}} (tbd-|? 2/ 427/) t½Sifbk&m;wkdU ,ckjzpfay:aeaom ckd;om;olykefukd wynfhawmf rwm;qD;Ekdifyg/

oHCmawmfrsm;

ork'´&mwpfbuf tdE´d,odkU <uawmfrlMuyg/ wynfhawmfu ork'´&mtwGif;rSm ab;roD &efrcatmif apmifha½Smufygrnf}}

avQmufxm;&ayonf/

þrQavmuf

uHqkd;rkd;arSmifusvsuf½SdpOf

omoemawmfonfvnf;

axmufyHhrnfhol

tvGefrsufESmyef;rvS

atmufwef;usaomtajctaeodkU

wkdif;oljynfom;vltrsm;wkdU ulnDrnfh'g,umr½Sdí

a&mufíaeqJjzpfaom

tcgBuD;yif/

omoeygvu (omoemapmifh) rax&fBuD;rsm;\ tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh apmifha½SmufyHkudk ½Iygavmh/ 71/

aomif;ESpfaxmifcefY

oHCmawmfwkdUonf

tdE´d,bufodkU

ul;oGm;í

a&Munf&m

0rf;jynhf&mt&yfü avsmfovdk aeMu&pOf usefcJhaom ajcmufusdyfrQaom&[ef;awmfwkdUonf igwkdY toufESifhudk,fwnfNrJorQ igwkdUaqmifíxm;aom t|uxm#DumESifhwuG ygVdawmfrsm;udk wpfvHk;wpfavQ tustayguf t,dktzdwf r½Sd&atmif tpGrf;ukef apmifhxdef; Murnf[k oEéd|mef ckdifckdifcsvsuf &orQaom toD;?

tacguf?

t½Gufwnf;[laom

tm[m&jzifh

xkdifívnf;aumif;?

rxkdifEkdifavmufatmif

yifyef;vmaomtcg

pmayrsm;udk

tprStqHk;

jyefvSefoHk;oyfawmfrl

tqHk;rStp

Mu&onf/

rQwawmfrlvsuf

acgufwHkUacgufjyef

wpfcgwpf&HwGif

vlwkdUu

xkdifEkdifaomtcsdeftcg

tdyfívnf;aumif; tzefzeftxyfxyf

þyd#uwf pdwfrSwfjzifhyif

r,fZ,foD;tqHrsm;udk

cRwfí

tcGHukdypfoGm;Mu&m xkdtcGHukdyif tuyfcHí a&pdrf um bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/ ukrkj'mMumyef;awGudk cl;qGwfMuí MumpG,fMum&if;rsm;udk vlwkdU pGefUypfcJhMu&mwGifvnf; tuyfcH aq;aMumí

oydwfxJxnfhum

bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/

½GwftHo&ZÑ,fawmfrlaeMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qufuyfum rQw apMu&onf/ csifa½G;yif awmiSufaysmyif tcGHtacgufrsm;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/ yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk

þuJhokdU

cE¨mur®Z½kyfukd

arhavsmhaysmufysufí

rysufrpD;ap&ef

roGm;ap&ef

wpfbufrS

xdef;vsuf

apmifhxdef;awmfrlcJhMu&avonf/

tEk&m"ûrdUawmfü½Sdaom ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;onfvnf; usD;ESifhzkwfzkwf ½Sdaeawmh&m tpma&pm &Ekdifaom ae&modkU vlrsm;ajymif;a½TUoGm;Muaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; xkdausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;udk pGefUypfum

vlwkdUajymif;a½TU&m

awmifay:a'orsm;odkU

vkdufygajymif;a½TUMu&onf/

aeUbufwGif

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

585

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t&dyfaumif;aom ae&mrsm;ü aeckdí nbufwGif oJaomifurf;ajcrsm;ü qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;'Pfukd tat;"mwfjzifh

ajzazsmufí

atmifhtnf;

onf;cHum

aeawmfrlcJhMuonf/

jrifhjrwfaom

ESvHk;oGif;tm;avsmfpGm pmayrsm;raysmufa&;udk rnfrQta&;ay;awmfrlcJhMuonfukd awG;í MunhfvQif tvG,fESifhyif odEkdifavmufayonf/ 72/

iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;aMumifh

vla&m&[ef;yg

aoqHk;uG,fvGefMuonfhteuf

udk,fhwm0efESifhudk,f yd#uwfudk aqmifawmfrlcJhMuaom rax&fBuD;rsm; tajrmuftjrm;yif uG,fvGef&mwGif ygawmfrloGm;Muavonf/

12-ESpf

iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;tNyD;

Mumaomtcg

rkd;av0o

bDpD

&moDOwkrsm;

29-rS

17-txd

0¥*grPdrif;onf

jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmí

oD[dkVfuRef;BuD;

wpfuRef;vHk;udk jyefvnfûyjyifa&;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcsdefusa&mufvmojzifh xD;eef;udk jyef,lum vlrsdK;ESifh omoemu,fwifjcif;wm0efukd jynfhpHkpGm cH,lavonf/ r[m0Housrf;ü wrdvfvlrsdK; olykefBuD;rsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;udk urÜnf;rwifcJhaomfvnf; jAm[®Pwdó ckd;olBuD;ukd ,if;wrdvfolykefrsm;uyif owfjzwfvdkufaMumif; tjcm;oD[kdVforkdif;rsm;t& od&onf/

wrdvfolykef

o,faqmifíajy;avonf/ jynfawmfjyefavonf/

wpfa,mufu tjcm;wpfOD;u

0¥*grPdrif;

0¥*grPdbk&if\rdzk&m;BuD;

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

xGufajy;wdrf;a½SmifaepOf

oydwfawmfukd usef

aomrma'0Dukd ,lí

auseyfpGm

wrdvfig;a,muf

wkdUonf

oD[kdVfxD;eef;udk qufumqufum cH,ltkyfpdk;Muonf/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;owfí aemufqHk; yÍörajrmuf wrdvf olykefBuD; usef½Sdaomtcg ,if;udk 0¥*grPdrif;u okwfoifazsmufzsufí wpfEkdifiHvHk;udk rdrdtmPmatmufodkU odrf;oGif;,lvdkufavonf/ 73/

tajctaersm;um;

0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf

wkdif;jynfESifh

wjznf;jznf;

jyefvnfaumif;rGefp

omoemawmfudk

xkdufoavmuf

ûyvmNyDjzpfí

ûyjyifcsD;ajr§mufavonf/

tdE´d,jynfrS jyefvmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdU\ omoema&;vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk toD;toD;

qufvufaqmif½GufaeMuayonf/

xkdtaMumif;udk

Mum;od&aomtcg

tqkdyg

ajcmufusdyfaom &[ef;awmfwkdUonf aejynfawmfodkU jyefvmMuí rdrdwkdUaqmifxm;aom yd#uwfudk tdE´d,jyef

&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh

ESD;aESmwkdufqkdifí

MunfhMuav&m

wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ

wdrf;,drf;azmufjyefjcif;r½Sd? yuwdtwkdif; nDñGwfí aeonfukd awGUMu&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;rIum; EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmp&myif r&awmhygacs/ 74/

okdU&mwGif

yg&mZduPft|uxmü

rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom

tjzpftysufuav;

wpfckonfum; omoem orkdif;wGif wifvsuf usef½Sdaeayonf/ r[mwdóax&fu r[m&u©dwax&fukd igh½Sif þrnfaom &[ef;xHrSm r[meda'´udk oGm;í oifygav/ oifum; rSwfÓPf tvGefaumif;aomol jzpfayonf/ r[meda'´udk aqmifxm;aom rax&fBuD;rsm;onf ab;qkd;BuD;rsm;wGif vGefawmfrlcJhMuojzifh aysmufvkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom

xkdr[meda'´udk

oif

wm0ef

,lygacs[k

qkdum

wkdufwGef;avonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

586

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wynfhawmf roGm;vdkyg/ roif,lvdkyg/ xkdrax&fonf oDvr½Sd? ,kwfrm aom ax&f jzpfygowJh- [lí jyefvnfavQmufxm;aomtcg igh½Sif oifoGm;íom oif,lavmh/ oif\teD;ü ig xkdifíaernf[kqkdrS r[m"r®&u©dwax&fonf xkdrax&fxH oGm;íoif,lavonf/ aeUa&mnyg oif,lNyD;onf tqHk;ü ckwifanmifapmif;atmufrS rmwk*grwpfa,muf xGufvmonfudk jrifaomtcg þtaMumif;aMumifhyif wynfhawmf þrax&fxHü roif,lvdkcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;[k jyefí avQmufavonf/ rnfokdU½Sdap xkd r[m"r®&u©dwax&f\ tm;xkwfrIaMumifh r[meda'´ousrf;BuD; raysmufrysufbJ touf0ifí aeojzifh xkd r[m"r®&u©dwax&frS

rsm;pGmaom

ax&fBuD;wkdUonf

qufvufoif,lum

,if;r[meda'´oudk

pOfqufrjywf aqmifxm;awmfrlEkdifMuayonf/ (0d | 2? 274/)

oD[dkVfuRef;wGif tu©&mpmwifí a&;jcif;ESifh pwkw¬ oH*g,emwifjcif; 75/

,if;odkUvQif

aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom

ab;qkd;BuD;

êuHêudufvkduf&ojzifh

omoemapmifh ax&fBuD;rsm;onf ]]þenf;twkdif; EIwfvGwfaqmif½HkrQjzifh omoem Mum½Snfwnfrnf r[kwf/ ayxuf tu©&mwifíxm;rS Mum½Snf av;jrifh wnfawmhrnf}}? þodkU pOf;pm;awmfrlMuonf/ þtaMumif;udk r[m0Ho tcef; 33? *gxmeHygwf 100-1 ü vnf;aumif;? 'Dy0Ho tcef; 20? *gxm 20rS 21-üvnf;aumif; þodkU rdefUqkdxm;avonf/ yd#uwå,ygVð p? wó t|uxrÜd p/ rkcygaXe tmaeoHk? ykaAÁ bdu©K r[mrwD/ [með 'doGme owåmeH? w'g bdu©L orm*wm/ pd&|dww¬H "r®ó? aygw¬auok vdcgy,Hk/

jrefrmjyef BuD;rm;aom EIwfrS½Gwfqkdjcif;jzifh

ynm½Sdaom

&[ef;awmfwkdUonf

aqmifcJhMuukefNyD/

xkdtcgü

a½S;tcgu pnf;a0;

yd#uoHk;yHkESifht|uxmudk

a&mufvmMuaom&[ef;wkdUonf

owå0gwkdU\qkwf,kwfjcif;udk jrifawmfrlMuí omoemawmf Mum½Snfav;jrifh wnfwHhap&ef aywkdUü a&;wifapawmfrlMuukefNyD/ 76/

þae&mü oD[dkVfuRef; Ak'¨"r®a½S;OD;orkdif; Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon ü

t"dum&rfu yd#uwfudk pwifí a&;om;jcif;\ taMumif;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pm&if;csí jyonf/ (1)

oD[dkVfuRef;onf Ak'¨bmom r[kwfaom EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdU\ rjywfrvyf

wkdufckdufjcif;?

ab;&efcHae&jcif;? ,if;wkdU atmifjrifrI&aomtcg xkdtcsdefonf Ak'¨"r®twGuf tarSmifxk usa&mufaom tcsdeftcgjzpfjcif;? xkdonfhtcgrsdK;ü r[m0d[m&paom pmayoif&m A[kdXmeBuD;rsm;udkyif pGefUypfí xm;&jcif;? ,if;odkU pGefUypfí xm;&ojzifh q&mESifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

587

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wynfhudk tqufjywfoGm;Ekdifjcif;/

(2)

jAm[®Pwdóab;&efESifh

iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;

ab;&efu

EIwfvGwfaqmifcJhonfh

tpOftvmudk tEÅ&m,f½SdaMumif; owday;ouJhodkU ½Sdaejcif;? ,if;okdU tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;êuH&mtcgrsdK;ü

ygVdt|uxmrsm;udk

cJcJ,Of;,Of;

yifyifyef;yef;ESifh

aqmifxm;Mu&onfudk udk,fawGU awGUêuHvmjcif;/ (3)

tcsdefumv Mumanmif;vmaomtcg bmoma&;pdwf"mwf rudef;atmif;ol wm0efrJh yk*¾dKvfrsm; omoemawmftwGif;odkU 0ifvmMuí yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk wynfhpOfquf vTJajymif;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vmjcif;/

77/ a0;uGmaom

txuftqkdyg taMumif;rsm;aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tv,fydkif;jynfe,f tEk&m"ûrdUrS rmwavht&yf\

teD;tem;

wpfae&mjzpfaom

tmavmu0d[m&ü

yd#uwfrsm;udk

ayay:üwifí a&;om;&ef qHk;jzwf awmfrlMuonf/ þae&mü omoemawmftwGuf uHqkd;onf[k qkdEkdifaom

tcsufwpfcsufrSm

xif½Sm;apOD;tHh-tcuftcJ 0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf

tkyfcsKyfolbk&if\ tusyftwnf;rS

rdrd

pdwfygvufyg

tm;ay;jcif;ukd

rcH&rIyifwnf;/

vGwfajrmufí

xD;eef;udk

jyefí&vmaom

ajy;vTm;ykef;atmif;aepOftcgü

rdrdtm;

ulnDapmifha½SmufcJhaom

ukyd*¾v0d[m&ae r[mwdóax&ftm;vnf;aumif;? [rÁK*v’u0d[m&ae wdóax&ftm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;qyfaom

taetm;jzifh

*sdef;bmom0if

*d&dqkdol\ausmif;udk

zsufí

xdkae&mü

tb,*d&d0d[m&rnfaom ausmif;wkdufBuD; wpfckudk aqmufvkyfí r[mwdóax&ftm; wifvªavonf/ (xkdtcsdefum;

c&pfray:rD

tjcm;trwfBuD;rsm;uvnf;

29-ESpfcefU[k

r[m0Hotvdk

tjcm;ausmif;rsm;udk

cefUrSef;&ayonf)

0¥*grPdrif;\

wdóax&ftm;

wifvªMuonf/

aqmufvkyfí

xkdpOfwGif r[mwdóax&fonf 0denf;udk tav;ûyoifhoavmuf rûy? vlwkdUESifh qufqHjcif;rsm; ½Gmt0iftxGufrsm;rIaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;rsm;u ¤if;tm; ESifxkwfvkdufavonf/ odkUaomf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufESifh

tb,*d&d0d[m&

ausmif;wkdufBuD;

ESpfwkdufonf

xkdtcsdefwGif

0g'a&;&mtm;jzifh uGJjym;rI r½Sdao;ay/

oD[dkVfuRef;ü "r®½kpd*dkPf;ESifh om*vd,*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHk 78/

"r®½kpd*dkPf;onf

pwifay:vmcJhonf/

0¥*grPdrif;vufxuf

t½Sifr[dE´ax&frS

tb,*d&d0d[m&wGif

qif;oufvmaom

ax&0g'udk

XmecsKyftjzpfjzifh

a½S;OD;pGm

xkd;ESufjcif;[k

qkdEkdifonf/ a0g[m&uwdó (eef;wuf at'D- 204) vufxufwGif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESifh tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufBuD;

ESpfwkdufwkdUonf

a0wkvs

yd#uwfudk

vufcHjcif;ESifhpyfí

jiif;cHkrI

jzpfay:vmMuonf/ bmwdutb,rif; (at'D-38-66) vufxufrS pí woD;wjcm;pD ynmoif&ef XmeBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuaom

xkdausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfwkdufonf

0g'a&;&mt,ltq

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

uGJjym;rIaMumifh

588

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wpnf;w½Hk;wnf; r½Sdawmhacs/ 79/

a0wkvs[lonfum; taomurif;BuD;vufxuf Ak'¨omoemudk zsuf&ef 0ifvmMuaom

a0wkvsykPÖm;wkdU

pD&ifa&;om;onfh

usrf;jzpfonf/

aMunmxm;Mu\/

ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;u

vufrcHMuay/

,if;a0wkvs0g'onf

,if;udk

xkdusrf;udk

aemiftcg

olwkdUu

Ak'¨0g'ESifh

r[m,me*dkPf;

bk&m;a[musrf;[k qefUusifonf[kqkdum

0ifwkdU\

a0ykv’okwåESifh

toGifoP²mef wl[ef½Sdonf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ r[m,me pwifay:vmonfh tcsdefudk ynm½Sifrsm;u c&pfouú&mZf yxr&mpk

ESpfpavmuf[k cefUrSef;Muonf/

tóaCmowkdU\ pmayrsm; xif½Sm;acwfpm;vm&m tcsdefudk rSef;í

yxr&mpkESpf[k qkdMuaomvnf; xkdUxufyif apmí ay:vm[ef½Sdonf/ 80/ vufydkufí

,if;odkU ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESpfwkduf jiif;cHkrIay:vmaomtcg a0g[m&uwdórif;onf Munfhraeom

awmhay/

uydvrnfaom

trwfudk

pmayt&yf&yf

avhvmapí

tpD&ifcHapaomtcg Ak'¨0g'r[kwfaMumif;od&í a0wkvsusrf;pmrsm;udk &EkdiforQ ½SmazGrD;wkdufaponf/ ,if;t,ludk rodromvnf;aumif;? odompGmvnf;aumif; vufcHaom &[ef;rsm;udk ESifxkwfaponf/ od&doCFaAm"drif;udk owfí rif;tjzpf cH,lvmaom a*gVmb,rif; (at'D 309-322) vufxufwGif tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufü a0wkvst,ltq acgif;axmifvmjyefonf/ Oódvd,wdórnfaom ax&fonf xkd0g'udk oabmrusí tb,*d&drSxGufcGmcJhNyD; 'u©dP*d&dausmif;odkU oGm;onf/ 'u©P*d&dausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcg om*vrnfaom ax&fukd acgif;aqmifxm;í om*vd, rnfaom *dkPf;udk zefwD;onf/ odkUaomf ¤if;wkdU\ 0g'ukd trsm;pku vufrcHMuacs/ a*gVmb,rif;onf xkdtaMumif;udk odaomtcg trSefw&m;0g'udk taotcsm xkwfazmfrnf[k (1) r[m0d[m&? (2) xlyg&mr? (3) £ó&orPm&mr? (4) a0ó*d&d0d[m&? (5) apwd,0d[m& ausmif;wkdufBuD;ig;wkdufrS ax&fBuD;rsm;udk yifhac:pka0;apNyD; xkdax&fBuD;rsm;udk

qHk;jzwfap&m

,if;a0wkvs0g'onf

rdpämt,lom

jzpfonf[k

tqHk;tjzwf

ay;awmfrlMuí a0wkvs0g'ESifh pyfaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk rD;wkdufypfaponf/ ,if;0g'acgif;aqmif &[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdUudk a½G;aumufí trSwftom;rsm; xifapum wkdif;jynfrS ESifxkwfvdkufonf/ 81/

xdktESifcH

&[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdYonf

tdE´d,awmifykdif;

uma0&odkU

oGm;a&muf

a½Smifykef;aeMuonf/ uma0& wkdif;om;wkdUu xkd&[ef;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fMuonf/ 82/

þae&mü "r®½kpd*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHkudk þodkU odtyf\/ tb,*d&dausmif;ü aeaom

&[ef;trsm;pkonf r[m,met,ltqrsm;ü wdrf;ñGwfMu\/ r[moHCdu*dkPf;om;rsm; jzpfMuaom tdE´d,

yv’m&mrt&yfrS

0ZÆDykwåu

&[ef;rsm;\0g'ukd

vufcHMuonf/

½kd;om;ajzmifhpif;aom

ygVdbmomxuf ta&;tzGJUqef;Mu,f ouúwbmomü ydkípdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ xkdpOfwGif "r®½kpdrnfaom ouúwynm½Sd 0ZÆDykwåu0g'Dyk*¾dKvf\ ajymrIqkdrI t,ltqwdkUukd vufcH&mrS tb,*d&dausmif;ae &[ef;rsm;udkyif "r®½kpd*dkPf;[lí ac:vmMuonf[k odrSwf&rnf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

589

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

83/ uma0&wkdif;odkU a&muf½SdoGm;Muaom &[ef;wkdUwGif jAm[®PtrsdK;om; oHCrdwåqkdol &[ef;i,fwpfyg; yg0ifonf/ rdrdq&mrsm;txHrS a0wkvs0g'udk oifMum;wwfajrmufcJhonfhtjyif oD[dkVfuRef;okdUoGm;um

tb,*d&d

jzefUjzL;a[majymrnf[laom

ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd

oEéd|mefjzifh

xkd0g'

ZGJBuD;pGm

vufrcHrae&?

pmayynmrsm;udk

vufcHatmif

avhvmoifMum;í

oD[dkVfuRef;odkUul;um tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufokdU oGm;a&mufaexkdifavonf/ 84/

xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufü bk&ifudk,fwkdif ta&;w,lûyí oHCmrsm;udk pka0;apvsuf

0g'a&;&mrsm;udk ajymqdkapaomtcg tqkdyg oHCrdwåonf r[m0d&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ t,ltqESifh trltusifhwkdU

½Iwfcsjypfwifum

a0wkvs

t,ludk

bk&ifoabmusavmufatmif

trTrf;wifí

ajymjyavonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;yGJwGif bk&ifhOD;av;awmfol r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufae tb,ax&fvnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/ oHCrdwå\t,ltqrsm;ukd zsufqD;í ax&0g'udk ½Sif;vif;ajymjyonf/ odkUaomf oHCrdwå\ EIwfa&;<u,frI y&d,m,fjynfhpHkrIaMumifh a*g|mb,rif;udk,fwkdif ax&0g'udk qefUusifí rdpäm0g'bufodkU ygoGm;avonf/ þtBudrfum; oD[dkVfAk'¨0g'orkdif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolESifhwuG &[ef;½Sifvl tawmfrsm;rsm; ax&0g'udk qefUusifí rdpäm0g'bufodkU yxrqHk; ,drf;,dkifvdkufygoGm;aom tBudrf jzpfavonf/ r[m0d[m&½IH;yGJ? oHCrdwå atmifvHpkdufyGJ[k qkdEkdifonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;onf at'D

ig;&mpk

ESpfxuf0ufwkdifwkdif

trSefw&m;bufrS

tapmifhta½SmuftaerQom

&yfwnfEkdifí

bk&iftm;ay;rI rcH&aomaMumifh pdk;aESmifhAsma0 taeêuHUvsuf ½Sd\/ odkUaomf t½IH;ay;tm;avsmhí pdwfaysmhaom olrsm;um; r[kwfMuygay/ 85/

a*g|mb,rif;onf

vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ

a½S;uvdk

ewf½GmpHaomtcg

om;awmfBuD;

r[m0d[m&ukd

rNrJapumrl

vHk;vHk;ypfy,fíum;

qufvuf

aZ|wdó

axmufyHhNrJ

eef;wufonf/

xm;onfr[kwf/

axmufyHhaeayonf/

oHCrdwåonf

xkdrif;

rdrdêud;qGJwkdif;ruí

tcsdefaumif;udk apmifharQmfonfhtaetm;jzifh xkdrif;vufxuf wpfavQmufvHk;wGif tdE´d,jynf uma0&okdU jyefí

tomckdaeavonf/

aZ|wdórif;um;

ol\

eef;pH

q,fhav;ESpfumvywfvHk;

r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm;ukd axmufyHhapmifha½SmufoGm;avonf/ 86/

xkdrif;\ nDawmf r[maoe eef;wufaomtcg oHCrdwåonf oD[dkVfuRef;okdU

jyefa&mufvmonf/ aZ|wdó r[maoe nDaemifESpfa,mufvkH; rif;om;i,fb0u oHCrdwåxHwGif pmayynm oifMum;zl;onf/ r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wkdUtm; oHCrdwåonf a0wkvs0g'udk vufcH&ef aoG;aqmifaomfvnf;

r&ay/

bk&iftm;

tcGifhoifhwkdif;

r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\

0de,

rrSefuefaMumif; ajymqkdaoG;aqmifaomaMumifh r[maoerif;onf aemufqHk;ü vkdufavsmoabmwlcsuf ay;avonf/ r[m0d[m&&[ef;wkdUtm; qGrf;avmif;vQif aiG'Pfwyfrnf[líyif trdefUxkwfonftxd jzpfavonf/ þum; ajcmuf&mpkESpftwGif; r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm; yXrqHk;tBudrf qGrf;iwfjcif;aywnf;/ oHk;&ufwkdifwkdif qGrf;cHxGufaomfvnf; qGrf;r&í oydwfa&aq; aomufMu&onf/ pwkw¬aeUü igwkdUum;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

590

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rdpämt,ludk r,l? toufudkom taocHonf[k oEéd|mefcsí tEk&m"ûrdUrS xGufcGmMuavonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfwkdUaMumifh aemiftcg orkdif;wGif oD[dkVfuRef;onf “Lanka is the home of Buddhism whose teachings

are

pure

and

unsullied

and

untainted

heresy.”

rdpäm0g'rsm;

rayrvl;

rvdrf;rusHavmufatmif pifMu,foefU½Sif;aom Ak'¨"r®\ wnf&mXme jzpfonf[k ausmfapmxif½Sm;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ 87/

r[m0d[m&rS xGufcGmcJhMuaom rax&fwkdUonf tcsdKUu rm,mrnfaome,f? tcsdKUu

a&m[PZeyk'fokdU oGm;Muonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf½Sd toHk;taqmiftm;vHk;ESifh taqmufttHkwkdUukd bk&ifhemrnfjzifh "r®½kpd*dkPf;0ifwkdUonf xifovkd toHk;ûyMuavonf/ ypönf;rsm;udk o,fykd;Muí tvHk;pHk ajrvSefypfvkdufMuonf/

oHCrdwåESifh

taygif;ygwkdUonf

udk;ESpfwkdifwkdifyif

tb,*d&dü

rif;rlíaeMuavonf/ q,fESpfajrmufü arC0PÖb,rnfaom trwfBuD; OD;aqmifonfh olykefwyfESifh r[maoerif;\ ppfwyfwkdUonf bmoma&;taMumif;cHí r[m*grü tvHk;t&if;ESifh wkdufckdufMu&ef &ifqkdifMuavonf/ odkU&mwGif ppfrwkdufvdkuf&bJ bk&ifESifhbk&ifhtrwfBuD;wdkUonf ESpfOD;om; ajyvnfpGm aqG;aEG;í nDñGwfrI&um ppfwyfESpfckvHk; ½kyfodrf;vsuf aejynfawmfokdU jyefMuavonf/ 88/

jynfwGif;üum; rdzk&m;wpfyg;onf rdrdwnfaqmufaeaom xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufukd

oHCrdwåu [efUwm;&ef êud;pm;ojzifh vuform;wpfOD; apvTwfí oHCrdwåudk towfckdif;avonf/ ,if;rdzk&m;onf

a0wkvsusrf;pm

[lorQudk

rD;½IdUzsufqD;aponf/

r[maoerif;onfvnf;

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd jyefvnf wnfaqmufay;&avonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;onf udk;ESpfvHk; ykef;atmif;ae&mrS jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ ESpftwefMumatmif Nidrf;csrf; om,mrI &vkdufMuaomfvnf; omoemawmf\ uHMur®mum; taESmuft,SufrS rvGwfao;ay/ r[maoeu bk&ifonf rdpämt,lbufü pdwfrukefao;bJ ½Sdí 'u©dP*d&dü aeaom udk0Sefwdórnfaom om*vd*dkPf;om; &[ef;wpfyg;udk tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufonf/

xkd&[ef;twGuf

wkduft&mrftwGif;rSmyif

bk&ifu

aZw0e0d[m&ukd

ausmif;aqmufay;&mwGif

aqmufjzpfatmif

r[m0d[m&ausmif;

aqmufonf/

xkd&[ef;onf

odu©myk'ftmywfrsm;jzifh pGyfpGJjcif;cH&í &uf½Snfvrsm; ppfaq;NyD; vl0wfvJ&ef 0dedpä,csrSwfjcif; cH&onf/ bk&ifhtrdefUjzifh

"r®duac:

w&m;olBuD;csKyfukd

xyfrHppfaq;&m

a½S;enf;twkdif;yif

trdefUjyefcsí

vlxGufaponf/ oHCmhabmifrS ESifxkwfvkduf Muavawmh\/ r[maoebk&ifonf aemifw&í r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukdyif ypönf;av;yg;wkdUjzifh axmufyHhí at'D 300-ESpfwGif uG,fvGefavonf/ 89/

þrQavmufaom

acwfumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif;ü

oD[dkVfuRef;omoemonf

edrfhcsnfjrifhcsnf ½SdcJhaomfvnf; ax&0g'D r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ omoemapmifhpdwf"mwfum; ,drf;,dkifûyduGJjcif;r½Sd? 0de,ESifhpyfí oHCmtwGif; uGJjym;ap&ef vHk;yrf;jcif;udk Ak'¨udk,fawmfjrwftm; aoG;xGufoH,dkûyapjcif; oabmxm;Muonf[k rmvmvmaqu& u qkdcJhavonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

591

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) “In the Vinaya an attempt to bring about disunion among the Sangha is put in the

same

category as shedding the blood of the Buddha.” (Pali Literature of Ceylon by Malalaxekera p.54)

¤if;jyifvnf; rmvmvmaqu& u þodkU qufí qkdjyef\/ “To the assaults of open opponents the Buddhist displays the calmest indifference, convinced

that in its undiminished strength his a faith is firm and inexpugnable.”

twdtvif;qefUusifvmolrsm;\ wkdufckdufjcif;tm; Ak'¨0g'D &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh 'g,umwkdUonf twnfNidrfqHk;aom

vspfvsL½IrIudk

azmfjyEkdifMuonf/

taMumif;rlum;

Ak'¨"r®\

rukefqHk;Ekdif

rysufpD;Ekdifaom cGeftm;tay:ü ,if;wkdU\ ,HkMunfrIonf z,f½Sm;í r&Ekdifavmufatmif ckdifNrJonf[k od½Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/

rif;ESifhjynfolwkdU\

Ak'¨"r®tay:ü

cH,lcsufjrifhrm;rIum;

pHwifavmufayonf/ Oyrm at'D 623-ckepfü aZ|wdórif;onf wrdvfawG ESifh ppfwkduf&mwGif ½IH;zkdUjrifojzifh rdrd rdzk&m;xH o0Pfpmjzifh rSmMum;onfrSm ]]þppfyGJü rdrdonf atmifjrifzkdUvrf; rsm;pGm r½Sd/ tu,fírsm; wdrf;yg;cJhaomf oDv½Siftjzpfjzifh tbd"r®m oifMum;apvdkonf/ rdrdukdvnf; ukodkvfbm* trQa0apvdkonf}} [k rSmMum;avonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;onf bk&mrSmMum;onfhtwkdif; ûyvkyfaomaMumifh tbd"r®mESifh

t|uxmBuD;rsm;üyif

uRrf;usifaMumif;

r[m0Hoü

qkdonf[k

oD[dkVfuRef;

ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif rmvmvmaqu& u azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xkdUjyif yÍörajrmuf uóybk&if\ (at'D q,f&mpkESpfxkd;)

ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGif

*kPfûyrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk

usrf;pmrsm;udk

,aeUuREkfyfwkdU

EIwfwufaqmif½Gufaom

awGUEkdifonf/

xkdbk&ifonf

&[ef;wkdUtm; "r®o*FPDusrf;udk

bmomjyefapí a½Tjym;ay:ü a&;wifapcJhonf[k od&onf/ tmvk0d[m& oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;onf ygVdawmfESifht|uxmrsm;udk pepfwuspDpOfí &[ef;toD;oD;tm; ydkif;íydkif;í cGJa0usufrSwfapum wynfh wyef;wkdUtm;

oifay;aponf/

oD[dkVfbmomjzifh

½Sif;vif;

zGifhjyaponf/

aqmifvG,frSwfvG,f

tusOf;vuFm oHaygufuav;rsm;? *gxmygVdrsm;udk a&;om;ay;cJhMuonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfig;&mwkdU\ aus;Zl;um; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tzkdU qyfrukefEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;vSayonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh atmufyg rmvmvmaqu&\ rSwfcsufuav;ukd axmuf½Ií OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ pGyfpGJajymqkdcsuf rrSefyHkudk od½SdEkdif&m\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

592

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

How far the Alu-vihara's redaction agreed with or differed from the cannon and commenttaries settled by the third Council and introduced into Ceylon by Mahinda's mission, whether after their introduction into the island any passapes previously considered unorthodox had creptinot the orthodox scriptures and whether the Alu-vihara Council separated such interpolations, and how far the Tipitaka and its commentary reduced to writing at Alu-vihara resembled them as they have come down to us now, no one can say.

tmvk0d[m&ü

okwfoifjyifqif

tu©&mwifjcif;

(pwkw¬oH*g,em

wifjcif;)onf

wwd,oH*g,emu twnfûycJhNyD;aom oD[kdVfuRef;odkU t½Sifr[dE´ acgif;aqmifaom "r®'lwtzGJUu ,laqmifvmcJhonfh ygVdt|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfrQavmuf wlnDí rnfrQavmuf uGJjym;onf qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? ax&0g' r[kwf[k a½S;tcgu ,lqcJhaom pmykd'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) onf ax&0g'twGif;odkU yg0ifavcJhovm;? tmvk0d[m&ü oH*g,em wifaomtcg ,if;0ifvmcJhNyD;aom pmydk'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) udk xkwfy,fypfcJhavovm; qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? tmvk0d[m&ü a&;wifcJhaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;onf ,aeU (uREkfyfwkdUacwf uREkfyfwkdUxHodkU a&mufvmaomtcg xkd ygVd t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfírnfrQ wlnDonf qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif/ þodkU

qGJ,lvkyfBuHzefwD;í

,lwwfajymwwfaomaMumifh

0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfrsm;onf

rl&if;twkdif; (Quotation) udkaw;½Sif;rsm;ukd xkwfaqmifwifjy&jcif; jzpfonf/ This much, however, is certain that in the fifth century of the Christian era the present Pitakas, etc., were considered orthodox both on continet and in Ceylon, as is evidenced by the visits of Buddhaghosa and ta Hsian, and in view of the great care with which the orthodox monks attempted to preserve the purity of the Word there is not much probability that the canon underwent any material changes in the interval.

odkUaomf

at'D

ig;&mpkü

½SifAk'¨aCmoESifh

w½kwf&[ef;awmf

zm[D,efwkdU

vma&muf

(avhvmaqmif,loGm;) jcif; [laom tcsufu xif½Sm;aponfhtavsmuf tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh oD[dkVfuRef;uyg vuf½Sdyd#uwfudk

a½S;a[mif;ax&0g'

aocsmaomtcsufjzpfonf/

trSefjzpfonf[k

todtrSwfûyMuonf/

þtcsufu

ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf

pum;wpfvHk;wpfav\

oefU½Sif;rI

(teuft"dyÜm,f rcRwf,Gif; razmufjyefaprI) udkyif txl;*½kûyMuonf [laom ½IaxmifhrSaeí ½IvQif yd#uwfusrf;pmawmfrsm;onf wpfpHkwpf&m txnfudk,ftm;jzifh ajymif;vJcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifzG,f r½Sdygay/ þrSwfcsufa½SUydkif;udk yHkBuD;csJUí Ak'¨omoemorkdif;pmapmif ESm 16-üvnf;aumif; edum,f\edum,f ESm 10-üvnf;aumif;

OD;Ouú|\

todkif;t0dkif;

yÍöedum,

"r®omupämtzGJU0if

ponfwkdUu

]]oD[dkVfyd#uwfaqmif &[ef;awmfwkdUonf [dkuxJu a&maESm½IyfaxG;NyD;om;jzpfwJh yd#uwfudk a&maxG;NyD;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

593

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rltwkdif;om rSwfaqmifMu&onf[k ynm½Sd rmvmvmaqu& u ol\ oD[dkVfuRef; ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif a&;cJhonf[k r[kwfrrSefvkyfBuHí qkdxm;avonf/ þpum;&yfrsm;udk orkdif;q&mwpfa,muftaejzifh olwyg;wkdUawG;awmBuHqrnfh a½SUqufzwfaomf

oHo,udk

êudwif

þodkUawGU&rnfjzpf\/

xkwfazmf

,if;wkdU\

ed'gef;cif;ay;xm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/

&nf½G,fcsufum;

oD[kdVfuRef;rSwpfqifh

a&mufvmaom jrefrmjynfomoemonfvnf; a&ma&maxG;axG; jA[®P0g' vTrf;rkd;aeaom omoem[k (oGm;ykyfavvGifh) odu©mcsvdkaom apwemqkd;jzifh a&;om;jzefUa0&efom jzpfonf/ 90/

jrefrmjynfomoemonf

taomurif;BuD;\

wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;csdef

"r®'lwtzGJUwpfzGJUjzpfaom

pwifqif;oufvmaom

t½SifaomP

omoemjzpfayonf/

rax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh

t½SifOwå&

OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUrS

aemiftcgü

tdE´d,rSvnf;aumif;?

oD[dkVfuRef;rSvnf;aumif; acwftrsdK;rsdK;ü usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ jrefrmjynf omoem\ a½SUaqmifjzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&fBuD;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm#Dum tjcm; *E¦EÅ&rsm;udk

rnfonhfusrf;*efu

em;vnfawmfrlcJhMuonf/

Ak'¨bmodw?

rnfonfhusrf;*efu

tnbmodw[k

cGJcGJjcm;jcm;

odkUjzpfonfhtavsmuf tqifhtwef;tvdkuf tav;tjrwfûy&mwGifvnf;

tedrfhtjrifhtqifhxm;í

rSwfom;

awmfrlMuonf/

txl;tm½Hkpdkuf avhvmawmfrlcJhMuonf/

tbd"r®muJhokdU

av;eufaom

usrf;*efrsm;udk

t|uxm #Dumusrf;BuD;rsm;ukdyif ausmfvGefí t&aumufrsm;

edó,usrf;rsm;udk jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh cefUnm;x,f0g jynhfpHkpGm zefwD;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/ odkUaomf ygVdawmf t|uxmESifh qefUusifjcif; r½SdMuacs/ 91/

jrefrmhomoemorkdif;wGif

trSwfûycJhMuonfh

jrefrmouú&mZf

uHqkd;rkd;arSmifusaom 888-ckESpf

rD;½IdUjcif;cH&aomfvnf;

toufESifhxyfwl

rlvyPÖmot|uxm

ayxkyfESpfxkyfrSwyg;

pkpnf;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/

tqkdyg

]]*-i,foHk;ck?

½Srf;odk[efbGm;vufxufwGif

apmifha½Smufawmf tvHk;pHkaom

t|uxm

OoQpfxk}}

yd#uwfawmfrsm;

rlcJhMuojzifh

yd#uwfygVd

plV0gt|uxm

t|uxmrsm;udk

ayxkyfESpfxkyfudkum;

½SmazG

ESpftwefi,fMumrS

tvGefacsmifusaom ½Srf;jynf aus;awmZeyk'frsm;rS jyefvnfí qifhyGm;ul;,lEkdifcJhMuonf[k q&mpOfquf ajymqkdonfukd

rSwfom;Mu&onf/

wefzkd;xm;wwfaom

þenf;tm;jzihf

tavh0goem

jrefrmwkdU\

or®mOóm[aMumifh

omoemawmfudk

acwfumvtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh

cspfjrwfEkd;í

awGU&aomfvnf;

wkdif;jcm;jynfjcm; bmomjcm;wkdU\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGifyif Asmyg&ukd rkcs xufoefaom vHkUv0D&d, owdorÜZOfjzifh

xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufawmfrlvmcJhMuonfrSm

yÍöroH*g,emESifh

oH*g,em

acwfwkdifatmifyif jzpfonf/ 92/ qufívmaom

xkdUaMumifh

xkd

oD[dkVfuRef;

wwd,oH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;? tmavmu0d[m&ü

xkd

pkaygif;½Gwfqkdjcif;

wwdw,oH*g,emrS ayxuftu©&mwifjcif;

pwkw¬oH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHü 2-Budrfwkdif EIwfjzifh ½Gwfzwf½HkrQru ausmufpmwifí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

594

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vnf;aumif;? tEkdifEkdifiHoHk; ckdifcHhom;em; xl;jcm;aom pmtkyfrsm; ½dkufESdyfívnf;aumif;? yÍörtBudrf? q|rtBudrfwiftyfaom oH*g,emwkdUonfvnf;aumif; npfaMu;rwif tjypfuif;pifaom "r®mEkavmr oH*g,emwkdUom jzpfMuayonf/ ,if;odkUjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm

apm'uq&mwkdU

wifjyxm;tyfaom

pk'dwuwkdU\

oH*g,emajcmufwef ayghysufao; odrfatmif ûyvkyfí ajymqkda&;om; xkwfa0Muaom oH*g,emorkdif;? Ak'¨omoemorkdif;?

edum,f\

edum,fpmtkyf?

a';'&JausmufpmwkdifwkdUyg

pum;&yfwkdUonf

t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ jyqkdcJhNyD;aom ,kwådtm*r om"ut&yf&yfwkdUaMumifh tbd"r®mudk bk&m;ra[m[k pGyfpGJjcif;onf t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? oH*g,em 6-wefudk ao;odrfayghysufatmif vkyfjcif;onf "r®udk t"r®? 0de,udk t0de, jzpfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif; EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2) q&mawmfrsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

595

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (7) oAÁñkwÓPfukd y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk xdyg;rIESifh pyfvsOf;í wifjyavQmufxm;aom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/ ÓPfawmfudk

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf trSwf (7) apm'em tjzpfjzifh ]]Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkw xdyg;apvsuf

Ak'¨bmom

ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;

a[majyma&;om;rIESifhywfoufí

apm'emcsufyg bk&m;}} [laom avQmufxm;vTmudk þ0denf;"dk&f½Hk;awmfodkU wifoGif;í þtaMumif;udk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS

tbd"r®mynmay;wm0efcH

(tbd"r®mq&mpdef)u

a0zefykwfcwf

a&;om;xm;ygonf[k pGJqkdxm;ayonf/ 2/

þpGJqkdcsufwGif

tbd"r®mq&mpdef

a&;om;xm;aom

tcsuf

5-csufukd

Ak'¨udk

oAÁñkwÓPf

oAÁñkwÓPf &ygvsuf rdrd\ &efoljzpfaom a'0'wfudk tb,fhaMumifh

&[ef;ûycGifh

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocH tjzpf azmfjyxm;ayonf/ (u)

wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUudk

tnHhrcHvdkíom

t|uxmq&mrsm;u

&onf[k qkdMuaMumif;/ (c)

ay;&oenf;/ (*)

oAÁñkwÓPf&onfqkdygvsuf

ao;Ekyfaomodu©myk'frsm;udk

y,fEkwfMuavmh[k

tb,faMumifh rdefUqkd&oenf;/ (C)

0dZÆmoHk;yg;onf

&[EÅmwkdif;&½Sdaom

todÓPfjzpf\/

þodkUqkdygrl

Ak'¨ESifh

&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/ (i)

Ak'¨

&½Sdtyfaom

oAÁñkwÓPfonf

0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdYudk

<uif;usefr½Sd

xkd;xGif;NyD;

odjrif&½SdcJhaom ÓPfjzpf\/ (þum; tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csufrS jzpf\) 3/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf

yxrOD;pGmwifoGif;aom

omrn

apm'emü

tqkdyg

tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;rsm;udk oufaocHpmtkyfrsm;jzifh wifjyí pnf;urf;pepfwus apm'emMuonf/

'kwd,

xyfqifhwifoGif;aom

0daooapm'emü

tqkdyg

tbd"r®mq&mpdef

a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;a[m yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifh tbd"r®m t"r®0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfay;yg&ef avQmufxm;oGm;Muavonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

596

tpodkU 4/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þoAÁñkwÓPfESifh

ywfoufaom

apm'emwifcsufudk

pk'dwursm;

jzpfMuaom

awmifwGif;BuD;rS OD;Z0e (ae½Sife,f)? ig;qifhausmif; OD;Z0e? ewfrSD t½SifqE´m"du? a';'&JrS OD;OaZÆmwdu? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS Ouú| OD;cif[efESifh &ckdifjynfe,f OD;a½TjynfhwkdU vHk;0acsyjcif; rûycJhMuay/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsuf (21)csufvHk;udk pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfxJu rnfolrqkd acsyEkdifonfhtcGifhta&;udk 0denf;"dk&f½Hk;u

ay;tyfxm;ayonf/

odkUygvsuf

þapm'em

wifcsufudk

racsyMujcif;jzifh

apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsufukd 0efcH&modkU a&mufayonf/ 5/

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;teuf ocifjrwfqkdif wpfOD;wnf;uom acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf/

,if;okdU avQmufxm;&mü ]]udk,fwkdifa&;om;cJhaom q&mpdefESifh aqG;aEG;Munhf&mwGif}} [k pum;cif;NyD; avQmufxm;onfukd

axmufcsifhjcif;

tm;jzifh

ocifjrwfqkdifonf

rdrdÓPfpGrf;ÓPfpjzifh

acsyEkdif½Smjcif;r[kwfbJ ÓPftiSm;jzifh 0hH0Hhpm;pm; avQmufxm; jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 6/

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfukd xdyg;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'u pk'dwuwkdU ESpfOD;ESpfbuf

wifjyavQmufxm;csufrsm; teufrS yxrOD;pGm apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ wifjycsufudk oHk;oyfaytHh7/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom omrnapm'emcsufudk Munfh½I&mwGif pGJqkdvdkaom

tcsufay:vGifNyD; oufaocH taxmuftxm; ckdifvHkonfudk awGU&ayonf/ oufqkdif&mpmapmifudkvnf; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;xH

oufaocHtjzpf

wifjyxm;ayonf/

xyfqifh

apm'emcsufudk

oHk;oyf&mwGifvnf; q|oH*g,emwif ygVdawmfrsm;udk tukd;tum;ûyí wifjyxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk odom½Hk azmfjy tyfayonf/ 8/

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfonf rnfonhfom0uwkdUESifhrQ rqkdifaom Ak'¨bk&m;½SifwpfOD;wnf;om

ydkifonfh tom"m&P ÓPfawmfjzpfaMumif; av;toacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef;wkdifwkdif yg&rDawmfwkdUudk jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhaomaMumifh

xkdÓPfudk

&awmfrljcif;jzpfaMumif;?

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfBuD;ü

pGrf;&nfoHk;yg;½SdaMumif; ponfwkdUukd usrf;*efESifhtnD azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ 9/ ay;cJhaMumif;?

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wfonf

r[mu½kPm½SifjzpfaomaMumifh

tmCmwBuD;vGef;oljzpfí

&[ef;ûycGifh

a'0'wfudk

&[ef;ûycGifh

&onfjzpfap?

r&onfjzpfap

Ak'¨bk&m;udk jypfrSm;rnfomjzpfaMumif;? &[ef;ûycGifh&onfhtwGuf a'0'wfrSm yapöuaAm"dÓPf tajccH&í tusdK;½SdcJhaMumif;? olawmfaumif;wkdU\ oabmonf rdrd\&efoljzpfapumrl zsufqD;jcif;rûyaMumif;ukd AdrÁdom&ESifh tZmwowfwkdU\jzpf&yfukd oufaoxlí avQmufxm;cJh Muonf/ 10/

xkdUjyif bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefcgeD;u ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;ukd oHCmu

y,fEkwfvdkvQif y,fEkwf ygav[k rSmMum;cJhjcif;onf wynfhom; oHCmrsm;\ESpfoufrIukd jzpfapcJhaMumif;? wynfhom; oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ y,fEkwfjcif;rûybJ bk&m;½Sif oufawmfxif½Sm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

597

tpodkU ½SdonfESifh

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rjcm;

av;pm;vdkufemMuaomaMumifh

ESpfouftm;&zG,f

jzpfcJhaMumif;wkdUukd

azmfjy

avQmufxm;jcif;rsm;onf ,xm"r® ,xm0de,oabmokdU ouf0ifvsuf ½Sdonfukd awGU&ayonf/

ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsycsufudk oHk;oyfcsuf 11/

wpfzef

pk'dwu

ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufudk

oHk;oyfaythH?

ocifjrwfqkdifonf

]]jrwfpGmbk&m; oAÁñkw ÓPf½Sifr[kwf}} [laomtcsufudk OD;wnfíacsyxm;ayonf/ þodkUacsy&mü ocifjrwfqkdif tukd;ûyaom om"urSm rZÑdryPÖmo aw0dZÆ0päokwf jrefrmjyefyif jzpfonf/ xkdokwf jrefrmjyefukd ocifjrwfqkdifu]]t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½I xif\[k t<uif;rJhÓPftjrifukd 0efcH\[k Mum;zl;ygonf/ þuJhodkU ajymqkdrIrsm;wkdUonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/

0pä

pum;t&

&[ef;a*gwronf

ajymqkdolrsm; tvHk;pHkudk

jzpfygukef\avm

od\/

tvHk;pHkudkjrif\/

igoGm;aeonfjzpfap? &yfaeonfjzpfap? tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½Ixif\[k t<uif; rJhÓPftjrifudk 0efcH\[lí ajymqkdaom olwkdUonf ig\pum;t& ajymqkdolrsm; r[kwfukef? ighudk r[kwf rrSefaomtm;jzifhvnf; pGyfpGJMuukef\/ Ak'¨½Sifudk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;xm;onfukd awGU&ygonf bk&m;}} [k aumufEkwfwifjy avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ocifjrwfqkdif\ jrefrmjyefonf ta&;BuD;aom pum;&yfrsm;udk 0uGuf csefxm;cJhNyD; rdrdvdkcsifoavmufudkom aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;aom jrefrmjyefjzpfaMumif;udk rl&if; (q|rlyd#uwf) jrefrmjyefESifh wkdufqkdifMunfhaomtcg xif½Sm;pGm awGU½SdcJh&onf/ xkdokwf jrefrmjyefü ocifjrwfqkdif 0uGufí wrif csefxm;cJhaom ta&;BuD;aom pum;&yfrSm ]]tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfyif jzpfayonf/ 12/ wrifûzwf

ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufonf þuJhodkU ta&;BuD;aom rl&if;a'oemygpum;&yfudk bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;?

yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh

rnDñGwf&um;

oabmroufa&mufjcif;? apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\

om"urajrmufjcif;rsm;aMumifh

pGJqkdcsufudk

acsyEkdifjcif;

r½SdaMumif;

awGU&ayonf/

aw0dZÆ0päokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 13/

apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdY\ wifvTm acsvTmwkdUudk oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfukd

xdyg;aomtcsufESifh ywfoufí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oHk;oyfcsufukd azmfjyaythH/ ocifjrwfqkdif wifjyaom pum;&yfwGif rnfonfhpum;vHk;udk ûzwfxm;cJhaMumif; odEkdifap&ef aw0dZÆ0päokwf rl&if; ygVdESifh ,if;\ jrefrmjyefukd xkwfjyvdkufayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

598

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wpfcgu 0päEG,f0ify&dAdkZfwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD; þodkUaompum;udk avQmufxm; avonf/ okwH arwH baEÅ oraPm a*gwarm oAÁnK oAÁ'óm0D ty&daooH ÓP'óeH y#dZmemwd? p&awm p ar wd|awm p okwåó p Zm*&ó p owwH ordwH ÓP'óeH ypöKy|dwEÅd/ (r 2? 148/)

jrefrmjyef ]]t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ ig oGm;aeonfjzpfap? &yfaeonf jzpfap? tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap? tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½Ixif\[k t<uif;rJh ÓPftjrifudk 0efcH\ [lí Mum;zl;yg\}} (r jref 2? 157/) 14/

0päy&dAkdZfu

qufvufí

]]ÓPftjrifudk

0efcH\[lí

ajymqkdaomolwkdUonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;t& ajymqkdolrsm; jzpfygukef\avm? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk r[kwfrrSefaomtm;jzifh rpGyfpGJbJ ½Sdygukef\avm}} ponfjzifh avQmufxm;avonf/ 15/

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajzMum;csufudk razmfjyrD þy&dAdkZf avQmufxm;aom pum;udk pdppf&ef

vdktyfayonf/

þy&dAkdZfonf

oów0g'udk

tajccHí

ar;aejcif;jzpfonf/

þokwfü

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfESifh ywfoufí ta&;BuD; aomtcsufrSm ]]owwH ordwH ÓP'óeH}} [laom tcsufyif jzpfonf/ ÓP'óeH=ÓPftjrif[laom pum;ukd rnfodkUaom ÓPftjrifrsdK; jzpfaMumif; ]]owwH ordwH}} [laom pum;t& azmfjyvsuf ½Sdonf/ owwH ordwH\ teufrSm = tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; edpö xm0&[líyif jzpfonf/ pdefwHk;BuD;rsm; xm0& vif;ae ouJhodkU rnfonfhtcsdeftcgürqkd tNrJwef; jrifaeaom ÓPftjrifrsdK;yif jzpfonf/

þtcsufukd

xif½Sm;apaom

pum;&yfrSm

okwåó

p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap[laom

pum;&yfjzpfonf/ tdyfaysmfaepOfrSmvnf; jrifaeaomÓPf[k y&dAkdZfu qkdvdkayonf/ 16/

xkdacwftcgu

rZÑdra'ow0dkufwGif

twå0g'vnf;

xGef;um;vsuf

½Sdayonf/

vl\ukd,ftwGif;ü csrf;om okcudk cHpm;aom twåonf tNrJ½Sdae\/ twåonf t&mtm;vHk;udk jrif\? od\/ þodkUaom t,ltqrsdK; ½Sdayonf/ wdw¬d q&mBuD;wkdUonf þtwå0g'udk tajccHvsuf rdrdwkdUonfoAÁñl=w&m;tm;vHk;udk odonf oAÁ'óm0D=w&m;tm;vHk;udk jrifonf[lí

0efcHMuaomtcg

tNrJrjywfjrifaeonf

odaeonf[lí

a<u;aMumf

0efcHMuavonf/

þ0päy&dAdkZfonf xkduJhodkU edpöoAÁñkwÓPf0efcHolwkdU\ pum;udk Mum;emrSwfom;&ol jzpfonfhtavsmuf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf; þodkUaom edpöoAÁñkw ÓPftjrifrsdK;jzifh oAÁñktjzpf 0efcHygoavm ar;vdk&if; jzpfayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

599

tpodkU rSwfcsuf/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / þ 0päy&dAdkZf\ tar;rsdK;udk t*FkwådK&f e0uedygwf? avmum,wdu okwfwGifvnf;

tvm;wl awGU½SdEkdifonf/ 17/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;

xkwfazmfa[mMum;aom

tbd"r®ma'oemt&

rnfonfh½kyf

rnfonfhemrfrQ edpö[lí r½Sdacs/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f? XD? bif jzpf wnf csKyfysuf tedpötcsufcsnf;om jzpfayonf/ ÓPfqkdonfrSmvnf; emrfw&m;wkdUwGif tacgifcsKyf jzpfapumrl taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f XD bif pepf jzifhomvQif ay:aom obm0 wpf&yfjzpfayonf/ xkdUjyif tdyfaysmfaepOftcgü rnfonfhÓPfxl;rQrjzpf b0if(tdyfpdwf)omvQif jzpfvsuf ½Sdonf/ þonfrSm tbd"r®mq&mBuD;rsm;udk rqkdxm;bd vlomrefwkdUyif odEkdifaom vufawGUobm0 jzpf&yfaywnf;/ odkUjzpfí Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh tjcm;aom wdw¬dbk&m;wkdUonf tbd"r®mtjrifcsif; vHk;0uGJjym;vsuf ½Sdacsonf/ þodkU uGJjym;ygvsuf pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf ¤if;\ jrefrmjyefüokwåó p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Zm*&ó p=Ekd;Mum;aeonfjzpfap[laom bk&m;a[m rl&if;ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefukd wrifûzwfí ay,smvuef 0uGufí csefxm;cJhjcif;rSm Mum;emolrsm; taejzifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh wdw¬dwkdU\ tbd"r®m rwlaom tcsufudk &dyfrdoGm;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/ 18/

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;onfum;

þuhJokdUaom

tedpötbd"r®m

tjrif½Sdoljzpfí

y&dAdkZf\

]]tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifíaeaom ÓPftjrifrsdK; ½Sdonfh oAÁñkyk*¾dKvf [kwfygoavm}} [laom ar;cGef;udk jywfjywfom;om; y,fcsawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ]]igonfum; ,if;uJhodkU tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifaeonfqkdaom oówÓPfrsdK;½Sdonfh oAÁñkrsdK; r[kwf}} [lí ajzqkdawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ 19/

þuJhodkU

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

wdw¬dwkdU\

oAÁñkrsdK;udk

0efrcHaomtcg

y&dAkdZfu

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk rnfokdUajymvQif trSefajym&m a&mufrnfenf;[k qufvuf ar;avQmufayonf/ þwGifrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;jref;ol y&dAkdZfESifh wefavmuf½Hk þodkU tajzay;awmfrlonf/ ]]aw0daZÆm oraPm a*gwarmwd acg 0pä Asmu&rmaem 0kwå0g'D ap0 ar tó}} (r 2? 149/)

jrefrmjyef 0pä &[ef;a*gwronf 0dZÆmoHk;yg; ½Sd\[k ajymqkdaomolonf trSeftm;jzifh ig\pum;t& ajymqkdjcif; jzpf&m\/ 20/

þpum;t&vnf; olwyg;u þodkU ajymvQif rSef\[kom rdefUawmfrlonf/ igonf

0dZÆmoHk;yg;udkom &onf/ oAÁñkwÓPfukd r&[lí 0efcHjcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

600

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdawmfrlonfh taMumif;udk tBudrfrsm;pGm 0efcHawmfrlcJhayonf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; om"u xkwfaqmif í avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ txufyg pum;pOft& tusOf;csKyf&aomf aw0dZÆ0päokwfü jrwfpGmbk&m;u oAÁñk[lí 0efrcHjcif;onf ar;ol y&dAdkZfu tdyfaysmfwkef;rSmyif odaeaom edpöoAÁñk? owwoAÁñkrsdK;ukd 0efcHovm;[k ar;onhftwGuf 0efrcHjcif; jzpfonf/ oAÁñkwÓPfudk r&í 0efrcHjcif; r[kwfay/ aw0dZÆÓPfudk &onf[k ajymvQif rSefonf[k qkdjcif;onfvnf; ar;olESifh wef½Hkom ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh 0dZÆmoHk;yg;udkom &onf 0dZÆm½Spfyg; oAÁñkwÓPfwkdUudk r&í r[kwfay/ tjcm;okwf

a'oemawmfrsm;pGmwkdUü

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

rdrd

oAÁñkwÓPf½Sif

jzpfaMumif;

0efcHa[mMum;xm;csuf rsm;pGm½Sdayonf/ aw0dZÆokwfukd ukd;um;í Ak'¨bk&m;½Siftm; oAÁñkwÓPf½Sifr[kwf[k ajymqkdMuolwkdUonf aw0dZÆ0päokwf\ t"dyÜm,fudkyif em;rvnfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? xkdokwfrSwpfyg; oAÁñkwÓPfudk 0efcHa[mMum;xm;aom okwf a'oemrsm;udk rawGUzl;MuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmomwkdU\ udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m

txGwftjrwfqHk;jzpfaom

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

ao;odrfatmifûyvkyfvdkonfh

apwemqkd;aMumifhvnf;aumif; ajymqkdMujcif;jzpfayonf/

oAÁnKwÓPf qifjcifrSod 21/

bk&m;ocif

udk,fawmfjrwfonf

tvHk;pHkudkodaom

oAÁñk?

tvHk;pHkudk

jrifaom

oAÁ'óm0D jzpfawmfrl\ qkd&mwGif tdyfaysmfaeckdufü vnf;aumif;? rqifjcifaom tckdufüvnf;aumif; odjrifawmfrljcif;

r½Sday/

tdyfaysmfaeckdufü

b0ifpdwfwkdUom

jzpfaeukef\/

xkdb0ifpdwfwkdUonf

tm½Hk½Sdonf qkd½HkrQom jzpfukef\/ wpfpHkwpf&mudk uGJuGJjym;jym; odjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifukef/ xkdenf;wlpGm rqifjcifaom

tckdufüvnf;

odjrifawmfrljcif;

r½Sd/

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh

qifjcifawmfrlrSom

odjrifjcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdif\/ 22/

Oyrm

tpGrf;xufjrufaom

tdyfaysmfaeaomfvnf;aumif;?

rSefajymif;BuD;ukd

toHk;rûyaomfvnf;aumif;

vuf0,fydkifydkifudkifxm;oltm;

rSefajymif;\

xufjrufaompGrf;tm;rSm

rxif½Sm;aomfvnf; rSefajymif;udk tpGrf;xufjrufrI r½Sd[k rqkdomouJhodkU xkdUtwl tdyfaysmfaeckduf rqifjcifckdufü

rodrjrifaomfvnf;

tvHk;pHkudkrod[kvnf;aumif;?

tvHk;pHkudk

rjrif[kvnf;aumif;

rqkdomacs/ þtaMumif;udk aw0dZÆ0päokwft|uxmü atmufygtwkdif; ½Sif;vif;jyxm;ayonf/ (u)

oAÁñl oAÁ'óm0D ty&daooH ÓP'óeH y#dZmemwDwd [d £'H tEkZmedwAÁH od,m?

(c)

p&awm p ar/y/ ypöKy|dwEÅd £'H ye emEkZmedwAÁH?

(*)

oAÁñkwnmaPe [d tm0ZÆdwGm yZmemwd (r | 3? 136/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

601

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"dyÜm,fqkdvdkcsuf

(u)

tvHk;pHkudk od\? tvHk;pHkudk jrif\? t<uif;rJhÓPftjrifudk 0efcH\ [laom pum;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0efcHawmfrl&m\/

(c)

oGm;aeonf jzpfap &yfaeonf jzpfap tdyfaysmfaeonf jzpfap Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; ÓPftjrif a½S;½Ixif\ [laom pum;udkom jrpfy,fawmfrl\/ (vufcHawmfrrl)/

(*)

oAÁñkwÓPfjzifh qifjcifrSom tvHk;pHkudk odawmfrl\/

wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh odolr½Sd 23/ om"uudk

oAÁñkwÓPfESifhpyfí rZÑdryPÖmoygVd uPÖuw¬vokwf ESm 328-329-ü vmaom xkwfaqmifí

½Sif;vif;jy&ayOD;rnf/

tcgwpfyg;ü

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

uPÖuw¬v

trnf½Sdaom awm0,f aeawmfrl\/ xkdpOfu yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHokdU csOf;uyfí oAÁñkwÓPfESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oHo,uif;atmif ar;zl;avNyD/ ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;tvHk;pHkudk odaom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk jrifaom t<uif;rJh ÓPftjrif ½Sd\[k 0efcHEkdifaom orP aomfvnf;aumif; jAm[®aomfvnf;aumif; r½SdEkdif? þodkU 0efcHEkdifaom taMumif;rsdK; r½SdEkdif[k &[ef;a*gwru ajymqkdaMumif; tuREkfyf Mum;od&yg\/y/ þodkU ajymqkdMuolrsm;onf bk&m;pum;twkdif; ajymqkdjcif; [kwfygoavm? pGyfpGJ&m ra&mufygoavm? uJh&JU&m ra&mufygoavm}}/ 24/

þuJhodkU

yaóe'Daumovrif;u

avQmufxm;aomtcg

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

atmufygtwkdif; jyefíajzMum;av onf/ ]]rif;BuD; w&m;tvHk;pHkudkom odaom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk jrifaom t<uif;rJh ÓPftjrif ½Sd\[k 0efcHEkdifaom

orPaomfvnf;aumif;

taMumif;rsdK;

r½SdEkdif[k

jAm[®Paomfvnf;aumif;

&[ef;a*gwru

ajymqkdaMumif;

r½SdEkdif/

(vdkufvH

þodkU

0efcHEkdifaom

owif;vTifhaeMuolrsm;onf)

ighpum;twkdif; ajymjcif;r[kwf? ighukd pGyfpGJ&m a&muf\/ uJh&JU&m a&muf\}} 25/

bk&m;½Sif\tajzpum;udk Mum;aomtcg aumovrif;BuD;u atmufygtwkdif;qufí

ar;avQmufjyefavonf/ ]]t½Sifbk&m;

vlawG

em;vnfwmu

wjcm;?

bk&m;a[mwmu

wjcm;jzpfaeygonf/

½Sif;jyawmfrlyg bk&m;}} aumovrif;\

tar;pum;udk

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

atmufygtwkdif;

wdwdusus

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

602

½Sif;jyawmfrlavonf/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

]]rif;BuD;

wpfBudrfwnf;jzifhomvQif

tvHk;pHkudk

odEkdifaom?

tvHk;pHkudk

jrifEkdifaom

orPaomfvnf;aumif; jAm[®P aomfvnf;aumif; r½Sd? odEkdif jrifEkdifaom taMumif;rsdK;onf r½SdEkdif? þpum;udk &nfí ig ajymqkdjcif; jzpfonf}}/ 26/ vdkonf/

þokwfü bk&m;ocif rdefUMum;aom pum;\ t"dyÜm,fukd rdrd&& aumufwwfzkdU a[mawmfrlvdk&if;rSm ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol r½Sd[k ig ra[m?

tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol ½Sd\[k ig a[monf/ odkUaomf wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odEkdifjrifEkdifol r½Sd? tBudrfBudrf ÓPfjzifh qifjcifrS odEkdifjrifEkdifonf}} [k ajzawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ ûcHí qkd&aomf ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk odjrifaom oAÁñkyk*¾dKvftrSef ½Sdonf/ tvHk;pHkudk odaomfvnf; wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh tukefod tukefjrif[laom teufoabmudk rrSwf&}} [k qkdvkdayonf/ 27/

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

þuJhodkU

oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk

wdwdusus½Sif;jyaomtcg

yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;onf vGefpGm oabmusí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHygaMumif;]]oAÁnKwH r,H baEÅ b*0EÅH tykpädrSm? oAÁñkwH b*0g Asmumod? wÍö yerSmuH ½kpöwd ap0 crwd p? awe prSm twårem}} (r 2? 333/) [k avQmufxm;avonf/

jrefrmjyef ]]t½Sifbk&m; tuREkfyfwkdUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk ar;avQmufygukef\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk

ajzMum;awmfrl\/

xkdajzMum;awmfrlcsufukdvnf;

tuREkfyfwkdUonf oabmvnf;usyg\/ ESpfvnf; ESpfoufyg\/ xkdtajzjzifhvnf; ESpfvdkaompdwf ½SdMuygukef\/}} 28/

þuPÖuw¬vokwfü Ak'¨udk,fwkdif oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk twdtus taotcsm

a[mxm;ygvsuf ]]t|uxmq&mwkdUu Ak'¨onf bmrqkd tMum;tjrif tod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef½Sd\}} [laom tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdol\ a&;om;csufonf bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

Ak'¨udk,fawmfwkdif oAÁnK[k0efcHyHk 29/

or®morÁK'¨ (oAÁñk)ESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&m;udk,fwkdif 0efcHxm;yHkudkvnf; om"utjzpf

xkwfaqmifjyvdkufayOD;rnf/

aumovoH,kwf'[m&okwfwGif

yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;u

jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfí þodkU ar;avQmuf zl;avonf/ ]]b0rÜd aem a*gwarm tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨gwd yZmemwd}} (oH 1? 68/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

603

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

]]t½Sifa*gwronfvnf; twkr½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPfudk odol[lí 0efcHygoavm}}/ xkdokdYar;avQmufaomtcg

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

twdtvif;0efcHaMumif;

atmufygtwkdif;

rdefUMum;awmfrlonf/ ]]t[H [d r[m&mZ tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨g}} (oH 1/ 68/)

jrefrmjyef ]]rif;BuD; rSefvSay\/ igonf twkr½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPfudk odawmfrl\}}/ 30/

þaumovoH,kwf '[&okwfü bk&m;udk,fwkdif (oAÁñk) jzpfaMumif; 0efcHxm;csuf

twdtvif;½Sdygvsuf tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdolu r,HkMunfEkdifjcif;rSm rdpäm'd|d rdpämouFyÜ oabmrSvGJí tjcm;oabmrjzpfEkdifacs/ 31/

Ak'¨u

þuJhodkU

oAÁñkjzpfaMumif;

0efcHaomtcg

yaóe'Daumovu

wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;yHkudk þodkU avQmufxm;jyefonf/ ]]t½Sifa*gwr yl&Puóy paom q&mBuD;wkdUukd oAÁñkwÓPf½Siftjzpf 0efcHyg oavm[lí tuREkfyf udk,fwkdifar;&m oAÁñktjzpf olwkdU0efrcHMuyg/ t½Sifa*gwronf t½G,fvnf;i,f\/ &[ef; ûyopfpvnf; jzpf\/ odkUjzpfvsuf tb,fhaMumifh oAÁñk[k 0efcHygoenf;}}/ aumovrif;u þodkU ar;jref;aomtcg Ak'¨u ]]rif;udkvnf;aumif; a>rudkvnf;aumif; rD;udkvnf;aumif; &[ef;udkvnf;aumif; þ 4-rsdK;udk i,fonf[k txifrao;oifhaMumif;}} rdefUawmfrl\/ þ'[&okwfawmfü Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPfudk xkd;xGif;í od\(&\) [k twdtvif;0efcHawmfrlonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 32/

þokwfü wdw¬dwkdUu oAÁñktjzpf 0efrcH? a*gwrbk&m;uom oAÁñktjzpf 0efcHonfudk

awGU½Sd&ayonf/ oabmw&m;a&;&m

þodkU

bk&m;a[myd#uwfusrf;*ef

wm0efcHwpfOD;jzpfaom

txift½Sm;

tbd"r®mq&mpdef\

½Sdygvsuf

or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyf\

]]t|uxmq&mwkdUonf

Ak'¨\

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajrmufa&;om;&mü xdkoAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonfqkdaom wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUukd tnhHrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;? Ak'¨udk tjcm;t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdUESifh cGJjcm;xm;vdkaomaMumifh Ak'¨onf bmrqkd tMum;tjrif tod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\}} [laom a&;om;csufonf t|uxmq&mwkdUukd jyuf&,fûyjcif; bk&m;ocifukd apmfum;jcif;jzpfí t"r®0g'DwkdU\ rawmfrw&m; pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf[lí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

604

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ygVdawmfwkdUü vm½SdyHk

33/

pk'dwutzGJUom;wkdUu

¤if;wkdU\

xifjrifcsufoufoufjzifh

oAÁñkwÓPf[lonf

t|uxmq&mwkdU vkyfBuH xm;aom *kPfyk'f jzpfav[ef a&;om;xm;&m t|uxmwkdU vkyfBuHa&;om;csuf r[kwfrlí tbd"r®mygVdawmfwkdYüyif vm½SdaMumif;udk xyfrH azmfjyayOD;thH/ ]]uwarm p yk*¾avm or®morÁKa'¨g? £a"uapöm yk*¾avm ykAÁteEkókawok "ar®ok omrH opömed tbdorÁKZÑwd? ww¬ p oAÁñkwH ygykPmwd? Aavok p 0oDbm0H? t,H 0kpöwd yk*¾avm or®morÁKa'¨g}} (tbd 3/ 117/) (yk*¾vynwåd ygVdawmf)

jrefrmjyef or®morÁK'¨yk*¾dKvf[lonf

tb,fenf;?

þavmuü

tcsdKUaom

yk*¾dKvfonf

a½S;u

rMum;zl;ukefaom w&m;wkdUü udk,fwkdif opömwkdUukd xkd;xGif;í od\/ xdkopömw&m;wkdUü tukeftpif odjrifjcif;

(oAÁñktjzpf)

okdUvnf;aumif;?

tm;awmfq,fwef

ÓPfawmfq,fyg;wkdUü

avhvmEkdifeif;jcif;okdYvnf;aumif; a&muf\/ þyk*¾dKvfudk or®morÁK'¨[k qkdtyf\/ rSwfcsuf/

yapöuorÁK'¨yk*¾dKvftaMumif;

ygykPmwd=xkdopömw&m;wkdUü opömav;yg;udk

oAÁñktjzpfodkU

odjcif;wlaomfvnf;

a[m&müum; ra&muf}}

jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh

]]e

vm½Sd\/

yapöuAk'¨gwkdU

ww¬

oAÁñkwH

þygVdawmfudkaxmufí

todcsif;

uGmjcm;aMumif;

tjcm;t&d,mwkdUESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm omíyif uGmjcm;rnf jzpfaMumif;udk rSwfom;xm;oifh\/

obm0,kwådazmfjycsuf 34/

bk&m;a[mygVd

aom"u

tm*r,kwådtm;jzifh

oAÁñkwÓPf½SdyHk

a*gwrbk&m;½Sif

oAÁñkwÓPf&½SdyHkwkdUukd jyNyD;aemuf avmuobm0,kwådtm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh oAÁñkwÓPf &½SdyHkudk jyOD;tHh/ yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufü todÓPf ynm½Sdvm&efrSm (xl;jcm;aom yg&rD½Sifrsm; r[kwfvQif) tcsdef,lum qE´ 0D&d, orm"dwkdUjzifh avhvmêud;ukwf tm;xkwfqnf;yl;&NrJ jzpfayonf/ rsufjrifavmu ynmoif,laeMuaom ausmif;om;b0udk avhvmvQif 3-ESpf? 4-ESpfom ynmoifMum;EkdifolwkdUonf rlvwef;tqifh ynmavmufom wwfajrmufMu\/ 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf oifMum;EkdifvQif tv,fwef;tqifh? xkdxuftcsdef,lum avhvmtm;xkwfygvQif txufwef;tqifh wuúodkvftqifh ponfh tqifhjrifynmudk &½SdEkdifayonf/ þum; a,bk,soabmudk ûcHiHk oHk;oyfjcif; jzpf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

605

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tcsdKUaom olwkdUüum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tHhMoavmufatmif ynmxl;cRefonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/ Oyrm(u)

jrefrmjynfwGif

t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufu

yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk

EIwfwuf

6-ESpfom;t½G,f

tm*HkaqmifEkdifí

armifxGef;êudifonf

yd#uwfarmifxGef;êudif[k

xif½Sm;cJhzl;onf/ ol\taMumif;rSm jrefrmjynfomru urÇmokdUyif ausmfMum;cJh\/ (c)

rHk½Gmc½dkif

uEéDûrdUrS

ausmfMum;xif½Sm;aom

uEéDq&mawmfBuD;\

r,fawmfBuD;

a':aumif;onf yd#uwfawmf ygVdpmayrsm;udk wpfBudrfrQ zwf½Ijcif;jzifh EIwfwuftm*Hk &½Sdavonf/ (*)

NAdwdoQ oHtrwfwpfOD;jzpfol 0DvsH[mrDvfwefonf 3-ESpft½G,fuyif a[NAJ ([Db½l;) bmomudk wwfajrmuf \/

7-ESpft½G,fwGif a[NAJbmomudk oifMum;aeaom

wuúodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD;xuf ydkí wwfajrmufNyD; 12-ESpft½G,fwGif yg½Sef tl&'l [if'lpwefeD (C)

tygt0if bmompum;aygif; 12-rsdK;udk ajymqkdEkdif\/

tar&duefjynfrS

0DvsH*sdrf;qpf'pfonf

touf

2-ESpft½G,frSmyif

ta&;tzwf

wwfajrmuf\/ (i)

ocFsmynmbufwGif t½G,fESifhrvdkufatmif xl;cRefaeaomuav;rsm;udkvnf; rMumcP awGUjrifMum;odae&\/

þxl;cRefrIrsm;um;

þb0ü

avhvmqnf;yl;aom

0D&d,

ponfaMumifhom

r[kwfbJ

a½S;a½S;b0u avhvmcJhaom yg&rDukodkvftxHkwkdU\ taxmuftyHhu vGefuJpGmyg0ifaeaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wpfb0 ESpfb0ru b0aygif; &maxmifodef;oef;[k ra&wGufEkdif? av;toFacsESifh

urÇmwpfodef;wkdU

½SmrSD;awmfrlcJhavonf/

umvywfvHk;

b0rsdK;pHkü

oAÁñkwÓPfynm&½dSa&;twGuf

usifvnfum

oAÁñkwÓPfudk

y"meOD;wnfcsufxm;vsuf

jzpfav&m&m

b0rsm;pGmwkdUü ay;urf;vª'gef;jcif; ('geyg&rD)? tusifhoDvapmifhxdef;jcif; (oDvyg&rD)? umrtaESmiftzGJU tdrftaESmiftzGJUwkdUrS cGJcGmxGufajrmufjcif; (aeu©r®yg&rD)? todynmtxl;xl;udk qnf;yl;avhvmjcif; (ynmyg&rD) paom yg&rDawmfwkdUukd trsm;olwkdYxuf xl;uJpGmjznfhusifhawmfrlvsuf oAÁñkwÓPfynmudk ½SmrSD;cJhavonf/ xkdokdU av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; xl;xl;uJuJ jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhjcif;aMumifh &½Sdvmaom ynmrSm rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf\ynmESifhrQ EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmír&aom tvHk;pHkodaomynm (0g) oAÁñkwÓPfawmfom jzpf&ayrnf/ 35/

xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfwdkUukd qifjcifavhvmvQif

oAÁñkwÓPfawmf½Sif

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

opömav;yg;

cufcJeufeJvSaom

w&m;awmfrsm;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

606

w&m;awmf?

jrwfpGmbk&m;jzpfaMumif;

y#dpöorkyÜm'f

w&m;awmfwkdUuJhokdU

od½SdEkdifayonf/ rSefuefwdus

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jA[®ZmvokwfuJhokdU

t,l0g'rsdK;pHk

y|mef;usrf;BuD;tygt0if

rdpäm'd|dtzHkzHkudk

vTrf;ûcHí

tbd"r®ma'oemwkdUuJhokdU

a[mMum;aom

BuD;us,fvSaom

a'oemrsm;?

a'oemawmfwkdUukd

a[mMum;awmfrl&m ¤if;a'oemawmfwkdUukd jzpfay:apaomÓPfrSm oAÁñkwÓPfrSwyg; tjcm;ÓPf rjzpfEkdifawmhay/ jA[®ZmvokwfuJhokdU av;eufus,fjyefUaom okwfw&m;awmfBuD;rsm; "r®o*FPD 0dbif; paom tbd"r®mckepfusrf; w&m;awmfrsm;udk zwf½Hkavmuf r[kwfbJ q&morm;enf; ususee oif,lqnf;yl; avhvmusihfBuHzl;ol rSeforQ twdrfteufudk em;vnfNyD; bk&m;½Siftm; oAÁñkwÓPfawmfr½Sd[k rnfolrQ rajym&JMuay/ yd#uoHk;yHkudk oabm a&;ajzESifhwuG EIwfiHkaqmifMuaom rnfonfhq&mawmfurQ oAÁñkwÓPfawmftay: oHo,r½SdonfrSm xif½Sm;aom vufawGUom"u jzpfavonf/ 36/

xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf udk,fawmfwkdifxkd;xGif;od½Sdaom w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif

a[mawmfrlcJhonf r[kwfay/ od½Sdxm;aomw&m;awmfwkdUteuf owå0gwkdUtusdK;½Sdr,fh w&m;tcsdKU wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ odawmfrlvsuf ra[mMum;cJhaom w&m;wkdUum; a[mMum;NyD;w&m;wkdUxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm usef½Sdaeao;\/ þtcsufonf atmufyg r[m0*¾oH,kwåygVd oDoyg0eokwf -ESm 383-jzifh xif½Sm;\/ 37/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

aumorÁDjynf

,if;wkdufawmü

oDwif;oHk;aexkdifawmfrlpOfu

tenf;i,faom ,if;wkduf ½GufwkdYukd vufjzifhudkifí ]]&[ef;wkdU ig vufjzifh udkifxm;aom ,if;wkduf½GufwdkUESifh (usefaom) awmtwGif;½Sd ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonf tb,fu rsm;oenf;}} [k ar;awmfrl\/ &[ef;wkdUu ]]t½Sifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m; vufjzifh udkifxm;aom ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonf enf;vSyg\/ pifppfum; awmtwGif;½Sd ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonfom rsm;vSygukef\/}} [k avQmufxm;Mu\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]&[ef;wkdU þtwlyif igonf xl;aomÓPfjzifh odí ra[mMum;aom w&m;wkdUom rsm;ukef\/ tb,fhaMumifh ra[moenf;[lrl r*fwnf;[laom tusifhjrwf\ tp r[kwf/y/ wPSmrS xGufajrmuf&ef rjzpf? xkdUaMumifh ig ra[m[k rdefUawmfrl\/

(r[m0*¾ oHokwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef

oDoyg-0eokwf-389) xkdrQ

rsm;jym;vSaom

w&m;wkdUukd

odaomÓPfrSm

tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;r½Sd

odjrifaom

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfyif jzpfayonf/ þodkU jzpfEkdifcsuf obm0,kwådukd axmufívnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü tvHk;pHkodaom oAÁñkwÓPfawmf ½SdaMumif; odEkdifonf/

a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûyay;jcif; 38/

a'0'wfukd &[ef;ûycGifh ay;jcif;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wf\ a½S;tjzpfukd rod?

jrwfpGmbk&m;ü oAÁñkwÓPfr½Sd[k or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUem,u q&mpdefu trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmifü pGyfpGJ a&;om;cJh\/ a½S;tjzpf[k qkd&mü jzpfvwåHUaom tem*wfudk qkdvdk[ef

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

607

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

½Sdayonf/ q&mpdefonf a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûycGifh ay;jcif;taMumif;udk rodaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\

w&m;a'oemwkdUudk

oabmaygufem;vnfrI

r½Sd?

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

Munfñdkaom

o'¨gw&m;enf;yg;NyD; tjypf½SmvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xkdodkU pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif; jzpfayrnf/ a'0'wftm; &[ef;ûycGifhay;jcif;taMumif;udk apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu "r®y't|uxmtukd;tum;jzifh 0daooapm'emü

wifjycJhMuNyD;

jzpfonf/

rdvdE´yO§ygVdawmfüvnf;

rdvdE´rif;BuD;u

ar;í

t½Sifem*aoeu atmufygtwkdif; ajzqkd awmfrlcJh\/ ]]um½kPdaum

r[m&mZ

b*0g

oAÁñk

um½kane

r[m&mZ

b*0g

oAÁñkwnmaPe a'0'wåó *wð MoavmauaEÅm t'´o a'0'wåH/y/ tyAÁZdawmyd t,H armCyk&daom uyÜ|dwd, ar0urÜH tm,l[dówDwd um½kane a'0'wåH yAÁmaZod}} (ck 11? 14/) (rdvdE´yO§ygVd)

jrefrmjyef rif;jrwf

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

oem;jcif;

]]u½kPm}}vnf;

½Sdawmfrl\/

tvHk;pHkaom

w&m;wkdUudkvnf; odawmfrl\/ oem;awmfrlaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh a'0'wf\ vm;&m ]]*wd}} udk Munfhawmfrlonf½Sdaomf tyg,fü usapwwfaom uHukd tm;xkwfí uka#wpfodef;ru rsm;pGmaom urÇmwkdUywfvHk; i&JwpfckrS i&J wpfckokdU ysufpD;us? a&muf&mwpfckrS ysufpD;us

a&muf&mwpfckodkU

vm;a&mufvwåHUaom

a'0'wfudk

jrifawmfrl\/

xkdtaMumif;udk

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh odawmfrlí þa'0'wf\ tykdif;tjcm;r½Sdaom uHonf igbk&m;\ omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyonf½Sdaomf tqHk;tykdif;tjcm; ½Sdonf jzpfvwåHU/ qif;&Jonf a½S;qkdcJhNyD;aom tydkif;tjcm;r½Sdaom uHukdaxmufí tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;½Sdonf jzpfvwåHY/ (r*fzkdvfrS) tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom

þolonf

&[ef;rûyaomfvnf;

(i&Jü)

wpfurÇmywfvHk;

wnfvdrfhrnfom

jzpfaomuHukd tm;xkwfvwåHU[k odawmfrlí oem;aomaMumifh a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûyay;awmfrl\/ (rd jref? 123 /) (rdvdE´yO§ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef) ¤if;ygVdawmfukd tusOf;csKyfaomf oAÁûywÓPfawmf t&if;cHaom r[mu½kPmawmfaMumifh a'0'wftm;

&[ef;ûycGifhay;onf[k

rSwf,ltyf\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

a'0'wf\

a½SUtjzpf

aemuftjzpfwkdUukd wpfb0omru b0 rsm;pGmwkdUukdyg odjrifawmfrlayonf/ 39/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&mufawmfrlcgrS rdrdtoufudk tEÅ&m,fûyrnfholwkdU\

tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmifawmfrlonf r[kwfao;/ yg&rDjznfhusifh&if EkpOftcgwkdUüvnf; rdrdOD;acgif;udk ausmufcJjzifh xkum touf &ef½Smaom rsufaphvnf vrf;rSm;aeaom ykPÖm;wpfa,muftm; vrf;rSefukd ñTefMum;jyoum tusdK;ukd aqmifawmfrlcJh\/ (Zmwut|uxm yÍör r[muydZmwf? ESm-70) xkdokdU tusdK;udk aqmifcJhaom b0wkdUrSm rsm;jym;vSukef\/ vuf½Sd or®m'd|dokawoe todkif;t0kdif; yk*¾dKvfrsdK;taejzifhum; rdrdukd &efrlrnfholtm; êudwifumuG,f ESdrfeif;xm;rnfom jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

608

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þodkU &efoludk ta&;,ljcif;onf vlomrefwdkUtwGuf obm0us[ef ½Sdaomfvnf; twkr½Sd xdyfwef; olawmfaumif;BuD;jzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;tzkdUrlum; &efoludk êudwifta&;,ljcif;onf obm0rusay/ or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wkdUonf bk&m;udpöudk bk&m;vdk rpOf;pm;bJ rdrdwkdUuJhodkU ukd,fcsif;pmNyD; pOf;pm;aerdMuojzifh ,ckvdk pGyfpGJrdjcif; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;um; bk&m;aywnf;/

ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm; 40/

oAÁñkwÓPf&ygvsuf tb,faMumifh Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk

Ekwfy,fMuyg[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;[lí q&mpdefu apm'emxm;\/ oAÁñkwÓPf r½Sdíom xkduJhodkU rdefUawmfrljcif;jzpf\[k

q&mpdefwkdU\

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUu

,lqcJhMujcif;

jzpfonf/

apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fypfMuavmh}} [k wpfxpfcs

ckdif;awmfrrlbJ

Ekwfy,fvdku

Ekwfy,fMu[kom

ckdif;awmfrlcJhaMumif;ESifh

xkdokdU

rdefUMum;awmfrljcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufESpfrsdK;udkyg ('D #D 2? 186) tudk;tum;jzifh 0daooapm'emü wifjycJhMuayonf/ 41/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf rl&if;jzpfaom ygVdawmfudk Munfh½Iaomtcg 'DCedum,

r[m0*¾ygVd r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü]]tmucFrmaem tmeE´ oHaCm rrpöa,e ck'´gEkck'´umed odu©my'ged orl[ewk}} ('D 2? 127/) [k awGU½Sd&onf/

jrefrmjyef ]]tmeE´m oHCmawmfonf ig uG,fvGefaomtcgü tao;tEkyfodu©myk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaomf Ekwfy,favavmh}} [k jzpf\/ þwGif q&mpdefu ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf}} [laom pum;udk csefxm;í ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom pum;udk xnfhoGif; xm;&m a[mawmfrl&if; pum;awmfESifh tmabmfvGJaeayonf/ q&mpdef a&;om;cJhaom (8) trSwfjy pum;ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg/ rl&if;pum;awmfrSm ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf Ekwfy,fav}} [k a[mawmfrl&um; ]]rEkwfy,fvdkaomf rEkwfy,fESifh}} [laom t"dyÜm,fpum;us oufa&mufawmhonfom jzpf\/ xkdokdU rdefUawmfrljcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf; ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;udk rusifhBuHvdkMuaom yk*¾dKvfwkdU\

tvdk(yk*¾vZÑmo,)

tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?

omoemawmfESifh

oHCmawmfwkdU\

BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfyHkudk xif½Sm;apvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rdefUMum;jcif; jzpfaMumif;ukd om&w¬'DyeD#Dum wwd,wGJ (ESm-499) ü jyqkdxm;onf/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUuvnf; þt"dyÜm,frsdK;udk 0daooapm'emü jyqkdNyD; jzpf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

609

tpodkU 42/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]Ak'¨udk,fwkdif ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odu©mydk'frsm;ü Ekwfy,foifhaom odu©myk'frsm;

yg½SdEkdifygrnfavm}} [k q&mpdefu xyfqifhí apm'u wufxm;\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmfü ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'f rsm;udk}} [k rqkd? ]]ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk}} [kom 0daooerûybJ qkdonf/ ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom 0daooerSm q&mpdefu tydkxnfhxm;jcif; jzpfNyD; rdrdxnfhxm;aom pum;&yfukd rdrdukd,fwkdif apm'emaejcif; jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifh ajz½Sif;zG,fyif rvdkawmhNyD/ 43/

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom; om0uwkdUonf ¤if;odu©myk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaom qE´r½Sd?

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trlt&m

tajymtqkd ponfwdkUudkaxmufí [kwfavmuf r[kwfavmufudk y&dowfwdkUuom qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfayonf/ at;csrf;pGm Ak'¨w&m;udk usifhokH;aeMuolrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? yd#uokH;ykH edum,fig;&yf bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?

y&rw¬oHCm

orkwdoHCm

oHCmawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?

Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ usifh½dk; BuH½dk; vrf;½dk; vrf;rSef wdkUudkvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh apwDykxdk; qif;wkawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif; ½dkif;½dkif;ysys a0zefykwfcwf a&;om;ajyma[mjcif; Ak'¨bmomwdkufzsufa&; pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmifrsm;udk xkwfa0jcif; jyuf&,fajymifavSmifûyjcif; ponfwdkUudk toif;tyif;zGJUí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

620

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

us,fus,fjyefUjyefU

ûyvkyfaeMuaom

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;

(½kyf0g'orm;)wdkUtm;

olwdkU\

vkyfief;rsm;udk axmuf½Ií rnfodkUaom yk*d¾KvfrsdK;rsm;jzpfaMumif;udk odjrifEdkifMuayonf/ 14/

pk'dwuwdkU\

þaom"emrsm;udk

ûcHikHokH;oyfaomf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

pGJcsuf

wifxm;aom (u) (c) (*) pum;&yfwdkUjzifh orx0dyóemvrf;pOfonf Ak'¨0g'ü ryg0if[k vnf;aumif;? Ak'¨\

orx0dyóemvrf;pOfrsm;udk

[dE´La,m*tusifh[lívnf;aumif;

pGyfpGJvsuf

Ak'¨\

orx0dyóemudk zsufqD;aeMuonf[laom apm'emcsufudk pk'dwuwdkU\ acsy jiif;qdkcsufudk rawGU&acs/ acsyjiif;qdkjcif; rûy½kHrQru aom"emvTmpmydk'f (16)ü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;qdkvdkaom a,m*vrf;pOf omoemy orPjAm[®PwdkU\ vrf;pOfrsdK;ü tusHK;0ifonfh orx 0dyóemrsdK;udk wynfhawmfrsm; rusifhokH;Muygbk&m;[k xyfrHíyif 0efcHpGyfpGJ Mujyefavonf/ xif½Sm;apOD;tHh? apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qdkvdkaom orx0dyóem [lonf ygxdu0*¾ygVd rZÑdryPÖmoygVd Oy&dyPÖmoygVd t*Fkwå&edum,f tbdnmokwåygVd tocFwoH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom

Ak'¨ESifh

Ak'¨om0uwdkU

a[mawmfrlaom

orx0dyóem

rsm;yifjzpfonfudk

omrn

apm'emvTm(4)eHygwf pmydk'fjzifhyif odomayonf/ xdkwGif ygxdu0*f ygVdawmf ESm-186ü orm"dav;yg; yGm;ykHudkvnf;aumif;? ESm-187 ü tyÜrnmav;yg; tm½kyÜav;yg; yGm;rsm;ykHwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? ESm-189ü aAmZÑifckepfyg; yGm;rsm;ykHudkvnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ ESm-228 üvnf; ]]uwar a'G "r®m bmaowAÁm? oraxm p 0dyóem p? £ar a'G "r®m bma0wAÁm -}} [k a[mawmfrlonf ( 0daooapm'emü ygNyD;jzpf\)/ 15/

rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf uE´&uokwf (ESm-7-12) twåEÅypaom yk*d¾Kvfav;rsdK;wdkUwGif

pwkw¬jzpfaom rdrd olwyg; ESpfOD;vkH;udk rylyefrqif;&Japwwfonfh ae0twåEÅy ey&EÅyyk*d¾Kvfudkjy&mü ]]o'¨gw&m;½Sdaom trsdK;aumif;om;onf bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfü &[ef;ûyvQif jrwfaomoDvtpk jrwfaoma&mifh&Jjcif; jrwfaom£a`E´udk apmifhpnf;jcif;? jrwfaom owdorÜZOfESifY jynfhpkHapí pwkw¬psmef &onfhwdkifatmif orxur®|mef; tm;xkwfykHudk vnf;aumif;? ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf 'dAÁpu©KÓPfwdkUudk &½Sdatmif

tm;xkwfykHudkvnf;aumif;?

xkdUaemuf

0dyóem½Ií

t&[wår*fÓPfwnf;[laom

tmo0u©,ÓPf&atmif tm;xkwfykHudk vnf;aumif;}} a[mMum;awmfrl\/ 16/

,if;ygVdawmf t|ue*&okwf (ESm 12 rS 16) ü 'orol<u,fu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mawmfrlaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;wpfckudk a[mawmfrlyg}} [k t½SiftmeE´mtm; avQmufxm;&m t½SiftmeE´mu yXrpsmefpaom psmefav;yg; arwåm apawm0drkwdå paom tyÜrnmpsmefav;yg; tmumomeOö,we 0dnmPOöm,we tmudOönm,wepsmefwdkUudk tajccHí 0dyóemÓPfodkUwufum t&[wår*f

t&[wåzdkvfwdkifatmif

aygufa&mufEdkifykHudk

enf;aygif;(11)yg;wdkUjzifh

a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ xdktcg 'orol<u,fu ]]a½Ttdk;wpfvkH;udk ½Smolonf wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh a½Ttdk; (11)vkH;&ovdk

tûrdufedAÁmefwHcg;(11)aygufudk

yGm;rsm;&ef

&½SdygNyD/

wHcg;(11)ayguf½Sdaomtdrfudk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

621

tpodkU rD;avmifvQif

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wHcg;wpfaygufaygufjzifh

rdrdudk,fudk

csrf;omatmif

ûyEdkifovdk

wynfhawmfonf

þtûrdufedAÁmefwHcg; (11)aygufwdkUwGif wpfaygufaygufjzifh rdrdudk,fudk csrf;omatmif ûyEdkifygvdrfhrnf}} [k

avQmufxm;ykH

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk

jyqdkxm;avonf/

þonfwdkUum;

Ak'¨bmomwdkU\

orx0dyóemw&m;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/ 17/

,if;ygVdawmf aocokwf ESm 16-21 ü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ apcdkif;wdkufwGef;jcif;aMumifh

t½SiftmeE´mu omuD0ifrif;wdkUtm; a[mMum;aom 0dZÆmokH;yg; p&Pwpfq,fhig;yg; orx0dyóem w&m;wdkUudk jyqdkxm;\/ ESm 83-86 r[m&m[kavm0g'okwfü

"mwfur®|mef; tyÜrnmur®|mef;

tmemygeówd ur®|mef;rsm;udk jyqdkxm;\/ ,if;ygVdawmf 162-r[m0pä okwfü 0päa*gwåy&dAdkZfwdkUonf omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyí rMumrD 15-&uftwGif;ü tem*grd zdkvfodkU qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf bk&m;xHarSmuf oGm;a&mufum ]]t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfonf aocyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ OpömjzpfaomÓPf aocyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ Opömjzpfaom0dZÆmjzifh

a&mufoifhaomzdkvfodkU

a&mufcJhygNyD/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

wynfhawmftm;

txufwef;w&m;udk a[mMum;awmfrlyg}} [k avQmufxm;av&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]0pä xdkodkUjzpfvQif oifonf orx0dyóem ESpfjzmaom w&m;wdkUudk yGm;rsm;avmh? orx0dyóem ESpfjzmaomw&m;wdkUudk yGm;rsm;vQif rsm;pGmaom "mwfwdkUudk xdk;xGif;í odjcif;iSmjzpfvdrfhrnf/ £'d¨0d" 'dAÁaomw apawmy&d, ykaAÁed0gomEkówd 'dAÁpu©K tmo0u©, tbdnmOfwdkUudk &vdrfhrnf}} [k a[mawmfrlonf/ ESm 436-438 o*Fg&0okwfü jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifodjrif udk,fawmfwdkifavQmuf vSrf;í udk,fawmfwdkif atmifjrifcJhaom orx0dyóem vrf;pOfrsm;udk xif½Sm;pGm jyqdkxm;\? xdkUjyifvnf; þrZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmfü orx0dyóem usifhpOfwdkUudk rsm;pGmjyqdkxm;\/ 18/

Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf a'0'[okwf ESm 11 rS 16 wdkifatmif uE´&uokwfü uJhodkUyif

orxpsmeftusifhESifh tmom0u©,ÓPf &onfhwdkifatmif 0dyóemusifhpOfwdkUudk jyqdkxm;\/ xdkUtwl *Puarm*¾v’meokwf

r[mykPÖrokwf

qAdÁaomreokwf

ponfwdkUüvnf;

orx0dyóemwdkUudk

jyqdkxm;\/ txl;tm;jzifY tmemygeówdokwf (eSm-122-130)ü tmemygeówd bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;ykHudk

(t&[wåzdkvfayguf)

tus,fjyxm;\/

um,*wmowdokwf(ESm-130-140)ü

um,*wmowdur®|mef; pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;ykHudk (t&[wåzdkvfayguf) tus,fjyxm;\/ 19/

t*Fkw¬dK&fygVdawmf pwkuúedygwf tbdnmokwf(570)ü ]] Oyg'geu©E¨m w&m; ig;yg;onf

ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;od&rnfhw&m; t0dZÆmESifh b0wPSmonf ÓPfjzifhodí y,f&rnfhw&m; orxESifh 0dyóemonf

ÓPfjzifhodí

yGm;rsm;&rnfhw&m;

0dZÆmESifh

0drkwdåonf

ÓPfjzifhodí

rsufarSmufûy&rnfhw&m;[k jyqdkxm;ayonf/ oVm,we0*¾oH,kwfygVdd tocFwoH,kwf(535-543)ü ]]&m* a'go arm[ ukef&mudk tocFw(edAÁmef)[k

qdktyf\/

um,*wmowdudk

orx0dyóemudk/

0dwuf0dpm&½Sdaom

yXrpsmeform"d 0dwufr½Sd 0dpm&rQom½Sdaom 'kwd,psmeform"d 0dwuf0dpm&r½Sdaom wwd, pwkw¬

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

622

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

yOörpsmeform"dukd tocFw(edAÁmef)odkU oGm;a&mufaMumif;vrf;[k qdktyf\}}ponfjzifh orx0dyóem yGm;rsm;&ef jyqdkxm;ayonf/ þyd#uwfawmfrsm;ü

bk&m;½SifESifh

om0uwdkU

a[mjyxm;aom

orx0dyóemrsm;onf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qkdvdkaom orx0dyóemrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkorx 0dyóemrsm;ukd

omoemy

orPjAm[®PwdkU\ a,m*vrf;pOfrsm;[k qdkjcif;jzifh bk&m;½Sif\ orx0dyóem usifhpOfrsm;udk omoemy orPjAm[®PwdkU\ a,m*usifhpOfrsm;[k pGyfpGJ&ma&mufacsonf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuwdkUonf þ(16)pmydk'fyg aom"empum;jzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkcsuf udk jiif;y,facsyjcif; rjyK½kHrQru xyfrHíyif 0efcHvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 20/

aom"emvTmpmykd'f

jynfhpkHvkHavmufjcif;r½SdaMumif;

(17)ü

jyqdkvsuf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm; &x0deDwokwf

wifjyonfh

jrefrmjyefudk

&x0deDwokwåefrSm

azmfjyum

þokwåef\

t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmeftwGufom jzpfaMumif;? 0dok'd¨(7)cef; vrf;pOf[lívnf;aumif;? oDv0dok'd¨ESifh

pdwå0dok'd¨onf

orxusifhpOf[lívnf;aumif;-

ponfwdkUonf

0dyóemusifhpOf[lívnf;aumif;

usef(5)yg;jzpfonfh

azmfjyxm;jcif;r½SdaMumif;

'd|d0dok'd¨

xdkokwåeftwGuf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ twåaemrwdrQomjzpfaMumif; okwåef"r®udk avhvm&mwGif t½Sdudk t½Sdtwdkif;om apm'emoifhaMumif; "r®udk t"r®jzpfatmif 0de,udk t0de,jzpfatmif udk,fvdk&mqGJí apm'emvQif tmywfoifhí tyg,fodkUvm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrdaMumif;[k acsy aom"emxm;onfudk awGU&\/

oHk;oyfcsuf 21/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf

&x0deDwokwfvm

0dok'd¨(7)yg;udk

odu©mokH;yg;jzifh

oû*Ø[fa&wGufjyí ,if;usifhpOfonf tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef[laom tusdK;udk &apEdkifaomusifhpOf jzpfygonf[k apm'emMuonf/ xdkapm'emü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkUwifjyvdkaom 0dok'¨(7)yg;rQudkom xkwfEkwfjyqdkygu vdktyfaom teufjynfhNyDjzpfí xkdrQom jyjcif;jzpf&um; rjynfhpkH[k rqdkomacs/ 22/

]]þokwåef\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmeftwGufom jzpfygonf/ 0dok'd¨

(7)yg; vrf;pOf[lí azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sdyg}} [laom acsycsufonfvnf; tusdK;rxifouJhodkUom jzpfonf/ xif½Sm;apOD;tHhedAÁmaem*"H [d tm0kaom 0domc jA[®p&d,H edAÁmey&m,eH edAÁmey&da,momeH/ (r? 1? 379/) jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfü oDv orm"d ynm [laom tusifhjrwfonf edAÁmefüom ouf0ifí

tqkH;owfavonf/

xdkUaMumifh

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf;

þtEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef

wnf;[laom tusdK;udkyif txGwfwifvsufxm;NyD; jzpf\/ þ&x0deDwokwf ygVdawmfüyif 0dok'd¨(7)yg;udk xif½Sm;pGmjyxm;ygvsuf

0dok'd¨(7)yg;vrf;pOf[k

azmfjyxm;jcif;r½Sdyg[k

OD;Ouú|

wynfhrsm;u

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

623

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

acsyjcif;onf yd#uwfawmfü txift½Sm;vm½Sdaom 0dok'd¨(7)yg; usifhpOfrsm;udk y,f½Sm;zsufqD;vdkaom ta,medaom

reoDum&jzifh

rjrif[efûyí

acsyjcif;omjzpfayonf/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\

a½SUarSmufrSmyif þuJhokdU jr§KyfuG,fvSnfhpm; ajymMum;aeMuonfudk awGUMu&í OD;Ouú|\ wynfhvufom; ½kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf

½dk;om;aom

pnf;½kH;aeMurnfudk

aumif;pGm

bmom0ifwdkUtm;

tb,frQavmuf

vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;

odavmufayonf/

þtaMumif;onf

pmydk'feHygwf(2)vm

aom"empum;&yfjzifhyif ay:vGifxif½Sm;NyD;jzpfonf/ 23/

rl&if;ygVdawmfü½Sdaom t½SifykPÖu t½Sifom&dykwå&mtm; ajzqdkaom &x0deDw okwfvm

Oyrme Oyar,swdkU\ t"dyÜm,fudk tenf;i,frQ ½Sif;vif;azmfjyOD;tHh/ yaoe'Daumovrif;onf

om0wD¬ûrdUüaepOf

omauwûrdU0,f

taqmwvsif

ûyzG,fudpö

jzpfay:vmí ,if; 2-ûrdUtMum;ü jrif;uaom &xm;ckepfpD;wdkUudk toifhjyifxm;apí om0wd¬ûrdUrSxGufum eef;wGif;wHcg;0rS yxr&xm;udk pD;vsuf xdk&xm;jzifh 'kwd,&xm;odkU a&muf\/ yxr&xm;udk pGefUcJhNyD;vQif 'kwd,&xm;udk pD;jyef\/ þenf;twdkif; owår&xm;jzifh omauwûrdU eef;wGif;wHcg;odkU qdkufa&mufvmavonf/ þOyrmtwl

oDv0dok'd¨onf

pdwå0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm

jzpf\/

pdwå0dok'd¨onf

'd|d0dok'd¨

tusdK;iSmjzpf\/ 'd|d0dok'dönf ucFg0dw&P0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'dönf r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'dönf y#dy'gÓP'óe 0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'dönf ÓP'óe0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ ÓP'óe0dok'dönf tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;½Sd\/ igonf þtEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;iSm jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmfü tusifhjrwfudk usifhokH;\-[k t½SifykPÖ u t½Sifom&dykwå&mtm; avQmufxm;\/ 24/

þpum;&yfü Oyrme Oyar,sESD;aESmykHudk rlvyPÖmo t|uxm 'kwd,tkyf ESm-63 rS

,lí jyqdkOD;tHh? Z&mr&PrS aMumufaom a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf yaoe'Daumovrif;ESifh wl\/ cE¨mig;0 ouúm,onf

om0wd¬ûrdUESifh

wl\/

edAÁmefûrdUawmfonf

omauwûrdUESifhwl\/

a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf\

rod&ao;aom opömav;yg;wdkUudk xdk;xGif;í odzG,fudpöonf rif;\ taqmwvsif ûyzG,fudpöESifh wl\/ 0dok'd¨(7)yg;onf &xm;(7)pD;ESifhwl\/ oDv0dok'd¨ü wnf&mtcgonf yxr&xm;udk pD;&mtcgESifhwl\/ oDv0dok'd¨ponfwdkUjzifh

'd|d0dok'd¨ponfwkdUü

wnf&mtcgonf

yxr&xm;ponfwdkUjzifh

'kwd,&xm;ponfwdkUudk pD;&mtcgESifh wl\/ ÓP'óe0dok'd¨jzifh udavomtvkH;pkHudk ukefcef;apí w&m;jrwfwnf;[laom jymom'fodkU wufNyD;vQif ig;q,fausmfaom ukodkvfw&m;wdkUNcH&Hum edAÁmefudk tm½kHûyaom zvormywfudk 0ifpm;í avmukwå&mcsrf;omudk cHpm;&mtcgonf owår&xm;NzifY omauwûrdU eef;awmf

wHcg;0ü oufqif;í jymom'fxuf0,f aqGrsdK;rdwfo*F[taygif; NcH&Hvsuf

aumif;jrwfaom abmZOfudk cHpm;&mtcgESifh wl\/ yaoe'Daumovrif;BuD;onf omauwûrdUodkU a&muf&ef &xm;ckepfpD;udk tqifhqifh pD;cJh&ouJhodkU tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef 0ifpHvdkaom a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfonf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

624

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oDv0dok'd¨paom

0dok'd¨(7)yg;udk

tqifhqifhyGm;rsm;&m\

[laomt"dyÜm,fvnf;

odomxif½Sm;NyD;

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w&m;emNyD;onfhtqkH;ü r*fzdkvfudk&onfr[kwf? bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmef pHawmfrrlrDESpf a0omvDjynfodkU <uawmfrlvmpOf rdrd\O,smOfudk bk&m;trª;½Sdaom oHCmawmftm; ausmif;wdkuftjzpf vª'gef;aMumif;udk

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629

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

okwfr[m0g ygVdawmf ESm-181? 82? 83 wdkUü jyqdkxm;\/ r*fzdkvf&onf[k rjyqdkacs/ aemuftcgrS rdrd\om; &[ef;awmf 0drvaum@nax&f\xHü w&m;udk Mum;em&í &[ef;rdef;rûyNyD;vQif 0dyóemudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfí t&[wåzdkvfodkU qdkufaMumif;udk ax&D*gxm t|uxm ESm-214? 220 wdkUü jyqdkxm;avonf/ xkdUjyif

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

t½Sdeft0g

vGefpGmBuD;oljzpfonf/

xdkUaMumifh

t½l;yifjzpfap?

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em,laeqJcP

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ponfudk

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bk&m;½Sifw&m;emí

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t½l;aysmufonf

jynfhwefqmpdwfaysmufonf vlowfpdwfaysmufonf tusifhESifhtod wûydifeuf wpfcsufwnf;usonf[k xifp&mjzpfonf/

þtjrifum;

Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onf

tvGefxlydef;onfh

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tjrifrsdK;omjzpfbdonf/ qdkjcif;onf

þuJhodkUaom

vlNydef;rsm;twGuf txl;owday;csufyifjzpfayonf/ 39/

aom"emvTm pmykd'feHygwf(22)ü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wifjyonfh ,k*e'¨okwf onf

bk&m;a[mr[kwf?

t½SiftmeE´mu

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2-yg;pkH a½SUoGm;jzpfí

yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygu oHa,mZOfaysmufí tEko,uif;pifrnf [k qkdvdk&if;jzpfaMumif; acsyMuavonf/

okH;oyfcsuf 40/

,k*e'¨okwfonf

bk&m;a[mr[kwf?

t½SiftmeE´m

a[maomokwf

jzpfygonf

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bk&m;a[m[k

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Ak'¨omoemawmfü

orx0dyóemyGm;&rnfh Mo0g'enf;vrf;rsm;udk a[mMum;xm;jcif; ½Sdygonf[kom wifjycJhMuonf/ xkdUaMumifh bk&m;a[m [kwf-r[kwfudk tjiif;yGm;&ef r½Sd? bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[maomw&m;jzpfap bk&m;½Sif\om0uwdkU a[maomw&m;jzpfap vdkufemusifhBuHu tusdK;&apEdkifaomw&m;awmfjzpfvQif ,kHMunfav;pm;pGm

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630

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]okwHå emr wdaóm o*Ðwda,m tm½kVmed wDPd yd#umed / y/ ww¬ okwåH

tyÜ#dAm[d,H? wH y#dAm[aEÅe Aka'¨g0 y#dAm[dawm a[mwd}} ('D | 2? 158/) t"dyÜg,frSm - oH*g,emokH;wefwdkUodkU wiftyfukefaom yd#uwfokH;ykHwdkUonf okwårnf\/ xdkokwå[kqdktyfaom

ygVdawmfudk

rwm;jrpf

rypfy,fxkduf?

xdkokwå[kqdktyfaom

ygVdawmfudk

wm;jrpfypfy,faomolonf bk&m;½Sifudkyif wm;jrpfypfy,f&ma&mufacsonf/ 41/

þokwf\qkdvdk&if;rSm orxESifh 0dyóemudk yGm;rsm;&rnf[k qdkvdk&if;r[kwfyg/ orx

a½SUoGm;½Sdaom 0dyóemjzifhjzpfap 0dyóem a½SUoGm;½Sdaom orxjzifhjzpfap orx 0dyóem ESpfyg;pkHa½SUoGm;íjzpfap

yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygu

oHa,mZOfaysmufí

tEko,uif;pifrnf

qkdvdk&if;jzpfygonf[laom acsycsufonfvnf; a'oemawmf\t"dyÜg,fudk usepGm raumuf ,lwwfíom acsyrdaom pum;jzpfonf/ pk'dwu or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUonf yxrBuD; yxrausmf "r®mp&d,wdkU oif&Mum;&onfhenf;

Oypm

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Mu½Smojzifh

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(orm"d)

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0dyóempaom

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pm½dkufolu (228)udk (222)[k ½dkufrSm;jcif;omjzpfí pdppfzG,frvdk? pmydk'feHygwf (24)vm aom"emum; pmydk'feHygwf (4) rS (15) txd aom"emrsm;udk oHk;oyf&mü yg0ifNyD;jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

631

tpodkU 43/

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pmydk'feHygwf

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jynfolwdkUtm;

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(25)ü

pkwdwuwdkUu

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acsyMujyefonf/

oHk;oyfcsuf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;onf Ak'¨\orx 0dyóemwdkUudk pGyfpGJykwfcwfy,f&Sm;rI rûycJhvQifvnf;aumif; "r®pMumESifh tewåvu©Pokwfvm pum;wdkUudk vGJrSm;pGm vkyfBuHazmfjyrI rûycJhvQifvnf;aumif; ,if;odkUapm'em&ef roifhacs? OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;onf Ak'¨\orx 0dyóemrsm;udk pGyfpGJykwfcwfrI y,f&Sm;rI ûy-rûyudkvnf;aumif; "r®pMumESifh tewåvu©Pokwfvm pum;wdkUudk vGJrSm;pGmvkyfBuHazmfjyrI ûy-rûyudkvnf;aumif; pdppfonf½Sdaomf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;onfh

(u)

pGyfpGJy,f½Sm;xm;onfudk "r®tvif;a&mif

(c)

(*)

trSwfygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh

wyftyfxifxif

opöm"r®pmapmifç

awGUjrifae&ayonf?

Ak'¨\orx xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkU

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0dyóemwdkUudk

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ponfrsm;ESifh

Ak'¨tbd"r®mç

tewåa&mifjcnfpaom pmtkyfrsm;üvnf; pGyfpGJy,f½Sm;rI qefUusifazmfjyrIrsm;udk awGUjrifae&ayonf? ,if;tcsufrsm;udk

pk'dwuwdkUu

acsyjiif;qdkjcif;

rûyEdkif½HkrQru

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þaom"emvTmüyif xdkpum;rsdK;udk xyfumxyfum ajymqdkaeMujyefonf? xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifhom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

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xdkpk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk tenf;i,fxkwfjyOD;tHh/

(u)

½kyfESifhemrfwdkU\ csKyf&mNidrf;&m ukefqHk;&m edAÁmefBuD;jzpfonf[laom Ak'¨ bmom jrefrmavmuom;wpf&yfvHk;\ tEkrmeum; Ak'¨\"r®Mumü rxifaom t,ltqrQom jzpfacsonf? pifppfrSm acs;añSmf aumf[k qdktyfaom wPSm"mwf uGmus&ef êud;yrf;rI udkomvQif Ak'¨t½Sif &nfñTef;cJhonf? ½kyfawG emrfawGudk xkacs½dkufcGJNyD; vufpwHk; ukefqHk; csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkU a&mufoGm;atmiftm;xkwf&ef tvQif;yif Ak'¨ü r½SdcJhacs/

(c)

]]Zmwdyd

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(vlaovljzpf 'k-tBudrf½dkuf? ESm-39) jyqdk&mü

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632

tpodkU (*)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©m}} qdkonfrSm cE¨mig;yg;üpGJaom Oyg'gefw&m;udk qdkvdkonf? Oyg'gefrJhaom (r½Sdaom) cE¨mig;yg;onf okcwnf;/ (Ak'¨tbd"r®m y-ESdyf? ESm-198)

(C)

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(i)

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(p)

um,duokc

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(Ak'¨tbd"r®m y-ESdyf? ESm-216)

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t0demoD-

rysufpD;wJhoabmudkvnf;aumif;?

oAÁmAsmyD-

tvHk;pHkysHUESHUí wnfwJhoabmudkvnf;aumif; aqmifMuukef\}} (tewåa&mifjcnf? ESm 97-98) (Z)

]]0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; b0oHk;yg;tay:wGif tajccHxm;NyD; tusdK;cE¨may:wGif ½IrSwfqifjcif yGm;rsm;aeMuonfomrsm;Muonf? ynwftm½Hkrsm;udk ½IrSwf qifjcif yGm;rsm;aeMuonf? tusdK;udkowfí aejcif;tm;jzifh vrf;qHk;odkUra&muf½SdEdkif}} (Ak'¨0g'jyóemrsm;? ESm-20) ]]tusdK; ½kyfemrfcE¨mwdkUonf ynwfw&m;rsm;yif r[kwfygavavm}} (,if;pmapmif ESm-21)

(ps)

aqmif,l ESvHk;oGif;&rnfh opömum; tb,fenf;? eda&m"ESifh r*¾opömwdkU jzpfonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem-2? ESm-79)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

633

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þum; OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS tenf;i,frQ xkwfjytyfaom rSm;,Gif;aom t,ljypum;&yfrsm;jzpfonf? xdkpum;&yfrsm;udk tenf;i,f ½Sif;jyOD;tHh/ 45/

(u) trSwfjypum;&yfonf rdrdomvQif usrf;*ef\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk use rSefuefpGm

,lqwwfoljzpfonf[k

rdrdudk,fudk

a`rSmufyifh0g<um;yvTm;rI

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Ak'¨bmom

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omoemhol&Jaumif;BuD;rsm;

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r[max&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf

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aom"empmydk'f (26)rS vdk&if;udk xkwfEkwfaomf-

(u)

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650

tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]wynfhawmfrsm;

vufcHusifhoHk;aeaom

orx0dyóemonf

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awGUjrif&aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;

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vGJrSm;ae&um; aom"emvTmyg tcsufrsm;onf pum;jzpf½HkrQ wifjyjcif;jzpfaomfaMumifhvnf;aumif; pk'dwuwdkU wifjycsufonf "r®puúy0wåeç tewåvu©P okwfawmfrsm;ESifh nDñGwfonf[k rqdkEdkifay/ ]]'d|d*wduó 'óeH emr e edA'¨H? xko&modrSd edcgwcgPk0d, pÍövH? Or®wåuypäd,H yl0c@*l- xa*gr,m'Ded 0d, apw¬ okE´&rÜd tokE´&rÜd a[mwda,0}} [laom oDvu©eft|uxmü vmaompum;&yfESifhtnD rdpämt,l ½Sdaomol\ tjrifrnfonf cdkifjrJrIr½Sd? zGJyHkay:ü pdkufxm;aom opfikwfuJhodkU vIyf&Sm;\? t½l;\ awmif;xJü rkefYyJ oGm;a&pmç rpifç EGm;acs;

a&maxG;pkaygif;

aumif;raumif;

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651

tpodkU 80/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þodkU

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Ak'¨omoemawmfudk

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652

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'em trSwf (9) 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,

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(u)

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(u)

0denf;onf omoemawmf\ toufrnfaMumif;?

(c)

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(C)

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653

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(p)

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(q)

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Ouú|u

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OD;Ouú|wGif 0denf;awmfudk ypfy,fjcif;oabmr½SdaMumif;?

(c)

OD;Ouú|onf omoemta&udkûcHum rodem;rvnfolwdkUudk vdrfnm vSnfhpm;jcif; rûyaMumif;?

(*)

rlrrSefaom &[ef;tcsdKU\ usifhMuHaexdkifyHkudkom jyjcif;jzpfaMumif;?

(C)

OD;Ouú|onf temrmo0w¬K a½TaiGudk rcH,laMumif;?

(i)

OD;Ouú|onf ausmif;uefwefaqmif;rsm;udk a&pufcsí udk,fydkif tvªrcHaMumif;?

þtcsuf 5-csufom apm'emudk aom"em&m a&mufí useftcsufrsm; teuf(p)

OD;Ouú|ü pdwfqdk;jcif; rmefwufjcif; rawGU&aMumif;?

(q)

OD;uú|onf i&JESifh ajcmufí ewfbHkESifh ajr§mufjcif;udk rûyaMumif;?

(Z)

OD;Ouú|onf rnfonfh*dkPf;wGifrQ ryg0ifaMumif;?

þtcsuf 3-csufum; apm'emudk aom"emjcif;r[kwfyJ rqDrqdkifaom tcsufjzifh rdrdq&mudk *kPfwifjyjcif;om jzpfayonf/ (ps)

OD;Ouú|onf rnfonfhtcgrQ ouFef; r½Hk vufuawmhjcifhom ûcHaMumif;-

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(u)

wynfh&if; 'g,um&if;udkyif pwifí EIwfqufavhr½SdaMumif;?

(c)

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(*)

tvªcHw&m;udk wBudrfwcgrQ ra[mzl;aMumif;-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

654

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tcsuf 3-csufjzifh umuG,fí ]Ak'¨rSwfausmuf} ESm-175 tqdkjzpfaom ]],aeU bdu©KoHCmqdkwJh *dkPf;aygif;pHk bkef;awmfBuD;awG vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuwJh 0denf;udk riJhrnSm avhvmoHk;MunfhvdkufvQif Oyg'gefwvHk;wcJBuD; jzpfaewm awGU&jyefw,f}} [laom pmydk'fudk OD;Ouú|\ tvdk tmabmfus(C)

0denf;wckudkom tav;xm;vGef;vQif Oyg'gefuyfNidwwfonfudk &nf½G,fívnf;aumif;?

(i)

0denf;wckudkom tav;xm;vGef;í oHo,pdwfyGm;um Oyg'gefjzpfvmvQif usifhoHk;&rnfh tjcm;&[ef;w&m;rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonfudk &nf½G,fí vnf;aumif;?

(p)

tusOf;tm;jzifh

227-oG,faom

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uka#-7

axmifausmf½Sdonfqdkaom tqdktrdefUrsdK;onf oHo,ESifh Oyg'gefudk jzpfapwwfonfudk &nf½G,fí vnf;aumif;? (q)

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OD;Ouú| a&;om;cJhaMumif; a½SUaevdkuf ajz½Sif;xm;Muayonf/

oHk;oyfcsuf 5/

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUwifjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;teuf ]0denf;onf omoemawmf\

touf}[laom tcsufonf t½SifOygvdpaom bk&m;vufxufawmfu ax&fBuD;rsm;rSpí o*F[t|uxm usrf;ûy

t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmowdkU

acwfwdkifatmif

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q&mpOfquf

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Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf jA[®p&d, jrwfaomtusifh[k qdktyfaom omoemawmfBuD;

wnfaxmifawmf rlaomtcg 0dyóD odcD a0óbl [laom bk&m;oHk;qlwdkU\ omoemawmf Mum½Snfrwnfjcif;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; uukoefç aumP*krfç uóy [laom bk&m; 3-qlwdkU\ omoemawmf Mum½Snfwnfjcif;\ taMumif;udk vnf;aumif; qifjcifawmfrlonf/ 7/

qifjcifawmfrlaomftcg 0dyóDç odcDç a0óbl bk&m;oHk;qlwdkUonf om0uwdkUtm;

tus,fw&m; a[mawmfrrlcJhMu? om0uwdkUtwGuf odu©myk'fudk ynwfawmfrrlcJhMu? tmPmygwdarmufudk jyawmfrrlcJhMuacs? xdk bk&m;½SifwdkUESifh rsufarSmufwynfhBuD;rsm; vGefawmfrlaomtcg trnftEG,ftrsdK;rsdK;ç trsdK;ZmwftaxGaxG ½SdMuaom wynfhwdkUonf xdkomoemudk vsifjrefpGm uG,fyapMuukef\? êud;jzifh roDyJ ysOfcsyfay:ü wifxm;tyfaom yef;yGifhwdkUudk tvG,fwul avo,f,lum ypfvTifhvdkufouJhodkU xdkomoemonfvnf; tvG,fwul a<uvGifhjcif;odkU a&muf&ayonf/

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655

tpodkU 8/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) uukoefç aumPm*krfç uóy bk&m; 3-qlwdkUonfum; om0uwdkUtm; tus,fw&m;

a[mawmfrlcJhMuonf?

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uG,fvGefaomfvnf;

omoemawmfudk trnftEG,ftrsdK;rsdK; trsdK;Zmwf taxGaxG½SdMuaom wynfhwdkUonf vsifjrefpGm ruG,fyapEdkifukef? yef;oDwHç yef;oDêud;jzifh uHk;oDxm;tyfaom yef;yGifhwdkUonf avvTifhaomfvnf; rvTifhukefouJhodkU xdkomoemonfvnf; vG,fvG,fESifh a<uvTifhjcif;odkU ra&mufay/ (0de,yd#u a0&ÍÆu@ygVdawmf ESm? 8-10) 9/

þodkU qifjcifawmfrlí temray:rD aq;rwifao;yJ temay:rS aq;azsmfpyfaom

aq;orm;uJhodkU

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(u)

o'¨r®|dwd,m

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(ps)

trSwf acsqdkcsuft& ½Gm0ifouFef;½Hkjcif; odu©myk'fudkrQ r½dkrao rvdkufemjcif; paomtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh rnfonfh *dkPf;*PurQ vufrcHyJ MuOfz,fxm;Muojzifhom ryg0ifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?

xdkUaMumifh xdkacsqdkcsufonfvnf; toufr0ifç w&m;rxifonfom jzpfayonf/ 28/

(ps) ocifjrwfqdkifonf ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf eE´okwfygVdawmfudk udk;um;um OD;Ouú|um;

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663

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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0wfíaumif;onf? Munfhí aumif;onf? þodkU ûyvkyfjcif;onf pD0&r@e= ouFef;udk wefqmqifjcif; rnf\? tmywfroifhaomfvnf; OEéVyrwå (axmifvTm;wuf<uaom arhavsmhaom) &[ef;wdkU\ trlt&m toGiftjyifjzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh bk&m;½Sifu roifhawmf[k rdefUawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkifonf ygVdawmf\ t"dyÜm,frouf teufrxif½Sm;aomaMumifh þygVdawmfudk om"uûyí q&mYbufrS acsqdkjcif;onf uG,fum&mra&muf? ½Gm0ifodu©myk'f (aocd,okyÜ#dpäEé) udk vGefusL;aMumif; 0efcHrd vsufom;jzpfí OD;Ouú| 0denf;r½dkaojcif;rSm ydkí ay:vGifxif½Sm; oGm;awmhonf/ 29/

tus,fyGm;vQif 7-uka#ausmf ½Sdonf[laom pum;onf r[kwfrrSef? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;a½SUrSmyif jzef;oef;ajymjcif; jzpfavonf? oHo,ESifh Oyg'gefudk jzpfwwfygonf[lonfrSmvnf; vl0wfaMumifawG jzpfonfESifhtnD 0denf;oabmudk em;rvnfaomaMumifh qdkrdaomacsqdkcsufjzpfonf? odu©myk'ftrSefrSm tus,ftm;jzifh uka#udk;axmifwpf&m ½Spfq,f ig;oef; oHk;aomif; ajcmufaxmif ½Sdonf/ e0 aum#d o[óed? toDwd ow aum#da,m? ynmo owo[óed? qwåð om p ykemya&/ odom½HkrQjy&aomf

yxryg&mZdu

tmywfaygif;

rnfrQ½Sdonfudk

atmufygtwdkif; pdppfMunfhEdkif\/ pdppfyHkrSmvlrdef;rwa,mufwGif usifi,faygufç usifBuD;aygufç yg;pyfayguf[lí r*f 3-ayguf½Sdonf? r*faygufwckckwGif &[ef;onf arxkefrI usL;vGefaomtcg 0ifqJcPç 0ifNyD;cPç wnfqJcPç xkwfqJcPç cPwckckwGif om,mrI rvGJraoG ½SdEdkifonf? tbd"r®m obm0pdwf jzpfyHkudk tajcûy&onf? xdkUaMumifh þwGifyif tmywf 12-csuf jzpfaeNyD; (3_4=12)? xdk rdef;ronfvnf; Edk;aeqJç rl;,pfaeqJç ½l;aeqJç arhavsmhaeqJç wzefwHk aovGefNyD; p? aoNyD;r*f 3-ayguf oHk;yHk 1-yHk ysufpD;aeNyD? r*f 3-ayguf oHk;yHk ESpfyHk ysufpD;? þodkU 8-rsdK; ½Sdonf/ xdkUaMumifh (12_8=96) tmywfjzpfonf? þwGif vlrdef;r wudk,fwnf;yif tajctaetvdkuf tmygwfaygif; 96 jzpfvmonf/ ewfrdef;r 96? wd&dpämefrdef;r 96? (96_3=288)? ObawmAsnf; (a,mufsm;t*Fg rdef;rt*Fg 2&yfvHk;ygol) rSmvnf; vlç ewfç wd&dpämef[lí 3-rsdK;½SdaomaMumifh 288_2=576 ½SdNyD/ vla,mufsm;wGif

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664

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Oyg'gefaMumifhomjzpfonf}} [lonfrSmvnf; r[kwfrrSefaom taMumif;jycsuf jzpfonf/ rdrd\ÓPf rus,fjyefUjcif;aMumifh oabmrSefudk em;rvnf? em;rvnfaomaMumifh pdwfESvHk; qkwfepfrIjzpfonf/ pdwfqkwfepfjcif;aMumifh vlxGufvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;pdwfqkwfepfrIum; oDvudk taMumif;ûyíjzpfaom Oayu©mo[*kwf ÓP0dyÜ,kwf oocFg&du umrm0p& ukokdvfpdwfrQom jzpfonf/ tukodkvfpdwf r[kwf? tukodkvf r[kwfvQif Oyg'gefjzpfzdkU a0;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh þacsqdkcsufonf vHk;0 tajctjrpf r½Sdacs/ 31/

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tmywfjzpfonf rSefaomfvnf; &[EÅmrsm;yif oifhEdkifaom tpdwåutmywf (pdwf apwem rygaomfvnf; oifhaomtmywf) t&ufygaomaq;udk

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667

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668

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669

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trSefr[kwfaomfvnf; rdrdu trSef[k pGJcsuft& qkdaeaom opömum;

rdpämopömrsdK; jzpfonf/

þopömwkdUwGif y&dwfawmfvm ]{awe opö0aZÆe} [laom opömrSm

0pDopömjzpfavonf/

0pDopömrSm tjzpftysuftrSefudk trSeftwkdif; ajymqkdaom obm0"r®rsdK;jzpfí

tvGefpl;½SajzmifhrSefí

tjrefqHk;pl;½S

tqdyftawmufuif;uGmjcif;

rD;ukd

xda&mufapEkdifojzifh Nidrf;apjcif;

rkd;udk½Gmapjcif;

a&m*gaysmufuif;jcif; paom

tHhMozG,f&m

aumif;usdK;csrf;omrsm;udk &½SdapEkdifayonf/ odkUaomf þae&mü txl;odzG,f½SdonfrS ]]wD[d r[m&mZ um&aP[d y&dwåH e &u©wd ur®m0&aPe

udavom0&aPe

to'¨[ewm,}}

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rdvdE´yO§mygVdawmfvmtwkdif;

yÍömeEÅ&d,uHoifhol ed,wrdpäm'd|d jzpfaeol y&dwfwefckd;udk r,HkMunfolwkdUtzdkYum; rnfonfhtusdK;udkrQ r&Ekdifonfukd owdûy&ayrnf/ 12/

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaom

y&dwfESifhywfoufí pm ESpfrsufESmcefU yg½Sd\/ yg0ifíoGm;NyD;jzpfojzifh

xyfrHrqkdvdkawmhay/

OD;qE´m"du\

aom"emwifoGif;vTmwGif

tjcm;tcsufrsm;pGmtwGuf txufyg pdppfcsufrsm;ü ¤if;\

wifoGif;vTmtqHk;wGif

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687

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

or®mtmZD0xifrSwfaeMuvQif

y&dwftusdK;&rnfxuf

omoemwGif;ü

vljzpfusdK;

½SHK;rnfudk

ydkrkdaMumufoifhygonf}} [lí yg½Sd\/ ,if;ESifh ywfoufí tenf;i,f pdppf&ef vdktyfayonf/ y&dwf½Gwfjcif;onf &[ef;wkdU\ tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDvESifh rnfodkUrQ rywfoufacs/ &[ef;awmfwkdU\ pwkyg&dok'¨doDvü

yg0ifaom

oHk;aqmifrIrsdK;omjzpfonf/

tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDvrSm

taeoewkdUrS

MuOfz,fí

pifMu,fpGmcH,l

y&dwf½Gwfjcif;onf rdrd\ausmif;ocFrf;ü 0wfwuf 0wfuyfûyvkyf&mü

½Gwfqkdjcif;? 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdU\ yifhavQmufcsuft& oGm;a&muf½Gwfqkdjcif; [lí ESpfrsdK;½Sd&m 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUtwGuf ½Gwfqkdjcif;ü ygxdu0*¾| uxm tm#mem#d,okwftzGifh 149-t&teufo'´gudk okwfoifí aumif;pGm oif,lxm;jcif;? yk'fAsnf;wkdUudk r,kwfap&? jynfhpHkatmif avhvm usufrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh? vmbfvmbudkriJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqkdjcif;? þodkU t*FgoHk;yg;½Sd&m aemufqHk;t*Fgjzpfaom vmbfvmbudk riJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqkdjcif;udk tav;teuf xm;Mu&NrJyif jzpfonf/

xkdUaMumifh ]]vmba[wk O*¾a[wGm bPEÅómyd tw¬H e

oma"wd}} [k ,if;t|uxmü txl;qkdxm;ayonf/

xkdUaMumifh &Hzef&Hcg 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUu

yifhzdwfí y&dwfw&m;awmif;qkdvQif vmbfvmbudpö yg0ifvmygu y&dwftusdK;w&m;udk wkd;yGm;NyD;pD;jcif; r½SdEkdifojzifh

y&dwf½GwfrIudk

omoemhxHk;wrf;pOfvmw&yfom

a½SUwef;wifí

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jzpfavonf/

tmZD0udpöudk

½Sif;½Sif;qkd&vQif

raqmif½GufMu&onfrSm

&[ef;wkdUonf

y&dwf½Gwfí

pm;aomufaejcif;rsdK; r½Sd? &Hzef&Hcg taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm y&dwf½Gwf&onf½Sdaomf vmbfvmbudk riJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½GwfqkdMujcif;onfom &[ef;aumif; &[ef;jrwfwkdU\ wm0efjzpfonf/

xkdUaMumifh

y&dwfawmfrsm;udk oifMum;½Gwfqkdjcif;ESifh omrnzvokwfvm a>rtwwf tqdyftwwf uif;NrD;aumuf twwfwkdUESifh wpfxyfwnf; xm;í a&;om;pGyfpGJxm;jcif;onf oabm½dk; oabmajzmifhr[kwf? ½IwfcsuJh&JU w½GJUwapmif; raumif;aom oabmom aygavmay: xif½Sm;í aeayonf/ 13/

þrQaom taMumif;tusdK;wkdUukd axmuf½Ií y&dwf½Gwf y&dwfemjcif;ü tusdK;r½Sd[k

a0zef½IwfcsaeMuaom

vlaovljzpf

t&nf;BuD;vufusef

[lívnf;aumif;?

,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfaMumif;

0g'gEk0g'yk*¾dKvfwkdUonf bmtusdK;rQ

[lívnf;aumif;?

y&dwfukd

bk&m;a[mr[kwf?

rûy[lívnf;aumif;?

omoemawmf

vljzpfusdK;

reyf[lívnf;aumif;

a&;om;ajymqkd,lpGJaejcif;wkdUtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ax&0g'oH*g,emajcmufwefwif okwåefyd#uawmf yg0pewkdUudk wm;qD;y,fzsuf aESmuf,Suf aoGzDaeMuolrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ ¤if;jyifokawå 'kyÜ#dyaEém pwåma&m ar yk*¾vm/y/ twåmeÍö cewd? A[kÍö tyknH yo0wDwd? wawm rdpäm'd|duH ygykPmwd ('D?|?1?23)[laom oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxmyg pum;t& okwåefw&m;awmfü raumif;ojzifh usifhaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf t"dyÜm,f

t,ltq

taumufvGJrSm;NyD;vQif

trSefudk

rodbJ

rSm;aom

t,ludkom

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,lpGJ\[k

688

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

,if;rdpämt,lrSm;rsm;udk &nfñTef;í jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ rdrdukd,fwkdif t,lrSm;udk ,lojzifh bk&m;½Sifukd pGyfpGJ&ma&muf? rdrdukd,fudkvnf; wl;ûzd&m a&mufí rsm;pGmaom tukodkvfw&m;qkd;wkdUom yGm;wkd;í aeavonf/ xkdUaMumifh bk&m;a[mygVdawmf y&dwfw&m;rsm;udk qefUusifzsufqD;í aeMuaom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoe0g'orm;wkdUonf rdpäm0g' t"r®oabmodkU a½GUavsmajy;0ifaeMuolrsm;om jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u pdppfoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

689

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (12) "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfudk y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,

"mwfawmf arGawmf apwD ykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdapmfum; a&;om;a[majymjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'em-aom"emESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf 1/

apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 81-ü a&;om;xm;aom-

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rcGJjcm;awmhbJ

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t0wf[lí

tarG;onf

aysmufuif;apEkdifonf[laom

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jrifhjrwfaom"mwfawmfarGawmf

ponfwkdUudk

jrif;NrD;xuf

,ckacwfü

bmoma&;

wpfom;wnf;

jrifMuavNyD/

ydkí

tema&m*gudk

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uREkfyfwkdU

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]]a½Twd*Hk[m

bk&m;r[kwfbl;uG/

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[laom

a[majymcsufudkvnf;aumif; xkwfjyMuí OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvkdufwkdUonf "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDykxkd;rsm;udk bmoma&;trIdufo½dkufrsm;tjzpf uJh&JU½Iwfcs a[majyma&;om;MuaMumif;? omoemawmf roefY½Sif; rwnfwHh rjyefYyGm;atmif zsufqD;aom rdpäm0g'om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMuonf/ 2/

¤if;apm'emESifh ywfoufí pk'dwuq&mawmf (4) yg;wkdUuvnf;aumif;? OD;a½TjynfhESifh

OD;cif[efwkdUuvnf;aumif; acsyjcif; rûybJaecJhMuonf/

ocifjrwfqkdifu aom"emwifoGif;&mwGif

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690

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a"m0eokwf t"dyÜm,frSef

*r®H aygxkZÆeduH te&d,H}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl&m ]]xkdt½dk;aq;yGJonf ,kwfnhH\/ tvkyfjzpf\}} [k jrefrmjyef&rnf/

½GmolwkdU\

t*kFwådK&fjrefrmjyef 424-üvnf; ]]t½dk;aq;yGJ}} [k jrefrmjyefonf/

ocifjrwfqkdifwkdU\ jrefrmjyefum; ]]t½dk;aumufyGJ}} [k jzpfae\/

xkdt½dk;aq;yGJ usif;yyHkudk

t*kFwå&t|uxm? wwd,? 335-ü]]wo®ð [d Zeya' /y/ wawm eu©wåH uDVEÅd}} [k zGifhjy\/ t"dyÜm,fum;- ]]xkd'u©Pdwkdif; Zeyk'fü vlwkdUonf rdrdwkdU aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aovQif rD;r½IdUbJ wGif;wl;jr§Kyf xm;Mu\/ ykyfaomtcg t½dk;wkdUudk azmfxkwfaq;aMumMuí yef;eHUomwkdUjzifh ylaZmfyoMuNyD; eu©wfyGJobif a&mufaomtcg xkdt½dk;wkdUudk ,lí idka<u;Muukef\/

upm;Muonf}} [k qkdvdkonf/ xkdodkU zGifhjycsuft& t½dk;aq;yGJü vlomrefjzpfaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wkdU\ t½dk;jzpfí bk&m; &[EÅm olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;\ "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;ESifh rqkdifay/ xkdpum;rSef\/ 'DCedum, r[m0*¾ygVd r[my&dedAÁmeokwf 117? t*kFwå& edum, pwkuúedygw xlyg&[okwf 567wkdUüjrwfpGmbk&m;? yapöuAk'¨g? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t&d,mwynfh? pMu0aw;rif;? þav;OD;udkom

apwDxkdufonf[k

a[mawmfrlí

aoqHk;olyk*¾dKvfwkdif;udk

(oDv½Sdaom

ykxkZOf&[ef;udkaomfrS) apwDxkdufonf[k ra[mcJh&um; apwDrxkdufaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wkdU\ t½dk;ESifh apwDxkdufaom bk&m; &[EÅm ponfwkdU\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk xyfwlxyfrQ r,lqoifhay/ 4/

apwDrxkdufaom vlomrefwkdU\ t½dk;udk ylaZmf&mü tusdK;r½Sdaomfvnf; apwDxkdufaom

"mwfawmfarGawmfwkdUukd ylaZmf&müum; tusdK;rsdK;pGm ½Sd\/ tusdK;½SdaMumif;rSm,xm acg tmeE´ &anm puú0wådó o&Da& y#dyZÆEÅd? /y/ awoH wH b0dówd 'DC&wåH [dwm, okcg, ('D? 2? 117) [laom 'DCedum, r[m0*¾ygVdjzifh xif½Sm;\/

jrefrmjyef ]]tmeE´m ... pMu0aw;rif;\ tavmif;ü aqmif½GufukefouJhodkU xkdUtwl jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tavmif;awmfüvnf; wnfxm;tyfay\/

aqmif½Guftyfay\/

vrf;rav;cGqHk&mü

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

apwDukd

xkdapwDü tMuifolwkdUonf yef;udkjzpfap? eHUomudk jzpfap? eHUomrIefUukdjzpfap

wifrlvnf; wifukefvwåHU/

½Sdckd;rlvnf; ½Sdckd;ukefvwåHU/

pdwfjzifhrlvnf; MunfñdkukefvwHh/

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691

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xkdokdUûyjcif;onf MumjrifhpGmaomumvywfvHk; xkdolwkdUtm; pD;yGm;csrf;omtvkdUiSmjzpfvwHh}} ('D? jref? 2? 136) xkdokdU a[mawmfrlonfhtwkdif;yif bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tZmwowfrif; paom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU apwDwnfxm;MuyHkudk]]tx acg &mZm rm*a"m}} ponfjzifh r[m0*¾ygVdawmf r[my&dedAÁmeokwf 137-ü a[mawmfrl\/ ¤if;ygVdawmft& jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf(1)

&mZû*d[fjynfü tZmwowfrif; wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(2)

a0omvDü vdpä0Drif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(3)

uydv0wfü omuD0ifrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(4)

tv’uyÜü AkvDrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(5)

&mr½Gmü aumvd,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(6)

a0|'Dywkdif;ü ¤if;wkdif;om; ykPÖm;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(7)

yg0gjynfü rv’mrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(8)

ukodem½Hkü rv’mrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?

(9)

a'gPykPÖm; wnfxm;aom wkrÁapwD?

(10)

arm&d,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom t*Fg&apwD-

[lí apwDq,fql ½SdcJhzl;aMumif; od&onf/

(r[m0*¾ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 159-160) xkdUjyif

rdvdE´yO§mygVdawmf 323? (¤if;-jrefrmjyef 346)ü]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\

t*Fgudk;yg;ESifh

jynfhpHkaom

pum;awmfonfvnf;aumif;?

udk,fawmfpm;

jzpfukefaom O'´dóapwD "mwkkapwDwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHk;aqmifawmfrltyfaom oydwf? ouFef; paom y&dabm*apwDwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHCm&wemonfvnf;aumif; ukefrsdK;pHka&mif;aom aps;½Hk rnf\/

xkdaps;½Hkü

edAÁmeorÜwådwkdifatmifaom

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

ZmwdorÜwådtp

ukefrsdK;pHkwkdUukd

jzefUcif;xm;tyf\/

edAÁmefcsrf;omESifh xkdaps;½Hkü

jynfhpHkrI

[laom

xkdxkd

ukefwkdUukd

tcsdKUolwkdUonf oDvaqmufwnfjcif;jzifh 0,f,lMuukef\/ tcsdKUu OykofuHjzifh 0,f,lMuukef\}} [k apwDawmfwkdUudk ukefaps;½HkBuD;ESifh EIdif;í jyqkdxm;onf/ þygVdawmfwkdUukd axmufuvnf; "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;onf tusdK;½Sdonf/

'u©dPZeyk'fü

aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aoNyD;aemuf ûyvkyfMuaom t½dk;aq;yGJuJhokdU tusdK;r½Sdr[kwfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ a"m0eokwfvmpum; t&dyft>rufrQudk ,lí vlomreft½dk;ESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmfudk wpfwef;pm;wnf; twlwl,lqum ypfy,fjcif; rûyoifh? oAÁñkbk&m;½SifESifh ykxkZOfvlomrefwkdUukd xyfwlxyfrQxm;NyD;

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692

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pOf;pm;aeMuojzifhom ,ckuJhokdU "mwfawmf arGawmf rylaZmfaumif;[k t,lwdrf;apmif;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;½Sifonf wpfavmuvHk;xufjrwfonf[k ,lqvdkuf½Hkjzifhyif þjyóem r½Sdawmhay/ 5/

"r®y'ü vmaom t*¾d'wåjAm[®P0w¬K t"dyÜm,frSefukd qkdOD;tHh-

]]awmifudk udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/ awmudk t&Hudk opfyifukd udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/ xkd awmawmif t&H opfyifwkdUukd udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfvQif 'ku©cyfodrf;rS vGwfrnf}} [k qHk;rMo0g' ay;aeaom t*¾d'wåykPÖm;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u xkdawm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUonf ab;uif;aom jrwfaom udk;uG,f&m r[kwf? 'ku©cyfodrf;rS rvGwfEkdif[kvnf;aumif;? bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdUonf ab;uif;aom jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mjzpf\/ 'ku©cyfodrf;rS vGwfEkdif\[lí vnf;aumif; "r®y't|uxm 'k-159-ü a[mawmfrlonf/ ¤if; a'oemawmfü(u)

188-189 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom awmawmif t&H opfyif paom ukd;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif;?

(c)

190-191-192 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m jzpfaom bk&m; w&m; oHCm- [laom udk;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonfukd awGU&\/

pk'wdwuyk*¾dKvf\ aom"emvTmü (u) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukdom xkwfjyí (c) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m jzpfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukd csefxm;cJhNyD; ]]þodkU udk;uG,f&m[lorQudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;jzifh 'ku©cyfodrf;rS rvGwfEkdif}} [k udk;uG,f&mtm;vHk; odrf;usHK;í a[monfhtaejzifh r½dk;rom; jyqkdxm;onf/

trSefrSm bk&m; w&m; oHCm [laom udk;uG,f&mwkdUonf ab;uif;aom

jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUom jzpfMuonf/

"mwfawmf arGawmfwkdUukd ½dScdk;ylaZmfjcif;onf (u) trSwfjy

awm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUukd udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK; r[kwfrlí (c) trSwfjy bk&m; w&m; oHCm udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK;üomvQif

tusHK;0ifonf/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf

"mwfawmf

arGawmf

wkdUukd

ylaZmfolrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ aus;Zl;awmf *kPfawmfwkdUukdom &nfpl;í ylaZmfMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ¤if;"r®y'ygVdawmft&vnf; "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDawmfwkdUukd rylaZmf&[k t"dyÜm,frxGuf? ylaZmfoifh onf/ ylaZmfaumif;onf[líom t"dyÜm,f xGufayonf/ 6/ rnf\/

ed'geoH,kwf tbdeE´eokwfü ]]yx0D"mwfudk ESpfoufaomolonf 'ku©udk ESpfoufonf 'ku©ukd ESpfoufaomolonf 'ku©rS rvGwf}} [k a[mawmfrl\/

tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf

0ga,m"mwfukd ESpfoufoludkvnf; xkdenf;twkdif; a[mawmfrl\/ xkdokdU "mwfav;yg;udk ESpfoufolrsm;udkom xkdokdU a[monfr[kwf/ ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom

cE¨mig;yg;wkdUukd

ESpfoufolwkdUudkvnf;

xkduJhodkUyif

a[mawmfrl\/

(cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf tbdeE´eokwf/ 26)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

693

tpodkU

yg;wkdUukd

ESpfoufolwkdUudkvnf;

xkduJhodkUyif

'ku©rS

rvGwf[k

a[mawmfrl\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmf

ylaZmfjcif;udk

rvdkvm;ojzifh

jzpfatmif

"mwfav;yg;udk

(oVm,we0*¾oH,kwåygVd-246)/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;ü

ocifjrwfqkdifonf tjypfjyvkd&um;

"mwfawmfESifh

a[maomokwfudkom xkwfjyxm;[ef wlayonf/

qifwl½kd;rSm;

jrwfpGmbk&m; tvdkawmfrSm yx0D paom

"mwfav;yg;omru

cE¨mig;yg;

tm,we

12-yg;udk

trSefpifppftm;jzifh

ESpfoufjcif;

(wpfenf;)

wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;[lorQonf

rnfonfhw&m;udkrQ

ESpfoufpGJvrf;rI

rûyoifhay/

ESpfoufolrsm;udkyg

"mwfawmfwkdUudk

a[mxm;ay\/ wPSm&m*omjzpfí

½Sd;ckd;ylaZmfjcif;um;

cE¨m

tm,we"mwfwkdUudk wPSm&m*jzifh ESpfoufpGJvrf;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? "mwfawmfwkdUü o'¨gw&m;jzifh pdwfukd Munfvifapí ylaZmfjcif; Munfñdkjcif;om jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh tbdeE´eokwft&vnf; "mwfawmfrsm;udk rylaZmfaumif;? rylaZmfoifh[laom teuf t"dyÜm,f rxGufay/ 7/

wpfzefvnf; cE¨0*¾oH,kwf 0uúvdokwfü ]]0uúvd ... oifhrSm þtykyfaumifudk

Munfh½Iaejcif;jzifh tb,f tusdK;½SdtHhenf;}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonfrSm þodkU jzpfonf0uúvdonf jrwfpGmbk&m; qGrf;cH<upOf zl;jrif&í jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ½lyum,awmf jynfhpHk wifhw,frIudk Munfh½Ií tm;r&Ekdifjzpfum jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd tNrJwap Munfh½Iae&jcif;iSm &[ef;ûycJhonf/ &[ef;ûyNyD;aemuf tpmtm[m& pm;oHk;csdefukdxm;í useftcsdefrsm;ü o&ZÑm,fjcif; ur®|mef;ESvHk;oGif;jcif; ponfrûybJ

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

jrifEkdifavmufaomt&yfüaeí

Munfh½Izl;jrifvsufom

aeavonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf o'¨gvGefuJí ynmÓPfenf;yg;vSaom 0uúvd&[ef;tm; todÓPf r&ifhusufao;rD wpfpHkwpf&m ra[majymao;bJ todÓPf &ifhusufvmaomtcgrS ]]uð aw 0uúvd £rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e? 0uúvd ... oifhrSm þtaumifykyfudk Munfh½Iaejcif;jzifh tb,ftusdK; ½SdtHhenf;}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ("r®y't|uxm? 'k? 380? t*Fkwå&t|uxm? y? 195/) þodkU &[ef;w&m; ur®|mef; ryGm;rsm;bJ tcsdefûzef;aeonfudk wm;jrpfí w&m;½IrSwfyGm;rsm;ap&ef a[maomokwf

jzpfayonf/

yk*d¾Kvftm;vHk;tm;

bk&m;rzl;&

wm;jrpfawmfrlonf

r[kwfay/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd rqkdxm;bd oDv orm"d ynm ½Sdaom zl;jrifjcif;onfyif tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;pGm ½SdaMumif;udka, aw bdu©a0 bdu©L oDvorÜEém orm"dorÜEém ynmorÜEém /y/ 'óerÜm[H bdu©a0 awoH bdu©LeH A[kyum&H 0'grd (ck?1?267) [k £wd0kwfygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdUjyif t*kFwå&edum,f t|uedygwf r[memrokwf ESm-56-ESifh ZD0uokwf ESm-58 ü ]]rdrdvnf; &[ef;wkdUudk zl;jrifjcif;iSm tvdk½Sdí olwpfyg;wkdUudkvnf; &[ef;wkdUukd zl;jrif&ef wkdufwGef;aom Oygoum

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

694

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

('g,um)onf rdrdtusdK; olwyg;tusdK; ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk usifhaqmifolrnf\}} (tif?jref?3?57-8) [k a[mawmfrl\/ t*kFwå&edum,f? wduedygwf? wd|meokwfüvnf;'óeumarm oDv0wH? o'¨r®H aomwkrdpäwd/ 0dea, rapä&rvH? o a0 oa'¨gwd 0kpöwd (tH?1?149)/ [k a[mawmfrl\/

jrefrmjyef (tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf) oDvESifh jynfhpHkolwkdUukd zl;jrifvdk\/ olawmfaumif;w&m;udk emMum;vdk\/ 0efwkdjcif;[laom tnpftaMu;ukd y,fazsmuf\/

xkdoludk pifppf o'¨gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkaomol[k

qkdtyf\ (tif?jref?1?167)/ &[ef;awmfwkdUukd

zl;jrif&jcif;ukd

aumif;usdK;w&m;

wkd;yGm;aMumif;

r*Fvmwpfyg;taejzifh

orPmeÍö 'óeH (&[ef;wkdUtm; zl;jrifjcif;onf r*Fvmrnf\) [k ck'´uygXygVd r*Fvokwf ESm-4? okwåedygwygVd r*Fvokwf ESm-319 wkdUü a[mawmfrl\/

xkdUaMumifh bk&m;½Sifukd xm;bdOD;? bk&m;

wynfht&d,mom0u

&[ef;awmfwkdUukd

oDv0EÅ

ykxkZOfjzpfaom

zl;jrif&jcif;onfyif

aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk jzpfapwwfaom r*Fvmwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; a[mawmfrl\/ þtwlyif t*kFwå&ygVd quúedygw tEkwå&d,okwf ESm 286-ü jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom; om0u &[ef;awmfwkdUukdvnf;aumif; zl;ajrmf&jcif;onf 'óemEkwå&d, (jrif&jcif;wumwkdUwGif tjrwfqHk;aom jrif&jcif;)

jzpfí

owå0gwkdUtzkdU

pifMu,faMumif;?

aomuy&da'0

uif;Nidrf;aMumif;?

"mwfawmf arGawmf apwDawmfwkdUukd zl;ajrmfjcif;onf jrif½HkrQ tqif;oP²mefukd od½HkrQjzifh

pifMu,f\/

qif;&Jukd vGefajrmufEkdif\[k ,lqonf r[kwf? xkdodkU ,lqí zl;jrifjcif; ylaZmfjcif;

r[kwfaomaMumifh okwåedygwf ok'¨|uokwfESifhvnf; rqefYusifay/ pifppf "mwfawmf apwDawmf ylaZmfjcif;um;tom'd,EÅaó0 wxm*wó a'0rEkóm "mwk&weH 0w¬HK u&dwGm 0xm*wó ÓP&wem&r®aPe or®my#dywåð ao0EÅm wdaóm orÜwåda,m y#dvbEÅd (ck?11?103)/

jrefrmjyef ]]rom,monfjzpfí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmf&wemudk ewfvlwkdUonf wnf&mrSD&m ûyvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ÓPfawmf&wemudk tm½Hkûyojzifh aumif;aom tusihfukd rSD0Jukefonfjzpfí vl ewf edAÁmef oHk;wefaom csrf;om pnf;pdrfwkdUukd &½Sdukef\ (ck?jref?112) rdvdE´yO§m ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefü

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

695

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jyqkdxm;onfhtwkdif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

"mwfawmf&wemudk

trSDûyum

ÓPfawmf

*kPfawmfwkdUukd

tm½HkûyvQif aumif;jrwfaom or®my#dywfjzpfí edAÁmefwkdif tusdK;&onfom jzpfayonf/ xkdUjyifvnf;]]apwd,H 0g aAm"ð 0g 'doGmyd [d Ak'¨g&r®PH oHC'óaee oHCm&r®PH yDwð OyÜga'wGm wa'0 c,awm 0,awm or®oaEÅm t&[wåH ygykPmwd}}[k

166?

rlvyPÖmot|uxm?y?

258-wkdUü

zGifhjy

enf;ñTefxm;onfhtwkdif; apwDukd jzpfap? aAm"dyifukd jzpfap? zl;jrifí jrwfpGmbk&m;vQif tm½Hk½Sdaom yDwd jzpfay:vm\/

,if;yDwdukd c,0,tedpö (ukefqHk; ysufpD;aom) tm;jzifh oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif;?

oHCmawmfukd zl;jrif&í oHCmh*kPfvQif tm½Hk½Sdaom yDwdukd c,0,tedpö[lí oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif; t&[wåzkdvfodkUyif a&mufEkdif\/

þokdUvQif pdwfxm;aumif;í zl;jrifwwfol ÓPf½SdolwdkUtwGuf

t&[wåzkdvfwkdifatmif tusdK;&onfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f rvdkay/

pdwfxm;raumif;í rzl;jrifwwfol?

ÓPfr½SdoltwGufum; tusdK;r&onfjyif tjypfyif jzpfwwfayonf/ om0w¬djynfü wpfcgrQ ray;vªzl;aomaMumifh t'dEéykAÁu rnfaom ykPÖm;\om; r|uk@vDonf tema&m*g&í aocgeD;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; zl;jrif&í Munfñdkaompdwfjzpfum vuftkyfcsDrkd; ½Sdckd;cJhav\/ xkdukodkvfaumif;rIudkûyí

wm0wðomewfjynfokdU

a&muf&aMumif;ukd

0drme0w¬KygVdawmf

115?

0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 303-4 ü jyqkd xm;onf/ onfrSwyg;vnf; yGifhawmfrl\/ &wemapwD

þurÇmrSjyefía&wGufaomf

urÇmoHk;aomif;xufü

okar"jrwfpGmbk&m;

okar"jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH&mtcgü vlwkdUonf bk&m;½Sif\ "mwfawmfwkdUukd wnfxm;Mu\/

trsdK;om;wpfa,mufonf

olwpfyg;wkdUukdvnf; ylaZmf&efwkdufwGef;\/

"mwfawmf

apwDawmfudk

ylaZmfí

xkdtrsdK;om; wm0wðomewfjynfodkU a&muf&aMumif;ukd

0drme0w¬K ygVdawmf 112-3? 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 310-1-ü jyqkdxm;onf/

apwDawmfonf

ukodkvfûyvkyf&mXme ukodkvfa½Ttkd; jr§KyfESH&mXmewpfckjzpfonf[k ck'´uygXygVd ed"du@okwfü apwd,rSd p oHaC 0g? yk*¾av twdxDok 0g/ rmw&d ydw&d pmyd? taxm aZ|rSd bmw&d (ck?1?10) apwDawmfü jzpfap? oHCmawmfü jzpfap oDv½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfü jzpfap? c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;ü jzpfap trd tz toufBuD;ol tpfukd OD;BuD; OD;av;ü jzpfap ukodkvfa½Ttkd;udk jr§KyfESHvQif aumif;aom jr§KyfESHjcif;rnf\[k a[mawmfrl\/ apwDawmf "mwfawmfwkdUukd ylaZmfaomolwkdUonf aumif;usdK;csrf;om&ouJhokdU apwDawmf "mwfawmf ylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUaomolwkdUonfvnf; qif;&J'ku© a&mufMu&avonf/

&mZû*d[fjynfü

ol<u,fwpfa,muf\ r,m; orD;ESifh acR;rwkdUonf Munfñdkaompdwfjzifh "mwfawmfylaZmfrnf[k yef;eHUom ponf,líoGm;&ef jyifqif&m ol<u,fu ]]t½dk;awGudk ylaZmfjcif;jzifh bmtusdK;½Sdrnfenf;}} [k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

696

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Ncdrf;ajcmufwm;jrpfum "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUcJhavonf/

xkdrdef;rwkdUonf ol<u,f\pum;udk

rem,lbJ "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;ukd ûyMu\/ uG,fvGefMuaomtcg ol<u,fu NydwåmbHküjzpfí ¤if;\ r,m; orD;ESifh acR;rwkdUu ewfjynfü jzpf&avonf/ (ayw0w¬K t|uxm-197) xkdtaMumif;udk ¤if;Nydwåmu t½Sifr[muóytm; ]]wynfhawmfonf yef;eHUomwkdUudk aqmif,lum apwDawmfokdU oGm;aom r,m; orD;ESifh acR;rwkdYukd wm;jrpfí "mwfawmfylaZmfrIukd uJh&JUcJhaomaMumifh i&JESifhwlpGm NydwåmbHkü jzpfcJh&yg\}} [k avQmufxm;avonf/ xkdUaemuf ]]NydwåmbHkb0rS uRwfvGwfí vlUb0okdY a&mufcJhvQif apwDylaZmfrIukd rarhravsmh txyfxyfûyygawmhrnf}} [lí vlrkdufaemufrS aemifw&aompum;udk avQmufjyefonf (ck-2? 180)/ "mwfawmf

arGawmf

apwDawmfwkdUukd

ylaZmfí

tusdK;½SdaMumif;jzifh

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu

0daooapm'emü wifjyaom ]]wd|aEÅ edAÁLaw pmyd}} paom 0drme0w¬KygVdawmf 66 ]]a,m ap ylaZ,s orÁK'¨H}}

paom

ax&my'geygVd-168

ponfwkdUonfvnf;

ckdifvHkaom

om"ursm;

jzpfMu\/

"mwfawmfylaZmfí tusdK;r½Sdonfhtaejzifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf wifjyaom a"m0eokwf? "r®y' tbdeE´eokwf ponfwkdUonf ygVdawmfü wkduf½dkufvmonfhtwkdif; r[kwfbJ vkd&mqGJí t"dyÜm,f,lxm;aomaMumifh om"u rajrmufay/

0wfxnfESifh ouFef; 9/

0wfxnfzsOfpif;udk ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ t0wf[lí wom;wnf; jrifMuNyD[k

vlaovljzpfq&mu y&rwftjrif &ifhoefaeonfhES,f a&;om;xm;\/

("mwfav;yg; tpkta0;?

½kyftpkta0;[lí jrifNyD[k qkdrS y&rwftjrif aygufzG,f&m ½Sdayonf/) cE¨m tm,we "mwkç tedpö 'ku© tewå paom pum;onf y&rwfe,fü rSefuef\/ owå0gç

vlç

ewfç

rdef;rç

a,mufsm;-paom

pum;onfvnf;

orkwde,fü

yk*¾dKvfç

rSefuefonf/

316-ponfwkdUü

(oauFw0peH

opöH?

avmuor®Kwd

u&PH)

ajymqkdxm;Muonf/ xkdUaMumifhyif todÓPf½SdolwkdUonf vlcsif;wlapum rdbESifh om;r,m;wef;wl rqufqHbJ cGJjcm;um qufqHMuavonf/

0wfxnfzsOfpif;ESifh ouFef;ukd cGJjcm;odjrifwwfum bk&m; paom

t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdU 0wf½HkaomouFef;ukd ½dkaojrwfEkd;Muonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf q'´efqifrif;onfyif aomEkwådK&frkqkd;\xHü ouFef;ukd jrifaomtcg t½dktao ûycJhzl;onf/ (Zmwft|uxm? yÍör? 51/) apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU wifjyaom ]]yaE¦ 'doGme umom0H}} paom ax&my'gefygVdawmf ESm-52-ESifh ]]yAÁZdw y&dabma*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,|meda,m}} [laom yg&mZduu@t|uxm 'k-67 wkdUonfvnf; ouFef;udk ½kdaoav;pm; oifhaMumif; jyqkd&mü om"u ajrmufMuayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

697

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vlaovljzpfq&m a&;ouJhokdU 0wfxnfESifhouFef; twlwljzpfvQif ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rnfonfht0wfrsdK;udkrqkd 0wfaumif;ayvdrfhrnf/ tuÐsudk r0wfoifhay/

trSefum; &[ef;onf vl0wfaMumif\ t0wfykqkd;

trSefpifppfum; t0wfcsif;wlaomfvnf; rdef;ronf rdef;r\ t0wfukdom?

a,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;t0wfudkom? &[ef;onf &[ef;t0wf(ouFef;) udkom 0wf½Hkoifhonf/ 0wf½HkrS obm0usonf/ þrQavmuf uGJjym;csufukd todÓPftoifhtwifh½Sdolrsm;yif odEkdifayonf/

ax&0g'

&[ef;awmfwkdU\ ouFef;onf jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlonfh 0denf;a'oemawmfESifhtnD jzwf& csKyf& qkd;&aom t0wfrsdK; jzpfonf/

ouFef;ü ½Sdoifhaom yrmP? qkd;oifhaom qkd;&nf? &ufoifhaom

csnftrsdK;tpm; ponfwkdUukd 0denf;ü ynwfcsuf½Sd&m 0denf;udk avhvmzl;ygvQifvnf; vlUt0wfESifh ouFef;ukd wpfom;wnf; jrifrnfr[kwfyg/ 10/

aomwmyef vl'g,umu ykxkZOf &[ef;omraPwkdUudk ½Sdckd;xdkufaom taMumif;wkdUrSm

&[ef;tjzpfukd ûywwfaom tusifhw&m;ESpfq,fESifh toGiftjyif ESpfrsdK;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;? tusifhw&m; ESpfq,frSm (1) jrwfaom w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;? (2) jrwfaom OykofûyrI tNrJ½Sdjcif;? (3) jrwfaom qGrf;cHrIpaom tusifh½Sdjcif;? (4) aumif;rGefpGm 0wf½Hkaexkdifjcif;? (5) pu©K paom £aÈúdk apmifhpnf;jcif; ponfrsm;wnf;? toGiftjyifESpfrsdK;rSm (1) zef&nfqkd;aom ouFef;ukd 0wf½Hkjcif;? (2) OD;jynf;acgif; wHk;&dwfjcif;wkdU jzpfaMumif; rdvdEýO§mygVd 161 (¤if;jrefrmjyef? 175-6) ü jyqkdxm;onf/ xkdUjyif rdvdEýO§m jrefrmjyef 275-üyif]]rif;jrwf ... vl\ toGiftjyifonf rnDñGwf? vlyk*¾dKvfonf toGiftjyif tm;enf;aomaMumifh t&[wåzkdvfodkU a&mufvQif a&mufaom xkdaeUüyif &[ef;aomfvnf; ûy&\/ y&dedAÁmefaomfvnf; ûy&\}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/

þpum;&yfukd axmufívnf; ouFef;ü xl;jcm;aom *kPf½SdaMumif;? ouFef;ESifh

0wfxnf jcm;em;aMumif; odEkdifay\/ zkóax&fonf

aemiftem*wfü

&[ef;

&[ef;rwkdU

trltusifhudk

oHa0*jzpfzG,f&m

a[mMum;xm;onfwGif ]]t*g&a0gp p umoma0? w'g awoH b0dówd}} (ax&*gxmygVd? 342) aemiftcgü (&[ef; &[ef;rwkdUonf) t&[wå"ZouFef;ü ½dkaoMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ ,cktcgü

vlaovljzpfq&mu

ouFef;ukd

r½dkaovkdMuolwkdU\

a½SUaqmifvrf;jyozG,f

0wfxnfzsOfpif;ukd ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ wpfom;wnf;jrifNyD[k vrf;rSm;ukd jyoGm;cJhavonf/ vlaovljzpfq&monf

½dkufpfa';Apf

paom

Ak'¨0g'D

r[kwfonfh

ygVdynm½Sif

yk*¾dKvfrsm;u

bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g'? bk&m; 6-ql0g'? bk&m; 25-ql0g'rsm; ay:vmjcif;onf Ak'¨\ ppfrSefaom tewå0g'xJwGif 0d&Pac: aygif;jrufrsm; xlxyfpGm aygufvmjcif;ESifh wlonf[k

wkduf½dkufeD;yg;

bmomjyefí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

698

Mahapadana

Sutta

ponfü

a&;om;xm;aom

pum;vHk;udk

Introduction to

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

bmoma&;trIdufo½dkuf[k oHk;EIef;jcif;rSm Ak'¨0g' wpfomoemvHk; Ak'¨0g'D tm;vHk;wkdUukd yrmrcefU apmfum;vdkufjcif; om jzpfayonf/

ûcHiHkoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfjcif; qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyfaomfjrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk;uG,f&aom

0g'onf

0g'jzpfí

"mwfawmf

vlaovljzpfq&mESifh

arGawmf

apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;udk

wynfhwkdU\

0g'onf

½Sdckd;ylaZmf&aom "mwfawmfarGawmf

apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;ukd r½Sdckd; rylaZmf&? trdIufo½dkuf[k ,lqaom 0g'jzpfojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;0g'ESifh qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g' jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

699

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf-2 apm'em trSwf (13) Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,f 0dedpä, Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emaom"em ESpf&yfukd 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf

apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 127? 128 wGifygaom-

]]qDrD;tckd;wkdif n§dxGef;jcif;? ylaZmfjcif;? 'l;axmuf½dkusdK; ½Sdckd;jcif; aMu;pnf acgif;avmif; xkd;jcif;? "r®oDcsif; usL;&ifhjcif;? *kPfawmfzwfjcif;? Oykofapmifhjcif;? qkawmif;ywåem ûyjcif;jzifh csOf;uyf&aom ewfwkdU? bk&m;wkdU uREkfyfwkdU ,HkMunf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhacs}} [laom a&;om;csufukd xkwfjyí ¤if;pum;t& OD;Ouú|ESifh

ol\MoZmcH

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;onf

qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;

paom

bmoma&;vkyfief;wkdUü tusdK;&onf[k r,HkMunfbJ ypfy,fjcif;jzifh Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;ukd zsufqD;Muonf[k apm'emMu\/ 2/

¤if;apm'emudk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUu wdwdusus acsy aom"emjcif; rûy/

ocifjrwfqkdif\

aom"emvTmü

rlvyPÖmo

rlvy&d,m,okwf

ESm

1-rS

10-txd

tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk Munhfí ]]¤if;okwftqHk;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;u auseyfjcif; r½SdMuaMumif;udk awGU&ojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonfjzpf&m olUtzkdU ravQmufwwfEkdifyg/ wwfpGrf;orQ wifjyygrnf}} qkdí wifjyoGm;onf/

okdUaomf

xkdpum;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom

tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonf[k yg½Sd&m ¤if;pum;rSm acsyvdk&if; y"me r[kwfao;aomfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü ,HkrSm;ouFm 0dpdudpämjzpfzG,fyg½Sdí pdppfa0zefOD;tHh3/

b*0awm bmodwH tbdeE´KEÅd=jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þa'oemawmfukd a[mawmfrlNyD/

&[ef;wkdUonf

jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfukd rESpfoufMuukef}} (r?jref?1?10) [k vm½Sd\/ xkdokdU rESpfoufjcif;taMumif;udk rlvyPÖmo t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 58-ü ]]aw yÍöowm bdu©L £'H b*0awm 0peH emEkarm'ðok? uo®m tnmPaue=xkd&[ef;ig;&mwkdUonf rodaomaMumifh rESpfoufMujcif;jzpfí}} [k zGifhqkdxm;onf/ rdrdem;rvnfaom pum;udk rnfol ESpfoufygvdrfhrnfenf;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tb,fhaMumifh odjrifatmif (odjrifí ESpfoufatmif) ra[moenf;? rvG,faom

tcuftcJ

½SdaomaMumifhavm-[k

ar;tHh?

xkd&[ef;wkdU\rmeudk

csdK;zsufatmif

rlvy&d,m,okwfudk a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh xkd&[ef;wkdUÓPfjzifh rvkdufEkdifatmif rodjrifatmif a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf[k

ajz&m\/

csJUOD;tHh?

xkd&[ef;wkdUonf

jAm[®PZmwf½Sdolrsm;jzpfí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

700

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aA'oHk;yHkwkdUukdvnf; yg&*la&muf wwfajrmufMuav&m ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&d,wfw&m;awmfukdvnf; cPcsif;yif wwfajrmufMuvdrfhrnf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;a[monfukd bmrqkd cPcsif; odvdrhfrnf}} [k

rcefUrav; txifa&mufum rmewufaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xkd&[ef;wkdU

pdwfjzpfyHkudkodí ]]þ&[ef;rsm;onf olwkdU\ rmeajimifhukd ry,fEkwfvQif r*fzkdvfukd &EkdifMurnfr[kwf}} [k

qifjcifawmfrlum

xkd&[ef;wkdUrmeukd

csdK;ESdrf&efyif

wrifrodatmif

ÓPfrrDatmif

a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ þum; rlvyPÖmo- t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 18?58-ü zGifhqkdcsufjzpf\/ xkdpum;t& jrwfpGmbk&m;twGuf rvG,faomtcuftcJrsm; r½Sd[k od&\/ xkdUaMumifh ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonf jzpf&m}} [laom ocifjrwfqkdif pum;udk trSm;pifppf[k rSwf&rnf/ ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUudk rMunfhwwfí ajcajcjrpfjrpf rodem;rvnf onfhtwGufaMumifh vnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ao;odrfapvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ajymaompum;om jzpfonf [k rSwf&ayonf/ ,cktcg vlaovljzpfq&m\ pum;ESifh ¤if;udk axmufcHwifjyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm pum;wkdUukd pdppfa0zefaytHh-

qDrD;tckd;wkdif n§dxGef;jcif; 4/

qDrD;tckdk;wkdif

(tarT;wkdif)

n§dxGef;jcif;udk

vlaovljzpfq&mu

y,fzsufcJh\/

ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm üvnf; o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf? okE´&duokwf? 161-ü a[mawmfrlaom]]ykPÖm; ... xif;udk rD;½IdUaom oifonf rD;½IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\[k ratmufarhvifh? tb,fhaMumifhenf;? xkdxif;udk rD;½IdUjcif;onf tyüom jzpfonf/ xkdpum;onf rSef\/ tMuifolonf tyjzpfaom rD;½IdUjcif;jzifh pifMu,fjcif;udk tvdk½Sd\/ xkdoludk xkdrD;½IdUjcif;aMumifh pifMu,f\[k ynm½SdwkdU rqkdukef}} [laom pum;&yfukd ukd;um;í rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ywfoufí jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdr½Sd[k vnf;aumif;? a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIwkdU\ ae&mwGif ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wkdifwkdUjzifh tusHK;0ifygonf[k vnf;aumif; acsyvTmwifoGif;um vlaovljzpf q&mY0g'udk axmufcHcJhonf/ þwGif a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ qDrD;ylaZmfrIwkdU wl rwl pdppfvQif vHk;0rwlaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/

a½S;u rD;ylaZmfrI (wpfenf;) rD;vkyfauR;rIrSm zGm;&maeUüjzpfaom

rD;ukd,lxm;í ¤if;rD;ukd raoap&atmif tNrJwap avmifpmxnfhí ay;NyD; axmywf? trJom;? ig; paom pm;zG,fwkdUukd rD;xJokdUxnfhum ylaZmfjcif;rsdK; jzpf\/ {uuedygwf e*kF|Zmwf t|uxm? y? 519? 520-ü bk&m;tavmif;awmf O'dpöjA[®PrsdK; jzpfpOfu xkdbk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrif&maeUüjzpfaomrD;udk ,lxm;NyD; ]]tu,fí tdrfüaernfqkdygu aA'oHk;yHkudk oifyg/ awmxJodkU0ifum

rD;udkvkyfauR;vsuf

jA[®mhjynfokdU oGm;vdkvQifum; rD;udk,lNyD;

jA[®mhjynfokdUwufyg}}

rdbwkdUu

ajymqkd&m

bk&m;

tavmif;awmfonf rD;udk,lí rD;vkyfauR;vsuf aecJhavonf/ wpfaeUwGif EGm;wpfaumif&í rD;bk&m;udk EGm;om; (trJom;) pm;aprnf[k tBuHjzpf\/

qm;rygbJ pm;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/

qm;ESihf pm;aprnf[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

701

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

BuHum qm;½Sm xGufcJhonf/

rkqdk;wkdUu EGm;udk owfpm;xm;av&m qm;½Sm&mrStjyef EGm;udk

owfpm;xm;onfukd awGUaomtcg ]]þ rD;bk&m;onf udk,fhzkdUjzpfaom EGm;udkrQ rapmifha½SmufEkdif? ighudk tb,frSm apmifha½SmufEkdifvdrfhrnfenf;}} [k owd&um rD;ukd Nidrf;owfí &aoh&[ef; ûychJaMumif; jyqkdxm;onf/ 'kuedygwf

oE¦0Zmwf

t|uxm

('k-39)üvnf;

bk&m;tavmif;ykPÖm;onf

rdbwkdUu

zGm;aomaeYwGif ,lxm;aom rD;ukd ay;vdkufí xkdrD;ukd,lum vkyfauR;ylaZmfaeavonf/

wpfaeUwGif

EkdUCemudk&í þEkdUCemudk r[mjA[®mtm; ylaZmfrnftBuHjzifh rD;xJokdU xnfhcJh&mrS ]]rdrd opf½Gufrkd;ausmif; rD;avmifaomaMumifh

owd&um

rD;[laom

oif

ol,kwfukd

rvkdcsifawmhNyD}}

qkdum

Nidrf;owfcJhaMumif; jyqkdxm;onf/ pk'dwu

ocifjrwfqkdif

wifjyaom

o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf?

okE´&duokwfvm

okE´&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkrSmvnf; jAm[®P0g't& rD;bk&m;ylaZmfrIom jzpf\/ xif½Sm;aptHht*¾ð Zk[wDwd tm[kwð yu©dyae e Zmavwd/y/ ok0dao"d-awm pó jA[®avmu*grd ra*¾gwd (oH?|?1?214)/ ¤if;t|uxmt& okE´&dubm&'GgZonf rD;xJodkU ylaZmfzG,f&m? pm;aomufzG,f&mwdkUudkxnfhí rD;½IdUcJh avonf/ xdkodkU ylaZmfNyD;aemuf <uif;usefaom Cemxrif;udk jrifí BuHpnfonfrSm ]]rD;xJodkUxnfhtyfaom

Cemxrif;udk

r[mNA[®monf

oHk;aqmiftyfavNyD/

<uif;usefaom

Cemxrif;udk jA[®m\ yg;pyfrSjzpfaom jAm[®Ptm; ay;vª&vQif tza&m? om;udkyg a&mifh&Jap&m auR;arG;&m

a&mufayrnf/

jAm[®Pudk½SmcJh&mrS

jA[®mhjynfc&D;udkvnf;

jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh

aumif;pGm

awGUjcif;jzpfonf/

okwfoifNyD;jzpfrnf}} xdkUaemuf

[kBuHum

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

]]ykPÖm;..xif;udkrD;½dIUaom oifonf rD;½IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\ [k ratmufarhvifh}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ þum; a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU rD;ylaZmfyHk? rD;vkyfauR;yHkESifh okE´&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkwnf;/ olwdkU\ ylaZmfjcif;um; rD;udkylaZmfjcif; jzpfavonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU

qDrD;n§dxGef;ylaZmfjcif;rSm

qDrD;xJodkU

wpfpHkwpf&maompm;aomufzG,f

ylaZmfzG,fwdkUudk xnfhum rD;½dIUaejcif;rsdK; r[kwf? rD;udk ylaZmfonf r[kwf? rD;xJodkUxnfhí ½dIUvdkufaom ypönf;udk r[mjA[®mBuD; oHk;aqmifavNyDponfh t,lrsdK;vnf; r½Sd/ pifppfaomfum; ta&miftvif;udk ay;vªonfh taejzifh qDrD;udk nd§xGef; ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/ rD;ta&miftvif;jzifh ylaZmfxdkufaom olwdkUudk ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/ txl;rSwf&efum; - jAm[®P0g'DwdkUu rD;udk ylaZmfjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkUu rD;tvif;a&mifjzifh bk&m;udk ylaZmfjzif; jzpfonf/ rD;udk ylaZmfjcif; r[kwfay? þodkU jcm;em;onf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

702

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rD;xGef;&ef qD?qDrD;cGuf?za,mif;wdkif ponfwdkUonf okwåefygVdawmfwdkUü vmaom vªzG,f0w¬K (vªaumif;aom ypönf;0w¬K) q,frsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;jzpfayonf/ cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfüaom tEéH a'wd/y/ ygeH a'wd? 0w¬H a'wd? ,meH a'wd? rmvH a'wd? *E¨H a'wd? 0davyeH a'wd? ao,sH a'wd? tm0oxH a'wd? y'Day,sH a'wd/ (oH?2?212) xdkolonf xrif;udk ay;vª\/y/ tazsmfudk t0wfudk ,mOfudk yef;udk eHomcJudk eHomaysmif; eHom&nfudk\ tdyf&mae&mudk tdrfç ausmif;ç Z&yfudk qDrD;xGef;&ef qDç qDrD;cGufç qDrD;pm za,mif;wdkifudk ay;vª\/ (¤if;jrefrmjyef) xdkqDrD;xGef;&ef qDrD;cGuf za,mif;wdkif ponfudk nd§xGef;í ylaZmf vª'gef;onf jzpfap? rnd§xGef;bJ vª'gef;onf jzpfap qDrD;tvªyifjzpf\/ nd§xGef;rI rnd§xGef;rIum; tcgtcGifhudk axmufcsifhí oifhovdk qE´tavsmuf ûyvkyf&efyifjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh 0drme0w¬K t|uxm-47 ü ]]''gwd y'DyEÅd y'DyH OZÆmavaEÅm 0g tEkZÆmavaEÅm 0g y'Dy'geH ''gwd}} [k rdefUqdk\/ ''gwd y'DyEÅd ''gwd y'DyH(qDrD;tvªay;\)[lonf y'DyH? qDrD;udk/ OZÆmavaEÅm 0g? xGef;nd§íaomfvnf;aumif;/ tEkZÆmavaEÅm 0g? rxGef;nd§bJaomfvnf;aumif;/ y'Dy'geH? qDrD;tvªudk/ ''gwd? ay;vª\/ o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVd? uð''okwf 29-ü ]]uð 'a'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g = tb,fudk ay;vªaom olonf rsufpdudkvªonf rnfygoenf;}}[k ewfom;wpfa,mufar;avQmufonfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g=qDrD;udk ay;vªaom olonf rsufpdudk ay;vªonfrnf\}}[k ajzqdkawmfrlonf/ oH,kwft|uxm?y?78-ü r½SdaomaMumifh

]]trdkufarSmif0,f

ta&miftvif;qDrD;udk

rsufpdaumif;olwdkUyif

ay;vªolonf

tqif;udk

rsufpdudkvªonfrnf\/

jrif&jcif;

t½SiftEk½k'¨guJhodkU

'dAÁpu©KESifh jynfhpHkjcif;udkyif &wwfonf}}[k zGifhjyxm;onf/ tarT;wdkif tcdk;txHkay;vª&jcif; tusdK;udkvnf; ax&my'gefygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 379-ü]]jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf;aumif;? ay;vªcJh&aomaMumifh b0BuD;i,fü

igonf

uHtm;avsmufywfukefaom

usifvnf&onf½Sdaomf

ausmfapmjcif;½Sdol? eufeJaomynm½Sdol?

tjrwfqHk;aom

xufaomynm½Sdol?

udk,fteHUarT;ol?

*dkPf;oHCmtm;vnf;aumif;

tcdk;txHkudk

tusdK;qufq,fyg;wdkUudk

cHpm;&ay\/

tNcHt&Hrsm;ol?

ajrBuD;txkESifhwlaom

jyefUajymaomynm½Sdol?

vsifaom

ynm½Sdol?

½Tifaomynm½Sdol?

vsifjrefaomynm½Sdoljzpfí

tcdk;txHktvª\

tpGrf;aMumifhomvQif ,cktcg at;jraom edAÁmefcsrf;omodkU a&muf&ay\}}[k jyqdkxm;\/ þrQpum;jzifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU qDrD;tarT;wdkif nd§xGef;ylaZmfjcif;onf a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU\ rD;vkyfauR;ylaZmfjcif;ESifh wpfrsdK;wpfjcm;pDomjzpfí a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIae&mwGif ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wdkifwdkU tusHK;r0ifaMumif;? qDrD;ylaZmfrIonf bk&m;tavmif; paom olawmfaumif;wdkU jznfhqnf;yl;aom 'geyg&rDwpfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ ocifjrwfqdkifonf o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

703

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

okE´&duokwf\ ,xmblwuseaom t"dyÜg,fudk rodjrif r,lqwwf? bmomjyefudkzwfwwf½HkrQom½Sdí qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;onf ta&miftvif;vªaom y'Dy'gersdK;jzpfonfudk rodaomaMumifhomvQif a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wdkif ylaZmfrIudk a&maxG;,Sufwif rSwfxif ,lqrdjcif; jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

ylaZmfjcif; 5/

ylaZmfjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fcJh\/ aom"emvTmü ocifjrwfqdkifu

r[my&dedAÁmeokwf0,f a[mawmfrlaom ]]yef; eHUom wl&d,mjzifh ylaZmfjcif;xuf avmukwå&mw&m; tm;avsmfpGm usifhoHk;jcif;onfom tjrwfqHk;ylaZmfouúm&rnf\}} [laom pum;&yfudk wifjyxm;\/ vlaovljzpfq&mu yef; eHUom ponfjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k vnf;aumif;? tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k vnf;aumif;

txl;rcGJjcm;bJ

ylaZmfjcif;[k

omrnqdkxm;aomaMumifh

(tmrdoylZm?

"r®ylZm)

ESpfrsdK;vHk;udkyif y,f&ma&muf\/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkif wifjyvmaom r[my&dedAÁmeokwfvm tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif; [lonfudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fonf[kyif qdk&ayonf/ ¤if;r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü a[mawmfrlonfrSmvnf; tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom ylaZmfouúm&udkom a[mí qDrD;? tarT;wdkif? yef;eHUomponfjzifh ylaZmfrIudk vHk;0rûy&[k wm;jrpfawmfrlonf r[kwfay/ t*Fkwå&ygVd? vdpä0dukrm&uokwf 68? ¤if;jrefrmjyef 83-ü ]]vuf½Hk;tm;udk;qnf;yl;í acR;'D;'D;us jzpfaptyfukefaom? w&m;ESifhavsmfukefaom? w&m;ojzifh &tyfukefaom? x<uvHkvjzifh &tyfukefaom pnf;pdrf OpömwdkUjzifh orP jAm[®PwdkUudk t½dktao tav;tjrwfûyaom

ylaZmfaom

trsdK;aumif;om;tm;

BuD;yGm;wdk;wwfjcif;udkom

arQmfvifhtyf\/

qkwf,kwf ysufqD;jcif;udk rarQmfvifhtyf}}[k a[mawmfrlonfudk axmufí ypönf;jzifh ylaZmfrI tmrdo ylZmonfvnf; tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

'l;axmuf ½dkusdK; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmf½Gwfzwfjcif; 6/

½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;? *kPfawmf ½Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu

y,fcJh\/ pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu t*FkwådK&f ½lyokwf jrefrmjyef 397-udk tusOf;csHK;wifjyNyD; ]]omoem,Ofaus;rI tpydkif;wGif tqif;ç toHwdkU\ t&if;cHjzpfaom vlrsm;pk\ tvdkqE´tavsmuf qGJaqmifMu&onfrSm wpfenf;tm;jzifh trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;rIyif jzpf&jcif;ygbk&m;/ omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifhum; wjcm;pDom ½SdaMumif;}} jzifh aom"emvTm wifoGif;\/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmf ½Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUonf ¤if; ½lyokwft& omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD[k acsyí vlaovljzpfq&mYpum;udk axmufcHcJhavonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

704

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkokwfüqdkvdkonfrSm(1)

tqif;oP²mefudkMunfhí tqif;oP²mefaumif;aomaMumifh Munfñdkol?

(2)

olwyg;wdkY\csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;&í toHMum;Munfñdkol?

(3)

acgif;yg;pGm usifhBuHaexdkifonfudk jrifí Munfñdkol?

(4)

oDv orm"d ynmw&m;udk odjrifí Munfñdkol

[k yk*¾dKvf 4-rsdK; 4-pm;½Sdonf/ xdk 4-rsdK;wdkUwGif tqif;? toHudk yrmPûyol (yrmPûyíMunfñdkol)wdkYonf qE´&m* tvdkodkU vdkufyg&í tZÑwåoEÅmefüjzpfaom *kPf? A[d'¨üjzpfaom tusifhudk rodukef? olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;aom csD;rGrf;oHjzifhom arsmyg&awmh\/ tZÑwå? A[d'¨jzpfaom*kPfudk odolwdkUonfum; tqD;twm;r½Sd odjrif onfjzpfí olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHjzifh rarsm&awmh[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkokwft& ]]oifwdkUonf oifwdkUMunfñdkaeaom tMunfñdkcHyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyftqif;oP²mefudk jrif&½Hk? xdkyk*d¾Kvftm; olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;&½HkrQjzifh (½kyfjrif? oHMum;rQjzifh) ESpfouf auseyftm;& raeMuvifhOD;/

xdkyk*d¾Kvf\

twGif;oEÅmefüjzpfaom

oDv

orm"d

ynm*kPfESifh

tyüjzpfaom

tusifhudkodatmif ûyygOD;}} [k jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;½Sdrcdk;vifh? *kPfawmf r½Gwfzwfvifh[k qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; r[kwfay/ tMunfñdkcHyk*¾dKvf\ tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom*kPf? A[d'¨oEÅmefüjzpfaom tusifhudk rodjrifbJ olwyg;wdkU ajymoHMum;rQjzifh Munfñdkaom olwdkUudkom toHjzifharsmol[k qdk&onf/ bk&m;½Sdcdk;ol? *kPfawmf ½GwfzwfolwdkUudk toHjzifharsmol[k qdkonfr[kwf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD}} [k rqdkvifh/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf ½lyokwf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk usepGm r,lwwf aomaMumifhom xdkuJhodkU qdkrdjcif; jzpfavonf/ rSwfcsuf/

/ toHt& olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;MuaomtoHudk ,ljcif;rSm yk*¾vynwådygVdawmf 162-vm

aCmoyÜrmPyk*¾dKvfudk tus,fjyaomygVdt& jzpfonf/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif; tpOftvmonf &wemoHk;yg;udk ½dkaoav;pm;Muaom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU ûyavh½Sdaom tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;

om0w¬djynfaepOfu

tvGefrmeBuD;ojzifh

rmew¬'¨rnfaom

ykPÖm;onfyif

jrwfpGmbk&m; ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfpif;OD;cdkufum ½Sdcdk;NyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ]]tb,fyk*¾dKvfwdkUü rmeudk rûy&moenf;? tb,f yk*¾dKvfwdkUü ½dkaorI? aumif;pGm ylaZmfrIudk ûy&oenf;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]trd? tz? tpfudkBuD; (tpfrBuD;)? q&mwdkUü rmeudk rûy&m? ¤if;yk*¾dKvfwdkUü ½dkaorI? aumif;pGmylaZmfrIudk ûy&m\}}[k a[mawmfrlonf/(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwåygVd? rmew¬'¨okwf-180) aygu©&omwdykPÖm;BuD;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fol OygoumjzpfNyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; avQmufxm;cJhonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

705

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]],xmp b0H a*gwarm Ouú|m, tnmed Oygouukvmed OyouFrwd/y/ awoH wH

b0dówd 'DC&wåH [dwm, okcg,}} ('D? 1? 103) ]]t½Sifa*gwronf Ouú|ûrdUü tjcm;aom OygoumtdrfwdkUodkU <ua&mufawmf rlouJhodkU aygu©&omwdykPÖm; tdrfodkUvnf; <ua&mufawmfrlyg/ xdk aygu©&omwdykPÖm;tdrfü tMuif vkvifysdK? vHkrysdKwdkUonf t½Sifa*gwrudk t½dktao ½Sdcdk;rlvnf; ½Sdcdk;ukefvwH/ c&D;OD;êudûyrlvnf; ûyukefvwH/ ae&mudk ay;vªrlvnf; ay;vªukefvwH/ a&udk ay;vªrlvnf; ay;vªukefvwH/ pdwfudkMunfvifaprlvnf; MunfvifapukefvwH/ xdk (odkYûyjcif;)onf MumjrifhpGmaom umvywfvHk; xdkvkvifysdK? vHkrysdKwdkU\ pD;yGm; csrf;om tvdkUiSm jzpfygvwH}}[k avQmuf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]uvsmPH 0kpöwd jAm[®P=ykPÖm; aumif;aompum;ukd oifqdkay\}}[k rdefUawmf rlownf;/ ('D? jref? 1? 104) jA[®m,kykPÖm;BuD; t½dktaoûyyHkudkvnf; rZÑdryPÖmoygVd? jA[®m,kokwfü]]{0H 0kawå jA[®m,k jAm[®aPm O|m,moem {uHoH Owå&mo*ø u&dwGm b*0awm yga'ok od&om edywdwGm b*0awm yg'ged rkace y&dpkrÁwd? ygPD[d p y&dorÁm[wd}} (r? 2? 345)/ þodkUrdefUawmfrlonf½Sdaomf

jA[®m,kykPÖm;onf

ae&mrSxí

vuf0Jwpfzuf

ykcHk;xufü

udk,f0wfudk pHy,fwifonfudkûyí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajcawmfwdkUü OD;wdkufum ajcawmfwdkUudk cHwGif;jzifhvnf; pkyf\/ vufwdkUjzifhvnf; oHk;oyf\}}[k rdefUqdkxm;onf/ rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef ESm-242- üvnf; ]]þodkU ajymqdkaomf ZmPkaómPdykPÖm;onf tvHk;pHkjzLaom jrnf;uaom&xm;rS oufqif;í ykcHk;wpfzufü udk,f0wfudkwifí jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sd&mt&yfodkY vuftkyfudkñGwfí oHk;BudrfO'gef;pum;udk >rufqdk\}}[k rdefUqdkonf/ xdkykPÖm;>rufqdkaom O'gef;pum;rSm ,cktcg Ak'¨bmom olawmfpif trsm;wdkU\EIwfzsm;ü rMumcP ½GwfqdkMuaom ]]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}}[laom bk&m;½Sdcdk;yifjzpfonf/ *kPfawmfoHk;yk'fudk ½Gwfqdkí bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ tmVm0ubDvl;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh w&m;(oHCm)wdkUudk ½Sdcdk;vsuf vSnfhvnfrnf jzpfaMumif;udk okwåedygwygVdü]]aom t[H 0dp&dómrd? *grm *grH yk&m yk&H/ erórmaem orÁK'¨H? "r®ó p ok"r®wH/}} (ck?1?307) [laom*gxmjzifh ajymqdkBuHK;0g;cJhavonf/

jrefrmjyef ]]xdkigonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;?

w&m;awmf\

aumif;aomw&m;\

tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; ½Sdcdk;vsuf wpf½GmrS wpf½Gm? wpfûrdUrS wpfûrdUodkY vSnfhvnfygawmhtHh/}}

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

706

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(ck? jref? 1? 291) t½Sifom&dykwå&max&f\tavmif;

o&'vkvif

(ok½kpd&aoh)onf

vnf;aumif;?

aomruax&fonf vnf;aumif;? acrmax&Donf vnf;aumif; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfwdkUudk ½Gwfqdk ylaZmfcJhaMumif; ty'geygVd/ y? 22?225/ ax&Dty'geygVd 227-wdkUü vm½Sdonf/ ed*P²em#ykwå\ wynfhjzpfcJhzl;aom Oygvdol<u,fonfvnf; ]]"D&ó 0d*warm[ó? ybdEécDvó 0dZdw0dZ,ó/ teDCó okorpdwåó? 0k'¨oDvó om"kynó/ a0orEÅ&ó 0drvó? b*0awm wó om0aum[ro®d/}} (r? 2?48) ]]tuREkfyfonf jrJNrHaom ynm½Sdawmfrlaom? arm[uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom? ajimifhwHoif;wdkUudk zsufqD;awmfrlNyD;aom? atmifNyD;aomatmifyGJ½Sdawmfrlaom? qif;&Juif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom? nDrQaompdwf ½Sdawmfrlaom? BuD;yGm;aomtusifhoDv ½Sdawmfrlaom? aumif;jrwfaomynm ½Sdawmfrlaom? &m*tp½Sdaom tqdyfudk vGefajrmufawmfrlNyD;aom? &m* tnpftaMu; uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;\wynfh jzpfay\ (r?jref?2?53)}} ponfjzifh oHk;yg'½Sd *gxm q,f*gxmwdkUjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;*kPfawmfwdkUudk ½GwfqdkcJhav&m olUq&mjzpfcJhzl;aom ed*P²u ]]ol<u,f..oifonf &[ef;a*gwr\ þ*kPfaus;Zl;wdkUudk b,ftcgu zGJUqdkoDukef;xm;oenf;}}[kyif ar;jref;cJhavonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef0ifpHNyD;aemufüvnf; t|uxm? #Dumpaom usrf;ûyyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? usrf;ûyr[kwfaom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpif trsm;onfvnf;aumif; bk&m;paom &wemoHk;yg;wdkUtm; av;pm;pGmyif ½Sdcdk;cJhMuayonf/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;udky,faom vlaovljzpfq&mESifh aemufvdkuf wpfpkwdkUonfum; rmepaom tukodkvfw&m;qdk;rsm; ESdyfpufcHae&aomaMumifhom þodkU y,frdayonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

t½dktaoûyjcif; 7/

½dkaoxdkufaom olwdkUudk t½dktao ûyjcif;onf ]]*g&a0g p? ed0gawm p? oEÅK|d p?

uwnKwm}} paom r*Fvokwf ygVdt& aumif;usdK;w&m; wdk;yGm;aMumif; r*Fvmwpf&yf jzpfayonf/ yknud&d,0w¬K q,fyg;wdkUwGifvnf; wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifyif opömav;yg;w&m;udk odNyD;p(bk&m;jzpfNyD;p) O½ka0vawm ae&OÆ&mjrpfurf; qdwfausmif;anmifyif&if;ü aeawmfrlpOf ]]½dkaop&m? rSDcdkp&mr½SdbJaejcif;onf qif;&JvS\/ igonf tb,fodkUaom orPjAm[®Pudk t½dktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jûyí ae&ygtHhenf;}}[k tBuHjzpf\/ xdkUaemuf udk,fawmfjrwfxuf omvGefí oDv? orm"d? ynm? 0drkwåd *kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoludk rawGUjrif&um; ]]igonf (ig)xdk;xGif;í odtyfaom w&m;udkyifvQif t½dktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jûyí ae&rlum; aumif;ay&m\}}[k tBuHjzpf\/ tBuHjzpfNyD;aemuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

707

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

udk,fawmfjrwfonf udk,fwdkifxdk;xGif;odjrifaom w&m;udkyif tav;tjrwfûyí aeawmfrlcJhavonf/ (o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVd? *g&0okwf? 140? 141-2/ t*Fkwå&edum,ygVd?y? 328-329/ jrefrmjyef? pwkuúedygwf? yXrO½ka0vokwf? 343-5)/ xdkUjyif t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? t|uedygwf? oyÜK&dookwf 77-ü ]]tdrfüaeaom ynm½Sdonf pifppftm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom vlwdkU\ tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ aeUnOfhwdkUywfvHk; ysif;&djcif;r½Sdaom ynm½Sdonf a½S;OD;pGm trdtzwdkUtm; a½S;üûyzl;aomaus;Zl;udk tzefwvJvJ atmufarhonfjzpfí taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ylaZmf\/ tdrf&mraxmifbJ &[ef;ûyaom jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhaomyk*d¾KvfwdkUudk t½dktaoûy\/ /y/ olawmfaumif;w&m;ü aumif;pGmwnfaom xdkolonf tvHk;pHkaom olwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk aqmif\/ xdkolonf 0efwdkrI ]rapä&}tnpftaMu;ukd y,fazsmufí at;Nidrf;aom avmuodkU a&muf&\}} [ka[mawmf rl\/ xdkUjyifvnf; 0de,yd#u? plV0*¾ygVdüa, 0k¡ 2323 rypm,EÅd? e&m "r®ó aum0d'g/ 'da| "ar®p ygoHom? orÜ&ma, p ok*¾wDwd/ aw [d emr bdu©a0 wd&päme*wm ygPm tnrnH o*g&0g oyÜwdóm obm*0kwådwm 0d[&dóEdÅ/ £" acg wH bdu©a0 aomabx? ,H wkarS {0H oGmu©maw "r®0dea, yAÁZdwm ormem tnrnH t*g&0g tyÜwdóm tobm*0kwådum 0d[a&,smx/ /y/ tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 ,xm 0k¡ 2323 tbd0g'eH ypöK|meH tOÆvdurH® omrDpdurH® t*¾goeH ta*¾g'uH t*¾yd@H}} (0d?4?311) [k a[mawmfrl\/

jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU

...

w&m;ü

vdr®mí

BuD;oludk

½dkaoaomvlwdkUonf

rsufarSmufb0üvnf;

csD;rGrf;cH&ukef\/ aemifwrvGefb0üvnf; aumif;&m*wd½Sd ukef\/ &[ef;wdkU ... wd&pämefjzpfaom owå0gwdkUonfyifvQif tcsif;csif; ½dkaojcif;? udkif;ñGwfjcif;? oabmwl toufarG;jcif;½Sdvsuf aeukefao;\/ &[ef;wdkU ... þodkU aumif;pGma[mtyfaom "r®0de,ü &[ef;ûyMuukefvsuf tcsif;csif; r½dkrao? rudkif;rñGwf? oabmwl toufrarG;bJ aeMujcif;onf wifhw,fyg rnfavm/ /y/ &[ef;wdkU ... oDwif;BuD; tpOftwdkif;½Sdcdk;jcif;? c&D;OD;êudjcif;? vuftkyfcsDjcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;? ae&mOD; a&OD; qGrf;OD;wdkUudk cGifhûyawmfrl\/(plV0*fygVdawmf? jrefrmjyef-316) "r®y'ygVdawmfüvnf; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;\ tusdK;udktbd0g'eoDvdó? edpHö 0k¡2323 ypm,daem/ pwåma&m "r®m 0¡2323EÅd? tm,k 0aPÖm okcH AvH/ (ck?1?29)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

708

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[ka[mawmfrl\/

NrefrmNyef tNrJ ½Sdcdk;avh½Sdí rdrdxuf *kPf touf odu©mtm;jzifh BuD;aomolwdkUü t½dktaoûyavh½Sdol wdkUtm; touf½Snfjcif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csrf;omjcif;? cGeftm;BuD;jcif;[laom þtusdK;xl;w&m; av;yg;wdkUonf wdk;yGm;ukef\/ þygVdawmf jrefrmjyefrsm;udkaxmufí rdrdxuf touf odu©m *kPfBuD;rm;aom olwdkUudk t½dktao ûyjcif;onf bk&m;tavmif;paom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ aumif;aomtpOftvm? tusdK;rsm;aom tusifh wpfyg; jzpfonf/ vlaovljzpfq&mESifh ol\ wynfhwdkUonfum; xdkt½dktaoûyjcif; tpOftvm "avh xHk;pHudk wGef;vSefy,fzsufcJhojzifh tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yfudk csdK;jzwfaomolrsm;jzpfonf[k a0zefawmf rlMuonf/

aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif; 8/

vlaovljzpfpmtkyf 128-vm aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;udk jypfwifajymqdkjcif;ESifh

ywfoufívnf; Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ aMu;pnfwD;jcif;? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;wdkUü &nf½G,fcsuf 3-csuf yg0ifaMumif; odxm;Mu&ef oifhonf/ ,if;wdkUrSm(u)

&[ef;awmfwdkUtwGuf oHCmpnf;a0;jcif;?

(c)

&[ef;? ½Sif? vl? ukodkvf½SifwdkUtwGuf ywåd'ge yknud&d,0w¬Kûyjcif;ESifh

(*)

o'´'geûyjcif;wdkUyif jzpfonf/

(u)

jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu &[ef;awmfwdkUonf aeUtcsdefwGif rdrdwdkU\ 'd0gXmeac: aeUoefU&m ae&mwdkUü wpfyg;csif;aeí w&m;tm;xkwfMuonf/ wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; pum;ajymqdkjcif; r½SdMuacs/ wpfpHkwpf&m taMumif;udpö½SdvQif odkUr[kwf wpfyg;yg; rusef;rrmjzpfvQif ausmif;wvif;tv,fwGif qGJxm;aom ausmufpnf? pnfBuD;? acgif;avmif;ponfwdkUudk wD;&onf? xdk;&onf/ xdkausmufpnf acgif;avmif;oHudk Mum;&vQif rdrd\'d0gXmewdkUrS xGufum pnf;a0;&m nDrl&m wefaqmif;odkU tm;vHk;<uvm Mu&onf/ þtaMumif;udk "r®y't|uxm? yxrtkyf? tnw&bdu©K0w¬K (ESm-184)? oHudpöomraP&0w¬K (ESm-427)wdkUü tus,f Munfh½IEdkifayonf/ ,if;wdkUudk trSDûyí ,cktcgüvnf; oHCmpnf;a0; nDrl&mjzpfaom pmcsjcif;? bk&m;0wfwwfjcif;? oHCmpnf;a0;jcif;wdkUü aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;? tkef;armif;? ausmufpnfwdkUudk wD;acgufxdk;ESufjcif; tpOftvm jzpfae&ayonf/

(c)

xdkrSwpfyg; Ak'¨bmom olawmfpifwdkUonf rdrdwwftm;orQ 'ge ûyMuaomtcg xdk'ge\ tusdK;tmedoifudk rdrdrSwpfyg; rdb? q&morm;tpxm;í owå0ga0ae,swdkUtm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

709

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) trQa0Mu&NrJjzpfonf/

,if;rSmvnf;

ywåd'geyknud&d,0w¬K

jzpfayonf/

tm;r&MubJ

aMu;pnf?

yknud&d,0w¬KwdkUwGif þodkU

acgif;avmif;?

trQa0&mü

tkef;armif;?

wpfyg;yg0ifonfh

EIwfjzifh

>rufqdk½HkrQESifh

ausmufpnfwdkUudk

wD;cwf

xdk;ESufMuNrJyif jzpfavonf/ olawmfpifyk*d¾Kvfwdkif;yif aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;oHwdkUudk Mum;&vQif ywåmEkarm'emrI om"ktEkarm'em ûyMuNrJyifjzpf&m Ak'¨omoemawmf\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm vGefpGmodrfarGUaom "r®oabmrsm;jzpfojzifh tn0g'DwdkUESifhrqdkif? udk,fydkif Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI ppfppfyif jzpfayonf/ (*)

xdkUjyifvnf;

'ge0w¬KwdkUudk

cGJa0azmfjy&mü

tbd"r®mvm

'ge0w¬K

6-rsdK;½Sd&m?

'kwd,ajrmuf o'´'ge ae&mü þaMu;pnf? acgif;avmif; vª'gef;jcif;? pnf acgif;avmif; aMu;pnf ponfrsm;udk bk&m;&ifjyifawmfü wD;cwf xdk;ESuf toHxGufay:apjcif; ponfrsm;udk qdkxm;ayonf/ xdktaMumif;udk p&d,myd#ut|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufwGif,'g o'´'geH 'ómrDwd ab&drk'd*Fg'Dok tnwa&e wl&da,e wdPÖH &wemeH Oy[m&H ua&mwd uma&wd p? o'´'geH ar wd ab&Dtm'Ded Xaywd Xygaywd p/ (p&d,myd#u?|?299) tMuiftcgü o'´'geudk ay;vªtHh[k BuHpnfum pnfBuD;? rk½dk;pnf? aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;ponf

wdkUwGif

wpfrsdK;rsdK;aom

wl&d,mjzifh

&wem

oHk;yg;wdkUtm;

ylaZmfjcif;udk ûytHh? ûyaptHh/ ig\ o'´'ge jzpfygap [lí pnfBuD;? rk½dk;pnf? aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;wdkUudk xm;tHh? xm;aptHhponfjzifh azmfjyxm; ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh

aMu;pnf

acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;paom

udpörsm;onf

,ckrSay:aygufvmaom

udpörsm;r[kwf? Ak'¨jrwfpGm oufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdpOfuyif ûyvkyfvmcJhaom Ak'¨bmom omoemawmf\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm udpö&yfrsm; jzpfojzifh pifppf aumif;jrwfaom udpörsm;jzpfí tjypfqdkolwdkUomvQif Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIrS aoGzD ysufjy,faeolrsm; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/

Oykofapmifhjcif; 9/

Oykofapmifhjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu r,HkMunf[kqdkum y,fzsufcJhjyefonf/

pk'dwuwdkU acsyvTmwGif jyefvnfíacsy aom"emxm;onfudk rawGU&/ þ Oykofapmifhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí vu©P okwfü]],rÜd bdu©a0 wxm*awm yk&drH b0H yk&drH Zmwð yk&drH edauwH ykaAÁ rEkóblawm ormaem 'Vorm'gaem ta[mod? ukoavok "ar®ok t0w¬dworm'gaem um,okp&daw 0pDokp&daw raemokp&daw 'geoH0dbma* oDvorm'gae Oaygoxky0gao}} ('D?3?119) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

710

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef

&[ef;wdkU ... jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a½S; arG;zGm;cJh&m Zmwd? a½S; jzpfcJh&m b0? a½S; aecJh&m bHkXmewdkUü vljzpfpOftcgu ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü NrJNrHpGm aqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepf aqmufwnf\/ um,okp½dkuf 0pDokp½dkuf? raemokp½dkufü vnf;aumif;? ay;urf;a0zefjcif;ü vnf;aumif;? oDvaqmufwnfjcif;ü vnf;aumif;? OykofapmifhoHk;jcif;ü vnf;aumif; (NrJNrHpGmaqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepfaqmufwnf\/ ('D?3?199)) t*Fkwå&edum,? t|uedygwygVd? Oaygox0*f? oHcdwåLaygoxokwf jrefrmjyef 80-ü ]]&[ef;wdkU ... t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh jynfhpHkaom usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;BuD;\/ tmedoif BuD;\/ wefcdk;BuD;\/ BuD;aom ysHUESHUjcif;½Sd\}}ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/ xdkUtwl 0w¬wlaygoxokwf 84? 0domcgokwf 87? 0gao|okwf? aAmZÑ*Fokwf 90-wdkUüvnf; t*Fg½Spfyg;½Sdaom Oykof\ tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk a[mawmfrlNyD; aemufqHk;ü]]wo®m [d em&D p ea&m p oDv0g/ t|*FkaywH Oy0ókaygoxH/ yknmed uwGm e okckj',med/ tedE´dwm o*¾rkayEÅdXmeH/ (tH?3?90) [ka[mawmfrlonf/

jrefrmjyef xdkUaMumifhomvQif oDv½Sdaom rdef;rjzpfap a,mufsm;jzpfap wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olonf t*Fg½SpfrsdK;½Sdaom Oykofudk usifhoHk;&m\/ (xdkrdef;r? a,mufsm;wdkUonf) csrf;omaom tusdK;udk jzpfap wwfukefaom ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkUudk ûyukefaomaMumifh ruJh&JUtyfukefonfjzpfí ewfjynfodkU uyfa&muf &ukef\/ (tif?jref?3?85-88) þygVdawmfwdkUudk axmufí OykofapmifhoHk;jcif;trIonf tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhwpfckjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ Oykofapmifhjcif;udky,faom vlaovljzpfq&mwdkU\ 0g'onf tpOftvmaumif;udk csdK;zsuf aom0g'jzpfonf[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/

Moumouefawmhcef;ESifh a½TapwD 10/

xdkUaemuf apm'u yk*¾dKvfwdkYu a½Ttbd"r®m trnfcH olwdkY\ ar;cGef;aygif; (80)

teufrS(u)

Moumouefawmhcef;ESSifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?

(c)

bk&m;a½Tuyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?

(*)

a½Twd*HkponfwdkUü tapmifhxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

711

tpodkU (C)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ausmufcJ tkwfcJrsm;udk bk&m;twkvkyfí ½Sdcdk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;/

þar;cGef; 4-csufudk xkwfazmfjyvsuf xdkuJhodkU a&;om;jcif;onf Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avh xHk;pHrsm;udk ajymifavSmif apmfum;xm;onf[k apm'emcJhMuonf/ ¤if;apm'emudk acsyaom or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUrS wifoGif;aom aom"emvTmwGif-olwdkUonf apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k ra[majym? ra&;om;cJh MuaMumif;? OD;a½Tjynfh\ vlUtbd"r®m pmapmifwGifygaom ar;cGef;udkMunfhí ¤if;wdkUtm; pGyfpGJjcif;rQomjzpfaMumif;? ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQomjzpfí tajzr[kwfaMumif; aom"em wifoGif;Muonf/ odkUaomf tajzudkodvdkí

¤if;ar;cGef;yg ar;aom

pum;toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk

½dk;½dk;ar;cGef;

Moumobk&m;½Sdcdk;paom

r[kwfrlí

axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh

ar;cGef;½Sifonf

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUwifjyaom

apm'emouJhodkU

"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk

rESpfoufojzifh

xdkodkUûyusifholrsm;udk

ajymifavSmifvdkaomoabmjzifh ar;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/ xdkUjyif ]ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQom jzpfí tajzr[kwfyg}[k or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUu acsy&mü ar;½Hkomjzpfí tjypfr½Sd[k qdkvdk[ef½Sd\/ þodkUqdkaomf OD;Ouú|onf vluarG;ol [kwf&JUvm;? or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUonf vlrS[kwfMu&JUvm; ponfjzifh ar;onf½Sdaomf oifhavsmf EdkifygtHhavm? roifhavsmfacs/ xdkenf;twl Ak'¨bmomwdkU tav;tjrwfûyaeaom udpöwdkUudkvnf; ]ar;cGef;yg}[k umuG,fí tremy ajymjcif; rûyxdkufaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ 11/

rnfodkUyifqdkap Moumo uefawmhcef; ponfüum; uJh&JUzG,f&m tjypf wpfpHkwpf&m

rxifay? tenf;i,f½Sif;OD;tHh/ (u)

t&d,yk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdvQif t&d,m[k odonf jzpfap rodonf jzpfap t&d,ly0g'uH xdkuf\/ teEÅ&d,uHESifh wl\/ ewfjynfudkvnf; wm;jrpf? r*fudkvnf; wm;jrpfwwf\/ odkUaomf ukpm;íum; &aumif;ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh t&d,myk*¾dKvfwdkUudk uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdcJhygu xdkyk*¾dKvfxHodkU oGm;í ]]wynfhawmfonf t½Sifbk&m;tm; þodkU ajymrdcJhygonf/ xdktjypfudk onf;cHyg}}[k onf;cH aptyf\/ 0efcs awmif;yef tyf\/ tu,fí y&dedAÁmef pH0ifoGm;vQif y&dedAÁmefpH&m t&yfodkU (okomef wdkifatmif)yif oGm;í onf;cHaptyf awmif;yef tyf\}}[k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? y? 134/ y#dorÇd'gr*¾ t|uxm? y? 337-8/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm? 'k? 55-6 wdkUü jyqdkxm;ayonf/ xdkodkU

jyqdkxm;csuft&

tu,fí

ykxkZOfwdkU

obm0tavsmuf

&wemoHk;yg;wdkUtm; jypfrSm;rdaomf xdktjypf(t&d,ly0g'uH)wdkUrS vGwfajrmufapjcif;iSm uefawmh&mü tjypfwif&ef r½Sdonfhtjyif csD;rGrf;zdkUyif aumif;ygay\/ (c)

]]Ak'¨u a½Trudkif&[k qdkxm;ygvsuf bk&m;udk a½Tuyfjcif;? yef;uyfjcif; vkyfaeMuonfrSm Ak'¨0g'vm;}}[laom ar;cGef;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef; omraPwdkUudkom a½Trudkif&[k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

712

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wm;jrpfí vl'g,dum 'g,dumrwdkUudk rwm;jrpf? wm;jrpfívnf;rjzpf/ þtaMumif;rSm ololigigodaom t&mjzpfonf/ ausmif; toHk;taqmif (aoemoey&dab*)jzpfvQifum; &[ef; omraPwdkUonfyif a½TaiGjzifh ûyvkyfxm;aom ausmif;toHk;taqmifudk udkiftyf oHk;oyftyfaMumif;udk ]]aoemoey&dabma*gye oAÁuyÜda,m? wo®m Zmw½ly&Zwr,m oaAÁyd aoemoey&du©m&m tmrmom}} [k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 130/ 0de,o*F[t|uxm 30-wdkUü rdefUqdk\/

uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ o&D&"mwfudk a½TapwDBuD; wnf xm;MuaMumif;udk ]]twDaw ud&uóy'oAvó ok0PÖapwda, u&d,rmae Am&mPod0godaem/y/ {uH ax&H yd@m, y0oEÅH yóðok}}ponfjzifh "r®y't|uxm? 'k? 344-ü rdefUqdkonf/ ¤if;t|uxm? 'k? 444-üyif uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDwnfMupOfu a½T ravmufojzifh &[EÅmwpfyg;u ½GmxJ0ifí wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfcJhzl;aMumif;udk jyqdkxm;\/ 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 142-üvnf; ]]om ud& uóyó b*0awm a,mZedum ueuxlay u,d&rmae /y/ £rm[H apwd,w¬m, 'r®Dwd}} [k jyqdkxm;\/

jrefrmjyef xdktrsdK;orD;onf uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ wpf,lZem½Sdaom a½TapwD wnfxm;pOftcgu oli,fr jzpfí trdESifhtwl apwDwnf&m t&yfodkUoGm;í trdudk ]]tar þolawG bmvkyfMuwmvJ}}[k ar;\/ ]]apwDwnf&ef a½Ttkwfrsm; vkyfMuwmaygh}}[k ajzqdk&m Munfñdkpdwf jzpfí ]]tar usrvnfyif;u þqGJêud;av;udk apwDwnfzdkY vªygonf}}[k qdkí vªcJhavonf/ þ t|uxmwdkUudkaxmufí bk&m;apwDudk a½Tuyf½Hkru a½TapwDyif wnfcJhaom xHk;a[mif;½Sd\/ xdkUjyif yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 257/ 0de,o*F[t|uxmü ]]oap ye oHCH 0g *PH 0g yk*¾vH 0g temrodwGm £'H [d&nok0PÖH apwd,ó a'r? 0d[m&ó a'r? e0ur®ó a'rmwd 0'EÅd? y#du©dydwHk e 0¥wd? £ar £'H bPEÅDwd uyÜd,um&umeH tmpdu©dwAÁH/ (0d?o*F[?|?56) [k zGifhqdk\/

jrefrmjyef tu,fí oHCm? *dkPf;? yk*¾dKvfudk roHk;oyfrlí þa½T aiGudk apwDawmftm; vªyg\? ausmif;tm; vªyg\? e0ur®tm; vªyg\-[k qdkukeftHh/ y,fjcif;iSm roifh? þolwdkUonf þodkUajymqdkMuonf[k uyÜd,um&uwdkUtm; ajymMum;&rnf/ þodkU zGifhqdkaom t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí bk&m;tm; a½Tuyfjcif;onf tjypfrxif? tusdK;yif jzpfayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

713

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tapmifhxm;jcif;

12/ rxm;ygbJ

od'¨w¬jzpfaom bk&m;rSm olcdk;? "m;jy&efudk umuG,f&ef[k '&0rf wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ a½Twd*HkwdkU?

r[mjrwfrkedwdkUrSm

'&0rfxm;aejcif;rSm

Ak'¨0g'vm;

jAm[®P0g'vm;[k

ar;cGef;xkwfwm;\/ þ rar;oifhaom ar;cGef;twGuf Ak'¨bmom0if wpfa,mufudk ajzqdkapvQif OD;a½TjynfhwdkUuJhodkU bk&m;

w&m;trSefudk

r,HkMunfaom

Aef;jybmoma&;orm;?

½kyf0g'D

or®m'd|dokawoersm;\

&efudkaMumufí a½Twd*HkponfwdkUü tapmifhxm;&onf[k ajzqdkayvdrfhrnf/ trSefrSm oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDykxdk;rsm;onf rwlay/ oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ toufawmf? oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf? udk,fa&mifawmfESifh ypönf;av;yg;wdkUudk tEÅ&m,f rûyEdkifaomfvnf; oufrJhapwDawmf\ ypönf;rsm;udk tEÅ&m,fûyEdkifolum; rsm;jym;vSbd\/ xdkodkU rwl&um; oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDawmfudk t&mcyfodrf; rEdIif;,SOfoifhay/ xdkUaMumifh

oufawmfxif½Sm;

jrwfpGmbk&m;ü

tapmifhrxm;aomfvnf;

apwDawmfüum;

tapmifhxm;&rnfom jzpfonf/ yg&mZduu@t|uxm? y-313/ 0de,o*F[t|uxm 150-wdkUüvnf; ]]apwd,ó 0g oHCó 0g oEÅaue apwd,ó oEÅuH &u©maywHk 0¥wd? apwd,ó oEÅaue oHCó oEÅuH &u©maywHk e 0¥wd}} [k rdefUqdk\/ t"dyÜg,fum; - apwD\Opömudk apwD\Opömjzifhvnf;aumif;? oHCm\Opömjzifhvnf;aumif; apmifha½Smuf aptyf\/ oHCm\Opömudk apwD\Opömjzifh rapmifha½Smufaptyf[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkUjyif 0de,o*F[t|uxmü]] apwd,ó y'Dyw¬m& 0g c@zkv’y#docF&Pw¬m, 0g 'dEétm&marmyd Z*¾dwaAÁm? a0weH 'wGmyd Z*¾gaywaAÁm/ a0weOyaew¬ apwd,oEÅurÜd oHCoEÅurÜd 'gwHk 0¥wd (0de,o*F[? |?433)}} [krdefU\/

jrefrmjyef apwD\

qDrD;tusdK;iSmvnf;aumif;?

usdK;onf

ysufonfudk

ûyjyifjcif;iSm

vnf;aumif;?

ay;vªtyfaom t&Hudk apmifha½Smuftyf\/ tzdk;tc ay;íaomfvnf;aumif; apmifha½Smufaptyf\/ tzdk;tcudkvnf; apwD\ Opömudk vnf;aumif;? oHCm\ Opömudk vnf;aumif; ay;jcif;iSm tyf\/ 13/

jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHNyD;aemuf <uif;usef&pfaom "mwfawmfwdkUudk ukodem½Hkjynfom;

rv’mrif;wdkUu tapmifhxm;í ylaZmfMuyHkudk -

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

714

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]tx acg aumodem&um rv’m b*0awm o&D&med owåm[H oE¨m*ga& owådyOÆ&H

u&dwGm "Ekygum&H y&dud©ygaywGm eapö[d *Daw[d 0g'daw[d rmav[d *aE¨[d ouú&ðok? *½Hk u&ðok rmaeoHk ylaZoHk ('D?2?135)}} [lí r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü jyqdkxm;onf/

jrefrmjyef ]]xdktcg ukodem½Hkjynfom; rv’mrif;wdkUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ o&D&"mwfawmfwdkUudk rif;uGef;ü (xm;vsuf) vSHudkiftapmifhwdkUjzifh um&Hí av;onfawmfwyfjzifh NcH&HapNyD;vQif ckepf&ufywfvHk; ujcif;? oDjcif;? wD;rIwfjcif;wdkUjzifhvnf;aumif;? yef;eHUomwdkUjzifhvnf;aumif; t½dktaoûyukef\/ tav;tjrwf ûyukef\/ jrwfEdk;ukef\/ ylaZmfukef\}} (r[m0*fygVdawmf? jrefrmjyef-157/) þygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí apwD ykxdk; "mwfawmfwdkUudk tapmifhxm;jcif;onf w&m;awmfESifh avsmfuefnDñGwf\/ apwDykxdk;wdkUü tapmifhxm;&ygrnfavm[k apm'emaom a½Ttbd"r®m q&mwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ rlrrSefaom apwemudk ¤if;wdkU\ ar;cGef;uyif azmfjyaeouJhodkU ½Sd\[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/ 14/

twkr½Sdaom Ak'¨[k qdkxm;ygvsuf tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfNyD; ½Sdcdk;OD;cs

qkawmif;aejcif;rSm Ak'¨0g'vm;[k a½Ttbd"r®mq&mu ar;cGef;xkwfxm;\/ ¤if;ar;cGef;udkMunfhum ar;cGef;½SifESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;taejzifh uJh&JUMuonf/ xdkodkU uJh&JUjcif;rSm ax&my'geygVdawmf? y-306-ü vmaom ykEém*ykyæd,ax&f\ jzpfpOfESifh qefUusifojzifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k apm'emyk*¾dKvfwdkUu apm'emMu&m or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS ]]¤if;wdkUonf apwD ykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf}}[k rajymqdk ra&;om;cJhMuaMumif; ponfjzifh aom"emvTm wifoGif;Mu\/ odkUaomf azmfjyyg a½Ttbd"r®m ar;cGef;udkvnf;aumif; or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom opömpmapmif? twGJ (1)? trSwfpOf (9)ü a&;om;aom ]]þpmudk a&;csdefwGif yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;udk jyifqifa&;twGuf tvªaiGaygif; 16-odef;ausmf &aeNyD[k od&onf/ þonfrSm 2-vausmfrQtwGif; &aomaiGjzpfonf/y/ csdK;uyfaeaom tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;}}[laom pum;&yfudk vnf;aumif;? axmufxm;um acsycsufonf [efaqmifcsufrQomjzpfNyD;? bk&m;pifudk ûzwfcsMuaom? apwDykxdk;rsm;udk uJh&JUMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUvnf; tvGefrenf;aom ta&twGuf ½SdrnfrSm odomayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

715

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apwDwnfxm;jcif;

15/

apwDwnfxm; udk;uG,fjcif;onf aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk &½Sdapaom trIudpö wpfckjzpfonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onfyif Am[d,(&[EÅm)\ "mwfawmfwdkUudk apwDwnfxm;&ef &[ef;wdkUudk apcdkif;cJhzl;\/ (O'geygVd? Am[d,okwf? 86) t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ "mwfawmfwdkUudkvnf; xdkenf;wl apwDwnfxm; apcJhzl;\/ ('DCedum,? r[m0*¾t|uxm? 144) uóybk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmef pH0ifNyD;aomtcgüvnf; a½TapwDBuD; wnfxm;aMumif;udk "r®y' t|uxm /'k?344? 444/ 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 142-wdkUü awGU&\/ 0dyóDjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDtaMumif;udkvnf; r[m0*¾t|uxm 171-ü awGU&\/ apwDawmfü yef; eHUomponfudk wifxm;vª'gef;aom yk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; tusdK;rsm;yHkudk 'DCedum,? r[m0*¾ygVdawmf 117-ü a[mawmfrl\/ tZmwowfrif; polwdkU jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmfwdkUudk apwDwnfxm;MuyHkudk 'DCedum,? r[m0*¾ygVd 137-ü a[mawmfrl\/ apwDawmfudk ukefrsdK;pHka&mif;aom aps;½HkBuD;eSifh OyrmEdIif;í orÜwådtrsdK;rsdK; &½SdapEdkifaom XmeBuD;tjzpf rdvdE´yO§mygVdawmf 323-ü jyqdkxm;\/ apwDawmfudk ukodkvfa½Ttdk; jr§KyfESH&m Xmewpfcktjzpf ck'´uygXygVdawmf? ed"du@okwf? ESm-10-ü jyqdkxm;\/ xdkodkU jyqdkxm;aom ygVdawmf? t|uxmwdkUt& apwDwnfxm;jcif;? ûyjyifjcif;wdkUonf aumif;usdK;csrf;om

&½Sdapaom

trIudpöwdkUom

jzpfukef\/

pk'dwuwdkUonfum;

apwDwnfxm;

ûyjyifjcif;wdkUudk rESpfoufzG,f[k ypfy,fcJhMuavonf/ (pGJqdkcsuf trSwf 12? apm'em aom"emü tus,fpdppfcJhNyD; jzpf\/) 16/

xdkUaemuf apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif twGJ (1)? trSwf (5)ü

OD;Ouú|a&;aom]]tckMunfhav? rlvwef;ausmif;u 6-ESpf? 7-ESpft½G,f vlrr,fuav;i,fupNyD; bk&m;½Sdcdk;udk usufrSwfMu?

csay;MueJU

vkyfaeMuawmh}}

-paompum;udk

xkwfjyí

OD;Ouú|onf

Ak'¨bmom

omoemawmf\ tajccHtkwfjrpfudk wl;ûzdcJhonf[k apm'emMu\/ or®m'd|dokawoeaom"emvTmü ¤if;udk acsyonfh aom"emcsuf rawGU&/ ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emvTmü ]]wynfhawmf\ orD;? ajr;rsm;udk yef;uyf? a&csrf;uyfapjcif;? bk&m;½Sdcdk;apjcif;ponfwdkUudk

wdkufwGef;ñTefMum;ay;vsuf

½Sdygonf}}[k

awGU&av&m

olUq&mOD;Ouú|0g'udk olyif vufrcH? rvdkufem[kqdk&m a&mufaeonf/ q&mESifhwynfh qefUusifae\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

716

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) bk&m;½Sdcdk;oifay;jcif;

17/

bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;?

o&P*Hkaqmufwnfjcif;?

oDvaqmufwnfjcif;

ponfwdkUonf

Ak'¨omoem\ tajcrlvwdkU jzpfonf/ ¤if;trIwdkUudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfu omoemawmfudk zsufonf[kyif qdk&onf/

om;orD;

rdwfaqG

oli,fcsif;ponfwdkUudk

trSefwu,f

cspfonf

cifonfqdkygu

bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;? o&P*Hk oDvaqmufwnfjcif;paom ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkUü wdkufwGef;&ayrnf/ xdkodkU wdkufwGef;oifhaMumif;rSm apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU wifjyaom temxydPfolaX;om; umv0w¬K ("r®y't|uxm? 'k-123)? r[m0*¾oH,kwf? 317-vm rdwåmrpöokwfwdkUjzifh xif½Sm;onf/ xdkUjyif rdwå0dE´u\ rdcifonfvnf; rdwå0dE´uudk aiGaMu;ay;í Oykofapmifh w&m;em&ef wdkufwGef;cJhzl;\/ xdkodkU wdkufwGef;jcif;onf ]]ygyged0ga&EÅ? uvsmaP eda0aoEÅd odyÜH odu©mayEÅd? ywd½laye 'ga&e oHa,maZEÅd? ora, 'g,ZÆH ed,sma'EÅd}}[k od*FgvowdkUom;tm; a[mtyfaom raumif;jrpfwm? aumif;&mñTefvwf? twwfoifap? ay;a0ESD;&if;? xdrf;jrm;jcif;vQif? 0wfig;tif? zcifr,fwdkUwm[laom rdbwdkU usifh0wfudk ûyusifhonfvnf; rnf\/ aumif;&mñTefvwfqdkonfrSm temxydPfolaX;u olUom;umvudk wdkufwGef;ouJhodkU qkvmbf ay;NyD;aomfrSvnf; oDvaqmufwnfjcif; ponfwdkUü 0goemxHkapjcif; jzpfonf/

ûcHiHkoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfjcif; 18/ nd§xGef;jcif;?

qdktyfcJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyf a0zefNyD;aemuf qDrD;tcdk;wdkif ylaZmfjcif;?

t½dktaoûyjcif;?

aMu;pnf

acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;?

*kPfawmf½Gwfzwfjcif;?

Oykofapmifhjcif;? apwDykxdk;rsm;udk wnfxm;jcif;? ûyjyifjcif;? tapmifh a*gyuxm;jcif;? a½Tuyfjcif;? yef;uyfjcif;paom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk y,f½Sm;&ef a[majym a&;om; jzefUa0aeMuaom

OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvdkufwdkU\

0g'onf

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfvm

a'oemESifh

ajzmifhajzmifh qefUusifaomaMumifh ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ bmomomoem zsufqD;rIvkyf&yf t"r®0g'omjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

717

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (14) qkay; qk,l y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;? oydwfoGwfjcif;paom bmoma&;qdkif&m trIudpörsm;udk tydkoufouf

jzpfoa,mifa,mif

a[majym

a&;om;

zsufqD;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufí

apm'em

aom"emcsufwdkUudk a0zef oHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/(u) qkawmif; qkay;oufoufjzifh rnfonfh tmedoHorQ tusdK;w&m; xif½Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k r,HkMunf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ t,l0g'a&;&m oabmxm; (11-eHygwf) )/ (c)

trSefqdk&vQif

qkawmif;ywåemûyrIaMumifh

,HkMunfcsufum;

ol\a<u;aMumf

tusdK;&½Sdonf[laom

atmfjrnfrIaMumifh

vlom;\

rdk;OD;usvm&onf[laom

zm;oli,f\ ,HkMunfrIrsdK;om jzpfavawmh onf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf ESm-149)/ (*)

bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;ywåemûyrIudk rdrdudk,fwdkif ûy½HkrQrurlí vl'g,umESifh 'g,dumrwdkYtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; ûyMuukefao;\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-147)

ur®óuwm

'ge?

oDvukodkvfrsdK;udk

rûyvkyf?

tm;ray;jyefacs/

(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨rd*'g0kef w&m;pmtkyf ESm-58) (i)

aooltwGuf ocsØKif;ukef;odkU vdkufNyD;vQif wu,fjzpfysuf&ef tvm;tvm r½Sdaom tûrH uwdrsm;udk ay;Muukef\/ aoí oGm;avNyD;olrsm; wrvGefavmuü Munfvif½Tifys csrf;omokc &½Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef;í qGrf;oGwfMuukef\/ yd@m auR;Muukef\/ trQtwrf; a0Muapukef\/ at;-olwdkUonf olwdkU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&müum; txl;tcRef tvGefuRrf;usifawmfrlMu ukefonfwum;/ (vlaovljzpf? ESm-315)

vlaovljzpfq&mESifh a&;om;csufwdkUudk

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\

aumufEkwfwifjyMuvsuf

txufyg

t,l0g'

a[majym

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf

qkay;?

qk,lûyvkyfjcif;paom bmoma&; qdkif&m udpörsm;udk olwdkUudk,fwdkifuvnf; bmwpfckrQ rûyvkyfMuyg/ xdkvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifMuaom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tremy uJh&JU½Iwfcs a[majym a&;om;aeMuaMumif;? ¤if;wdkU\ a[majym a&;om;csufrsm;onf omoemawmfudk xdyg; ykwfcwf½HkrQru ax&0g'

yd#uwfawmfvm

jzpfaeygaomaMumifh

tqdktrdefUrsm;udk

wda&muk¥okwf?

rsufuG,fûyaom

a[majym

a&;om;csufrsm;

ZmPkaómPdokwfpaom

yd#uwfawmf

usrf;*efrsm;ESifh

qefUusifaom t"r®0g' rdpämt,lomjzpfaMumif; apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u apm'emMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

718

tpodkU 2/ trSwf(u)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ omrn0daooapm'emvTm ESpf&yfvHk;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyf&aomf aumufEkwfcsufonf

Xmyemûyxdkufaom

t*Fgt&nftcsif;

rjynfhpHkaomaMumifh

vspfvsL½Ixdkufaom aumufEkwfcsufjzpfonf[lí oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0daooapm'emü

cRwf,Gif;csufr½Sd?

taxmuftudk;

om"u

rSefuefjynfhpHkaom

apm'emjzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oDvcH,ljcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfckpD pdppfoHk;oyfaytHh/ 3/

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\

apm'emcsufudk

OD;qE´"du?

ocifjrwfqdkif?

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUu jyefvnf ajz½Sif; aom"emûy&mü qkay;qk,ludpöESifh ywfoufí 0de,r[m0*¾ygVd?

jrefrmjyef

ESm-395-ü

jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifu

jyefvnf

rdefUMum;awmfrlyHkudk

awmif;onfhqkonf

yg½Sdaom

tyfvnf;tyfyg\?

ZD0uESifh

0domcgwdkU

xkwfaqmifjyMuvsuf

tjypfvnf;r½Sdyg[k

avQmufxm;MuyHk?

ZD0uESifh

0domcgwdkUu

avQmufxm;rS

cGifhûycJhonf/

Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonfyif wrvGefusdK;arQmfqkrsm; ray;vQif wynfhom0ursm; twGufrl qdkzG,f&m r½Sdawmhyg[k aom"emMu\/ OD;qE´"du? ocifjrwfqdkif? or®mod|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf ZD0u? 0domcgwdkU awmif;aom qkrsm;rSm wrvGefusdK;arQmfudk;NyD; awmif;aom qkrsm;[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u xifjrifaomaMumifh qkay;jcif;rS vGefajrmuf\[k bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfudk odMuoa,mif xifjrifcsufrsm; a&;om;NyD; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfyif wrvGefusdK;arQmfqkrsm;

ray;vQif

aumufcsufcsvdkufMuonf/

wynfhom0ursm;

xdkxifjrifcsuf?

taejzifh

aumufcsufwdkUonf

bmqkrQ

ay;aep&mrvdk[k

apm'uwdkU\

apm'emcsufudk

acszsuf&mü cdkifvHkrI r½Sday/ 4/

xdkygVdawmf

jrefrmjyef

ESm-117-üyif

oka'¨g'erif;BuD;udk

jrwfpGmbk&m;wdkUonf

qkay;jcif;rS vGefajrmufukef\-[laom pum;udk bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;cJhzl;NyD/ xdkodkU rdefUMum;&jcif;\ taMumif;udk 0denf;r[m0gt|uxmüww¬ ,o®m OOämp&d,m, ZD0awm yAÁZdwó (0d?|?3?291)ponfjzifh zGifhjyvsuf ½Sd\/ xdktzGifh\ jrefrmjyefrSm]]udk,fwdkifu tb,fqk[lí

oydwfydkufvsuf

rajymbJ

awmif;vdkaomqkudk

qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfjcif;jzifh

omrntm;jzifh

awmif;avmh[lí

qkwpfckudk

ajymqdk

toufarG;&aom

awmif;vdkyg\-[k

cGifhûyjcif;onf

&[ef;tm;

avQmufxm;cJhaomf

roifhavsmf

ravsmufywf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;½SifwdkU\ xHk;pH tavhtusifhawmfvnf; r[kwfaomaMumifh twduúEÅ0&m acg a*gwr wxm*wm-[laom pum;udk bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;awmfrlNyD}}/ þzGifhqdkcsuft&

avmuD

xD;eef;pnf;pdrf

a½TaiGb@m

rif;tmPmwdkUudk

pGefUy,fum

bk&m;tjzpfudk a&mufaeNyDjzpfí udk,fawmfwdkif qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfjcif;jzifh pm;aomuf toufarG;&aom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

719

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm

vlwdkU

awmif;avhawmif;x½Sdaom

a½TaiGb@m

tcGifhtmPmpaom

qkawmf

vmbfawmfrsm;udk ay;Edkifjcif;rS vGefajrmufukefNyD[laom taetm;jzifh rdefUMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wdkU

ajymovdk

wrvGefusdK;arQmf

qkrsm;jzpfonfxifí

qkay;jcif;rS

vGefajrmufukef\[k bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;awmfrljcif; r[kwf/ 5/

a&mufatmif ac:,lí r&EdkifyHk Oyrmjyí bk&m;½Sif a[mxm;onfrSm- jAm[®PjzpfEdkifaom jA[®mtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufEdkifaom tusifhoDv rusifhbJ qkawmif;aejcif;? awmifhwaejcif;ponfaMumifh jAm[®PrjzpfEdkif? jA[®mtjzpfodkU ruyfa&mufEdkifyHkudk a[mxm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ xdkjAm[®PwdkU\ qkawmif;yHkESifh ,ck Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ qkawmif;yHk vHk;0 rwlay/ OD;qE´m"dutaejzifh t*Fkwå&edum,? t|uedygwf? 'gEkyywådokwf (70?71)ü jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;tyfaom ]]£ZÑwd bdu©a0 oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm}} &[ef;wdkU ... oDv½Sdaomoltm; pifMu,faomaMumifh pdwf\ awmifhwrIonf jynfhpHk\[laom a'oemawmfudk ypfy,f&m a&mufayonf/ 6/

qufvufí OD;qE´m"duuyif tqif;paom tm½Hkig;rsdK;&vdkaMumif; qkawmif;vQif

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721

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722

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qkay;Ncif; 16/

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729

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tNcHt&Hç tpdk;&Ncif;[laom taMumif;ig;rsdK;wdkUNzifh omvGefEdkif\/ touf ydk½Snfonf/ tqif; ydkvSonf/ tNcHt&H ydkrsm;onf/ tpdk;&rItmPm ydk½Sdonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ tu,fí ewfNynfrS pkawí vlUbHkvlUtNzpfodkU a&mufvmMurl vlüNzpfaom toufç tqif;ç csrf;omç tNcHt&Hç tpdk;&Ncif;[laom taMumif;ig;rsdK;wdkUNzifh omvGefEdkif\ ponfNzifh okrerif;orD;tm; NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfolavonf/ 31/

vlcsif;twlwl Nzpfygvsuf ûyvkyftyfaom uHw&m; rwlaomaMumifh t,kwftNrwf

tusdK;ay; uGmNcm;yHk? i&Jb0 a&muf&yHk? vlUb0a&mufyguvnf; toufwdkNcif;ç touf½SnfNcif; paom tusdK;ay;

uGmNcm;yHkrsm;udk

Oy&dPÖmoygVdawmf?

ESm

243-9?

plVur®0db*Fokwfü

NrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mMum;xm;onfudk Munfhu wpfb0rS wpfb0odkU usifvnf&Ncif;ESifh uH uH\ tusdK;ay;w&m; qufoG,faeaMumif; ydkí xif½Sm;ayonf/ ]]t½Sifa*gwr . . . vlcsif; twlwl Nzpfygvsuf vlwdkU\ t,kwftNrwftNzpf (,kwfedrfUol? NrifhNrwfol) udk awGU&ygukef\? Touf½Snfolç wdkolç tem rsm;olç enfolç tqif;vSolç rvSolç wefcdk;tNcHt&H enf;olç rsm;olç Opöm enf;olç rsm;olç trsdK;Zmwf nHholç NrifhNrwfolç ynm rwwfolç wwfolwdkUudk

awGUae&ygukef\/

xdkodkUNzpf&Ncif;\

taMumif;&if;rSm

tb,fhaMumifhygenf;}}

okbvkvifu NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifudk avQufxm;&m NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifu ]]okbvkvif . . . owå0gwdkUonf rdrdûytyfaom uHomvQif Opöm½Sdukef\/ rdrduH\ tarGcHom Nzpfukef\/ rdrduHomvQif taMumif;&if; ½Sdukef\/ uHomvQif taqGcifyGef; ½Sdukef\/ uHomvQif udk,fpm; axmufwnf&m ½Sdukef\}} [k tusOf;tm;Nzifh a[mMum;&m em;rvnfaomaMumifh tus,fa0zef a[mMum;yg&ef avQmufxm;oNzifh a[mNyawmfrlonfrSm ]]okbvkvif . . .þavmuü tcsdKUaom rdef;r a,musfm;onf olUtoufudk owfavh½Sd\/ &ufpufMurf;êuwf\/ aoG;pGef;aom vuf½Sd\/ owfNzwfn§if;qJrIü ouf0ifaompdwf ½Sd\/ owå0gwdkUü roem;wwf? xdkrdef;r a,musfm;onf þodkU rSm;,Gif;aqmufwnfaomuHaMumifh cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;í aoNyD;onf\ aemufü csrf;omuif;&m i&JodkU usa&muf&\/ i&JodkU ra&muf vltNzpfodkU a&mufcJhaomf Nzpf&mNzpf&m b0wdkif;ü toufwdk\/ vkvif . . . olUtoufudk owfavh½Sdaom Murf;êuwf&ufpufaom aoG;pGef;aomvuf½Sdaom owfNzwfrIü pdwf0ifpm;aom (owå0gwdkUü roem;wwfaom) ol\ owfNzwfrI ygPmwdygwuHonf toufwdkNcif;udk Nzpfapwwfaomtusifh rnf\/ okbvkvif . . . þavmuü tcsdKUaom rdef;ra,musfm;onf olUtoufowfNcif;udk y,fpGefUí olUtoufowfNcif;rS

a&SmifMuOf\?

csxm;tyfNyD;aom

wkwf"m;vufeuf½Sd\/

raumif;rI

ygPmwdygwuHudk ûyvkyfNcif;rS ½Sufwwf\/ owå0gwdkUudk oem;wwf\/ tvHk;pHkaom owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk udk,fcsif;pmw&m;Nzifh oem;apmifha½Smufwwf\/ xdkodkUoabm&Sdaom rdef;ra,musfm;onf þodkU NynfhpHkpGm wnftyfaomuHaMumifh aoNyD;onfrS aemufü aumif;aomvm;&m xufewf½GmodkU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

730

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

uyfa&muf&\/ tu,fí ewfNynfodkU ra&mufbJ vltNzpfodkU a&mufcJhaomf Nzpf&mNzpf&mb0ü touf½Snfwwf\/ okbvkvif . . . olUtoufowfNcif;udk y,fpGefUí olUtoufowfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfaom csxm;tyfNyD;aom

wkwf"m;vufeuf½Sdonf

Nzpfí

owfNzwfrIudk

½Sufwwfaom

owå0gwdkUudk

oem;n§mwmwwfonf Nzpfí tvHk;pHkaom owå0gwdkU\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk oem;apmifha&Smufwwfaom ol\ olUtoufudk owfNzwfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfNcif;onf touf½SnfNcif;udk Nzpfapwwfaom tusifh rnf\}} ponfwnf;/ (tusOf;csHK;í NrefrmNyefvdkufonf) 32/

b0ESifh

bk&m;tNzpfudk

0efcHawmfrlyHk?

uH\tusdK;udk

NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif

y&dwfowftv,fü

&J&ifhpGm

NrGufqdk

[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm

odí

a[mMum;awmfrlyHkrsm;udk

t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? 'ou? oD[em'okwf? 283? ¤if; NrefrmNyef-284 ü atmufygtwdkif; vm½Sdayonf/ &[ef;wdkU

aemufwpfrsdK;um;

NrwfpGmbk&m;onf

twdwf

tem*wf

ypöKyÜefNzpfukefaom

aqmufwnftyfaom uH\tusdK;udk taxmuftyHh tm;Nzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;tm;Nzifhvnf;aumif; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm cGJNcm;odawmfrl\/ (ponf) &[ef;wdkU

aemufwpfrsdK;um;

NrwfpGmbk&m;onf

tvHk;pHk

(*wdig;wefESifh

edAÁmef)

odkU

a&mufaMumif;tusifhudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm cGJNcm;odawmfrl\/ (ponf) þodkU

xkwfaqmifNytyfaom

Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;a'oemawmf

taxmuftxm;wdkUNzifh

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU ouf0if,HkMunftyfaom wpfb0rS wpfb0NzpfNcif; (oHo&m)ESifh uH uH\tusdK;wdkUonf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJouJhodkU twå0g' r[kwf? NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkifodí [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfvmtwdkif; rSefuefpGm ouf0if,HkMunftyfaom Ak'¨0g'ppfppf ,HkMunfvufcHcsufrsm;om Nzpfonf/

oDvcH,lNcif; 33/

oDvESifh ywfoufí aom"emMu&mü or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf t,l0g'ESifh

pyfí NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif rlcsvrf;ñTefxm;aom auorkwådokwfç omVokwfvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm NrwfEdk;Muolrsm; Nzpfygonf[k aom"emxm;Muaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkU\ aNz½Sif;csufrsm;rSm vlaovlNzpf t,ltqabmifrS

rausmfvGefonfhNyif

vlaovlNzpfq&m\

pum;vHk;rsm;udk

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oHk;EIef;aNz&Sif;xm;onfudk awGU&\? igwdkU av;pm;aom &[ef;(OD;Ouú|)\ pum;rS trSefw&m; Nzpfonf[laom pGJvrf;csufMuD;Nzifh pGJ,lxm;yHkrSm ay:vGifaeayonf? xdkUaMumifh auorkwådokwfudk rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkif NyefvnfqefUusifaeMuayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

731

tpodkU 34/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf ygVdysufudk b,fq&mu oifay;xm;aom ygVd[k

0efrcHMubJ i,fpOfu vlMuD;olrç rsm;u oifay;vdkufaompmudk ,ckwdkifyif owd&rSwfrdaeygonf? ygVdawmfxJu aNymygonf? rnfonfhygVdawmfxJu[k rod&yg? vkyfygVdawmfawmh [kwf[efrwlyg/ yd#uwfuRrf;usifvQif awGUEdkifaom ygVd[k aNymygonf[k ½SnfpGmaom ed'gef;pum;cif;NyD; Oy&dPÖmoygVd? yOöwå,okwf ESm-21rS ygVdawmfudk zsufí xkwfNyteufay;xm;onfudk awGU&\/ þodkU ygVdawmfudk zsufí xkwfNyteufay;xm;Ncif;onf ppfrSefaom r*¾ifoDvNzpfonfh or®m0gpm

or®mur®EÅ

or®mtmZD0wdkUudk

aqmufwnfvsuf

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or®m'd|dokawoe

tzGJU0ifwdkU\ raNzmifhrSef r½dk;om;aom oabmxm;udk txift½Sm; azmfNyovdk Nzpfaeayonf/ y#dbEÅd=xifukef\ azmufazmufNyefNyefvkyfNyD;

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y#dyÜwd=usifhMuukef\-[k

Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udk

ukefonfvdkusifholrsm;ç

oów0g'Drsm;[k pmESifh ayESifh xkwfNyí pGyfpGJvdkufMuNcif; Nzpf[ef &Sd\/ rl&if;ygVdpm\ oabmrSm aovQif NrJ\[k t,l&SdMuaom oów0g'DwdkU\ t,ludk aovQifNywf\ aemufb0r&Sd[k t,l½Sdaom Oapä'0g'DwdkUu aemufü usifvnfNcif;udk wG,fwmuyfNidNyD; aNymaeMuwmyg? wu,fNrJwm r[kwfygbl;[k qefUusifuefUuGufaNymqdkNcif;\ taMumif;udkazmfNyNyD; oów0g'DwdkU\ t,ludk ukefonfyrm NrwfpGmbk&m; ÓPfawmfü xifyHkudk azmfNyaompmydk'f Nzpf\? xdkUaemuf qufí aovQif Nywf\/ aemufb0r½Sd[kt,l&SdMuaom Oapä'0g'DwdkU\ t,ludkvnf; y&rw¬tm;Nzifh xif&Sm;½Sdaom ouúm, (Oyg'geu©E¨mtaygif;)udk aMumuf½GHUpufqkwf½GH½SmMuukefvsuf ouúm,odkUom tpOfaNy;0if tzefzef usifvnfaeMu&aMumif; wdkifikwfü êud;Nzifh csnfxm;aom acG;onf xdkwdkifikwfudkom tzefzef vSnfhvnfaNy;ae&yHkrsdK; azmfNyxm;onfudk awGU&rnf Nzpf\? p-o-C-Z-u [laom yom'½kyfig;yg; ½kyf0g'udk w&m;aoudkifxm;í Oapä''d|d t,lbufodkU ñGwf,drf;aeaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm; owdxm;pOf;pm;p&m Nzpfay\/ 35/

oDvcH,laqmufwnfNcif; OykofoDwif;apmifhoHk;Ncif;onf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU

pGyfpGJouJhodkU twåoów0g'vnf; r[kwf? twå0g'EG,faom tvkyfrsm;vnf; r[kwfbJ NrifhNrwfaom Ak'¨bmom0if

t&d,mom0uwdkU

t|uedygwf?

oHcdwåLaygoxokwf

usifhoHk;aqmufwnf&rnfhoDv 79?

,if;

NrefrmNyef

NzpfaMumif;udk 8-ü

t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf?

NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif

atmufygtwdkif; a[mazmfñTefNyxm;ayonf/ &[ef;wdkU . . . t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh NynfhpHkonfh usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;MuD;\/ tmedoifMuD;\/ wefcdk;MuD;\/ MuD;aom ysHUESHUNcif; ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU . . . tb,fodkU usifhtyfaom t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh

NynfhpHkonfh

Oykofonf

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wefcdk;MuD;aom

ysHUESHUNcif;½Sdaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

732

Oykofrnfoenf;/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

&[ef;wdkU . . . þomoemawmfü t&d,mwynfhonf þodkU qifNcif\/ &[EÅmwdkUonf toufxufqHk; toufowfNcif;udk y,fí toufowfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfukwf\/ wkwf"m;vufeufudk csxm;NyD; Nzpfukef\/ ½Sufwwfoem;wwfonf Nzpfí cyfodrf;aom owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;vsuf aeukef\? igonfvnf; þwpfnOfhESifh wpfaeUywfvHk; toufowfNcif;udk y,fí toufowfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfí wkwf"m;vufeufudk csxm;í ½SufNcif;&Sdolç oem;Ncif;odkU a&mufolç cyfodrf;aom owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;ol Nzpfí aeygtHh? þtaMumif;t*FgNzifhvnf; &[EÅmwdkUudk twkvdkufí ûyygtHh? þodkUûyaomf igonf OykofusifhoHk;onf rnfayvdrfhrnf-[k qifNcif\/ þyxr t*FgESifh NynfhpHk\/ (ponf) oDv orm"d ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifhNrwfudk a[mMuawmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfwdkUü taNccHtusqHk; ta&;tMuD;qHk;Nzpfonfh oDvESifhywfoufí a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfaygif; rsm;pGm ½Sdayonf? xdkUaMumifh oDvcH,l usifhoHk; aqmufwnfNcif;onf tydktvkyfvnf; r[kwf? Ak'¨0g'usifhpOft& trSefvkyf&rnfh vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfh p&Pw&m;om Nzpfayonf/

oydwfoGwfNcif; 36/

oydwfoGwfNcif;ESifh

ywfoufí

ocifNrwfqdkifu

oVm,we0*¾oH,kwf?

todAE¨uykwåokwf ESm-493-udk &nfñTef;ygonf[lí aom"emxm;\? xdkokwft& aooltwGuf oydwfoGwfvnf;rxl;? oydwfoGwfvnf; rxl;? odkUNzpfí oydwfoGwfNcif;onf tydktvkyf[k aom"emvdkyHk &onf?

xl;

rxl;

¤if;todAE¨uykwåokwfudk

tusOf;csKyf

avhvmMunfhoifh\?

xdkUaemuf

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ aooltwGuf oydwfoGwfyHkESifh ,SOfMunfh&rnf? odkUrS xl;Ncm;csuf ay:vGifvmrnf Nzpfayonf/ todAE¨uykwåokwfü

NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif

a[mMum;onfrSm

ygPmwdygwpaom

raumif;rI

tukodkvfrI ûyvkyfaeaom yk*¾dKvfudk vltaygif;u pka0;í þolaoNyD;aemuf ewfNynfodkU a&mufygap[k awmif;yefonf Nzpfap pifppf xdkolonf i&JodkU a&muf&m\? ygPmwdygw0d&wd paom ukodkvfaumif;rI ûyvkyfaeoludk vltaygif;u pka0;í þolaoNyD;aemuf i&JodkU a&mufygap[k awmif;yefonfNzpfap? csD;rGrf;onfNzpfap? vuftkyfcsDvsuf xuf0ef;usifrS vdkufonf Nzpfap pifppf xdkolonf ewfNynfodkU a&muf&m\ [lí Nzpf\/ 37/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU

aooltwGuf

&nfrSef;í

oHCmawmfwdkUtm;

qGrf;

ouFef;

qufuyfvª'gef;NyD; trQa0 (oydwfoGwf) &mü txufyg todAE¨uykwåokwfü a[mMum;onfhtwdkif; vltaygif; pka0;í aooludk ewfNynfa&mufygap[k awmif;yefaeNcif;ç csD;rGrf;aeNcif;ç vuftkyfcsDrdk; ½Sdcdk;vsuf vdkufygaeNcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

733

tpodkU 38/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aoqHk;olwpfa,mufonf

ykxkZOfobm0

ukodkvf

tukodkvfrIrsm;

qnf;yl;ûyvkyfxm;rnfrSm trSef Nzpf\/ aoqHk;cgeD;ü aumif;aom ESvHk;oGif;Ncif;? raumif;aom ESvHk;oGif;Ncif;Nzifh aumif;raumif; tm½Hkudk tm½HkûyrdrnfrSmvnf; trSef Nzpf\? xdkukodkvf tukodkvfuH tm½Hktm;avsmfpGm ewfç vlç wd&pämefç i&J*wdrsm;odkU a&mufaeolwdkUudk &nfñTef;onf r[kwfbJ &nfrSef;ukodkvfûyí trQay;a0Ncif; (ywåd'ge)ç ûyoludk 0rf;aNrmuf0rf;om om"kac:Ncif; (ywåmEkarm'e) ukodkvf,lygu

csrf;omEdkifcGifh&Sdaom

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a&mufaeol

vª'gef;NyD;

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NydwåmwpfrsdK;twGufudk

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oydwfoGwfNcif;NzpfaomaMumifh

vkyfenf;vkyf[efNcif; &nf½G,fcsufNcif; tvGef Ncm;em;vSayonf/ 39/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU aooltwGuf &nfrSef;í oHCmawmftm; qGrf; ouFef; vª'gef;

trQay;a0aom oydwfoGwfNcif;onf NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;tyfaom a'oemawmftwdkif; ûyvkyfNcif;yif Nzpf\/ ZmPkaómPdykPÖm;u avQmufxm;oNzifh NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlonfrSmt½Sifa*gwr . . . tuREkfyfwdkUykPÖm;rsm;onf þtvªonf uG,fvGefaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;odkU a&mufygap?

þtvªudk

uG,fvGefaom

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tvªwdkUudk

vªMuygukef\? aooludk &nfí ûytyfaom ukAÇD;xrif;wdkUudk ûyMuygukef\? xdktvªonf uG,fvGefaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wdkUxH

a&mufygoavm?

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xdktvªudk

oHk;aqmifMu&ygoavm[k ar;avQmuf\? ykPÖm; . . . a&mufoifhaom t&yfü a&muf\? ra&mufoifhaom t&yfü ra&muf[k bk&m;½Sifu rdefUawmfrl\? a&mufoifh ra&mufoifhaom t&yf[lonf tb,fygenf;-[k ykPÖm;u ar;avQmufaomaMumifh uG,fvGefí i&JbHkü wnfolç wd&pämefbHkü wnfolç vlUbHk vltNzpfü wnfolç ewfbHk ewftNzpfü wnfol þt&yfwdkUonf tvª'gea&mufoifhaom t&yfrsm;r[kwf? NydwåmbHkü wnfoltm; xdk'geonf a&muf\[k bk&m;½Sifu rdefUMum;awmfrl\? (t*Fkwå&edum,? 'ouedygwf? ZmPkaómPdokwf? ESm-478/ ,if; NrefrmNyef-469/) 40/

a&muftyf &tyfaom ukodkvftzdkUudk trQay;a0rIonf ywåd'geukodkvfç ay;a0tyfaom

ukodkvftzdkUudk 0rf;aNrmuf0rf;om om"kac:rIonf ywåmEkarm'eukodkvf Nzpfonf? odkUNzpfí oydwfoGwf trQa0Ncif;onf 0rf;aNrmufEkarmf om"kac:aom ayw*wd a&mufaeoltm; aumif;NrwfaomtusdK; rkcs&aponfh ywå'geukodkvfom Nzpfayonf/ 41/

þodkU

qkawmif;Ncif;ç

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a'oemawmfom"uwdkUNzifh

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Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\

wpfb0NzpfNcif;ç

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qif;&JNcif;wdkUonf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJ uJh&JU ½IwfcsouJhodkU tydkoufoufudpörsm;ç tûrHuwday;rIrsm;ç

t"dyÜm,frJh

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twå0g'rsm; r[kwfonfrSm xif½Sm;vS\?

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734

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ur®óuwm 'ge oDvrsm;udk bk&m;½Sif tm;ray;[lonfrSm udk,fvdk&mudk,f qGJ,laNymaom t,lrSm; rdpämpum;om Nzpfonf/ 42/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUacgif;aqmifwdkUonf ur®H y#dAm[aEÅemyd 0dygaum y#dAm[dawm

a[mwd? 0dyguH y#dAm[aEÅemyd ur®H y#dAm[dwH a[mwd-oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm 150-ü rdefUtyfouJhodkU taMumif;uHudk ypfy,fNcif;Nzifh tusdK;udk ypfy,f&m a&muf\? tusdK;udk ypfy,fyguvnf; taMumif;udk ypfy,fNyD; Nzpfawmh\? yl&Puóywdw¬dq&mMuD;onf uHudk y,f\? tZdwq&mMuD;onf uH\ tusdK;udk y,f\? ru©vda*gomvq&mMuD;onf uH uH\tusdK;udk y,f\? txufyg pum;t& olwdkUoHk;OD; tm;vHk; twlwlyif Nzpf\[k qdkvdkonf/ OD;Ouú| wynfhMuD; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf trIaqmif tzGJU0ifwdkUonf qkawmif; qk,l oydwfoGwfaom ur®óuwm 'ge oDvtrsdK;rsdK; Ak'¨bmomwdkU ûyvkyfMuNcif;udk NAm[®P0g'

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735

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ t,ltqonf Ak'¨omoemawmfü ta&;tMuD;qHk; txGwftxdyftusqHk;Nzpfaom opömav;yg;vHk;udk ypfy,fxm;aom omoemy t,ltqNzpfaeayonf? xdkuJhodkU t,ltq ½SdaeMuolrsm;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ qkawmif;Ncif; oDvcH,lNcif; oydwfoGwfNcif; paom

Ak'¨bmoma&;qdkif&m

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Nzpfapownf;[k

uJh&JU½IwfcsaNymqdkMuNcif;rSm tHhMuzG,f&m r&Sdawmhay/ 42/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\

aom"emed*Hk;ü

trdefUay;Ncif;onf ½Snfa0;aom 91-urÇmxufu udpö Nzpfonf ponfNzifh ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfwdkUudk xifovdk ykwfcwfa0zefxm;Muonfudk awGU&\? pifppf 'DyuF&mbk&m;u trdefUay;Ncif;vnf; r[kwf? 91urÇmxufu udpövnf; r[kwf? ra[mo"mtrwfu bl&d'wfe*g;Nzpf&onf[k rnfonfhusrf;*efürQ rvm½Sd? odkUygvsuf xifrdxif&m ua,mifuwrf; aNymqdkMuNcif;om Nzpf\? onfrQomru yd#uwfrsm;udk ]]twåe,f us,faeonfh ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;}}[kyif ykwfcwfoGm;Muao;\/ yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk vkyfMuHykwfcwfNcif;um; 0efav;aypG/ 43/

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pdwfwnfNidrfvsuf

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rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ 44/

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vdkufemusifhMuH vdkonfr[kwfbJ vdkufemusifhMuHvdkouJhodkU aumufuspfpOf;vJpGm {0H yoaEém t[H b*0wd= tuREkfyf NrwfpGmbk&m;udk Munfñdkygonf ponfNzifh aNymqdkvmaom b*¾0y&dAdkZftm; 'kuú&H acg {wH b*¾0 w,m tn'd|daue ponfNzifh ]]b*¾0 oifhvdk t,l0g'wpfyg;&Sdaeolonf okb0darmu©odkU uyfa&mufí aezdkU&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf}}[k NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkif ygxdu0*¾ygVd? ygxduokwf? 28-ü

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736

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vufcHusifhoHk;Edkif&ef ñTefMum;ay;yg[k avQmufxm;Muaom (vlaovlNzpf0g' ½kyf0g') t,lwpfyg; pGJ0ifaeMuaom

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737

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (15) Oyg'gefESifh pyfaom 0dedpä,

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apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u ]]vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D

paom olwdkUonf vlaovlNzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Edkif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rNzpftNzpfç uNypfun§pfç zspfn§pfNyD;

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teuft"dyÜm,frSefudkvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dyÜm,fNyefqdkMuygonf bk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;MuNyD;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ygVd a0g[m& t"dyÜm,fNyef trSm;wdkUudk (u) tu©&mtrSwfNyrS pí (þ) tu©&m trSwfNywdkifatmif tcsufaygif; (36)csufrQ xkwfNyí ,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnDñGwfbJ qefUusifaeygonf[k wifNy apm'emMuonf/ 2/

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738

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(u-2) rufwmESifh zdkUpf(0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif(0g) *kPfESifh*kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD wnfae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (u-3) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;ç *gxmrEÅefrsm;ç y&dwfrsm;ç tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;ç um,od'¨dç yD,od'¨daq;rsm;ç tdrfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm;ç aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (u-4) aemufqHk;ü obm0"r®xuf ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk(0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [lí pum;0gus 4-0gus Nzpf\/ xdk 4-0guswdkUwGif (u-1) pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom pum;onf rSm;,Gif;aom pum;om Nzpf\? rSm;,Gif;yHkudk þodkU od&m\/ þpum;0gusü ½kyfw&m;udk a½S;OD;pGm pdppf&m\/ ½kyfw&m;onf (1)

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OwkaMumifhNzpfaom OwkZ½kyf?

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739

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þ t|uxmpum;&yfNzifh tukodkvfpdwfESifh ÓPfr,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfwdkUu rvSyaom ½kyfudk Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf? ÓPfESifh,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfu vSyaom ½kyfudk Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf[k qdkEdkifNyefonf/ xdkUaMumifh pdwåZ½kyfudk pdwfu zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tukodkvfpdwfESifh ÓP0dyÜ,kwfpdwfwdkUu raumif;aom ½kyf? rvSy rNynfhpHkaom ½kyfudk zefqif;onf? ÓPorÜ,kwf ukodkvfpdwfu aumif;aom ½kyf vSyNynfhpHkaom ½kyfudk zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gefr[kwf? bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk ,HkMunfaom o'¨gNy|mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜg'f Nzpfonf[k oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 3/

pdwf0dnmOf(0g)emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g)

Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\[laom pum;&yfonfvnf; obm0"r®rS vGJacsmfaeay\/ pdppfMuukeftHh/ pdawåe eD,wd avmaum? Pdawåe y&duówd/ pdwåó {u"r®ó? oaAÁ0 0orEG*l/ (oH? 1? 36) pdwfonf avmuudk aqmif\? pdwfonf avmuudk qGJiif\? tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUonfyifvQif pdwf[laom wpfckaom w&m;\ tvdkodkU tpOfwpdkuf vdkufMuukef\/ (pdwåokwf) pdwåoHudavom bdu©a0 owåm oHudvdóEÅd? pdwåa0g'gem 0dokZÑEÅd/ (oH? 2? 123) &[ef;wdkU pdwfnpfñl;Ncif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUudk npfñl;ukef\? pdwfNzLpifNcif;aMumifh (owå0g) NzLpifukef\/ ½lyrSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdóEÅd rmP0g/ ½lay oka'¨ 0dokZÑEÅd? teu©mwH ra[odem/ pdwårSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdóEÅd rmP0g/ pdawå oka'¨ 0dokZÑEÅd? £wd 0kwåH ra[odem/ (oH? |? 2? 299) ½kyfnpfEGrf;onf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? ½kyfonf pifMu,fonf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[m£od rkedxGwfwif bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrrltyfacs? pdwfnpfEGrf;onf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? pdwfpifMu,fonf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[m£od rkedxGwfwif bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;awmfrltyfayonf/ pdawå *[ywd &u©daw? um,ur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265) 'g,um pdwfudk apmifha½SmufvQif um,uHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\? 0pDuHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\? raemuHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\/ pdawå *[ywd AsmyaEé? um,ur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

740

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

'g,um pdwfysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; ysufpD;\? 0pDuHvnf; ysufpD;\? raemuHvnf; ysufpD;\/ pdawå *[ywd tAsmyaEé? um,ur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265) 'g,um pdwfrysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; rysufpD;? 0pDuHvnf; rysufpD;? raemuHvnf; rysufpD;/ þodkU paom bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;Nzifh pdwfpifMu,faumif;rGefNcif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m; aumif;rGef pifMu,f&onf? pdwf,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;Ncif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m; ,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;&onf? ½kyfw&m;udk pdwfu OD;aqmif Nc,fvS,faeonf[laom tcsufonf odomxif&Sm;ayonf/ 4/

wpfOD;wpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvfonf rdrdtdrfrS ausmif;odkU vmonf[k qdkMuygpdkU?

xdkyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fhaMumifh ausmif;odkU a&mufvm&oenf;? pOf;pm;avmh? xdkyk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü a½S;OD;pGm ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf Nzpfay:xmcJhonf? xdkpdwfaMumifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf ausmif;odkU a½S;½IoGm;avawmhonf? xdktcg xdkyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf pdwf\ qGJaqmifrIaMumifh wa½GUa½GUNzifh ausmif;odkU a&mufvmonf r[kwfavm? tu,fí ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf rNzpfay:cJhygu xdk½kyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fenf;ESifhrQ ausmif;odkU a&mufvmrnf r[kwfacs? þum; vufawGUaywnf;/ y&rw¬obm0tm;Nzifh xif½Sm;atmifNyOD;tHh? wpfpHkwpfckaom t&yfodkU oGm;&mtcgü a½S;OD;pGm oGm;rnf[laompdwf

Nzpfay:vm\/

pdwåZ0ga,m"mwfonf

cE¨mudk,ftESHU

xdkpdwfNzpfonfESifh Nzpfay:vm\/

wpfûydifeuf

xdk0ga,m"mwfonf

pdwfaMumifhNzpfaom rdrdESifh

wpfygwnf;

0dnwfac:aom ½kyfudkvnf; Nzpfapavonf/ xdkodkU pdwåZ0ga,m"mwf\ (0dnwfudkyg wpfygwnf; Nzpfapvsuf) Nzpfay:vmonfhtwGuf pdwf\ trlt&m tvdkqE´aMumifh 0ga,m"mwf vIyf&Sm;Ncif;\ tpGrf;Nzifh þ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf wa½GUa½GU pdwfvdk&mt&yfodkU a&mufatmif oGm;&avonf ('D? |? 1? 172)/ NrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmuDw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg pdwfudk tMuD;trª; tOD;y"mexm;í a[mMum;awmfrlonf? avmukwå&mw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg ynmudk tMuD;trª; tOD;y"mexm;í a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd? |? 1? 110)/ NyqdktyfNyD;aom bk&m;a[ma'oem t|uxmtqdktrdefUESifh ,kwådobm0wdkUudk axmufqí pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfu ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;aeonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ xdkUaMumifh pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh t|uxmtqdktrdefUrsm;udk ,HkMunfav;pm;aom o'¨gNy|mef;onfh r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfay/ þodkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;wdkUaMumifh ‘]]pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfonf

bk&m;a[m

a'oemESifh

t|uxm

tqdktrdefUrsm;udk

Ak'¨bmom0ifolawmfpifwdkU

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741

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

txiftNrifrSm;atmif a&m;om;a[maNymtyfaom pum;om Nzpfí NyqdktyfNyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm a'oem"r®wdkUESifh qefUusifonfh t"r®0g'omNzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUu oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

(u-2) trSwfNy 'kwd,pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 5/

rufwmESifh zdkUpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD

wnfae\[laom

,HkMunfrIonf

tpGJtvrf;

(0g)

Oyg'gef

rnfavawmh\[laom

(u-2)

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,HkMunfMurnf

r[kwfonfhtwGuf

txl;pdppf&efrvdk[k

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;

oabmydkufawmfrlMuonf/

(u-3) (u-4) trSwf wwd, pwkw¬ pum;0gusudk pdppfcsuf 6/

wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; *gxmrEÅefrsm; y&dwfrsm; tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'¨daq;rsm;?

tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; aemufqHk;ü obm0"r®xuf ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk (0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;? tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom (u) trSwfNy wwd,ç pwkw¬ pum;0gusrsm;ü ]]*gxmrEÅefrsm;? tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'¨d yD,od'¨daq;rsm;? tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm; aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'¨omoemawmfESifh roufqdkifaomaMumifh

,if;wdkUudk

rpdppf

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Ak'¨a'oemawmfESifh

oufqdkifaom

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udk,fawmfudk

tEkNrLozG,f

odrfarGUao;i,fatmif

zefqif;Edkifaom

]tPdrm}bkef;awmf?

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742

tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pdwf\tvm; aumif;uifzsm;0,f ayghyg;vsifNref psmefysHMuGoGm;Edkifaom ]vCdrm}bkef;awmf?

(*)

udk,fawmfudk tvdk½Sdoavmuf MuD;rm;atmif zefqif;Edkifaom ]r[drm}bkef;awmf?

(C)

tqD;twm; tuG,ftumr&SdbJ vdk&mt&yfodkU wpfcPNcif; MuGa&mufawmfrlEdkifaom ]ywåd]bkef;awmf?

(i)

t"d|mefNcif;

ponf\

tpGrf;Nzifh

tvdk½Sdtyfaom

tusdK;udk

NyD;apEdkifaom

]ygur®]bkef;awmf? (p)

udk,fawmf\ pdwfawmfrS vlrif; ewfrif; ponfwdkUudk ydkifeif;tkyfpdk; vTrf;rdk;Edkifaom ]þodwm}bkef;awmf?

(q)

wefcdk;trsdK;rsdK;udk zefqif;Ncif;ESifh pGef;Edkifonf\ tNzpf[laom ]0odwm}bkef;awmf?

(Z)

aumif;uifNzifh MuGoGm;pOfNzpfap? tNcm;udpöwpfpHkwpfckudk ûypOfNzpfap NyD;qHk;apvdk&mtcgü NyD;qHk;apEdkifaom ],w¬umr0om,dwm]bkef;awmf þ 8-yg;aom bkef;awmfonf ]£ó&d,}bkef;awmf rnf\/

(2)

r*fav;wefç zdkvfav;wefç edAÁmeftm;Nzifh 9-yg;aom avmukwå&mw&m;awmfonf ]"r®}bkef;awmf rnf\/

(3)

avmuoHk;yg;ü

ysHUESHUaom

[kwfrSefaom

*kPfawmfwdkUaMumifh

&tyfaom

tvGef

oefU½Sif;pifMu,faom ausmfapmNcif;onf ],o}bkef;awmf rnf\/ (4)

½lyum, (½kyfyHkawmf)udk zl;aNrmfNcif;ü aMumifhMupdkufaom vltaygif;\ rsufpdwdkUudk MunfvifapNcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom tvHk;pHkaom tNcif;t&mwdkUESifh NynfhpHkaom tm;vHk;aom t*FgMuD;i,fwdkU\ vGefpGmwifhw,f oyÜm,faom toa&awmfonf ]od&D}bkef;awmf rnf\/

(5)

tvdk½Sdtyf awmifhwtyfaom udk,fawmf\ tpD;tyGm; olwpfyg;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;awmifhwonfhtwdkif; NyD;apEdkifNcif;onf ]umr}bkef;awmf rnf\/

(6)

wpfavmuvHk;

ñGwf½Hk;udk;pm;

tm;xm;avmufatmif

vGefpGmêud;ukwf

tm;xkwfawmfrlNcif;onf ]y,wå}bkef;awmf rnf\/ þbkef;awmf

6-yg;wdkUESifh

NynfhpHkawmfrlNcif;aMumifh

NrwfpGmbk&m;onf

b*0g[laom

*kPfawmfMuD;Nzifh ausmfMum;awmfrlygayonf/ NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[monf þb*0g*kPfawmfü yg0if\/ xdkUaMumifh NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[mudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf NrwfpGmbk&m;\ b*0g*kPfawmfudk Munfñdkaom o'¨gNy"mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜm'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfacs/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

743

tpodkU 7/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) bk&m;½SifrS wpfyg;? t½SifplVyE¦uç t½Sifr[myE¦u paom om0uwdkU wefcdk;Nym#d[mNyyHk

taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yd#uü txift&Sm;&Sd\/ (ax&*gxm 314? 0dok'¨r*f? 'k? 16-17/ ESifh oH,kwf-'k-480) xdk£'¨d0d"tbdnmOf ponfwdkUudk &apEdkifonfh usifhpOfrsm;udkvnf; ]]aom {0H orm[daw pdawå/ y/ aom taeu0d[dwH £'¨d0d"H ypöEkabmwd ('D? 1? 73)}}

NrefrmNyef þodkU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf NzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;r&Sdvwfaomf npfñl;Ncif;uif;vwfaomf

El;nHhvwfaomf

ûyNcif;iSm

oifhavsmfvwfaomf

wnfwHhvwfaomf

rwkefvIyfNcif;odkU a&mufvwfaomf &[ef;onf wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif; ]£'¨d0d"ÓPf} tvdkUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½IydkUaqmif\? A½S;½InGwfap\? xdk&[ef;onf rsm;Nym;aom wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif;udk NyD;ap\/ þodkU ponfNzifh xdkxdkygVdawmfwdkUü tNynfhtpHk a[mNyawmfrlcJhavonf? xdkusifhpOfrsm;twdkif; usifhMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaom olawmfpifwdkUonf £'¨d0d" paom tbdnmOfwdkUudk {uef &½SdEdkifMuavonf? þodkU obm0"r®rSefvnf; ½Sdonf? wefcdk; tbdnmOfudk &aMumif; y#dywfusifhpOfvnf; ½Sdonf? þuJhodkUaom usifhpOfrSefrsm;udk vufawGUokawoeûyí usifhoHk;olwdkUonf þodkU tbdnmOfudk ,HkMunfMuavonf/ xdkUaMumifh

wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk

,HkMunfNcif;onf

tpGJOyg'gef

r[kwf

o'¨gNy|mef;aom

r[mukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfonf/ þqdktyfNyD;aom pdppfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;t& wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef Nzpfonf[laom t,lonf ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh qefUusifaom ½kyf0g'tNrifom Nzpfí t"r®Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

y&dwfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefrnf\ [laom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 8/

y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefavm? odkUr[kwf ukodkvfpdwfavm qdkonfudk

pdppfqifNcifonf&Sdaomf ]Oyg'gef} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;[k pdppf&ef vdkayonf? Oyg'gef[lonf avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwodufyif Nzpf\? xdkavmbapwoduf 'd|dapwodufwdkUonf pdwf\ npfñl;aMumif; Oyuúdavo w&m;rsm;om Nzpfayonf? y&dwfw&m;awmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfum; xdkodkUaom Oyuúdavo w&m;rsdK; r[kwf? Ak'¨bmom0ifolawmfpifwdkUonf r*Fvokwfç arwåokwfç &weokwf paom y&dwfawmfrsm;udk

y&dwfed'gef;rSm

vmonfhtwdkif;

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744

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdko'¨gw&m;ESifh,SOfaom pdwfonfum; ]]te0ZÆokc0dygu}} tNypfr½SdNcif;ç aumif;aom tusdK;ay;Ncif; vu©Pm½Sdaom ukodkvfaZm pdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfacsonf/ zm;ewfom;0w¬Kvm zm;oli,fonf w&m;awmf\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk rodygbJvsuf w&m;oHü Munfñdkaom ukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'faMumifh ewfNynfodkU vm;a&muf&avonf? þodkU paom om"ursm;udk axmufygu Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ y&dwfawmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf; xdkUtwlyif ukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'f {uefNzpfayonf?

xdkUaMumifh

y&dwfawmfrsm;udk

,HkMunfrIonf

ukodkvfo'¨gpdwfom

Nzpfonf?

Oyg'gefrNzpf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) (c) trSwfNy apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 9/

(c)

i&Jpcef;ESifh

aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk

wpfcrf;wpfem;

wnfaqmufcJhol

vuform;onfvnf; xdkonfhOyg'gef tpGJNzpfonf [lí uREkfyfwdkU odcJh&avNyD/ (vlaovlNzpf pmrsufESm-303) azmfNyyg

pum;&yfNzifh

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aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkU

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arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom aNrt&yf? arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom a&uefonf tenf;i,frQom ½Sd\? pifppfaomfum; csdKifh0Srf; Nrifharmufaom aNr? oGm;vmul;cufaom Nrpf? opfikwfql;aNimifh&Sdaom t&yf? rnDñGwfaom awmifwdkUom rsm;ouJhodkU &[ef;wdkU þtwlyifvQif vlUNynfrS pkawí vlUNynfüyif wpfzefNyefNzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkawí i&JbHkü NzpfMuukefaom /y/ wd&pämefrsdK;ü NzpfMuukefaom/y/ NydwåmbHkü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

745

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

&[ef;wdkU þtwlyif vlUNynfrS pkawí ewfNynfwdkUü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkawí i&JbHkü NzpfMuukefaom? wd&pämefrsdK;ü NzpfMuukefaom? NydwåmbHkü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\ (tif Nref? 1? 48) / þenf;twl ewfNynfrS pkawí ewfNynf vlUNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkU enf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? i&JbHkrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? wd&pämefrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? NydwåmbHkrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkU enf;yg;í i&Jç wd&pämefç NydwåmbHkü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif; NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ 10/

xdkrS wpfyg;vnf; um, 'kpö&dwH uwGm? 0pD 'kpö&dwmed p/ raem 'kpö&dwH uwGm? ,OönH a'o oOödwH/ tuwGm ukovH "r®H? uwGm} emukovH A[Hk/ um,ó ab'g 'kyÜanm? ed&,H aomyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 212)/

ynmrJholonf

um,'kp½dkufç

0pD'kp½dkufç

raem'kp½dkufwdkUudk

ûyNcif;aMumif;vnf;aumif;

(&m*paom) tNypfESifh ,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk ûyaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ukodkvfuHudk rûybJ tukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm ûyNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg i&JodkU a&muf&\/ um,'kpö&dwH [dwGm? 0pD 'kpö&dwmed p/ raem 'kpö&dwH [dwGm? ,OönH a'go oOödwH/ tuwGm ukovH ur®H? uwGme ukovH A[Hk/ um,ó ab'g oyÜanm? o*¾H aom OyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 213) / ynm½Sdolonf um,'kp½dkufç 0pD'kp½dkufç raem'kp½dkufwdkUudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; (&m* paom) tNypfESifh,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? tukodkvfuHudk rûybJ ukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm ûyNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg ewfNynfodkU a&muf&\/ ygyaue p oDave? ygydum, p 'd|d,m/ {aw[d 'GD[d "ar®[d? a,m orEém*awm ea&m/ um,ó ab'g 'kyÜanm? ed&,H aomyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 213) / (£wd0kwåuygVd-yXroDvokwf)

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746

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tMuifolonf

,kwfnHhaom

tavhESifhvnf;aumif;?

,kwfnHhaom

t,lESifhvnf;aumif;

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(opömav;yg;w&m;wdkUudk)

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747

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þodkU

paom

t&[wår*fÓPf

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]]i&Jpcef;ESifh

aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk

wpfcrf;wpfem;

wnfaqmufcJhol

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trSwfpOf (15) (*) trSwf apm'emudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 11/

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tb,fukodkvf'geonf

tb,fbHkb0ü

tusdK;ay;í

rGefNrwfaom

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748

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þ a'oemawmfNzifh tvª\ tusdK;½Sdonf ponfNzifh odwwfaom avmuDukodkvfÓPfonf uHomvQif

rdrdOpöm½Sdonf\

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trSwfpOf (15) C+n+!+¡ trSwfNy ap'emwdkUudk oHk;oyfcsuf 12/(C) raemurf-(0g) [',0w¬K (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmuf½kyfwdkUNzifh ûyvkyfí &aomtrI (vlaovlNzpf? 'kwf,tMudrf½dkuf? ESm-48)

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749

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750

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þodkU bk&m½&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif ]re} udk pdwf[lí a[mawmfrlcJhygvsuf OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufrsm;onf ]re} udk ]½kyf} Nzpfatmif MuHaqmif zsufqD;aeMuNcif;onfum; bk&m½Sifudkyif rdrdwdkUuJhodkU ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;Nzpfav[ef a&;om;Ncif; Nzpfonf/ xdkUNyif oufaocHtNzpf wifNyxm;aom OD;Ouú|a&; Ak'¨tbd"r®mpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 89-ü ]]re[laom [',½kyfonf}} [laom pum;&yf ]]reH p-[',½kyfudkvnf;aumif;}} [laom pmydk'frsm;udk awGU&onf? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom opöm"r®pmapmif? twGJ-3? trSwf-2? ESm-19 üvnf; ]]reqdkwJh raemudk pdwfvdkU bmomNyefvdkufwJh aeUupNyD; Ak'¨0g' tewåomoemawmfudk twåqdkwJh tarSmifxkMuD;[m

zHk;vTrf;oGm;awmhwmygyJ?

reudk

twåvkyfypfç

pdwfaumif

vkyfypfMuwm[m

tewåomoemawmfudk xdyg;apmfum;&m usaeygw,f}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ wynfh aqmif;yg;½Sif t½Sifa&0w\ a&;om;csufudkvnf; awGUNrif&Nyefonf/ þa&;om;csufum;

taNctNrpf

vHk;0r&Sd?

wpfenf;qdk&aomf

½kyf0g'

taNccHNzifh

a&;om;vdkufNcif;om Nzpf\? tewåvu©Pmokwfü 0dnmPHtewåm[k 0dnmOf (0g) pdwfudk tewå[k wdkuf½dkufa[mxm;\? xdkUaMumifh raemudk pdwf[k bmomNyefonfESifh tarSmifxkMuD;usonf[k qdkNcif;onf bk&m;½Sifudkyif apmfum;vdkufNcif; Nzpfayonf/ ,if;ta&;tom;rsm;onf ]],H pdwåH wH raem pdwåH raem rmeoH}} paom a'oemawmfrsm;udk a[mawmfrlaom

a'ouNzpfaom

bk&m;½Sifudkyif

wdkuf½dkufpGyfpGJ&ma&mufaom

a&;om;csufrsm;

NzpfNcif;aMumifh t"r®0g'om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) (i) trSwfNy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 13/

(i) "r®puúy0wåe-"r®qdkonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwfw&m;rsm; Nzpfavonf/

puú-qdkonfrSm NzpfysufESifh aNymif;vJNyD? vnfí NzpfaeNcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ y0wåe-qdkonfrSm rsufpdESifh Nrif&onfudk qdkvdkonf/ okwå\-t"dyÜm,frSm vlom;wdkU\ xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh cE¨mudk,fum,udk qdkvdkonf/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m? ESm-102?103) rSwfcsuf/

/ ]]"r®}} udk r[mbkwf½kyf[k bmomNyefNcif;onf "r®pMumw&m;udk ½kyf0g'w&m;Nzpfatmif

vkyfNcif;yif Nzpfonf[k apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wifNyMuonf/ apm'empum;&yfüygaom ]]"r®puúy0wåeokwå}} [laom yk'f\ teufrSefudk pdppfaomf -

"r®puú\ teuf "r®pauúwd y#da0"ÓaP ap0 a'oemÓaPp/ aAm"dyv’auF edodEéó [d pwlok oapöok OyÜEéH 'Gg'omum&H y#da0"ÓPrÜd £odywae edodEéó 'Gg'omum&m, opöa'oem,

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

751

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(y0wåuH - om&w¬) y0wådwH a'oemÓPrÜd "r®puúH emr/ Ob,rÜd a[wH 'oAvó Oa& y0wåÓPar0 (oH? |? 3? 328)

NrefrmNyef t"dyÜm,f "r®puf (w&m;puf) [lonfum; xdk;xGif;í odwwfaom ÓPfawmfESifh w&m;awmfudk a[maMumif;Nzpfaom ÓPfawmfESpfyg;udk ,l&rnf[k qdkvdk\/ csJUOD;tHh? aAm"dyifaNc yv’ifaAGü xdkifaeawmfrlaom NrwfpGmbk&m;\ opömav;yg;wdkUüNzpfaom 12yg;aom tNcif;t&m½Sdaom y#da0"ÓPfawmfonfvnf;aumif;? £odyweawmü xdkifaeawmfrlaom NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 12-yg;aom tNcif;t&m½Sdaom opöma'oemudk Nzwfapwwfaom a'oemÓPfawmfonf vnf;aumif; "r®puf (w&m;puf) rnf\/ rSef\? þÓPfawmfESpfyg;onf NrwfpGmbk&m;\ &ifüNzpfaom ÓPfawmfcsnfhomwnf;/ þt|uxmESifhtnD

]]"r®puú}}

[laomyk'fonf

]]tqufquf

vnfwwf

Nzpfwwfaom

y#da0"ÓPf}} [laom teufudk a[monf? (xdk y#da0"ÓPf a'oemÓPfawmfudkyif tqufquf vnfwwf Nzpfwwfaom aMumifh w&m;puf[k ac:qdk&onf/) om&w¬'DyeD#Dum? wwd,tkyf? ESm-181 üvnf; þt"dyÜm,frsdK;udkyif zGifhNyxm;onf? pum;tqdk tenf;i,fom uGJvGJonf/

y0wåe\ teuf y0wåe [laomyk'fonf (y-a½S;½Sdaom 0wk"mwf+,kypönf;? ,k-udk teNyKí NyD;aomyk'f Nzpfonf) NzpfapNcif; Nzpfap&m NzpfapaMumif; [laom teufwdkUudk a[monf/

okwå o'´g\ teuf tw¬meH olpeawm ok0kwåawm? o0eawmx ol'eawm/ okwåmPm okwåobmç *awm p ]okwå} EÅd tu©mwH (0d? |? 1? 15/ 'D? |? 1? 18/ tbd? |? 1? 20) /

NrefrmNyef t"dyÜm,f tusdK; (teuf) wdkUudk xif&Sm;NywwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;pGma[m&m NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?

oD;wwfNzpfapwwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

rsOf;êud;

yef;oDcsnfESifh

wlaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif; okwå (okwf) rnf\ [lí qdktyf\/ xdkUaMumifh "r®puúy0wåeokwå[lonf (u)

y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

tusdK;teufwdkUudk xif&Sm;Nywwfaom a'oemawmf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

752

tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

tusdK;teufwdkUudk aumif;pGma[m&m a'oemawmf? (*)

y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

tusdK;teufwdkUudk oD;wwf (Nzpfapwwf) aom a'oemawmf? (C)

y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

tusdK;teufwdkUudk oGefcswwf (,dkpD;wwf) aom a'oemawmf? (i)

y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

tusdK;teufwdkUudk aumif;pGm apmifha&Smufwwfaom a'oemawmf? (p)

y#da0"ÓPf

a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom

w&m;pufudk

Nzpfap&mNzpfaom

rsOf;êud;

(yef;oDcsnf)ESifh wlaom a'oemawmf[k qdkvdkonf/ þum; "r®puúy0wåeokwå o'´g\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefaywnf;/ þodkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;aMumifh (i) trSwfNy twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m ESm-102? 103 wdkUü "r®udk r[mbkwf ½kyfponfNzifh a&;xm;aom pum;&yfrsm;onf ax&0g' yd#uwfvm

ygVda0g[m&rsm;udk

wrifoufouf

ysufpD;apvdkaom

apwemqdk;Nzifh

a&;om;aom

½kyf0g'DwdkU\ pum;&yfrsm;om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) (p) trSwfNy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 14/

(p) 'd|Kyg'gef=t,lpGJ? þt,lpGJ&mü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [lí qdkxm;&m or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d

[lí cGJNcm;Ncif; r½Sdonfudk owdûytyfayonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-89) þpum;&yfü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [k omrnqdkxm;í or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d [k 0daootm;Nzifh cGJNcm;Ncif;r&SdaomaMumifh or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d ESpfrsdK;vHk; Oyg'gef Nzpfonf[k qdkvdkaMumif; awGU&onf/ þodkU a&;om;rdNcif;onf

yxrMuD;ç

yxrausmfç

"r®mp&d,ç

oif½dk;usrf;*efrsm;Nzpfaom

yd#uwfusrf;*efavhvmenf;rsm;udk roif,lzl;oNzifh yk'fudk NrifumrQNzifh xif&mNrif&m a&;om;rdNcif; Nzpfayonf/ txufyg pk'dwu pum;ESifh ywfoufí pdppf azmfNyaytHh/ tw¬m yu&Pm vd*Fg? Mopdws umv a'oawm/ o'´w¬m 0dbZd,EÅd? e o'´ga,0 au0vH/ [laom o'´om&w¬ZmvdeDusrf;vm Oya'o *gxmESifh tnD o'´gteufudk a0zef&mü (1)

tw¬=þo'´g\ þodkUaom teufudk ,lvQif tusdK;½Sd r½Sdudk vnf;aumif;?

(2)

yu&P=þteufonf t&mXmeESifh oifh roifhudkvnf;aumif;?

(3)

vd*F=þvdif½Sdaom o'´gonf þteufudk a[mEdkif ra[mEdkifudk vnf;aumif;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

753

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(4)

Mopdws=toifh,kwåd ½Sd r½Sdudk vnf;aumif;?

(5)

umv=tcsdefumv &moDOwkESifh oifh roifhudk vnf;aumif;?

(6)

a'o=t&yfa'oESifh oifh roifhudk vnf;aumif;?

þuJhodkU oifh roifh &m r&m csdefxdk;qifNcifí a0zef&m\? o'´gyk'f oufoufrQudkom Munfhí usOf;aNrmif;pGm ra0zef&ay/ þ 'd|Kyg'geyk'f teufudk a0zef&mü tukodkvf t&mXmeNzpfNcif;aMumifh rdpäm'd|dudkom 'd|Kyg'gef[k ,l&onf? or®m'd|dudk 'd|Kyg'gef[k tvQif;r,l&? xdkUaMumifh "r®o*FPDygVdawmfü þodkU a[mMum;\/ ww¬ uwrH 'd|Kyg'geH? ]]ew¬d 'dEéH? ew¬d ,d|H? ew¬d [kwH/ y/ 0dy&d,mo*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd 'd|Kyg'geH/ XaywGm oDvAÁwkyg'geOö twå0g'kyg'geOö oAÁyd rdpäm'd|d 'd|Kyg'geH (tbd? 1? 241)/

NrefrmNyef xdkOyg'gefav;yg;wdkUwGif 'd|Kyg'gef[lonf tb,fenf;? ]]ay;vªNcif; tusdK;onf r½Sd? ,ZfMuD; tvªMuD; ylaZmfNcif;\ tusdK;onf r½Sd? [Hk;ac:aom ,Zfi,f tvªi,f ylaZmf&Ncif; tusdK;onf r½Sd? aumif;pGm ûytyf raumif;oNzifh ûytyfaom aumif;rI raumif;rIuHwdkU\ tusdK;zsm; tusdK;qufzvç tusdK;&if;0dygwfonf r½Sd? þ ypöKyÜefavmuonf r½Sd? wrvGefavmuonf r½Sd? trdü aumif;pGmûyNcif; raumif;oNzifhûyNcif;\

tusdK;tNypfonf

r½Sd?

tzü

aumif;pGmûyNcif;

raumif;oNzifhûyNcif;

tusdK;tNypfonf r½Sd? aoí wpfzefNzpfaom owå0gwdkU r½Sdukef? þavmuudkvnf;aumif;? wrvGef b0udkvnf;aumif; udk,fydkifxl;aomÓPfNzifh odí rsufarSmufûyum a[mMum;Edkifukefaom nDñGwfukef aumif;pGm usifhukefaom orPNA[®PwdkUonf avmuü r½Sdukef}} [k þodkU oabm½Sdaom tMuif tNrifrSm;rIoabm 62-yg;aom rdpäm'd|dwdkUü yg0ifaom oabm/ y/ azmufNyefrSm;,Gif;aom pGJvrf;Ncif; oabm½Sd\? þqdkcJhNyD;aom oabmudk 'd|Kyg'gef [lí qdktyf\? EGmacG;ponfwdkU\ tavhtusifhwdkUudk pifMu,f\[k Nyif;pGm,lrI pGJvrf;rI oDvAÁwkyg'gefudk vnf;aumif;? tewåNzpfaom ½kyf emrfwdkUudk twå[k aNymqdkaMumif;Nzpfaom Nyif;pGm,lrI pGJvrf;rI twå0g'kyg'gefudkvnf;aumif; csefxm;í tvHk;pHkaom tNrifrSm;rIonfvnf; 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\[k bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkifvnf; rdpäm'd|dudkom 'd|Kyg'gef[k a[mawmfrlonf/ xdkUaMumifh (p) trSwfNy pum;&yfonf bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;udk Nyuf&,fûyvsuf bk&m;½Sif\ a'oem"r®udk qefUusifaom t"r®0g'Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

754

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

trSwf (15) q? ps trSwfNy b0wPSm 0db0wPSmyk'fwdkUudk pdppf oHk;oyfcsuf 15/

apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u -

(q)

0db0wPSmuawmh udk,fhrSm r½SdwJh b0 vSrf;NyD; pdwful;,OfvdkwJh wPSmaygh (b0pnf;pdrfpGJaygh)?

(ps)

(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opöm"r® pmapmif? OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumrS)

b0wPSm=b0\tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;? 0db0wPSm=b0\ *kPfyumoe pnf;pdrfudk vdkvm;pHkrufNcif;? (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m;? 70-71)

þpum;&yfrsm;udk

xkwfNyí

t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ESifh

rnDaom

teufrsm;

Nzpfygonf[k

omrntm;Nzifh yxrOD;pGm apm'emMuonf/ ½lyg½lyba0 wPSm ½lywPSm (tbd? |? 1? 398) / ½lyNA[®mb0 t½lyNA[®mb0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf b0wPSm Nzpf\/ Oapä'ocFgaw 0dba0 wPSm 0db0wPSm (tbd? |? 1? 398) / owå0gaovQif NywfoGm;onf? b0qufrNzpfawmh[k ,lqaomtm;Nzifh b0NywfNcif;[laom 0db0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf 0db0wPSm rnf\/ oów'd|do[*awm [d &ma*g 0db0wPSmwd 0kpöwd (0dok'¨dr*f? |? 2? 202) / oów'd|d (vlaovlNzpf NrJ\ paom t,lrSm;) ESifh wuG Nzpfaom avmbudk b0wPSm[lí qdktyf\/ Oapä''d|do[*awm [d &ma*g 0db0wPSmwd 0kpöwd (0dok'¨dr*f? |? 2? 202) / Oapä''d|d (aovQif NyD;a&m aemufb0r½Sd[k ,laom t,l)ESifh wuG Nzpfaom avmbudk 0db0wPSm [lí qdktyf\/ [laom

t|uxmom"uwdkUNzifh

teuftrSefudk

azmfNyvsuf

0daootm;Nzifh

xyfqifh

apm'emwifoGif;Muonf/

oHk;oyfcsuf ,if;apm'empum;&yfü ygaom (ps)trSwfNy ]]b0wPSm=b0\ tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;}} [laom pum;&yfonf ]]b0wPSmwd b0yw¬em (b0wPSm[lonf b0udk awmifhwNcif;wnf;)}} [laom t|omvdeDt\uxm?

ESm

94-üvmaom

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

xkwfaqmifudk;um;onfh

pum;&yfESifh

nDñGwfouJhodkU

,if;t|omvdeDt|uxm?

xif&aomfvnf; ESm-398-üvmaom

]]½lyg½lyba0 wPSm b0wPSm ½lyb0 t½lyb0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf b0wPSmNzpfonf)}}[k b0\t&udk

½lyb0ç

t½lyb0[k

0daoorç

zGifhNyonfh

pum;&yfu

omvGefí

cdkifcHhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm ESm 104-ü -

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

755

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

]]b0yw¬em0aoe OyÜEéó oów'd|do[*wó ½lyg½lyb0&m*ó p psmeeduEÅd,m apwH t"d0peH

(þb0wPSm[laom

trnfonf

umrb0udk

awmifhwNcif;\

tpGrf;Nzifh

Nzpfaom

&m*\vnf;aumif;? oów'd|dESifh wuGNzpfaom &m*\vnf;aumif;? ½lyb0 t½lyb0udk wyfrufaom &m*\ vnf;aumif;? psmefudk ESpfoufwwfaom wPSm\ vnf;aumif; trnf Nzpfonf)}} [k txl;ydkrdkpHkvifpGm zGifhNyxm;Ncif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; b0wPSm\t& umrudk awmifhwNcif; tpGrf;tm;Nzifh Nzpfaom &m*ç oów'd|dESifhwuG Nzpfaom &m*ç ½lyb0 t½lyb0udk wyfrufaom &m*ç psmefudk ESpfoufaom

wPSmwdkUudk

aumuf,lrSom

NynfhpHk

rSefuefaom

teuf

Nzpfonf?

xdkUaMumifh

b0wPSm=b0\tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;[laom pk'dwuwdkU zGifhqdkcsufonf rNynfhpHkaom teufom Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0db0wPSm\ teufudkNy&m 0daooap'emü apm'uq&mawmfrsm; xkwfaqmifudk;um;tyfaom t|uxm pum;&yfrsm;onf NynfhpHkcdkifcHhí om"uaNrmufNyD;Nzpf&um; ]]Oapä''d|d (aovQif NyD;a&m aemufb0r½Sd [laom t,l)ESifh wuGNzpfaom avmbudk 0db0wPSm[k qdktyf\}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfrsm; Nyqdktyfaom teufudkyif 0db0wPSm\ teufrSef[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; vufcHawmfrlMuonf? pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU Nyqdktyfaom 0db0wPSm\ teufonfum; t|uxmESifh rnDñGwfaom rSm;,Gif;aom teufom Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) Z-trSwfNy pum;&yfESifh (X) trSwfNy pum;&yfwdkUudk pdppfcsuf apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu

atmufygpk'dwuwdkU\

a&;om;csufrsm;udk

oufaoNyí

þodkU

apm'emMu\/ 16/

(Z) umrb0[l&mü tm½Hkig;yg;wdkU\ £aNE´udk rapmifhpnf;rI Nzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI

wPSmOyg'gef w&m;NzpfNyD; Ä

½lyb0qdkonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpdç em;ç ESmacgif;ç vQmç udk,fwdkU Nzpfonf/

t½lyb0qdkonfrSm þ½kyfw&m;udk taMumif;cHí Nzpfay:vmonfh a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tNzpfoabmwdkUom Nzpfonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH 210)

(X)

umrb0=rsufpdç em;ç ESmacgif;ç vQmç udk,fwdkUu tqif;ç toHç teHUç t&omç xdawGUzG,f&mwdkUü wdkufqHkaomtcg wyfruf wG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI/ ½lyb0=rdrd\ cE¨mudk,f ½kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom owfrSwfcsufNzifh rysufcsifaom ½lyb0/ t½lyb0=rtdkcsif raocsif remcsifaom tNzpf? tdkrItwGuf pdk;&drf ylyefNcif;ç emrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefNcif;ç aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefNcif; tNzpf pdwful;rsm;pGmNzifh ypöu©ta&;udpörS

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756

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vGefaNrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk pdwful;ESifh MuHqí &Edkif\? a&mufEdkif\? oHk;oyfNcif;r&SdbJ (t½ly-b0) pdwful;pGJ tNzpfrsm;/ (Ak'¨0g' Nyóemrsm; pmapmif? pmrsufESm-5-6)

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ponfodkU

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pk'dwuwdkU\

rouf0ifonfudk

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pum;&yfwdkUudk t|uxm

okwåç

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b0ESpfyg;ESifh t&aumuf b0onf ur®b0ç Oyywådb0 [lí ESpfyg;tNym;&Sd\/ (1) ur®b0 xdkESpfyg;wdkUwGif

yknmbdocFg&[k

ac:qdktyfaom

umrm0p&ukodkvf

apwem

8-yg;ç

½lyg0p&ukodkvf apwem 5-yg;ç tyknmbdocFg&[k ac:qdktyfaom tukodkvfapwem 12-yg;ç tmeOÆmbdocFg&[k

ac:qdktyfaom

t½lyg0p&ukodkvf

apwem

4-yg;

þavmuDukodkvf

tukodkvfapwem 29-yg;onf ur®b0 rnf\/ bHkb0odkU a&mufapwwfonf Nzpfí ]]b0*grduH}} [k ac:qdktyfaom apwemESifh ,SOfaom tbdZÑmpaom w&m;wdkUonfvnf; ur®b0 rnf\/ xdkur®b0onf umrur®b0ç ½lyur®b0ç t½lyur®b0 [lí 3-yg;tNym;½Sd\/ xdk 3yg;wdkUwGif(u)

umrukodkvf apwem 8-yg;? tukodkvf apwem 12-yg;onf umrur®b0 rnf\/

(c)

½lyukodkvf apwem 5-yg;onf ½lyur®b0 rnf\/

(*)

t½lyukodkvf apwem 4-yg;onf t½lyur®b0 rnf\/

xdkUaMumifh ba0g 'k0ga"e tw¬d ur®ba0g? tw¬d Oyywådba0g/ ww¬ uwarm ur®ba0g? ynmbdocFga&m tyknmbdocFga&m tmeOÆmbdocFga&m? t,H 0kpöwd ur®ba0g? oAÁrÜd *0grdur®H ur®ba0g (tbd? 2? 143) /

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757

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[k 0dbif;ygVdawmfü bk&m;&Sifa[mawmfrlonf/ (2) Oyywådb0 uHaMumifhjzpf&aom tusdK;0dygufemru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonf Oyywådb0rnf\/ xdkOyywådb0onf (u) umrb0 (c) ½lyb0 (*) t½lyb0 (C) onmb0 (i) tonmb0 (p) ae0onmemonmb0 (q) {ua0gum&b0 (Z) pwka0gum&b0 (ps) yÍöa0gum&b0 [lí 9-yg; tjym;½Sd\/ (u)

umr0dygufpdwf? apwodufESifh ur®Z½kyf[k qdktyfaom cE¨mig;yg;onf umrOyywådb0 rnf\/

(c)

Cme? Zd0Sm? um,0dnmPf MuOfaom yÍöa0gum& 0dyguf pdwfapwodufESihf Cmeyom'? Zd0Smyom'? um,yom'? £w¦¬d bm0½kyf ykrÇm0½kyfMuOfaom ur®Z½kyf[k qdktyfaom cE¨mig;yg;onf ½lyOyywådåb0rnf\/

(*)

t½ly pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cE¨mav;yg;onf t½lyOyywådb0rnf\/

(C)

ae0onmeonm,we0dygufpdwf

MuOfaom

avmuD0dygufpdwfapwodufESifh

ur®Z½kyfwnf; [laom cE¨mig;yg;onf trSwfonm½Sdaom onmb0 rnf\/ (i)

tonowfbHküjzpfaom

ZD0dwe0uuvmyf½kyfwnf;[laom

cE¨mwpfyg;onf

(trSwfonmr&Sdaom) tonmb0rnf\/ (p)

ae0onmeonm,we0dyguf

pdwf

apwodufwnf;[laom

cE¨mav;yg;onf

ae0onmemonmb0 rnf\/ (½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom trSwfonm r½Sdjcif;aMumifh onm½Sdonf[kvnf; rqdkxdkuf? odrfarGUaom trSwfonm½Sdjcif;aMumifh onmr½Sd[kvnf; rqdkxdkufaomaMumihf ae0onmemonmb0[k qdkonf)/ (q)

tonowfbHkü

jzpfaom

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cE¨mwpfyg;onf

{ua0gum&b0rnf\/ (Z)

t½ly0dyguf pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cE¨mav;yg;onf pwka0gum&b0 rnf\/

(ps)

umr0dyguf? ½ly0dyguf pdwf apwodufESifh ur®Z½kyfwnf;[laom cE¨mig;yg;onf yÍöa0gum&b0 rnf\/ (0dok'¨d -2? 206-207/ tbd?|?2?175) (a0gum&o'´gonf a&mjyGrf;aom

cE¨m[laom

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cE¨mwpfyg;&Sdaom

b0?

cE¨mav;yg;&Sdaomb0? cE¨mig;yg;&Sdaom b0 -[k qdkvdkonf/) xdkUaMumifh 0db*FygVdawmfü ww¬ tonmba0g

uwarm

Oywådba0g/

umrba0g

ae0onmemonmba0g

½lyba0g

t½lyba0g

{ua0gum&ba0g

onmba0g

pwka0gum&ba0g

yÍöa0gum&ba0g? t,H0kpwåd Oyywådba0g -

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758

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ þum; ]]Oyg'ge ypö,m ba0g}} [laom a'oemawmfüvmaomb0yk'f\ teuft"dyÜg,f trSefaywnf;/ xdkUjyif okwåedygwfygVdawmf? *k[|uokwfü vmaom ]]t0DwwPSmao b0gba0ok}} paom ygXfwdkUü b0t&udkum; umr-11bHk? ½ly-16 bHk? t½ly-4 bHk wnf;[laom MoumobHkudk ,l&onf/ xdkUaMumihf r[meda'ó ygVdawmf? ,if;\ t|uxmwkdUü atmufygtwdkif; zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ b0gba0olwd b0gba0/ y/ umrba0/y/ ½lyba0/y/ t½lyba0 (r[meda'ó -36)/ {w¬ p umrba0 ½lyba0 t½lyba0wd Moumob0H oE¨m, 0kwåH (r[meda'ó? |? 137)/ qufOD;tHh? þygVdü wnf&mjzpfaombHkudk &nf½G,fí umrba0 ½lyba0 t½lyba0 [lí a[mawmfrltyfjyD/ xkdUjyif apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u ur®®Íö Oyywdåp Ob,arÜwrd" umrba0gwd 0kwåH? {oea,m ½lyg½lyba0ok (r?|? 1? 223)/ ]]uHukdvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;ukdvnf;aumif; þESpfyg;pHkukd umrb0[k qdktyf\? ½lyb0 t½lyb0wkdUü þenf;yifwnf;}} [laom om"ut& umrbHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHESifh tusdK;0dyguf emru©E¨m u#wåm½kyfrsm;udk umrb0[k ac:qkd&aMumif; wifjyMuonf/ xdkpum;&yfonf umrur®b0ESifh umrOyywådb0ESpfyg;udk wpfaygif;wnf; ûyí jyqdkaom pum;&yfjzpfjcif;aMumifh o*F[awm ye ur®b0H Oyywådo0Oö {uawm uwGm umrkyg'geypö,m o'¨ ð taEÅm*a"[d {aum umrba0g (0dok'd¨r*f? 2? 207) [laom 0dok'd¨r*f t|uxmESifh nDñGwfESD;aESmrd&um; oifhjrwfvSayonf/ umrbHküjzpfaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfrsm;udk umrb0ac:onf[laom apm'u q&mawmfrsm;\ pum;&yfonfvnf; t0w¬mb0udk &nf½G,faom t&mXme jzpfEdkifayonf/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom

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t|uxmvm

pum;&yfrsm;udk

tcsif;csif;nd§í

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(c)

½lybHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonfvnf;aumif;? ½ly 16-bHkonfvnf;aumif; ½lyb0rnf\/

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759

tpodkU (*)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t½lybHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonfvnf;aumif;? t½ly 4-bHkonfvnf;aumif; t½lyb0rnf\ [laom rSefuefaom teuf t"dyÜm,fudk xif½Sm;pGmod&ayonf/

xkdUaMumifh (Z) trSwfjy ]] 31-bkH0g' Akk'¨ vufrcH}} pmtkyfyg ½lyb0 t½lyb0 zGifhqdkcsuf pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif;? (X) trSwfjy ]]Ak'¨0g' jyóemrsm;}} pmapmifyg pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif; okwå, okwåmEkavmr jzpfaom ygVdawmf t|uxmokdU rouf0if? okwå, okwåmEkavmrESifh qefUusifaom

twåaemrwdrQomjzpfonf?

½kyf0g'tjzpfjzifh

zefwD;jcif;omjzpfonf/

xkdUaMumifh

t"r®pum;omjzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwf(15) #-trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 17/

(#)

þukd,fum,onfyif

yOöm½Hk

umrig;rsdK;wkdUjzpfapaom

oabmvu©Pmrsm;

½SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk? ½kyfypönf;wkdUtm; olUXmeESifhol tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif zGJUpnf;xm;onfh ukd,ftwGuf ½lybHk? toufZD0- [laom xGufouf0ifouf&SdaeonfhtwGuf t½lybHk[k t&Sif;qHk; aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk;jzpfayonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem (1) ESm-61-62) azmfjyygpum;&yfü qkdvdk&if;um; vuf½Sd þudk,fum,onfyif umrbHk ½lybHk t½lybHkjzpfonf? (i&J jydwåmESifh ewfjA[®mbHkwkdU oD;jcm;r½Sd) [k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf? xdkpk'dwuwkdU pum;&yf\ trSm;trSefudk a0zefvdkvQif xdkpum;&yf\ a½SUaemufpum;&yfwkdUudkvnf; oHk;oyfqifjcif&ef vdkayonf? xdkpum;&yf\ aemufü (u)

xdkUxufydkí tjcm;aom umr ½ly t½ly bHkrsm;½Sdao;onfqdku olU[mol ½Sdcsif½Sd? r½Sdcsifae? êudufovdk ,lEdkif\/

(c)

rodrjrifEkdifaom

t&mawGudk

ajymoHMum;

qkdoHMum;ESifh

vdkufemaeu

t,lrSef

tjrifrSefjzpf&ef rvG,fay? rvG,f½Hkru okdUavm odkUavm rwifrus rjywfrom; 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfvmu 0dpdudpämyifjzpfEdkifonf/ (*)

ukd,f {uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom udpöudk ,HkMunfonf qdkuwnf;u t,lrSef rjzpfEdkif? 'd|doabmxif&Sm;oufa&mufaeonf/

[laom pum;&yfwkdUudk awGUjrif&avonf/ xdkpum;&yfwkdUwGif (u) trSwfjy pum;&yfudk rdrd\ rlv Xyempum;&yfudk olwpfyg;wkdUu tjypfwifvmvQif qifa0SU&efa½Smifûyvkyf&ef &nf½G,fí qkdxm;[ef&Sdonf/ ,if;odkUyif jzpfaomfvnf; xkdpum;&yfjzifhyif rlv Xyempum;&yfü jycJhjyD;aom vdk&if;aumufcsufudk ykdícdkifjrJapcJhavonf/ (c)(*)trSwfjy

pum;&yfwkdUjzifh

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tjcm;

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760

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

txuf pk'dwupum;&yfü ta&;tMuD;qHk; pum;onfum; ]udk,f{uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom} [laompum;&yfyifjzpfonf? yuwdvlom;jzpfaom OD;Ouú| ESifh orm'd|dokawoeorm;wkdUvdk vlrsdK;u olwkdU\ rsufpdESifhjrifíod&rS rSefonf? rsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifu bmrQrrSef[k w&m;ao udkifxm;ESifhonf? þw&m;aoudkifxm;aom

½kyf0g'tjrift&

txufyg

umrbHk?

½lybHk?

t½lybHkwkdUudk

zGifhqkdjcif;omjzpfonf/ ½kyf0g'cH,lcsufESifh bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;udk teufzGifhaeMujcif;omjzpfavonf/ xkdUaMumihf þudk,fum,rSwpfyg; tjcm;aom umr ½ly t½lybHkrsm; &Sdao;onf[k ,lvQif 0dpdudpämESifh 'd|djzpfrjzpfudk (c) trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsufjzifhyif odEdkifavmufjyDjzpfí xyfrH pdppfzG,f rvdkjyD? ]]þukd,fum,onfyif umr ½ly t½lybHkjzpfonf}} [laomvdk&if;pum;&yfudkom pdppfoHk;oyfMuukefthH/ 50/

xdkpum;&yfü ]]þudk,fum,}}[lonf (Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyfudka&;ol) ocifjrwfqdkif\

rsufjrifjzpfaom umrbHkü&Sdaom vlom;\ udk,fum,ukdom olqdkvdkaMumif;odomayonf/ xdkvlom;\ udk,fum,onf ocifjrwfqdkif jyqdkouJhokdU umr ½ly t½lybHk r[kwfaMumif;udk b0yk'fudk pdppfcJhaom pum;&yfjzifh odomxif½Sm;avjyD/ xkdUjyifvnf; r[mouú&mZf 103-ckESpf 0gqdkvjynfhaeUü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;OD;pGm rd*'g0kef w&m;yGJü]],m0uD0Oö ar bdu©a0 £arok pwlok t&d,oapööok {0H/y/ tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨g}} wd ypönmoð (0d? 3? 16)/ (yOö0*¾d, uxm) &[ef;wkdU þt&d,mwkdU\ trSefw&m;av;yg;wkdUü þodkU oHk;yg;aom tjyef wpfq,fhESpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m½Sdaom rSefuefaom ÓPftjrifonf rpifMu,fao;orQ umvywfvHk; igbk&m;onf ewf rm&fewf jA[®mwkdUESifhwuGaom ewfavmuESifh orP jA[®Prif;rsm; vlrsm;ESifh wuGaom vlUavmuü ]]twkr½Sdaom tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk ukd,fwdkifrSefpGmodaom t&[wår*fÓPfudk odjyD}} [lí 0efrcHcJhacs - [lí ewfjynf jA[®mjynfrsm;½Sdonfudk a[mjyawmfrlcJhonf/ (jrefrmjyef ESm-18) xkdUjyifvnf; 0db*FygVd ESm 427-ü umrm0p&meH a'0geH? y|ruyÜdumeH rEkóeH? MoyygwdumeH aywmeH? MoyygwdumeH tok&meH?

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Oyywådu©aP

{um'om,wemedygwkb0Eåd (tbd? 2? 427)}} [lí umr0p& ewfbHk? vlUbHk? jydwåmbHk? tol&um,fbHk? wd&pämefbHkwkdUudk bk&m;½Sif a[mjyawmfrlonf/ 0db*FygVd pmrsufESm? 437?438-wkdUü ]]pmwkr[m&mZdumeH a'0geH udwåuH tm,kyÜrmPH}} tp&Sdaom ygXfwkdUjzifh pmwkr[m&mZf? wm0wðom? ,mrm? wkodwm? edr®me&wd? y&edr®dw0o0wåD[k 6rsdK;aom umr0p&ewfwdkUudk oufwrf;ESifhwuG a[mjyawmfrlonf/

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761

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0db*FygVd pmrsufESm? 439?440- wkdYü ]]yXrH psmeH y&dwåH bma0wGm jA[®yg&doZÆmeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZÆHwd}} tp&Sdaom ygXfwdkUjzifh jA[®yg&doZÆm? jA[®yka&m[dwm? r[mjA[®m[laom yxrpsmef 3-bHk? y&dwåbm? tyÜrmPmbm? tmbó&mbm [laom 'kwd,psmef oHk;bHk? y&dwåokbm? tyÜrmPokbm? okbudPSm[laom wwd,psmef oHk;bkH? a0[yædKvfbHk? tonowfbHk? t0d[mbHk? twyÜgbHk? ok'ómbHk? ok'óDbHk?

tued|bHk[laom

pwkw¬psmef

7-bHk?

þ½ly

16-bHkwkdUüjzpfaom

jA[®mwkdUudk

oufwrf;ESifhwuG a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ 0db*FygVd pmrsufESm 440? 441-wdkYü ]] tmumomeOöm,wEly*geH a'0geH udwåuH tm,kyÜrmPH? 0DowduyÜo[óed}}

tp&Sdaom

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tmumoeOöm,webHk?

tmudOönm,webHk?

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4-bHkühjzpfaom

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jyqdkcJhaom

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762

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pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

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763

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764

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ur®b0u Zmwdtm; aus;Zl;ûyyHk

ur®b0u jyifytaMumif;rsm;

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xl;jcm;csufudk

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765

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rkcstm;jzifh xdkxdk bHkb0ü jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwkdU\ xdkxdkcE¨mwkdU a&S;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf ]]Zmwd}} rnf\/ xdkUaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü ]]oGm,rd" uAÇao,sumeH y#doE¨dawm y|m, ,m0 rmwkukpädrSm

edu©reH? wm0

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jrefrmjyef xkdt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mpaom y#dpöorkyÜg'fb0[laom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom Zmwd- [lonf tb,fenf;? xkdxdkowå0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owåedum,ü tMuifjzpfjcif;oabm? aumif;pGmjzpfjcif;oabm? oufa&mufjcif;oabm? xif½Sm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? cE¨mwkdU\ xif½Sm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? tm,wewkdUukd &jcif;oabmonf&Sd\? þoabmudk Zmwd[k qdktyf\/ vdk&if;tcsKyfum; *AÇao,su owå0gwkdU\ y#doaE¨wnfaeonfrS pí zGm;jrif&mtcgwdkifatmif þtwGif;üjzpfaomcE¨mwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHao'Z Oyywfowå0gwkdU\ y#doaE¨tcgüjzpfaom cE¨mwkdUonfvnf;aumif; y&d,m,ftm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\? xkdxdkowå0gwkdU\ xkdxdk bHkb0ü cE¨mwdkU\ a½S;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf rkcstm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/

Z&mo'´g\ teufrSef Z&monf (1)

ocFw w&m;wkdU\ &ifha&mf tdkrif;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaomZ&m?

(2)

oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0ü tusHK;0ifaom cE¨mwkdU\

a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;[laom Z&m tm;jzifh 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xkd 2-yg;wkdUwGif oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0ü tusHK;0ifaom cE¨mwkdU\ a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;udk þt&mü Z&m[k tvdk&Sdtyf\/

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766

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xkdZ&monf cE¨mwkdU\ &ifhusifjcif; vu©Pm&Sd\/ aojcif;odkUuyfíaqmifjcif; udpö½Sd\/ t½G,faumif;jcif;udk zsufqD;wwfaom oabm[k ÓPfxJüxifvmwwf\ (0dok'¨d? 2? 132)/ 0dbif;ygVdawmfüvnf; ww¬ uwrm Z&m? ,m awoH awoH owåmeH wrSd wrSd owåeduma, Z&m ZD&Pwm c@dpöH ygvdpöH 0vdwåpwm tm,kaemoH[med £jE´d,meH y&dygaum? t,H 0kpöwd Z&m (tbd? 2? 144)/ xkdZ&m? r&P ESpfyg;wkdUwGif Z&m- [laom oabmw&m;onf tb,fenf;? xdkxdkowå0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owåedum,ü tMuifavsmhyg;jcif; (tdkrif; ,kwfavsmhjcif;) oabm &ifha&mf aqG;jrnfhaMumif; oabm oGm;usdK;aMumif; oabm qHyifjzLaMumif;oabm ta&wGefUaMumif;oabmonf ½Sd\? þoabmudk Z&m[k qkdtyf\[k bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xkdZ&monf xif½Sm;aom ygu#Z&m? zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxif½Sm;aom) y#dpäEéZ&m- [lí 2rsdK;jym;\? xkd 2-rsdK;aomZ&mwkdUwGif qHjzLoGm;aMuG ta&wGefUjcif; ponfwkdUudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m;wkdUüjzpfaom Z&monf xif½Sm;aom ]ygu#}Z&mrnf\? emrfw&m;wkdUüjzpfaom Z&monfum; xkduJhokdUaom azmufjyefrI xl;jcm;aom trlt&mudk rjrifEdkifaomaMumifh zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxif½Sm;aom) y#dpäEéZ&m rnf\/ oGm;usdK;jcif;?

qHyifjzLjcif;?

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jrif&aomaMumihf)

tqif;½kyfomjzpfonf? Z&mr[kwf? xkdoGm;usdK;jcif; qHjzLjcif;? ta&wGefUjcif;wkdUudk rsufpdjzifh jrifjyD;aemuf ]Z&maMumifh þoGm;awG usdK;&onf? Z&maMumifh þqHyifawGjzL&onf? Z&maMumifh þta&awG wGefU&onf} [k raem'Gg&jzifh MuHpnfí Z&mudkod&onf? xkdUaMumifh cE¨mwkdU\ tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;onf Z&mrnf\ [k rSwfod&m\ (oar®m|? 93)/

r&Po'´g\ teufrSef r&Ponf (1)

ocFww&m;wdkU\ ysufpD;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaom r&P

(2)

wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajE´tpOf\ jywfpJjcif; r&P- [lí 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xdk 2-yg;aom r&PwkdUwGif þ ]r&PrÜd 'ku©H}[laom yk'f ]Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&P} [laomyk'fwkdUü

wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajE´tpOf\ jywfpJjcif;ukdom ]r&P}[k ,l&onf/ xkdr&Ponf jzpfqJb0rS a½GUavsmjcif; vu©Pm&Sd\? auGuGif;&jcif; udpö&Sd\/ (0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxm? 'k-ESm -133)

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767

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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aojcif;oabm?

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rpöK[k

ysufpD;ûyduGJjcif;oabm

tavmif;aumifudk ypfcsjcif;oabm ZD0dwdajE´\ jywfpJjcif;oabmonf&Sd\? þoabm tvHk;pHkukd r&P[k qdktyf\ [k bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlavonf/ xkdaojcif; ]r&P}onf (1) cPdur&P? (2) or®Kwdr&P? (3) orkapä'r&P -[lí oHk;yg;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkoHk;yg;wkdUwGif(1)

y0wådtcg ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdU\ ysufpD;jcif;onf cPwkdif; cPwdkif; jzpfaom aojcif; ]]cPdur&P}} rnf\/

(2)

wdó aojyD? zkó aojyD? armifb aojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdtyfaom aojcif;onf orkwfac:a0:tyfaom aojcif; ]]or®Kwdr&P}} rnf\/

(3)

&[EÅmyk*¾dKvf\ wpfzef y#doaE¨aejcif;r½Sdaom aojcif;onf tMuGif;rJh jywfpJaom aojcif; ]] orkapä'r&P}} rnf\/

þoHk;rsdK;aom aojcif; ]r&P} wkdUwGif ]r&PrÜd 'ku©H} [laomygXf ]Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&PH} [laomygXfwkdUü ]r&P} \ t& or®Kwdr&Pudkom ,l&onf/ (oar®m[0daem'eD -95) xkdUaMumifh yapä'r&P}

wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom

ZD0dwdajE´

tpOf\jywfpJjcif;

]ZD0dwdjE´d

armifbaojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdorkwftyfaom ]or®Kwdr&P}onf r&P

rnf\ [k od&m\/ þokdU jyqkdcJhjyD;onfhtwdkif; b0? Zmwd? Z&m? r&P - [laom yk'fwkdU\ t"dyÜm,ftrSefudk ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUü bk&m;½SifESihf om0uwkdU a[mMum;rdefUqdkxm;ygvsuf Ak'¨0dyóem trnf½Sd pmtkyf 'kwd,wGJü (w? x? '? ") trSwfjy pum;&yfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyjcif;onf bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mfouJhokdUjzpf&um; bk&m;½Sif\ omoemawmf ysufpD;uG,faysmuf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

768

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

trSwfpOf (15) e? y? z trSwfjy apm'emcsufyg pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 20/

(e) ykaAÁed0goÓPfum; -

ykaAÁ = ajcmufESpfumv cgor,/ ed = xif½Sm;{uef trSefr½Sdaom/ 0go = wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\ ESdyfpuf n§Of;yef;rIcH&jcif;wkdUudk/ ÓP = trSefxGif;azmuf todÓPf& a&mufcJhavjyD/ (y)

pu©K = rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dAÁ = ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;jyD;/ ÓPH = trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU &a&mufcJhavjyD/ (z)

tmo0 = wyfrufpGJvrf;rIjzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c, = ukefcef;csKyfjidrf;rI trSefodkU&½Sdjcif;udk/ ÓPH= trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU a&mufcJhavjyD/ (trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm -7? tbd"r®m q&mpdef) txufygpum;&yfwkdUudk

oufaocHtjzpf

xkwfjyí

OD;Ouú|\

aemufvdkufwkdU\

a&;om;csufrsm;onf t"r®rsm;om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMu\/ wpfzef yg&mZduçu@ t|uxm? a0&OÆu@ 0PÖemüvmaom pum;&yfwkdUudk om"uwifí ykaAÁed0gomEkówdpaom

yk'fwkdU\teuftrSefukd

apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu

azmfjyjyD;vQif

or®m'd|d

okawoe tzJGUcsKyfrS xkwfa0aom trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif pmrsufESm 7-üvmaom tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ ykaAÁed0go ponf zGifhqdkcsufwkdUrSm trSefw&m;udk a½Smif½Sm;í trSm;rsm;udkom okawoeûyxm;aom pum;rsm;omjzpfygonf[k apm'u q&mawmfwkdUu wifjy apm'emMuonf/ ,if;apm'emt& ]]ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓP}} paom yk'fwkdU\ teufrSefudk usrf;*efESifh nd§í pdppfa0zefMuukeftHh? ,if;okdU a0zef&mü y&d,wftajccHr&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; vG,fulpGm odEdkifMu&ef om"u ygXfwkdUudk atmufajcü oD;jcm;xkwfí t"dyÜm,frQudkom azmfjyvsuf a0zefMuukefthH/

(u) ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓP ( ykaAÁ + ed0go + tEk +owd +ÓP) ykaAÁ = a½S;twdwfb0ü ed0go = aetyfcJhzl;aom cE¨m? aetyfcJhzl;aom w&m;udk tEk = tpOfavQmufí (0g) pdwfudk ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhü owd = atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ÓP = (,SOfaom) ÓPf/ A½S;twdwfb0ü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf (0g) a½S;twdwfb0ü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk (pdwfudk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

769

tpodkU ñGwfapjcif;\)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tjcm;rJhomvQif

atmufarhEdkifaom

owdESifh,SOfaom

ÓPfonf

]]ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf}} rnf\[k tusOf;tm;jzifh rSwfom;&m\/ csJUjyOD;thH? ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓP - [laomyk'fü ]]ykaAÁ}} [laomyk'f\ t&udk ,ck ypöKyÜefb0ü a½S;a½S;aom &uf? v? ESpf wkdUukd ,l&rnf r[kwf? a½S;a½S;aom twdwfb0wkdUudk ,l&onf? xkdUaMumifh t|uxmwkdUü ]]ykaAÁ}}udk ]]twDwZmwDok}} [k zGifhjyMuonf? bk&m;½Sifonfvnf; ]]ykaAÁed0go}} t&ukd ]]{urÜd Zmwð a'Gyd Zmwda,m}} (wpfb0 ESpfb0) ponfjzifh a[mjyawmfrlonf/ ]]ed0go}} [laomyk'ft& aecJhzl;aom cE¨mwkdUukd ,l&onf? aecJhzl;aomcE¨m [lonfum; pGJrSDí aecJhzl;ukefaom= tzefzefjzpfjyD;ukefaom rdrdoP²mefüjzpfí csKyfjyD;ukefaom twdwfb0 cE¨mrsm;jzpfonf/ ykaAÁ ed0gaomwd ykaAÁ twDwZmwDok ed0kw¬u©E¨m? ed0kw¬mwd tZÑ0kw¬m tEkblwm twåaem oEåmae OyÜZÆdwGm ed½k'¨g (0dok'¨d? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/ (ygXftaetxm; tenf;i,frQ xl;jcm;onf) wpfenf; - ]]ed0go}} [laom yk'ft& aecJhzl;aom w&m;wkdUukd ,l&onf? aecJhzl;aom w&m;[lonfum; tm½Hkûyí aezl;aom (awGUêuHcJhzl;aom) w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ ed0kw¬"r®m 0g ed0kw¬m? a*gp&ed0gaoe ed0kw¬m twåaem 0dnmaPe 0dnmwm y&dpädEém? y&0dnmP0dnmwmyd 0g qdEé0#KrumEkó&Pm'Dok (0dok'¨d? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/ (ygXftaetxm; tenf;i,frQomxl;jcm;onf) þokdUvQif ykaAÁed0goonf pGJrSDí aecJhzl;aom = rdrdoEÅmefüjzpfí csKyfjyD;aom cE¨m (tZÑ0kw¬ed0go)? t½HkûyíaecJhzl;aom = awGUêuHcJhzl;aomw&m; (a*gp&ed0go)[lí 2-rsdK;½Sdonf/ xkdtm½HkûyíaecJhzl;aom w&m;[k qdktyfaom a*gp&ed0goonfvnf; rdrd0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom w&m;? olwpfyg; 0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom w&m;[k 2-rsdK;½Sd\/ rdrd0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom w&m;- [lonf a½S;twdwfb0wdkUü rdrdcE¨mESifh qufoG,fí rdrd\trnf tEG,f tqif; tpmtm[m& okc? 'ku©rsm; rdrd\ rdbaqGrsdK; taygif;tazmfpaomolwkdUESifh ae&mXmersm; paom rdrd 0dnmPfjzifh awGUêuHcHpm;cJh&aom tm½Hkrsm;wnf;/ «psmeftbdnmOfudk&aom (wdw¬dac:aom) omoemy &aohrsm;ESifh yapöu Ak'¨gom0uwkdUonf þqdkcJhjyD;aom rdrdukd,fawGU taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom tbdnmOfjzifh odEdkifMuonf/» olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfzl;aom w&m;[lonf rdrdukd,fawGUr[kwfbJ olwpfyg;wkdU awGUêuH cHpm;cJh&aom tm½Hkrsm;jzpfonf? pu©Kygvax&f\ aq;orm;b0wkef;u ûyvkyfcJhaomtrIonf bk&m;½Sif ukd,fwkdif xkdpOfu rawGUêuHcJh&aomfvnf; bk&m;jzpfonfhtcg (pu©Kygv\ 0dnmPfjzifh awGUêuHcJh&aom tm½Hk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk) tbdnmOfjzifh jyefíodjcif;rsdK;wnf;/ oHo&mc&D; jywfjyD;aom bk&m; &[EÅmwkdUukd atmufarh&m umvponfwdkUü xkdbk&m; &[EÅmwkdU\

0dnmPfjzifh

odtyfcJhzl;aom

r*f

zkdvf

edAÁmef

paomw&m;rsm;onf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

odcgywå=

770

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdyfwef;tusqHk;

ykaAÁed0gojzpfonf?

y&dedAÁmefpHjyD;aom

a½S;bk&m;

tqlqludk

taMumif;ûyí

]]xkdbk&m;½Sifonf þokdUþyHk 0dyóem ½Iawmfrl\? þokdUþyHk r*fukd jzpfapawmfrl\? þokdUþyHk zkdvf edAÁmefudk

rsufarSmufûyawmfrl\?

þokdUþyHk

a0ae,swkdUtm;

w&m;a[mjy

qHk;rawmfrl\}}

þbk&m;½Sifu tbdnmOfjzifh odawmfrljcif;rsdK;wnf;/ (þolwpfyg; 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfzl;aom w&m;udk jyefodEdkifaom tbdnmOfum; bk&m;½SifwkdU\ tbdnmOfomwnf;/) wdw¬d,m p ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&rmem twåem 'd|uwokwar0 tEkó&EÅd/ wxm om0um p yapöumAk'¨g p/ Ak'¨g ye twåem 0g ya&[d 0g 'd|uwokwH oAÁar0 tEkó&EÅd ('D? | ? 2 ? 3)/ qufOD;thH? wdw¬dwdkUonf a½S;b0ü aetyfzl;aom cE¨mukd tpOfavQmufí atmufarhukefvwfaomf udk,fwkdif jriftyf ûytyf Mum;tyfzl;aom tm½HkudkomvQif tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifukef\? bk&m;½Sif\ wynfhwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? yapöu Ak'¨gonfvnf;aumif; xdkUtwl udk,fwkdif jriftyf ûytyf Mum;tyfaom tm½Hkudkom tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifukef\ [lvdk/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom enf;-3-enf;wdkUwGif yxrenf; tvdktm;jzifh ]]a½S;twdwfb0üaecJhzl;aom (tzefzefjzpfzl;ukef = rdrdoEÅmefü jzpfcsKyfjyD;ukefaom)cE¨mwkdUonf ykaAÁed0go rnf\/ 'kwd,enf;tvdktm;jzifh

a½S;twdwfb0ü

rdrd0dnmPfjzifh

tm½Hkûyí

aecJhzl;aom

(rdrdukd,fawGUjzpfaom) rdrdcE¨m? olwpfyg;cE¨mESifh jyify A[d'¨ tm½Hkrsm;onf ykaAÁed0go rnf\/ wwd,enf; tvkdtm;jzifh rdrd0dnmPfjzifh tm½HkûyíaecJhzl;aom w&m;omru olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh tm½HkûyíaecJhzl;aom (udk,fawGU r[kwfaom) tm½Hkrsm;onfvnf; ykaAÁed0go rnf\ - [k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/ ]]a½S;ajcmufESpfumv

cgor,ü

xif&Sm;\

trSefr½Sdaom

wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\

ESdyfpuf

n§Of;yef;rIcH&jcif;}} [laom tbd"r®m q&mpdefqdkoljyefqkdtyfaom teufonfum; rnfonfh usrf;*efürQ r½Sdaom o'´gteufvdkufzufwGJpyfí vHk;0r&aom teufom jzpfonf? ÓPfawmfMuD;ukd

wpfb0twGif;üom

abmifcwfvdkí

bk&m;½Sif\ ykaAÁed0go

a½S;ajcmufESpf[k

qdkjcif;jzpfonf?

wpfb0twGif;üom abmifcwfvdkjcif;onfvnf; ½kyf0g'ESihf udkufnDatmif êud;pm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/ tEkówdü tEko'´gonf tpOfavQmufí[laom ]]tEk*w}} teufESifh tjcm;rJh[laom ]]teEÅ&}} teufwkdUukda[monf/ wpfb0odjyD;vQif aemufb0wkdUudkod? xdkaemufb0udk odjyD;vQif xdkrS aemufjzpfaom b0udkod ponfjzifh b0tpOfudk avQmufí atmufarhjcif;onf ]]tEk*w}} tpOfavQmufí atmufarhjcif;jzpfonf? a½S;b0wkdUü aecJhzl;aom cE¨mwkdU xifvmatmif tajccH0ifpm;tyfaom yg'upsme0DxdESifh ]]a½S;b0ü aecJhzl;aom cE¨mudk odtHh}} [k y&duHûyaom 0Dxdrsm;rjzpfbJ pwkw¬psmefpdwfudk ykaAÁed0gookdU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

771

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhü atmufarhEdkifjcif;onf ]]teEÅ&}} tjcm;rJhü atmufarhjcif;onf xdkowdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf rnf\/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdwD ,m, owd,m ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&wd/ om ykaAÁed0gomEkówd/ ÓPEÅd wm, owd,m orÜ,kwåÓPH (0dok'¨d? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówd- [lonfum;? tMuifowdjzifh a&S;twdwfb0ü aetyfcJhzl;aom cE¨mudk? 0g? a½S;twdwfb0ü

aetyfcJhzl;aom

w&m;udk?

tpOfavQmufí

atmufarhEdkif\?

xdkowdonf

ykaAÁed0gomEkówdrnf\/ ÓPf[lonfum; xdkowdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfwnf;/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom pum;&yfwkdUjzifh ]]a½S;twdwfb0wkdUü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? a½S;twdwfb0wkdUü rdrd0dnmPf olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh tm½Hkûyí aecJhzl;aom (awGUêuHcJhzl;aom) tm½Hk taMumif;t&mwkdUudk (tpOfavQmufíjzpfap? pdwfudk ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhüjzpfap) atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfrnf\/ xdkÓPfudkyif ykaAÁed0goÓPf[k twdkaumuf ac:Muonf/ Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf xdk ykaAÁed0gomEkówd 0dZÆmÓPfudk &apEdkif jzpfapEdkifaom tusifh y#dy'gvrf;pOfudkvnf;aumif;? xkdvrf;pOftwdkif; udk,fawmfwdkif usifhMuHêud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkudk vnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfwdkif xkdÓPfudk &í a½S;twdwfb0rsm;pGmü aecJhzl;aom (awGUêuHcJhzl;aom) taMumif;t&mrsm;udk udk,fawmfwdkif odawmfrlyHkudk vnf;aumif; atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhavonf/ tm&'¨H acg ye ar jAm[®P 0D&d,H ta[mod/ y/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPm, pdwåH tbdedEém aroð/ aom taeu0d[dwH ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&mrd/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[®P yXrmbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúKXpämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 4-5)/

jrefrmjyef ykPÖm; igonf rwGefUwkdaom vHkUvudk tm;xkwfjyD;jyD? (ightm;) arhavsmh (aysmufysuf) jcif;r&Sdaom owdonf xifjyD? (ig\) ukd,fonf ylyefjcif; r&Sd jidrf;at;jyD? (ig\) pdwfonf wpfckwnf;aom tm½Hk½Sdonfjzpfí aumif;pGm wnfjyD? ykPÖm; xdkigonf umr*kPfwkdUrS qdwfíomvQif tukodkvfw&m;wdkUrS qdwfíomvQif MuHpnfjcif; ]0dwwf}ESifhwuGjzpfaom oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif; ]0dpm&} ESifh wuGjzpfaom (eD0&P) uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfaom ESpfodrfhjcif; ]yDwd} csrf;omjcif; ]okc} ½Sdaom yxrpsmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD/ 0dwuf? 0dpm& jidrf;jcif;aMumifh rdrdoEÅmefü pdwfudk Munfvifapwwfaompdwf? wnfMunfrI orm"dukdyGm;apwwfaom? MuHpnfrI ]0dwuf} r½Sdaom? oHk;oyfqifjcifrI ]0dpm&} r½Sdaom? wnfMunfrI ]orm"d} aMumifh jzpfaom? ESpfodrfhjcif; ]]yDwd}}? csrf;omjcif; ]okc} ½Sdaom 'kwd,psmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD; ESpfodrfhrI ]yDwd} udkvnf; rwyfrufjcif;aMumifh atmufarhrI ]owd} qifjcifrI ]orÜZOf}ESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpfí vspfvsL½Ivsuf aecJhjyD? csrf;omrI ]okc}udkvnf; udk,fjzifh cHpm;cJhjyD? tMuif wwd,psmefaMumifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

772

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkoludk ]vspfvsL½Iol owd½Sdol csrf;ompGm aeavh½Sdol} [k t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdUonf ajymMum;Muukef\/ xdk igonf xdk wwd,psmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD/ csrf;om qif;&Judk y,fjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; a½S;OD;uyifvQif 0rf;omjcif; ESvHk;romjcif;wkdU\ csKyfESifhjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; qif;&J csrf;omr&Sdaom vspfvsL½IrI ]Oayu©m} aMumifhjzpfaom owd\ pifMu,fjcif;&Sdaom pwkw¬psmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD/ þokdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu; r&Sdvwfaomf npfñl;jcif;

uif;vwfaomf

rwkefvIyfjcif;okdU

El;nHhvwfaomf

a&mufvwfaomf

xkdigonf

ûyjcif;iSm

toifh

jzpfvwfaomf

a&S;ü

jzpfzl;aom

wnfwHhvwfaomf

(aezl;aom)

(b0cE¨m)

udk

atmufarhíodaom ]ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf} tvdkUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½IñGwfapcJhjyD/ (þ pum;awmf tpOfjzifh ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf\ tusifh y#dy'g tusOf;csKyfudk jyawmfrlonf? tus,f 0dok'¨dr*f 'k? ESm - 42) xdkigonf rsm;jym;aom a½S;üaecJhzl;aom b0(cE¨m)udk atmufarhEdkif\? þonfwkdUum; tb,fenf;/ wpfb0udkvnf;aumif;? b0ESpfq,fwkdUukdvnf;aumif;/y/

ESpfb0wkdUudkvnf;aumif;/

q,fb0wdkUudkvnf;aumif;?

b0ig;q,fwkdUudkvnf;aumif;?

b0wpf&mudkvnf;aumif;?

b0wpfaxmifudkvnf;aumif;? b0 wpfodef;udkvnf;aumif;? rsm;jym;aom ysufuyfwkdUukdvnf;aumif;? rsm;jym;aom

jzpfuyfwkdUudkvnf;aumif;?

rsm;jym;aom

ysufuyfjzpfuyfwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?

atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD? tb,fyHk atmufarhEdkifcJhoenf;? þrnfaom b0ü (igonf) þokdUaom trnftEG,f ½SdcJh\? þokdUaomtqif;½SdcJh\? þokdUaom tpmtm[m& ½SdcJh\/

þokdUcsrf;omqif;&Judk cHpm;cJh\?

þokdUaom touftydkif;tjcm; ½SdcJh\? xdkigonf xdkb0rSpkawcJhí þb0ü jzpfjyef\[k

þokdU

tjcif;t&mESifhwuG ñTefjyzG,f (trnftEG,f)ESifhwuG rsm;jym;aom a½S;üjzpfcJhzl; (aecJhzl;)aom b0udk atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD/ ykPÖm; igonf nOfhOD;,mrfü þyXrjzpfaom todÓPf ]0dZÆm}udk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI ]t0dZÆm} aysmufí todÓPf ]0dZÆm} jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI ]t0dZÆm} aysmufí todÓPf ]0dZÆm} jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmifaysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; trdkufarSmif aysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/ ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGHrS) ig\ yXrazmufcGJ xGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf\ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfudk &atmif tm;xkwf usifhMuHcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfjzifh

twdwfb0wdkUudk

jyefajymif;odjrifawmfrlyHkudk

a0&OÆykPÖm;MuD;tm;

udk,fawmfwdkif

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773

a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom a½TEIwfawmfxGuf pum;awmfaywnf;/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ykaAÁed0goudk a½SUajcmufESpfponfjzifh pk'dwuwkdU\ a&;om;csufonf t"r®pum;&yfrsm; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/

okp½dkufuHaMumifh

jzpfonfhtwGuf

onf;ajc

ovdyf

raESmuf,SuftyfbJ

npfñl;aMumif;

tjypfwdkUrS

uif;vGwfjcif;aMumifh

ta0;üwnfaom

0D&d,

bm0emtpGrf;aMumifhjzpfaom

ao;i,faom½lyg½Hkukdaomfvnf;

jrifpGrf;Edkifonf?

aoG;qdk;

paom

jy|mef;onfh

taESmuft,SufwkdUu ½lyg½Hk?

þtbdnmOf ÓPfrsufpdonfvnf; npfñl;aMumif; tjypfwkdUrS uif;vGwfjcif;? ta0;üwnfaom ½lyg½Hk? ao;i,faom ½lyg½Hkudkaomfvnf; jrifpGrf;Edkifjcif;tm;jzifh ewfrsufpdESifh wlaomaMumif ]]'dAÁ}} rnf\/ (u)

'daAÁemwdtm'Dok 'dAÁo'dowåm 'dAÁH/ a'0wmeO§d okp&dwur® edAÁwåH ydwåaorS½k[d&m'D[d tyvdAk'¨H Oyuúdavo0drkwåwm, 'la&yd tm&r®PorÜ#dpäeorw¬H 'dAÁH yom'pu©K a[mwd? £'Íömyd 0D&d,bm0emAvedAÁwåH ÓPpu©K wm'doar0gwd 'dAÁ'dowåm 'dAÁH (0d? |? 1? 132/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k? 53-54)/ (þOyrmonf

Oyar,sjzpfaom

,kwfnHhaom

ewfrsufpdESifh

wpfenf;? jA[®mhjynfü psmefw&m;wkdU tjzpfrsm;í xdkpsmefw&m;jzifh aejcif;aMumifh ½lyg0p&psmefav;yg;onf 'dAÁ0d[m& rnf\? xdk'dAÁ0d[m& rnfaom psmefav;yg;\ tpGrf;jzifh &tyfaomaMumihf (taMumif;psmeftrnfudk tusdK;ÓPf rsufpdü wifpm;í um&Plypm&tm;jzifh) ÓPfrsufpdonf 'dAÁ rnf\/

(*)

'dAÁ0d[m&rnfaom

(yg'u)

pwkw¬psmefudk

rSDonf[kqdk&onf? þokdU rdrdukd,fwdkif 'dAÁ0d[m& rnfaom (yg'u) tajccHjzpfonfh pwkw¬psmefudkrSDaomaMumifh (taMumif;psmef\ trnfudk tusdK; ÓPfrsufpdü wifpm;í um&Plypm&tm;jzifh) ÓPfrsufpdonf 'dAÁ rnf\/ 'dAÁ0d[m&0aoe y#dv'¨wåm? twåem p 'dAÁ0d[m& oEédódwwåmyd 'dAÁH (0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'¨dr*f?'k? 53-54)/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

774

tpodkU (C)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfenf;? 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfudk jzpfapvdkaom wefckd;½Sifonf yifukd,fu ta&mif½Sdaom awaZm uodkPf;? Mo'gw uodkPf;? tmavmu uodkPf;[laom uodkPf;oHk;yg;wkdUwGif wpfyg;yg;udk tm½Hkûyí pwkw¬psmefudk tajccH(yg'u) psmeftjzpfjzifh 0ifpm;&onf? þodkU ta&miftvif;udk odrf;,l&onfhtwGuf MuD;us,faom ta&mif½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'dAÁrnf\/ tmavmuy&d*¾a[e r[mZkwduwåmyd 'dAÁH/ wda&muk¥'d*w&ly'óaee r[m*wduwåmyd 'dAÁH/ 'óeaw¦e pu©K? pu©Kudpöu&aPe pu©Krd0gwdyd pu©K (0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 'k? 54)/

(i)

wpfenf;?

eH&Hwpfzufpaom

t&yfüjzpfaom

½lyg½Hkukd

jrifEdkifonfh

twGuf

thHMozG,faumif;aom jzpfjcif;½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf; 'dAÁrnf\/ 'dAÁpu©K[laom yk'fü pu©Konf yuwd rsufpdudk ra[m ½lyg½Hkudk jrifwwfaomaMumifh pu©Krnf\/ wpfenf;? rsufpd\ udpöudk ûyjcif;aMumifh yuwd rsufpdESifhwlonhftwGuf pu©K rnf\/ þokdU

qkdcJhjyD;aom

pum;tpOfjzifh

ewfjynfüjzpfaom

(0g)

'dAÁ0d[m&rnfaom psmefav;yg;tpGrf;jzifh &tyfaom (0g) 'dAÁ0d[m& pwkw¬psmefudk rSDaom (0g) xGef;vif;awmufyaom (0g) eH&Hwpfzufpaom t&yfodkU rjidruyf oGm;wwfaom ÓPfrsufpdonf 'dAÁpu©K rnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf&m\/ þ'dAÁpu©KÓPfonfyif pkwdy#doaE¨ukd odaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh ]pkwlyygwÓPf}vnf; rnf\? þÓPfjzifh odjrifyHk taMumif;t&mudk atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ aom{0H orm[daw/y/ tbdedEémaroð? aom 'daAÁe pu©Kem/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[®P 'kwd,mbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúK#pämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d?1?5-6)/

jrefrmjyef þokdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu; r½Sdvwfaomf npfñl;aMumif;

uif;vwfaomf

El;nHhvwfaomf

ûyjcif;iSm

toifhjzpfvwfaomf

wnfwHhvwfaomf

rwkefvIyfjcif;okdU a&mufvwfaomf xdk igonf owå0gwkdU\ pkwdy#doaE¨ukd odaom ]pkwlyygwÓPf} tvkdUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½InGwfapcJhjyD/ «þpum;awmfjzifh tusifh y#dy'gudk tusOf;jyonf/» xdkigonf

txl;ojzifh

pifMu,faom

vlwkdU\

jrifEdkifavmuf&m

Oypmukd

vGefaom

ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom ]'dAÁpu©KÓPfjzifh pkwdcgeD; owå0g? y#doaE¨aejyD;p owå0g? ,kwfaom owå0g? jrwfaom owå0g? tqif;vSaom owå0g? tqif;rvSaom owå0g? aumif;aom vm;&m½Sdaom owå0g? raumif;aom vm;&m½Sdaom owå0gwdkUudk jrif\? uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfaom owå0gwdkUudkod\? (b,fyHkodoenf;)

tcsif;wkdU

þowå0gwkdUonf

ukd,fjzifh

ûytyfaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

raumif;aom

775

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tusifhum,'kp½dkufESifh

jynfhpHkukef\?

EIwfjzifh

ûytyfaom

raumif;aom

tusifh

0pD'kp½dkufESifh

jynfhpHkukef\? pdwfjzifh ûytyfaom raumif;aom tusifh raem'kp½dkufESifh jynhfpHkukef\? t&d,mwkdUudk pGyfpGJukef\?

rSm;aom

t,l½Sdukef\/

rSm;aom

t,ljzifh

aqmufwnftyfaom

uH½Sdukef\?

xdkowå0gwkdUonf cE¨mukd,fysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü csrf;omuif;&m raumif;aom vm;&m z½dkz&J usa&muf&m i&JüjzpfMuukef\/ tcsif;wkdU þowå0gwkdUonfum; udk,fjzifh ûytyfaom aumif;aom tusifh 0pDokp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkukef\/ pdwfjzifh ûytyfaom aumif;aomtusifh raemokp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkukef\/

t&d,mwkdUudk

aqmufwnftyfaomuH½Sdukef\/

rpGyfpGJMuukef?

rSefaomt,l½Sdukef\/

xdkowå0gwkdUonf

cE¨mukd,f

ysufpD;í

rSefaom

t,ljzifh

aojyD;onfrS

aemufü

aumif;aomvm;&m vlUjynf ewfjynf ok*wdü jzpfMuukef\[k od\/ þokdUvQif txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vlwkdU\ jrifEdkifavmuf&m Oypmukd ausmfvGefaom ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom 'dAÁpu©KÓPfjzifh pkawcgeD;owå0g y#doaE¨aejyD;powå0g/y/ uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfMu&aom owå0gwkdUudk od\/ ykPÖm; igonf oef;acgif rZÑdr,mrfü þ 'kwd, todÓPf 0dZÆmudk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI t0dZÆm aysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf0dZÆm jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmif aysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/ ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGHrS) ig\ 'kwd, azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif; jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif\ 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfudk &atmif usifhMuH êud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfjzifh

odjrifawmfrlyHkwkdUudk

a0&ÍÆykPÖm;MuD;tm;

udk,fawmfwdkif

a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom

a½TEIwfawmfxGuf pum;awmfjrwfaywnf;/ tcsKyfum; 'dAÁpu©K-[lonf vlwkdU\ yuwd rHopu©K r[kwf? tbdÓPfydkif½SifwkdU\ ewfrsufpduJhokdU us,fus,fjyefUjyefU jrifEdkifaom ÓPfrsufpdomjzpfavonf/

tmo0 =tmo0w&m;wkdUudk + c, = ukefcef;apwwfaom +ÓP = todÓPf/

tb,faMumifh tb,fw&m;wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukefoenf; (u)

tdkif;trmrS pufqkyfzG,fjzpfaom oeH&nf jynfap;wdkU ,dkpD;xGufusouJhokdU pu©Kpaom ajcmuf'Gg&rS ½lyg½Hkpaom tm½Hkajcmufyg;wkdUü ,dkpD;xGufuswwf (jzpfwwf) aomaMumifh avmb? 'd|d? arm[ wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

776

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ww¬ tmo0EåDwd tmo0g? pu©Kawmyd/y/ reawmyd oE´Eåd y0wåEåDwd 0kwåH a[mwd

(c)

(r?|?1?63/

tbd?|?1?90)/

wpfenf;?

w&m;oabmtm;jzifh

wnf&mbHktm;jzifh

aomwmywådr*f\

ae0onmemonm,webHk[k

a½S;a*gMwbk qdktyfaom

wdkifatmif?

b0*fwdkifatmif

jzpfwwfaomaMumifh avmb 'd|d arm[wkdUonf tmo0rnfukef\/ "r®awm ,m0 a*gMwbHk Moumoawm ,m0 b0*¾H o0EÅDwd 0g tm00g? {aw "ar® {wÍö MoumoH taEåmu&dwGm y0wåEÅDwd taw¬m (r?|?1?63/ (*)

wpfenf;?

avmuü

pdrf&nft&ufudk

tcdk;jyif;atmif

tmo0-[k

tbd?|?1?90)/

MumjrifhpGm

ac:\?

pdrfxm;tyf

þavmb

'd|d

xHkxm;tyfaom arm[-[laom

w&m;qdk;wkdUonfvnf; tprxif oHo&mwpfcGifrS ,aeUwdkifatmif cE¨mudk,fwnf; [laom t&uftkd;ü MumjrifhpGm xHktyfonfh twGuf pdrf&nfESihfwlaomaMumifh tmo0 rnfukef\/ pd&yg&d0god,a|e r'd&m'a,m tmo0g? tmo0g 0d,m wdyd tmo0g/ avmuo®dO§d pd&yg&d0godum r'd&m'a,m tmo0gwd 0kpöEÅd (r?|?1?63/ (C)

wpfenf;?

aumufyifonf

'ku©wnf;[laom

toD;udk

tbd?|?1?90)/

toD;udk

oD;ouJhokdU

½Snfvsm;vSpGmaom

oD;wwf

(jzpfapwwf)

aomaMumifh

oHo&m

avmb

'd|d

tbd?|?1?90)/

xdkUaMumifh pu©Kpaom ajcmuf'Gg&rS ½lyg½Hkpaom tm½Hkajcmufyg;wkdUü ,kdpD;xGufuswwfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? w&m;tm;jzifh a*gMwbkwkdifatmif wnf&mbHktm;jzifh b0*fwkdifatmif jzpfwwfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?

MumjrifhpGm

pdrftyf

xHktyfaom

pdrf&nft&ufESifh

wlaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

½Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&m'ku©wnf;[laom toD;udk oD;wwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; avmb 'd|d arm[wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\ [k tusOf;csKyfod&m\/ «wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQ tmo0 - [k qkdaom tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ teufum; rnfonfh usrf;*efürQ r½Saom teufjzpfonf/» c,o'´gum; ukefjcif;? ukef&m? ukefaMumif; ? ukefapwwf [laom teufwkdUudk a[m\? þt&mü ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) ukefapwwfaom t&[wår*fudk a[m\? t&[wår*f[lonf or®m'd|dpaom r*¾if½Spfyg;wnf;? ÓPt&um; xkd t&[wår*f[k qdktyfaom r*¾if½Spfyg;ü yg0ifaom or®m'd|d r*¾if[k qkdtyfaom ÓPfwnf;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

777

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xkdUaMumifh tmo0w&m;wkdU\ ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) tmo0w&m;wkdUudk ukefapwwfaom t&[wår*füyg0ifaom

or®m'd|dr*¾ifwnf;[laom

ÓPfonf

tmo0u©,ÓPf

rnf\[k

wdusrSefuefaom teufudk od&m\/ tmo0geH

c,ÓPm,mwd

t&[wår*¾ÓPw¬m,?

t&[wåra*¾g

tmo0g0demoeawm tmo0geH ca,mwd 0kpöwd? wMwapwH ÓPH? wyÜ&d,m yEéwåmwd (r? |? 1? 131/ 0d? |? 1? 136)/ xdktmo0u©,ÓPfudk &&ef usifhMuH êud;ukef tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfudk &awmfrlyHkudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlcJhayonf/ aom {0H orm[daw pdawå/y/ tmo0geH c,ÓP, pdwåH tbdedEémaroð/ aom ]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH tAÇnmoð/y/ t,H acg ar jA[®P wwd,mbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúK#pämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 6)/

jrefrmjyef þokdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaom jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;r½Sdvwfaom npfñl;jcif;

uif;vwfaomf

rwkefvIyfjcif;odkY

El;nHhvwfaomf

a&mufvwfaomf

ûyjcif;iSm

xdkigonf

toifhjzpfvwfaomf

wnfwHhvwfaomf

tmoa0gw&m;wkdUudk

ukefapwwfaom

tmo0u©,ÓPftvdkUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½I nGwfapcJhjyD/ igonf þum; qif;&J'ku©[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? þum; qif;&J jzpfay:jcif;\ taMumif; 'ku©ork',[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? þum; qif;&JcsKyf&m (edAÁmef) eda&m"[k [kwfrSefaom

twdkif;

odcJhjyD?

þum;

qif;&JcsKyf&m

(edAÁmef)

okdU

[kwfrSefaom

twdkif;odcJhjyD?

þonfum;

a&mufaMumif; ,dkpD;rI

usifhpOf

tmo0wkdU[k

[kwfrSefaomtwdkif; odcJhjyD? þonfum; ,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m (edAÁmef) tmo0eda&m"- [k [kwfrSefaomtwdkif;odcJhjyD?

þum;

,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m

(edAÁmef)

odkUa&mufaMumif;

usifhpOf

tmo0eDa&m"*grdedy#dy'g[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif;odcJhjyD? þokdU odjrifaom xdkig (bk&m;)\ pdwfonf umrmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? b0go0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? t0dZÆmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? vGwfajrmufjyD;vwfaomf vGwfajrmufcJhavjyD[k todÓPfjzpfay:\/ y#doaE¨aerIukefjyD? jrwfaom tusifhudk usifhoHk;jyD;jyD? (r*f) udpu ö dk ûyjyD;jyD? þr*fudpötvdkUiSm wpfyg;aom ûyzG,f r½SdjyD[k odcJhjyD/ ykPÖm;

igonf rdk;aomuf ypädr,mrfü þwwd,ajrmufjzpfaom todÓPf0dZÆmukd&cJhjyD?

rarhravsmh jyif;pGmtm;xkwfvsuf (edAÁmefokdU) apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmifaysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/

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778

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcGJxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGH)rS ig\ wwd,ajrmuf azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif tmo0u©,ÓPf&&ef usifhMuH êud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfudk &awmfrlcJhyHkukd

a0&ÍÆykPÖm;MuD;tm;

udk,fawmfwdkif

a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom

a½TEIwfawmfxGuf

pum;awmfaywnf;/ þokdUvQif bk&m;½Sif\ ykaAÁed0go? 'dAÁpu©K? tmo0u©, [laom 0dZÆmoHk;yg;ÓPfawmfrsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUü usepGm a[mMum;zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm; ½Sdygvsuf tbd"r®m q&mpdefqdkol\ trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmifü a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh rsm;pGm qefUusifaejcif;aMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) A - trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 23/

(A) twåudvrxmEka,m*- twå [laom yk'f\ o½kyfum; 0dnmPfpdwfjzpf\?

udvrx\ t"dyÜm,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\/ tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um; bm0emur®|mef; wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIudk qkd\/ (trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf 6) þpum;&yf\ yd@w¬um; ]]0dÓPfpdwfudk csKyfcs,fí bm0emur®|mef;wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIonf

twåudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf}}

qkdvdk&if;jzpfonf?

þpum;&yfukd

usrf;*efESifh nDrnD pdppfonf½Sdaomf twåudvrxmEka,m* [laom ygXfü twåo'´gonf (u)

twåok'aEÅmyk&doóaZmwD (oH? 1? 171) paom ygXfü ]]pdwf}} [laomteuf?

(c)

twåmeH 0'dwGm a&m'wd (0d? 2? 364) paom ygXfü ]]ukd,f}} [laomteuf?

(*)

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rpäwåed,wm "r®m (tbd? 1? 3) paomygXfü ]]oabm}} [laom teuf?

(i)

twåem 0g twåeH or®EédwAÁH (0d? 3? 131) paom ygXfü ]]rdrd? rdrdukd,f}} [laomteuf?

(p)

twåH y[m, tEkyg'd,maem (ck? 1? 404) paom ygXfü ]]twå'd|d}} [laom teuf?

(q)

½lyH twåawm orEkyówd (tbd? 2? 389) paom ygXfü ]]wdw¬dwdkUonf MuHqtyfaom twå}} [laom teufudka[m\/

]]twåudvrxmEka,m*}}[laomygXfüygaom

[laomteufudka[monf?

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twå-o'´gonfum; jyqkdtyfaom

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teufudkra[m? xkdUaMumifh twåukd ]]o&D&}} [k t|uxmq&mwkdU zGifhjyawmfrlMuonf/

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779

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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o'´gonf

yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaomtusifhudk odrSwf&m\?

tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;[laom tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf

tbd"r®mq&mpdefwkdU

jyqdktyfaom

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tpOftm;jzifh

tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerI}} [laomteufum; ax&0g' yd#uwfwkdUürygr½Sdaom teufomjzpf\/ ]]twåudvrxmEka,m*}} [laom yk'fudk ax&0g'yd#uwfwkdUü þokdY zGifhqkdxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&\/ twåudvrxmEka,ma*gwd twåaem udvrxmEka,ma*g? o&D& 'ku©u&PEÅwd (oH?|?3?145)/ twåudvrxmEka,m*-

[lonf

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tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;wnf;? ukd,f\qif;&JrIudk ûyjcif;wnf;/ twåudvrxmEka,ma*gwd

twåaem

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tEka,ma*g (0drwd?2?90)/ twåudvrxmEka,m*- [lonf rdrdukd,f\ qif;&Jjcif;udk ql;ay:ü tdyfjcif; paom qif;&Judk tzefzef tm;xkwfjcif;wnf;/ jyqdktyfcJhaom

yd#uwfusrf;*efwkdUudk

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t0wfr0wfjcif;? eGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusifhudk usifhjcif;? ql;ay:ütdyfjcif;? a½SUaemuf0J,m rD;yHk rsm;xm;í aeylESifh wuG yÍömwyac: tylig;rsdK;jzifh ukd,fukd n§Of;qJjcif;paom cE¨mukd,fukd yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaom tusifhudk tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf twåudvrxmEka,m*rnf\}} [laom teufonfom rSefuefaom teufjzpf\/ 0dnmPfpdwfudk csKyfcs,fxm;í bm0emur®|mef; wpfckckudk tpOftm;xkwfusifhMuHaejcif;onf twåudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf[laom trSefw&m; okawoepmapmifvm pum;&yfonfum; rSm;,Gif;aom pum;&yfomjzpfonf/ pdwfudk apmifhxdef; odrf;qnf; csKyfwnf;í bm0emur®|mef; êud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom a'oemawmfwkdU rsm;pGm &Sdayonf? tenf;i,f xkwfjyOD;tHh/ 'kEéd*¾[ó v[kaem? ,w¬ umredygwdaem? pdwåó 'raxm om"k? pdwåH 'EÅH okcg0[H (ck? 1? 18)/

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780

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ESdrfESif;&ef cJ,Of;í vsifjrefaom oabm½Sdaom tvdk½Sd&m tm½Hküusavh½Sdaom pdwfudk qHk;rjcif;onf aumif;\? (qHk;rjyD;í) ,Ofaus;aom pdwfonf csrf;omukd ½Gufaqmifwwf\ (ck? jref? 1? 18)/ þa'oemawmfjzifh

pdwf½dkif;ukd

orx0dyóemjzifh

odrf;qnf;qHk;ray;jcif;onf

aumif;aomtusifhjzpfyHk? ,if;odkU qHk;rí ,Ofaus;aompdwfonf r*fzkdvfedAÁmefcsrf;omudk aqmifEdkifyHkudk odapawmfrlonf/ ok'k'´oH okedykPH? ,w¬ umredygwdeH/ pdwåH &au©x ar"m0D? pdwåH *kwåH okcg0[H (ck?1?18)/ tvGefUtvGef jrifEdkifcJaom tvGefUtvGef odrfarGUaom tvdk½Sd&m tm½Hkü usavh½Sdaom pdwfudk ynm½Sdonf apmifha½Smuf&m\? apmifha½Smufxm;tyfaom pdwfonf csrf;omudk ½Gufaqmifwwf\ (ck? jref? 1? 18)/ þa'oemjzifhvnf;

a½S;enf;twlyif

odapawmfrlonf?

þ*gxmü

apmifha½Smuf&rnf

qkdonfrSmvnf; orx0dyóem bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh apmifha½Smuf&rnf[k qkdvdkonf/ 'l&*FrH {upm&H? to&D&H *k[mo,H/ a, pdwåH oH,aróEÅd? armu©EÅd rm&AE¨em (ck? 1?18)/ ta0;okdUoGm;wwfaom wpfOD;wnf; usufpm;aom ukd,ftaumiftxnfr½Sdaom ([',0w¬K) vdkPf*lü

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orx0dyóem bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;rIjzifh tm;xkwf apmifhpnf; csKyfwnf;&rnf[krSwf/ þ*gxmü 'l&*FrH- [lonf = ta0;üwnfaom tm½Hkudk vSrf;í tm½HkûyEdkifonfukd qdkonf/ {upm&H -[lonf = pdwf 2-ck? 3-ck wpfûydifeuf rjzpf? wpfckcsKyfjyD;rS wpfckjzpfonfudk qkdonf/ *k[mo,H - [lonf = twåaumifuJhokdU tjrJudef;0yfaeonfukd rqkdvdk? [',½kyfudkrSDí jzpfonfudk &nf½G,fqkdonf/ þokdU

bk&m;½Sif

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r[mowdy|meokwfüvnf; a'oemawmfjzifh

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781

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a[mxm;awmfrlygvsuf

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tm;xkwfaejcif;onf

csKyfcs,fí

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twåudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf}}

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omoemawmfudkvnf;

wm;jrpfzsufqD;&ma&mufonf[k

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;

oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

trSwfpOf (15) b-trSwfjy apm'emcsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 24/

(b) ewf - ewfqdkonfh ygVdpum;rSm jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrf cHpm;jcif;ukdac:onf?

þcE¨mukd,ftwGif;rSm½Sdaom pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re - þ 6-ckwkdUjzifh cHpm;rIûyjcif;udkyif pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k ac:qkd&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨a[mygVdrsm;ukd cE¨menf;vufawGUenf;wkdUjzifh aygif;pyf½SmazGygu

rdrdwkdUcE¨mtwGif;&Sd

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apm'emwifoGif;Muonf/ ,if;pum;&yfrsm;ü aumufEkwfcsufudk xkwfvdkufaomf pk'dwu\ pum;&yfü (1)

ewfqdkonfh pum;onf ygVdpum;jzpfonf/

(2)

jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udk ac:onf/

(3)

Ak'¨a[mygVdrsm;udk

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782

tpodkU (4)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ewfwdkUonf 'ge½Sif oDv½Sifrsm;jzpfMuí csrf;ompGmaeMu&onfudk &nfñTef;onf[k

aumufEkwfcsuf 4-csuf&onf/

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783

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ewfjA[®mwkdUudk (b0a[mif;wpfckrS b0opfwpfckodkU usa&mufvmouJhokdU cE¨mukd,f txift&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh) Oyywådewf[k ac:qdkonf/ uwar Oyywåda'0g/ Oyywåda'0g 0kpöEÅd pmwkr[m&mZdum a'0g/ jA[®um,dum a'0g/

a, p a'0g w'kwå&d? £ar 0kpöEÅd Oyywåda'0g (ck?*? 225)/ (*)

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pifMu,fjcif;aMumifh) 0dok'¨dewf[k ac:qkdonf/ uwar 0dok'¨da'0g/ 0dok'¨da'0g 0kpöEÅd wxm*wm wxm*wom0um t&[aEÅm cDPmo0g? a, p yapöuAk'¨g?? £ar 0kpöEÅd 0dok'¨da'0g (plVeda'´o? 225)/ þokdUusrf;*efwkdUü ]]a'0}} [laom ygVda0g[m&\teufjzpfaom ]]ewf}} oHk;rsdK;wkdUudk aocs *e jyqdkxm;avonf/ ]]þcE¨mukd,ftwGif;rSm ½Sdaom pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re þ(6)ckwdkUjzifh cHpm;rIûyjcif;udk pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk ac:&aMumif;udk a[mMum;zGifhjyjcif; r½Sdacs/ xkdUaMumifh pk'dwuwkdU\ (4) trSwfjy aumufEkwfcsufpum;&yfonf trSm;oufoufomjzpfonf/ ,if;onf trSm;rsm;udk a&;om; jzefUa0aeMujcif;onf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;üvmaom ewfjynf jA[®mhjynfwkdU½Sdonf[laom0g'udk y,fzsufvkdonfh&nf½G,fcsufaMumifhom jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; ,lqawmfrlMuonf/

apm'u yk*¾dKvfwkdU\ (1) tcsuf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf pdppfjyqdkcJhjyD;aom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ a&;om;csuf pum;&yfrsm;onf usrf;*efESifh qefYusifaom pum;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;&um; ]]pk'dwuwkdU\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf usrf;*efvmr[kwf}}

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784

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'u yk*¾dKvfwkdU\ (3) tcsuf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf

]]'dAÁ}}[laomygVdonf ]]umr*kPfig;yg;jzifhxGef;yjcif;}} [k t"dyÜm,f½Sdonf[laompum;&yfonf 'd0k"mwf\ Zkwd= xGef;yjcif;teufudk,líqdkjcif;aMumifhrSefuefaom teufyifjzpfonf/ xkdyk'fESifh 'd0k"mwfcsif;wlaom a'0yk'fukd 0dok'¨dr*fr[m#Dum? y- pmrsufESm 7-ü ]]'dAÁEÅd yknmwdo,a,m*gEk bbm0yÜwåm, Zkwd,m aZmwEÅDwd a'0g}} (tMuifowå0gwkdUonf vGefuJaom aumif;rIESihfpyfqdkifaom tmEkabmfokdUa&mufaom ta&mift0gjzifh xGef;vif;awmufyukef\/ xkdUaMumifh xkdowå0gwkdUonf a'0rnfukef\? 0g? ewfrnfukef\) [k 0dû*d[fûy&ef jyqdkavonf/

apm'u yk*¾dKvfwkdU\ (4) tcsuf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf ]]ewfwdkUonf [laompum;&yfonf

'ge½Sif

oDv½Sifrsm;jzpfMuí

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a'oemawmfwkdUESifh

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nDñGwfjcif;aMumifh

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pum;&yfjzpfonf/ tEé Íö 'wGm A[kaem? 'u©daP,sok 'u©dPH/ uawm pwm rEkówåm? o*¾H *päEÅd 'g,um/ aw p o*¾*wm ww¬? arm'EÅd umrumrdaem/ 0dyguH oH0dbmuó? tEkabmEÅd trpä&m (ck?1?208)/ vlrsm;pGmtm; xrif;udkvnf;aumif; jrwfaom tvªcHyk*¾dKvfwdkUü jrwfaomtvªudkvnf;aumif; ay;vªaomaMumifh

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vm;a&mufMu&ukef\/ ewfjynfü a&mufMuukefaom owå0gwkdUonf xdkewfjynfü tvdk½Sdaom umr*kPfwkdUESifh jynfhpHkukefonfjzpfí

0rf;ajrmufMu&ukef\/

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cJGjcrf;a0zefjcif;

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pnf;pdrfOpöm&jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&jcif;udkvnf;aumif; þcsrf;omoHk;rsdK;wkdUudk awmifhwaomynm½Sdonf oDvudk apmifha½Smuf&m\ (ck?jref?1?225)/ þodkUpaom

a'oemawmfrsm;ü

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cHpm;aeMu&jcif;ukd jyawmfrlonf? xkdUaMumifh apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUwifoGif;tyfaom apm'em pum;rsm;onf yd#uusrf;*efwkdUESifh nDñGwfípk'dwuwkdU\ pum;&yfrsm;um; yd#uusrf;*efwdkUESifh qefUusifonfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU awGUjrifMu&ayonf/

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785

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

trSwfpOf(15) r-trSwfjyrS pí V-trSwfjytxd apm'em&Spfcsufudk pdppfcsuf 27/

(r) odef;ZD0 = ZD0\t"dyÜm,frSm toufudkac:ygonf? odef;\t"dyÜm,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k

ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif (odef;ZD0) toufaovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIMuD;jzpf&jcif;[k jyqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (,)

umvokwf = êud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU ½kef;xGufír&ovdk

ylavmifrI'Pfudk

cHae&jcif;/ (&)

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a&m½k0 = toHatmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEdkifbJ ylavmifrI 'PfcHae&jcif;/

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xírEdkif

xdkifír&

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tvGefjyif;xefpGmjzifh

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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU ,lqawmfrlMuonf/ 28/

pk'dwuwkdU azmfjyaom i&J½Spfxyf a0g[m& AsKyÜwfonfum; aMumif;usdK; ,kwåd

tvsOf;r½Sdaom a&;om;jyqdkjcif;\

pum;rsm;om taMumif;&if;

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786

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xkdpmwrf;yg pum;&yfrsm;ukd ûcHiHkoHk;oyf&ayrnf? xkdpmwrf;udk &cdkifjynfe,f? awmifukwfûrdU? OD;a½Tjynfhu wifjyí

twGif;

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787

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ponfjzihf jyqdkavonf? t"dyÜm,f = ]]ewfwkdU\ orD;jzpfaom ewfom; jzpfaom ewfwdkUonf &ifcGifü jzpfukef\? ajc&if; tvkyftauR; r,m;jzpfaom ewfrdef;rwkdUonf tdyf&mü jzpfukef\? tqifwefqmûyjyif

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789

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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

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a,medav;yg; bk&m;a[m 31/

þt&mü a,medav;yg;udk ½Sif;vif;pGm odEdkifMu&ef bk&m;a[m a'oemudk tusOf;csHK;í

jyqdkOD;tHh]]om&dykwå&m a,medac:aom ZmwfwltrsdK;wkdUonf þ av;rsdK;wnf;? tb,fav;rsdK;wkdUenf;[lrl Oüjzpfaom t@Za,med? om;tdrfüjzpfaom ZvmAkZa,med? tnd§ü(0g) pdkpGwf&mt&yfüjzpfaom oHao'Za,med? ukd,fxif½Sm;jzpfay:aom Moyygwdua,medwkdUwnf;? OcGHukdazmufcGJí jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk t@Za,med-[k qdktyf\/ om;tdrfudk azmufcJGí jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk ZvmAkZa,med[k qdktyf\/ ig;ykyftaumifykyf rka,mrkefUykyf wefpD;tdkif wefpD;ajrmif;wkdUü jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk oHao'Za,med-[kqdktyf\? ewfi&Jom;ESifh tcsdKU vltcsdKU 0dedygwdu tol&mukd Moyygwdua,med-[k qdktyf\}} (r-1-105)? (OcGHjzpf&mXmetm;jzifh txl;ûytyf cGJjcm;tyfaom cE¨mwkdU\ udk,fhtkyfpkESifh ukd,fjzpfaeyHk txl;udk a,med-[kac:onf) þokdU a,medav;yg;udk bk&m½Sifa[mawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]Oyywfy#doaE¨onf pdwfy#doaE¨jzpfonf? ½kyfemrf[lí wpfoD;wpfjcm;r½SdbJ þ vlowå0g\ twGif;pdwfrSm pGJrSDí jzpfaeaom ewfi&J wapärsm;omjzpfonf}} [laom t,lonf jyqdkcJhjyD;aom bk&m;½Sif\ a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaom ('k*¾[dw*¾g[) raumif;ojzifh ,ltyfaom t,lomjzpfonf? ]]twåem 'k*¾[dawe tarS ap0 tAÇmpdu©wd}} rdrdukd,fwdkif raumif;ojzifh ,ltyfaom t,ljzifh igbk&m;wkdUudkvnf; pGyfpGJ\ [laom bk&m;½Sif\ pum;awmfESifh tnD a'ou bk&m;½Sifudkvnf; pGyfpGJ&m a&mufonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ pmwrf; pmrsufESm 16-ü ]]usrf;*eftcsdKUu Oyywffy#doaE¨ rSm rjrif&aom y#doaE¨ rS rjrif&aom ewf i&J wapärsm;udk oD;jcm;jzpfaponf[k qdkjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if wpf&yfvHk;rSm oD;jcm;[k qdkonfh pmwpfvHk;aMumifh

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791

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792

tpodkU 34/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pmwrf; pmrsufESm 20-ü ]]jA[®mqdkonfrSmvnf; þ Oyywfy#doaE¨jzihf jzpfaom

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793

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ewfwkdUu rjrifEdkif txuftxuf ewfwdkU\ yuwdtqif;udk atmufatmufewfwkdUu rjrifEdkif Murf;wrf;aom twåabmudk zefqif;í jyrSom jrifEkdifaomaMumifhwnf; ('D? 2? 170)/ 36/

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yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;onf wm0wðom ewfwdkUudk ESifxkwfEkdifygovm;}} [k jyefar;av&m ]]t½Sifbk&m; yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;onf

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aevmMuygao;ovm;/ raevmMuawmhjyDvm;}} [k ar;avQmufavonf/ ]]rif;MuD; apwodu 'ku©½Sdaom jA[®mwkdUonf þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ aevmEkdifukef\/ apwodu'ku© r½Sdaom jA[®mwkdUonf raevmEkdifukef}} [k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ (r? jref? 2? 335-337) ,if;t|uxm ESm-248 ü apwodu 'ku©r½SdMuonfh umrm0p& ewfwkdUudk apwodu 'ku©½SdMuonfh umrm0p& ewfwkdUu pu©K0dnmOfjzifhyif rjrifEkdifukef? ½lybHkürlum; Adrmefwpfckwnf;ü twlae jA[®mrsm;udk pu©K0dnmOfjzifh jrifEdkifMu\/ xkdtAsmyZÑ jA[®mwkdU jriftyf rSwftyf xkd;xGif;í odtyfaom vu©Pmudk jrifjcif;? rSwfjcif;? xdk;xGif;í odjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifukef/ txuftxuf jA[®mwdkUudkrl atmufatmuf jA[®mwkdUu pu©K0dnmOfjzifhyif rjrifEkdifukef}} [k zGifhjyonf/

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794

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí ewfjA[®m tcsif;csif;aomfrS tqifhtwef; uGmjcif;aevQif rjrifEdkifMuukefao;? vlwkdUonfum; ewfjA[®mwkdUudk tb,frSmvQif jrifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ ('D? |? 2? 233) 37/

tumo av[mjyifESifh urÇmajrtwGif;ü touf&I&ef avr½Sdí ewfjA[®mESifh i&Jrsm;

r½SdEdkif? ewfjA[®mrsm;udk tmumoodkU qGJwifí a&;xm;jcif;rSm rSefuefaom pmrsm; r[kwfEkdif? odyÜHobm0om rSefuefonf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf\ t&mudk odyÜHynmjzifh EdIif;,SOfwkdif;wm jcif;onfvnf; tvGefeufonfh r[mork'´&mudk jcif\EIwfoD;jzifh wkdif;wmouJhokdUom jzpfacsonf/ oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifonf ,rkdufygVdawmfü 0dem tómoyóm ao[d 0dwuú0dpm&meH OyÜg'u©aP awoH 0pDocFga&m OyÜZÆwd aem p awoH um,ocFga&m OyÜZÆwd (tbd? 6? 6)[k a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,fum; xGufouf 0ifoufwkdUrS uif;í 0dwuf0dpm&wkdU jzpfqJcPü xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; 0pDocFg&ac:aom 0dwuf0dpm&om jzpfqJ? um,ocFg&ac:aom xGufouf 0ifouf jzpfqJr[kwf[k qkdvdkonf/ ,rdkufrlv#Dum ESm-140 üvnf; ]]umrm0pm&merÜd [d *AÇ*wm 'DeH0dem tómoyómao[d 0dwuú0dpm&meH OyÜwåd tw¬d}} trd0rf;ü udef;atmif;ol paom umrm0p& owå0gwkdUtm;vnf; xGufouf0ifoufwdkUESifh uif;í 0dwuf0dpm& jzpfjcif;½Sdonf}} [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/ ,rkduftEk#Dum ESm-193 ü]]tm'doa'´e O'uedrk*¾0dondblwm o*F[dwm? e rwpwkw¬ZÑe ormyEé eda&m" ormyEém}} (tEk #D 3? 193) [k zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm *AÇ*wm 'DeH0,f tm'do'´gjzifh a&üudef;aom owå0gç awGa0rdef;arm arhajrmaeaom owå0gwkdUudk oGif;,l&rnf/ aoaomolç pwkw¬psmef 0ifpm;olç eda&m" ormywf 0ifpm;olwkdUukd (xGufouf 0ifouf uif;aomfvnf; 0dwuf0dpm& r½Sdjcif;aMumifh) oGif;r,l&[k qkdonf/ þygVdawmfESifh #DumwkdUudk axmufí xGufouf0ifouf uif;vsuf touf½SifaeolwkdUum; ½ly t½lyjA[®mrsm;? trd0rf;ü udef;atmif;aom owå0g? pwkw¬psmef 0ifpm;aom umrowå0g? eda&m" ormywf 0ifpm;aom tem*grf &[EÅm paomtm;jzihf rsm;pGm ½Sdayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vGefpGm eufeJ odjrifEkdifcJaom jidrfoufrGefjrwf rMuHpnftyf? rMuHpnfEkdifaom odrfarGUvSí ynm½SdolwkdUom odEkdifaom? oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfjrwfjzifh wyftyfxifxif odjrifawmf rlonfhtwdkif;

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795

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

odyÜHynmavmufrQ ouf0if,HkMunfrI r½SdolwkdUtwGuf a[mawmfrltyfaom r[moD[em'okwfvm yOö*wduxmudk tusOf;csKyfrQ jyqkdOD;rnf/ ]]om&dykwå&m vm;&m*wdwkdUonf i&JbHkç wd&dpämefbHkç jydwåmbHkç vlUbHkç

ewfbHktm;jzifh

ig;yg;wdkUwnf;/ om&dykwå&m igonf i&JbHk/ y/ ewfbHkwkdUudk vnf;aumif;? xkdbHkwkdUodkU a&mufaMumif; vrf;pOftusifhudk vnf;aumif; odawmfrl\/ edAÁmefESifh edAÁmef a&mufaMumif; vrf;pOftusifhudk vnf;aumif; odawmfrl\/ y/ þyk*¾dKvfonf i&Ja&mufrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ i&JokdUa&mufum pifppf qif;&JvSpGm xufjrufMurf;wrf;onfh a0'emudk cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ wd&dpämefbHkokdU a&mufrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ wd&dpämefbHkodkU a&mufum pifppf qif;&JvSpGm xufjrufMurf;wrf;onfh a0'emudk cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ jydwåmbHkokdU a&mufrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ jydwåmbHkokdUa&mufum pifppf qif;&JvSpGm xufjrufMurf;wrf;onfh a0'emudk cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ vlUbHkü jzpfrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ vlUbHkü jzpfum csrf;omrsm;onfh a0'em cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ ewfbHkodkU a&mufrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ ewfbHkodkUa&mufum pifppfcsrf;omonfh okca0'em cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ þyk*¾dKvfonf t&[wåzdkvfodkU a&mufrnfh tusifhudk usifh\[k od\/ y/ t&[wåzdkvfodkUa&mufum pifppfcsrf;omonfh okca0'em cHpm;ae&onfudk jrif&\/ y/ om&dykwå&m? þodkUjrifaom ighudk ]]&[ef;a*gwrtm; vlwkdU\ ukokdvfurÁyx

w&m;xuf

omvGefaom

t&d,mjzpf&ef

pGrf;Ekdifaom

ÚmPftjrifxl;

r½Sd/

&[ef;a*gwronf MuHpnf,lqvsuf pl;prf;avhvmum tvdkvdkxifjrifvmaom w&m;udk a[mMum;\}} [k ajymqkdolonf xkdtajympdwfxm;udk ry,fvQif xdkt,ludk rpGefUvQif aqmif,lvmaom 0efxkyfukd ypfcsvkdufouJhokdU i&Jü tcscH&vwåHU}}/ (r jref? 1? 113-118) þodkU

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfjzifh

udk,fawmfjrwf

jrifonfhtwkdif;

a[mawmfrlcJhygvsuf rsufpdjzifh rjrif&jcif;? odyÜHobm0ESifh rudkufnDjcif; paomtaMumif;udkjyvsuf ewf jA[®m

i&JwdkUudk

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ÚmPfawmfudkvnf;aumif;? a'oemawmfukdvnf;aumif; y,f½Sm;&m a&mufaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfayonf/ 38/

ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ pmrsufESm 21-22 wkdUü ]]Ak'¨vufxufawmf tcguvnf; þewf

jA[®mrsm;udk rnfolrQ rjrifEkdifMu? rawGUEkdifMuí Ak'¨ukdyif 0gao|? ayg|yg'? bm&'GmZ paom ykPÖm;wkdUu ]]ewf jA[®m½Sdonfqdkjcif;rSm rSefygovm;}} [k ar;avQmufMu&m Ak'¨u ]]oif ykPÖm;wkdU? toifwkdU\

bkd;ab;rsm;

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ajymcJhzl;Muovm;}} [k jyefar;&m ]]rajymcJhMuzl;yg}} [k ykPÖm;wkdUu ajzqkdí Ak'¨u ]]rjrifzl;ol\ ajympum;udk rjrif&olrsm;u ,HkMunfaeMujcif;rSm tuef;ajymonfhpum;udk tuef;u ,HkbdouJhokdUom jzpfonf/ þ rjrif&aom ewf jA[®mrsm;udk taMumif;jyvsuf a[mMujcif;rSm vmbfvmbudk ½SmaeMuaom

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796

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

orP jA[®P [dE´L0g'\ t,lom jzpfonf}} [k Oy&dyPÖmo yOöwå,okwf ESm-23 wGif Ak'¨u azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf[k OD;a½Tjynfhu jyqkdxm;jyef\/

oHk;oyfcsuf þpum;rsm;onf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmf rl&if;udk ysuf,Gif;apvsuf rdrdvdk&m t"dyÜm,fudkom vkyfMuHazmfjyxm;aom pum;rsm; jzpfonf/ bk&m;a[m a'oemawmf rl&if;\ qkdvkd&if; t"dyÜm,fudk oDvu©E¨0*f jrefrmjyef ESm 253-268 wkdUrS ,lí tusOf;rQ jyqdkOD;rnf/ tcgwpfyg; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;ig;&mESifhtwl aumovwdkif;ü a'opm&D vSnfhvnfawmf rlvwfaomf reomu# ykPÖm;½GmodkU a&mufí ½Gm\ ajrmufzuf tpD&0wD jrpfurf;em;½Sd o&ufawmü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ xkdpOftcg puØç wm½ku©ç aygu©&omwdpaom ykPÖm; olaX;rsm; xdk½Gmü wnf;ckdaeMuonf/

xdktcg

jA[®mhjynfa&mufaMumif;

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aygu©&omwd ykPÖm;ç wm½ku© ykPÖm;wkdU a[mMum;aom jA[®mhjynfa&mufaMumif; vrf;pOfonf ajzmifhwef;aomvrf; [kwfr[kwf ar;avQmufMuonf/ bk&m;½Sifu ]]aA'ifoHk;yHkaqmif ykPÖm;wkdUwGif jA[®mudk jrifzl;aom ykPÖm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ½Sdoavm? aA'ifoHk;yHkaqmif ykPÖm;wkdU\ q&mç q&mY q&m ckepfqufwkdifatmif jA[®mudk jrifzl;ol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ½Sdoavm}} [k ar;awmfrlí r½Sdyg[k ajzMu&m bk&m;½Sifu oluef;tpOftwef; Oyrm ponfwkdU jyvsuf ]]jA[®mtjzpfodkY a&mufEkdifzdkU taMumif;r½Sd}}

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0gao|u

awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh jA[®mjzpf&ef vrf;pOfudk bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdvrf;pOfudk tusOf;rQ jytHh/ trsKd;aumif;om;onf bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfü &[ef;ûyí oDvtusifhç £ajE´udk apmifhpnf;rIç atmufarhrIç owdqifjcifrI orÜZOfç a&mifh&JrI oaEÅmo wkdUudk jynfhpHkapum qdwfjidrf&m0,f xuf0,fzGJUacG xkdifaejyD;vQif udk,fudk ajzmifhpGmxm;í ur®|mef;odkU a½S;½I owdudk jzpfapvsuf ae&m\/ xkd&[ef;tm; eD0&P uif;onfhtcg 0rf;ajrmufrIç ESpfodrfhrIç jidrf;at;rIç csrf;omrIç wnfMunfrIwdkUudk &\/ xdk&[ef;onf arwåmpdwfjzifh t&yfq,frsufESmudk jzefUíaeaomf (arwåmur®|mef;udk

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vrf;pOfaywnf;/ u½kPmapawm 0drkwådç rk'dwmapawm 0drkwådç Oayu©mapawm 0drkwådpsmefwdkUonfvnf; jA[®mjzpf&ef vrf;pOfrsm;yifwnf;/ pdwfudk tvdktwkdif; jzpfapEkdifaom xkd&[ef;onf cE¨mudk,fysufpD;í aojyD;onfhaemufü pdwfukdtvdktwkdif; jzpfapEkdifaom jA[®m\ taygif;tazmfjzpf&ef taMumif;½Sd\[k a[mawmfrlavonf/ þokwfjzifh jA[®m&Sd½kHru jA[®mjzpfaMumif; tusifhudkyif bk&m;½Sifa[mawmfrlonfudk xif½Sm;pGm odMu&ayonf/

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797

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þrjrif&aom ewfjA[®mrsm;udk taMumif;ûyvsuf a[mMum;jcif;rS vmbfvmbudk ½SmaeMuaom orP jA[®P [dE´L0g'\ t,lom jzpfonf}} [k Oy&dyPÖmo yOöwå,okwf ESm-23 wGif Ak'¨u azmfjyxm;onf[laom OD;a½Tjynfh qkdvdkonfh t"dyÜm,frsKd; xkdokwfwGif ryg r&Sdacs/ xdkokwfü ]]twåonf onm½Sd\/ aoonfrS aemuf jrJ\}} pojzifh tem*wfudk MuHqpGJ,lrI ]]ty&EÅ uyÜdu}} t,l 44 rsKd;wkdUudk a[mjyD;onf\ tqHk;ü ]]þodkU aemufb0ü jzpf&ukefawmhtHh/ þodkU aemufb0ü jzpf&ukefawmhtHh/}} [k aemufü usifvnfjcif;udk jiduyfvsuf ajymqkdMuonfh orP jA[®PwkdUonf ]]þt&yfrS ighrSm þrQavmufaom tjrwfaiG jzpfvdrhfrnf/ þukefjzifh þtjrwfaiGudk &vdrhfrnf}} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm;Muonfh ukefonfrsm;ESifh wlonf[kom Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf a[mawmfrlayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf i&JESifh ewfjA[®mrsm; ½Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;? xkdi&J ewfjA[®m tjzpfodkU a&mufapwwfaom tusifhwkdYudkvnf;aumif; trSef½Sdonfhtwkdif;om a[mjyawmfrlonf/ i&JESifh ajcmufí ewfjA[®mrsm;jzifh ajr§mufcJhonf r[kwf/ ewfjA[®m tjzpfudkvnf; csD;rGrf;tm;ay;awmfrlonf r[kwf/ bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfrSm tEkyg'g y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHa&;yif jzpfonf/ bk&m;½SifvufxufawmfrS pí ,ckacwfwkdifatmif pGyfpGJouJhokdU

wynfhom0u

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OD;Ouú|ESifh

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aemufvkdufwkdU

r[kwf/

bk&m;½Sif

a[mawmfrlonfhtwkdif; t½Sdudk t½Sd[kom trSeftwkdif; a[mjyMuí y"me &nfñTef;csufrSm tEkyg'g y&dedAÁmef pH0ifa&;yif jzpfonfudk Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdif; odMuayonf/ bk&m;½Sif wynfhom0u &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ykAÁEÅuyÜdu t,l½SdMuolrsm; r[kwfMu&um; yOöwå,okwfü a[mawmfrlonfh ukefonfESifhwlaom orP jA[®Prsm; r[kwfMuay/ xkdUaMumifh ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ pmwrf;yg pum;&yfrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ rdpäm0g'udk jyvdkí vnf;aumif;?

a'oemawmftwdkif;

a[majymaeMuaom

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apmfum;ykwfcwfvdkí

vnf;aumif;? azmfjyyg a'oemawmfwkdUudk ,kwf,kwfrmrm zsufqD;aeaom t"r®pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/ 39/

xkdpmwrf; pmrsufESm 23 ü ]]þewfjynf (6) xyfESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨a[maom t"du

tcsufjzpfonfh (oVm,we 0*¾oH,kwf-cPokwf) pmrsufESm 334 wGif Munfhjyefyguvnf; qzó[k awGUxdcHpm;rI (6) ckudkyif cHpm;rI ewfbHk (6) ck[k jyqkdxm;onfudk awGU&jyefayonf/ pu©Kç aomwç Cmeç Zd0Smç um,ç re wkdUjzifh tqif;ç toHç teHUç t&omç tawGUç tawG;wdkU jzpfay:awGUxdwkdif;? cHpm;rI ûyjcif;udk bHk (6) bHk? b0 (6) b0[k ac:onf[k vnf;aumif;? pmrsufESm 25 ü ]]Ak'¨uvnf; i&JESifh ewfqkdonfrSm rdrdrvdkcsif? rMum;csif? rjrifcsif? rawGUcsifaom tysufrsm;ESifh awGUêuH&í ylaqG;rI? ylyefrI jzpf&jcif;rsm;udk i&Jusonf/ rdrdvdkcsifrI? ESpfoufrIrsm;jzifh êuHawGU&í umr*kPf tm½kHrsm;jzifh MuD;rm;pGm cHpm;&rIudk ewfpnf;pdrf ewfcsrf;omrsm;[k oVm,we 0*¾oH,kwf-cPokwf pmrsufESm 334 wGif a[mxm;jcif; awGU&ygonf}} [k vnf;aumif; OD;a½Tjynfhu jyqkdxm;ygonf/

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798

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tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü acG;wkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (acG;jzpf\[k qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf þtavhtx þ0wf þtusifh þjrwfaom tusihfjzifh xif½Sm;aom ewfaomfvnf;aumif;? rxif½Sm;aom ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,fí t,lpGJ ½Sdjim;tHh? xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/ ykPÖ? rSm;aom t,lpGJ ½SdoltzkdU i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpämefrsKd;[laom vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom vm;&mudk igqdk\/ (r? jref? 2? 55? 56? 37) (*)

aoed,

(þavmuü)

tcsKdUaomolonf

EGm;tusihf

EGm;tavhtx

EGm;pdwf

EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;\/ xkdolonf EGm;tusihf EGm;tavhtx EGm;pdwf EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;í cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü EGm;wkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (EGm;jzpf\[k qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf þtavhtx þ0wf þtusifh

þjrwfaom

tusihfjzifh

xif½Sm;aom

ewfaomfvnf;aumif;?

rxif½Sm;aom

ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,fí t,lpGJ ½Sdjim;tHh? xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/ aoed,? rSm;aom t,lpGJ ½SdoltzkdY i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpämefrsKd;[laom vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom vm;&mudk igqdk\/ þjyqkdtyfcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmfrsm;ü acG;wdkU\ tavhtusifh? EGm;wdkU\ tavhtusifhrsm;udk pGJpGJvrf;vrf; tjrwfwEdk; usifhaeMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif txift&Sm; a[mawmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh ,if;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifhtnD t|uxm q&mawmfrsm;onfvnf; ]]oDvAÁwk yg'geH}} [laomyk'fudk zGifh&mü t|uxmwdkUwGif]]a*goDv a*g0wm'Ded [d {0H ok'¨Dwd tbdeda0oawm o,ar0 Oyg'gemed (tbd? |? 2? 172/ 0dok'¨dr*¾|? 2? 203/ tbd? |? 1? 415)}} [lí zGifhjyawmfrlcJhMuonf/

jrefrmjyef rSef\/ EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfwkdUudk ok'¨dr*¾[k rSm;aomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;aom rdpämt,lwkdUonf þodkU EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfjzifh udavomrS pifMu,f\[k ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh þpGJvrf;csuf rdpämt,lwkdUonfyifvQif Oyg'gefwkdU rnfukef\/ oDvESifh 0wwkdU\ txl;udk jy&m 0dok'¨dr*f r[m#Dumü ]]twåaem 0g *0g'dbm0g"d|meH oDvH? *päaEÅm bau©wd wd|aEÅm rkawåwDwd tm'dem *0g'dud&d,mu&PH 0wH}} (0dok'¨d? #D? 2? 327) [k rdefUqkdawmfrl\/ rdrd\ EGm;ponfwkdU\ tjzpfudk aqmufwnfjcif;onf oDvrnf\/ oGm;vsufpm;\/ &yfvsuf usifi,fpGefU\/ þodkU ponfjzifh EGm;ponfwkdU\ trlt&mudk jyjcif;onf 0wrnf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

804

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þjyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVd t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk axmufxm;í EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusifhudk udavom jidrf;aMumif; tusifhaumif;tjzpfjzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAÁwkyg'gef jzpfonf[kqkdaom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ apm'emonf ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh nDñGwfaom "r®apm'em jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/ þt&mü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUu aom"em&m0,f acG; EGm;wkdU\ tavhtusifh [líom qkdMu\/ (ponf) [laom pum;vHk;ryg/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ apm'empum;&yfüum; (EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\) [k (ponf)

[laom

pum;vHk;udk

xnfhí

oHk;pGJxm;onfudk

owdûy&m\/

jycJhaom

t|uxm

oHk;usrf;vHk;üvnf; ]]a*goDv a*g0wm'Ded}} [k (tm'd) o'´gESifhwuG qkdxm;\/ xdk ]]tm'd}} [laom ygVdpum;vHk; ]]ponf}} [laom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;jzihf MuGif;usefaom rSm;aom tavhtusifhrsm;udk ,l&m\/ xkdUaMumifh EGm; acG;wkdU\ tavhtusihfudk jzpfap? a&ikyfjcif;ç rD;vIHjcif;ç aevSef;jcif;ç ql;ay:ü tdyfjcif; paom tavhtusifhudk jzpfap? tcsKyftm;jzifh rSm;aom tavhtusihf [lorQudk tusifhrSef[k pGJvrf;aom 'd|dapwoduf 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\[k apm'emvdk&if; jzpfonfudk odMu\/ pk'dwuwkdUu oDvAÁwkyg'ge oDv+0w+Oyg'ge-[laom yk'f0,f oDv= tavh? 0w=tusifh? Oyg'ge=tpGJ? oDvAÁwkyg'ge = tavhtusifh tpGJ[k þrQom qkdoifhvsuf (EGm; acG; wkdU\) [laom 0daooe orÁefyk'f xnfhoGif;jyqkdjcif;udk tydkxnfhoGif;av[ef tjypfwifí acsyjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; jyqkdcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumusrf;*ef twefwefwkdU tqdktrdefUt& xnfhoGif;jyjcif; jzpf&um; tjypfra&mufyJ odomxif½Sm;onfh *kPfajrmufaom pum;om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU ,lqawmf rlMuonf/ 46/

wpfzef pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUu umrkyg'gefwGifvnf; umr*kPf ig;yg;wkdUü pGJvrf;jcif;udkom

awGU&aMumif;? Oyg'gefwGif tukodkvf ukodkvf[lí rcGJjcm;aMumif;? ukodkvfukd pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap

tpGJrSefvQif

Oyg'gef[líom

jyqkdxm;aMumif;udk

wifjyí

apm'emaumufEkwfcsuf

(4?5?6?7?8?9?11?12?13?14) wdkUudk acsyMuonf/ Oy&dyPÖmo jrefrmjyef tmeOÆoyg,okwf ESm-55 üvmaom ]]ûyvkyfcJhaom uH[lí r½Sday/ xkduH\ tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©uudk y,fpGefUaompdwfjzihf vspfvsL½IrIü ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[k pGJ\/ xdk0dnmPfonf 0dyóemudk rSD\/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;rIyif rnf\/ tmeE´m pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef rukefaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif[k a[m\/ 0dyóemudk rSDípGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukokdvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif nDawmf tmeE´tm; a[mMum;csufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;}} [k om"uESifhwuG aom"emMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

805

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom azmfjyyg om"u pum;&yfonf rl&if;ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefukd csKH;íjyqkdxm;&m vdk&if;udk ûcHiHkrdatmif rcsKH;wwfojzifh t"dyÜm,f ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ rl&if;ygVd jrefrmjyefum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ ]]tmeE´m? þomoemawmfü

&[ef;onf þodkUusifh\/ tu,fí ûyvkyfcJhaom uH[lí

r&Sdjim;tHh/ ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u[lí) r&Sd&m/ ,ckb0uH[lí r&SdvQif ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u[lí) rjzpfvwHh/ xif&Sm;½Sdaom jzpfay:aeaom cE¨myO©uudk y,fpGefUtHh[k vspfvsL½IrIudk &\/ xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[lí ajymqkd\/ ouf0ifíwnf\/ xdkvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifíwnfaom xkdyk*¾dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsL½I (0dyóEkayu©m) udk rSD\/ (xdkvspfvsL½IrI 0dyóEkayu©mudk pGJvrf;\/) tmeE´m? pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef½Sdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/ þa'oemawmf t"dyÜm,fum; a½S;b0u ûyvkyfcJhaom uH (ur®0#f) r&SdvQif ,ckb0ü jzpfaom cE¨myO©u (0dygu0#f) r½Sd&m/ ,ckb0 uH (ur®0#f) r½SdvQif aemiftem*wfb0ü tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u (0dygu0#f)

rjzpfvwHh/

,ckb0

xif½Sm;½Sdaeaom

jzpfay:aeonfh

cE¨myO©uudk

y,fpGefUtHh[k

t&[wåzdkvfayguf &nfrSef;í 0dyóemudk tm;xkwfaom &[ef;onf vspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk&\/ xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aevQif xkd&[ef;\ 0dnmPfonf xdkvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk wPSm'd|dwkdUjzifh rSDwG,fae\/ xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk pGJvrf;ae\/ ,if;odkU 0dyóemudk pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef½Sdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif[k qkdvdkonf/ þa'oemawmfü xkd&[ef;&½Sdaom vspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) onf ukodkvfjzpfaomfvnf; xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfonfum; avmb (wPSm) 'd|dwdkUESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrl 0dnmPfjzpfonfukd owdûycJhyg/ pk'dwuwkdU acsyaom aom"em pum;&yfukd pdppfoHk;oyfonf½Sdaomf pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom (0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;ESpfrsKd;wkdUudk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm rodMu½Smonfudk awGU&\/ xkdUaMumifh pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom (0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm odEkdifMu&ef ½Sif;vif;jyqkdjyD;rS aom"emudk pdppfMuukeftHh/

Oyg'gef 47/

t|uxmESifh tnD rvTwfEkdifyJ jrJjrHjyif;jypGm ,lwwf pGJvrf;wwfaom oabmw&m;onf Oyg'gef rnf\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

806

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'gefav;yg; ww¬ uwrH umrkyg'geH/ a,m umarok umrpäaE´m umr&ma*g umreE´D umrwPSm

umrodaea[m umry&dVma[m umrrkpäm umraZÑmomeH/ £'H 0kpöwd umrkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD 0w¬Kumr[k ac:qkdtyfaom vkdcsifzG,f tm½kHwdkUü vdkvm;ESpfouf wyfrufpGJvrf;aom wPSm (avmbapwoduf) onf umrkyg'gef rnf\/ ww¬ uwrH 'd|Kyg'geH/ ew¬d 'dEéH/ y/ £'H 0kpöwd 'd|Kyg'geH XaywGm oDvAÁwkyg'geO© twå0g'kyg'geO© oAÁmyd rdpäm'd|d 'd|Kyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD

ygVdawmfESifhtnD

oDvAÁwkyg'gefESifh

twå0g'kyg'gef

'd|dESpfrsKd;rS

MuGif;aom

rSm;aomtjrif (rSm;aomt,l) tm;vHk;onf 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\/ þbk&m;a[m ygVdawmfjzifhyif t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;rIom 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf/ t,lrSefudk pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrIonfum; 'd|Kyg'gefr[kwf/ o'¨g"darmu©om jzpfonf[k odomvSay\/ ww¬ uwrH oDvyAÁwkyg'geH/ £awm A[d'¨g orP jAm[®PmeH oDave ok'¨d/ y/ 0dy&d,m o*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd oDvyAÁwkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusihfudk (0g) tavhtusifhrSm; [lorQudk udavom

pifMu,faMumif;

tusifhaumif;

tjzpfjzifh

rSm;,Gif;pGm

pGJvrf;wwfaom

tjrifrSm;rI

'd|dapwodufonf oDvyAÁwkyg'gef rnf\/ ww¬ uwrH twÅ0gyg'geH/ £" tókw0g ykxkZÆaem/ y/ rdpäwåH wdw¬m,weH 0dy&d,m o*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd twå0g'kyg'geH/ (tbd? 1? 241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD cE¨mig;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk rysufrpD; tjrJwnfaeaom tESpfom& trmcHoabmw&m; twå[k tjrifrSm;rI 'd|dapwodufonf twå0g'kyg'gefrnf\/

twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) ESpfq,f jzpfyHk 48/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þa'oemawmfjzifh twå0g'kyg'gef (0g) twå'd|d 20 jzpfyHkudk

jyawmfrl\/ cE¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif ]]rD;awmufESifh tvif;a&mifudk twlxifrSwfouJhokdU}} ½kyfonfyif twå[k ½kyfESifh twåudk twlxifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk twå[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]opfyifüt&dyf½Sdonf [laom pum;uJhokdU twårSm ½kyf½Sdonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk

twå[k

pGJ,ljyD;vQif

]]yef;yGifhü

teHU[laom

pum;uJhodkU}}

twåü

½kyfwnf&onf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

807

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk twå[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]aowåmxJü ywåjrm;wnfonf [laom pum;uJhokdU}} ½kyfü twåu wnfaeonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? þodkU ½kyfESifh pyfvsOf;í twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) av;yg;jzpfonf/ xdkUtwl a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom emrfcE¨m wpfyg;yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) av;yg;pD jzpf&um; cE¨mig;yg;ü twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) ESpfq,fjzpfonf/ þ'd|Kyg'gef?

oDvyAÁwkyg'gef?

twå0g'kyg'gef

oHk;yg;wkdUonf

w&m;ukd,ftm;jzifh

'd|dapwodufcsnf;om jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwoduf wpfyg;wnf;udkyif pGJvrf;yHk tjcif;t&m uGJjym;aomaMumihf trnfoHk;rsKd;cGJí a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'gefonf av;yg;jym;aomfvnf; w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwoduf ESpfyg;om jzpfonf/ umrkyg'geH

t|ok

avmbo[*awok

pdwåKyÜga'ok

OyÜZÆwd?

'd|Kyg'geOö

oDvyAÁwkyg'geOö twå0g'kyg'geOö pwlok 'd|d*worÜ,kawåok pdwåKyÜga'ok OyÜZÆEÅd/ ("r®o*FPD? 289)

jrefrmjyef umrkyg'gefonf avmbo[*kwf pdwåKyÜg'f ½Spfyg;wkdU ü jzpf\/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf 'd|d*worÜ,kwf pdwåKyÜg'f av;yg;wkdUü jzpfukef\/ þbk&m;½Sif EIwfawmfxGuf a'oemawmft& avmbapwodufonf avmbrlpdwf ½Spfyg;ü jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwodufonf avmbrl 'd|d*w orÜ,kwfpdwf av;yg;ü jzpfonf[krSwf/ 0dok'¨dr*f 'k-205? oar®m[ 0daem'eD t|uxm 173 wkdUüvnf;r[m0do,H [d wH t|pdwåorÜa,m*g? tyÜ0do,med £w&med pwkpdwå orÜa,m*g}} [k rdefUqdkawmfrlonf/ rSef\/

xdkumrkyg'gefonf

½Spfyg;aom

pdwfwkdUü

,SOfjcif;aMumifh

us,faomt&m½Sd\/

umrkyg'gefrS wpfyg;aom 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf av;yg;ukefaom pdwfwkdUü ,SOfjcif;aMumifh usOf;aomt&m ½Sdukef\/ þqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm tqkdtrdefUudk axmufí Oyg'gef[lonf pifppf tukodkvfom jzpfonf[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/ þt"dyÜm,fudk tbd"r®mudk avhvmzl;ol omraPi,fuav;rsm;yif odMuayonf/ yk*¾dKvftm;jzifh umrkyg'gefonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufESifh aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU oEÅmefü jzpfonf/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufwkdU oEÅmefü jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

808

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'ged,

49/

Oyg'ged, (Oyg'ge+£,) þyk'fonf Oyg'geyk'faemuf tpD;tyGm;[dw teufü

£,ypönf;owfí jyD;aom yk'fjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh t|omvdeD t|uxm? ESm-85 ütm&r®Pbm0H Oy*E´m Oyg'ge orÁaE¨e Oyg'gemeH [dwmwd Oyg'ged,m/ [k rdefUqkdawmfrlonf/ tm½kHtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufí Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;wnf;/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'ged, rnfukef\/ ]]tm&r®Pbm0H Oy*E¨m = tm½kHtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufí}} [lonf tm½kHûycH&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdodkU tm½kHûycH&jcif;aMumifh xkdw&m;rsm;onf Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfvsOf;aom w&m;rsm; jzpf&onf/ Oyrm-avmuü vlwpfa,muf\ toHk;taqmifonf xdkolESifh pyfaeouJhodkU jzpfonf/ þt|uxmt&

tm½kHûycH&onfjzpfí

Oyg'gefwkdUESifh

pyfaeonfhtwGuf

Oyg'gefwkdU\

tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'ged, rnf\[k rSwf/ (tcsKyfrSm Oyg'gefwkdU\ tm½kHûycH&aom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/)

Oyg'ged, rnfaom w&m;rsm; uwar "r®m Oyg'ged,m/ wDok blrDok ukovH tukovH wDok blrDok 0dygaum wDok blrDok ud&d,mAsmuwH oAÁOö ½lyH/ £ar "r®m Oyg'ged,m/ (tbd? 1? 290) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmft& umrç ½lyç t½ly bHkoHk;yg;wkdUü jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvf 17? tukodkvf 12? avmuD0dyguf 32? bHkoHk;yg;wkdUü jzpfaom ûyumrQ jzpfí ukodkvf tukodkvf tjzpfjzifh ra[mtyfaom ud&d,mAsmwu 20? xkdUjyif ½kyfonf½Sd\/ þw&m;wkdUonf avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwdkU\ tm½kHjzpfukefaom Oyg'ged,w&m; jzpfukef\/ þum; pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvf oufoufom jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;? tpGJtvrf;cH&aom

Oyg'ged,

w&m;onfum;

ukodkvf?

tukodkvf?

tAsmuw

oHk;rsKd;

jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif; (tbd"r®mudk ravhvmzl;olrsm;) odEkdif&ef ½Sif;vif;jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ 50/

,ckapm'em aom"emudk jyefvnfpdppfMuukeftHh/ þtcsufudk apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\

qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)

Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf/

(2)

ûyvdk½kHrQ vkdcsif½kHrQonf uwåKurswm qE´apwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef r[kwf)

(3)

edAÁmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqE´om jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef r[kwf) [k qkdvkdonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

809

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)

Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;?

(2)

ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tpGJrSefvQif Oyg'gef[líom jyefqkdxm;aMumif;?

(3)

0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif; pum;oHk;&yf jzpfonf/

,if;pum;oHk;&yfwdkYwGif ]](1) Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;}} [laom pum;&yfü ukodkvf? tukodkvf ESpfrsKd;&Sd&müom ukodkvf? tukodkvf cGJjcm;jy&onf/ ukodkvfcsnf;oufouf? tukodkvfcsnf;oufouf jzpf&müum; xkdodkU cGJjcm;&ef rvdk/ Oyg'gef[lonf wpf&HwpfqpfrQ ukokdvf[lí r½Sd/ {uef tukodkvfcsnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k cGJjcm;jyqkdjcif; rûy[krSwf/ ]]ukodkvfudk

pGJonfjzpfap?

tukodkvfudk

pGJonfjzpfap

tpGJrSefvQif

Oyg'gef[líom

jyefqkdxm;aMumif;}} [laom pum;&yfü pum;toHk;tEIef;udk ½Sif;jytHh/ ]]ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfü ]ukodkvfukd} [laom pum;onf tpGJtvrf; cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdw&m;um; trSefyif ukodkvfjzpfonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfum; pGJvrf;wwfaom avmb? 'd|d [laom Oyg'gefw&m;udk jyonf/ xdkOyg'gefum; {uef tukodkvf jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh þpum;&yfü tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;u ukodkvf? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;u tukodkvf jzpfonf/ ]]tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfüvnf; ]tukodkvfudk} [laom pum;&yfonf tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfonf pGJvrf;wwfaom avmb? 'd|d[laom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdUaMumifh þpum;&yfü tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;uvnf;

tukodkvf?

pGJvrf;wwfaom

w&m;uvnf;

tukodkvfyif

jzpfonf/

þodkU

tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;onf ukodkvfyif jzpfap? tukodkvfyif jzpfap? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;um; tukodkvfom jzpf&um; Oyg'gef[líom jyefqkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þ (2) eHygwf aom"em pum;&yfonf pum;toHk;tEIef;rQom rSefonf/ ,if;odkU pum;toHk;tEIef; rSefuefaomfvnf; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU udk,fwkdifrlum; ½Sif;jycJhaom teuft"dyÜm,fudk trSefwu,f rodyJ ]ukodkvf Oyg'gefvnf; ½Sdonf} [k tvGJtrSm; ESvHk;oGif;í aom"emxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;udk (3) eHygwf pum;&yfjzifh ay:vGifxif½Sm;pGm odEkdifayonf/ ½Sif;jyOD;tHh ]]0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif;}} [k qkdxm;&m ]]0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfonf/ xkdukodkvf0dnmPfpdwfudk Oyg'gef[ka[monf}} [k pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkU ,lqaMumif; odomayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

810

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU udk;um;onfh tmeOÆoyg,okwfü jyqkdtyfaom 0dnmPfonf pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkU ,lqonfh aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf r[kwf? avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvfavmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfom jzpfonf/ ½Sif;jyOD;thH ]]xdkvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifíwnfaom xkdyk*¾dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk rSD\/ xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk pGJvrf;\/ þpum;&yfü ]0dnmPfonf} [laom pum;&yfukd ]rSD\} ]pGJvrf;\} [laom Mud,mjy pum;&yfwkdUü pyf&rnf/ rSD\? pGJvrf;\ [kqkdvQif wPSm 'd|dwdkUjzifh pGJvrf;\ [laom t"dyÜm,fonf xif½Sm;jyD; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhyif Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxmü xkdwEédódwH w'kyg'geH yk'fwkdU\ tajccHjzpfaom a½SU0gus½Sd ]tbdeE´wd} paom oHk;yk'fwkdUudk zGifhjy&m0,f ]]aomwH Oayu©H tbdeE´wDwd aom wH 0dyóEkayu©H wPSm'd|d tbdeE´m'D[d tbdeE´wd? aooy''Ga,yd {ao0 ea,m}} [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/ t"dyÜm,f - aomwH Oayu©H tbdeE´wDwd [lonfum; xdk&[ef;onf xkd 0dyóEkayu©mudk wPSm? 'd|dwnf;[laom ESpfoufjcif;wkdUjzifh ESpfouf\/ MuGif;aom tbd0'wd? taZÑmom, wd|wd}} [laom yk'fESpfcktaygif;üvnf; þenf;wnf;/ þpum;&yfwGif ]]0dnmPfonf rSD\/ pGJvrf;\}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh pGJvrf;wwfonfh avmb? 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwkdUESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfudk jyonf/ ]]xkdvspfvsL½IrI 0dyóEkayu©mudk}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh Oyg'gef\ tm½kHjzpfonfh (tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh) Oyg'ged,jzpfaom 0dyóEkayu©m

ukodkvfudk

jyonf/

vdk&if;tcsKyfrSm

tm½kHjzpfonfh

(0g-

tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh)

0dyóEkayu©monf ukodkvfjzpfonf/ xkdukodkvfjzpfaom 0dyóEkayu©mudk pGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfum; avmb? 'd|dESifh ,SOfaom avmbrltukodkvf 0dnmPfjzpfonf[k rSwf/ tpGJtvrf;cH&aom tm½kHu ukodkvf jzpfumrQjzifh xkdxkdpGJvrf;aom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvf rjzpfEkdifacs/ xkdUaMumifh 0dyóemü pGJvrf;uyfjidrI&Sdaeaom &[ef;aomfrS igbk&m;omoemawmfü udavom rjidrf;Edkifao;/ ausmif; y&d0kPf tvkyftauR; 'g,um ponfwdkUü pGJvrf;uyfjidrI ½Sdaeaom &[ef;onfum; tb,frSm ajymzG,f&m ½Sdawmhrnfenf; [laom t"dyÜm,fudk bk&m;½Sif jyawmfrlonf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdUonf þtmeOÆoyg,okwfudk om"uûyí (Oyg'gef[lonf avmb 'd|d wnf;[laom tukodkvfom jzpfonf) [laom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pum;udk acsyMuaomfvnf; acsy&m

ra&mufonfhtjyif

axmufcH&myif

a&mufacsonf[k

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU

pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

811

tpodkU 51/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfzef pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]"r®o*FPD usrf;t& tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef?

ukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef r[kwfjzpfaMumif; apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u wifjycsufrSm wynfhawmfawGU&onfh atmufygokwfwkdUjzihf

uGmjcm;aeygonfbk&m;[k

pum;csDjyD;vQif

t*FkwådK&f?

e0uedygwf?

oOyg'daoookwf? pmrsufESm-185 ü vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uûyvsuf þtcsufüvnf; aomwmyefyifvQif

pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif

Oyg'gef[lí

oHk;EIef;xm;aMumif;

awGU&ygonf}}

acsyaom"emavonf/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf acsyovdk apm'em pum;&yfü (tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom pum;&yf yg rygudk aocsmpGm pdppf&m(1)

Oyg'gef[lonf w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmbESifh 'd|dom jzpfí avmbrlpdwfü ,SOfaom tukodkvfom jzpfonf/

(2)

ûyvdk½kHrQ vdkcsifrIonf uwåKurswm qE´apwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gefr[kwf)

(3)

edAÁmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqE´om jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gefr[kwf)

(4)

t,lrSefü pGJjrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gefrjzpf? t,lrSm;ü pGJvrf;jcif;onfom 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf/

þrQom awGU&onf/ (tukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom pum;rsKd;

wkduf½dkufvnf;ryg/

xkdt"dyÜm,frsKd;xGufaom

pum;&yfvnf;

rygacs/

(4)

trSwfjy

aumufEkwfcsufü ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom pum;&yfESifh ]]pGJvrf;}} pum;&yfESpfckudk oHk;pGJxm;&m ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom a0g[m&um; ]]pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrI= o'¨g"darmu©}} jzpfí ]]pGJvrf;}} [laom a0g[&mum; ]]pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef}} jzpfonfudk cGJjcm;í rodjcif;aMumifh acsyaom"emjcif;om jzpf&monf/ oOyg'daoookwfudk

om"uûyí

]]aomwmyefyifvQif

pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif

Oyg'gef[lí

oHk;EIef;xm;ygaMumif; awGU&ygonf}} [laom acsycsufonfvnf; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ rywfoufacs/ tvHk;pHkaom avmuDw&m;wkdU\ 0w¬Kumr\ tpGrf;jzifh ]]umr}} [lívmjcif;aMumifh ½ly&m* t½ly&m*onfvnf; umrkyg'gefü usa&muf(yg0if)&um; Oyg'gefav;yg;wkdUwGif xkdumrkyg'gefudk pwkw¬ t&[wår*fÚmPfu y,fowftyf\}} [laom 0dok'¨dr*f 'kwd, ESm-326-ü rdefUqkdtyfaom pum;ESifhtnD aomwmyef oEÅmefü 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef oHk;yg;wkdUudkom y,f&ao;í umrkyg'gef tukodkvf MuGif;usefao;onfudk oOyg'daoookwfü a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ þokwfyg pum;&yfonfvnf; apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ apm'epum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ uGJjym;jcif; r&Sdacs/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

812

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aemufwpfzef ]]tem*grfqdkufaom olawmfaumif;onfyifvQif Oyg'gef rukefaMumif; atmufyg taxmuftxm;t& awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k pum;csDjyD;vQif rZÑdryPÖmo uD#m*D&dokwf ESm-156 ü vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uûyvsuf þtcsufonfvnf; ukodkvfw&m; ½SdaeolyifvQif Oyg'gef usefEkdifonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m; [k acsyjyefavonf/ ,if;acsycsuf\

qkdvdk&if;um;

]]ukodkvfw&m;½Sdaeol

tem*grfolawmfaumif;

oEÅmefüyif

Oyg'gefusefonf[k a[mawmfrlonfudk awGU&jcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ apm'empum; roihf}} [k acsyvdk&if; jzpfonf/ þacsycsuf

aom"emjzifhyif

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf

ocifjrwfqkdifonf

tbd"r®mobm0udk

vHk;0r&dyfpm;rdaMumif; xif½Sm;aeayonf/ rSefvS\/ ]]tem*grf oEÅmefü tjrJyif ukodkvfw&m; &Sdaeayonf/ tem*grf oEÅmefü jzpfaom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [k pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf qkdvdkonf/ þtcsufjzifhyif tbd"r®moabmudk vHk;0rodyg[k 0efcH&m a&mufacsonf/ pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]ykxkZOfoEÅmefjzpfapç aomwmyefç ou'g*grfç tem*rfwkdY oEÅmefüjzpfapç a,medaom reodum& taMumif;½SdvQif ukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;í ta,medaom reodum& taMumif;½SdvQif tukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;aeonf}} [laom obm0udkvnf;rod? jycJhjyD;aom 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k? 326 vm pum;ESifhtnD ]]tem*grf oEÅmefü umr&m*ukdom y,f&ao;í ½ly&m*? t½ly&m*wnf;[laom umrkyg'gef usefao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom obm0udk vHk;0rod½Smjcif;aMumifhom þodkUacsyrdjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumihf pk'dwu\ acsycsufonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\/ apm'empum;udk rnfodkUrQ rvIyf&Sm;apEkdif[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfa0zefawmf rlMuonf/ wpfzefpk'dwu tukodkvf

yk*¾dKvfwdkUu

avmbrlpdwfESifh

]]apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh

wifjycsufjzpfaom

avmbapwoduf[lí

umrkyg'gefonf

awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}

wifjyMujyefonf/ psmefwkdUtm; ]]igonf jidrfoufvS\? at;jidrf;vS\? pGJvrf;rIuif;\}} [lí xifrSwfaom þodkU½Iaomf Oyg'gefyif rnf\}} [laom Oy&dyPÖmo jrefrmjyef yOöwå,okwf 20 vm pum;&yfudkvnf; om"utjzpf wifjyMuonf/ þpk'dwuwkdU\ upm;&yfü tb,fudk ½Sif;vif;acsyonf[laom tcsuf ryg½Sdacs/ ]]umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh avmbapwoduf[lí awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k awGU&aMumif;om jyqdkí ]]umrkyg'gefonf avmbapwoduf r[kwfyg}} [kvnf; jiif;qkdcsuf ryg/ ]]tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfr[kwf}} [kvnf; jiif;qkdcsuf rygacs/ tu,fí jiif;qkdapOD;awmh/ ½Sif;vif; jyqdkcJhjyD;aom Oyg'ge a*gpäuvm bk&m;a[m a'oemjzifhyif umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfü ,SOfaom avmbapwoduf jzpfonfrSm xif½Sm;jyD;jzpfí xkdjiif;qdkcsufonf tusKd;r&Sd ed&w¬umom jzpf&m\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

813

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pk'dwuwkdU

xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom

om"u

pum;&yfüygaom

Oyg'gefonfvnf;

umrkyg'gefr[kwf? 'd|Kyg'gefom jzpfjcif;aMumifh om"u rajrmufacs/ rSef\/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom pum;&yfonf ,Oö acg t,rm,o®m ]]oaEÅm[ro®d edAÁKawm[ro®d tEkyg'g aem[ro®d}} wd orEkyówd/ w'yd £ró abmawm orPó jA[®Pó Oyg'geru©m,wd (r? 3? 26)/ [laom Oy&dyPÖmo ygVd yOöwå,okwfüvmaom ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyefjzpfonf/ xkdygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkrSm þt½Sifonf ]]igonf jidrfoufol jzpf\/ igonf jidrf;at;ol jzpf\/ igonf rpGJvrf;ol jzpf\/}} [lí tMuif½Ijrif\/ þt½Sif omrP jA[®P\ xdk½Ijrifjcif;udkvnf; Oyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\[k jzpfonf/ þygVdawmfü ]]Oyg'geru©m,wd}} ]]Oyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\}} [lonfrSm ]]t[ro®d}} ]]igjzpf}} [k ,ljcif;onf ouúm,'d|dü tusHK;0ifaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]'d|Kyg'gef}} [k bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxm? pmrsufESm 17-ü ]]Oyg'geru©m,wDwd t[ro®Dwd *[Pó ouúm,'d|d y&d,myEéwåm 'd|Kyg'geH tu©m,wd}} [k zGifhjyawmfrlonf/

jrefrmjyef Oyg'gef[k qkdtyf\ [lonfum; igjzpf\[k ,ljcif;\ ouú,'d|dü tusKH;0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\/ wpfzef

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdUu

]]Oyg'gef

tpGJtvrf;

½Sd½kHrQESifh

tyg,frusEkdif[k

a[mawmfrlygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMujyefonf/ t*FkwådK&f?

oOyg'daookwfüvmaom

pGJvrf;rI

tMuGif;tusef

½Sdygvsuf

tyg,fav;yg;

rvm;Ekdifaom yk*¾dKvf 9-rsKd;udk a[mjyaom a'oemawmfudk om"utjzpf xkwfaqmifvsuf ]]þtxJü aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf ponfwkdU yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMuavonf/ Oyg'geftpGJtvrf; ½Sd½kHrQjzifh tyg,frusEkdif[k a[mfawmfrljcif;onf vnf;aumif;? pGJvrf;rI tMuGif;tusef ½Sdygvsuf tyg,frusEdkifaom yk*¾dKvf 9-rsKd;wkdUwGif aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU yg0ifaejcif;onf vnf;aumif; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfokdUrQ rywfoufjcif;aMumifh ,if;aom"em pum;&yfudkvnf; pdppfoHk;oyf&ef rvdk[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qE´nDrQawmf rlMuonf/ 53/

aom"emed*Hk; tjzpfjzifhvnf; ]]okdUjzpf&m þtcef; (15) ü apm'emq&mawmfrsm;\

ed*Hk;wGif Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpfí avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/ tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIrSm Oyg'gefr[kwf? &SifOuú|wdkUonf yd#uwfawmf\

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

814

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

teufukdrQ rSefuefpGm rod/ vrf;ay:u vlrsm;\ w&m;[kqdkaom tcsufudk ,ckwdusaom q|rl yd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwf½Sif;vif;tyfygonfbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;Muavonf/ þaom"emed*Hk; pum;&yfüvnf; ]]Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpfí avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIonf Oyg'gefr[kwf}} [laom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ pum;&yfonf jyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUESifh nDñGwfí rSefuefaom pum;om jzpfonf/ (apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pum;wGif tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefjzpfonf[k ryg r&Sd) pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom t,lrSm;onf 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif;? t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;jcif;om 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif; yg½Sdonf/ xkdpum;onfvnf; ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh nDñGwfí rSefuefaom pum;om jzpfonf/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUu wdusaom q|rlyd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwf½Sif;vif;ygonf qkdaomfvnf; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU aumufEkwfjytyfaom yd#uwfawmf om"ursm;onf pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU qkdvkdaom ]]Oyg'gefonf

tukodkvfom

rjyEkdifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

r[kwf?

ukodkvfvnf;

acsyoifhonfukd

racsyyJ

jzpfonf}}

[laom

racsyoifhonfukd

teufudk

vHk;0

acsyxm;aomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUom"uwkdUonf apm'emcsufESifh vHk;0rywfoufaomaMumihf vnf;aumif; om"u rajrmufacs/ þrQ½Snfvsm;aom pum;tpOfjzifh vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkuf or®m'd|d okawoe 0g'D paom olwdkU\ bk&m;a[m ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ teuft"dyÜg,ftrSefudk ypfy,fxm;í rSm;,Gif;aom teuft"dyÜm,frsm;udkom azmfjyaeMuyHk tjcif;t&m odomxif½Sm;ap&ef apm'uq&mawmfrsm; oufaocH xkwfjytyfaom (u) trSwfjy yk'frSpí (þ) tu©&mtrSwfjy yk'fwkdifatmifaom (36) yk'fwkdYudk toD;oD; ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh n§dEIdif;í pdppfjyqkdcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 54/

þokdU pdppfjyqkdtyfjyD;aom taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGmudk aocsmaphik

Munfh½Iqifjcifaom OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvkduf or®m'd|d okawoe0g'D paom olwdkU\ ½kyf0g' tjrifjzihf a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? xkdt"r®0g'udk a&;om;a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

815

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf-16 t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk jyifqifa&;om;jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, t&d,mtaMumif; apm'emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf

1/(u) or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUrS w&m;r0if xkwfa0aom twGJ (4) trSwf (8) opöm"r®pmapmif pmrsufESm-9-ü {0H yóH bdu©a0 okw0g t&d,om0aum [laom tewåvu©Pokwf a'oemawmfESifh tnD rsufpdESifh em;½Sdí jrifwwfMum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf/ rsufpd? em;½Sdygvsuf rjrifwwf? rMum;wwfojzifh vlr[kwfoludk te&d, ac:onf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;? (c)

rdef;rESifh a,mufsm; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,mac:onf[k OD;0go0u a[majymjcif;/

(*)

OD;Ouú| a&;om;xm;aom Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmrsufESm 251 üvnf; 0domcg ausmif;trMuD; temxydPf

olaX;MuD;wkdUonf

cifyGef;onf

ZeD;r,m;wkdUESifh

twlwuG

aexdkifMuaomfvnf; wPSmOyg'gefr½SdyJ vifhusifh0wf? r,m;usifh0wf ig;yg;ûy½kHrSwyg; tEkyg'gefw&m;ESifh

aexkdifojzifh

aomwmyefjzpfí

okcw&m;

&aeMu\[k

a&;om;xm;jcif;/ (C)

twGJ (1) trSwf (7)? arSmifckdxkwfaom opöm"r®pmapmif pmrsufESm-9-üvnf; ÓPf½Sdolrsm;tzdkU oufomovdkaeí usifhygvQif wpfvESpfvtwGif; taMumufESifh tarQmfuif;í

aomwmywådr*f&onf/

qufvufusifhvQif

pdk;&drfrIESifh

wkefvIyfrI

aysmufuif;í ou'g*grdr*f &onf/ xkdUaemuf cspfjcif;ESifh rkef;jcif; aysmufuif;í tem*grdr*f&onf/ þtwkdif; qufvufí yGm;rsm;ygu wPSmOyg'geftm;vHk;jidrf;í t&[wår*f &onf/ qufvufyGm;rsm;aomtcg to®drme (igwnf;[laom) trSwfonm aiGUaiGUusef½SdaerI aysmufuif;vQif t&[wåzkdvf qdkufa&mufygjyD[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/ (i)

bmompD;yGm;a&;eJU vlrIpD;yGm;a&; trnf½Sd pmapmif pmrsufESm 20-üvlrd vlzu arG;wJhom;udk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mudk yk'fcGJaomtcg t&+£,+tm [kcGJít& u = vltar £, u = vltaz tm u = vkyfwm vltar? vltazawG vkyfvdkU jzpfwmvkdU qkdvdkw,f[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

816

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf opöm"r® pmapmif ponfwkdUrS txufyg a&;om;ajymqkdcsufwkdUudk oufaotjzpf

xkwfjyjyD;vQif

,if;odkU

a&;om;ajymqkdjcif;jzifh

Ak'¨omoemawmfü

tvGeftav;*½kûyxdkufaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;/ udavomeH tm&uwåm t&da,m ponfjzifh rdefUqkdxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;ESifh tnD

udavom

tnpftaMu;

uif;a0;í

jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom

wefzkd;xm;xdkufonfh

olawmfaumif;rsm;udkom t&d,m[k ac:qkdxm;onf jzpfygvsuf xkdt&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUukd ,kwfnHhao;odrfatmif w&m;vGefapmfum; a&;om;xm;aMumif;jzifh pGJcsufwifjy apm'emMuonf/

pk'dwuwkdU\ aom"emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf 2/

txufazmfjyyg apm'emtusOf; aumufEkwfcsuf (5) csufwkdUwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf

trSwf (8) tcsufrSwpfyg; useftcsuf (4) csufwkdUudk jyefvnfacsy aom"emrI rûyMu/ trSwf (8) tcsufudk jyefvnf acsy&mü Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmrsufESm 251 ü ]]wPSmESifh Oyg'gef rygMuawmhbJ}} [k twdtvif; yg½Sdaeygvsuf apm'u&[ef;wkdUu

]]wPSmESifh

Oyg'gef

r½SdMuawmhbJ}}

trSm;oGif;jyD;

pGyfpGJxm;MuonfrSm

apwemqkd;ESifh azmfjy&m a&mufaeygaMumif;? ]ryg} [laom pum;ESifh ]r½Sd} [laom pum;rSm tvGeft"dyÜm,f jcm;em;vSygaMumif;jzifh jyefvnfacsy aom"em ûyMuonf/

0denf;"dk&fyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 3/

pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf trSwf (u) (c) (C) (i) tcsufwdkUudk jyefvnfacsyrI

rûyMuaomaMumifh olwkdY\ trSm;udk 0efcHjyD; jzpfonf/ trSwf (8) tcsufudk jyefvnfacsy&mü ]ryg} [laom pum;ESifh ]r½Sd} [laom pum;rSm t"dyÜm,f tvGefjcm;em;onf[k qkdMuonf/ odkUaomf 0domcgESifh temxydPfwkdUonf xkdtcsdefu aomwmyefrQom jzpfMuao;aomaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gefwkdUudkom y,fMu&ao;í wPSm (avmb) [laom umrkyg'gefudkum; ry,fMu&ao;acs/ xkdUaMumifhyif 0domcgonf ol\ ajr;uav;wpfa,muf aoqHk;í tokbtjyefwGif ylaqG;0rf;enf;rI ajyaysmufapvdkonfhtwGuf

w&m;em,l&ef

jrwfpGmbk&m;

txHawmfokdU

a&mufvmcJhojzifh

aomuajyjidrf;aMumif; w&m;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl&ao;\/ (O'gef;ygVdawmf? 0domcgokwf? 190) odkUjzpf&um;

aomwmyef

yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf

&Hzef&Hcg

wPSmOyg'gef

jzpfvmEdkifao;&um;

Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ]wPSmOyg'gef rygMuawmhyJ} [k a&;xm;onfjzpfap? ]wPSmOyg'gef r½SdMuawmhyJ} [k a&;xm;onfjzpfap? tw¬,kwåd r½Sdonfom jzpfayonf/ ½Sif;vif;OD;tHh-

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

817

tpodkU ]ygonf}

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) [laom

jrefrmrI

pum;vHk;onf

tbd"r®menf;t&

orÜ,kwå

o[Zmw

(wGJ,SOfíjzpfonf? wuG jzpfonf) [laom teufxGufonf/ ]½Sdonf} [laom pum;vHk;um; (wGJ,SOfí rjzpfapum? twlwuG rjzpfapum) r*fjzifh ry,f&ao;onfjzpfí tEko, udavom taetm;jzifh ½Sdao;onf[laom teufxGufonf/ 0domcg? temxydPfuJhodkUaom aomwmyef t&d,mrsm;ü 'd|Kyg'gef vHk;0r½Sdonfum; rSef\/ avmb[laom umrkyg'gefum; aomwmywådr*fjzifh ry,f&ao;aomaMumifh y&d,k|me udavom taejzifh Oyg'fqJ jzpfqJ cPü ygíaernfom jzpfonf/ tEko, udavom taejzifhvnf; ½Sdíaernfom jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]wPSmOyg'gef rygyJ vifhusifh0wf r,m;usifh0wf ûy½kHrS wyg; tEkyg'gef w&m;ESifh aexkdifMuojzifh}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ pum;onf tbd"r®m w&m;awmfESifh qefUusifojzifh tw¬,kwåd uif;rJhonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

(u) t&d,m trSm; 4/

tewåvu©Pokwfudk om"u ûyjyD;vQif ]]rsufpd em; ½Sdí jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf[k opöm"r®pmapmifü omrn vljydef;tawG;jzihf awG;awmMuHqí

a&;om;xm;jcif;om

jzpf\/

ygVdawmf\

qkdvdk&if;

t"dyÜm,ftrSefudk &Sif;vif;jy&vQif u/

{0H yóH t&d,om0aum = þodkU þyHk ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh

okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh

[lí pum;ESpf&yf cGJxm;&rnf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfwGif ]]{0H yóH = þodkU þyHk ½Ionf? odjrifonf}} [k qdk&mü tb,fodkU tb,fyHk ½I&? odjrif&rnf qdkonfh (½IMunfhodjrifyHk) enf;pepfudk ]],HudOöd ½lyH}} tp&Sdonfjzifh a[mawmfrlcJhjyD; jzpf\/ ,if;odkU a[mawmfrlcJhonfhtwkdif; twdwfç tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç tZÑwåç A[d'¨ ponfjzpfaom ½kyfç a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfwnf;[laom cE¨mig;yg;wkdUonf igh[mç ighOpöm [k wPSmjzifh cifrifwG,fwmzG,f&m r[kwf/ igç ig[k rmejzifh xifrSwfzG,f? txifMuD;zG,fvnf; r[kwf/ ig\ ckdifrmaom tESpfom&jzpfonf/ ig\ toufaumif? twåaumif? 0dnmPfaumif jzpfonf[k 'd|djzifh ,lrSm;zG,fvnf; r[kwf [lí 0dyóemÚmPfr*fjzifh ½I&? odjrif&\/ xkduJhokdU ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,m wynfhudk ]]{0H yóH t&d,om0aum = þodkU þyHk ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh}} [k a[mawmfrl\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

818

tpodkU c/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh}} [laom pum;ü

okwonf-

[lí

(1)

tm*rokw = tMum;okw

(2)

t"durokw = tjrifokw

ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/

xkdESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif

cE¨m?

tm,we?

"mwfESifh

ywfoufí

em,lrSwfom;

Mum;emxm;tyfaom oHk;jzmyd#uwf y&d,wfusrf;*efudk ]]tm*rokw = tMum;okw}} [kac:\/ 0dyóem ur®|mef;

pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh

udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf

rsufarSmufûy

odjrifxm;tyfaom

r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudk ]]t"d*rokw = tjrifokw}} [kac:\/ xkdUaMumifh cE¨m tm,weqkdif&m y&d,wf w&m;awmfudk oif,lrSwfom;jyD;í r*fzkdvfedAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjyD; jzpfojzifh tm*rokw-t"d*rokwwnf;[laom okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,m wynfhudk ]]okw0g t&d, om0aum}} okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh[k qdkvdk\/ okw0gwd tm*rm"d*r ocFgawe Am[kóapöe orEém*wwåm okw0g/ (om&w¬#Dum-w-189) þtwkdif;omvQif ]]{0H yóH}} tp&Sdaom ygVdawmf\ qkdvdk&if; t"dyÜm,f tppftrSef jzpfaomaMumifh ]]rsufpd em;½Sdí jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m ac:onf[k t&d,mESifhvl twlwljzpfonf ponfjzifh or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm &,fp&m pum;rQom jzpfí trSm;oufoufom jzpfonf/

xkdUjyif

]]udavomeH

tm&uwåm

t&da,m}}

ponfjzifh

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU

xkwfjyxm;tyfaom yd#uusrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD azmfjycJhaom tMum;tjrif okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkí udavom tnpftaMu; uif;a0;Munfvif jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh aomwmyefç ou'g*grfç tem*grfç &[EÅmrsm; jzpfawmfrlMuaom tvGeftav;*½kûyxdkufonfh olawmfpifç olawmfaumif;ç yk*¾dKvfxl;ç yk*¾dKvfjrwfrsm;om t&d,myk*¾dKvftppf jzpfMuaomaMumifh or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ rdef;ra,mufsm; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,m ac:onf[k ajymqdkxm;aom (2) tcsufpum;onfvnf;aumif;? vlrdvlzu arG;aom vlom;udk t&d,mac:onf[k a&;om;xm;aom (5) tcsufpum;onf vnf;aumif; xif&mjrif&m y&rf;ywm ajymqkda&;om;xm;aom tvGef,kwfnHhonfh pum;odrfç pum;zsif;ç tremyç oræyÜvmy pum;rsm;om jzpfí t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

819

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) taMumuftarQmfrSm;? aomwmyeftrSm;

taMumufESifh

tarQmf

uif;jcif;udk

aomwmywådr*f[k

rSwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;

a&;om;xm;aom pk'dwu or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ pum;rSm ax&0g'yd#u usrf;*efrsm;ESifh tvGefqefUusifjyD; r½dk;om;vGef;aom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzifh olwkdUvkd&mqGJí MuHpnfpOf;pm; a&;om;xm;aom xGifvHk; qifvHk;rsm;om jzpf\/ ½kyf0g' aomwmyef xlaxmifjcif;om jzpfonf/ taMumuftarQmf uif;onf[k qkdaomfvnf; aomwmywådr*fzdkvf&aom yk*¾dKvfonf t&d,m olawmfaumif;yDyD tukodkvf 'kp½dkufudk aMumufonfom jzpfaomaMumifh taMumufruif;[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/ t0dedygw "ar®m ed,awm oarÁm"dy&m,aPm [laom oDvu©ef ygVdawmf (148) ponfESifhtnD

aomwmyefyk*d¾Kvfonf

tyg,fav;yg;wkdUü

vm;a&mufawmhrnf

txufr*f

txufzdkvf&&ef

r[kwfaomaMumifh

aocsmaeonf

tyg,f'k*¾wdab;udk

jzpf&um;

awG;íraMumuf?

taMumufuif;onf[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/ ]]tmom p ye ar oEÅd|wd ou'g*grdwm, ('D? 2? 167)}} [laom okwfr[m0g Ze0obokwfESifh ]]ed&maom tmoHaom 0d*wmaom (tH? 1? 106)}} paom t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf tmoHookwfwkdUESifhtnD

aomwmywådr*f

zdkvf&jyD;aomyk*¾dKvfonf

txufr*fzdkvf&&ef

arQmfvifhaeonfomru umr*kPfü wyfrufrI umr&m* tjyD;tjywf uif;½Sif;jyD; r[kwfaomaMumifh ok*wdb0ESifh vlewfcsrf;omudk arQmfrSef;awmifhwjcif; uif;jyD[kvnf; rqdkEkdifacs/ 7/

yk*¾vynwf ygVdawmf (120? 121) wdkUü aomwmyef yk*¾dKvfonf - ouúm,'d|dç 0dpdudpämç oDvAÁwy&mrmo [laom oHa,mZOf oHk;rsKd; vHk;0uif;½Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ ou'g*grf yk*¾dKvfonf - umr&m*ESifh a'goAsmyg' tukodkvfwkdUudk avsmhenf;oGm;atmif y,fowf\/ tem*grf yk*¾dKvfonf - umr&m*ç y#dCç oDvAÁwy&mrmoç 'd|dç 0dpdudpäm [laom atmufumrbHkodkU a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOfig;rsKd;udk vHk;0uif;½Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ &[EÅm yk*¾dKvfonf - ½ly&m*ç t½ly&m*ç rmeç O'¨pöç t0dZÆm [laom txufjA[®mbHkodkU a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOf ig;rsKd;wkdUudk tMuGif;tusef r½Sdatmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ 8/

þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmf½SdjyD; jzpfaomaMumifh or®m'd|d

okawoetzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom opöm"r®pmapmifü taMumuftarQmf uif;jcif;udk aomwmywådr*f [kvnf;aumif;?

pdk;&drfrI

wkefvIyfrI

uif;jcif;udk

ou'g*grdr*f

[kvnf;aumif;?

ponfjzifh

a&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;rSm olwkdUpdwful;? olwkdUxGifvHk; oufoufrQom jzpfaomaMumifh tav;*½kûyí rSwfom;xkdufaom pum;r[kwf? pGefUy,f&rnfh t"r®0g' pum;rsKd;om jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

820

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) edAÁmefESifh pyfonfh apm'emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf

or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef; oifwef; trSwfpOf

(1) oifwef;rSwfpk pmtkyf pmrsufESm (41) ü(u)

0ge = taMumuf? tvdk ed = r½Sdjcif;? uif;jcif; ed0ge = edAÁme? edAÁmef [lí zGifhqkda&;om;xm;jcif;?

(c)

31 bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH pmtkyf pmrsufESm 114 ü þ

cE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom

0dnmP[laom

½kyfw&m;?

½lyu©E¨mwGif

a0'em?

edAÁmef*kPf[laom

onm?

ocFg&?

ESpfrsKd;½Sdavonf}}

a&;om;xm;jcif;? (*)

ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf? yxrwGJ pmrsufESm 45 wGif ]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh ,SOfaom tvkdom jzpf&ayrnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/

(C)

OD;Ouú|\ Ak'¨"r®pMumpmtkyf pmrsufESm 52? 53 ü- ]]edAÁmefESifh cE¨mig;yg;[m wpfjcm;pDr[kwf?

yl;wGJvsuf½SdaMumif;?

cE¨mig;yg;[m

edAÁmef

jzpfEdkifaMumif;}}

a&;om;xm;jcif;? (i)

OD;Ouú|\ tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ[laom pmtkyf pmrsufESm 86 ü ]]pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? edAÁmefonf emrfü xnfhxm;aomaMumifh emrfonf ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPfjzpfcJhygrl edAÁmefonfvnf; ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPfjzpf&rnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/

10/

txufyg ta&;tom;rsm;jzifh pk'dwu or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdUonf edAÁmef [laom

trnfemr a0g[m& pum;vHk;udk r[kwfrrSef a0zef zsufqD;xm;jcif;? edAÁmefudk ½kyf\*kPf[kqkdum ½kyf0g'orm;wdkU\ oabmw&m;ü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged,m"r®m[laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD

edAÁmefonf

umrwPSmjzifh

tm½kHûyawmifhwtyfaom

w&m;r[kwfygyJvsuf

]]þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&rnf}} [k ]]om}} [laom {uefpum;vHk;jzifh a&;om;um umrwPSm\ tm½kHe,fy,fü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? A[d'¨gAr®m[laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifh tnD edAÁmefonf twGif;cE¨mig;yg; tZÑwåw&m;ü ryg0ifaom tjyifty A[d'¨w&m; jzpfygvsuf tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;ü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? þenf;þyHktm;jzifh or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUonf edAÁmef\ oabmw&m;udk

r[kwfrrSef

vkyfMuHzsufqD;xm;aMumif;jzifh

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu

pGJcsufwifjy

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

821

apm'emMuonf/

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ aom"emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf

pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf okwåedygwf jrefrmjyef rm*@d,okwf pmrsufESm 386-rS ]]tZÑwåü jzpfaom udavomwkdU jidrf;&m edAÁmefudk jrifjyD}} [laom rm*@d,okwfvm pum;ukd udk;um;jyD;vQif edAÁmefonf A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? tZÑwåw&m;om jzpfygaMumif; jyefvnfacsyrI aom"em ûyoGm;onf/

0denf;"dk&fyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ a0zefpdppfcsuf 12/

(u) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAÁmef)

edAÁme

(ed+0g)

[laom

pum;\

teuft"dyÜm,f

trSefudkjy&aomf

twdwfb0[laom

½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh ypöKyÜefb0[laom ½kyfemrfcE¨mudkvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜefb0 ½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh tem*wfb0 ½kyfemrfcE¨mudk vnf;aumif;? tusKd;½kyfemrfw&m;ESifh taMumif;ukodkvf tukodkvfuHudk vnf;aumif;? tqufrjywfatmif zGJUpyfwwfaom wPSmudk 0ge[k ac:\/ xdk0ge[k

ac:tyfaom

wPSm\

awmifhw&m

tm½kHe,fedrdwfESifh

vHk;0

rqufrpyf

tvGwfowfowfjzpfaom y&rwfw&m;udk ed0ge = edAÁme = edAÁmef [kac:onf/ 0ge = wPSmrS ed = xGufcGmaom w&m;? uif;½Sif;aom w&m; edAÁme = wPSmESifh rqufrpyf tvGwfoufouf jzpfaom w&m;/ (yg&mZduPf t|uxm? 'k? 184/ okwfr[m0g t|uxm? 56) þtwkdif;om t"dyÜm,ftrSefjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom edAÁmef zGifhqkda&;om;csufrsm;rSm xifrdxif&m vGJrSm;pGm a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;om jzpfonf[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/

edAÁmefudk ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPf[k a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm Ak'¨omoemawmf\ jyifbuf

rdpäm0g'DwkdU\ pum;om jzpf\/ a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPf[laom emrfw&m;rsm;onf ½kyfw&m;\ *kPfr[kwfouJhodkU edAÁmefonfvnf; ½kyfw&m;\ *kPfr[kwf? tvGefacsmnufaom opfom;ysOfjym;rS xGufvmaom ta&mifonf xkdopfom;\ ta&mifjzpfaomfvnf; xkda0'em ponfwkdUESifh edAÁmefonfum; ½kyfw&m;rS

xGufay:vmaom

y&rwfw&m;rQomwnf;/

ta&mift½Sdeft0g

þpum;t&

r[kwfyJ

pk'dwu

OD;Ouú|

qkdMuojzifh

avmuü

½kyfw&m;rS

0g'DwkdUonf

oD;jcm;jzpfaom

½kyf0g'orm;jzpfaMumif;

twyfodEkdifMuayonf/ emrfw&m;udk

½kyf\*kPf[k

½kyfonfom

tajccHtrSefw&m;[k

qdk&ma&mufonf/ xdkUxuf qkd;0g;onfrSm edAÁmefudkyif ½kyf\*kPf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ þodkUqkdjcif;jzifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

822

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Ak'¨omoemawmfü

½Sdaom

emrfw&m;?

edAÁmefw&m;wkdUudk

½kyf0g'xJodkU

twif;qGJoGif;MuaMumif;

v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU xif½Sm;vSayonf/

(*) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAÁmefvdkcsifrI) 14/

Ak'¨0dyóem (1) ESm 45-ü vmaom pum;&yf tjynfhtpHkrSm]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk

wrifawmifhw

cHpm;vdkí

tm;xkwfygu

þedAÁmeftvdkonf

umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf/ umrygvmvQif wPSmjzpfaeí xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom vkyfygu rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Edkifay}} [k jzpfonf/ þodkUa&;om;xm;jcif;jzifh

]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk

wrifawmifhw

cHpm;vdkí

tm;xkwfvQif

umrwPSmjzpfonf/ xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;xkwfvQif r*fzdkvfr&Ekdif? xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;rxkwf&}} [k qkdvdk\/ apm'u q&mawmfwkdUurlxdkukodkvfqE´jzifh edAÁmefudk tm½kHûyí awmifhw&rnfom jzpfonf[k qkdvdkonf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfudk oHk;oyfpdppfonf½Sdaomf apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf (wPSm'd|dwkdU\ tm½kHjzpfaom avmuDuH\ tusKd;vnf;r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwnf;[laom Oyg'gef tm½kHvnf; r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged, w&m;jzpfaomaMumifh y&rwfjzpfaom edAÁmeftppfudk wPSmavmbjzifh tm½kHûyum awmifhwí rjzpfEdkif? oHrD;cJ&J&JMuD;ay:ü ,ifaumif ruyfEkdif? rpm;Ekdif ouJhodkU

xkdUtwl

avmuDtm½kH

umr*kPfü

arGUavsmfaysmfyg;

usufpm;avh&Sdaom

wPSmonf

umr*kPfcsrf;om tenf;i,frQ rygaom edAÁmefcsrf;omtppfukd b,ftcgrQ tm½kHrûyEkdif? rawmifhwEdkif? wPSmavmb omru aomwmywåd r*¾0Dxd0,f aomwmywådr*f\a½SU a*gMwblpdwfrSvGJí ykxkZOfwkdU\ rnfonfhpdwfurQ edAÁmeftppfudk tm½kHrûyEkdif? xkdUaMumifh ]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf}} [laom pum;&yfonf tvGJtrSm; oufoufom jzpfayrnf/ ]]umrygvmvQif

wPSmjzpfaeí

xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifh

vkyfygu

rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf

rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom pk'dwu pum;&yfudk aphpyfaocsmpGm pdppfygrl (uxH ye avmukwå&"ar® tm&AÅ tmom OyÜZÆwDwd e acg yaewH {0H '|AÁH/ e tm&r®Pu&P0aoe ww¬ yd[m y0wåwd? t0do,wåm yk*¾vó p te"d*wbm0awm/ tEkó0lyva'¨ ye tEkwå&0darmau© O'´dó yd[H OyÜga'aEÅm wwå yd[H OyÜga'wd emr/ (pwkuúedygwf t*Fkwå&#Dum 338))ykxkZOfwkdUü edAÁmefudk rSef;qí vdkcsifawmifhwonfhtcg odrfarGUonfh yd[mac:aom wPSmjzpfEkdif\/ xkdodrfarGUaom wPSmonfum; y&rwåjzpfaom edAÁmeftppfudk tm½kHûyonfr[kwfyJ wpfqifhMum;jzifh a&mf&rf;rSef;qí edAÁmef\ jidrf;at;yHk tjcif;t&m tmum&ynwf (edAÁmeftwk) udkom tm½kHûy awmifhwaejcif; jzpfonf/ xkdodrfarGUaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

823

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

yd[mac:aom wPSmjzifh 0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#³rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k a[mawmfrlaom a'oemawmfudk (t*FkwådK&f pwkuú? 462? 463) rS xkwfEkwfí tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkayonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü

&[ef;rwpfa,mufonf

t½SiftmeE´m

tay:ü

pGJrufaom

pdwfjzpfum

a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudk t½SiftmeE´m yifhay;&ef apcdkif;vkduf&m t½SiftmeE´mvnf; MuGvmawmfrlonf/ xkd&[ef;ronf t½SiftmeE´mudk jrifvQif acgif;jrD;ûcHí tdyfaeonf/ t½SiftmeE´mu &dyfpm;rdí ]]ESr þudk,fonf tm[m&aMumifh jzpf\/ tm[m&udk rSDí tm[m&udk y,f&rnf/ wPSmudkrSDí wPSmudk y,f&rnf/ rmeudkrSDí rmeudk y,f&rnf/ arxkefürlum; taMumif;udk owf&rnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrl\}} [k pum;cif;í tus,fa[mawmfrl\/ wPSmudkrSDí wPSmudk y,f&rnf [laom pum;\ tus,ft"dyÜg,frSm &[ef;wpfyg;onf tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;\ t&[wåzdkvf &oGm;aMumif; owif;pum;udk Mum;&í tb,ftcgü igonfvnf; t&[wåzdkvf &ygrnfenf;[k tMuHjzpf\/ xkd&[ef;onf t&[wåzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmudkrSDí 0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#³rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,favonf ponfjzifh a[mjyonfhtcg t½SiftmeE´m tay:ü pGJvrf;onfh qE´&m*uif;í t½SiftmeE´mudk uefawmh0efcsavonf/ xdkt&[wåzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmonf rSD0Jxkduf? vufcHxkdufaom ]]ao0dwAÁ}} wPSmjzpfí y#doaE¨ tusKd;udk ray;Ekdif? xkdao0dwAÁ wPSmjzifh eduEÅd wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k ,if;t|uxm ESm-340 ü jyqkdavonf/ wPSmudkrSDí r*fzdkvfw&m; jzpfEkdifyHkudk y|mef;ygVdawmf-y-ESm 149? 150 ü]]&m*H Oyedó,/y/ r*¾H OyÜma'wd/y/ ormywåð OyÜma'wd &ma*g/y/ zvormywåd,m Oyedó, ypöa,e ypöa,m}} [k

a[mawmfrlonf/

t"dyÜm,fum;

]]&m*udkrSDí

'geudk

ay;vª\/

oDvudkaqmufwnf\/

OykofapmihfoHk;rIudk ûy\/ psmef? 0dyóem? r*f? tbdnmOf? ormywfudk jzpfap\/ &m*onf zvormywftm; Oyedó, ypönf;jzifh aus;Zl;ûy\[k qkdvdkonf/ OD;Ouú|wkdUonf þodkUaom y|mef;qufudk em;rvnfí qkdrSm;rd&SmMu\/ azmfjyyg

usrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD

edAÁmefudkawmifhwí

ukodkvfw&m;wkdUudk

yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfoifhonfom jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh

]]umrygvmvQif

wPSmjzpfaeí

xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom

vkyfygu

rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom t,lonf azmfjycJhjyD;aom t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? y|mef;ygVdawmfwkdUESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

824

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf (A[d'¨edAÁmef)

15/

A[d'¨g"r®m [laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;rS tjyifty

A[d'¨w&m;jzpfaMumif; apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUu wifjyxm;ayonf/ ,if;wkdU wifjyxm;jcif;onf]]"r®m,weH tocFwH cE¨awm XaywGm pwl[d caE¨[d/y/ o*F[dwH/ pwåm&d opömed tocFwH cE¨awm XaywGm/y/ o*F[dwmed}} [lí toacFwedAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;ü r0ifyJ cE¨mig;yg;rS tvGwfoD;oefU y&rwfw&m;jzpfaMumif; a[mawmfrlxm;aom "mwkuxm ygVdawmf (6?10) ESifh nDñGwf\/ ty&d,myEém "r®m? tocFwm "r®m? [laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf ocFwe,fy,fü ryg0ifûyjyifzefwD;í r&aom w&m;jzpfí A[d'¨pifppf jzpfayonf/ odkUygvsuf

pk'dwu

ocifjrwfqkdifonf

okwåedygwf?

rm*@d,okwfudk

om"utjzpf

xkwfjyjyD;vQif xkdom"uudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dyÜm,fqufpyf aumuf,lum ]]edAÁmefonf A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? tZÑwåw&m;om jzpfygonf}} [k jyefvnfacsyoGm;\/ xdkrm*@d,okwfü]]tZÑwå oEÅð ypdeH t'óH - tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom udavomudk jidrf;&medAÁmefudk jrifjyD}} [laom pum;onf ocifjrwfqdkif\ ta&;ygqHk;aom om"u jzpf\/ xkdpum;ü ocifjrwfqdkifonf ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom udavom} [lí pum;rqufpyfyJ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaomedAÁmef} [k ckefausmfí pum;qufpyf t"dyÜm,f ,lrdonfhtwGuf edAÁmefudk tZÑwåw&m;[k t,ltq vGJrSm;oGm;jcif; jzpf\/ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom} [laom emr0daooe pum;&yfonf ]udavom} [laom aemufyk'fukdom txl;ûyí qufpyfonf/ ]udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&m} [laom pum;onfom ]edAÁmef} [laom pum;ESifh qufpyf\/ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefüjzpfaom} [laom pum;rygyJ udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&medAÁmef[k qkdvQifvnf; jyD;jynfhpHkonf/ odkUaomf udavom[lonf wpfjcm;udavomr[kwf ]tZÑwåü jzpfaom udavom} [k odomap&efom xnfhjcif; jzpf\/ ocifjrwfqdkifESifhwuG

or®m'd|d

okawoeorm;wkdUonf

(¤if;wkdU

0efcHazmfjycsuftwkdif;)

yxrMuD;? yxrausmf? "r®mp&d,wdkU oif,l&onfh "mwfenf;? t"dyÜm,faumufenf;? ygVdo'´genf;wkdUudk roifzl;Mu½Smojzifh ,ckvdk t"dyÜm,frSefatmif raumufwwf r,lwwfyJ csmvnfvnfaeMujcif; jzpf\/ yd#uwf

pmayonfum;

o'´g

tbd"r®m

tajccHr½SdbJ

0w¬KzwfovdkzwfjyD;

xajymaeMuorQ

rnfonfhtcgrQ trSef&rnf r[kwfacs/ owdûyMu&ef tcsufaywnf;/ xdkrm*@d,okwf pum;0gus\ tao;pdwf qkdvdk&if; t"dyÜm,frSm udavomwkdUonf owå0gwdkU\ cE¨mtpOfrS tjyifty A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? owå0gwkdU\ cE¨mtpOfü yg0ifvsuf jzpfay:aeonfh twGif;cH tZÑwåw&m;jzpf\/ edAÁmefum; xkdtwGif;cH tZÑwå udavomwkdU\ csKyfjidrf;uif;a0;aMumif;jzpfaom A[d'¨w&m;jzpf\/ xdkA[d'¨jzpfaom edAÁmefw&m;udk igjrifawmfrljyD[k qkdvdkonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

825

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þodkUvQif edAÁmefonf A[d'¨pifppf jzpfayonf/ edAÁmefESifhpyfí pk'dwuwkdU ,lqa&;om;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;onf ,ckjycJhjyD; pdppfcsuft& yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDrñGwf rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfaom awG;awmMuHpnfcsufrsm;om jzpfí t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

826

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf-17 "r®pMum vufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,

or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'ay; q&mMuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum vufopfESifh pyfvsOf;í apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/ vlaovljzpf

trSwf (17) apm'emü apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| a&;om;aom pmtkyfrS

xkwfEkwfí

]]'d|"ar®m}}

paom

yk'fwkdUudk

OD;Ouú|u

vGJrSm;pGm

teufjyefqkdxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdk ]]'d|"ar®m}} paom yk'frsm;rSm "r®pMum ponfwkdUüygaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmf tppftrSef jzpfygvsuf OD;Ouú|\ teufjyefqkdyHkrSm vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif r[kwfrw&m; jyefqdkxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m}} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfí ]]Zmwdyd 'kau©m}} paom yk'fwkdUudk tbd"r®m q&mpdef qkdolu vGJrSm;pGm jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif; wifjyavQmufxm;Muonf/ 2/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0daooapm'emudk wifoGif;&mü ]]'d|"ar®m}} paom yk'frsm;udk

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdawmfus jyefqkdxm;yHk q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufrSefudk vnf;aumif;? rZÑdredum,f? Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxm ESm 66 ESifhtnD OD;Ak"f jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif;? q&mawmf OD;Ak"f jyefqdkcsufonf 0de,yd#u om&w¬'DyeD#Dum r[mcE¨u yOö0*¾d,uxm "r®puúy0wåeokwf\ tzGifhESifh udkufnDyHkudkvnf;aumif; wdwdusus avQmufxm;Muonf/ odkUjzpfí

OD;Ouú|ESifh

tbd"r®m

q&mpdefwkdU\

"r®pMumvufopfonf

]]ax&0g'

yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD q&mpOfquf teufjrefrm jyefqkdxm;Muaom "r®pMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? t"r®0g'rsm;udk vdkufemaeMu olwkdUonfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;}} apm'emvTm wifoGif;Muavonf/ 3/

,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwujzpfaom or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu acsy&mü apm'u

q&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;acsyjcif;rûyyJ OD;Ouú|taejzihf "r®pMumudk av;pm;aMumif;rQudkom azmfjyí Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmtkyfudk avhvm&efom ñTefjyMuavonf/ xdkacsycsufum; apm'emcsufESifh rqdkifojzifh 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u vspfvsL½IawmfrlMuonf/

ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsycsuf 4/

pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu acsy&mü

(u)

'd|"ar®m = jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí [laom q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ jyefqkdcsufudk [kwf r[kwf racsyvdkaMumif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

827

tpodkU (c)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½SifOuú|u

'd|"ar®m

qkdaom

pum;\

yifudk,ft"dyÜm,frSm

rsufjrifoabm

jzpfavawmh\ [k qkdaMumif;/ (*)

v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;\ y&rwå'DyeD tzGifhrSm ]]jriftyfaom opömw&m;}} [k awGU&ygonf/ ]jyD;} [laom twdwfumvoabm ryg/

(C)

xkdtcsdefu t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpfí ]jrifjyD;} [k rqkdxkdufao;? t&[wåzdkvf qkdufa&mufrSom ]jrifjyD;} [k qdkxkdufaMumif;/

(i)

xkdUaMumifh

'd|"ar®mpaom

yk'fwkdUü

(jyD;aom)

[laom

twdwfpum;vHk;udk

oufoufudkom

apwemtavsmuf

vufrcHEdkifaMumif;/ (p)

"r®pMumudk

jyefqkdMu&mü

udk,fhbmompum;udk

rlvygVd

udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh

jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpfí

toHk;uGJjym;

aeMuapumrl rl&if;t"dyÜm,f uGmjcm;csuf r½SdaMumif;/ (q)

½SifOuú| jyefqkdcsufonf rlv"r®pMumyg teuft"dyÜm,fudk ajymif;vJaponf[lí rawGU&aMumif;? Ak'¨\ a[mcsufESifh qefUusifonf[k rawGU&aMumif;-

acsyavQmufxm;avonf/ 5/

,if;

apm'em

aom"em

ESpf&yfudk

aphpyfaocsmpGm

avhvmoHk;oyfonf½Sdaomf

ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ jyefqkdcsufudk [kwfr[kwf racsyvdkyg}} [k qkdaomfvnf; (C) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfwkdUjzifh acsyy,f½Sm;jyD; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/

'd|"ar®m ponf &Sif;vif;csuf 6/

]]'d|}} paom yk'fwkdUü w-ypönf;onf twdwfudkvnf; a[mEkdif\/ umvoHk;yg;udkvnf;

a[mEdkif\/ t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmywådr*f tckdufü opömav;yg;udk jrifqJjzpfí aomwmywådr*f\ tjcm;rJhzdkvfrSpí opömav;yg;udk jrifjyD;[k qkdEkdif&efum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonf}} [laom q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ jyefqdkcsufonf tvGefoifhjrwfvSayonf/ 7/

½SifOuú|u 'd|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\ [k qdkxm;&m ('d|udk rsufjrif+

"r®udk oabm) [k qkdvdk\/ ]]'d|"ar®m}} ü ]]'d|}} o'´gonf rsufjrif? ÓPfjrif ESpfrsKd;udk a[mEkdifaomfvnf; þt&mü ywå = a&muftyf? 0d'dw = odtyf[laom aemufyk'frsm;udk axmufí rsufjrifudk ra[m? ÓPfjrifudkom a[monf/ xkdUaMumifh om&w¬'DyeD#Dum? "r®puúy0wåeokwf tzGifhpmrsufESm 182 ü{w¦ 8 'óeH emr ÓP'óeawm tnrÜd? tw¬Dwd wH ed0wåew¬H ywå"ar®m wd0kwåH [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

828

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t"dyÜm,fum; -]]þ 'd|"ar®m [laom yk'fü jrifjcif;rnfonf ÓPfjrifjzpf&um; ÓPfjrifrSwyg; tjcm;jrifjcif;udk epfapjcif;tusKd;iSm ]]ywå"ar®m}} [k a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ 8/

"r®o'´gonfvnf; (1) oabm? (2) y&d,wf? (3) ynm? (4) toifh,kwåd? (5) opöm? (6)

yuwd? (7) aumif;rI? (8) aÚ ,sw&m; ig;yg;? (9) aus;Zl;? (10) tusifh? (11) orm"d? (12) owåZD0rS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf? (13) tmywf? (14) taMumif; paom teufwkdUukd a[mEkdif\/ þ'd|"ar®m paom yk'frsm;ü ygaom "r®o'´gonf opöm[laom teufudkom a[monf/ oabmpaom teufwkdUudk ra[m? xkdUaMumifh t*Fkwå&edum,f? t|uedygwf? t|uxm ESm 215 ü 'da|m t&d,opö"ar®m {awemwd 'd|"ar®m [lí zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,fum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom t&d,opömw&m; ½SdaomaMumifh 'd|"r® rnf\}} [k qkdvdkonf/ xkdUaMumifh ('d|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\) [laom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\

teufonf

rlvygVdawmfESifh

vnf;aumif;?

t|uxm?

#DumwkdUESifh

vnf;aumif;

tvGefqefUusifonfhtjyif rSm;,Gif;aom teufom jzpfonf/ 9/

{o ea,m aooya'okyd = MuGif;aom yk'fwkdUüvnf; þenf;wlyifwnf;[k zGifhjyaom

t|uxmESifh tnDywå"ar®m = a&muftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonf jzpfí 0d'dw"ar®m = odtyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = ÚmPfjzihf ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonfjzpfí[laom q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufay;enf;onfomvQif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDñGwfaom teufrSefrsm; jzpfayonf/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ ywå"ar®m = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/ 0d'dw"ar®m = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHUí (0g) pdrfhxHkí tusKd;&aom re? awGU (0g) [',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\[laom teufum; ynm½SdwdkU\ em;ü Mum;íyif ravsmfaom teufrsm; jzpfayonf/ yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh ESD;aESmwkdufqkdifrIrûyyJ rdrdxifovdk jyefqkdxm;aomaMumifh tvGef½kyfysufqif;ysuf EkdifvSaom teufrsm; jzpfayonf/ þodkU jzpfygvsuf ]]rlvygVdoufoufudkom apwemtavsmuf udk,fhbmompum;ukd udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh

jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpfí

uGmjcm;csuf

[laom

r½Sdyg}}

toHk;tEIef;

ocifjrwfqkdif\

uGJjym;aeMuapumrl

acsycsufonf

rl&if;t"dyÜm,fESifh

rdrdq&m

½SifOuú|bufrS

umuG,fzmax;½kHrQomjzpfí tvQif;,kwåd uif;rJhjyD; usrf;*efrS aoGzDaom pum;jzpfacsonf/ 10/

þü apwemtavsmuf[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ pum;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oihfayonf/

apwemqkdwdkif; aumif;onfr[kwf? y&rwåoabmt& apwemonf aumif;aom ukodkvfapwem? raumif;aom tukodkvfapwem[lí ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sd&m ocifjrwfqdkif\ q&mjzpfol OD;Ouú|onf 'd|"ar®m

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

829

tpodkU paom

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

"r®pMumygVdudk

teufjyefqkd&mü

vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh

udkufnDatmif

raumif;aom

tukodkvfapwemqkd;jzifh teufjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdk&zG,f ½Sdaeonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf0g'ü azmfjyxm;aom pmykd'frsm;um; yk'fteuf rSm;,Gif;½kHrQomru jrwfAk'¨a'oemawmfudk usL;ausmfapmfum; zsufqD;xm;aom pmydk'frsm;om jzpfayonf/ rSef\/ vlaovljzpf pmtkyf ESm 4? 5 ü ]]vlom;onf vlaovQif vlomjzpf\ [laom obm0rSefudk oabmaygufwmESifh wpfûydifeuf 'd|"r® = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ y/ ty&yÜpöa,m = i&J½SpfxyfESifh xufewfjA[®m

qkdtyfwJh

wpfyg;aom

bHkawG

b0awGudk

oGm;zdkUa&mufzkdU

taMumif;

rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGm odjrifjcif;odkU a&mufayvdrhfrnf/}} [k jyqkdxm;\/ xdkpmydk'fjzifhyif vlaovQif vljzpf\ [laom obm0udk oabmaygufvQif 'd|"r® paom *kPfwkdUESifh jynhfpHkonfh aomwmyefjzpfonf[k OD;Ouú|u qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm vlaovQif vlomjzpf\[k oabmaygufaeolonf aomwmyef rjzpf½kHrQru rdpäm'd|dppfppfom jzpfonfudk pGJqkdcsuf trSwf (2) apm'emü pdppfxm;jyD; jzpfonf/

ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfoHk;oyfjcif; 11/

þtrSwf (1) apm'emü OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum vufopftay: pGJqkdcsufESifh ywfoufí

pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu]]v,fwDq&mawmf\ y&rw¬ 'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom) qkdaom twdwfumv oabm rygyg bk&m;? (jyD;aom) twdwfpum;vHk;udk vufrcHEdkifaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;[lí v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\ y&rw¬'DyeDudk udk;um;í acsyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ocifjrwfqkdif\ þacsycsufudk pdppf&mwGif usrf;trnfupí rSm;,Gif;aeonfudk awGU&onf/ v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\ y&rw¬'DyeDqkdonfrSm ocifjrwfqkdif xifaeouJhokdU "r®pMumokwf\ tzGifhusrf; r[kwf? tbd"r®w¬o*F[ ac: oû*Ø[fusrf;\ tzGifh#Dumusrf;omjzpfonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;vnf;r[kwf? ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;jzpfonf/ þuJhokdU usrf;*ef\ oabmobm0udk rodem;rvnfyJ y&rw¬'DyeDwGif

v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;

a&;om;xm;av[ef

acsyjcif;onf

ocifjrwfqkdif\

yxrtrSm;usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfonf/ 12/

'kwd,trSm;udk usL;vGefonfrSm ]]y&rw¬'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k

awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom) qkdaom twdwfumvoabm rygyg bk&m}} [laom acsycsufyif jzpfonf/ þacsycsufonf q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ teufudk v,fwDq&mawmf\ teufjzifh acsy&ef êud;pm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf ,if;odkUacsyaomfvnf; v,fwDq&mawmf\ "r®pMumedó,udk awGUzl;[ef rwlacs/ q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ rlESifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ rlrsm;udk yl;wGJí (1955 ck? 1956 ck? 1958 ck?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

830

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

1961 ck? 1962 ck? 1965 ck) q|rtMudrftjzpf [Hom0wD yHkESdyfwkdufrS xkwfa0aom v,fwDrl "r®pMum edó,ü ]'d|"ar®m} paom ygVdrsm;udk q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ edó,enf;wl (jriftyfjyD;) (a&muftyfjyD;) (odtyfjyD;) [lí twdwfpum;vHk;jzifh wdwdusus aoaocsmcsm teufjyefqdkxm;ayonf/ ocifjrwfqkdif acsyouJhokdU jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k v,fwDq&mawmfu teufjyefqdkjcif; tvQif;rûycJh/ xkdUaMumifh jriftyfaomopömw&m;[k

awGU&ygonfqkdaom

ocifjrwfqkdif\

acsycsufonf

'kwd,trSm;udk

usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ ÚmPfynm MuD;rm;rIudk tvGJoHk;pm; ûyusifh&mvnf; a&mufayonf/ 13/

aomwmyefjzpfvQif opömav;yg; w&m;udk jrifjyD;[k rkcs{uef qkd&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh

]]xdktcsdefu t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpfí ]]jrifjyD;}} [k rqdkxkdufao;? t&[wåzdkvf qkdufa&mufrSom ]]jrifjyD;}} [k qkdxkdufaMumif;}} acsyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf wwd,trSm;ukd usL;vGef&m a&mufayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ocifjrwfqkdifonf tbd"r®m (y&rw¬) oabmESifh yd#uwfusrf;*efwkdU\ tqkdtrdefUudk oabmraygufaMumif;rSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/

"r®pMum rloHk;rsKd;udk rSm;rSef,SOfjyjcif; 14/

'd|"ar®m paom "r®pMumygVdawmfrsm;udk teufjrefrm jyefqkd&mü Ak'¨0g'D okawoDwdkUtzdkU

trSm;trSef 0d0g' uGJjym;Muap&ef q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\rl? v,fwDq&mawmf rlwkdUESifh OD;Ouú|\ rlwkdUudk atmufygtwdkif; yl;wGJí EIdif;,SOfazmfjy vdkufayonf/ tx acg? xkdaomwmyef jzpfjyD;aom tcgü/ tm,o®m tnmod aum@anm? t½Sif tnmodaum@nonf(1)

'd|"ar®m = jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) 'd|"ar®m = udk,fwdkifjriftyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonf jzpfí (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) 'd|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)

(2)

ywå"ar®m = a&muftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí? (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) ywå"ar®m = udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf tyfjyD;aom w&m;½donfjzpfí? (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) ywå"ar®m = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)

(3)

0d'dw"ar®m = odtyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) 0d'dw"ar®m = ukd,fwkdifodtyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) 0d'dw"ar®m = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGU oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

831

tpodkU (4)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = ÚmPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fydkifÚmPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHUí? (0g) pdrfhxHkí tusKd;&aom reawGU (0g) [',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)

15/

þodkU ponfjzifh "r®pMumrl oHk;rsKd;wdkU\ teufjyefqkdyHkudk EIdif;,SOfMunfh½IygvQif

q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwdkU\ teufrSm yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDñGwfí rl&if;t"dyÜm,f wlonfukd awGU&onf/ t½Sifaum@nonf r*fÚmPfjzifh opömw&m;udk jrifonf[laom t"dyÜm,frSef xGuf&Sdayonf/ OD;Ouú|\ teufrlum; rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\[k qdkojzifh ÚmPfjzifhjrifjcif; r[kwf? ½dk;½dk;vlrsm;uJhokdU yuwdrsufvHk;jzifh jrifonf[laom t"dyÜm,fxGuf½Sdonf/ (u)

q&mawmf OD;Ak"fESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwkdU\ "r®pMumu opömav;yg;udk r*fÚmPfjzifh jrifjcif; t"dyÜm,fukd jyqkdonf/

(c)

OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumu vlaovljzpfudk rsufpdjzihf jrifjcif;t"dyÜm,fukd jyqkdonf/

pdeftppfESifh csufausmufuJhodkU tESpfom& vGefpGm jcm;em;Muayonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|onf (p-o-C-Z-u) [laom rsufjrif? em;Mum;? ESmacgif;awGU? vQmawGU? udk,fawGU[laom yom'½kyf-5yg;udkom vufcHvdkonfh ½kyf0g'DwpfOD; jzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[m "r®pMumukd vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif rdrdvdk&modkU qGJí rSm;,Gif;pGm teufay;xm;aMumif; ay:vGifaeayonf/

tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ "r®pMumteufudk pdppfjcif; 16/

bk&m;a[m "r®pMum ygVdawmfrsm;udk OD;Ouú|u vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif

teufjyefqdkxm;&mü rSm;,Gif;yHk taMumif;udk pdppfoHk;oyfjyD;aemuf ,ckwpfzef tbd"r®m q&mpdefqdkol\ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;

xifovdk

teufjyefqkdxm;yHk

taMumif;udkvnf;

pdppfoHk;oyf&ayOD;rnf/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocHtjzpf wifjyxm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ "r®pMumteufudk pdppfjcif; ]]twå0g'ESifh

wm0wðomtbd"r®m}}

pmtkyfudk

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u

aocsmpGm

zwf½I

okH;oyfMunfh&mwGif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh qefUusifpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf trSm;rsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm awGU&ayonf/ 17/

xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨pmayudk ½dk;½dk;om;om; avhvmvkdufpm;Muaom Ak'¨0g'DokawoDwkdUtzdkU

(trSm; ESifhtrSef) (twkESifhtppf) uGJuGJjym;jym;cGJjcm;í odEkdifap&ef usrf;*efESifhtnD a&;om;xm;aom q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh usrf;*efrS aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ teufwdkUudk vnf; atmufygtwkdif; EIdif;,SOfí jyvdkufayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

832

tpodkU (u)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Zmwdyd = y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Zmwdyd = ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)

(c)

Z&myd = qdk;½Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Z&myd = qHjzLoGm;a<u tom;a&,dk,Gif; tkdrif;&ifha&mfjcif;wdkUudk pdk;&drfruif; jzpfí vmaom tpGJOyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)

(*)

Asm"dyd = zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Asm"dyd = tema&m*g usifemudkufcJ Elem0JwkdUjzpfívmonfwkdUudk ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif; jzpfívmaom tpGJOyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)

(C)

r&PrÜd = ao&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) r&PrÜd = trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypönf;Opöm &wem a½TpifponfwdkUESifhwuGaom aqGnmtaygif;wdkUtm;

y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJhí

ao&rnfhab;udk

pdk;&drfruif;

pGJvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;) (i)

tyÜda,[d

= rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh twlwuG?

orÜa,ma*g

= aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)

tyÜda,[d

= rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Zm&mAsm"dr&P ponf OókHab;taygif;wdkU ESifh ab;taygif;pkHwkdUESifh? orÜa,ma*g = vufiif;'d| ,ckyufyif;rSm awGUêuH cHpm;ae&avjcif;[k pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfíaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh? (q&mpdef\ teufrSm;)

18/

þodkU ponfjzifh EIdif;,SOfMunfh½Ia0zefokH;oyfaomtcg yd#uwfESifhrnD usrf;*efrS

aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom q&mpdef\ teufwdkUonf o'´gpnf;urf;vnf;rus t"dyÜm,w¬vnf; rrSefonfudk pdwfysufzG,f&m awGUjrifMu&avonf/ 19/

Zmwd, Z&m, Asm"d, r&PH, orÜa,ma*gyk'frsm;udk o'´gpnf;urf;t& (onf) [lí

uwåm; teuf jyefqdkjcif;rûybJ (aMumifh) [lí [dwfteuf jyefqdkxm;jcif;rSmvnf; tajccHpmay roifzl;aMumif; xif½Sm;í aeayonf? wzef xdkZmwd Z&m Asm"d r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrsm;udk jyef½dk; jyefpOf y#dkoaE¨aejcif;ç tdkjcif;ç emjcif;ç aojcif; [lí rjyefqdkbJ tm;vkH;Oyg'gefwHqdyfcyfí jyefqdk xm;aomaMumifh

tbd"r®mq&mpdeftaejzifh

tpGJOyg'gefjyif;xefaMumif;rSm

odomvGef;ayonf?

wenf;tm;jzifh Ak'¨"r®pMumudk Oyg'gef"r®pMumjzpfatmif q&mpdefu êud;pm;xm;[ef wlayonf/ 20/

Zmwdç Z&mç r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrSefudk pGJcsuf (15) wGif tus,fw0ifh

pdppfokH;oyf NyD;jzpfí þu@ü rokH;oyfawmhNyD? xdkpGJcsuftrSwf (15) wGif ]]"r®puúy0wåe}} [laom ygVdudk

tbd"r®mq&mpdefqdkolu

vGJvGJrSm;rSm;

&rf;&rf;um;um;

jyefqdkxm;ykHtaMumif;udkvnf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

833

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u tus,fw0ifh pdppfokH;oyfjycJhNyD; ,ckwzef trSm;wckNyD;wck usL;vGefxm;aom q&mpdef\ trSm;rsm;udkyif qufí pdppfjy&ayOD;rnf/ 21/

= twdktusOf;vkd&if;udk ûcHíajym&ygrl?

yÍÆ

= rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç ukd,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwkdUwGif

= qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;jzpfí aeavawmh\ -

[lí xifovdk teufjyefxm;aomaMumifh tvGefpdwfysufzG,f&maumif;vSayonf/ yÍöt& Oyg'gef\ tm½kHjzpfaom avmuDcE¨mig;yg;udk t&aumuf&rnfhtpm; rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,f[laom yom'½kyfig;yg;udk aumuf,lxm;aomaMumifh q&mpdef\ t,ltqonf trSm;ay: trSm;qihfíxm;aom

t,ltqrSm;om

jzpfaeawmhonf/

wenf;tm;jzifh

Ak'¨\

"r®pMumudk

½kyf0g'rSwfwkdiftjzpf tokH;csxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ 22/

tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ trSm;onf þrQESifhyif r&yfao;? r*¾opömwGif vm½Sdaom ]]t,ar0

t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} [laom bk&m;a[mygVdudkyif t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g [k twå0g'xnhfí jyxm;vkdufao;onf? ygVdom rSm;onfr[kwf? teufjyefqkdykHuvnf; vGJcsifwkdif; vGJrSm;csifwkdif; rSm;íaeayonf? q&mpdef rSm;jyxm;ykHum; þodkUjzpfonf/ aom

= xdkuJhodkU BuHp&mç pnfp&mç ylp&mç yifp&mç aqG;p&mç at;p&mç csKyfNidrf;p&m tjzmjzmwkdUonf?

t,ar0

t&da,m

= tpGJOyg'gef acs;an§mfwdkU\ oef½Sif;jcif;udk tvdk½SdMuukefaom vlom; taygif;wdkUonf?

t|*Øaum

= t*Fg&Spfyg;½Sdaom?

ra*¾g

= usifhtyfaom w&m;aywnf;/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m ESm? 104)

txufyg q&mpdef\vuf&mudk MunfhvkdufygvQif 0kpftvGJvGJ yk'ftvGJvGJ teuft"dyÜm,f tvGJvGJ jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 23/

q&mpdef\ txufyg olUvuf&mudk ppfwrf;xkwfMunfhaomtcg o'´,kwåd, tw¬,kwdå

ESpfrsdK;vkH; uif;rJhvsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&onf? ½Sif;OD;tHh/ (u)

aom - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfeufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;?

(c)

t,ar0 - [laom yk'fudk uwåm;teuf ay;&rnfhtpm; ed'¨g&P teufay;xm;jcif;?

(*)

t&da,m - [laom yk'fudk vlom;taygif;[k bmomjyefxm;jcif;?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

834

tpodkU (C) [laom

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkt&da,m - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfteufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;-

trSm;av;&yfudk

awGU½Sdayonf?

þuJhodkU

o'´gpnf;urf;rSm;í

o'´,kwdåuif;rJh½kHrQru

t"dyÜm,fvGJrSm;jcif;[laom twå,kwådvnf; uif;rJhí aejyefonf? q&mpdefjyqdkaom ]]t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} [laom ygVdudk csefí ol\teufudk zwfMunfhvkdufygvQif (u)

BuHp&mpDp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?

(c)

ylp&m yifp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?

(*)

aqG;p&m at;p&monf - vlom;wkdY usifhtyfaomw&m;?

(C)

csKyfNidrf;p&mwdkYonf - vlom;wdkU usifhtyfaomw&m; -

[k t"dyÜg,fxGuf½SdaeaomaMumifh obm0,kwdå tvGefuif;rJhí aeayonf? t&da,mqdkaom yk'fukd vlom;[k jyefqdkjcif;rSmvnf; "r®*kPfudk tvGJokH;pm;ûyaMumif; xif½Sm;vSayonf? q&mpdefjyefqdkcsufonf r*¾opömudk jyqkdcsufESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifí aeayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifh

*dkPfom;wkdUonf

Ak'¨bmomwdkUESifh

eD;pyfvSaom

"r®pMumw&m;awmftay:odkU

pOfuavmuf opömazmufí arSmufarSmuf rSm;rSm;ûyvkyfMujcif;udk axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh Ak'¨bmom 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;ESifh tvSrf;uGmaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;udkrl tb,frQavmuf uarmufur vkyfMurnfudk csifhcsdefEkdifMuayNyD/ 24/ ajyvnfatmif

þtrSwf (17) apm'emudk ûcHikHí okH;oyfMunhfaomtcg apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pGJcsufudk rajz½Sif;Ekdifaom

tbd"r®mq&mpdefwdkU\

ocifjrwfqkdif\

acsycsufonfvnf;aumif;

teufjyefqkdcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;

OD;Ouú|ESifh

ax&0g'yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh

qefUusifaomaMumifh "r®pMumtay: xm;½Sdaom ¤if;wkdU\ t,ltqrsm;onf t"r®0g'pifppfomjzpf aMumif;? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; wnDwñGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

835

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (18) twåaemrwdjzifh vdrfnma&;om;jcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,

twåaemrwd rdrdxif&m ajymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh pyfvsOf;í apwem aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefokH;oyfcsuf/ 1/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|d - okawoe0g'D*dkPf;om;

wkdUonf twåaemrwd rdrdwkdUxif&m jrif&m ajymqdkaom vufjzpfpum; ygVdtrSm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef

vdrfnma&;om;

ajyma[maeMuojzifh

wifoGif;Muavonf?

bk&m;a[m

yd#uwfpmaywGif

trSefwu,fr½Sdaom

pk'dwuwdkU\

¤if;wkdUudk,fwkdifa&;om;ajyma[m

xkwfa0jzefUcsDxm;aom

pmtkyfpmwrf;

vkyfygVdtrSm;rsm;udkvnf;

tqkH;tjzwfay;yg&ef

apm'emvTm

wdwfacGwkdUrS aumufEkwfí oufaocHtjzpf (u) rS (#) txd wifjyxm;Muonf? ¤if;wkdU\ ygVdtwk rsm;ESifh teufudkvnf; yl;wGJwifjyMuonf/ 2/ wifoGif;&mwGif

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

rlvapm'em\

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;onf

½Sif;vif;csuftaejzifh

tv,f

tqkH;

0daooapm'emudk

aumif;jcif;ESifh

jynfhpkHaom

uvsmP*kPf, o'´gteufESifh jynfhpkHaom ow¬oAsÍÆe*kPf, obm0tm;jzifh av;eufaom "r®*rÇD& paom *kPfwkdUESifh jynfhpkHaomaMumifh wpkHw&mjznfhpGufzG,f y,fEkwfzG,f r½SdaMumif;? þpk'dwursm;uJhokdY omoemorkdif;wGif bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfcJhonfh om"ursm; ½Sdzl;aMumif;? t&d|&[ef;qdk;ESifh u@uomraPwdkUonf

xkduJhokdU

ESifxkwfcHcJh&Mu&aMumif;?

odkUjzpfí

rvkyfxkdufaom

bk&m;a[m

twkvkyfcJhMuaomaMumifh

omoemawmfrS

bk&m;a[m

twkûyvkyfjcif;rSm

tvGef0efav;onfh

rvkyfoifh

jypfrIusL;vGefrIwpfckjzpfaMumif;udk

ygVdt|uxm

om"ursm;pGmjzifh

us,f0ef;pGm

avQmufxm;apm'emcJhMuavonf/ 3/

þapm'emESifh ywfoufí ocifjrwfqdkifwpfOD;uomvQif jyefvnfacsyNyD; or®m'd|d

okawoetzGJUurl vkH;0acsy½Sif;vif;jcif;rûyay? Nidrfí cH,lcJhMuonf/

(u) 4/

trSwfjyapm'emudk pdppfcsuf

apm'uq&mrsm;u pk'dwuwdkU\ trSm;rsm;pGmteuf têudufwlaom vufvkyfygVd

trSm;wpfckudk (u) trSwfjytaejzifh pGJqdkwifjyxm;Muonf? ,if;wkdYrSm avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d -

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

836

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

[laom vkyfygVdjzpfayonf? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom pGJqdk csufrsm;ESifh

þ½kH;awmfodkU

oufaocHtjzpf

wifjyxm;aom

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk

taotcsm

wkdufqkdifMunfh½I&mwGif ,if;yg|dukd (u)

OD;udkudkav;u (Ak'¨a*gwr) a[mxm;onf[lívnf;aumif;?

(c)

vlaovljzpfjyóemq&mu (oa'´u&wå) okwfü a[mcJhonf[lívnf;aumif;?

(*)

(C)

tbd"r®mq&mpdefu (ed0ge0*¾oH,kwf) ygVdawmfü a[mxm;onf[lívnf;aumif; -

toD;oD;a&;om;xm;csufrsm;udk twdtvif; awGU½SdMu&onf/ 5/

0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wkdU axmufjycsuft& pk'dwuwdkU

a&;om;xm;aom ,if; (avmuork'oÍötw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d) [laom ygVdukd yd#uwfokH;ykH edum,fig;&yfwGif vkdufvH½SmazGaomtcg b,frSmrS rawGU&ay? xkdUaMumifh ]]þygVdonf oa'´u&w¬ okwfü r½Sd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf}} [laom apm'u q&mawmfwdkU\ axmufjycsufrSm rSefuefí OD;udkudkav;ESifh vlaovljzpf jyóemq&mwdkU\ a&;om;csufrSm;aMumif;udk twnfûyonf? xdkenf;twl þt"dyÜm,fonf oDvu©efygVdawmfüryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;jzpfonf}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ axmufjycsufrSmvnf;

rSefuefaeí

ewfESifh

a&;om;csufudkvnf;

rSm;,Gif;aMumif;

twnfûyawmfrlMuonf?

upömea*gwårax&fudk

a[mxm;aomw&m;ü

pum;udkaxmufjyaom

]]þa[mxm;csufvnf;ryg

vdrfjcif;jzpfonf}}

[laom

i&Jb,frSmvJ

pmtkyfwGifygaom tvm;wlyif

twdtvif;qkdxm;csuft&

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\

(twdtvif;)

wifjycsufrSmvnf;

OD;a½Tjynfh\

oH,kwfygVdawmfü

[laom

ocifjrwfwdkU\

a&;jcif;onf txl;yif

&J&JBuD;

rSefuefaeí

ocifjrwfqdkif\ a&;om;csufvkH;0rSm;aMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf? tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om; csufudkvnf; rSm;,Gif;aMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf/

wa,mufwrsdK; teufjyefxm;jcif; 6/

pk'dwuwdkU têudufcsif;wlí ae&mtESHU udk;um;a[majymavh½Sdaom tqkdyg (avmu

ork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom vufjzpfygVdudk jrefrmjyefqkd&müvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; rwlMu? trsdK;rsdK;uGJvGJaeaMumif; awGU&onf? vlaovljzpf jyóempmtkyf ESm 17-wGif ,if;ygVdudk ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuonf ½Sdonf[k pGJ,lu½Sd\/ r½Sd[k jywfuvnf;r½Sd}} [k bmomjyefqdkxm; onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;jyefqdkcsufonf ygVdwjcm;teufwrsdK;jzpfí rSm;,Gif;aeayonf/ 7/

,if;ygVdukdyif ewfESifh i&J b,frSmvJ pmtkyf ESm 22 - wGif &cdkifOD;a½Tjynfhu atmufyg

twkdif; t"dyÜm,fazmfxm;jyefayonf/ ]]aemufwzef jzpfao;onf[k pGJae,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfaeonf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

837

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rpGJ,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfírae}} OD;a½Tjynfh\ txufyg jyefqdkcsufonfvnf; oDvu©ef ygVdawmfüvmaom t"dyÜm,fr[kwfaMumif; rSm;,Gif;aMumif;rSm xif½Sm;ayonf/ 8/

,if;ygVdukdyif Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf yxrwGJ? ESm 146 ü ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuudk

½Sdonf[k pGJ,lvQif ½Sdonf? r&½Sd[k jywfvQifvnf; r½Sd}} [k bmomjyefqkdxm;ayonf? ocifjrwfqkdif\ ,if;bmomjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; ygVd\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rudkuf? rdrdvkd&m jyefqdkxm;jcif;om jzpfae ayonf/ 9/

,if;ygVdukdyif ]]or®m 'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif; ta&;awmfykH}} trnf½Sd pmtkyf

pmrsufESm 62 wGif tbd"r®m q&mpdefqkdolu atmufygtwkdif; teufjyefqkdxm;ayonf/ ]]tkd upömem þavmuü tpGJOyg'gef½Sdaomolonf wrvGefavmu½Sdonfudk t,l½Sd\/ þ avmuü tpGJOyg'gef csKyfNidrf;aomolonf wyg;aom avmur½Sd[lí t,l½Sd\}} tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ teufjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; rl&if;ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf a'oemESifh wjcm;pD jzpfí ygVdvnf;rrSef? teufvnf; cRwfvGJaMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf/

ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfjcif; 10/

trSwf (18) apm'emwGifyg0ifaom (u) trSwfûy (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu

eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdESifh pyfvsOf;í pk'dwuwOD;jzpfol ocifjrwfqkdifu acsyonfrSm ]]bk&m;wynfhawmfa&;cJhaom Ak'¨0dyóem (1) wGif bk&m;wynfhawmfu avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö

ew¬d

[laom

yk'fudk

a&;cJhonfrSm

rSefygonf/

,if;ygVdudk

ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf

upömea*gwåokwf 242 - rS wkduf½dkuful;,lcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;okwfwGif wynhfawmf a&;cJhaom twkdif; {uefygaeaom pum;twkdif; xkdygVdawmfwGif ½SmazGMunfhyg&ef wkdufwGef;tyfygonf bk&m;/ pm\ t"dyÜm,ftqdkrSm ]]jywfvQifr&Sd rjywfvQif ½Sd\}} [laom t,ludk wifjycJhjcif;om jzpfyg onf/ ,ck apm'ubufrS q&mawmfrsm;u ,ifygVdawmfonf rnfonfhygVdawmfwGifrS ½SmazGí rawGU&ojzifh twdtvif; &J&JBuD; vdrfnmjcif;jzpfonfudk pGyfpGJxm;ygonfbk&m; ,ck rlvygaom yd#uwfawmfudk aocsmpGm axmufjyvdkufygonf}} [k acsyvTm wifoGif;avonf/ 11/

þuJhodkU w&m;cGifa½SUarSmufü apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkU tqdkyg (avmuork',Íö tw¬d?

avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdudk bk&m;a[m yd#uwfwGif r½SdaMumif;&SdaMumif; tjiif;yGm;csufudk vufawGUajz½Sif;ay;vdkojzifh

pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkif

ñTefjyaom

ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfpmtkyfudk

ocifjrwfqkdiftm;ay;NyD; upömea*gwåokwfwGif ygonfqdkaomygVdudk vufawGU½SmazGwifjyapcJhonf/ 12/

pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdifonf

¤if;tm;

ulnDolrsm;ESifhtwl

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\

a½SUarSmufü xdkygVdudk ½SmazGcJhonf/ ,if;odkU ½SmazGaomfvnf; rawGUbJ jzpfaeí 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;u ]]'umBuD;acsyñTefjyonfhtwkdif; ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif tqkdyg (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

838

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdukd awGUrawGU? ygryg vufawGUar;jref;&m ocifjrwfqkdifu rawGUaMumif; rygaMumif;

wynfhawmfrSm;,Gif;ygaMumif;

toHzrf;ívnf;aumif;

0efcHavQmufxm;wifjyonfudk

vufESdyfpuf½dkufívnf;aumif;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?

þ½kH;awmfu þuJhodkU

acsyrI

rSm;,Gif;aeí apm'emtrSwf (18) udk acsycGifhrûyapawmhbJ wm;jrpfvkdufMuonf/

ygVdrSm;\teufudk pdppfjcif; 13/

pk'dwuwkdU udk;um;wifjyaom ygVd\ t"dyÜm,fudk twdtus trSeftuef jrefrmjyef

Munfhaomtcg omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"dyÜm,fom xGufaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ xkd ((avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVd\ wkduf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm ]]avmu\jzpfaMumif; wPSmonfvnf;½Sd\/ avmu\ csKyf&medAÁmefum; r½Sd}} [lí jzpfayonf? þt"dyÜm,fonf bk&m;omoemESifh qefUusifaom t"dyÜm,fjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ay onf/ þuJhokdU ygVd½Sdwkdif; teufudkrazmfjybJ ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]pm\ t"dyÜm,ftqkdrSm jywfvQif r½Sd? rjywfvQif ½Sd\ [laom t,ludk wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf}} [k xnfhoGif;avQmufxm;avonf/ odkU&mwGif (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdESifh jywfvQifr½Sd? rjywfvQif ½Sd\ [laom teuft"dyÜm,frSm

wjcm;pD

jzpfaeaomaMumifh

yd@ygwHudk

aorsdK;csnf;[k

bmomjyefaom

vlysufvlacsmfwkdU\ pum;uJhodkU jzpfaeayawmhonf/ 14/

þwGif aumufcsufcsonf½Sdaom ygVduvnf; vufjzpfygVdjzpfjcif;? teufuvnf; ygVd

ESifh rqDavsmfaom teufjzpfjcif;? bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum tBuD;tus,f vSnfhpm; xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þuJhodkU ygVdwk teufrSm;jzifh vSnhfpm;cHMu&&Smoltaygif; rnfírnfrQ ½Sdae rnfenf;[k awG;awmrdí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;taejzifh pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMu&ayonf/ tem*wf omoemawmftwGuf &ifav;zG,fBuD;aywum;/

upömea*gwåokwf\ t"dyÜm,frSefudk azmfjyjcif; 15/

pk'dwuwkdU\ taejzifh upömea*gwåokwfudk têudufnDí tudk;rsm;aMumifh azmfjycJhayNyD/

xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rl&if;upömea*gwåokwf\ bk&m;a[mxm;ykH tmabmfwkdU rnfodkU rnfykH uGJvGJtHacsmfaeaMumif;udk Ak'¨0g'DwkdU oHo,uif;í ÓPftjrif&Sif;ap&ef azmfjyvdkufayonf? or®m'd|d (tjrifrSef)ESifh ywfoufí upömea*gwårax&fu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; or®m'd|d or®m'd|d [lí qdktyf\? tb,frQjzifh or®m'd|d (aumif;aom tjrif) jzpfygoenf;}} þodkU ar;avQmufaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u þodkU rdefUMum;awmfrl\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

839

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]'Gu edódawm 'Gg,H upöme avmaum (y) {wåm0wm acg upöme or®m'd|d

a[mwd}} (oH? 1? 257)

jrefrmjyef ]]upöme - þowå0gtaygif;wkdUonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ½Sdonf\tjzpf (oów'd|d) udk vnf;aumif;? R½Sdonf\tjzpf (Oapä''d|d)udkvnf;aumif; ½Sd\/ upöme - ocFg&avmu\ jzpfjcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwkdif; rSefpGm jrifaomol\ oEÅmefü ocFg&avmuü r½Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom Oapä''d|d rjzpf/ upöme - ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif; rSefpGm jrifaomol\ oEÅmefü ocFg&avmuü ½Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom oów'd|d rjzpf/ upöme - uyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) epfûryfpl;0ifrI (tbdeda0o) wkdUonf þowå0gtaygif;udk

rsm;aomtm;jzifh

aESmifzGJUukef\/

þt&d,mwynfhonfum;

pdwf\wnf&mç

epfûryfpl;0if&m udef;atmif;&mjzpfaom xdkuyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) udk ig\ twåwnf;[k ruyfa&muf? rpGJvrf;? pGJírwnfjzpfcJhaomf (Oyg'geu©E¨m) 'ku©om csKyf\/ csKyfcJhaomf (Oyg'geu©E¨mwnf;[laom) 'ku©om csKyf\/ 'ku©rSwyg; owå0grnfonf r½Sd[k ,kHrSm;rIr½Sd? þt&mü xkdyk*¾dKvftm; olwyg;udk tm;xm;í ,kHMunfonfr[kwf? udk,fwkdifodjcif;om jzpf\/ upöme - þrQjzifh rSefaomtm;jzifh or®m'd|djzpf\/ 16/

(upömea*gwåokwf t|uxmESifhtnD jrefrmjyefqdkonf)

upömea*gwåokwf\ qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜm,fudk trsm;em;vnfap&ef azmfjy&aomf -

owå0gwkdUonf oów'd|d? Oapä''d|d 2 yg;udkrSD\/ ocFg&avmu\jzpfjcif;udk 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh jrifvQif Oapä''d|drjzpf? ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifhjrifvQif oów'd|drjzpf?

þowå0gtaygif;udk

rsm;aomtm;jzifh

wPSm

'd|dwdkUu

aESmifzGJUxm;\?

t&d,mom0uonf xkdwPSm 'd|dwdkUudk ig\twå[k ruyfa&mufrpGJvrf; 'ku©omjzpf\? 'ku©omcsKyf \[k ,kHrSm;jcif;r½Sd? udk,fwkdifod\? upöme - þrQjzifhom or®m'd|d (tjrifrSef) jzpf\/ 17/

þupömeokwf\ rl&if; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfESifh jrefrmjyeft"dyÜm,fwdkUudk tppftrSef

od&jcif;tm;jzifh pk'dwuwdkUudk udk;um;aom (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom vufjzpfygVd\

bk&m;a[m

r[kwfykHudkvnf;aumif;

pk'dwuwkdU\

jrefrmjyefqdkcsufonf

bk&m;

a[mxm;csufESifh wvGJwjcm;pDjzpfaeí rSm;,Gif;ykHudk vnf;aumif; oHo,uif;pGm odcGifh&½SdMuayNyD? aemufaemifwGif þuJhodkU ygVdtwk teufrSm;rsm;jzifh rêuHêudufMu&atmif 0DrHo 0dp&PÓPfynmjzifh tppftrSefudk avhvmtm;xkwfoifhMuayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

840

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (c)trSwfjy apm'emudk pdppfcsuf

18/

]]Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m"}} [laom ygVdudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; pdppfMunfh½I &mwGif bk&m;a[mygVdr[kwfaMumif; awGUMu&jyefonf? ]]yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©m}} [laom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfudk qifwl,dk;rSm;vkyfíxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ (Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m") [lí a&;om;xm;jcif;onf o'´grrSef? vdif0kpfrrSef ygVd[efyifray:ay/ trSefpifppf Oyg'geu©E¨m ...... tEkyg'geu©E¨m[laom

a½SUyk'frsm;ESifh

bk&m;a[mr[kwfaomfvnf;

0dbwfwlvdkufí

ygVdpnf;urf;usaom

pum;&yfjzpf&monf?

,ckrl

½Sdaeygu ygVdvnf;rjzpf

bk&m;a[mvnf; rppfaom ujym;ygVdjzpfvsuf½SdaMumif; awGU&ayonf/

(*) (C) (i) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf 19/

þtrSwfjyapm'emü

a½Ttbd"r®m&cdkifjynfwdwfacG

bD-bufrsufESmü

atmufyg

pum;&yfrsm; yg½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ (*)

bdu©a0? oHo&mab;vmrnfha&;udk arQmfawG;axmuf½I tdkbdu©KwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/ a'aoómrd? a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavmh/ obma0? obm0 av;yg;ü/ OyÜga'g? tvGeftvdk wPSmw&m; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m? ed&, rnf\/ (C)

(i)

20/

ojzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf[kyif rSwfxifMuvdrhfrnf jzpfonf? yd#uwfpmay roifMum;bl;aom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk rqdkxm;bd pmayyd#uwfudk ydkUcsaeMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onfyifvQif teuft"dyÜg,fudk rqifjcifrdygu

bk&m;a[mygVdawmf[k

xifrSwfzG,f½Sdayvdrhfrnf?

½dk;½dk;om;om;

Ak'¨w&m;udk

avhvmvkdufpm;aeMu&Smolrsm;taejzifh þbdu©a0vufeufjzifhyif tNyD;wkdif usqkH;oGm;Mu ½Smayvdrhfrnf? yd#uwfpmayoif,lavhvmaeMuaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; tydktvkyf½IyfcJh Murnfjzpfonf? bdu©a0udk

vefUojzifh

[kd[dk'D'D

bk&m;a[mpmtkyfü

ygavrnfvm;[k

axmif;axmif;aMuatmif

½SmrdMurnfjzpfonf? trSefpifppfqdkcJhyg (*) (C) (i) trSwfyg ygVdrsm;onf oH*g,em

6 wef

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

841

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wifqufonfh ygVdt|uxm #DumwkdUü yg½Sdaom ygVdrsm;r[kwf? oufoufbk&m;a[m ta,mifaqmifum ykHrSm;½dkufxm;aom ygVdtwkrsm;yif jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 21/

,if;ygVdtwkrsm;\

teuft"dyÜg,fonfvnf;

vkH;0vGJrSm;vsuf

½Sdayonf/

i&JtaMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlxm;aom r[moD[em'okwf paom a'oemawmfrsm;udk ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfvdkí rdrdwdkU\ i&Jr½Sd ½kyf0g'udk bk&m;a[m[efaqmifvsuf vkyfBuH zefwD; a[majymcsufrsm;om jzpfayonf/ tvGefw&m jrifhjrwfí Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½Sifvl jrefrmEkdifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;tm;vkH;ESifh

urÇmYAk'¨bmomrsm;uyg

tjrwfwEdk;

wefzdk;xm;í

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufvmcJhaom bk&m;½Sif\ udk,fpm; yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk okdUpOfuavmuf &uf&uf pufpuf twkta,mifûyí zsufqD;&J zsufqD;0Hhonfudk oHa0*BuD;pGm ,lrdMuayonf/

(p) (q) (Z) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf 22/

xdk&cdkifa½Ttbd"r®mwdwfacGrSyif xkwfEkwfí apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wifjyxm;aom (p)

(q) (Z) trSwfjy ygVdteufrsm;onfvnf; o'´,kwåd tw¬,kwdå vGefpGm uif;rJhvsuf½SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ (p)

[laom *gxmum; yxryg'ü cRwf,Gif;vGJrSm;vsuf½Sdonf? pifppf½Sd&rnfrSm "r®y'ygVdawmf? ESm - 51 wGif vm½Sdonfh rlva'oemt& (e awe bdu©K aom a[mwd) om jzpf&ayrnf/ (q)

,ó ew¬d *[dwH t,H oóawm (bk&m;½Sif a[mw,f) ,ó? tMuifyk*¾dKvf

tm;/ ew¬d? yifudk,fu r½SdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cE¨mudk,frSm t½SdxifNyD; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ oóawm? oówrnfay\/ [laom

a[majymcsufonfvnf;

yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh

qefUusifaom

ygVdteuf

qefUusifaom

t,ltqom jzpfacsonf/ 23/

xdkrSwzef (Z) trSwfjytjzpf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u axmufjyxm;aom pk'dwuwkdU\ (Z)

,ó ew¬d rkÍödwAÁH t,H Oapäa'g? ,ó yk*¾vó? tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/ ew¬d? r&SdwJhoabmw&m;udk/ rkÍödwAÁH? ukefatmifvkyfaew,f? xrif;tiwfcHaew,f? tanmif;cHaew,f? twå

udvrxmEka,m* Oapämvrf;pOfyJ/ [laom a[majymcsufonfvnf; trSm;pifppfom jzpfaeayonf/ ygVdtoHay;NyD; udk,fxif&mudk ajymxm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdudk av;pm;MunfñdkMuaom ½kd;om;onfh Ak'¨bmom0ifvlxktm; ygVdtwkESifh ajcmufí pnf;½kH;jcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkygVdtwkteuf trSm;rsm;jzifh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

842

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a[mMum;jcif;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tqkH;trawmftrSefrsm;udk vkdufemí OykofapmihfokH;rI? yxr 0dyóem ur®|mef;w&m;tm;xkwfrIwkdUudk twåudvrx? udk,fudk yifyef;aponfhtvkyfrsm; Oapä'vrf;rSm;rsm;[lí uJh&JUpGyfpGJ&ef jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkU tusifhrSefudk pGyfpGJjcif;jzifh bk&m;½Sifudkvnf; pGyfpGJ&m a&mufayonf/

(ps) (n) trSwfjy apm'emudkpdppfjcif; 24/(ps) ew¬d udavao y[memwd? ew¬d udavao? yifudk,fur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ y[memwd? y,fMuukefavm/ [laom (ps) trSwfjy pum;&yfüvnf; ygVdrrSef teufrrSef awGU&jyefonf? yifukd,fu r½SdwJh udavom [laom pum;&yfonf tEko,,rkdufESifh qefUusifaom ausmufoabFmwkdU\ t"r®0g'rsdK;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? y[memwd = y,fMuukefavmh [laom pum;&yfonfvnf; ygVdBud,m tokH;r[kwfacs? þuJhodkU

o'´,kwåd

tw¬,kwdå

rsdK;vkH;

uif;rJh½kHrQru

bk&m;a[mygVd

jzpfav[ef

vnfq,fa[majymcsufom jzpfacsonf/ (n)

tZmwma,0 e Zm,EÅd? tZmwma,0 = yifudk,fur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,EÅd = rjzpfatmif vkyfMu/ (yifudk,fu r½SdwJhudavomawGudk rjzpfatmif aejcif;[m eda&m")

þpum;&yfonf rdrd xif&m jrif&m twåaemrwdjzifh qdkxm;csufrQom jzpfonf? ygVd\ qdkvdk&if; r[kwfay? y#dorÇd'gr*fygVdawmfü (aw tZmwm a,0 e Zm,EÅd) [laom ygVd½Sd&m xdkygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm ]]t&d,mr*fu cE¨mwdkUudk ydkif;jcm;í rodtyfonf½Sdaomf tMuifudavomwdkUonf jzpf&m \?

xkdokdU

jzpfcGifh½Sdaom

udavomwkdUonf

t&d,mr*fu

cE¨mwdkUudk

ydkif;jcm;í

odtyfNyD;onfhaemuf rjzpfao;bJyif rjzpfMuawmhukef? (0g) jzpfcGifhr&Muawmhukef}} [k qdkvdkayonf/ xdkUaMumifh &cdkifjynf a½Ttbd"r®m trnfcH OD;ausmfwifh\ a[majymcsufonf rlv y#dorÇd'gr*fESifhvnf; qefUusifvsuf½Sd\/ 25/(#) ted,smeduH oræyÜvmayg? ted,smeduH = oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; r[kwfwJh Zmwft|uxm? Ak'¨0if a0óEÅ&m ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oræyÜvmayg = oræyÜvmy rnf\/ [laom pk'dwuwdkU\ txufygpum;&yfonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmfum;vkdpdwfjzifh ygVdukd vkyfBuHí teufudk zefwD;NyD; ajyma[ma&;om;csufom jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Ak'¨0if ponfudk a[majymjcif;udk oræyÜvmy [k pGyfpGJjcif;jzpfonf? Zmwft|uxmç Ak'¨0ifç a0óEÅ&m ponfudk ajyma[mjcif;onf pk'dwuwkdU pGyfpGJouJhodkU oræyÜvmyabm vkH;0 r[kwfacs? "r®a'oem ukodkvfom jzpfonf/

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843

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oræyÜvmyqkdonfrSm 0pD'kp½dkufç EIwf rdkuf pum;wrsdK;yif jzpfonf? t|omvdeD ESm 143-ü ]]tew¬ 0dnmydum um,0pDya,m* ork|mydum tukovapwem oræyÜvmayg}} ponfjzifh zGifhjy awmfrlonf/ ]]tusKd;r&Sd teuft"dyÜg,fr&Sd r[kwfrrSef vkyfBuHZmwfvrf;rsm;udk olwyg;tm; odap wwfaom

tûytrl

tajymtqdkwdkUudk

jzpfapwwfaom

tukodkvfapwemonfomvQif

oræyÜvmy rnfayonf}}/ þt"dyÜm,frsm;t& Ak'¨0ifudk a[mMum;jcif;onf tukodkvfapwemr[kwfrlí oræyÜvmy r[kwfaMumif;rSm xif½Sm;onf? xdkUjyif bk&m;a[mZmwf edygwfawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;onfvnf; tukodkvfapwemr[kwf oræyÜvmy

r[kwfay?

wdwfacGwdkUü

yg&Sdaom

apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu

oufaocHtjzpf

a[majymcsufpum;wkdUonfum;

wifjyxm;aom

tusdK;r&Sd

pk'dwuwdkU\

teuft"dyÜm,f

rrSef

tukokdvfapwemt&if;cHjzifh ajyma[mxm;aom pum;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh pifppf oræyÜvmyrsm;om a0zef okH;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 26/

þtrSwf (18) apm'emudk ûcHikHí okH;oyf&aomf pk'dwuwkdUonf bk&m;ra[monfudk

bk&m;a[m ûyvkyfa&;om;jcif; a[majymjzefUa0jcif;rsm; ûyvkyfMuí ]]tbmodwH tvydwH wxm* awe bmodwH vydwH wxm*awemwd 'DayEÅd}} [laom ab'u&0w¬KESifh NidpGef;aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkU\ tûytrl t,ltqonf

t"r®0g'om

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jzpfonf[k

jzpfonf?

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a&;om;a[majymMuaom

EkdifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU

olwdkUonfvnf; wnDwñGwfwnf;

qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/

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844

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (19) Ak'¨\ jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhjrifûyjcif;ESifh pyfaom 0dedpä,

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhusifhcJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;? Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfjcif;wdkUESifh ywfoufí apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ apm'emtusOf; aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 1/

apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUu apm'em&m0,f or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS arSmifcdkxkwfa0aom twGJ

(1) trSwf (4) opöm"r®pmapmifü (u)

bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwkewfom;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUjynfodkY oaE¨,lygrnfh taMumif; ewfç jA[®mwdkUu 0kdif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonf[k qdk&mü bk&m;tavmif; ewfom;udk,fwkdifu rodaomudpöudk ewf jA[®mwdkUu êudwifNyD; ]]bk&m;jzpfrnfhol}} [k odxm;ESifhovdkvdk wqifhwvkH; wifpD;xm;vkdufMuonf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;?

(c)

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(*)

r,fawmfrm,m\ qifjzLawmftdyfrufudk ½Iwfcsa&;om;xm;jcif;?

(C)

o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfyg

ewf

okwfwdkUonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk

tapmfum;qkH; jzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;? (i)

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(p)

wm0wðomewfjynfü w0gwGif;vkH; tbd"r®mw&m; a[mawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom oEÅKódwewfom;u wBudrfrQ qGrf;auR;onfudk rawGU&aMumif; a&;om;xm;jcif;?

(q)

xkd*gxmwGif;ü awmifuRef;ç ajrmufuRef;ç taemufuRef;odkU <uí jrwfpGmbk&m; qGrf;cHí bkOf;ay;aeonfudk

r,fawmfewfom;onf

awmfawmfyif

MunfhaeEkdifonf[k

a&;om;xm;jcif;? 2/

&cdkifjynfrS a½Ttbd"r®m aMujimcsufüvnf; -

(Z)

ig;&mYig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm; yg½Sdaeygvsuf usefao;onfqdkaom

t&darwå,sbk&m;avmif;\

xkdtHhMozG,frsm;rSmrl

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urÇmay:ü

845

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,aeUtxd

rawGU½Sd&jcif;rSm

t&darwå,s[lí

rusefíavm?

Zmwfawmfrsm;uyif

ay;vkdufí

r,fawmfrm,mwGif

'@m&DykHjyifjzpfaeíavm a0zef oifhonfqdkjcif;? (ps)

anmifwyifrSm

trnfrodolwpfOD;u

od'¨w¬oaE¨&cJhonf[k Ak'¨0ifusrf;pmü yg½SdonfrSm vGefvGef;onfqdkjcif;? (n)

Ak'¨0iftqdkt& ewfjA[®mwdkUu awmif;yefí r,fawmfrm,m0rf;wkdufü bk&m;avmif; y#doaE¨ae&onfrSefygu oka'¨g'eonf bcift&if; r[kwfEkdif[k a&;om;xm;jcif;?

(#)

bk&m;tavmif;

zGm;jrifpOfu

i&JjynfwdkUudk

[mvm[if;vif;

tusdK;ç

tuef;rsm;

jzpf&jcif;wdkUrSm

taumif;jzpfjcif;ESifh

Ak'¨0ifrSmomyg½Sdí

ewfjynf

urÇmYordkif;rSm

ryg½Sdjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨0ifudk rcdkifvkH[ef a0zefxm;jcif;/ 3/

opöm"r®pmapmif a½Ttbd"r®mwkdUü a&;om;xm;aom txufyg taMumif;t&mwkdUudk

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xdkUaemuf apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ 0daooapm'emü -

Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ tm;uszG,f? MunfñdkzG,faumif;vSaom Ak'¨0iftjzpfawmfrsm;udk vufrcH½kHrQru ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfapmfum;

a&;om;xm;aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;

xkdodkU

a&;om;jcif;jzifh

udrdvokwfa'oemawmft& olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom omoemawmfudk t½SnfrcHh rwnfwHhatmif zsufqD;&ma&mufaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xkwfazmfwifjyapm'emMuonf/ 5/

xdkUjyif bk&m;wql yGifhxGef;vmzdkYta&;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom udpöjzpfí bk&m;tavmif;

ewfom;tm; ewfç jA[®mwdkUu 0kdif;0ef; awmif;yefMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? ,if;odkU awmif;yef&müvnf; toifewfom;bk&m;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k êudwifa[mudef;xkwfjcif;rsdK; r[kwfbJ bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUNynfokdUqif;í oaE¨,lyg[laom awmif;yefjcif;jzpfaMumif;/ bk&m;jzpfrnfhtaMumif;udk bk&m;tavmif;awmfu rodbJ ewfjA[®mwdkUu êudwifodESifhonf[k a0zefjcif;rSmvnf; Ak'¨0ifpmom;udk em;vnfatmifrzwfíomjzpfaMumif;? pk'dwyk*¾dKvfwdkU a&;om;xm;ovdk owfaozdkU&ef awmif;yefjcif;rsdK;vnf; r[kwfbJ yg&rD&ifhoefojzifh bk&m;jzpfcsdefa&mufíom oaE¨,l&ef awmif;yefjcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfacsyjcif;jzifh apm'emMuonf/ 6/

xkdUjyif

a½Ttbd"r®maMujimcsufü

,aeUtxd

t&darwå,sbk&m;tavmif;awmf\

tHhMozG,frsm; rawGU&[k qkdxm;jcif;rSm Zmwfawmfrsm;udk '@m&DykHjyif[k pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefaMumifhom jzpfaMumif;?

wOD;OD;u

xkdtHhMozG,frsm;

awGU½Sd&vQifvnf;

t&darwå,sbk&m;tavmif;awmf\

tHhMozG,frsm;[k rnfolrQ odEkdifrnf r[kwfaMumif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

846

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

anmifwyifrSm trnfrodolwOD;u r,fawmfrm,mtm; tavmif;awmfod'¨w¬ oaE¨&atmif ay;vkdufonf[k Ak'¨0ifrSm yg½SdaMumif; a½Ttbd"r®mu qdkxm;aomfvnf; rnfonfhax&0g' Ak'¨0ifürQ ryg½SdaMumif; bk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrifpOfu tusdK;tuef;awG yuwdtaumif;jzpfukefonf? ewfjynf i&JjynfawGukd jrif&onf[laom Ak'¨0iftqkdrSm vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (2600) u tjzpftysufjzpfí urÇmYorkdif;rSm rSwfwrf;rwifjcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfwifjyapm'emMuonf/

pk'dwmyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ aom"em (acsyvTm) tusOf;csKyf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 7/

pk'dwmyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ jyefvnfacsycsufrsm;teuf ocifjrwfqkdifjyefvnfacsy&mü -

(u)

av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef;paom pum;rsKd;udk Ak'¨½Sifawmfa[mawmfrl&ef rqdkxm;bd wurÇm\

umvoufwrf;udkyif

ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf

terw*¾oH,kwf

þurÇm\oufwrf;udk

a[mawmfrrlaMumif; yAÁwokwfü

ar;avQmufaomtcg

om"uxkwfjy&vQif

&[ef;wyg;u urÇmonf

jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; tvGef½Snfvsm;vSí

ESpfaygif;&maxmifodef;oef;wkdUjzifh a&wGufjcif;iSm rvG,fulvSaMumif;? Oyrmtm;jzifh

tvsm;

teH

w,lZempD

xkxnf&Sdaom

ajrpdkifcJBuD;rS

tESpft&mvQif wBudrfom rkefnif;aph waphpmrQ,lcJhaomf ajrpdkifcJBuD;omukefoGm;í wurÇmrSm

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vSaomaMumifh

wckaomurÇm

urÇmaygif;

q,f&maxmifodef;oef;

[kvnf;aumif;

tb,faMumifhqkdaomf

þurÇm\vnf;aumif;

þoHo&m\

ESpfckaomurÇm[kvnf;aumif; rajymqdktyfaMumif;

½Snfvsm;

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xdkUjyif

tvm;wl

omoyokwf

om0uokwf

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om"ursm;udk

axmufívnf; av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef; paom pum;rsKd;rSm Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ pum;r[kwfaMumif;? xkdUaMumifh "r®[',0dbif;üygaom ae0onmemonm,we jA[®mwdkU\touf

urÇm½Spfaomif;

av;axmif

qdkonfrSmvnf;

Ak'¨a[mESifh

rqdkifygaMumif;? yg&rDjznfhawmfrljcif;udkrl wynfhawmfwdkU jiif;qefjcif; rûyygaMumif;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyacsyxm;onf/ (*)

or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUcsKyfrS acsyvTmaom"emürl þtrSwf (19) Ak'¨0ifudpöudk wynfhawmfwdkU

jyefvnfracsyvkdaMumif;?

rmyd#uorÜ'gaee

*PSdw¬-

Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf

a[m>rufcJhyg

Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;wGif

Ak'¨\*kPfawmfudk

ao;onf?

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[lí

847

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdcdkufaponfhtaMumif;t&m

trsm;tjym;

yg0ifaeonfudk

jiif;qkdEkdifvQif

jiif;qdkzdkUtaMumif; jyefvnfwifjyacsyMuonf/

0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfwdkUESifh a0zefpdppfcsuf av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef; yg&rDjznfhawmfrlcJhjcif; 9/

]]uHwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;onf ½Sd\? xkduHtaMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom

tusdK;w&m;onf ½Sd\}} [lí udk,fawmfwdkif rSefuefpGm odjrifawmfrlojzifh ur®0g'D ud&d,0g'D jzpfawmfrlaom

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

b0aygif;rsm;pGmu

'ge

oDv

vlYb0ç

ewfb0ç

wd&pämefb0

aeu©r®

tp½Sdaom

taMumif;uH

tp½Sdaom

a½S;a½S;aom

ukodkvfyg&rDawmfwdkUudk

jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh oAÁñkwÓPfawmfocif jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifjzpfí þowåavmuü wef;wl &nfwl t&nfcsif;wl yk*¾dKvfr½Sd? rdrdwOD;wnf; wqlwnf; yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmcJh\/ 10/

,if;odkU

oAÁñkbk&m;½Sif

tjzpfjzifh

yGifhxGef;zkdUtwGuf

yg&rDawmfwkdUudk

jznfhusifhawmfrl&müvnf; b0tenf;i,frQ jznfhusifhcJhonfr[kwf? urÇmaygif; av;toacFsESifh wodef; wdwdrQ umv Mumanmif; b0aygif;rsm;pGm jznfhusifhawmfrlcJh&aMumif;udk uayÜ p ow o[aó? pwka&m p tocØa,/ {w¬EÅa& ,H p&dwH? oAÁHwH aAmwdygpeH/ [lí p&d,myd#uygVdawmf (ESm 385) ü bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/

jrefrmjyef urÇmaygif; av;oacFsESifh wodef;rQ ½Snfvsm;aom þtcsdefumvtwGif;ü b0aygif;rsm;pGm igbk&m;jznfhusifh

qnf;yl;awmfrlcJhorQ

'ge

oDv

tp½Sdaom

ukodkvfuHyg&rDawmftvkH;pkHonf

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wurÇm\ oufwrf; 11/ wurÇm\

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a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf?

,if;odkU

a[mMum;awmfrl&mü wurÇmonf tvGefUtvGef½Snfvsm;vSaomaMumifh ESpfaygif;w&m½Sdonf? ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;odef;oef; ponf½Sdonf[lí urÇm\oufwrf;umvudk ESpfta&twGufjzifh owfrSwfí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

848

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

rjzpfEdkif&um; oH,kwfygVdawmf terw*¾0*f yAÁwokwf omoyokwf (oH?1?389? 390) wkdUü ausmufawmifOyrm rkefnif;aphOyrmjyí owfrSwfa[mMum;awmfrl\/ 12/

yAÁwokwfü tvsm; teH tjrifh w,lZwmpD½SdNyD; tacgif;taygufr½Sd wcJeuf rmausm

uspfvspfodyfonf;vSaom ausmufawmifBuD;udk a,musfm;wpfa,mufonf umodwdkif;jzpf El;nHhvSpGmaom t0wftxnfjzifh

tESpfw&mw&mMumvQif

wBudrf

wBudrfrQom

yGwfwdkufcJhaomf

ausmufawmif

BuD;omvQif yGef;yJhukefcef;oGm;p&m½Sdí wurÇm[laom tcsdefumvum; rukefcrf;ao;? wurÇmonf þrQavmuf umvMumjrifh\? þrQavmuf umvMumjrifhrS wurÇm tcsdefumvukefqkH;í owå0gwdkU aexdkif&m

pMum0Vm

avmu"mwfwnf;[laom

þMoumoavmuBuD;onf

ysufpD;oGm;\[k

a[mawmfrlonf/ 13/

omoyokwfü tvsm; teH tjrifh w,lZempD½Sdaom oHwHwdkif;BuD;jzifh um&Hxm;tyfaom

ûrdUBuD;twGif;ü vkH;cJxdpyf yl;uyfaeavmufatmif tjynhfodyfxnfhxm;tyfaom rkefnif;aph tykHBuD;xJrS tESpfw&mMumvQif

rkefnif;aphwaphwaphrQ

xkwf,lcJhaomf

rkefnif;aphawGom

ukefcef;oGm;p&m½Sdí

wurÇmrSm rukefcef;Ekdifao;? þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ 14/

ocifjrwfqdkifaom"emü

yAÁwokwfESifh

omoyokwfygVdawmfESpf&yfudk

a&mpyfNyD;

½IyfaxG;vGJrSm;pGm jrefrmjyefqdkxm;\? xdkUaMumifh ygVdawmf\ qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜm,fay:vGifatmif yAÁwokwfudk tusOf;csKyf jrefrmjyefqdkOD;rnf/ &[ef;

tvsm;

teH

tjrifh

w,lZempD&SdNyD;

tvGefodyfonf;uspfvspfrmausmvSaom

ausmufawmifBuD;udk tESpfw&m w&mvQif wBudrf wBudrfrQom umodwkdif;jzpf t0wfEk t0wfyg; uav;jzifh

yGwfwdkufcJhaomf

ausmufawmifBuD;om

ukefqkH;ysufokOf;oGm;p&m½Sdí

wurÇm[laom

tcsdefumvum; rukefqkH;ao;? &[ef; wurÇmtcsdefumvonf þrQavmuf ½Snfvsm;\? (wpOf wwef;BuD; tqufrjywf jzpfvmcJhaom ½kyfemrfcE¨m oHo&mb0c&D;BuD;um; xdkUxufyif ½Snfvsm;ao;\? xkdYaMumifh þoHo&mb0onf) wurÇmtcsdefumvrQ ½Snfvsm;MumjrifhNyD[kvnf; ajymí rjzpf? urÇmaygif; &maxmifodef; ½Snfvsm;MumjrifhNyD[kvnf; ajymírjzpf? tb,faMumifhqkdaomf &[ef; þoHo&mb0rSm tpr½Sd? jzpfpudk ½Smr&EdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ t0dZÆmtarSmifxkjzifh

ydwfzkH;cH&NyD;

wPSmaESmifêud;jzifh

zGJUxkwfcsnfaESmifcH&aom

wpfb0rS

wpfb0odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnfaeMuaom owå0gwdkU b,fwkef;urSpí jzpfcJhonf[lí oHo&mb0\ tOD;tp rxifrjrifEkdifay? &[ef;wdkU toifwdkUonf odkUuavmuf MumjrifhpGm 'ku©cHcJh&vSNyD? aqGrsdK; om;csif;ponf ysufpD;aygif;rsm;pGmudk awGUêuHcHpm;cJh&vSNyD? okomefocFsKdif;vkyfwdkif; ajrykHudk xyfvsuf qifhvsuf jrifhwufvmaptyfNyD? &[ef;wkdY tm;vkH;aom ½kyfemrfocFg&wdkUü tvGefyif NiD;aiGUoifh pufqkyfoifhvSNyD? (xkd½kyfemrfocFg& oHo&mb0rS) tvGefyif vGwfajrmufoifh vGwfajrmufxkdufvSNyD? þodkY a[mMum;awmfrl\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

849

tpodkU 15/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þygVdawmfonf ½kyfemrfcE¨m oHo&mb0c&D;pOfBuD; b,ftcsdefupí jzpfcJhonfudk

rxifrjrifEkdifavmufatmif

½Snfvsm;vSykHudk

urÇm[laom

½Snfvsm;vSaomtcsdefumvjzifhyif

wkdif;wmowfrSwfí rjzpfEkdifaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh ½kyfemrfocFg& oHo&mb0ü tvGefyif NiD;aiGUpufqkyf oifhaMumif;? xkdoHo&mb0rS vGwfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfoifhaMumif; a[mawmfrltyfaom ygVdawmf jzpf\?

pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdifxifovdk

wurÇm\

oufwrf;

owfrSwfcsufr&Sd[k

a[mjyaom

ygVdawmfr[kwf? ocifjrwfqkdifonf jrefrmpmwwfí ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefudk zwfaomfvnf; bk&m;a[m okwfw&m;u bmudkqdkvdkonf[k vkd&if;udk rodww½&Smay/

toacFs,uyfav;uyfNynfhvQifwpfurÇm 16/

xdkrQavmuf MumjrifhvSaom urÇm[laom tcsdefumvukd wurÇm ESpfurÇmponfjzifh

ydkif;jcm;owfrSwf&mü owå0gwkdU\ wnfae&m pMu0VmurÇm avmu (Moumoavmu) BuD;\ tjzpftysuf ajymif;vJrIjzifh owfrSwf&\? owfrSwfykHrSm (u)

oH0¥taoacFs,s = tvGef tvGef ½Snfvsm;vSaom tcsdefumvawG ukefvGefoGm;onfh tcg

þurÇmavmuBuD;onf

rD;-a&-av

okH;rsdK;wkdUwGif

wrsKd;rsdK;jzifh

ysufpD;oGm;vdrfhrnf? rD;avmifí ysufpD;oGm;rnfhurÇmjzpftHh? ysufpD;cgeD;wGif a½S;OD;pGm urÇmzsufrdk;BuD; ½GmoGef;\? xdkYaemuf ESpfaygif; þa½GUþrQ[k rcefUrSef;Ekdifavmufatmif Mumjrifhaomtcg

rD;avmif\?

xdkodkU

tBuD;tus,f

awmufavmifaeaom

urÇmzsufrD;BuD;onf tPkjrLrQ jymuav;rQ rD;pmrusefonftxd avmifuRrf;NyD;rS Nidrf;oGm;\?

þenf;tm;jzifh

Nidrf;oGm;onfwkdifatmif

urÇmzsufrdk;

½GmonfrSpí

rD;awmufrD;vQH

tvGeftvGef

MumjrifhvSaom

tcsdefumvudk

oH0¥toacFs,suyf[kac:\/ (c)

oH0¥Xm,D toacFs,suyf = xdkurÇmzsufrD;BuD; Nidrf;oGm;NyD;aemuf rD;avmifjyif ½GmysufBuD;uJhodkU

urÇmajrxkESihf

[if;vif;jyifaumif;uifBuD;

taqmifta,mifbkHXmeawG

taejzifh

ysufpD;onfhykHpHtwkdif;

bmrQr½Sdao;bJ wnfaevmcJh&m

,cifutwkdif; ESpfta&twGuf rcefUrSef;Edkifavmufatmif tcsdefawG ukefvGefNyD;rS urÇmûyrkd;BuD;

½Gmcsvkduf\?

,if;odkU

urÇmzsufrD;BuD;

Nidrf;oGm;NyD;onf

rSpí

urÇmûyrdk;½Gmonftxd tvGeftvGef tcsdefMumjrifhpGm [if;vif;jyiftwkdif; wnfae&mtcsdef umvudk oH0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf[kac:\/ (*)

0d0¥toacFs,suyf = urÇmûyrdk;BuD; ½GmoGef;NyD;aemuf urÇmYtaqmuftOD bkHXmeawG pkHvifpGmjzifh

aeveu©wfawG

ay:xifjrif&onftxd

tvGeftvGef

MumjrifhpGm

urÇmBuD;wnfaxmifaeqJ tcsdefukd 0d0¥toacFs,suyf [kac:\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

850

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(C)

0d0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf = aeveu©wfawGay:í urÇmYtaqmuftODawG pkHvifonfrS pí aemufxyfurÇmzsufrdk;½Gmonftxd urÇmol urÇmom;? owå0gtrsm; aexdkifMuonfh tvGef tvGefMumjrifhaom umvudk 0d0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf [kac:\/

17/ urÇmavmu

xdktoacFs,suyf av;rsdK;udk wpfurÇm[kac:onf? þenf;tm;jzifh owå0gwkdU aexdkif&m pMum0VmBuD;\

jzpfysufûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIudkMunfhí

wpfurÇm

ESpfurÇmponfjzifh

urÇm\oufwrf;udk ydkif;jcm;uefUowf&onf/ (t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf pwkuúedygwf? uyÜokwf? ESm-460/ owåuedygwf? owåol&d,okwf ESm-474/ 'DCedum,fygxdu0*fygVdawmf t*¾nokwf? ESm-69/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k ESm-44)/

"r®[', 0dbif;tqdktrdefU 18/

pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdif aom"emü ]]"r®[',0dbif;üygaom ae0onmemonm,we

jA[®mwdkU\ toufurÇmaygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmif[laom pum;rSm Ak'¨a[mESifh rqkdifyg}} [k qdk xm;\/ xdktqdkudk pdppf&aomf þ (19) aom"em\ tpydkif;wkef;u av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef;paom pum;rsdK;udk rqdkxm;bd?

wpfurÇm\

umvoufwrf;udkyif

Ak'¨½Sifra[myg}}

[lí

ocifjrwfqkdifu

qdkxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; tu,fí urÇm\ oufwrf;udk bk&m;ra[mvQif tykdif;jcm;r½Sdatmif ½Snfvsm;aom urÇmBuD;udk

wpfurÇm

ESpfurÇmponfjzifh

ydkif;jzwfa&wGufvkdU

rjzpfEkdif?

odkUaomf

"r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmfüum; jA[®mwkdU\ oufwrf;udk urÇmaygif;½Spfaomif;av;axmif ponfjzifh a[mxm;jcif;aMumifh

wpfurÇm

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urÇm\

oufwrf;udkyg

ydkif;jzwfuefUowfí

a[mNyD;jzpfae\? xkdUaMumifh ]]wpfurÇm\ oufwrf;udk Ak'¨½Sifra[m}} [lí yxrqdkcJhaom rdrdpum;ESifh rqefUusifatmif ]]urÇmaygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmif}} [laom pum;udkvnf; Ak'¨a[mESifh rqkdif[lí ocifjrwfqkdifu y,fzsufuefUuGufjcif; jzpfwef&monf/ odkUaomf

jA[®mwkdU\

toufta&twGufudk

tbd"r®mygVdawmf

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t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf wduedygwfmaeÍÆokwf ESm-270-üvnf;aumif; pwkuúedygwf yxrememu&Pokwf 441-ü vnf;aumif; a[mxm;ayonf/ ,if;odkU a[mxm;jcif;jzifhvnf; wpfurÇm ESpfurÇm ponfjzifh urÇm\ oufwrf;udkyg ydkif;jzwfuefUowfNyD; jzpfawmhonf/ (ocifjrwfqkdifonf þ tmaeÍÆokwf ememu&PokwfwkdUudk zwfzl;[efrwlay/) rSwfcsuf /

/ "r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmf 437-438- ponfwdkUü vlUbkH ewf (6) bkH jA[®mbkH (20)

wkdU\ oufwrf;udk a[mxm;awmfrl\? xdkwGif ukokdvfuHpGrf;tm;okdUvkdufí bkHpOftwkdkif; ewfwdkUrSm tESpfig;&m tESpfwpfaxmifponfjzifh qifhuJ qifhuJ touf½SnfMuí jA[®mwdkUrSmrl urÇmESifhcsDí touf½SnfMu\?

xdkwGif

psmeformywf½Spfyg;½Sdonfhteuf

tpGrf;xufjrufqkH;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

psmeformywf\

851

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

t½Sdeft[kefaMumifh tqifhtjrifhqkH; a0onmemonm,we jA[®mbkHü jzpfMu&aomaMumifh xkdbkHom; jA[®mwkdUrSm

r[muyf

(urÇm)aygif;

½Spfaomif;av;axmiftxd

touf½SnfMuí

¤if;wdkUxuf

touf½Snfaom owå0gr½Sdawmhay/

av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; a&wGufykH 19/

azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; tvGefMumjrifhvSpGmaom wpfurÇm[kac:aom tcsdefukefvGefoGm;

wkdif; vlwkdUaexkdif&m pMum0Vm avmu"mwf [kac:aom MoumoavmuBuD;wpfckwpfck ysufpD;oGm; av&m ,if;odkU ysufpD; ukefqkH;oGm;aom urÇmavmutaygif;udk ckç q,fç &m *Pef;csí þa½GUþrQ [k rowfrSwfEkdif?

rcefUrSef;Ekdifavmufatmif

½Snfvsm;aom

tcsdefumvudk

urÇmtoacFs

[kac:\?

xkdurÇmtoacFsudk wpfck ESpfck ponfjzifh owfrSwfaomtcg bk&m;wpfqlESifh wqlwkdU\ tMum; umvjzifh wkdif;wmowfrSwf&\? owfrSwfykHrSm (u)

igwdkU a*gwrbk&m;tavmif; okar"m&aohudk {uefbk&m;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k Asm'dwfay;awmf rlcJhaom

'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;

y&dedAÁmef

pHvGefawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf

urÇmtoacFs

ukefvGefaomtcg om&rnfaom wpfckaomurÇmü aum@nrnfaom jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhxGef;awmfrlvm\? 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\tMum;umvudk urÇmtoacFswpfck[k owfrSwf&\/ (c)

xdkaum@njrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm; aomtcg

om&r@rnfaom

urÇmü

r*Fvbk&m;ç

okrebk&m;ç

a&0wbk&m;ç

aombdwbk&m; [lí bk&m;av;ql yGifhawmfrl\? aum@nbk&m;ESifh yxrOD;qkH; r*Fvbk&m;&SifwkdU\ tMum;umvudk 'kwd, urÇmtoacFs[k owfrSwf&\/ (*)

xkd om&r@urÇmrS aemufqkH; aombdwbk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf 0&rnfaom urÇmü taem'róDbk&m;ç y'krbk&m;ç em&'bk&m; [lí bk&m;okH;ql yGifhawmfrl\? ,cif aombdwbk&m;½SifESifh taem'róDbk&m;½SifwdkU\ tMum;umvudk wwd, urÇmtoacFs[k owfrSwf&\/

(C)

em&'jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm;aomtcg y'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\

yGifhawmfrl\? tMum;

umvudk

xkd pwkw¬

em&'jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh urÇmtoacFs[k

y'krkwå& owfrSwf&\?

þenf;tm;jzifh urÇmtoacFsav;ck (av;toacFs) jzpf\/ (i)

xkdy'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmwpfodef; ukefvGefaomtcg ,ck igwkdU\ b'´rnfaom urÇmü uukoE¨ jrwfpGmbk&m;ç aumPm*re jrwfpGmbk&m;ç uóy jrwfpGmbk&m;ç a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; [lí bk&m;av;ql yGifhNyD;avNyD? y'krkwå&

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

852

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;aemuf þb'´urÇmü uukoef jrwfpGmbk&m;txd xdkukefvGefoGm;aom urÇmwpfodef;udk xyfíxnfhvQif a*gwrbk&m; yg&rDjznfh&aom av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; jzpfayawmhonf/ (Ak'¨0HoygVd 382ESifh p&d,myd#u tXuxm ESm - 15 wGif Munfhyg/)

rm yd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬\ qdkvdk&if; 20/

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkYonf ]]rm yd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬}} [laom auorkwådokwf ygVd0gus

udk vufokH;ûyNyD;vQif ]]Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;wGif Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifaeonfudk jiif;qdkEkdifvQif

jiif;qkdyg}}

Ak'¨0ifa'oemawmfudk

wifjyajymqdkum

xkwfy,fvkdMu\?

olwdkU\

½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh

rudkufnDaom

xkdauorkwådokwf

ygVd0gus\

trSefwu,ftm;jzifhum;

qdkvdk&if;rSm rmyd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬ = igonf pmayusrf;*efwwfajrmufNyD;ol jzpfonf[lí rdrd\ usrf;*efwwfajrmufrIudk

tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyNyD;vQif

þpum;

þt,l0g'onf

igoif,lxm;aom

usrf;*efESifh udkufnDonf[lí twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muukefvifh? þodkUqkd\/ Ak'¨0ifa'oem paom w&m;awmfrsm;onf igwkdU oif,lzwf½Ixm;aom þpmtkyf þpmtkyf rsm;ESifh udkufnDonf[k twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muvifh[k qdkvdkonfr[kwf? igbk&m;\ pum;ukdvnf; ,kHoifhrS,kHMu xkwfy,foifhu xkwfy,fMu[lívnf; qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ 21/ trsdK;rsdK;

trSefpifppf xdkacwf xdktcgu auorkwårnfaom ed*kH;½GmBuD;okdU bmoma&; *kdPf;q&m yk*¾dKvftrsdK;rsdK;

a&mufvmwwfMu\?

xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;teuf

usrf;*efESHUpyfwwfajrmufol

q&mwql[k txifBuD;cHae&aom yk*¾dKvfwcsdKUonf olwyg; txifao;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh rodvQif rodaMumif;

½Sif;½Sif;bGif;bGif;

aumufuspfrIuif;aom

0efrcHEkdifMu?

ynm½Sd

xdkolwdkUonf

olawmfaumif;rsm;

oDv

orm"d

r[kwfMuaomaMumifh

wu,f&Sdí

pOf;vJ

a,mifa,mif0g;0g;

wwfa,mifum; vkyfwwfMu\? xkdolwdkU\pum;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyí pGJNrJrSwfom;rxm;&? a0zef&rnf? pdppf&rnf? vufcHoifhrS vufcH&rnf/ 22/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf umvmrtrsdK;om;wkdUtm; a½S;OD;pGm þuJhokdU trSm;trSefukd a0zefap

vkdaomaMumifh ]]ax wkarS umvmrm rm tEkóa0e rm y&rÜ&m, rm yd#uorÜ'gaee}} [laom pum;rsm;jzifh tpcsDNyD;vQif raumif;usdK;ay;aom tukodkvfESifh aumif;usdK;ay;aom ukodkvfwkdUudk rdrdwkdU udk,fwkdifodatmif êud;pm;tm;xkwf&efESifh xdkodkUodaomtcg tukodkvfudk y,fpGefUí ukodkvfw&m;udk êud;pm;tm;xkwfûyvkyf&ef

tus,fw0ifh

tqkH;tr

Mo0g'ay;aomtm;jzifh

þauorkwådokwfudk

a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

853

tpodkU 23/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,if;odkUaom tpDtpOfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom auorkwådokwfrS ]]rm yd#uorÜ'g

aee *PSdw¬}} [laom pum;0gusudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dyÜm,faumuf,ltokH;ûyum (0g) vufeuftjzpf tokH;csum rdrdwdkU qkyfudkifxm;aom ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh rudkufnDwkdif; rdrdwdkU ÓPfrrDwkdif; oHo,0ifwkdif; b,fokwf

b,fygVd

b,f*gxmonf

,kwdår½Sdbl;

bk&m;a[m

r[kwfbl;qkdNyD;

xkwfy,f&ef

toif;tyif;zGJUNyD; êud;pm;aeMujcif;onf rvkyfoifh rvkyfxkdufaom omoemzsufonfh vkyf&yfom jzpfayonf/ xdkUjyif Ak'¨ygVdawmfü Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufapaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifonf[k a&;om;ajymqdkaeMuaomfvnf;

rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf

Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk

xdcdkufaponf[k

twdtus racsqdkMu? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh Ak'¨0ifygVdawmfü (u)

a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkU txHawmfü a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf Asm'dwfcH,lawmfrlykH?

(c)

bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 'ge oDv tp½Sdaom yg&rDq,fyg; olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdU udk bk&m;jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;tjzpfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcif okH;oyfawmfrlykH?

(*)

a½S;a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkUonf

owå0gwdkU\tusdK;udk

aqmif½GufawmfrlykHç

owå0gwdkUudk

oHo&m0#f'ku©rS u,fwifawmfrlykH þodkU tp&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a[mMum;xm;ayonf? xkdAk'¨0ifygVdawmfü b,ftcsufrQ Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdckdufapjcif;r½Sd? ½dk;om;jzLpifaom apwemo'¨gw&m;½Sd½Sdjzifh zwf½IMum;em olrsm;twGuf tvGefMunfñdkzG,f pdwfESvkH;csrf;ajrhzG,f ygVdawmfBuD;om jzpfonf/

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS (u) (c) paom aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;udk pdppfokH;oyfcsuf 24/

(u)

(c)

paom

Ak'¨0ifudk

ykwfcwfonfhpum;&yfrsm;onf

rdrdwkdUr,kHMunfvQif

r,kHMunfovdk at;at; aq;aq;raeMubJ ,kHMunfolwdkUtm; apmfum;vsuf ½dkaoav;pm;jcif; uif;rJhpGmjzifh ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mufapmfum; a&;om;xm;onfjzpf&um; apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU apm'emonfhtwkdif;yif omoemawmf ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; ajymqkdaom pum;rsm; trSefjzpfayonf/ xkdpum;&yfrsm;wGif (u)

]]bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom; bk&m;jzpfrnfhol[k

udk,fwkdifrodaomudpöudk

odxm;ESifhovdkvdk

ewfjA[®mwdkUu

wifpD;xm;vkdufMuonf}}

[laom

êudwifNyD; pum;udk

pdppfokH;oyf&aomfbk&m;ryGifhxGef;rD ESpfaygif;wpfaxmiftcsdefuyif ok'¨hg0gojA[®mwkdUonf ]]tcsif;wkdY tESpf wpfaxmifausmfvGefvQif oAÁñkwbk&m; yGihfxGef;ay:vmvdrfhrnf? oAÁñkwbk&m; yGifhxGef;ay:vm vdrfhrnf}} [k vSnfhvnf a<u;aMumfaeMujcif;aMumifh Ak'¨aumvm[vpum;onf ewfjA[®mwdkU tcsif;csif;awGUqkHrdu

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

854

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

ajymqdkaeus pum;jzpf\? xdkUaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;onf vmrnfh 'kwd,b0ü rdrdudk,fukd bk&m;jzpfrnfh yk*d¾Kvf[k rodEkdifp&m taMumif;r½Sday/ 25/

xdkUjyif oufwrf;&Snfaomewfjynfü jzpfMuaom yg&rDrjynfhonfh bk&m;tavmif;

ewfom;wdkUonf ewfjynfü yg&rDjznfh&ef cJ,Of;vSaomaMumifh ewfoufwrf; ukefqkH;onfhtxd ewfjynfü raeMuawmhbJ ewfoufudkacRum vlUjynfü y#doaE¨aeMu\? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;onfum; vmrnfh'kwd,b0ü {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpf&ef yg&rDawmfrsm; jynfhpkHNyD; jzpf&um; ewfoufwrf;ukefonftxd wkwdomewfjynfü ae\? xkdUaMumifh ]]£'ged teEÅa& twå bma0 Aka'¨g b0dómrd}} [laom okwfr[m0gtXuwm 21-ESifhtnD bk&m;tvmif; aowauwkewfom;rSm ]]igonf vmrnfh 'kwd,b0ü {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfrnf}} [k odonfomjzpfonf/ (ZmwftXuxm y - 57? Ak'¨0HotXuxm? 317/ 'DCedum,f r[m0*¾tXuxm 20/)

(c)

pum;ü

pMum0Vmwaomif;rS

ewfjA[®m

taygif;wdkUu

bk&m;tavmif;

ewfom;tm; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaocdkif;onf[k or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUom;wkdU\ a&;om;csufudk txl;pdppfp&m rvdk? ,kwfrmvSaom apwemqdk;jzifh rMum;aumif;remom a&;om;xm;onf[kom qdk&awmhrnf? aowauwk ewfom;crsmrSm ewfpnf;pdrfyif cHpm;cGifhr&awmhbJ vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGvsuf pkawcJh&onf[k a&;om;xm;onfrSmvnf; £wd0kwfygVdawmf 247 ESifh ,if;t|uxm 249-wdkU\ tqdktrdefUudk wpfqifhpum; wpfqifhem;jzifh rjynfhrpHkMum;zl;xm;onfudk twnfûyum ysufacsmfacsmf a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpf\? tjynfhtpHkum; þodkU jzpf\/

ewfwdkU pkawcgeD; a&SUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK; 27/

ewfwdkU pkawaovGefjcif; rûyrD vlwdkU\ta&twGufjzifh ckepf&ufavmufu êudwifí

aoawmhrnfh txdrf;trSwf a½SUajy;edrdwfig;yg; txift½Sm; jyvmukef\/ (u)

ewfjzpfptcsdefu (y#doaE¨aepOfu) yefqifvmcJhaom yef;rsm;ñdk;EGrf;ukef\/

(c)

0wfqifxm;aom ewf0wfwefqmrsm; npfEGrf;ukef\/

(*)

vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;aygufrsm; ,kdpD;vmukef\/

(C)

a½S;uuJhodkU

udk,fa&mifudk,f0g

wvufvuf

rxGufEdkifawmhbJ

½kyfysufqif;ysuf

jzpfvmum udk,fcE¨m yifyef;ñdk;EGrf; vm\/ (i)

xdkewfonf a½S;uuJhodkU ol\bHkAdrmefü ewforD;rsm;ESifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg; raeEdkifawmhbJ pdwfom,m csrf;ajrhrIuif;í ysif;&dNiD;aiGUvm\/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

855

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þa½SUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK;onf ewfwdkif;rSm xifay:vmonf r[kwf? vlUjynfü ajrivsif wkefvIyfjcif; tp&Sdaom

edrdwfwdkUonf

bkef;wefcdk;BuD;aom

bk&ifrsm;twGufom

xifay:vmukefouJhodkU

wefcdk;BuD;aomewfrsm;rSmom xdka½SUajy;edrdwfrsm; xif½Sm;vmukef\? ,if;odkU xifay:vmaomtcgüvnf; ightwGuf pkawaovGefzdkUa½SUajy;edrdwfawG xifay:vmjyD? rMumrD igaoawmhrnf[lí aozdkUa½SUajy;edrdwf jzpfaMumif;ukd ewfwdkif; odonfr[kwf? vlUjynfü edrdwfzwfwwfaomol eu©wfem;vnfol ynm½Sifrsm;om a½SUajy;edrdwfudk odEdkifouJhodkU ynm½Sdaom ewfrsm;om odEdkifukef\/ 28/

a½S;a½S;wkef;u ûycJhaom ukodkvfaumif;rIenf;yg;aom ewfrsm;onf xdkedrdwfrsm;ukd

jrif&aomtcg aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUMuukef\? ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;pGm ûycJh qnf;yl;cJhaom ewfrsm;rSmum; ]]igwdkUrSm 'ge oDv bm0emawG tqifoifh&SdjyD; jzpfí txufewfjynfrSm jzpf&awmhrnf}}[k aocsmpGm odojzifh aMumuf½GHU xdwfvefUjcif; r½Sdukef? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;rSmvnf; 'ge oDv paom yg&rDawmfrsm;tjynfhtpHk jznfhusifhjyD;jzpf&um; þewfb0u pkawjyD;aemuf vlUjynfa&mufvQif {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfawmhrnf[k taotcsm odjyD;jzpfaomaMumifhaMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif; tvQif;r&SdbJ pkawcgeD;tcsdefü pdwf"mwfMunfom vGefpGm csrf;ajrh aysmfarGUawmfrl\/

vlUjynfü y#doaE¨ae&ef ewfjA[®mwdkU awmif;yefjcif; 29/

wpfaomif;aom pMum0VmrS

ewfjA[®mwdkUonf bk&m;tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm;

xdka½SUajy;edrdwfrsm; ray:xifrD (tcsdefrusrD)u êudwifí awmif;yefMuonf r[kwfukef? a½SUajy;erdwfrsm; xifay:jyorSomvQif wnDwñGwfwnf; a&mufvmMujyD;vQif tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUjynfodkUqif;í

r,fawmf0rf;wdkufü

y#doaE¨aeawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;

atmufygtwdkif;

awmif;yefMuukef\/ umavm acg aw r[m0D&? OyZÆ rmwkukpäd,H/ oa'0uH wm&,aEÅm? AkZÑók trwH y'H (ck? 4? 305) /

jrefrmjyef vHkUv0D&d, jyif;jyBuD;rm;awmfrlaom tdk tavmif;awmfewfom; bk&m;jzpf&m umvtcsdef usa&mufygjyD? r,fawmf 0rf;wdkufü pGJydkufoaE¨wnfaeawmfrlyg? ewfESifhwuGaom owå0gtaygif;udk u,fwifawmfrlum aojcif;uif;&m tûrdufedAÁmefudk ÓPfrsufpdwGif; ½Sif;vif;ay:xifodjrifawmfrlyg/ xdktcg bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom;onf bk&m;jzpfxdkufaom tcsdefç bk&m;jzpf&m uRef;ç bk&m;jzpf&m

a'oç

bk&m;jzpf&m

trsdK;ç

r,fawmf\

touf

tydkif;tjcm;

þig;rsdK;wdkUudk

MunfhawmfrljyD;vQif awmif;yefvmMuaom ewfjA[®mwdkUtm; 0efcHcsufy#dnmOfay;um ewfjynfrS pkawí r,fawmfrm,ma'0D\ 0rf;wdkufü y#doaE¨aeawmfrlayonf/ (okwf r[m0g r[my'geokwf t|uwm 20? 21? 22/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

856

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (*) qifjzLawmftdyfruf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf

30/

r,fawmf

tdyfrufay;&aumif;vm;?

r[mrm,ma'0D

tdyfrufay;cef;zGifhqdk&mü

t[dwfwd&pämefBuD;

tdyfrufray;&aumif;vm;[k

opöm"r®pmapmifü

ewfom;acsmacsmvSvSav;

tusdK;udk vdkvm;ovdka&;om;xm;\? tu,fí ewfom;vSvSav; tdyfrufay;onf qdkygvQifvnf; OD;Ouú|\wynfh

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf

r,fawmfrm,mudk

ewfom;ESifh

azmufjyefonf[k

pGyfpGJMurnfom jzpfonf? trSefpifppf t,medaom reodum& tukodkvfpdwfxm;jzifh rav;rpm; ½Iwfcsa&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpf\? t[dwf wd&pämefqifBuD;[k pk'dwuwdkUu ½Iwfcsxm;aomfvnf; ½dk;½dk;qif r[kwfbJ qifjzLawmf&wemBuD;tjzpf tdyfrufjrifrufjcif; jzpfayonf/ 31/

bk&m;tavmif;\ r,fawmf r[mrm,ma'0Donf bk&m;tavmif;awmf y#doaE¨aernfh

0gqdkvjynfhaeUwGif eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrSxí eHUomjzifh a&csdK;jyD;um av;odef;ukeftvªBuD; ay;vª\? xdkUaemuft0wfwefqmrsm; 0wfqifjyD; aumif;jrwfaom abmZOfudk pm;aomufí ½Spfyg;oDvudk aqmufwnfvsuf usufoa&aqmifwkdufcef;odkU 0ifjyD; tdyf&may:ü avsmif;puftdyfaysmfaepOftcsdefwGif ewfrif;BuD;

av;a,mufwdkUonf

r[mrm,ma'0Dudk

tdyf&mckwifESifhwuG

csDrí

[dr0EÅmodkU

o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif ,lZem 60-&Sdaom aq;'ef; jrif;oDvm ausmufjzmay:0,f ckESpf,lZem½Sdaom tifMuif;yifBuD; wpfyif\ atmufü csxm;jyD;aemuf rdrdwdkUurl oifhavsmfonfh ae&mü &yfaeMuukef\? xdktcg xkdewfrif;BuD;wdkU\ewforD;wdkUonf r[mrm,ma'0Dudk taemwwåtdkifodkU o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif vlUtnpftaMu; oefUpifzdkUtwGuf a&csdK;apjyD;um ewf0wfwefqmudk 0wfqifvsuf ewfwdkU\ eHUomjzifh vdrf;usH

ewfyef;udkvnf;

yefqifapjyD;í

xdktaemwwåtdkifteD;½Sd

aiGawmiftwGif;rS

a½TAdrmefü

ta½SUodkUOD;acgif;ûyum ewftdyf&mudk cif;ay;jyD;tdyfapMuukef\/ 32/

xdktcg teD;tem;&Sd a½TawmifrS qifjzLawmfBuD;wpfpD; qif;vmjyD;vQif aiGawmifay:odkU

wufí ajrmuft&yfrS vmjyD;um aiGyef;ukH;ESifhwlaom ESmarmif;jzifh y'krmMumjzLudk,lí êud;MumoHay;vsuf a½TAdrmeftwGif; 0ifvmjyD;vQif r,fawmfr[mrm,ma'0D\ tdyf&mudk oHk;Mudrfwdwd vuf,m&pf vSnfhywfí vuf,mbufeHyg;udk

azmufxGif;vsuf

0rf;wGif;odkU

0ifvmonfhtoGif

tdyfrufjrifrufavonf/

(Zmwft|uxm y-59/ ty'geft|uxm y-61 )/ þuJhodkU tvGeftHhMozG,f aumif;avmufatmif xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fvSpGm qifjzLawmf&wemBuD; 0ifvmonfhtoGif

tdyfrufjrifrufonfudk

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUonf tjrifrrSm;apcsifívnf;aumif;

rav;rpm;

wm0eft&vnf;aumif;? ,ckvdk

½Iwfcsa&;om;Mujcif;

½dk;om;jzLpifaom

oHk;oyfa&;om;aeaomfvnf;

jzpfayonf/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtaejzifh OD;Ouú|ESifh

ol\wynfh

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ tvGefUtvGeftqifhtwef;edrfhaom a0zefcsufwdkUudk oHk;oyf&onfrSm vGefpGm jiD;aiGUawmfrlMuayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

857

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) ewfokwfpaom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf

33/

o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfü ygaom ewfESifh qdkifaom okwfrsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\

oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm;jzpfonf[k opöm"r®pmapmifü a&;om;xm;\? odkUaomf xdkodkUa&;om;xm;onfhtwdkif; oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm; r[kwf? trSeftm;jzifhum; a'0wmoH,kwf? a'0ykwåoH,kwfwdkUü (u)

ewfwdkUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH vma&mufí olwdkUrodaom taMumif;t&mwdkUudk ar;jref;í jrwfpGmbk&m;u ajzqdka[mMum;xm;aom okwfrsm;?

(c)

oHa0*jzpfzG,f taMumif;t&mESifh tjcm;aom pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaMumif;t&mwdkUudk olwdkU t,ltq

olwdkU

xifjrifcsuftwdkif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;xH

vma&mufavQmufxm;í

jrwfpGmbk&m;u olwdkUpum;udk jyifoifhonfudk jyifqifjznfhpGufí a[mMum;xm;aom okwfrsm;? (*)

xdkuJhodkU

jyifqifjznfhpGufp&mrvdkawmhojzifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif

vufcHtwnfûyxm;aom okwfrsm;? (C)

tcsdKU&[ef;rsm;

w&m;tm;rxkwfbJ

arhavsmh

ayghqaexdkifMuonfudk

awGUjrif&aomaMumifh xdk&[ef;wdkUudk owday;aomokwfrsm; þodkU ponfjzifh okwfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ xdkUaMumifh ygVdawmfrsm;udk aocsmpGm oif,lavhvmojzifh

trSefw&m;udk

oabmaygufodjrifem;vnfaom

ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkUonf

þa'0wmoH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;udkav;pm;aomonfxuf av;pm;MunfñdkMuonf? oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm;[lí wpf&HwpfcgrQ rxifjrifMu? xdkuJhodkU odem;vnfatmifvnf; ½dk;om;aom pdwfxm; o'¨gw&m;jzifh ygVdawmfrsm;udk oif,lrSwfom; Mum;emzdkU vdkayonf/ ewfESifhqdkifaom okwfrsm;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;onf[k or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUom;wdkUu a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;onf bk&m;½Sifudk txiftjrifao;atmif zefwD;csuf jzpfonf? ewfudkr,Hkaom ½kyf0g'DwdkUu þae&mwGifrl ewfudk vufcHMujyefonf/

(i) bk&m;udk q&mvkyf paom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 34/ ]]wPSmudk y,fjzwfygavm? udavomumrç 0w¬KumrwdkUudk y,fpGefUygavm}}paom *gxmrsm;jzifh wm,eewfom;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmufxm;jcif;onf opöm"r®pmapmifü pGyfpGJxm;ovdk q&mvkyfvdkí avQmufxm;jcif; r[kwf? xdk*gxmrsm;onf 0D&d,w&m; wdk;yGm;apEdkifonfh tzdk;wef*gxmrsm; jzpf\?

xdkUaMumifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

wdkuf½dkufavQmufxm;aeaomfvnf;

trSefwu,ftm;jzifhum;

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk &nf½G,fíavQmufxm;onf r[kwfbJ cka&m aemifyg &[ef;½SifvlwdkUudk oDv orm"d ynm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

858

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

xdkUaMumifhyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xdk*gxmrsm;udk twnfûyvufcHjyD;aemuf &[ef;wdkUtm;

jyefvnf a[mMum;awmfrlonfomru oif,lydkUcszdkUudkyg rdefUMum;awmfrljyD;vQif ]]tw¬oHwdwm bdu©a0 wm,e*gxm tm'djA[®p&d,dwm= tdk &[ef;wdkU wm,eewfom;\ *gxmrsm;onf tusdK;rsm;aom *gxmrsm;jzpfonf? jrwfaom t&d,r*f tusifhw&m;\ t0ifrkcf0 a&S;OD;usonfh y"mejzpfaom *gxmrsm; jzpfonf}}[kyif csD;rGrf;awmfrl\/

wm,eewfom; avQmufxm;onfh *gxmrsm;\ jrefrmjyef 36/(u) tdk

olawmfaumif;

wPSmtaESmiftzGJUudk

êud;pm;í

y,fjzwfygavmh?

0w¬K

udavomESpfjzmaom umrwdkUudk qGJEkwfxkwfy,fygavmh? &[ef;onf umrwdkUudk ry,fpGefUvQif psmefw&m;udk r&Edkifyg/ (c)

vkyfief;wpfckudk vkHUvpdkufxkwf ûyvkyfoifhygu ûyvkyfawmfrlyg? xdkvHkUv0D&d,udk avsmhavsmh&J&J r[kwfbJ NrJNrJNrHNrH tm;oefêud;ukwf pdkufxkwfoifhygonf? tav;rûy *½krpdkufí rckdifrNrJ avsmY&JpGm cH,lusifhoHk;tyfaom &[ef;tusifhonf udavomjrLrIefudk y,f&Sm;okwfoifrI

rûyEdkifbJ

&[ef;rûyrD

a½S;uxufydkvGefí

waxmif;axmif;x

tHk<uapEdkifygonf/ (*)

raumif;rI 'kp½dkuftukodkvfudk vHk;0OókH rûyrSom aumif;jrwfygonf? raumif;ojzifh ûyvkyftyfaom trIonfaemifw wpfzefylyefapwwfygonf? ukodkvfaumif;rIûyvkyfrSom aumif;jrwfygonf? ,if;ukodkvfaumi;frIudk ûyvkyfjyD;ygu aemifw wpfzefylyefuif;uGm jidrf;csrf;pGm ae&ygonf/

(C)

tpGef;tem; toGm;ESpfbuf xufjrufaom oref;jrufonf tudkifrwwfvQif vufudk ½Swwf

&dwfjzwfwwfouJhodkU

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tudkifrwwfí

usdK;jywfysufpD;aeygvQif i&JodkUyifqGJcswwfygonf/ (i)

ayghqq avsmY&J&J ûyvkyftyfaom vkyfief;[lorQonfvnf;aumif;? ypönf;vmbfudk arQmfudk;í

usifhjcif;aMumifh

wPSmavmbudavomwdkUjzifh

npfayaeaom

tusifhonfvnf;aumif; odkUavmodkUavm awG;awmzG,f r,HkMunfzG,f tcsufwdkUjzifh jynfhESufaeaom &[ef;tusifhonfvnf;aumif; tusdK;rrsm;vSyg/

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859

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tvm;wl okwfrsm;

37/

þoH,kwfygVdawmfüomru tjcm;ygVdawmfrsm;üvnf; þodkUaom taMumif;t&mrsm;

yg&Sdao;\? tenf;i,frQazmfjy&aomf t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? quúedygwf? omruokwf 272-3 ü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ouúwwdkif;jynf0,f omr-[kac:aom ½GmteD;½Sd aygu©&Pd,mrnfaom ausmif;wdkufü

oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf

ewfom;wpfa,mufonf

nOfhoef;acgiftcsdefü

jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmfodkUvma&mufí t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;awmfrsm; tusifhodu©m qkwf,kwfaMumif; w&m;oHk;yg;½Sdygonf/ xdkoHk;yg;rSm (u)

ur®m&mrwm=y&d,wfy#dywf

vkyfief;rsm;udk

ypfy,fí

xkdxdktvkyfudpöüom

aysmfydkufESpfûcdufjcif;? (c)

bó&mrwm=w&m;pum; ajymMum;aqG;aEG;jcif; r[kwfbJ &yfa&; ½Gma&; vlrIa&;udk pka0;axGjym; pum;rsm;jcif;jzifhom aysmfarGUum tcsdefudk ukefapjcif;?

(*)

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þw&m;oHk;yg;jzpfygonf[k

avQmufxm;\?

xdkewfom;pum;udk

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

MunfjzLESpfoufvufcHawmfrl\? xdkaemuf ewfom;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ½dkaopGm ½Sdcdk;OD;cdkufjyD;um xkdae&mrS

uG,faysmufoGm;\?

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tvif;a&mufvwfaomf

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

nOfhoef;acgifwkef;u ewfom;avQmufxm;aom pum;udk &[ef;wdkUtm; rdefUMum;awmfrljyD;aemuf ]]&[ef;wdkU toifwdkUrSmukodkvfw&m;rsm; avsmhyg;qkwf,kwfaeonfudk ewfrsm;yif odaeMujyD? xdkUaMumifh oifwdkUrSm &[ef;b0 &[ef;oDvwnf;[laom vmbfvmbudk t&rawmf roifhravsmf jzpfukefMujyD?

þw&m;&wemomoemawmfudk

xdkufxdkufwefwef&onf

rrnfawmhbl;}}[k

rdefUawmfrljyD;vQif Mo0g'w&m;udk qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ 38/

,ck azmfjycJhaom omruokwfüvnf; ewfu avQmufxm;jcif;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:

q&mvkyfvdkí r[kwfbJ &[ef;wdkU tusdK;udkvdkvm;í avQmufxm;jcif;jzpf\? jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; omoemawmfESifhavsmfí ta&;w,l vufcHawmfrlum wpfqifha[mMum;awmfrl\/ uav;i,fuajymaom pum;yifjzpfapumrl ]]at; rif;ajymwm [kwfom;bJ}}[k vlBuD;u vufcHouJhodkU

xdkUtwljrwfpGmbk&m;onfvnf;

rdrdudk,fwdkifu

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taMumif;t&mrsm;yif

jzpfapumrl rnfoluvmajymajym vufcHoifhu av;pm;pGm vufcHem,lawmfrl\? csD;usL;oifhuvnf; csD;usL;awmfrl\? xdkUaMumifh t½Sifom&dykwå&max&f t½Sif0domcax&fponfwdkUu a[mMum;tyfaom w&m;udk &[ef;rsm;omru jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkifyg em,lawmfrljyD;vQif w&m;jyD;qHk;aomtcgüvnf; om"k om"k aumif;csD;ûyum csD;usL;axmremawmfrlayonf/ ('DCedum,f? ygxdu0*f? o*Ðwdokwf? ESm175? t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? pwkuúedygwf? 0domcokwf 360/)

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860

tpodkU 39/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkUjyif

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

udk,fawmfwdkifu

("r®omrd)

w&m;ydkif½SifjzpfjyD;ygvsuf

w&m;em,lvdkao;aomaMumifh &[ef;wpfyg;yg;udk w&m;a[mzdkU wdkufwGef;awmfrlwwfao;\/ wpfcsdefu ,if;odkU wdkufwGef;rlaMumifh &[ef;odu©m wpf0grQom&ao;aom aomPrnfaom &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrdoif,lxm;jyD;aom

umrokwf?

wpfqufwnf;a[mMum;av&m

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w&m;a[mítjyD;wGif

okwfaygif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;u

16-okwfudk om"kac:½kHomru

odvG,fjrifvG,fatmif ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm a[mMum;Edkifygayonf[k csD;usL;awmfrlayonf/ (0denf; r[m0gygVdawmf-286) 40/

odkUvQif

w&m;a[mrI

w&m;emrIü

tvGefUtvGef

tav;*½kûyawmfrlaom

vufcHem,lonfom

jzpfaomaMumifh

a'0wmoH,kwf?

a'0ykwåoH,kwfygVdawmfwdkUudk

ewfua[monf bk&m;udk q&mvkyf&ma&mufonf? xdkUaMumifh ewfudk r,HkMunfrludk taMumif;ûyvsuf ,kwfrmaom

tvdkqdk;jzifh

tm;vHk;onftukodkvf

ygVdawmfrsm;udk

wdk;yGm;aponfh

½Iwfcs

t"r®0g'pum;om

a0zefolwdkU\

ajymqdka&;om;xm;orQ

jzpfaMumif;

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;

oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

(p) (q) r,fawmfewfom; paom pum;&yfudk a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf 41/

wm0wðomewfjynfü 0gwGif;oHk;vywfvHk; w&m;a[mawmfrlaom jrwfpGm;bk&m;tm;

r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom oEÅKódwewfom;onf wMudrfwpfcgrQ qGrf;ruyf? awmifuRef;ç ajrmufuRef;ç taemufuRef;odkU jrwfpGmbk&m; qGrf;cH<uí bkOf;ay;&onfudk r,fawmf ewfom;onf MunfhaeEdkifbd\[k a&;om;xm;Mu\/ þpum;rsm;um; rdrdwdkU\ ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifhwm0wdomewfjynf½Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;? ewfjynfodkU jrwfpGmbk&m;<uí tbd"r®mw&m;a[mawmfrlonfudkvnf;aumif; r,HkMunfjcif;aMumifh uysufuacsmf oa&mfaom pum;rsm;om jzpfí a0zefoHk;oyfzG,f rvdkawmhay/

(Z) bk&m;½Sif tHhzG,fpaom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 42/

]]Zmwfawmfrsm;ü a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhzG,frsm; yg½Sdaeygvsuf

usefao;onfqdkaom rawGU½Sd&jcif;rSm

t&darawå,sbk&m;tavmif;\

t&darawå,s

[lí

rusefíavm

xdktHhMozG,frsm;rSmrl

urÇmay:ü,aeUtxd

Zmwfawmfrsm;uyif

'@m&DyHkjyifjzpfaeíavm

a0zefoifhonf}}[k a½Ttbd"r®maMunmcsufü a&;om;xm;\/ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm;[k qdk&mü b,fvdktHhMozG,frsm; jzpfonfudkum; razmfjycJh? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom Zmwfawmfrsm;ü yg½Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm -

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

861

tpodkU (u)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rmwk*grwpfa,mufudk

taMumif;ûyí

omoemawmf0,f

raysmfydkufaom

&[ef;ü

a½S;b0wkef;u xdkrmwk*graMumifh rnfrQavmuf 'ku©a&mufcJhyHk? a½S;ZmwfaMumif;udk jyefajymif;a[mMum;í xdk&[ef;rSm w&m;xl;&um omoemawmfü aysmfydkufvmyHk? (c)

rdbudk ûypkvkyfauR;aom &[ef;tm; csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;awmfrlum a½S;ynm½Sd olawmfaumif;rsm;vnf; a½S;a½S;b0u rnfrQtEGHtwmcHí rdbudk ûypkcJhyHk/

(*)

(C)

vlrdkufpum;udk em;axmifrdí aemufvdkufi,fom;rsm; aoaMuysufpD;&yHkESifh ynm½Sdpum; em;axmifjcif;aMumifh aoab;rS vGwfajrmuf&yHk?

(i)

bk&m;tavmif; olawmfaumif;wdkU 'geyg&rD jznfhusifh&mü a½TaiGponfwdkUudkomru rdrd\ rsufpdESifhaoG;om;wdkUudkyg vª'gef;cJhyHk?

(p)

oDvyg&rDjznfhusifh&müvnf; rdrdudk wHusifvQdKí n§if;qJESdyfpufolrsm;udkyif vHk;0 wHkUjyefjcif; rûy½Hkru trsufrxGufatmifyif pdwfcsKyfwnf;í toufudkyif riJhuGufbJ oDvrysufatmif apmifhxdef;cJhyHk?

(q)

&½SdjyD;ESifh

&½Sdawmhrnf

xD;eef;pnf;pdrfuJhodkUaom

BuD;us,faompnf;pdrfudkyif

(ps)

urf;rjrif vrf;rxif ork'´&mBuD;udk ZGJvHkUvravsmYcsbJ vufypful;cJhjcif; ponfjzifh 0D&d,yg&rD jznfhusifhcJhyHk?

(n)

towfcH&rnfh

ta&;udkyif

tav;rûy

*½krpdkufbJ

0efcHcsufuwdy#dnmOftwdkif;

aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh owå0gtrsm;udk aoab;rS vGwfajrmufapcJhyHk? (#)

arwåmyg&rDudk

jznfhusifh&mü

orif

'&,f

tp½Sdaom

wd&pämeftm;vHk;yif

aMumufvefUjcif;r½Sd oHo,uif;½Sif; &Jwif;pGmjzifh aqGrsdK;om;csif; rdwfaqG&if;yrm cspfcifrI tjynfht0jzifh oGm;vm0ifxGuf qufqHEdkifonftxd arwåmxm;cJhyHk þodkU ponfjzifh Zmwfawmfrsm;ü MunfñdkzG,f twk,lzG,f tHhMozG,ftaMumif;t&m rsm;pGm yg½Sd\? xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;udk zwf½IMum;em&jcif;jzifh pdwfaepdwfxm; jrifhrm; wdk;wufvmEdkif\? xdkUaMumifh

þrQavmuf

tqifhtwef;jrifhaom

Zmwfawmfrsm;udk

'@m&DykHjyifpm&if;üxnfhoGif;um

tqifhtwef; edrfhusatmif t,HktMunfuif;rJhatmif a&;om;ajymqdkjcif;onf ajymqdkol\ ,kwfedrfhaom apwemudkom ay:vGifapayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

862

tpodkU 43/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkUjyif a½Ttbd"r®mü ]]t&darawå,sbk&m; tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm;udk

urÇmay:rSm ,aeUtxd rawGU½Sd&aomaMumifh t&darawå,sbk&m;tavmif;[lí wu,fr½dSEdkif}}[kqdkvdk\/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaom a½Ttbd"r®mtrnfcHoluJhodkU ygVdawmfrsm;tay: t,HktMunf uif;rJhaom ½kyf0g'Drsm;um; rnfonfh ygVdawmf om"ujzifh ajymajym vufcHrnfr[kwfMu? odkUaomf &wemoHk;yg;ü ouf0if,HkMunfaeMuaom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifrsm;tm; t&darawå,sbk&m; tavmif;awmfESifh ywfoufí

odkUavm

,HkrSm;awG;awmrI

r½Sd&atmif

tvGefcdkifrmaom

yg#dawmfBuD;jzifh

oufaoxljytHh/ 44/

'DCedum,f ygxdu0*fyg#dawmf puú0wådokwf 63-ü -

aemiftcg

tESpf½Spfaomif;

bk&m;½SifyGifhxGef;awmfrlvdrfhrnf?

touf½Snfaom

vlwdkU

,cktcgigbk&m;onf

vufxufü

arawå,srnfaom

&maygif;rsm;pGmaom

&[ef;y&dowf

tjcHt&½&SdouhJodkU xkdarawå,sbk&m;rSm odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom &[ef;y&dowfjcH&Hvdrfrnfh? xdktcg ocFrnfaombk&ifrif;onf

&[ef;ykPÖm;ESifh

qif;&Jol

qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;

tvª'geûyjyD;vQif

arawå,sbk&m;½Sif\txHawmfü &[ef;ûyum &[EÅmtjzpfodkU a&mufvdrfhrnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m; Asm'dwfpum; rdefUMum;awmfrlayonf/

(ps) (n) (#) anmifyifoaE¨ paom pum;&yfudk pDppfcsuf 45/(ps) ]]anmifwpfyifrSm trnfrodolwpfOD;u ay;vkdufí bk&m;tavmif; r,fawmfrSm od'¨w¬ oaE¨&onf}} [lí a&;om;xm;aom a½Ttbd"r®m aMunmcsufrSm Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;ü vHk;0rygbJvsuf pnf;rapmifhbJ apmfapmfum;um; a&;csif&m a&;xm;aom tremy pum;omjzpfonf/ (n)

aMunmcsufrSmvnf;

(ps)uJhodkUyif

Ak'¨0ifudk

tremy

a&;om;jcif;jzifh

bk&m;tavmif;awmfESifh r,fawmf crnf;awmfrsm;\ *kPfodu©mudkao;odrf arS;rdefap&ef tm;xkwfcsuf jzpfaomaMumifh ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkU pufqkyfp&m em;rcsrf;omp&m qJa&;wdkif;xGmjcif;rsm;omwnf;? xdkUaMumifh (ps) (n) tydk'fwdkUudktus,fw0ifh pdppfzdkU rvdkawmhay/ 46/

]](#) bk&m;tavmif;awmf zGm;jrifaomaeUü e*dku rsufpdrjrifaomolrsm; jrifMuonf?

em;rMum;olrsm;vnf; Mum;Muonf? roGm;EdkifrvmEdkif qGHUaeol roefpGrf;olrsm;vnf; oefoefpGrf;pGrf; oGm;Edkif

vmEdkifMuonf}}[k

okwfr[m0g

r[my'geokwf

t|uxm

32-üazmfjyxm;\/

xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm a½Ttbdd"r®m aMunmcsufü a&;xm;\/ 47/

,if;odkUaom tjzpfqef;wdkUudk urÇmordkif;wdkUü rygí r,HkEdkif[kqdkjcif;rSm pum;uyfudk;í

oabmwpfrsdK;jzifh qdkjcif;om jzpfonf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf urÇmordkif;[lonfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

863

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vufxufawmftxd

a½S;usaejyDjzpfaom

vGefcJhonfh

ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifhig;&mausmfudk

rqdkxm;bd

Ak'¨jrwfpGmaemuf ESpf 200-ausmfcefU aemufusonfh taomuacwf\ tjzpfoepf txl;tqef;wdkUudkyif rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifMuao;ay? trSeftm;jzifh c&pfESpf(at'D) tpûyjyD;aemufydkif;rSom ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm; toifhtwifh

jynfhjynfhpHkpHk

½SdvmcJhjcif;

jzpfojzifh

ordkif;rSwfwrf;wdkUwGifrygí

r,Hk[kqdk&vQif

rnfonfhbmom0g'udkrQ vufcHp&mr&Sdawmhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if[k qdkygvsuf bk&m;a[mxuf urÇmordkif;q&mwdkU\ rSwfwrf;udkom wpfzufowf ,HkMunftm;xm;aeMuaom rsufpdwpfzufjrif yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

aemifoHo&ma&;twGuf

tvGefoem;p&maumif;aom

yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfonf[k

a0zefawmfrlMuonf/

odyÜHynmjzifh vdkufí rrDEdkifaom Ak'¨a'oemawmf 48/

jrwfpGmbk&m;w&m;awmfESifh odyÜHynmwdkU\ OD;wnfcsufrSm jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpfí

tvGefyifuGmjcm;vS\?

odyÜHynmonf

½kyf0w¬Kj'Afqdkif&m

BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;ESifh

zsufqD;a&;odkU

OD;wnfae\? topftqef;jzpfaom avmuDtm½kH umr*kPf toHk;taqmifwdkUudk qef;onfxuf qef;Mu,fatmif wDxGifaejcif;tm;jzifh avmbpaom udavompdwf"mwfwdk;yGm;a&; oHo&m0#f'ku© us,fjyefUa&;odkUOD;wnfae\? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfonfum; xdkumr*kPftm½HkwdkUudk taMumif;ûyí xdkavmb ponfrjzpfatmif csKyfwnf;a&;ESifh avmbponf ukefcef;í 0#f'ku©rSvGwfajrmufa&; twGufom OD;wnfvsuf½Sdayonf/ 49/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ,if;odkU OD;wnfvsufyif -

(u)

twdwf?

ypöKyÜef?

tem*wfumvwdkUü

jzpfjyD;?

jzpfqJ?

jzpfvwåHaom

oHo&m0#f'ku©[kac:aom vlUb0? ewfjA[®mb0? wd&pämefb0? jydwåmb0wdkUudkvnf; okcr[kwf 'ku©trSef ('ku©opöm) [lí a[mawmfrl\/ (c)

okcxifumcifrifwG,fwmaeaom

wPSmavmbudk

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tjidrf;"mwfedAÁmef (eda&m"opöm) udkvnf;a[mMum;awmfrl\/ (C)

xdkedAÁmefodkU

a&mufaMumif;

tusifhaumif;tusifhrSef

0dyóemw&m;

r*¾ifw&m;wnf;[laom r*¾opömudkvnf; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkU a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom opömav;yg;w&m;udkum; tb,fodyÜHynmrQ vdkufírrDEdkif? tb,fodyÜHynmESifhrQ

prf;oyfodyÜHírjzpfEdkif?

xdkopömav;yg;udk

odjrifaom

oE´d|du?

tumvdu[kac:aom todÓPfynmjzifhom prf;oyfEdkif\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif odjrifí 'ku© opömpm&if;ü xnfhoGif;a[mMum;tyfaom ewfb0 jA[®mb0? jydwåmb0 aojyD;aemuf jzpf&rnfh

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

864

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

prf;oyfí

xdkuJhodkU½dk;½dk;rsufpdjzifhvnf;

r&Edkif?

rjrifEdkif?

jrifEdkif?

prf;oyfEdkifayonf?

r&EdkifaomAk'¨a'oemawmfvm

taMumif;t&mrsm;u rdrdwdkUÓPfrrDwdkif; ,kwådr&Sd[lí vnf;aumif; aemufrS xnfhaom ygVd[lí vnf;aumif; xkwfy,f&ef êud;pm;jcif;onf rw&m;rIudk usK;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf/

EdkifiHjcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ vufcsuf 50/

Ak'¨0ifudk Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif ra[m[k qdkum Ak'¨aMumif;&m tw¬KyÜwfwdkUudk

trsdK;rsdK; ysuf&,fûyMuaom or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\ ta&;tom; tajymtqdkrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'D r[kwfaom taemufEdkifiH ordkif; okawoDwdkU\ t,ltq ta&;tom;rsm;rS jrpfzsm;cHonfudk awGU&onf? pifppf or®m'd|dokawoe toif;0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkUÓPfjzifh ajymwwfíajymMujcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU\ &yfwnfcsuft& ax&0g' yd#uygVdt|uxm abmifr0ifaom tcsufwdkUudk ajz½Sif;qHk;jzwf&ef

wm0efr½Sdaomfvnf;

txifvGJrSm;Edkifonfh

tcsufrsm;udk

tcsdKUaom

Ak'¨bmom0if

&[ef;½Sifvlrsm;oHo,0ifum

pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;uwifjyvmojzifh

EdkifiHjcm;

pmayrsm;rS

xkwfEkwfoHk;oyfí jyOD;tHh/ 51/

Ak'¨onf

q&mwpfqlom

tcsdKUaomokwfwdkUü

jzpfaMumif;udkjyqdkí

olonforPwpfOD;omjzpfaMumif;

a½S;b0

wpfenf;tm;jzifh

taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?

a½S;bk&m;rsm;

taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; razmfjycJhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨0g' tOD;tpydkif;ü bk&m;tqlql[laom oDtdk&D (tawG;t,l) r½SdaMumif;? aemufrS Ak'¨(7)ql [laom 0g'ay:vmaMumif; ,if; Ak'¨ 6-ql? 7-ql [laom 0g'onfyif tvGef a½S;usvSonf r[kwfaMumif;? [de,me r[m,e Ak'¨0g'D*dkPf;aygif;pHkü trnfemrcsif; wlaomfvnf; tjcm;t&mESifh tw¬KyÜwåd rwlnDaMumif;? Ak'¨0ifygVdawmf t|uxmüum; Ak'¨ 27-ql jzpfvmaMumif;? þwGif tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;u 'Dy*F& bk&m;wpfqlwGifom tqdkwlí tjcm; bk&m;rsm;wGif ta&twGufESifh trnfemr uGJjym;pGm ½Sdonf[k tD;a*saomrwf qdkolu ol\ ]]Ak'¨0g' tawG;tac: ordkif;}} ESm 147-wGif qdkonf/ 52/

tvm;wlyif 'DCedum,f? r[m0*¾ r[mt'geokwfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom

pDattuf½dkufpfa';Apf qkdolu ,if;okwf\ed'gef;wGif þodkU qdk\ ]]Ak'¨onf

tjcm;&[EÅm

om0uwdkUxuf

xl;xl;jcm;jcm;

oAÁñkwÓPf

txl;xl;aom

wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfonf}} [laom BuddhaDoctrine bk&m; tjrwfqHk;0g' ay:vmonfESifh wpfûydifeuf

t&d,r*¾if[laom

bk&m;tqlql[laom

0g'0ifvm&m

r*¾opöm

ty,fcH&avawmhonf?

]]udk,fh[mudk,ftm;xkwf?

Ak'¨udk

trTef;wifvGef;&mrS

udk,fh[mudk,fcsKyfwnf;}}

[laom

a½S;tpOftvmudk arhaysmufypfvdkufMuawmh\? trSefopömxuf bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g' wnf;[laom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

865

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aygif;jrufuxlívmawmhonf? bmom0g'topfxlaxmifzdkU wlnDaom tajccHtcsufrsm;t& (aAm"dowå) tavmif;vsmrsm;onf ESpfumv urÇmjcm;jyD;rS ay:vmMuonf[k tdE´d,om;rsm; cH,lxm;Mu\? þcH,lcsufwGifvnf; Ak'¨0g'u a½SUwef;rS ajy;aeonf/ 53/

a½S;a[mif; Ak'¨pmayrsm;wGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh Ak'¨tqlql0g' a&maESmzufpyfum yg0ifvm\/

(u)

okwåedygwf yAÁZÆokwfübk&m;rjzpfrD tavmif;awmfb0ü ½Sdao;aom a*gwrudk ]]t*rm

Oyrm&mZ0wH Aka'¨grm*"eH *d&dAÁZH}} «Ak'¨onf r*"wdkif;om;wdkU\ EGm;jcHyrm awmif 5 vHk;um&Hxm;aom &mZû*d[fodkU qGrf;cHBuGvmonf[k» Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;um qdkxm;onf/ (c)

]]Ak'¨H a0&w,mwDwH r,H ykpämr a*gwrH}} «avmb a'go ponf ab;&efudk vGefjyD;aom a*gwrEG,fzGm; Ak'¨udkjyóem ar;avQmuftHh» [lí okwåedygwf awr0wokwfü Ak'¨udk &nfñTef;aom pum;vHk;udk £wd0kwf yxr&m*okwfü ]]Ca0&b,mwDwH tm[k oAÁy[m,DeH}} «avmb a'go ab;&efwdkUudk vGefjyD;aom? tvHk;pHkaom tukodkvfudk y,fjyD;aom &[ef;udk ]Ak'¨}[k qdkMuonf»[k omref &[EÅmrsm;twGuf oHk;EIef;xm;onfudk awGU&onf?

xdkUaMumifh

Ak'¨ESifh

om0u&[EÅm

rsm;pGmruGmjcm;vS

«aAm"dowåudk

vnf;aumif;? omref&[EÅmudkvnf;aumif;? a*gwrudk vnf;aumif; Ak'¨o'´ga[monf[k qdkvdkonff»/ (*)

aAm"dyif teD;w0dkufwGif aepOfESifh "r®pMum a[mawmfrlpOf Ak'¨udk&nfñTef;í or®morÁK'¨[laom pum;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&jyD;? ,if;ESifhwGJzufaom t&[EÅm-[laom yk'frSm tjcm; wynfh&[EÅmrsm;ESifh qufqHvsuf½Sdonfudk jrif&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

(C)

rZdößredum,f

Oy&dyPÖmo

aw0dZÆ0päa*gwåokwfü

ighudk]]aw0dZÆ}}

[kqdkvQif

trSefqdk&ma&mufaMumif;? Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif rdefUqdkaom pum;t& aw0dZÆ (0dZÆm 3yg;&ol)

tjzpfjzifh

tjcm;

om0u&[EÅmwdkUESifh

Ak'¨rsm;pGm

awGUjrif&aomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;?

Ak'¨udk

obm0xufydkvGefaom

*kPfyk'fwdkUjzifh

tvGeftuRHqdkum

ruGm;jcm;vSonfudk

vlom;r[kwfaom Ak'¨0g'udk

vlom;wdkU\ aESmif;vlwdkU

xGifvmMuonf/ 54/

,if;odkU xGifvmcJhaom Ak'¨*kPfyk'frsm;udk av;eufap&ef Ak'¨jzpfaMumif; yg&rDwdkUudk

zefwD;Mujyefum Ak'¨tpOftvmudkjy&ef bk&m; 6-ql 0g'udkwDxGifjyefum r[my'geokwfudk a&;pDí yd#uxJ xnfhoGif;Muonf[k qdkavonf/ þum; ½dkufpfa';Apf\ tqdkwnf;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

866

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þrQru tD;a*saomrwfpf\ "r®ordkif; ESm-133-ü þodkUqdkxm;ao;\/ “Here everything that we learn in the scriptures about his personal history is coloured by dogmatic views comcerning the nature & destiny of a Buddha and of those acts which were essential steps in his career.”

jrefrmjyef ol\ udk,fa&;&mZ0ifESifh pyfí yd#upmayrsm;ü uREkfyfwdkUawGU&aom tcsuftvufwdkif;onf Ak'¨ESifh Ak'¨\bk&m;tjzpfa&mufatmif tm;xkwf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom (ajcvSrf;rsm;)[k qdktyfaom tûytrlrsm;\obm0ESifh yef;wdkifudk taMumif;ûyí "r®pGJtaejzifh cs,frIef;xm;tyfaomtcsufrsm;om jzpfonf/ 55/

wpfzef csm;vfpf tDvDa,mhqdkolu ol\ ][dE´L0g'ESifh Ak'¨0g'} [laompmtkyf twGJ-1?

ESm-342-ü "r®\ tqufrjywf wnf&SdaeyHkESifh ,if;"r®udk a[majymqHk;ryHkrsm; acwftrsdK;rsdK;ü wlnDyHkudk tav;teufûyap&ef r[my'geokwfjzifh bk&m; 7-qltaMumif;udk azmfxkwfMuonf [lívnf;aumif;? wzef ESm-343 ü ]]bk&m; 7-qltjyif tjcm;Ak'¨rsm;½SdaMumif; okwåef ygwåefVdawmfrsm;ü azmfjyjcif; r½SdaMumif;?

Ak'¨0Hoac:

aemufa&;usrf;üum;

bk&m;25-ql

azmfxkwfMujyefaMumif;?

*sdef;(wdw¬uF&)bk&m;rsm; 24-ql&Sdjcif; AdoQEk\ t0wm& 0ifpm;bk&m;rsm;vnf; tcsdKUtrSwftom;t& 24-yg;yif½Sdjcif;wdkUonf wpfurÇmESifh wpfurÇmü ½SdEdkifaom olawmfjrwfwdkUudk cefUrSef;wGufcsufjcif;tay: wnfaom

ta&twGufrsm;

jzpfzG,f½SdaMumif;

25-qlaom

Ak'¨0ifwdkU\

t&yftjrifhESifhyGifh&mESpf

tydkif;tjcm;rsm;onf ydkvGefaom yrmPrsm; jzpfaMumif; qdkxm;avonf/ 56/

,if;pmtkyf ESm-343 ü onfrQru qdkxm;yHku -

“The biographies of these Buddhas are bridf and monotonous. They also record how each met gotama in one of his previous births and prophasied his future glory. The object of these biographies is less to give imformation about previous Buddhas than to trace the career of gotama as a Bodhisattra.”

]]þbk&m;½SifwdkU\ tw¬KyÜwdårsm;onf wdkusOf;í wyHkpHwnf;&SdMuonf? toD;oD;aom bk&m;½SifwdkU a*gwrESifh awGUqHkí aemif Ak'¨jzpfrnfhtaMumif; Asm'dwfpum; rdefUMum;awmfrlyHkudk ,if;tw¬KyÜwdårsm;u rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf? ,if;odkU Ak'¨jzpfawmfrlpOfrsm;udk xkwfazmf&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkU taMumif;udk ajymvdkonfxuf a*gwrbk&m;avmif;b0yg&rDjznfhyHkudk jyvdkjcif;u ydkavonf}}.....[lí jzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

867

tpodkU 57/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tD;a*saomrwfpf\

"r®ordkif;pmrsufESm

279-ü

ajrmufydkif;

ty'gef

usrf;pm

wpfapmifjzpfaom 'dAsm0'geusrf;wGif tw¬KyÜwdå½Sif 38-yg; (35-r[kwf)½SdaMumif;tqdkukdawGUMujyefonf/ txufygEkdifiHjcm; bmomtjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;wdkUudk or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wdkU\ Ak'¨bmompGyfpGJykwfcwfcsufrsm;ESifh

EIdif;,SOfMunfhonf½Sdaomf

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf

rdrdwdkUÚmPfpGrf; ÚmPfpr&SdbJ EdkifiHjcm;u Ak'¨bmom ysufpD;a&; a0zefcsufwdkUudk EdkUoufcHpdkUxm;aMumif; awGU&ayvdrfhrnf?

Ak'¨bmomudk

wdkufcdkuf&mwGif

bmomjcm;wdkUESifh

½kyf0g'DwdkUvufwGJrdaom

tcsufoufaoaywnf;/

EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkU\ a&;om;csufudk &Sif;vif;csuf 58/

EdkifiHjcm;om;

tcgtm;avsmfpGm

bmomjcm;wdkU\txufygtcsufrsm;udk

udk,fawmfjrwf

udk,fwdkifu

rdrdudk,fudk

wpfckpD&Sif;jyygtHh?

ow¬m(q&m)[lí

Ak'¨onf

vnf;aumif;?

or®morÁK'¨(trSefç udk,fwdkifodol)[lívnf;aumif;? t&[EÅ(vlewfjA[®mtm;vHk;wdkU\ ylaZmftxl;udk cHxdkufol)[lí vnf;aumif; ac:a0:ouJhodkU Ak'¨[lívnf; ac:a0:aMumif; rdefUawmfrlcJhonf/ (0d? 3? 12) ,if;udkvnf; rZdößryPÖmo? Aovokwf NA[®m,kokwfü atmufyg *gxmrsm;t&od&onf? ½dkpfa';Apf a&;ouJhodkU Ak'¨onf olUudk,fudk Ak'¨ac:aMumif; rajymcJhonfrSm r[kwfrSefay/ tbdan,sH tbdnmwH? bma0wAÁÍö bm0dwH/ y[mwAÁH y[DeH ar? wo®m Aka'¨god®jAm[®P (ck? 1? 368/ r? 2? 344-352/) /

jrefrmjyef ykPÖm;? igonf txl;od&rnfhw&m;udk odawmfrljyD/ yGm;ap&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; yGm;rsm;apcJhjyD/ y,f&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; y,fpGefUcJhjyD? (po'´gt&-edAÁmefudkvnf; rsufarSmuf ûyawmfrlcJhjyD) xdkUaMumifh igonf Ak'¨jzpfcJhavjyD/ jA[®m,k ykPÖm;BuD;u]]Aka'¨g udEdÅ00kpöwd}}(tb,fodkU? tb,faMumifh Ak'¨[k ac:qdk&ygovJ)[k ar;avQmufí Ak'¨u atmufygtwdkif; ajzqdkawmf rlavonfpdwåH 0dok'¨H Zmemwd? rkwåH &ma*[d oAÁaom/ y[De Zmwdr&aPm? jA[®p&d,ó au0vD/ yg&*l oAÁ"r®meH? Aka'¨g wm'D y0kpöwd (r? 2? 345) /

jrefrmjyef tvHk;pHkaom y#doaE¨aejcif;

&m*(udavom)wdkUrS

aojcif;udk

y,fjyD;

vGwfonfjzpfí

tvHk;pHkaom

txl;pifMu,faompdwfudk

jrwfaomtusifhudk

usifhjyD;ol?

odol?

tvHk;pHkaom

ocFwtocFww&m;wdkU\ tqHk;odkU ÚmPfjzifh a&mufjyD;oludk Ak'¨[lí ac:qdk&avonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

868

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þü Ak'ö'´gonf odp&mudk odjyD;ol? Edk;Mum;jyD;ol [laom teufudka[monf? rMumrwif odawmhrnfhol? Edk;Mum;awmhrnfholudkvnf; a[monf/ xdkUaMumifh yAÁZÆokwfü ]]t*rm &mZ*wH Aka'¨g}}[k Ak'¨jzpfrnfhqJqJ tavmif;awmfudk Ak'¨[k oHk;EIef;onfrSm oifhjrwfvSayonf/ wpfzef Ak'ö'´gonf a*gwrAk'üdk &nfñTef;aomtcg Proper Name ({u0d"erf) jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm; &[EÅmrsm;udk &nfñTef;aomtcg Adjective (emr0daooe)jzpfonf? odkjzpfí ]Ak'¨Ha0&b,mwDwH} [laom okwåedygwf a[r0wokwf? £wd0kwfyxr&m*okwf 2-okwfüvmaom Ak'ö'´gonf

(in

Accordance with syntacic meaning) pmtaetxm;? 0gustaetxm;tvdkuf t"dyÜm,f aumuf,l&rnfh

pum;vHk;rsdK; jzpfayonf/ tjcm; rnfonfh yk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk Ak'¨[lí ac:a0:oHk;pGJao; oenf;[kpdppfaomf tcgwyg; t½Sifom&dykwå&m? t½Sifarm*¾vmef? t½Sifupönf;? t½Sifaum|du? t½SifuyÜde? t½SifpkE´? t½SiftEk½k'¨g? t½Sifa&0w? t½SifeE´ (&[ef;BuD; 9-yg;? {w'*fbGJUxl; *kPfxl; toD;oD;½SdMuaom) wynfhBuD;rsm; bk;&m;½SifxHawmf a½SU½I<uvmMuonfudk jrifawmfrlaomtcg ]]{aw acg bdu©a0 tm*päEÅd {aw acg bdu©a0 tm*päEÅd}} (&[ef;wdkUolwdkUvmaeMuonf? olwdkUvmaeMuonf)[krdefUawmfrlumAk'¨jrwfpGmonf atmufyg*gxgudk O'gef;ygAk'¨Vdawmfü a[mawmfrlonf/ Am[dwGm ygyau "ar®? ao p&EÅd o'g owm/ cDPoHa,mZem Ak'¨g? aw a0 avmuo®d jAm[®Pm (ck? 1? 81) / [k

O'gef;usK;awmfrlonf/

«avmuü

tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudk

y,fcGmí

tjrJowd½Sdum

vSnfhvnfusufpm;Muaom oHa,mZOfukefíEdk;Mum;jyD;aomolwdkUonf jAm[®P ppfppf rnfukef\/» 59/

þAk'¨[laom

pum;vHk;ESifh

pyfí

tXuxmq&mrsm;onf

Ak'¨av;rsdK;½SdaMumif;

xkwfjyMuonf/ (1) oAÁñkwAk'¨ (2)yapöuAk'¨ (3) pwkopöAk'¨ (4) okwAk'¨-[lí jzpfonf/ xdkwGif (1)

oAÁñkwAk'¨um;

or®morÁK'¨-[laom

oD;oefUbGJUxl;jzifhxif&Sm;aom

oAÁñkw

ÓPfawmf&Sif Ak'¨aywnf;/ (2)

yapöuAk'¨um; o,rÇLç orÁKa'¨g-[laom 0daooe*kPf ykPfwdkUjzifh ty'gefygVdawmfü vmaom oD;jcm;bk&m;i,fwnf;/

(3)

pwkopöAk'¨um;

txufO'gef;ygVdawmfü

vmaom

Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif

csD;ajr§mufí

ac:a0:tyfaom &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfonf/ (4)

okwAk'¨ [lonfum; omoemawmfudk wifhw,fapol[k Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif 'D,edum,f? ygom'duokwfí csD;usK;ajr§mufpm;í a[mawmfrlcJhaom A[kokw ( pmayyd#u wwfuRrf;aom ) ykxkZPOf &[ef;rsdK; jzpfonf/

þpum;pOft& ½dkufa';Apftvdktm;jzifh Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;rSm Ak'¨½SifawmfjrwfESifhomru omref &[ef;rsm;ESifhyg oufqdkifaeaompum;vHk;jzpfí Ak'¨onf tvGefxl;jcm;aom yk*¾dKvfjrwfBuD;r[kwfEdkif?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

869

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vrf;jya½SUaqmifq&mBuD;wpfql tjzpfonfom ordkif;0if trSefw&m; (Historical Fact) jzpfonf[k qdkvdk[ef wl\/ 60/

trSefpifppfrSmum; wxm*wZmwdc,EÅ'óD paomAk'¨jrwfpGmudk qdkvdk&mwGif; oHk;aeus

pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh Ak'¨onf wynfhom0uwdkUtm; csD;yifhí qdkawmfrlonfudk tcgrsm;pGm awGU&ayonf/ Oyrm (u)

,ó &ma*g p a'gaom p ? t0dZÆmp 0d&mZdw/ wH bm0dwwånw&H? jA[®blwH wxm*wH/ Ak'¨H a0&b,mwDwH? tm[k oAÁyÜ[m,deH (ck? 1? 234) /

jrefrm &m* a'go t0ddZÆmudk uif;apwwfol? yGm;aptyfjyD;aom pdwfESvHk;½Sdaom &[EÅmwdkUwGif wpfyg;t0ifjzpfol?

jrwfaom

t&[wåzdkvfodkUa&mufjyD;ol

(wxm*wH)

a½S;&[EÅmrsm;enf;wl

rZÑdry#dy'gjzihf edAÁmefodkUa&mufjyD;oludk &efab;vGefajrmuf? udavom tvHk;pHkudk y,fazsmufjyD;aom Edk;Mum;ol[lí qdkMuukef\/ þü &[EÅm ½dk;½dk;udk wxm*w [k oHk;EIef;xm;onf/ wzef (c)

jrefrm &[ef;wdkU

xdkUaMumifh

psmefü

arGUavsmf

orm"dxm;

vHkUvrsm;Muonfjzpfí

(Zmwdc,EÅ'óD)y#doaE¨aejcif;\ukef&mtqHk;udk jrifMuukefvsuf ppfwyfESifh wuGaom rm&fewfudk vTrf;rdk;í Zmwdr&P\ urf;wpfzufodkU ul;ajrmufukefavm/ þü{um,eH Zmwdc,EÅ'óD ponfjzifh(r[m0*¾oH,kwf? owdyXmeokwf-162) Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk &nfñTef;aeus

pum;vHk;jzifh

&[ef;rsm;udk

csD;yifhí

a[mxm;onfudk

awGU&ayrnf?

odkUaomf

Ak'¨*kPfyk'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh Ak'¨udkom qdkvkdaMumif;udk yd#uwf wwfuRrf;olrsm; em;vnfayonf/ [dkae&m 'Dae&mü txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzifh ½Sm;½Sm;yg;yg; csD;yifhí a[mawmfrlcJhaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk &SmMuHxkwfazmfum jyóem rzefwD;oifhay/ 61/

trSeftm;jzifhum; Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk

or®morÁK'¨

yapöuAk'¨udk

orÁK'¨ ç 0g- yapöuAk'¨

½dk;½dk;&[EÅmudk

Ak'¨-[lí ac:a0:oHk;EIH;yHk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

870

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(Scriptural Usage)

ygVdy#utoHk;udkaumufcsufcsí O'gef;t|uxm jAm[®Pokwf ESm-53 ü Ak'¨wd

pwkopöoarÁma"e Ak'¨/ aw p ye om0uAk'¨gyapöuAk'¨g or®morÁK'¨gwd wd0d"m - [k zGifhqdkxm;onfudk owdûyoifhayonf/ 62/

or®morÁK'¨*kPfawmfonf tNcm;rnfolESifhrQ qufqHaom*kPfr[kwf? Ak'¨wpfOD;wnf;\

*kPfawmfom Nzpfonf/ opöm4yg;udk wpfyg;ol tultnDr&bJ (ten aea,sm) apmif;z,fwdrf;,drf;Ncif; r½SdbJ (t0dy&dwH) tNyefoHk;vD (wdy&d0#³H) NyifnD 12-oG,f ('Gg'omum&H) tus,fNzwfydkif; trSeftwdkif; odawmfrlonf\

tNcm;rJh?

oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk

&½Sdol

or®morÁK'¨NzpfwmfrlaMumif; Ak'¨ udk,fawmfwdkif r[m0*¾ opöoH,kwf "r®puúy0wåeokwf ESm-370 ü aMuNimawmfrlcJhayonf/ opöm 4-yg;udk odwwfaom t&[wår*fÚmPfudk taMumif;ûyí t&[wår*fÚmPff ay:aygufvm&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh t|omvdeD rlv#Dum ESm-4 ü oAÁñkwm, [d y'|meblwH r*¾ÚmPH r*¾ÚmPy'|meOö oAÁñkwÚmPH r[maAm"Dwd 0kpöwd/ «oAÁñkwÚmPf\eD;pGmaom

taMumif;Nzpfaom

t&[wår*fÚmPffudk

vnf;aumif;?

t&[wår*fÚmPffudk wnf;[laom taMumif;½Sdaom oAÁñkwÚmPfudkvnf;aumif; r[maAm"d (0g-

or®moarÁm"d) [líac:qdk &ayonf/» 63/

xdkrS wpfyg; cE¨0*¾oH,kwf or®morÁK'¨okwf ESm-54 ü -

]]&[ef;wdkU udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkif trSeftwdkif;odNyD;ol igbk&m;udk ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPwdkUESifh pyfí NiD;aiGUNcif; (edAdÁ'g)wyfNcif;uif;rI (0d&m*)csKyfaysmufapNcif;

(eda&m")aMumifh

pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm?

udavomwdkUrS

vGwfaNrmufawmfrlí

or®morÁK'¨bGJUrnfNzifh ac:a0:tyfayonf? (ig\ ñTefNyoGefoifcsufaMumifh) &[ef; 1-yg;udk ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPESifh pyfí NiD;aiGUNcif;? wyfpGJrIuif;Ncif;? csKyfapNcif;aMumifh pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm udavomwdkUrS vGwfaNrmufvsuf ynm0drkwdå (ynmNzifh vGwfaNrmufol)[k ac:qdkedkifayonf/ pGJvrf;rIuif;uGmç b,ft&mwGif

udavomwdkUrS

Ak'¨uomvGefí

vGwfaNrmufolcsif;wlvQif

xl;ygoenf;[kar;vQif

om0uwdkUxuf

Ak'¨NrwfpGmudk,fwdkifyif

b,ftcsuf

atmufygtwdkif;

taNzay;awmfrlcJhonf/ ]]wxm*awm bdu©a0 t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g tEkyÜEéó r*¾ó OyÜga'wm toOÆmwó r*¾ó oOÆaewm teu©mwó r*¾ó tu©mwm? r*¾ñl r*¾0d'l r*¾aum0da'g ? r*¾gEk*g p bdu©a0 {w&[d om0um 0d[&EdÅ ypämorEé*wm/ (cE¨0*¾ oH,kwf or®morÁK'¨okwf -54)

NrefrmNyeftusOf; &[ef;wdkU igbk&m;onf udavomwdkUrS a0;uGm udk,fwdkifom trSefodawmfrlNyD;onf Nzpfí r&Sdao;aom vrf;udk xkwfazmfol? rNzpfao;aomvrf;udk Nzpfapol? olwumraNymao;aom vrf;udk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

871

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

aNymNyol? vrf;uRrf;usifol Nzpfawmfrl\/ ,cktcg wynfh&[ef;wdkUum; igñTefaom vrf;udk vdkufMuí aemufrS NynfhpHkol (aemufrSvrf;rSefa&mufol)rsm; Nzpfí aeMuavonf/ 64/

taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUonf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;r[kwfMu? xm0& bk&m;\ zefqif;rIudk

,HkMunfaom twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 r½Sdaom zefqif;½Sif\ avmif;&dyfü MuD;Nyif;vmolrsm;NzpfMuí oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf\

tpGrf;tm;udk

oabmraygufedkif?

vufrcHEdkifMu?

vrf;udkñTefNyEdkifzdkU

tb,frQavmuf êud;pm;&onfudk em;rvnfedkifMuacs/ twdwfb0ydkif;udk vufrcHEdkifaomaMumifh twdwf umvwdkUü oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf&aMumif;Nzpfaom yg&rDwdkUudk Nznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJh&Ncif;udk olwdkUÚmPf rrDMuay/ xdkUaMumifh uHudk y,fMuonf? oAÁñkwÚmPfudk y,fMuonf? yg&rDudk y,fMuonf? twdwf b0udk y,fMuonf/ þae&mü

“BUDDHIST THOUGHT IN INDIA”

tdEd´,Nynf½Sd Ak'¨tawG;tac: pmtkyfa&;ol

tuf'GwfuGefaZ qdkol\ rSwfcsufuav;udk xkwfNyoifhonf/ Mrs. Rhys Davids purges Buddhism of the Doctrine of Not-sous and of monesticism and H.J Jenings, in cold blood, removes all references to reincarntion from the scriptures and claims thereby to have restored their original meaning. Dr.P. Dahlke ignores all the magic and mythology with which traditional buddhism is replete and reduces the doctorine of the Buddha to quite reasonable agnostic theory.

Nrefrm ]]rpf½dkufpfa';Apfonf Ak'¨0g'xJrS tewåoabmw&m;ESifh &[ef;usifhpOfudk xkwfy,fypfí tdwfa*s-*sif;eif;um; Ak'¨pmayawGxJrS wrvGef0g'ESifh pyforQudk pdwf½Snf½SnfESifh Ekwfy,fypfum (t<uif;rQudk) rlvusrf;&if;t"dyÜm,f[k qdkonf/ a'gufwm yD'gvaurlum; tpOftvmAk'¨0g'xJwGif NynfhESufaeaom wefcdk;Ny#d[meSifh Zmwfedygwfrsm;udk vspfvsL½Ium Ak'¨0g'udk 31-bHk vufrcH0g'}} tNzpf,lqonf/ þodkU qdkNyD; qufvufí “Theirs is not the Buddhism of the Buddhists.” «olwdkU\ t,ltqrsm;um; Ak'¨0g'DwdkU vufcHxm;Muaom Ak'¨0g'r[kwfacs/ Ak'¨0g'[k olwdkUbmomwHqdyfwyfum a&;om;a[maNymonfh olwdkUtqdk oufoufomNzpfaMumif;»[k tuf'GyfuGefaZ u rSwfcsufcsxm;avonf/ 65/

qdkoifhvSaypG/ txufqdkcJhNyD; or®morÁK'¨okwfudk tay:,HrQ t"dyÜm,faumuf,lí Ak'¨ESifh

tNcm;&[EÅmrsm; tvGefMuD; ruGmvS? Ak'¨uvrf;Ny tNcm;om0ursm;u aemufvdkufrQom xl;Ncm;onf[k omrefacgif;aqmifMuD;wpfa,muf taeNzifhom ordkif;okawoDwdkU NrifMua&;MuNcif; Nzpfonf? trSefum; omrefacgif;aqmifrQr[kwf? ewfvlwdkUudk acgif;aqmifEdkif&ef olrwlatmifqnf;yl; tm;xkwfawmf rlcJhaom q&mNrwfMuD;Nzpfawmfrlygayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

872

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

r[m0*¾ oH,kwf? 'kwd, ol&d,okwf ESm-187 ü ]]&[ef;wdkU ......avmuü v? aewdkU rNzpfay:ao;orQ MuD;pGmaom ta&miftvif;[lí r½Sdao;? wpfcJeuf ydwfydwfom;arSmifaom tarSmifxkom½Sd\/ aeUç nç vç Owkç ESpf tydkif;tNcm;[lí r½Sd? þenf;twdkif; Ak'¨NrwfpGm ay:aygufrvmao;orQ MuD;pGmaomÚmPf ta&miftvif; rNzpfedkif? (t0dZÆm) tarSmifxkom

usdwfcJodyfoJí

ae\?

opömav;yg;udk

a[maNymNyoNcif;?

xifpGmNyNcif;?

½Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; r½SdEdkif? or®morÁK'¨ trnf&aom oAÁñkwÚmPf½Sif bk&m;ocif ay:xGef;vmaom tcgMuD;pGmaom ÚmPftvif;ta&mif ay:vmonf/ t0dZÆmtarSmifxk r½Sdawmhacs? opöm 4-yg;udk a[maNymNcif;ç xifpGmNyNcif;ç ½Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; ½SdEdkifavonf/ þokwfawmft& a½S;u rxkwfaqmif rNy&ao;aom vrf;udk xkwfaqmif&mwGif urÇmOD;u ae? vwdkUyrm rnfrQcJ,Of;aMumif; odomvSayawmhonf/ 66/

,cktcg bk&m; &-qlESifh bk&m; 25-ql rwlxl;Ncm; uGJNym;pGm a[mawmfrlNcif;

taMumif;udk ½Sif;NyaytHh r[my'geokwfü udk,fawmfNrwfESifhwuG Ak'¨ 7-qlrQudk a[mawmfrl\? tb,faMumifh 7-qlrQom a[mawmfrloenf;?

Ak'¨0HoygVdawmfüuJhodkU

tb,faMumifh

25-ql

a[mawmfrrloenf;?

taNzum;½Sif;vSayonf? igwdkU bk&m;½Sif ed,wAsm'dwfcH,lcJh&m Ak'¨wdkUudkNyzdkU&ef Ak'¨0HoygVdawmfü 25-ql a[mawmfrlayonf? r[mygeokwfüum; NA[®mhNynfodkU a&muf½SdaeMuaom vlUNynfüNzpfaepOf wpfcsdefu xdkbk&m;½SifwdkU\ xHawmfrsm;ü w&m;usifhcJhMuaomNA[®mmwdkUudk csD;aNrSmufawmfrl&ef xdk 7-qlrQaom Ak'¨wdkUudk a[mawmfrlayonf? tcsKyfrSm w&m;emowå0gwdkU\ tvdkodkUvkdufí a0ae,sZösmo,tm;Nzifh a[mawmfrlNcif;Nzpfí bk&m; 25-qlvHk; rvdkbJ 7-ql rQ þokwfü a[mawmfrlaMumif; okwfr[m0g#Dum eSm-14 ü #Dum q&m ½Sif;Nyxm;ayonf/ 67/

wpfzef ty'gefygVdawmfü tb,faMumifh 35-ql odkUr[kwf 38-ql Nzpfvm&oenf;

ar;Nim;tHh? trSefrSm 35-ql vnf; r[kwf? 38-qlvnf; r[kwfay? igwdkU bk&m;½Sif Asm'dwfawmfcH,l&m 24-qlESifh tapmqHk; qkyefqif&m 'DyuF&mbk&m;yGifhawmfrlaom urÇmü tNcm; wPSuF&ç ar"uF&ç o&PuF& bk&m;3-qlvnf; yGifhawmfrloGm;MuNyD;Nzpfí ,if;bk&m;oHk;qludkyg xnfhoGif;í 27-qlrQ a[mawmfrlNcif; Nzpfonf/ <uif;aom tZÆKeç taemr paom trnfemrrsm;ESifh vmaom orÁK'¨ 19-ql wdkUum; Ak'¨rsm; r[kwfbJ yapöuAk'¨grsm; NzpfMuavonf/ þrQtxd EdkifiHNcm; pma&;q&mwdkU rodMuacs/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

873

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

,if; yapöuAk'¨gwdkUudk pm&if;csí aumuf,lvdkufaomf atmufygtwdkif; Nzpf\/ ta&twGuf bGJUtrnfawmf

yGifh&m urÇmESifh

ygVdawmf pmrsufeSm

tZÆKe

31-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-345

taemr

31-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-332

ok'óe

31-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-321

4-5

orÇ0? uuk"

31-urÇmxuf

'kwd,tkyf ESm-100?94

okre

31-urÇmxuf

'kwd,tkyf ESm-53

uuk"

32-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-254

8-9

orÇ0? tmeE´

91-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-322 ?256

ow&HoD

92-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-341

11-12

Oywdó? a&mro

94-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-322?268

okr*Fv

94-urÇmxuf

yxrtkyf ESm-224

14-15

ow&HoD? a&modw 94-urÇmxuf

'kwd,tkyf ESm-41?48

16-17

okpdEdÅw? tZÆKe

94-urÇmxuf

'kwd,tkyf ESm-77?90

okre

urÇm wpfodef;

yxrtkyf ESm-377

tEk½k'¨

urÇmta&twGufrqdk yxrtkyf ESm-410

68/

r[m,meusrf; pm'dAsm0'geüvmaom 38-ql [lonfum; þü xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef

rvdkay/ or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf rdrdwdkU ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;udk ESHUpyfpGmravhvm roHk;oyfMubJ tpOftvmtm;Nzifh rSwfom;vmaom Buddhist- Tradition [k ac:onfh t|uxm #Dumrsm;\ tqdktrdefU trSwftom;rsm;udkvnf; tav;ûy&rSef; rodMubJ Ak'¨bmomr[kwfaom taemufwdkif;okawoDwdkU\ Hypothesis

ac:onfh acwå,m,DrQ rSwfwrf;wifxm;csufrsm;udk tcdkiftrm,lqMuNyD; yd#uwfudk

aNcuefolrsm; NzpfMuí t"r®0g'Drsm;[k qdk&efrS wpfyg; tNcm;qdk&ef r&Sdawmh/ 69/

,cktcg Ak'¨udk yk*¾dKvfpGJMunfñdkrINzifh bk&m;tNrwfqHk;0g'udk Ak'¨0g'DwdkU wDxGifMuonf

[laom Ak'¨bmomr[kwfonfh

ynm½SdwdkU tqdkudk pOf;pm;OD;tHh? Ak'¨NrwfpGmonf owå0gtpm;pm;udk

emem"mwk0ded aAÇm*ÚmPfawmf £NE´d,ya&my&d,wdåÚmPfawmfwdkUNzifh Nrifawmfrl odawmfrlonf? tcsdKUrSm o'¨g owd paom £aNE´Ekí tcsdKUrSmum; &ifhusufMuonf? tcsKdUrSm rEkr&ifh oifhwifh½HkrQ½Sdonf? ouf½Sdvlowå0grsm;om r[kwf? oufrJht&m0w¬Kwdkif;üvnf; tEkt&ifh toifhtwifh[l í 3-rsdK;½Sd&m Ak'¨NrwfpGmonf

,if;wdkUudkvnf;

taeu"mwk

0dedaAÇm*ÚmPf?

emem"mwkk0dedaAÇm*ÚmPf?

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

874

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

£NE´d,ya&my&d,wdå

ÚmPfawmfwdkUNzifh

t<uif;rJhodawmfrlonf?

odwdkif;raNyma[maomfvnf;

aNyma[mwdkif; rSefonfcsnf;om Nzpfonf/ 70/ wpfenf;

,if;odkU vlESifhwuG owå0gtm;vHk;wGif tEkqHk; trsdK;tpm;udk olESifhwef½Hk tEkqHk;? tnHhqHk;Nzpfaom

tqifhrQ

NyñTefoGefoifawmfrlonf?

tv,ftvwform;rsm;tm;

redrfhvGef;rNrifhvGef;aom a'oemudk a[mNyawmfrlonf/ tNrifhqHk; yk*d¾Kvfowå0gonf tqifhedrfhudkom cH,lusifhoHk;aeygu

Ncdrf;aNcmufaigufief;íyif

Nr§ifhwifay;oGm;awmfrlayonf?

ñTefNyavh½SdMuaom

0uúvdonf

xdyfqHk;tqifhNrifhrm;aom

,ckb0wGif

ordkif;q&mwdkU

t&[wåzdkvfÚmPfudk

&rnfholNzpfonf? bmr[kwfonfh ½lyyÜrmP (½kyfyHkawmfudk MunfñdkrI)Nzifh aexdkifoGm;vQif edAÁmefESifha0;í ewfNynfavmufrQü aomifwifaeayvdrfhOD;rnf? xdkUaMumifh ]]0uúvd ighudk,fawmfMuD;udk Munfh½Iae½HkNzifh b,ftusdK;&Sdrnfenf;? ightem;rS a&Smifz,f xGufcGmoGm;avmh}} [k armif;rJawmfrlonf/ 71/

rSefvS\/ EkvGef;aomyk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; cufcJaom tusifh? Nrifhaom w&m;rsm;udk Nyí rNzpf?

atmufxpfqHk; umrm0p&ukodkvfrQ Nzpfygap [laom oabmNzifh Ak'¨g&r®P ukodkvf? Ak'¨gEkówd tp&Sdaom

ur®|mef;udk

ay;awmfrlvdkufaomf

,ckb0üvnf;

pdwfcsrf;omí

a&m*guif;aysmuf

MuD;yGm;Ncif;odkU a&mufrnf? ewfNynfok*wdodkUvnf; a&mufrnf {uef Nzpfonf/ 72/

xdkUaMumifh £wd0kwf? wdu? t*¾yom'okwf ESm-254 ü

]]&[ef;wdkU taNcr½Sdaom owå0gç taNc 2-acsmif;ç

taNc 4-acsmif;½Sdaom owå0g?

taNcrsm;aom owå0g? ½kyf½Sdaom owå0g? ½kyfr½Sdaom owå0gwdkYwGif udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;í trSefw&m;udk udk,fawmfwdkif odNrifawmfrlaom igbk&m;udk tNrwfqHk;[k qdktyf? qdkEdkif\? bk&m;ü MunfñdkvQif tNrwfqHk;ü Munfñdkolrnfí tNrwfqHk;aom tusdK;udk&ay\}} [k a[mawmfrl\/ 73/

Ak'¨udk MunfñdkrSomr[kwf oHCmudk MunfñdkvQifvnf;aumif;? oDv&Sdaom&[ef;udk

MunfvQifvnf;aumif;? t,kwfqHk; rsufpdNzifh MunfvifpGm zl;arQmf½HkrQyif tusdK;MuD;vSaMumif;udk £wd0kwf pwkuú oDvorÜEé okwf-267 ü]]&[ef;wdkU oDv ESifhNynfhpHk? orm"dç ynmESifh NynfhpHk? 0drkwdå

0drkwdåÚmP'óeESifh NynfhpHkí

qHk;roGefoifwwf olawmfaumif;w&m;udk aNyma[mwwfaom &[ef;wdkUudk zl;NrifNcif;rQyif vGefpGm tusdK;MuD;\ [k igbk&m;a[mawmfrl\}} ponfNzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ 74/

Ak'¨udk Munfñdkí Ak'¨omoemü w&m;usifhum t0d[mbHkodk a&mufaeol [w¬urnfaom

t0d[mNA[®mwpfOD;onf Ak'¨aNcawmf&if;ü ay:vmí½SifawmfNrwfbk&m;? wynfhawmfonf bk&m;½Sifudk zl;Nrif&Ncif;ü wpf&HwpfcgrQ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfNcif; r&cJhyg?

oHCmawmfudk

t"doDvodu©mudk

vkyfauR;&Ncif;?

usifhoHk;vsuf

w&m;em&Ncif;üvnf;

w&m;em&Ncif;ü

arGUavsmfum

a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfNcif; (txufyg)

tcsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

r&cJhyg? 3-csufü

875

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a&mifh&JrIr&cJhaom wynfhawmf [w¬uonf t0d[mNA[®mbHkodkU a&mufaecJhygonf bk&m;}} [k avQmufzl;avonf/ 75/

qdkcJhNyD;aom þtcsufwdkUudk axmufqí r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü vmaom ]]bk&m;½Sif\

"mwfawmf arGawmfwdkUudk vrf;qHk vrf;rü Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;vQif ewfvlNA[®mwdkUtzdkU ypöKyÜefoHo&m ESpfNzmaom tusdK;&vdrfhrnf}} [laom pum;udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;avmif;zGm;awmfrl&m vkrdÁeDç bk&m;Nzpf&m r[maAm"dç

w&m;OD;a[m&m

rd*'g0kefç

y&dedAÁmefpH&m

ukodem½Hk

[laom

oHa0*yGm;&mNzpfaom

oHa0Zed,Xme 4-csuf wdkUudk NyufNyufxifxif a[mNyí oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk &,lawmfrl&m t&yfponfodkU oGm;a&mufylaZmf? oHa0*,lzdkU&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlcsufudkvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhaMumif; ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&Sd&m? Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk r,HkMunf rMunfñdkwwfaom EdkifiHNcm;om;? bmomNcm;wdkU pum;udk tpHkprf;r&Sd? t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk ,Hkum? Ak'¨eSifh Ak'¨0g' tpOftvmudk ysuf&,fûyí rdIcsdK;rQpfcsdK;

yufyufpufpuf

qdkrd

qdk&m

qdkwwfMuaom

OD;Ouú|?

ocifNrwfqdkifESifh

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf "r®0g'Drsm;r[kwf? t"r®0g'Drsm;om NzpfaMumif; trSwf-2? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;Nzwfawmf rlMuonf/ (þtrSwf-19 ? apm'emü <uif;aom tcsufwdkUudk trSwf-6? apm'emü pdppfqHk;NzwfNyD;Nzpfonf/)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

876

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf ( 2 ) apm'em trSwf-21 bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;eSifh pyfaom 0dedpä,

oH*g,em aNcmufwefwifNyD;aom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf trSeftrsm;udk vlaovlNzpf 0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwf[lívnfaumif;? [dE´LNA[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif; ? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tNrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;vdrfnm0g'NzefUNcif;eSifh ywfowfaom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovlNzpf or®m'd|dokawoewdkU\ edum,f\ edum,f paom

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS t"r®0g'rsm;[k xkwfEkwfwifNy apm'em&mü 21-csufaNrmufNzpfaom oH*g,em 6wefwif

bk&m;a[mygVdwmfrsm;udk

[dE´LNA[®P0g'NzpfaMumif;

vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh

orkwfum

xkwfy,fcJhyHkudk

rudkufnDygu yHkpH

om"u

bk&m;a[mr[kwf wifNyxkwfaqmifí

apm'emMuavonf/ 2/ ,if;wdkUwGif

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ apm'emcsufü u-c-*-C-i-p-q-Z ESifh n txd yg½Sd&m Ak'¨bmodw

ygVdawmfrsm;udk

rnfodkUrnfyHk

Ekwfy,fxkwfypfxm;í

yHkysufyef;ysuf

ûyrlxm;MuyHkwdkUudk odomatmif wifNyxm;ayonf/ (u)

trSwfNy

tydk'fwGif

'DCedum,f?

NA[®ZmvokwfrS

rkom0g'

odu©myk'fESifh

z½ko0gpmodu©myk'fwdkUudk ûzwfy,fxm;cJhyHkudk pmrsufESmESifhwuG wGJzufwifNyí (c)trSwfNy tydk'fwGif ,if; NA[®ZmvokwfrS {upöoów0g'qdkif&m ygVdawmfudk zsufqD;xkwfy,fxm;yHkudk wifNyxm;ayonf/ (*) trSwfNytydk'fwGif 'DCedum,f? omrnzvokwfvm 0dZÆm½Spfyg;qdkif&m ygVdawmfrsm;rS raemr,d'¨dÚmPf? £'d¨0d"ÚmPf?

'dAÁaomwÚmP?f

apawmy&d,ÚmPf?

ykaAÁed0goÚmPfESifh

zGifhqdka[mNyawmfrlxmonfh ygVdawmfrsm; (ygVdawmf pmrsufESm-6 rsuESSmwdwd)udk ûzwfy,fxm;onfudk wifNyNyD;vQif

(C)

trSwfNytydk'fwGif

oDvu©E¨0*¾?

au0¥okwfrS

pmydk'fwpfydk'fudk

xkwfí

t"dyÜm,fwpfrsdK;wpfrnf NzpfoGm;apyHkudk xkwfazmfwifNyxm;ayonf/ xdkUtwl (i) trSwfNy tydk'fwGif au0¥okwfvm blweda&ma"oubdu©K 0xåK wpfyk'fvHk; xkwfypfyHkudk azmfxkwfwifNyí (p) trSwfNytydk'fwGif t*Fkwå&edum,f? wduedygwf? auorkwdåokwfrS NA[®pdk&fw&m;av;yg;qdkif&m ygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfypfcJhaMumif; axmufNywifoGif;xm;cJhayonf? xdkUaemuf (q-Z-ps-n) trSwfNy pmydk'fwdkUNzifh bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfrsm;rS bk&m;a[mr[kwf?

&rf;&rf;um;um;aNymMum;

wifNyapm'emxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf?

tcsKdU yd#uwfawmfwdkUudk

a&;om;xm;yHkwdkUudk

trnfemESSifhwuG

pk'dwu OD;qE´m"du\ acsqdkcsufNzpfaom oH*g,emESifh

pyfonfh pum;udk apm'em trSwf (6 ESifh 20) 0dedpäü pdppfqHk;NzwfNyD; Nzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

877

tpodkU 3/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf

qdkif&myd#uwfawmfrsm;eSifh

apm'uwdkU

wifNyxm;aom

wdkufqdkifppfaq;Munfh½IMuonf?

xkwfy,fxm;aom edum,f\ edum,f trnf½Sd ppfaq;Munfh½IMuaomtcg

ygVdawmfwdkUudk

twdtvif;

pmtkyfudkvnf; ppfaq;Munfh½IMuonf? xdkodkU

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

,if;

apm'emcsufrsm;udk

wifNyxm;onfhtwdkif;yif

t*kFwå&edum,f

wduedygw

'DCedum,f

auorkwdåokwfüvnf;aumif;

ta&;MuD;aom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfy,fonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 4/

edum,f\

tcsufrsm;rSwpfyg; awGU&Nyefonf?

edum,fpmtkyfwGif

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

axmufNyxm;aom

rZösdredum,f paom edum,frsm;rS ygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfypfxm;csufrsm;udkvnf;

rZösdredum,f

rlvy&d,m,okwfü

]]þokwfaemufydkif;üygaom

blwa'0paom

taMumif;w&m;rsm;um; "r®cE¨m &Spfaomif;av;axmif[laom ta&twGufNynfhrDa&;rS ty tusdK;r&Sday}} [lí vnf;aumif;? "r®'g,m'okwf ü ]]okwfwdkvGef;aeoNzifh rZösdredum,fü oGwfoGif;Edkifa&;twGuf aemufrSNznfhpGufxm;aom pum;&yfrsm;om Nzpfonf}} [lí vnf;aumif; rSwfcsuf a&;oGif;xm;ay\/ 5/

xdkenf;wl ocifNrwfqdkif\ yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; pmtkyf ed'gef;ü

]],if;

taNccH w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk rsufuG,fûyum oH*g,emwif tMudrfMudrf ûyMu&mü NA[®P0g'wdkU\ w&m;rsm;udk

Ak'¨w&m;vkyfum

yyOöw&m;omvQifNzpfaom

oHo&me,f

31-bHk

0JMoCMuD;udk

xdk;oGif;cJhMuavonf}} [k ,ck yd#uwfawmfrsm;&Sd tcsKdU ygVdawmfrsm;ü bk&m;a[mygVdawmf tppfr[kwf? aemufrS

xnfhoGif;csifwdkif;

xnfhoGif;xm;av[efNzifh

t½Sifr[muóy

paom

oH*g,emwif

&[EÅmt½SifNrwfMuD;rsm;udk Nypfwif½Iwfcsxm;avonf/ þrQomru ]]rdk;ay:vufñdI;xdk;íaNr§muf aNrMuD; vufñdI;xdk;íaNcmuf paom okwfrsm;udk tukefvHk;rD;avmifí

ukefukef

oHk;0Hholrsm;Nzpfonfhtwdkif;

wpfokwfwpfavrQyif

wm0ef½Sdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;u

rusefusef}}

paom

tcsdefrDrwm;qD;vQif

pum;vHk;wdkUudk

a½SUodkUvnf;

rnfrQ

Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk vuf&JZuf&J Nypfwifacszsuf xkwfy,fí aeOD;rnf rodacs/ þae&mwGif

pk'dwuwdkUtaeNzifh

uóybk&m;½Sif

omoemawmfaemufydkif;

bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfudk tNrefuG,faysmufatmif aqmif½Guftm;xkwfoNzifh aoNyD;aemuf t0Dpdi&JodkU a&mufMu&onfh uydv&[ef; trd om"eD

ESrwmyemwdkU\ 0w¬KaMumif;udk aumif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;

qifNcifoifhayonf/ (okwåedygwf t|uxm 'k? ESm-42)/ 6/

apm'em

(21)

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;onf

csufwdkUwGif ½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfaMumif;

OD;Ouú|rS

pí

ocifNrwfqdkifESifh

tMudrfMudrfoHk;oyfcJhayonf/

vlaovlNzpf

OD;Ouú|onf (p-o-C-Z-u) [laom yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom pOf;pm;qifNcifrI\ taNccHtNzpf xm;Mu&ef ñTefMum;cJhonfhtwdkif; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkUuvnf; vdkufemcJhMuayonf/

xdkUaMumifh

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU

woa0rwdrf;

wnfaxmifonfh

pmwrf;ü

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

878

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

or®m'd|dokawoeqdkonfrSm rnfodkUaomolrsm; NzpfaMumif; azmfNy&mwGif ]]OD;Ouú|\ oGefoifcsuftwdkif; yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom rlaoudkifNyD; trSefw&m;½Smolrsm;NzpfaMumif;}} zGifhNycJhayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhMuD; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU em,u Ouú| trIaqmif toif;om;wdkUonf yom'½kyfig;yg;wdkUudkom qkyfudkifxm;aom(0g) yuwd rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f [laom ½kyfw&m; ig;yg;Nzifh Nrif Mum; eH vsuf xd awGUí &rSom trSef odkUr[kwfu rrSef[k w&m;aoudkifxm;ol

½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuonfhtavsmuf

raem0dnmPfqdkif&m

tcef;u@udk

vHk;0y,fxm;Muonf/ 7/

þuJhodkU ½kyf0g'tNrif taNccHNzifh oH*g,em 6-wefwif yd#uwfw&m;awmfrsm;udk

wdkif;wmMunfhaomtcg

rudkufnDbJ

awGU&aomaMumifh

½kyf0g'taNccHrsm;ESifh

udkufnDatmif

ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk ûzwfy,fNcif;? NA[®P0g'rsm;[k pGyfpGJNcif;? ygVdawmfvufopfrsm;udk zefwD;Ncif;? ygVdawmfrSefudk ½kyf0g' teuft"dyÜm,fNzpfvmatmif qGJ,lteufay;Ncif;rsm; ûyvkyfMuNcif;om Nzpfayonf/ odkUNzpfí oH*g,em 6-wefwif ygVdawmfrsm;udk ûzwfy,f xkwfEkwfypfNcif;? vlaovlNzpf½kyf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vdkovdk qGJ,lteufay;Ncif;? ygVdvufopfrsm;udk wDxGifzefwD;Ncif; ûyvkyfí a[mMum;a&;om;Muaom OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ t,ltqrsm;onf oH*g,em 6-wefwif "r®0g'r[kwfrlí ax&0g'yd#uusrf;*efESifh qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om Nzpfayonf/ 8/

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlonfrS pí ,aeUtxd ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfrQ

wnf½Sdvmaom oH*g,em 6-wefwif Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ½kyf0g'D OD;Ouú| acgif;aqmifaom t,loD; bmoma&;aomif;usef;*dkPf;u ausmif;0dkif;twGif;ü

ûzwfxkwfowf

ygVdawmfrsm;udk

vkyfaeMuayonf/

ûzwfxkwfowfNyD;

a';'&J

Nr§yfESHxm;onfh

OD;OaZÆmwdu

ocsØKif;txdrf;trSwf

ausmufwdkifpdkufxlxm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ 9/

avmuaumif;usdK;tvdkUiSm bk&m;½Sifxm;&pfawmfrlcJhaom ygVdawmfrsm; ruG,fryap&ef

rdrdwdkU\ b0udk omoemodkUay;tyfNyD; pmayy&d,wfudk oifMum;ydkUcsaeaom wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmf t½SifNrwfwdkUtm; tm;rembJ

pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkol vlwpfpku wpfqdwfuav;rQ

&efolvdkNrifMuNyD;

EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü

olwdkUaMumifh

ykwfcwf½Iwfcs

a&;om;a[maNymaeMuoNzifh

pnf;½Hk;a&;ûydvJvsuf&SdaeNcif;onf ]]t&if;ppf

tNrpfaNru}} qdkouJhodkU ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkU\

ygVdawmf ûzwfxkwfowf

vrf;pOfaMumifhyif Nzpfayonf/ 10/

or®m'd|dokawoetrnfcH

ygVdawmfûzwfxkwfowf

vrf;pOfudk

wpf,loef

OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;wdkU\

usifhoHk;aeMuNcif;onf

Ak'¨bmomxJ0ifNyD;

aeNrifhav t½l;&ifhavNzpfvmNyD;

Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ onf;cHEdkifrI twdkif;twmudk ausmfvGefaponfh tqifhodkU a&mufaomtcg bk&m;½Sif\ omoemawmftwGif;ü tukodkvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmMurnf {uefNzpfonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

879

tpodkU 11/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) odkUNzpfaomaMumifh

rdrdwdkUxifvQif

yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk t"r®tMurf;zufí t"r®vrf;pOfudkomvQif

xifovdk

ûzwfxkwfowf

xlaxmifaeMuNcif;NzpfaMumif;

rxifvQif

rxifovdk

ax&0g'

ûyvkyfaeMuNcif;onf pifppf t,l0g' EdkifiHawmfoD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU

trSwf(2)

q&mawmfrsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; av;av;eufeuf qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

880

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,ESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)

1343-ck?

e,kefvNynfhausmf(13)&uf (30-6-81) aeUwGif þ

EdkifiHawmf

oD;Ncm;

0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU rdwD¬vmûrdU? "r®mp&d,ausmif;wdkufrS q&mawmfOD;pEd´rmESifhwuG apm'uq&mawmf av;yg;wdkUu vlaovlNzpf0g'D or®m'd|dokaooe0g'DESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'DwdkU a[maNym a&;om; NzefUa0aeMuaom pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmifpm½Guf trsdK;tpm;aygif; 34-rsdK;? ta&twGuf 67rsdK;wdkUudk

vnf;aumif;?

OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;tcsdKU

a[maNymxm;aom

wdwfacGrsm;teufrS

wdwfacG(11)rsdK;wdkUudk vnf;aumif;? oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyMuvsuf ,if;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;ü

yg½Sdaom xdkvlwpfpkwdkU\ a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;onf

rnDñGwf½HkrQru

oH*g,em

6-wefwif edum,fig;&yf

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh

yd#uwfoHk;yHkwdkUudk

ysufpD;atmif

rl&if;ygVdawmfrsm;udk zsufqD;Ncif;? teuftrSm;rsm;azmfxkwfNcif;? ygVdawmftwkrsm; zefwD;xnfhoGif;Ncif;? ygVdawmf tppftrSefrsm;udk xkwfy,fNcif;? Ak'¨ "r® oHCtay: ykwfcwfa0zefNcif;? Nyuf&,fûyNcif;? ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh tykwfcsNcif;? at;csrf;pGm usifhoHk;aexdkifMuaom

Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½SifvlwdkUtwGuf

tcsif;csif;txifrSm;

zefwD;Ncif;rsm;aMumifh

tNrifrSm;

Nzpfapvsuf

y#dyu©rsm;

NrefrmEdkifiH

Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;ü "r® t"r® tNiif;yGm;rIrsm;qdkif&m qdk;½Gm;pGmay:aygufvmcJh&aMumif;? Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfudk vufawGU vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuaom oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;aNrhNzpfapcJhaMumif;?

pmcspmoif

omoem0if

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtm;

wpfodef;ausmfwdkUtm; rausreyf

txl;NzpfapcJhaMumif; avQmufxm;wifoGif; cJhMuonf/ 2/ þ½Hk;awmfodkU

1341-ckESpf?

0gqdkvqef;(3)&uf

(4-7-81)aeUwGif

oufaocHtNzpf

wifNyxm;aom

xdkvlwpfpk\

wdwfacGwdkUü yg½Sdaom a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;udk xyfqifhapm'emMuonf/

apm'u

q&mawmfrsm;u

vuf&mNzpfaom

pmtkyfpmwrf;

yd#uusrf;*ef? tm*r,kwdå? obm0,kwdåwdkUNzifh

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

OD;Ouú|ESifh

taygif;ygwdkU\

omoemzsufvkyfief;Nzpfaom tqdkyg pmtkyfpmwrf; wdwfacGwdkUudk avhvmqef;ppf MunfhMu&mwGif bk&m;½Sifudk,fpm; xm;&pfaom odrfarGUeufeJaom

pmayy&d,wf usrf;*efrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifvsuf ½SdMuonfhtNyif

Ak'¨bmoma&;

oabmw&m;ESifh

rwefavmufatmifyif

yufyufpufpuf

a&;om;ykwfcwfcsufrsm; Nzpfaeonfudk awGU&aMumif;? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ¤if;\ aemufvdkufaemufyg ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkU\ a&;om;a[maNym xGif;xkxm;csufrsm;onf t"r®0g'omNzpfaMumif;? &efolrsm;onfvnf;

xdkt"r®0g'udk

t"r®0g'Drsm;yif

a&;om;a[maNymNzefUa0Muaom

NzpfaMumif;?

¤if;wdkU

a&;om;a[maNym

omoemhtwGif; xkwfa0xm;aom

pmtkyfpmwrf; ausmufpm ponfwdkUonfvnf; t"r®0g'udk azmfNyaomypönf;rsm;om NzpfaMumif;? odkUNzpfí

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

881

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;rsm;u xdk0g' xdkyk*d¾Kvf xdkypönf;rsm;udk t"r®0g'? t"r®0g'D? t"r®ypönf;rsm;tNzpf

"r®0de,ESifhtnD vnf;aumif;? 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm;

aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnDvnf;aumif; tqHk;tNzwfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef avQmufxm;wifoGif;cJhMuayonf/ 3/

azmfNyyg

apm'emcsufudk

EdkifiHawmf

oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU0if

awGU&í

þ½Hk;awmfu

þtrIudk

q&mawmfrsm;u

"r®apm'em ,xmblwapm'em

vufcHcJhayonf?

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyaom OD;Ouú|0g'qdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf; wdwfacGponfwdkUudk tao;pdwf zwf½Iem;axmif pdppfMunfh&m apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifNyavQmufxm;onfhtwdkif; (19)rsdK;omvQif pmay pdppfa&; ray:cifu yHkEdkyfxkwfa0cGifhNzifh Oya'abmiftwGif;rS xkwfa0aom pmtkyfpmwrf;Nzpfonfudk awGU&NyD; usef 48- rsdK;rSm Oya'rJh NzefUa0xm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 4/

þodkU

Oya'rJh

ûyvkyfaqmif½GufMuNcif;onf

vlU,Ofaus;rIwGif

txufwef;tusqHk;Nzpfaom Ak'¨bmom omoema&; w&m;"r®udpöü vHk;0 rvkyfoifh rvkyfxdkufaom tvkyfrsdK;Nzpfonf? þodkU rvkyfoifh rvkyfxdkufonfudk vkyfcJhMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmom

omoemESifh

rwefaomtvkyf

olawmfaumif;wdkU

rvkyfxdkufaom

tvkyfrsdK;udk

vkyfcJhMuolrsm;NzpfaMumif;? þodkU tpdk;&Oya'udkyif rxDav;pm;ûyvkyfolrsm;onf Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;udk ydkíyif r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHrIrsm; ûyvkyfMurnfholrsm; NzpfaMumif; oufaocH ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfowfí þ½Hk;awmfu aumufcsufcscJhayonf/ 5/

apm'uyk*d¾KvfwdkUu

t"r®0g'

oufaocHtNzpf

wdwfacGrsm;ESifh ywfowfí rlva&;om; a[maNymolrsm;

wifNyaom

pmtkyfpmwrf;

NzpfMuaom awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|ESSifh

or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rª; OD;udkudkav;wdkUonf uG,fvGefcJhMuNyD;Nzpfonf? oufaocHypönf; pm&if;yg

vlaovlNzpfpmtkyfESifh

ywfowfí

a&;ol

OD;Ouú|

touf½SdpOfu

*dkPf;aygif;pHk

"r®m0g'DoHCmawmfrsm;u pdppfí vlaovlNzpfpmtkyfyg a&;om;csufrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'r[kwf? Ak'¨"r®r[kwf? Ak'¨bmomESifh vHk;0 roufqdkif[lí qHk;NzwfawmfrlcJhMuonfudk ,ck oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u todtrSwfûyawmf

rlMuayonf?

xdkUNyif

bmomomoemudk

apmfum;onfhtwGuf

OD;Ouú|tm;

½Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdk cJhonfudkvnf; þ½Hk;awmfu aumif;pGm trSwfxm;vsuf &Sdayonf/ ,if;odkU Ak'¨0g'r[kwfaom vlaovlNzpf0g'udk a&;om;ol OD;Ouú|onf þ½Hk;awmfü t"du w&m;cHNzpf&ayrnf? odkUaomfvnf; 0g'onfom t"duudpöNzpfí ¤if;r½Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;\ 0g'udk þ½Hk;awmfu pdppfqHk;Nzwf&rnfomNzpfonf/ xdkUNyif OD;Ouú|0g'aemufodkU rsufpdrSdwfNyD; vdkufaeMuaom wynfhvufom; tcsKdUNzpfMuonfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ a&;om;a[maNymcsufrsm;onfvnf; onfykwfxJu onfyJqdkouJhodkU

OD;Ouú|0g'

aemufqufwGJrsm;(tEk0g'rsm;)NzpfMuoNzifh

xdktEk0g'wdkUudkvnf;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

882

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

wpfaygif;wnf; apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifNyonfhtwdkif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u pdppfqHk;NzwfMurnf Nzpfayonf/ 6/

þodkU vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'ESifh twkvdkuf tEk0g'wdkUudk oD;Ncm;0dedpä,½Hk;awmfodkU

wifí qHk;NzwfrJhudpöwGif OD;Ouú| *dkPf;om;rsm;bufrS wpfpHkwpf&m acsyaNymqdkvdkygu aNymqdkEdkifap&ef oabmxm;MuD;pGmxm;í tcGifhta&;ay;onfhtaeNzifh pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk þ½Hk;awmfu vufcHcJhayonf/ odkUNzpfí OD;Z0e(ae½Sife,f)? OD;Z0e(ig;qifh)? OD;OaZÆmwdu(a';'&J)? OD;qE´m"du(ewfrSD) ESifh ocifNrwfqdkif? OD;cif[ef(or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)? OD;a½TNynfwdkUonf pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm;tNzpfNzifh þ½Hk;awmfü aom"em acsyvTmwifoGif;Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk &½SdcJhMuayonf/ 7/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyaom pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmif

wdwfacG ponfwdkUESifhywfowfí pk'dwu&[ef; 4-yg;ESifh vl 3-OD;wdkUu rdrdwdkUESifh oufqdkifonfrsm;udk rdrdwdkU a[maNyma&;om; xkwfa0csufrsm;NzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfü 0efcHaNzmifhcsufay;cJhMuayonf? Oya'rJh xkwfa0cJhMuaom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;ESifhywfowfí Niif;uG,f&ef êud;pm;Muaomfvnf; opöm"r®pmapmif ponfwdkU\

twGif;pmom;rsm;ü

OD;Ouú|0g'

abmiftwGif;üom

a&;om;csufrsm;

NzpfNcif;?

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf wnf&mvdyfpm? tzGJUcsKyfodkU zdwfac:csuf? tzGJUcsKyfodkU vaMu;ESpfaMu;ay;&ef EId;aqmfcsuf ponfwdkUudk awGU½Sd&Ncif;wdkUaMumifh ¤if;wdkUESifh rywfouf[lí þ½Hk;awmfu r,lqEdkifay? odkUNzpfí

oufaocHypönf;tm;vHk;onf

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

apm'emonfhtwdkif;yif

oufaocHaNrmufaom ypönf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfu aumufcsufcstyfayonf/ 8/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom omrnapm'emESifh 0daoo apm'emESpf&yftay:

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u þodkU aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuonf/ (u)

OD;Ouú|onf

Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf?

or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyfrS

vlrsm;onf

½kyf0g'DwpfOD;omNzpfonf?

ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf?

½kyf0g'Drsm;omNzpfMuonf?

OD;a½TNynfhonfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf? ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;om Nzpfonf? þuJhodkU ½kyf0g'Drsm; a&;om;a[maNymaom

0g'onfvnf;

Ak'¨0g'ESifh

vHk;0qefUusifaom

t"r®0g'NzpfaMumif;udk apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu oufaocHpmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG taxmuftxm; taumiftxnfESifhwuG wifNycsufrsm;onf cdkifvHkonf/ (c)

apm'em trSwf(1) rS (21)txd apm'emcsufrsm;onfvnf; ,kwdåtm*robm0usí apm'ut*Fgig;NzmESifhtnD wifoGif;aom "r®apm'emom Nzpfonf/

(*)

apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu pk'dwuyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG ponfwdkUrS a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;udk

xkwfEkwfí

ygVdawmf

t|uxm?

#DumwdkUESifh

rnDñGwfaMumif; wifNycsufrsm;onfvnf; om"uaNrmufonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

883

tpodkU 9/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'uq&mawmfwdkU

pGJcsufwifaom

tcsuf(21)csufwdkUESifh

ywfowfí

pk'dwu(7)OD;xJu rnfolrqdk acsyaom"emEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk ½Hk;awmfu pk'dwursm;tm; tNynfht0 ay;tyfxm;ayonf? odkU&mwGif pk'dwu OD;OaZÆmwdu(a';'&J)? OD;Z0e(ae½Sife,f)? OD;Z0e(ig;qifh) oHk;yg;wdkUu vHk;0 acsyavQmufxm;Ncif; aom"emNcif; rûyMubJ apm'uq&mawmfrsm; apm'emxm;onfh twdkif;yif trSeftuefNzpfygaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfü 0efcHcJhMuonf? &cdkifNynfe,frS OD;a½TNynfonfvnf; acsyNcif;rûybJ wGJzuf pk'dwu wpfOD;Nzpfol ocifNrwfqdkiftm;vTJcJhayonf/ 10/

usefpk'dwu oHk;OD;wdkUonf 1343- ck? 0gqdkvqef;(7) &uf? (8-7-81)aeUwGif

½Hk;awmfu cGifhûyxm;onfhtwdkif; acsy aom"emvTmrsm;udk wifoGif;Muonf? (30-6-81) rS (8-781)txd acsycsuf Nyifqif&ef tcsdef(7)&uf &cJhMuonf? odkUaomf pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfoHk;OD;teuf OD;qE´m"duonf

apm'em trSwf

(5)(11)(14)(21)tm;Nzifh

apm'em(4)csufudkom

tenf;i,fpD

aNz&Sif;avQmufxm;onf? usefapm'em (17)csufudk OD;qE´m"du taeNzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkonfhtwdkif; 0efcHayonf/ 11/

pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifonf apm'em trSwf(8)(20)(21)wdkUudk vHk;0acsy aom"emNcif;

rûybJ? usef apm'emwdkUudkom tenf;i,fpD acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS OD;cif[efonf apm'em (2)(4)(7)(11)(12)(15)(18)(20)(21) [laom apm'em (9)rsdK;wdkUudk vHk;0 acsyNcif;

rûybJ apm'em(11)rsdK;udkom

acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf? racsyaom

apm'emrsm;onfvnf;

OD;Ouú|0g'eSifh oufqdkifaom apm'emrsm;omNzpfí rdrdwdkU\ r[morPMuD;\ vufcsufrsm;udk acsyEdkifaom tcGifhta&;½Sdygvsuf racsybJ xm;Ncif;tm;Nzifh 0efcH&m a&mufayonf/ 12/

pk'dwuwdkU\ acsyvTmrsm;udk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u avhvmoHk;oyfawmfrl&mwGif

þodkU awGU&ayonf/ OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsufonf rNzpfpavmuf t&mra&mufonfudk awGU&onf/ ¤if; udk;um;xm;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; apm'emcsufrsm;udk vIyfacsmufcsm;EdkifNcif; r½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ 13/

pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifonf ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;udkyif aumif;pGmrzwfwwf½Smol NzpfaMumif;

awGU&ayonf? ¤if;udk;um; avQmufxm;aom ygVdawmf NrefrmNyefrsm;udkvnf; aumif;pGm em;rvnfaMumif; awGU&ayonf? tusOf;csKH;azmfNy&müvnf; t"dyÜm,frrSefuefaMumif; awGU&onf? ygVdawmf yk'fa&rsm;vQif NyD;pwrf;qdkNyD;

0g'NzefU

taetxm;rsdK;Nzifh

apm'emESifh

roufqdkifaom

NrefrmNyefrsm;udk

udk;um;avQmufxm;onfudkvnf; awGU&ayonf/ 14/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS

wifoGif;aom

acsy

aom"emvTmudk

oHk;oyf&mwGif

tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&onf? yxrtcsufrSm þoD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fcHk;½Hkudk 0g'NzefUpifNrifhtNzpf toHk;cs&ef &nf½G,fcsufNzifh

apm'emrIrsm;ESifh

vHk;0

roufqdkifaom

taMumif;t&mwdkUudk

xnfhoGif;

a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf? Oyrm olwdkUtm; EIwfNzifh ac:,lqHk;rvdkufvQif NyD;Edkifygvsuf oD;Ncm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

884

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0dedpä,zGJUay;NyD; wdkif;odNynfod ppfaq;&aumif;vm;[k EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJUtay: tNypfyHkcsí a&;om;rI? ¤if;wdkU\q&m(oraPm*½k)Nzpfaom OD;Ouú|tm; csD;usL;cef;zGifhí tom;vGwf csD;usL;0g'NzefU a&;om;rIrsdK;Nzpfonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm apm'emcsufudk acsy&mü acsy&m ra&mufaom pum;yHkrsm; yg½SdNcif;Nzpfonf? wwd,tcsufrSm apm'emcsufudk acsyaom pum;&yfrsm; Nzpfonf? txufyg oHk;&yfwdkUwGif EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJUtm; tNypfwifrI? OD;Ouú|tm; tqrwefcsD;rGrf;rIrsKd;udk ½Hk;awmfodkU

zwfMum;wifoGif;cGifh

roufqdkifonfh

pum;ydkrsm;udk

vHk;0rûybJ zwfvdku

y,fcscJhonf? zwfEdkifaMumif;?

'kwd,tcsufNzpfaom

apm'emESifh

odkUaomf

0dedpä,udpöü

½Hk;awmfu

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rnf r[kwfaMumif; owday;csufNzifh zwfavQmufcGifhûycJhonf/ 15/ vdktyfaom

pk'dwu

ocifNrwfqdkiftaeNzifh

tcsufrsm;udk

½Hk;awmfodkU acsyvTm

pdppfar;Nref;cJhonf?

wifoGif;&mwGif ½Hk;awmfu

ocifNrwfqdkifu ]avmuork',Oö twd¬

avmueda&m"Oöewdå} [laomygVdonf ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf upömea*gwåokwf pmrsufESm-242 ü trSefwu,f

yg½SdaMumif; tcdkiftrm

ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVd

avQmufxm;oNzifh

w&m;cGifüyif

ocifNrwfqdkiftm;

xdkygVdudk

½Smcdkif;cJh&m

ocifNrwfqdkifonf

pmtkyfudkay;NyD;

rdrdudk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrd tultnD vlrsm;ESifh twlvnf;aumif; tNyefNyef tvSefvSef ½SmMuaomfvnf; rawGUbJ Nzpfaeonf? ½Hk;awmfu ar;&mwGifvnf; xkdygVdonf ygVdawmfpmtkyfrsm;ü yg½Sdonfr[kwfygaMumif;? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; a½SUarSmufü 0efcHavQmufoGm;cJhonfudk þ½Hk;awmfu rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf? xdkUNyifvnf; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u ar;Nref;oNzifh rdrdygVdusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; rwwfygaMumif;?

yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf;

avhvmzwf½Izl;ygaMumif;?

OD;Ouú|rSwpfyg;

rESHUpyfygaMumif;? EdkifiHawmfü

OD;Ouú|

xif½Sm;ausmfMum;aom

pmayrsm;udkom pmwwfay

wwfolawmfaumif; q&mawmfMuD;rsm;udkvnf; rqnf;uyfzl;ygaMumif; aNymqdkaNzMum;onfwdkUudkvnf; ½Hk;awmfu rSwfom;xm;cJhayonf/ 16/

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf(A[dk)rS Ouú| OD;cif[efwpfOD;udkom pk'dwu pm&if;xJ

xnfhxm;aomfvnf; acsyvTmwif&mü

OD;Nr'if? OD;NrifhaqG? OD;ausmfxif? OD;ÚmPfodkif;? OD;pdefat;?

OD;vGef;armif qdkolwdkUu yg0if vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf? ¤if;wdkU\ acsyvTmü rdrdwdkUonf ygVdbmompmay usrf;*efudk vHk;0 rwwfrodMuaMumif; yxrMuD; yxrausmf "r®mp&d, yk*d¾Kvfrsm; oif,l&onfh

yd#uwfawmf\

usrf;wpfpHkwpf&mudkrQ tbd"mefusrf;?

roifMum; tvuFmusrf;?

taNccHNzpfaom

o'´g?

ravhvmzl;MuaMumif;? qef;usrf;wdkU\

oû*Ø[f?

tvuFm?

tbd"r®mpaom o'´gusrf;?

roDruyfEdkifMuaMumif;

0efcHavQmufxm;Muonfudk awGU&ayonf? odkUaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkUacsyvTmü ]yuma&e ÚmaPm} paom ygVdysufygVdtwkrsKd;Nzifh 0Hh0Hhpm;pm; wifNyavQmufxm;onfudk awGU&onf? ½Hk;awmfu ar;Nref;oNzifh ¤if;wdkUvlpkonf ygVdbmom ygVdusrf;*efrsm;udk rwwfrod½HkrQru t*FvdyfbmomNzifh a&;om;xm;aom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

885

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udkyif udk,fwdkif rzwfr½Izl;MuaMumif; 0efcHxGufqdkxm;Muonfudk ½Hk;awmfu

rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhayonf?

xdkUNyif

awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|rS

wpfyg;

NrefrmEdkifiHü

xif½Sm;ausmfMum;aom pmwwfaywwf y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk rnfonfhq&maumif;orm;aumif;udkrQ rqnf;uyfcJhMuzl;aMumif; xGufqdkcsufudkvnf; ½Hk;awmfu rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhayonf/ 17/

þuJhodkU 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u

pk'dwuyk*d¾KvfwdkU\

tûytrl taNymtqdk

twiftNywdkUtay: tav;teuf oHk;oyfí atmufygtwdkif; aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuonf/ (u)

bmoma&;aomif;usef;ol

acgif;aqmifNzpfaom

OD;Ouú|onf

i,fpOfu

rnfodkU

NzpfcJhonfqdkap? ¤if;onf Ak'¨ yd#uwfusrf;*efpmayrsm;ESifh bk&m;&[EÅm t|uxmq&m #Dumq&mwdkUxuf EdkifiHNcm;om; vlrsKd;Ncm;bmomNcm; pma&;q&mwdkUESifh

¤if;wdkU\

pmayudk ydkí txifMuD;olNzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (c)

OD;Ouú| a&;om;aNymqdkcsufrsm;t& OD;Ouú|onf ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum yd#uwf usrf;pmwdkUudk aumif;pGmrwwfaMumif; ESHUpyfrIvnf; r½SdaMumif; awGU&onf/

(*)

OD;Ouú|onf

[kwfonf

Nzpfap

r[kwfonfNzpfap

wm0efrJh

aNymvG,fqdkvG,f

ûyvkyfvG,fol Nzpf\? olawmfaumif;wdkUü ½Sd&rnfh vZDÆ*kPf uif;rJhol NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (C)

OD;Ouú|onf p? o? C? Z? u -[laom yom' ½kyfig;yg;(0g) rsufNrif? em;Mum;? ESmacgif;eH? vsmvsuf? udk,ftawGUtxd -[laom ½kyfw&m;ig;rsKd;udkomvQif vufcHNyD; raem0dnmPfemrfudk ypfy,faom ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/

(i)

þuJhodkU yom'½kyf ig;yg;udkom pOf;pm;awG;ac:rI qifNcifoHk;oyfrIudk taNccHxm;NyD; ½kyfonf t½Sdw&m; edpöw&m;? emrfonf ½kyfrS Nzpfvmaom tNzpfw&m; tedpöw&m;[k ,loNzifh NA[®Zmvokwfü NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom rdpäm'd|d 62-yg;rsdK;wdkUwGif wpfrsdK; tygt0ifNzpfonfh {upöoów'd|d(tcsKdUNrJonftcsKdUrNrJ)[k ,laom rdpäm'd|d t,l½Sdol NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/

(p)

OD;Ouú|onf

'g0if0g'taNccHNzifh

vlaovlNzpf0g'udk

xlaxmifcJhonf?

Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh udkufnDatmif ûyNyif&ef tMuHMuD;MuHcJhonf? wpfzufu ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh rudkufnDaom twdwfb0? tem*wfb0? wefcdk;tbdnmPf ponfwdkUudk udk,fwdkif wGifwGifMuD; a0zefykwfcwfNyD; wynfhawGarG;í wb0pm (½kyf0g') omoemNyefUyGm;a&;udk qufvufvkyfapcJhonf? pifppf OD;Ouú|onf acwfa[mif;vlwdkU ypfy,fcJhaom ru©vda*gomvponfh wdwd¬q&mMuD; 6-OD;wdkU\ rdpäm0g'udk a&musKdNyD; Nyefvnfazmfxkwf&ef êud;pm;olom NzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

886

tpodkU (q)

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf

¤if;wdkU\

a&;om;aNyma[mcsuf taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ½kyfudk t&Sdw&m; edpöw&m;? raem0dnmPf emrfudkrlum; ½kyf\*kPfrQomNzpfaom tNzpfw&m; tedpöw&m;[k qufvufcH,laMumif; okawoetzGJUrS

awGU&onf?

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf

OD;Ouú|enf;wl

xkdUaMumifh

ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

NA[®Zmvokwfü

NrwfpGmbk&m;

or®m'd|d

a[mxm;aom

{upöoów rdpäm'd|dt,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (Z)

ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf uH-uH\

tusKd;?

twdwfb0? tem*wfb0 aumif;rGefpGmusifhaom orPNA[®Pr½Sd[k ,laom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh NrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufu tZdwauourÁv wdwd¬wuúwGef; ,laom t,lrsm;udk qufvufí ,lolrsm; NzpfNcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkU\ q&mOD;Ouú|uJhodkUyif ewd¬u'd|d? tud&d,'d|d? ta[wku'd|d t,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (ps)

OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG

wynfhaemufvdkufrsm;

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS t,l&Sdaom

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf

NzpfMuaom qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;

½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

wdw¬dMuD;rsm;uJhodkU

ew¬du'd|d?

NzpfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;

tud&d,'d|d?

ocifNrwfqdkifESifh {upöoów

rdpäm'd|d

tZdwauourÁv

paom

ta[wku'd|d

rdrdwdkU\½kyf0g'tNrifESifh

t,l½Sdolrsm;

qefUusifbufNzpfaeaom

yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk NA[®P0g' ponfNzifh pGyfpGJNcif;? bk&m;ra[monfudk ta[m? bk&m;a[monfudk ra[m[k vDq,fNcif;? teufrSm;rsm;ay;NyD; ygVdtwkrsm;udkxnfhvsuf ygVdtppftrSefrsm;udk ykwfcwfNcif;?

ûzwfNcif;?

bk&m;a[m

ygVdawmfudk

ygVdawmf

axmufcHzGifhNyaom

t|uxmrsm;udk

xdef;odrf;í

omoem

oefU½Sif;wnfwhHNyefUyGm;atmif ûyvkyfaeaom oHCmawmfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukefwdkufcdkufNcif; ponfwdkUudk ûyvkyfNcif; NzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/ (n)

pk'dwursm;NzpfMuaom qefUusifaom

OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG

t,l½Sdolrsm;yDyD trSefw&m;ESifh

taygif;ygwdkUonf

omoemawmfESifh

qefUusifaom

vlaovlNzpf0g'ukd

xlaxmifNcif;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xkdvlaovlNzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;&eftwGuf 31bHkudk y,f½Sm;Muonf? ,if;odkU y,f&mü rdrdwdkU ,HkMunfcsuftaeNzifh ½dk;½dk;om;om; y,f½Sm;Ncif;rûyMubJ Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m; 31-bHkudk vufrcHaMumif; ponfNzifh ½dk;om;aom Ak'¨bmom0if

olawmfpifwdkU todÚmPfudk

½IyfaxG;apvsuf

NrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü

ouf0if,HkMunfMuolrsm;tm; pdwfrcsrf;romNzpfapcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ (#)

OD;Ouú|wdkUonf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh uH? uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,fNcif;? Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g'Nzpfoa,mif

Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef

bmomNcm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

887

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlrsdK;Ncm;wdkU\ w&m;vGefa0zefrIrsm;udk tm;,lí Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;ü taNctae ½IyfaxG;atmif zefwD;olrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/

(X)

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk xdefcsefvsuf rrSefaom tudk;tum;rsm;Nzifh NrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwfMuNcif;tm;Nzifh OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ocifNrwfqdkif?

or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf

trsm;\

,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk

xdyg;apmfum;aMumif; awGU&onf/ (!)

OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwwdkUonf Ak'¨omoemawmf twGif;ü at;Nidrf;csrf;ompGm 0dyóemw&m; êud;pm;tm;xkwfaeMuaomolwdkUtm;

trsKd;rsKd;

Nyuf&,faNymifavSmifûyNcif;tm;Nzifh

&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (¡)

OD;Ouú|onf

¤if;\

a&;om;aNyma[mcsufrsm;t&

bk&m;½SifynwfawmfrlcJhaom

½Sifaumif;wdkUtm;

yufyufpufpuf

a0zefykwfcwfNcif;ûycJhonf?

OD;Ouú|onf t&[wå"Z ouFef;awmfudk 0wfqifxm;ygvsuf ouFef;0wf&[ef;awmfrsm; vdkufemusifhMuH&rnfh

rusifhoHk;onfhtwGuf

ta,mifaqmif omoemzsufwpfOD;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xdkodkU ouFef;awmf ta&ûcHNyD; ouFef;\ tcGifhta&;udk cH,laeNcif;onf yg&mZduusNyD;ygvsuf &[ef;[k 0efcHum Ak'¨bmom 'g,um'g,umrrsm; tay: vdrfvnfvSnfhNzm;í rw&m;tcGifhta&;udk &,laeaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uJhodkU NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ (P)

ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS

yk*d¾KvfwdkUonf

OD;Ouú|ESifh

taygif;ygrsm; MuH&mygrsm; Nzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ¤if;wdkU\ a&;om;aNyma[mcsufrsm;t& Ak'¨Oygoumrsm;

(Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;)

r[kwfaMumif;xif½Sm;onf/

odkUNzpfygvsuf

Ak'¨bmom0if ta,mifaqmifí omoemawmfudk zsufaeolrsm; NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ (w)

pk'dwursm;NzpfMuaom or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf ]]pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sm um,}} wdkUNzifh Nrifç Mum;ç eHç vQufç xdawGUorQwdkUudk tcgrvyf tNrJwrf;toifh&Sdol or®m'd|dokawoD(0g) wdkuf½dkuf

t,lrSef

rNriftyfaom

wdkuf½dkufxdawGUír&aom

½SmazGaeol

em;ESifhqwfqwf

½lyg½Hk

½Sdygonf[laom ,HkMunfrIrsKd;udk a0zefoHk;oyf&mü

tNrifrSefudk

o'´g½HkwdkUudk

vlom;Nzpfí rdrdrsufpdNzifh rMum;&aom

udk,fESifh

wu,ft[kwf aNrMuD;vuf0g;ykwf

qefUusifonf? ypfy,fonf? yOöm½Hk

rdrd\ 0DrHo 0dpm&PÚmPfudk tNynfht0

vufawGUudk

toHk;csolNzpfaMumif;

aMuG;aMumfxm;onfudk awGU&onfh tm;avsmfpGm ¤if;wdkUonf yOöyom' yOöm½Hk ½kyftawGU ½kyftNrifrsm;udkom qkyfudkifxm;MuNyD;?

Nyóemwdkif;ü

½kyftay:üom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

rlwnfí

888

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pOf;pm;olrsm;NzpfaomaMumifh

NrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu

r[mbkwf½kyfw&m;udkom

trSefw&m; tNzpf vufcHaom tZdwauourÁvuJhodkU Ak'¨omoemESifh qefUusifaom t,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (x) or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf

w&m;ruyf

w&m;rwwfaomfvnf;

pum;wwfrsm;

NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? ¤if;wdkUaNymaom pum;rsm;udk

qefUusifbuf teuf,lrS

rSefuefaMumif;

tcsif;csif; udk,fhtNrifESifh

awGU&onf?

Ak'¨udk

Munfñdkol

udk,faecJhMuonf[k olwdkUaNymaomfvnf; vufawGUtm;Nzifhrl udk,fhtNrifESifhudk,fraebJ tNcm;olrsm;\ tNrifudk apmfum;cJhMuonf? ]]½SifOuú|0g' r½Sd? or®m'd|dokawoe0g' r½Sd? olwdkUaNymorQonf

Ak'¨0g'om

NzpfaMumif;}}

aNymNcif;tm;Nzifh

Ak'¨udk

pGyfpGJ&ma&mufaMumif; awGU&onf? olwdkUonf rnfonfhpmayrQrwwf? bmoma&;udk avhvmcsdefvnf; rsm;rsm;r&[k qdkygvsuf OD;Ouú| a[maNymcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨NrwfpGm\ a'oemawmfESifh nDñGwfonf[k Mum;0ifqHk;Nzwf axmufcHaeonfudk awGU&onf? tvGef,kwdårJhaom

pum;Nzpfayonf? vlaovlNzpfonf

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\

tbd"r®mr[kwf[k

a½Smifvdkaomfvnf;

q&mOD;Ouú|udkrl

axmufcHqnf;uyfudk;uG,fNcif;udk

vlaovlNzpf

axmuf½INcif;tm;Nzifh

vHk;0

vlaovlNzpfonfvnf;

or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUtwGuf tusKH;0ifNyD;NzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf? uG,fvGefol OD;udkudkav;ESifh

¤if;wdkU

oufqdkifNcif;

vkyfMuaomfvnf;

r½Sdav[ef

OD;udkudkav;onf

]]xrif;a&ylvm

vQmvTJ}}

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\

twGif;a&;rª;csKyfNzpfcJhí ¤if;wdkUtzGJUtaeNzifh rnfodkUrQ a½SmifvTJí r&aMumif; awGU&onf? bmom0if

tcsif;csif;

wdkufcdkuf&ef

pGyfpGJykwfcwf&ef

ESvHk;oGif;r½Sdyg[k

vlMum;aumif;atmif aNymaompum;onf ,kwf,kwfrmrm qJa&;NyD;rS qJcsifír[kwfyg qdkouJhodkU Nzpfaeayonf/ (')

pk'dwu

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUu

¤if;wdkU

w&m;½SmonfrSm

"r®

t"r®

tNiif;yGm;&efr[kwf

½SmNcif;Nzpfonf

[laompum;onf

aNymif;Nyefem;vnf&rnfh

pum;omNzpfonf?

½dk;½dk;om;om;

w&m;½Smaeolrsm;onf

rnfolrQ

0dedpä,½Hk;awmfodkU

ra&mufMuacs?

wdkif;odNynfod

bk&m;udkykwfcwf?

yd#uwfawmfudk apmfum;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf? Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ tpOftvm "avhwdkUudk

Nyuf&,faNymifavSmifûyvkyfcJhol?

w&m;½SmaeMuygonf[laom

pum;onf

ûyvkyfaeolwdkUu qifaoudk

at;Nidrf;pGm

qdwfa&ESifh

zHk;ouJhodkU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

889

omNzpfacsonf/

tpodkU (")

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoDwdkUonf "r®pMum? tewåvu©P? y#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;awmfudk taNccHxm;onf[k

wpmpm

aMuG;aMumfMuaomfvnf;

¤if;wdkU\

y#dpöorkyÜg'fwdkUonf

¤if;wdkU\"r®pMumç Ak'¨NrwfpGm\

"r®pMum

tewåvu©P y#dpöorkyÜg'fwdkU r[kwfbJ ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh wDxGifvSnfhpm;xm;aom OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum tewåvu©P y#dpöorkyÜg'frsm;om NzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ (e)

pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf auorkwdåokwåefudk tm;udk; wpfckûyNyD; auorkwdåokwåefu ay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;t& a0zefwifNyMuoa,mif [efaqmifMuonf?

odkU&mwGif

¤if;wdkUonf

xdkauorkwdåokwåefudkyifvQif

qefUusifbufûyolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf auorkwdåokwåefü ]rmoraPm aem *½k = igwdkU\ q&m t½Sif&[ef;pum; [lívnf; r,lukefvifhOD;} [k qdkxm;&m þtcsufudk rvdkufembJ ¤if;wdkU\ q&mawmf

½SifOuú|udk ¤if;wdkU\

wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&m q&mtNzpf wifaNrSmufvsuf OD;Ouú| a[maom aNymaom ygVdawmfrS

trSef?

a[mMum;aom

tNcm;aom

yd#uwfoHk;yHkaqmif

ygVdawmfonfyifvQif

aeMuaomaMumifh

Nzpfonf?

a0zefqef;ppf

Munfh½Iwwfaom

rrSef[k

wdyd#u"& wpf,loef

auorkwdåokwåefudk

q&mawmfrsm; a&;om;aNyma[m

tumtuG,f,laeaomfvnf;

ynm½Sifrsm;tNrifü

¤if;wdkU\

r½dk;om;rIonf

bGm;bGm;MuD;ay:vsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ (y)

NrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0dbZÆ0g'Nzpfí ¤if;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh a0zefcsufrsm;udk w&m;onf [k aNymvdkMuaomfvnf; oAÁñkwÚmPfr&Sdç tbd"r®m bk&m;a[mr[kwfç 31-bHk r&Sdç uH uH\ tusdK; wefcdk; tbdÚmPf r½Sd [k aNymNcif;rsm;onf 0dbZÆ0g' r[kwfbJ Ak'¨omoem zsufqD;a&;0g'om NzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;avonf/

(z)

tm;vHk;udk ûcHí tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyf&aomf OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'D? ocifNrwfqdkifonf ½kyf0g'D? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifwdkUonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;omNzpfaMumif;? ½kyf0g'udkom wpf,loef t,lonf; vufcHxm;olrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh rnfonfhbmomrQr½Sdaom bmomrJhrsm;omNzpfaMumif;?

þodkU

bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuygvsuf rdrdwdkU0g'udk

Ak'¨bmomESifh vGwfvGwfuif;uif; xlkaxmifNcif; rûybJ Ak'¨bmom omoemESSifh 0ifíyl;um twGif;rS 0ifí zsufaeolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? OD;Ouú|onf i,fpOfu ½Sif&[ef;NzpfcJhaomfvnf;

½kyf0g'udk

ul;aNymif;oGm;aomtcgü

toGifraNymif;bJ

vufcHí bk&m;ta&udk

Ak'¨0g'rS

½kyf0g'odkU

qufvufûcHxm;aom

ta&ûcHom NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf? ]]aus;Zl;awmf½Sif q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; ½SifOuú|\ wynfhom;yDopGm}} [k pk'dwuwdkUu qdkonfhtwdkif; OD;Ouú|\ wynfhyDovSaom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

890

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ocifNrwfqdkifESifh

or®m'd|dA[dktzGJUrS

bmomrJh

½kyf0g'Drsm;onfvnf;

bmoma&;

ta&ûcHrsm;om NzpfaMumif;? bmoma&;udk ta&ûcHNyD; twGif;u0ifí zsufaeolrsm; "r®EÅ&m,fppfppfrsm;om NzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ 18/

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨omoemawmftwGuf

aoa&;½Sifa&;wrQ ta&;MuD;aom udpöNzpfí vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; apm'u yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\

wifNyavQmufxm;csufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?

xdk

OD;Ouú|ESifh

aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;\

vnf;aumif;?

vuf&mrsm;udk

wifNycsufrsm;tNyif

awmifwGif;MuD;

w&m;cGifü

pk'dwuwdkU

wifNycsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? yd#uoHk;yHk ygVd t|uxm #Dum wdkUudk vnf;aumif; av;vcefU tcsdef,lí aeUrem; nrem; us,fus,fNyefUNyefU ½IaxmifhpHkpHk qifNcifoHk;oyfonfhtwdkif; txufyg aumufcsufrsm;udk csrSwf&½SdcJhNcif;Nzpfayonf/

omoemh twGif;&efolrsm;aMumifh omoemtusKd;,kwfyHkrsm; 1/

omoemawmfESpf(218)ESpfwGif

tbdodufcH,laom

yg#vdykwfNynfh½Sif taomubk&if

eef;rwufrDESifh eef;wufp umvwdkUü Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;odkU omoemhta&ûcHum rdpäm'd|dt,l½Sdaom wdwd¬wdkU 0ifa&mufcdkatmif;cJhayonf? xdkouFef;0wfwdwd¬wdkUonf rdrdwdkU\ rdpäm0g'rsm;udk NzefUNzL;&mü Ak'¨ NrwfpGmbk&m;udk A[dkr@dKifxm;í pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf? wufwufMuGMuG

olwdkU0g'rSom bk&m;a[m0g' tppftrSefNzpfaMumif; tvkt,uf

xdkqefUusifbufyk*d¾KvfwdkUonf

vIyf½Sm;aqmif½GufcJhMuoNzifh

ol,kwfrm

ae&mwumwGif

tûytrl

trsdK;rsdK;Nzifh

olwdkUu

pD;rdvmMuonf?

oHCmhudpörsm;udkomru taomurif;rSwpfyg; tmPm½Sd rª;rwfrsm;udkyif olwdkUtm; axmufcHolrsm; tNzpf pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhMuavonf/ 2/

ax&0g' Ak'¨omoem trSefudk vdkufem usifhoHk;Muaom ½Sifaumif;&[ef;aumif;rsm;onf

olwdkUudk r,SOfEdkifbJ ae&mwdkif;wGif olawmfaumif;yDyD a½SmifvTJaecJhMu&onf? odkUNzpfí OykofuHudpörsm;udk ouFef;0wf wdwd¬rsm; wpfOD;pD ûyvkyfMuaomtcg &[ef;aumif;rsm;u Ak'¨g0g'rS

wpfyg;aom

t,l½Sdolrsm;ESifh twlwuG OykofrûyEdkifaomaMumifh a½Smifz,faecJhMuonf? þuJhodkU &[ef;wkrsm;ESifhtwl OykofrûyMuonfhtwGuf 7-ESpfwdkifwdkif oHCnDñGwfa&; ysufNym;vsuf ½SdcJhonf/ 3/

taomurif;MuD;onf pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI½Sdap&ef EdkifiHa&;tNrifNzifh MunfhNyD; &[ef;tm;vHk;

wnDwñGwfwnf; Oykofûyap&eftwGuf trwfwpfOD;tm; wm0efay;apcdkif;cJhavonf? xdktrwfonf wdwd¬wdkU\ bufom;NzpfoNzifh Oykofrûyaom bk&m;½Sif om;awmfppf oHCmawmf taNrmuftNrm;udk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif

owfNzwfcJhavonf?

uHtm;avsmfpGm

olawmfaumif;

oHCmrsm;xJwGif

taomurif;MuD;\

nDawmfwdóonf

&[ef;b0Nzifh

yg0ifvsuf

½SdaeaomaMumifh

xdktrwfrdkuf\ &ufpufyGJMuD;udk [efUwm;EdkifcJhavonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

891

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

þuJhodkU

pGef;xif;ay:cJh&NyD;umrS

omoemhordkif;wGif

aMuuGJ0rf;enf;zG,f

aumif;aom

trJuGufMuD;

taomurif;MuD;onf Ak'¨ omoemtrSefudk a[maNymEdkifrnfh q&maumif;udk

½SmazG&mwGif ½Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fudk

awGUí rax&fxHrS

Ak'¨omoemtrSefudk oif,lNyD;

ouFef;0wf wdwd¬wdkUudk ½Sif;vif;okwfoifEdkifcJhavonf/ 5/

txufyg tNzpftysufudk oHk;oyfMunfhonf½Sdaomf Ak'¨omoemrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom

t,l½Sdolrsm;rSm omoemawmfwGif;odkU acgif;NrD;ûcH 0ifa&mufNyD; twGif;uaeí zsufqD;onfhtcsufudk awGUMu&ayonf? þodkU rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkifu 0g'wpfyg;½Sdaeolrsm;Nzpfygvsuf rdrdwdkU0g'omvQif Ak'¨0g'NzpfaMumif;

0ifa&mufNiif;ckefwdkufcdkufNcif;onf

]a,m

a[mwd

0d0ga'g

A[kZem[dwm,

a[mMum;awmf rlonfESifhtnD

&[ef;½SifvlNynfoltrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rJhrI?

þodkUomoemawmfxJ0ifNyD;

omoemhta&ûcHum

bk&m;a[mw&m;awmf

"r®udk

bk&m;a[mr[kwf t"r® [k vnf;aumif;? bk&m; ra[maom ygVdteuftwkrsm;udk bk&m;a[maom "r® [lí vnf;aumif; Niif;ckefaNymqdkMuaom yk*d¾KvfwdkUonf 0de,ypöwd¬u = 0denf; omoemawmfNrwf\ qefUusifbuf &efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf? okwåEÅ ypöwd¬u = okwåef omoemawmfNrwf\ qefUusifbuf &efolrsm;om

NzpfMuonf?

tbd"r®m

ypöwd¬u

tbd"r®momoemawmfNrwf\

qefUusifbuf

bk&m;a[mr[kwf[lí

qefUusifbuf

&efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf/ 7/

tbd"r®m

a'oemawmfNrwfudk

pGyfpGJaNymqdkMuolwdkUonf ]tbd"r®H y#dAma[aEÅm £ro®ð Zde pauú y[m&H a'wd} [k t|uxmvDed t|uxm

ESm-30ü

rdefUrSmawmfrlonfESifhtnD bk&m;½Sif\

omoemawmfNrwfudk

xdyg;ykwfcwf

apmfum;olrsm;yif NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]oAÁñkwÚmPH y#dAm[wd} [lonfESifhtnD NrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwa½TÚmPfawmfudkyif wm;Nrpfydwfyifolrsm; NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]aomwkumrH y&doH 0doH0g a'wd} [lonfESifhtnD oHo&mrS xGufaNrmuf&ef taMumif;Nzpfaom ed,smedu bk&m;omoemawmftrSefudk avhvmoif,lusifhMuHolwdkUtm;

avhvmoif,l

usifhMuHvdkpdwf

r½Sdatmif

zefwD;Muaom

omoemzsufyk*d¾Kvfrsm;yif NzpfMuonf/ 8/

xdkuJhodkU

Ak'¨0g'rS

aoGznfaom

rdrdwdkU0g'

vufudkifwpfckckNzifh

Ak'¨omoemudk

0ifa&mufzsufqD;olrsm;onf ]'kyÜ#dyaEém [d omoeH bdE´aEÅm ow¬K "r®o&Da& y[m&H a'wd} [k O'gef;t|uxm?

ESm-87ü

rdefUqdkonfhtwdkif;

Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif\

udk,fum,awmfudkyif

½dkufESufykwfcwfxdk;ckwfolrsm; Nzpfayonf/ t"r®?

þodkU omoemh ta&ûcHum omoemawmftwGif;0ifí taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;Nyum "r®udk

t"r®

udk

"r®? bk&m;ra[monfudk

ta[m?

bk&m;a[monfudk

ra[m

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

ponfNzifh

892

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0ifa&mufyl;owfNyD; 0d0g'gt"d u½kPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif zefwD;rIonf wdkwdkESifh rNidrf;at;ygvQif aeNrifhav t½l;&ifhav

qkdbdouJhodkU

Ak'¨omoemtwGif;0,f

&[ef;½Sifvlrsm;xJü

omoe"r®tay:

txifrSm;tNrifrSm;rIrsm; NzpfvmNyD; omoemawmfESifh ywfowfí tNiif;yGm;rIrsm; y#dyu© NzpfrIrsm; ydkí MuD;xGm;vmedkifyHkudk 0drwd0daem'eD #Dumq&mu êudwif owday;xm;cJhavonf/ 10/

NrefrmEdkifiHawmfü omoem

tHhzG,fo&J

tm*HkaqmifEdkifaom

ausmfMum;avmufatmif

2500-acwfwGif q|oH*g,emwifNcif;?

omoemhtmZmenfrsm;

ay:xGef;Ncif;?

&[ef;aumif;rsm;

yd#uoHk;yHkudk t&d,m&[EÅm[k

ay:xGef;Ncif;wdkUaMumifh

Ak'¨omoemawmf\ taNconf wdk;wufvmonf[k wpfzufwGif qdk&ef½Sdonf/ 11/

odkU&mwGif tumif;½SdvQif tqdk;½Sdaom avmu"r®wmtwdkif; tNcm;wpfzufwGifvnf;

Ak'¨omoemawmftrSefudk zsufvdkzsufqD;ûyvkyfMuaom tEÅ&m,fqdk;onfvnf; ,ckomoemESpf 2500acwfwGif

ododomom

ay:aygufcJhavonf?

þodkU

ay:aygufvmaom

"r®EÅ&m,frsm;teuf

awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú| acgif;aqmifaom omoemhta&ûcH ½kyf0g'*dkPf;\ xdk;ESufcsufrSm omoemawmftm; rsm;pGmyif

txdemapcJhonf?

awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|onf

i,fpOfu

½Sif&[ef;NzpfcJhaomfvnf;

yifudk,fp½dkuftm;Nzifh omoemawmftay: o'¨gw&m; tvGefenf;NyD; t,lonf; acgif;rmolNzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm ygVd

t|uxm #Dum yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; ,xmblwusatmif rwwfrod

rusifhrMuH tvGefnHhaom udk,fcHNzifh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkU\ ppfaMumif;wpf&yfNzpfaom omoemzsuf pmayppfaMumif;ESifh tawGUwGif vHk;0usqHk;oGm;NyD; urÇmtESHU t½Sdeft[kefNyif;pGm xdk;ESufvmaom ½kyf0g'\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk vHk;0cHoGm;&½Smol Nzpfonf? odkUNzpfí q&mpOfquf usifhoHk;cJhaom Ak'¨omoemh0g'trSefudk awmfvSefNyD; ½kyf0g'odkU ul;aNymif;um omoemhtwGif;&efol NzpfvmcJhayonf/ 12/

þodkU omoemhta&ûcH ouFef;0wf OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh edum,fig;&yf

yd#uoHk;yHkrsm;udk &p&mr&Sdatmif a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? Ak'¨0g'ESifhvHk;0 qefUusifaom vlaovlNzpf0g'udk a&;om;vmNcif;? Ak'¨ "r® Ak'¨ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? omoemapmifh r[max&frsm; ausmufxD;wEÅK

tav;ûytyfaom

oHCmawmftm;vHk;udk

odrf;usKH;ykwfcwfvmNcif;

ponfwdkUudk

ol\pl;½Saom uavmifoGm; aumufuspfpOf;vJaom 0uFEÅÚmPfwdkUNzifh tqufrNywfûyvkyfcJhayonf/ xdkuJhodkU OD;Ouú| w&m;vGefvmaomtcg "r®0g'DoHCmawmfrsm;u yumoeD,uHûyívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨omoem0if 'g,umrsm;u tyÜom'ya0'eD,uHûyívnf;aumif; wm;NrpfcJhMuao;onf? odkU&mwGif aumif;pGm t&mra&mufcJhay/ 13/

tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

NrefrmNynfwGif;odkU

xGif;azmuf0ifa&mufvmaom

acwfopf½kyf0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfMuonfh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf OD;Ouú|aemufodkU aumufaumufyg vdkufcJhMuaomaMumifh Nzpfayonf? omoemawmfodkU

csOf;uyfum

xdk OD;Ouú|\ aemufvdkuf ½kyf0g'DwdkUonfvnf; OD;Ouú|enf;wl rdrdwdkUomvQif

Ak'¨bmom

ppfrSefolrsm;tNzpf

aMuG;aMumfMuvsuf

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

893

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Ak'¨omoemawmfudk twGif;u0ifí wufwufMuGMuG zsufqD;Muavawmhonf? xdkolwdkUum; tNcm;r[kwf? ,ck

½Hk;awmfodkU

a&mufaeMuaom

ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS

OD;cif[ef

paomyk*d¾KvfwdkU Nzpfayonf/ 14/

txufwGif azmfNycJhonfhtwdkif; Ak'¨omoemawmfrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom ½kyf0g'

t,l½SdMuaom olwdkUtm; "r®puf tmPmpufwdkUNzifh Ak'¨omoemawmf

omru

wdwdusus ta&;,laqmif½GufNcif; rûyygu

omoemawmfudk

Nidrf;csrf;pGm

vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuaom

&[ef;½SifvlNynfolwdkU\ twGif;ü pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; ysufNym;um ab;'ku©tEÅ&m,f trsdK;rsdK;usa&muf vmvdrfhrnf Nzpfayonf? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| pchJaom ½kyf0g'udk taNccHonfh vlaovlNzpf0g'? xdkvlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wpfEG,fiif wpfpifyg qufpyfvsuf½Sdaom tEk0g'rsm;udk t"du½kPf; Nidrf;at;ap&ef &[ef;? ½Sifvl Nynfoltrsm; csrf;omap&ef EdkifiHawmf\ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; cdkifNrJwdk;wufap&ef

omoemawmf

oefU½Sif;

wnfwHh

NyefUyGm;ap&ef

&nfoefawmfrlMuvsuf

ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum cdkifcefUaom bk&m;Oya'awmfMuD;ESifhtnD 0dedpä, csrSwf MuayukeftHh/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

894

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tydkif;(6) 6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfcsuf 6-2/

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm

6-3/ ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf 6-4/ t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm; 9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm 6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm 6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedpä,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g' 6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf 6-9/ t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif; 6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm 6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r®'getvª½Sif

bk&m;½Sifawmf? yGifhxGef;ay:í a[mazmfñTefNy? Nrwf"r®aMumifh þum;ukodkvf? tukodkvfESifh xdkxdkbHkb0? odMu&? rsm;vSaus;Zl;ay aus;Zl;awmf½Sif? bk&m;½Sifudk aeUpOfrNywf? aus;Zl;qyfzdkU tNrwf&wem? omoemudk ESpfNzm0efxrf;? vGefêud;yrf; vlpGrf;NyMuav/ (r[m*E¨m½kH q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;)

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmedkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm; aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'? ,if;Oya'\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;eSifh tnD zGJUpnf;tyfaom EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)\

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, rSwfcsuf (vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f 42)

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 1343-ck? "r® t"r® rIcif; trSwf-1

apm'u yk*d¾Kvfrsm; 1/ OD;pEd´rm? rdwd¬vmûrdU? "r®mp&d, ausmif;wdkuf? 2/ OD;ynmoD[? arûrdU? &wemrm&fatmif ausmif;wdkuf? 3/ OD;0dok'¨ ? rEÅav;ûrdU? avmurSefuif; ausmif;wdkuf? 4/ OD;ynmomrd? ompnfûrdU? a&vnf ausmif;wdkuf?

pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm; 1/ OD;OaZÆmwdu? a';'&JûrdU? 2/ OD;Z0e (ae&Sife,f) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 3/ OD;Z0e (ig;qifh) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 4/ OD;qE´m"du (ewfrSD) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 5/ ocifNrwfqdkif? &efukefûrdU? 6/ OD;cif[ef (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf) &efukefûrdU? 7/ OD;a½TNynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| pwifcJhaom vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wEG,fiifwpifyg or®m'd|dokawoe paom qefUusifbuf0g'wdkU a&muf½Sd&m ûrdUe,f^&yfuGuf^aus;½GmwdkUü Nzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom "r® t"r® tNiif;yGm;rI?

0de, t0de, tNiif;yGm;rI

NynfolUvTwfawmfu aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m

wnDwñGwfwnf; Oya'?

paom

0d0g'g"du½kPf;rIudk

aNyNidrf;ap&ef

tvdkUiSm

Ny|mef;ay;xm;aom

0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm;

vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD

EdkifiHawmf oHCmr[mem,utzGJUu

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

895

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

a½G;cs,fzGJUpnf;ay;xm;onfh EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfMuD;rsm;om yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; udk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk;í "r®0de,ESifh tnD vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,udk csrSwfay;awmfrlvdkufonf/

0dedpä,csrSwfcsuf 1/

OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufESifh ywfowfí

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf pdwf apwoduf ½kyf edAÁmef y&rw¬w&m; av;yg;udk taNccHí 0w¬½kyfaNcmufyg; tm½HkaNcmufyg; 0dnmPf 6-yg;wdkUudk 24-ypönf;ü oGif;í ½Sif;vif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoD qdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf yom'½kyfig;yg;? ½kyftm½Hkig;yg;udkom uGufí,lNyD; ,if;½kyfudk t½Sdw&m; edpöw&m;tNzpf rlaoudkifNyD; emrfw&m;udkrl tNzpfw&m; vufatmufcHw&m;tNzpf xm;½Sdaom

{upöoów ½kyf0g'rsdK; NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkUonf xdk½kyf0g'tNrifNzifhom

t&m&mudk oHk;oyf½INrifNyD;

Ak'¨

"r®

oHCm tNrwfqHk; &wemwdkUudk ykwfcwfy,fzsufNcif;tm;Nzifh

o&P*Hkr½Sdaom bmom omoemrJh tNzpfwGifom ½SdaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 2/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf vlaoaomtcg a'0*wd? rEkó*wd? wd&päme*wd? ayw*wd?

ed&,*wd(ewf? vl? wd&pämef? Nydwåm? i&J) [laom *wdig;yg;udk rdrdwdkU ûyvkyfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf uHtm;avsmfpGm vm;a&muf&aom 0g' NzpfNyD; awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g' tNrif twdkif; vlaovQif aemufxyfNzpf&efrvdk tu,fí NzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom vm;zG,f*wd r½Sd? vlomvQif Nzpf&rnf [k Oapä''d|d? oów 'd|dudk ,laomtm;Nzifh Ak'¨0g'udk qefUusifaom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 3/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\0g'onf

MoumoavmuNzpfaom

31-bHk\

yifudk,ftm;Nzifh

wnf&Sdaeonfudk vufcHNyD; xdk 31-bHkü Nzpf&ef taMumif;w&m;rsm; xdk31-bHkrS xGufaNrmuf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk ñTefNyaom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG wynfhaemufvdkufwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ rsufpdNzifh Nrif&aom vlUbHkESifh wd&pämefbHkudkom vufcHí 31-bHkudk vufrcHaom0g' ½Sdolrsm; NzpfonfhtNyif NrwfpGmbk&m;udkyif 31-bHk0g' vufrcHav[ef pGyfpGJxm;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 4/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf

ur®óuwor®m'd|d?

psmeor®m'd|d?

0dyóemor®m'd|d?

r*¾or®m'd|d? zvor®m'd|d? ypöa0u©Pmor®m'd|dtm;Nzifh ppfrSefaom or®m'd|d (6)rsdK;udk taNccHonfh twdkif; uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk ouf0if,HkMunfrI? ur®óuw or®m'd|dudk taNccHupí vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;\ 0g'onf tvªay;Ncif;? OykofapmifhNcif;? bm0emtm;xkwfNcif; ponfNzifh uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;qdkif&m udpörsm;udk tZdwauourÁv wdw¬dwuúwGef; uJhodkU y,faom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

896

tpodkU 5/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf

NrwfpGmbk&m;

&½Sdawmfrlaom

0dZÆmoHk;yg;

0dZÆm½Spfyg;

ÚmPfawmfq,fyg;wdkUt& a½S;tNzpfudk Nrifaom ykaAÁed0goekówdÚmPf? aemifvmrnfh tem*wftNzpfudk Nrifaom tem*wHoÚmPf? ypöKyÜef½I&ef Nzpfaom 0dyóemÚmPf ponfwdkUNzifh twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef umvoHk;yg;udk olUae&mESifhol us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD;

OD;Ouú|ESifh ocifNrwfqdkif

or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; [laom ypöKyÜefudkom ,lonfh tvGefusOf;aNrmif;aom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 6/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif

0g'onf

tvGefav;eufus,fNyefUvSaom

pwifa[mMum;NyD;

ynm{w'*f&

vusfm&H

tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk ½Sifom&dykwå&mrSwpfqifh

vlUavmuü NzefUa0cJhaom a'oemNzpfonfhtNyif NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif 0denf;ynwfcsufrsm;ü vnf;aumif;? oH,kwf ygVdawmf paom okwfw&m;awmfrsm;ü vnf;aumif; tbd"r®mw&m;oabmrsm;udk trsm;tNym; xnfhoGif; a[mMum;xm;onfNzpfí NzpfaMumif;

rSefuefpGm

tbd"r®mw&m;awmfü

tbd"r®monf taNccHtm;Nzifh

vufcHusifhoHk;&aom0g'NzpfNyD;

OD;Ouú|ESifh

bk&m;a[mppfppf

aemufvdkufwdkY\

0g'onf

us,fNyefUav;eufaom w&m;"r®ydkif;udk roHk;oyfr½INrifEdkifMubJ bmomNcm;

vlrsdK;Ncm;wdkU\ pmayppfaMumif;rS ay:aygufvmaom tay:&H ty,duNzpfonfh ordkif;aMumif;tNrifNzifh tbd"r®m

bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k

wm0efrJh

a&;om;rIrsm;udk

t[kwfrSwfum

Ak'¨

tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k trSefw&m;ESifh qefUusifNyD; ,laom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 7/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf okar"m½Sif&aohb0rS pí ]oAÁñkwH ygykPdwGm oEÅma&óH

oa'0uH} oAÁñkw bk&m;½Sif tNzpfodkU a&mufaomtcg vl ewf NA[®m owå0gwdkUudk u,fwiftHh [laom &nf½G,farQmfrSef;csufMuD;onf r[mouú&mZf (103) ckESpf? uqkefvNynfhaeU r[maAm"dyif&if;ü NynfhaNrmufawmfrlNyD; twkr½Sdaom bk&m;½SifNzpfum oAÁñkwÚmPfudk trSefpifppf &awmfrlNcif;? ,aeU vuf½Sd

oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif edum,f ig;&yf

yd#uwf oHk;yHk

ygVdawmftkyfa& (40)cefUudk

a[mEdkifonfh yk*d¾KvfrsdK;onf tvHk;pHkaom ÚmPftNrif½Sdonfh oAÁñkwÚmPft½SifomvQif Nzpf&rnf [laom taxmuftxm;t& Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;onf trSefpifppf oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk &½SdolNzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkUaom oufaotaxmuftxm;wdkUudk rsufuG,fûyvsuf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh qefUusifa&;twGuf oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwf apmfum;MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 8/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0dyóem\ taNccHNzpfaom orxvrf;pOfESifh avmukwå&m\

taNcNzpfaom 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufí a0ae,s owå0gwdkUtm; b0oHo&mrS xGufaNrmufa&;twGuf pDpOfñTefMum;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUrS vlrsm;onf ½kyf0g' tNrift& oHo&mESifh oHo&mrS vGwfaNrmufrIudk vufoifhrcHolrsm;yDyD b0oHo&m xGufaNrmufaMumif;Nzpfaom orx? 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;aom0g' ½SdMuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

897

tpodkU 9/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wf odu©myk'fawmfrsm;udk &[ef;wdkU\ touf?

omoemawmf\

touftNzpf

tav;teufxm;um

ck'´gekck'´ tao;tzGJ

tav;*½kûyí usifhoHk;vdkufemonfh0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wfrsm;udk Oyg'geftpGJtvrf;rsm;[k orkwfum

0denf;usifh0wfudk

rsufuG,fûyaom t0de,0g'NzpfaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;/ 10/

udk,f0,fqifNref;í vdkufemusifhoHk;aom &[ef;aumif; ½Sifaumif; oHCmawmfaumif;wdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmrem Mobmûyaom0g'NzpfNyD;

vlaovlNzpfOD;Ouú|ESifh

wynfhMuD;

ocifNrwfqdkif or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS

vlwdkUonf 0denf;awmfESifhtnD usifhMuHaexdkifMuaom tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du tp½Sdaom ausmufxD;wEÅK tav;ûytyfaom olawmfaumif; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk tacsmiform;awG ponfNzifh yufyufpufpuf qJa&;ykwfcwfaom rkom0g'? ydokP0g'? z½ko0gpm? oræyÜvmy - [laom 0pD'kp½dkufav;yg; taNccHNyD; oHCmtm; qJa&;aom oHCtauúmo0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 11/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf arwåm opömESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk taNccHaom &weokwf?

arwåmokwf paom okwfw&m;rsdK;udk tzefzef½Gwfzwfo&Zös,fNcif;tm;Nzifh ukodkvfw&m;wdk;yGm;apNyD; ab;tEÅ&m,fwdkUudk

wm;qD;umuG,fonfh

y&dwfa'oemawmfrsm;tNzpf

cGifhûyaom

(0g)

y&dwf½Gwfaumif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf NA[®PwdkU\ rEÅef½GwfyHk? r[m,ewdkU\ y&dwf½GwfyHk? 0dZÆm"dk&fwdkU *gxmpkwfyHk? vuf½Sd Ak'¨bmomwdkU y&dwf½GwfyHkwdkU\ t*Fgvu©Pmrsm; rwluGJNym;Ncm;em;rIudk

vHk;0em;rvnfMubJ

toHwlumrQNzifh

oabmwlrSwfí

Ak'¨bmomwdkU\

tpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk zsufqD;aom0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfMuavaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 12/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; apwDawmf

ykxdk;awmfrsm;? qif;wkawmfrsm;? qHawmf "mwfawmfrsm; ponfwdkUudk NrwfpGmbk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmf *kPfawmfwdkUudk

tm½Hkûyí

aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkYaom

½Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,forIûy&ef "mwfawmfarGawmf

cGifhûyaom0g'NzpfNyD;?

apwDawmf

udk;uG,fylaZmfNcif;udk qefUusifaom0g'Nzpf½HkrQru OD;Ouú|onf

qif;wkawmf

OD;Ouú|ESifh ponfwdkUudk

rdrd½kyf0g'DwpfOD;NzpfaMumif;udkvnf;

tcdkiftrmNyo&ma&mufaponfh ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh t&[wå"ZouFef;awmfudk rdef;rxrDESifh vnf;aumif;? oHk;avmuxG#fxm; oAÁñkNrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHawmf "mwfNrwfudk Nrif;NrD;ESifh vnf;aumif; ,kwf,kwfrmrm cdkif;EIdif;NyD; ouFef;ESifh qHawmfudk xrDESifh Nrif;NrD;avmufrQ toHk;rusonfh b0odkU a&mufatmif ½S,fzG,fvdvd a&;om;xkwfa0aom t½SufrJhtvZDÆ0g'½Sdol NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 13/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf uH? uH\ tusdK;udk taNccHonfh tm;avsmfpGm bk&m;ç w&m;ç

oHCmç q&m rdb wdkUtm; ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfNcif; *kPfawmfyGm;rsm;Ncif;paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvf&aom

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

898

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tvkyfrsm;tNzpf owfrSwfí tm;ay;aom 0g' NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkYonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;yDyD ½kyfrsufvHk;Nzifh

ukodkvf&onfqdkonfudk

rNrif&aomaMumifh

vufrcHbJ

Ak'¨bmomwdkU\

"avhaumif;Nzpfaom bk&m;½Sdcdk;Ncif;? qDrD;ylaZmfNcif;? qGrf;awmfuyfNcif; paom bmom omoema&; vkyfief;wdkUudk zsufqD;aom 0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 14/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf

uH? uH\ tusdK;udk vnf;aumif;? b0 oHo&mrS

xGufaNrmufrIudk vnf;aumif; us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g' Nzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm aumif;aomzufü oDvcH,lNcif; ûyvkyfonfh ukodkvftusdK;aMumifh &½SdEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk

ñTefNyaNymMum;Ncif;[k

qdktyfaom qkay;Ncif;? ukodkvf½Sif\ qE´Nyif;NyrIudk NrGufqdkaom qkawmif;Ncif;? vlaoaomtcg aool½Sifol ESpfOD;vHk;twGuf tusdK;½SdEdkifaom oydwfoGwfNcif; paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvfaumif;rItNzpf owfrSwfí tm;ay;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf xdktrIudpöwdkUudk ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh

oHk;oyfí

ukodkvfaumif;rIqdkif&m

omoemrI"avhaumif;wdkUudk

y,faom0g'½Sdolrsm;

NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 15/ twdkif;

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf? o'¨r®oar®mookwfü a[mMum;xm;onfh

olawmfaumif;

w&m;awmfü

rawGa0ap&ef

olawmfaumif;w&m;awmf

ruG,fyap&ef

tu©&myk'fAsnf;wdkUudk aumif;pGmxm;&rnf teufudkvnf; aumif;pGmaqmif&rnf[k ]tu©&m wpfvHk; bk&m;wpfql} uJhodkU wefzdk;xm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf½kyf0g'Drsm;\ 0g'onf ygVdudk

tbd"mefwGif

azmfNyaom&if;Nrpf

teufavmufudkyif

rSefrSefr,lbJ

¤if;wdkU\

ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;udk xifovdk

teufay;MuNyD;

omoe"r®

½kyf0g'taNccHtNrifESifh

udkufnDatmif

trSefw&m;[lorQudk

Oyg'gefyk'fr-wyfum zsufqD;ypf&ef

êud;pm;aom

omoeypöwd¬u0g'

NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 16/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf vlwdkUü½Sdaom

udavom(10)yg;wdkUudk

tqifhvdkuf

tqifhvdkuf trSefwu,f tNyD;tNywf y,fowfEdkifolrsdK;udkom t&d,m[k owfrSwfNyD; xdkodkU udavom y,fowf&mü

tqifhvdkuf

Nzpfay:aom

edAÁKw"mwfudkvnf;aumif;?

aemufqHk;wGif

taMumif;wPSmcsKyfNidrf;í? tusdK;½kyfemrf tm;vHk;csKyfNidrf;onfh oEdÅokc trw"mwfudk vnf;aumif; tppftrSef

edAÁmeftNzpf owfrSwfaom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\0g'onf t&d,mESifh

edAÁmefudk txufyg bk&m;a[m t"dyÜm,frsm;ESifh qefUusifvsuf azmfNyxm;MuoNzifh

ax&0g'

yd#uwfawmfESifh rudkufnD rESD;aESmrdaom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 17/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf

oH*g,em

aNcmufwefwif

yd#uwfoHk;yHkü

yg½Sdaom

"r®puúy0wåeokwftwdkif; opömav;yg;? tNyefoHk;yg;? Ncif;&m q,fhESpfyg;½Sdaom opömvrf;aMumif;udk azmfNyonfh0g'Nzpfí OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf þuJhodkU av;eufonfh "r®pMumw&m;awmfMuD;udk

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

899

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

yifvQif t½SufrJh zsufqD;um vlaovlNzpf "r®pMumtNzpf

azmfNy0Hhaom omoem aoGznfa&;0g'

½Sdolrsm;NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 18/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\

0g'onf

vdrfvnfNcif;?

vSnfhywfNcif;?

aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk

tvGefpyfqkyfonfh tm;avsmfpGm pum;rSef w&m;rSef udkom a[mMum;aNymqdkaom opöm0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh wuG OD;udkudkav;? ocifNrwfqdkif? tbd"r®m q&mpdef? or®m'd|dokawoD paom olwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ oEÅmefü wnfudef;aeaom ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh qdkcJhonfh vdrfvnfNcif;? vSnfhNzm;Ncif;? aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk tNypf[lí rNrifbJ bk&m;ra[maom ]avmuork',Oö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Oö ewd¬} [laom vufNzpf ygVdtwkrsdK;udk Ak'¨bk&m;a[mygVdtNzpf aNymifaNymifwif;wif; vdrfvnfvSnfhNzm; azmfNyNcif;tm;Nzifh

bk&m;ra[monfudk

ta[mvkyfum

omoemawmfü

t"du½kPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif

zefwD;aom tzsuform;rsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 19/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf bk&m;qkudk awmif;onfrSpí yg&rD q,fyg; tNym;oHk;q,f

pGefYNcif;MuD;ig;yg; p&d,oHk;yg;wdkUudk av;oacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; Nznfhqnf;awmfrlcJhNyD; aemufqHk;bk&m;Nzpfrnfhb0ü r,fawmf0rf;ü oaE¨,lNcif;? zGm;NrifawmfrlNcif;? awmxGufawmfrlNcif;? 'kuú&p&d,usifhawmfrlNcif;? aAm"dyv’ifü bk&m;NzpfawmfrlNcif;wdkUudk twk,lzG,f tm;uszG,fNzpfatmif us,fus,fNyefUNyefU Ak'¨0ifudk azmfNyxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf ½kyf0g'orm;wdkU\ 0g'onf Ak'¨0ifudk ½kyftNrifESihf ,SOfMunfhNyD; rwefr&m rxDav;pm; apmfum;aom

,kwfnHhonfh

0g'&Sdolrsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 20/

NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom;oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkifa[mcJhaom

ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? wynfhom;wdkU a[maomfvnf;

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ twnfûycsuf&½SdcJhaom

ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? NrwfpGmbk&m; tusOf;csKyfa[mcJhaom rmwdumudk tus,fcsJUxm;onfh ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨0g'ESifh tnD aqG;aEG; a[maNymxm;aom ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? omoemYtEÅ&m,f toG,foG,frS umuG,f&ef tvdkUiSm acwftvdkuf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwifí oefUpifcJhNcif;trIonf tvGefcdkifrmaom omoemhrSwfwdkifMuD;rsm;tNzpf cHxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf vlrsdK;Ncm; bmomNcm;wdkU\ pmaypnf;½Hk;rIaemufodkU vdkufygum oH*g,em aNcmufwef\ cdkifrmrIudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif vkyfaomomoemzsuf0g' NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 21/

NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom; oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif

ygVdawmfrsm;rSm tESpfom&tm;Nzifh rnfonfhbmom t,l0g'ESifhrQ a&m,SufNcif;r½Sd? Ak'¨0g'ppfppfudkom azmfNyaom

ygVdawmfrsm;tNzpf

oiftHavhusuf

pdppfoHk;oyf

usifhMuHcsufrsm;Nzifh

twnfûyNyD;

vufcHxm;aom 0g'Nzpfí OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf rdrdwdkU\ ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh rudkufnDaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk bk&m;a[mr[kwf [lívnf;aumif;? [dE´LNA[®®P0g'awG [lí vnf;aumif; orkwfNyD; bmom omoemudk ½dk;om;pGm usifhMuHtm;xkwfvsuf½Sdaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; tNrifrSm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

900

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

txifrSm;Nzpfatmif

vSnfhNzm;vdrfvnfNyD;

bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk

ûzwfxkwfowfaom0g'

NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ ,if; vlaovlNzpf0g'gEk0g' (vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? ¤if;\ aemufvdkufNzpfaom ocifNrwfqdkif? or®m'd|dokawoD

polwdkU\

0g')onf

vnf;aumif;?

av;eufus,fNyefUaom

ax&0g'

yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r® tm*r,kwdårsm;ESifh

obm0,kwdårsm;ESifh

vnf;aumif;

ravsmfuefatmif

azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbufNzpfaom t"r®0g'omNzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocH wifNyaom vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;

pmapmif wdwfacGrsmESSifh wuG þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHypönf;tNzpf

a&mufrvmaom xdk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGESifh ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdaom a&;om;csufrsm;onfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®ESifhqefUusifbufrsm;Nzpfí xdkpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG ausmufpm

ponfwdkUonf t"r®0g'udk azmfNy&m NzpfaomaMumifh

t"r®ypönf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ xdkvlaovlNzpf

0g'gEk0g'

(vlaovlNzpf0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoDwdkU\

0g'ponf)udk

a&;om;a[maNym NzefUa0Muaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkufemí ûyvkyfMuaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkvm;ESpfoufpGm axmufcHtm;ay;Muol ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonfvnf;aumif; t"r®0g'DwdkUom NzpfMuukef\ [lí EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

901

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfMuD;rsm;

pOf 1/

bGJUawmfESifh ausmif;wdkuf

vufrSwf

b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho (obmywd) aCmodwm&mrausmif;wdkuf? xm;0,fûrdU/

b'´EÅ Z0embd0Ho(tzGJU0if) Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf êudUyifaumufûrdU/

b'´EÅ"r®mbd0& (tzGJU0if) uHwGif;qkawmif;Nynfhausmif;? NynfûrdU/

b'´EÅ ukrm& (tzGJU0if) r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/

b'´EÅ Úmedu (tzGJU0if) yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? aNrmif;NrûrdU

aeUpGJ?

1341-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; (2) &uf/ 1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (29)&uf/ Mumoyaw;aeU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

902

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) obmywd q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;awmfrlaom Mo0g'uxm

awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU?

ewfrSDawm&

OD;Ouú|\

vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh

xdk0g'rS

qufEG,fay:aygufvmonfh (twkvdkuf) tEk0g'rsm;\ "r® t"r® tNzpfudk pdppfqHk;Nzwf&ef EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ wm0efay;csuft&

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfrsm;u wdrf;apmif;rSm;,Gif;Ncif; r½Sd&atmif av;vcefUrQ tcsdef,lNyD; apm'em aom"em 2-&yfESifh yd#uwfoHk;oG,f edum,fig;Nzm ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum*E¦E¦& t00wdkUudk useaphpyf oHk;oyfa0zefum u½kPmw&m; a½SUxm;vsuf t*wdav;yg; rvdkufpm;bJ ynmwdkUNzifh

tzefzef

EIdif;csdefNyD;rS

Ak'¨omoemEG,f0if

cdkifNrJxufoefonfh 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm½Siftrsm;

vufcHEdkifavmufonfh

y&dok'¨ y&dykPÖ 0dedpä,udk csrSwfawmfrlcJhMuygw,f/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u rnfrQyif ,xm"r® w&m;vrf;rSefatmif qHk;NzwfcsufcsMuygaomfvJ ykxkZOfrsm; NzpfMuonfhtavsmuf pdwfxm;Ekol tcsdKU tcsdKU yk*d¾Kvfrsm;u rdrdwdkU NzpfapcsifwJhtwdkif; rNzpfvmwJhtcg rausreyfNzpfwwfMuygw,f? tJ'Dvdk NzpfNcif;[mvJ ykxkZOfwdkU&JU oabmxHwGm "r®wmygyJ/ ykxkZOfrsm; vdkufemûyusifh&ef cJ,Of;wJh cJMuD; 5-&yf ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D cJMuD; 5-&yf u bmawGvJqdkawmh (1) þum; trSm; þum; trSefvdkU a0zefpdppf&ef cJ,Of;w,f? a0zefpdppfrI rûybJ trSwfwrJhyJ aewwfMuw,f/ (2) trSm; trSefudk a0zefpdppfNyefawmhvJ þum; trSm; þum; trSefvdkU rdrdÚmPfNzifh odEdkif&ef cJ,Of;w,f/ (3) trSm; trSefudk odNyefawmhvJ trSm;udk trSm;vdkU xkwfazmfaNymqdk&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rkef;rSm aMumufvdkU EIwfydwfa&iHkvkyfaewwfw,f/ (4) rdrd t,lrSm;aevQifvJ udk,fhtrSm;udk ukd,f0efcH&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcH&rSmudk ½SufaMumufaewwfw,f/ (5) udk,fhtrSm;udk rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcHapumrl trSm;udk y,fvSefNyD; trSefudk usifhMuHvdkufemzdkU cJ,Of;w,f? vlMum;aumif;½Hkavmuf 0efcHNyD; trSm;udk ry,fvSef trSefudk rvdkufembJ aewwfMuw,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

903

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

'gaMumifh

NrwfpGmbk&m;u

ykxkZOfawG[m

azmufNyefrSm;,Gif;pGm oHk;oyfwwfMuw,f?

]oE´d|dy&mrmoD}

]tm"me*¾g[D}

rdrd

t,lom

NrJNrHpGm,lavh&SdMuw,f?

trSef[k

]'kyÜ#dedó*D¾}

pGefUvTwfEdkifcJMuw,f (pGefUvTwfzdkU&ef cJ,Of;aewwfMuw,f)vdkU a[mawmfrlcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk trSm;udk oHk;oyfNyD; rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ NrJNrHpGm ,laewwfoludk t,lonf;olvdkU ac:ygw,f/ a, twåaem OyÜEHé 'd|ð £'ar0 opöEdÅ 'VSH *PdSwGm tyd Ak'¨g'D[d um&PH 'aówGm 0kpörmem e y#dedóZÆEdÅ (r?|?1?194/) t,lonf;wJholrsm;[m olwdkU,lrdwJh t,ludk rpGefUvTwfawmhbJ ZGwfrSdwfNyD; twif;qkyfudkif xm;wwfMuw,f? bk&m;tp&SdwJh ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkUu taMumif;NyNyD; a[maNymayrJh rpGefUvTwfbJ ,lNrJ,laewwfMuw,f/ tJ'D t,lonf;rI[m avmua&;&mbufuvnf; t,lonf;rIvnf;½Sdw,f? tusifhw&m;bufu t,lonf;wmvJ ½Sdw,f? avmua&;&mbufu t,lonf;wmuawmh

o*¾EÅ&m,f - r*¾EÅ&m,f

rNzpfwJhtwGuf odyfta&;rMuD;vSbl; (Oyrm) aNrMuD; Nrif;rdk&fawmif aeç vç eu©wf wnfaeyHk ponfwdkUESifh ywfowfwJh t,ltquGJvGJrIrsdK;awGygyJ?

'gawGu oDv tusifh? orm"d tusifh? ynm

tusifhwdkUESifh rqdkifwJhtwGuf ta&;rMuD;vSygbl;/ tusifhw&m;ESifh ywfowfNyD; tvGJtrSm;udk trSefxifum rpGefUvTwfatmif t,lonf;aevQifawmh r*¾EÅ&m,f NzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'D t,lonf;rIu tvGefta&;MuD;w,f? 'D 0dedpä,pmwrf;rSm azmfNyxm;wJh tvª\

tusdK;r½Sd

paom 'o0w¬Ku

rdpäm'd|d qdkwJh

t,lawGudk

rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ

NrJNrHpGm

t,lonf;aevQif o*¾EÅ&m,f r*¾EÅ&m,f 2-rsdK;vnf; NzpfEdkifw,f/ 'Dvdk t,lonf;aevQif bk&m;½Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufem&m ra&mufawmhbl;? bk&m;½Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk rvdkufemvQifa,e um[EdÅ Mo0g'H? e&m Aka'¨e a'odwH/ AsoeaEÅ *rdóEdÅ? &u©oD[d0

0gPdZm/ (Zm? 1? 51)

þbk&m;a[m a'oemESifh tnD qHk;½HI;ysufpD;Ncif;odkU a&mufMu&vdrfhrnf? 'ghaMumifh o*¾EÅ&m,f? r*¾EÅ&m,f

rNzpfMu&avatmif qHk;½HI;ysufpD;Ncif;odkU

0dedpä,pmwrf;udk

oabmaygufem;vnf&ef

a,medaom

ra&mufMu&avatmif 'DqHk;Nzwfcsuf reodum&Nzifh

ususee

aoaocsmcsm

oHk;oyfMuapvdkw,f? rdrdwdkU ÚmPfrrDSwJh t&m|mersm;udkvnf; ynm½Sdq&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xH ar;Nref;NyD;

odem;vnf&ef

oHCr[mem,u

tzGJU\

êud;pm;Muapvdkw,f? a&SUarSmufrSm

tJ'Dvdk

oabmaygufem;vnfum

vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;

EdkifiHawmf

t"r®0g't,lonf;rI[lorQawGudk

pGefUvTwfvdkufMuapvdkw,f? pGefUvTwfNyD;wJhaemufvJ rSefuefonfh w&m;enf;vrf;twdkif; usifhMuHêud;ukwf tm;xkwfapvdkw,f/ tyHÜ0w ZD0dwH £'H? Mo&H0óowmyd rd,swd/ okwÅefedygwf Z&mokwfESifhtnD vlwdkU&JU touf[m tvGefwdkawmif;vSygw,f? 'Dvdk wdkawmif;vSwJh tcsdefumv twGif;rSm

trSm;rSm;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

904

tpodkU t,Gif;,Gif;eJU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aooGm;MuvQif

rdrdwdkU&JU

tzdk;wefb0MuD;[m

bmrQ

tusdK;rNyD;bJ

tcsnf;ESD;

NzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? ,ckvdk tcsdef½Sdcdkufu rûyNyifrdvQif ao&m anmifapmif; avsmif;tdyf&m uswJh tcgusawmh aemifwMuD;pGm&aewwfygw,f? 'gaMumifh tcsdefrD ûyNyifMu&ef wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ trSm;udk trSm;rSef;odvdkU ûyNyifwm[m tvGefynm½Sd olawmfaumif;yDoygw,f? NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;aumif;rsm;yDyD NrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufem&mvJ a&mufygw,f? NrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufemMuvQifa, p um[EdÅ Mo0g'H? e&m Aka'¨e a'odwH/ aomw¬ð yg&H *rdóEdÅ? 0vma[e0 0gPdZm/ (Zm? 1? 51) þbk&m;a[m

a'oemawmfESifhtnD

csrf;csrf;omomNzifh oHo&m

[dkbufurf;NzpfwJh

edAÁmefeef;odkU aNzmifhaNzmifhwef;wef;MuD; a&muf&ayvdrfhr,f/ 'ghaMumifh

Ak'¨omoemhEG,f0if

olawmfpifwdkU\

&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifNzpfwJh

edAÁmefeef;odkU

aNzmifhwef;pGm a&mufMu&avatmif]]ya& oEd´|dy&mrmoD tm"me*¾g[D 'kyÜ#dedó*D¾

b0dóEdÅ? r,arw¬ toEd´|dy&mrmoD

tem"me*¾g[D okyÜ#dedó*D¾ b0dómrmwd oav’acg u&PDa,m/}} þ rlvyPÖoygVdawmf a'oemESifhtnD ]]tNcm;olawGu udk,fht,ludkom trSefxm;NyD; rSm;,Gif;pGmoHk;oyfvsuf

rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ

NrJNrHpGm

,laeayrJh

t,lonf;aeMurnfh t&mrSm igwdkUuawmh t,lronf;bJ

olrsm;awG

rSm;,Gif;pGmoHk;oyfNyD;

pGefUvTwfvdkufMur,f}} vdkU t"d|mefûyNyD;

udavomacgif;yg;apEdkifwJh oav’c tusifhw&m;rSefudk usifhMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfMuygvdkU arwåm u½kPm a½SUxm;NyD; Mo0g'pum; rdefUMum;vdkufygw,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

905

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0dedpä, csrSwfNyD;aemuf pk'dwursm;tm; a½SUqufvufí rnfodkU aexdkifusifhNyD; vkyfaqmif&rnfh taMumif;udk

ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)rS obmywd xm;0,fûrdU aCmodwm½Hk q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;udk trª;xm;í

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;?

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;?

MuGa&mufvmMuaom 0dedpä, w&m;emy&dowfrsm; odatmif

pk'dwu

q&mawmfrsm;ESifh

tenf;i,f avQmufxm;vdkygonf?

cGifhûyawmfrlygbk&m;/ ,ck tcsdefrSmqdkvQif EdkifiHawmfu Ny|mef;xm;wJh 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif; aNz½Sif;a&;qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr(3)t& "r® t"r®trI tNiif;yGm;rIeJU ywfowfNyD;awmh EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUrS zGJUpnf;ay;xm;aom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)\ tqHk;tNzwf udpö NyD;qHk;ygNyD? 'DqHk;NzwfcsufESifh ywfowfNyD;awmh a½SUvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ,ck avQmufxm;ygr,f? 0dedpä, Oya' yk'fr (13) rSm yg½SdwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf 0dedpä,tzGJU tqHk;tNzwfrsm;udk NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efMuD;|meu vdktyfovdk qufvuf ta&;,l aqmif½Guf&rnf qdkaom Oya'yk'fr t& wynfhawmf avQmufxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ q&mawmfrsm; ,ck qHk;NzwfNyD;wJhtcgrSm 0dedpä,Oya't& q&mawmfrsm;\ tqHk;tNzwfudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufrSm ay;tyf&ef½Sdygw,f? tJvdk ay;tyfwJhtcg EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU taeeJU 'DtqHk;tNzwfudk NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|meudk ydkUygr,f? NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|me taeeJU oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u qHk;Nzwfxm;aom qHk;Nzwfcsufrsm;twdkif; wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm½SdwJh EdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;tm;vHk; vdkufemaqmif½GufzdkUqdkNyD; trdefUxkwfygw,f/ Oyrm EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) qHk;NzwfcsufrSm ]]'Dw&m;onf t"r®®0g' NzpfwJh twGuf a[maNymNcif;rûy&? pmtkyf pmwrf; ½dkufESdyfNzefUa0Ncif; rûy&? toHoGif; uufqufacGrsm; NzefUa0Ncif;rûy&}} vdkU yg½Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk yg½SdwJhtwdkif; tm;vHk; vdkufemNyD;awmh aqmif½GufzdkU trdefUxkwfygw,f? ,cifu ausmufoabFm0g'wkef;uvnf; 'DvdkyJ trdefUxkwfcJhygw,f? 'gEdkifiHawmfu csrSwfwJh Oya'ESifhtnD wynfhawmfwdkU NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|me taeNzifh aqmif½GufrJh tydkif;udk avQmufxm;Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ 'DudpörSm

wdkuf½dkufywfowf

têuH;0ifaewJh

pk'dwu

&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh

vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk

avQmufxm;aNymMum;&ef ½Sdygw,f? txl;oNzifh pk'dwu &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh ywfowfwJh taMumif;udk avQmufxm;ygr,f? &[ef;awmfrsm; odwJhtwdkif;yJ

EdkifiHawmfrSm *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCr[mem,u

tzGJUMuD;u twnfûyNy|mef;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; taNccHpnf;rsnf;qkdwm ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D pnf;rsnf;t&

*dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;u twnfûy Ny|mef;xm;wJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;vJ

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

906

tpodkU ½Sdygw,f?

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

tJ'D

pnf;rsnf;

tJ'D

vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;t&qdkvQif

q&mawmfrsm;onf

oHCtzGJUtpnf;wGif aexdkifvdkygu oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;&JU qHk;Nzwfcsufudk vdkufemNyD;awmh

rSm;,Gif;aeaom

q&mawmfrsm;\ a½SUarSmufrSm

t,l0g'udk

pGefUvTwfygr,fvdkU

EdkifiHawmf

tu,fí waoGrwdrf;

oHCr[mem,u

rdrdtrSm;udk 0efcsawmif;yefNyD; uwdûyr,fqdkvQif oHCtzGJUtpnf;xJrSm

qufvufNyD;awmh yg0ifEdkifcGifhudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu

oem;oufn§mpGm pOf;pm;rnf

Nzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk rûyvkyfvQif q&mawmfrsm;taeeJU oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;xJrSm yg0ifEdkifcGifhr½Sdawmhygbl;? 'DtcGifhta&;rSm

q&mawmfwdkUtzdkU qHk;½HI;rnfNzpfygw,f? oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; taNccH pnf;rsnf; t&

*dkPf;wpfyg;yg;rSm NzpfNzpf yg0if&rnf? oHCmhtzGJYtpnf; tqifhqifh tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm NzpfNzpf ½Sd&rnf? rdrdbmom

oD;Ncm;uif;vGwfNyD;

yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf

EdkifiHawmf

0efcsawmif;yefNyD;awmh wynfhawmfrsm;u

aeEdkifcGifh

r0½Sdygbl;?

oHCr[mem,u

qufvufaecGifhûyzdkU

aqmif½Gufay;ygr,f?

q&mawmfrsm;onf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wGif tzGJU

a½SUarSmufrSm

avQmufxm;awmif;yef&ef

tJvdk

aqmif½Gufwmudk

rdrdwdkU

trSm;udk

tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf;

pk'dwu

q&mawmfrsm;u

oabmaygufNyD;awmh vdkufemMuvdrfhrnfvdkY wynfhawmfrsm;u arQmfvifhxm;Muygw,f/ pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkvJ arwåm&yfcHcsifwm&Sdygw,f? bmvJqdk&if 0dedpä,rcsrSwfrDrSma&m csrSwfonfh ae&mrSma&m uGsefawmf 'Dudpöudk ½Sif;NyNyD;Nzpfygw,f? 'gu EdkifiHawmfu vkyfxm;wJh Oya'NzpfwJhtwGuf

'Dw&m;½Hk;onfvnf;

EdkifiHawmf\

w&m;½Hk;awmf

Nzpfygw,f?

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,u tzGJUtpnf;rSmqdk&ifvJ tNrifhqHk;aomw&m;½Hk;vnf; Nzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUrSm yg0ifwJh 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;qdk&ifvnf; A[dk0efaqmif oHCmawmf tyg;(300) xJrS oHCr[mem,utzGJUu 'D 0denf;"dk&f5-yg;udk oD;Ncm; a½G;xkwfNyD;awmh zGJUpnf;ay;xm;wJh tNrifhqHk; w&m;½Hk;vJ Nzpfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm av;av;pm;pm; pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if NyD;cJhwJh 1342-ckESpfwkef;u ArmNynfrSm½SdwJh oHCmwpfodef;ausmf&JU or®Kwdu

qE´ay;vdkufwJh or®Kwdu oHCmhudk,fpm;vS,f wpfaxmifwdkU

r[mygomP

EdkifiHawmf

vdkPf*lawmfMuD;rSm

A[dk0efaqmif

oHCm

(300)udk

a½G;cs,fcJhygw,f?

tJ'Da½G;cs,fwJh EdkifiHawmf A[dk0efaqmif(300)onf wpfEdkifiHvHk;½Sd oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkU\ qE´rJNzifh wifaNr§mufxm;aomaMumifh ,aeU csrSwfonfh 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufonfvnf; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf 5yg;u csrSwfaom 0dedpä,[kom rqdkomrlí oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkUu csrSwfvdkufwJh 0dedpä,yJvdkU oabmaygufapcsifygw,f?

0dedpä,udk

'dkUwawG rvGJraoG

vkdufemoifhwJh

0dedpä,yJvdkU

cH,lapcsifygw,f? Oya't&vJ vdkufem&rJY 0wå&m;½Sdygw,f? rvdkufemvQif EdkifiHawmfudk qefUusifwJh oabmvJ Nzpfygw,f? Oya't& zGJUpnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUu csrSwfxm;wJh 0dedpä,udk rvdkufemNcif;onfvnf; oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkUudk qefUusif&mvJ a&mufygw,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

907

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

0denf; "r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm; aNz&Sif;a&;qdkif&m 0dedpä, Oya'u NypfrIqdkif&m Oya'ESifh rwlygbl;? 0denf; "r®uH udpöonf NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh qufpyfwJh udpö NzpfwJhtwGuf at;csrf;wJh oabm½Sdygw,f? Nzpfay:vmwJh t"du½kPf;udk aNyNidrf;atmif enf;vrf;½SmNyD; trSefw&m;udk ½SmazGwJh udpöNzpfygw,f?

NypfrIqdkif&m

Oya'rSmawmh

rdrd

usL;vGefxm;wJh

NypfrIeJU

ywfowfNyD;awmh

txdkuftavsmuf tNypfcH&rJh oabm½Sdygw,f? 'DrSmawmh NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh ywfowfNyD; rdrd trSm;udk rSm;aMumif; 0efcs awmif;yefvdkU½SdvQif 'DtrSm;u aNyaysmufNyD;awmh aemiftusdK;twGufvJ ukodkvfw&m;yGm;&myGm;aMumif; Nzpfw,fvdkU obmywdq&mawmfu rdefUMum;NyD;Nzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;twGufvJ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufrSm Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh NzpfyGm;cJhwJh udpöeJU ywfowfNyD; 'DtrSm;udk 0efcHNyD;awmh a½SUudk NrwfpGmbk&m; omoempuf&dyfatmufrSm tusdK;½Sd½SdaeEdkifatmif uGsefawmfwdkU pDpOfxm;ygw,f? tJ'D tpDtpOftwdkif; ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmifrSmoGm;NyD; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfMuD;rsm;uvJ 0dedpä, pmrludk ay;tyfygr,f? usefwJh apm'u yk*d¾KvfawGa&m pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfawGa&m EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf;eJU NrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmftwdkif; uGsefawmfwdkU tm;vHk; ukodkvfw&m;udk ½SmMuHEdkifatmif tpDtpOfvkyfxm;aMumif; aNymMum;tyfygw,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

908

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 1343- ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 2-&uf 1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&ufaeUwGif &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;aNr? ZrÁK'Dy ausmif;aqmifü usif;yûyvkyftyfaom t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ

tcrf;tem;tpDtpOfrsm; 1/

vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;&ef?

obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u

vlaovlNzpf

0dedpä,

0g'gEk0g'

pmrludk

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,u tzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú| Am&mPoDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;xH tyfESH&ef? 3/

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,utzGJU

tvSnfhus

Ouú|

q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u

"r®t"r®

0d0g'g"du½kPf; aNyNidrf;atmif aqmif½GufyHkESifh pyfvsOf;í Mo0g' pum;udk rdefUMum;&ef? 4/

EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;crm0k" u 0dedpä, tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufudk rdefUMum;NyD; pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm; ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'rdefUMum;&ef?

0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfrsm;\

qHk;Nzwfcsufudk

pk'dwu

tm;vHk;wdkUu

oHCr[mem,u

q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ a½SUarSmufwGif þt"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef? 6/

tusKd;awmfaqmifq&mawmfu t"r®0g'udk oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;wGif

yg0ifa&;ESifh

pGefUvTwfNyD;aom

pyfvsOf;í

q&mawmf

4-yg;wdkUudk

a½SUqufvufaqmif½Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfudk

rdefUMum;&ef? 7/

oufqdkif&m

Nynfe,f

avmuaMumif;t&

wdkif;

ûrdUe,frsm;rS

vnf;aumif;?

vlaovlNzpf

"r®aMumif;t&

0g'gEk0g'wdkUESifh

vnf;aumif;

pyfvsOf;NyD;

tNypf½Sdolrsm;taeESifh

rdrdwdkU\0g'rsm;udk trSm;0efcHí pGefUvTwfMu&eftwGuf ûrdUe,foHCem,ursm;xHodkU qufvufNyD; ñTefMum;rnfhtaMumif; tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmfu rdefUMum;&ef/ tcrf;tem;rª;tNzpf ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefY aqmif½Gufonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

909

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0dedpä,pmrludk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u\ vufodkU tyfeSH&mü oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)

obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ ½Sif;vif; avQmufxm;vTm &ufpGJ/ 1343-ck? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; 2- &uf/ 1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&uf(Mumoyaw;aeU) odkU/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU? ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmif? urÇmat;ukef;aNr? &efukefûrdU/ taMumif;t&m/

/EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2)\ "r® t"r®

rIcif; trSwf(2)

qHk;Nzwfcsufudk qufuyfNcif; udpöyg bk&m; &nfñTef;csuf/

/1343-ck? e,kefvqkwf 9-&uf ? 1981-ck? ZGefv 26-&uf aeUpGJyg EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUrS

a½G;cs,fonfh

q&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom

EdkifiHawmf

A[dk

oHCmh0efaqmif

oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) zGJUpnf;Ncif;

trdefUpmudk &nfñTef;ygonf/ ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU0if q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;txufazmfNyyg trdefUt& vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tydk'f 25-26-35 wdkUESifhtnD obmywd q&mawmf a½G;cs,fNyD;vQif yHkpH 5-Nzifh apm'u pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm;ESifh pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk qifhac:í 1343ck? e,kef vqkwf 13-&uf ? 1981-ck ? ZGefv(30) &ufaeU? eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrS pí &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;aNr?

ty&a*g,me

ausmif;aqmif txufxyf

oD;Ncm;

0dedpä,

½Hk;cef;ü

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ yxr wifoGif;aom apm'emudk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;? 1343-ck 0gqdkvqef;(3)&uf? 1981-ck? Zlvdkifv

4-&ufaeU

eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrSpí apm'emq&mawmfrsm;

aemufqHk;wifoGif;aom 0daoo apm'emudk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;/ 1343-ck 0gqdkvqef;(7)&uf (8)&uf? 1981-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(8)&uf (9)&ufaeUrsm;wGif eHeuf (8) em&DrS pí pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfwdkU wifoGif;aom aom"emacsyvTmrsm;udk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;? apm'u pk'dwu

yk*d¾KvfwdkU

wifoGif;vTmrsm;udk

pmrlNzifh

wifoGif;apcJhygonf?

,if;apm'em

aom"em

pmrlrsm;ESifhwuG oufaocHtNzpf wifNyxm;aom vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|d0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG "mwfyHkrsm;udk 1343-ck? 0gqdkvqef; (8)&ufaeUnaerSpí aeUpOf aeUwdkif;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

910

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

Munfh½Iem;axmif oHk;oyfMuvsuf *E¦E¦&rsm; tygt0ifqdkif&m yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh nd§EdIif;wdkufqdkifí þ0dedpä, pmwrf;udk a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;odkU a&;om;MuNyD;aemuf 1343-ck? oDwif;uRwf vNynfhausmf 11-&uf? 12-&uf? 13-&uf? 14-&ufESifh wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 1-&uf? 2-&uf aeUwdkUü 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tpHktnD MuGa&mufawmfrlMuí apm'u pk'dwuwdkU\ a½SUarSmufü þqHk;Nzwfudk zwfMum;csrSwfcJhMuygonf bk&m;? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ qHk;Nzwfcsuf 0dedpä, pmwrf; pmrludk ,ck pmESifhtwl yl;wGJ qufuyfygonf bk&m;/

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) q&mawmfrsm; 1/ b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho

aCmodwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? xm;0,fûrdU/

2/b'´EÅZ0embd0Ho

Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf? êudUyifaumufûrdU/

3/b'´EÅ"r®mbd0&

uefwGif;qkawmif;Nynfhausmif;? NynfûrdU/

4/b'´EÅukrm&

r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/

5/b'´EÅÚmedu

yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? aNrmif;NrûrdU/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

911

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, tyfESHyGJü EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tvSnfhus tzGJUcGJOuú|

Am&mPoDq&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm 1/

omoem0if &mZ0ifawGudk ½Snfvsm;pGm raNymawmhbJ ]atmifausmfcsrf;at;

rEÅav;}

qdkwJh aqmifyk'ft& aumZmouú&mZf 1221-ckESpfwGif rEÅav;ûrdUawmfudk wnfaxmifawmfrlí olrwlatmif omoemûyoGm;onfh rif;wkef;bk&ifonf Ak'¨NrwfpGmomoemawmfMuD;\ wdk;wufpnfyifa&;udk a½S;½Ií tvGef omoemûyawmfrlonf? ausmif;wdkufMuD;aygif; aNrmufrsm;pGm wnfaqmufí wHqdyfawmf& r& q&mawmfrsm;tm;

vpOfqGrf;qefawmfrsm;

rysufNym;ap&eftwGuf

axmufyHhvª'gef;avonf?

&[ef;

cefUxm;awmfrlvsuf

tbufbufrS

r[m'gef0ifrsm;

0denf;

aqmif½Gufawmfrlonf? ygVdawmf yd#uusrf;pmrsm;udk ausmufNzLNym;ü a&;oGif;apí aovu©&m½kVS yOör oH*g,em 'g,umcH,lawmfrloGm;avonf/ 2/ 5000-udpöESifh

odkUuavmuf omoemawmfxGef;um;aeonfhtcsdefrSmyif "mwfq&mOD;ydkonf omoem pyfvsOf;NyD; rQwaom trsm;0g'udk qefUusifvsuf

&wemoHk;yg;udk

apmfum;cJhonf?

xdktcg omoemûy rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;u iydkudk ac:,l udk,fwdkif ppfar;NyD; orme0g' rQwnDñGwfaom t,ludk,lzdkUESifh trsm;udk rykwfcwfzdkU azsmif;zsawmfrlcJhonf? odkUaomf OD;ydkonf w,loef t,lonf; acgif;rmol Nzpfí ol\ t,ludk rpGefUonfhtwGuf uGufrsufcHcJh&avonf? þudpöwGif OD;ydkonf owdåaNymifaom ol&Jaumif; rNzpfbJ wyifa½TxD;rif;vufxufu vufrxdyfü tyf½dkuf vla½G;yGJwGif ta½G;rcH&í ½Suf&rf;&rf;NyD; rdrdAdkufudkcGJ tlxkwfNyD; taocHoGm;aom Avrif;xifuJhodkU rdkuf½l;&Jol wpfOD;tNzpfom tzwfwifcJhavonf/ 3/

xdkUaemuf

NrefrmEdkifiHw&yfvHk; rif;pdk;&mZmwdkU

om;awmf

oDaygrif;vufxuf

e,fcsJUvufodkU

usa&mufoGm;aomtcg

tapmifhta½Smufuif;uGmoGm;NyD;

1347-ckESpfwGif Ak'¨

xD;usdK;pnfaygufí

omoemawmfNrwfonfvnf;

wdkif;olNynfom;wdkU\

vufwGif;ü

tuGyfr&Sdao

Murf;uJhodkU y&rf;ywm NzpfcJh&avonf/ 4/

vGefcJhaom

1309-ckESpfu

NrefrmEdkifiH

vGwfvyfa&;

Nyef&vmaomtcgwGifrS

Ak'¨omoemawmfudk NyefvnfxlaxmifcJhMu&onf? odkUaomf ,cif Nrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfuESifh rwlawmhbJ NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;ü

bmomaygif;pHk

trsKd;rsKd;rSmvnf;

bmomNcm;

0g'aygif;pHk

0ifa&mufaeESifhNyD;

pD;yGm;a&;orm;wdkUu

Nzpfovdk

Nzpfaeayonf?

yd#uusrf;*ef

yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;MuoNzifh

rEÅav;

yOöroH*g,emwif ausmufpmawmfrlESifh nd§NyD; q|oH*g,emwifcJhMuavonf/ 5/

odkU&mwGif "r®pufudk olawmfaumif;wdkUuom vdkufemMuí rolawmfwdkUu "r®pufudk

rvdkufemMuacs? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨omoemawmfMuD;ü twGif;tNyif roefU½Sif;rIrsm; ½SdvmoNzifh vGefcJhaom e,kefvu *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtpnf;ta0;MuD; usif;yNyD; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; taNccHpnf;rsOf; 0denf; "r®uH

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

912

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ponfwdkUudk a&;qGJí Ny|mef;cJhMu&\? þuJhodkU *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmawmfrsm;\ qHk;NzwfNy|mef;csuft& þEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUMuD;ESifhwuG Nynfe,f? wdkif;? ûrdUe,f? &yfuGuf? aus;½Gmtkyfpk oHCmh tzGJYtpnf; tqifhqifh ay:aygufvmcJh&onf? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&uvnf; "r®pufudk rvdkufemolrsm;twGuf qHk;rEdkifaom 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'udk Ny|mef;ay;cJhonf/ 6/ omoemhudpö

odkUNzpfí EdkifiHawmftwGif;½Sd wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmfrsm;\ udk,fpm; omoema&; t&yf&yfudk

wm0efcHí

aqmif½Guf&aom

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,u

tzGJUonf

EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü "r®a&;&m NyóemNzpfaom 0d0g'g"du½kPf;udpö&yfrsm;udk at;Nidrf;ap&ef tvdkUiSm "r® 0de,ESifh vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&Oya'ESifh vnf;aumif; ESpfbufESpfvrf; tusKH;0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;ay;cJhayonf/ 7/

xdk0denf;"dk&ftzGJUrsm;teuf trSwf(1)tzGJUu ausmufoabFm0g'udk qHk;Nzwfay;cJhNyD;Nzpf\?

,ck trSwf(2)0denf;"dk&f tzGJUu vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g' qdkonfwdkUudk pD&ifqHk;Nzwf 0dedpä, csrSwfay;cJhayonf/ 8/

þudpöESifh pyfí tenf;i,faNymMum;vdkonfrSm or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUu olwdkUudk

0denf;"dk&f½Hk;rwifygESifh?

r[mem,u

vmwifcJhzl;ayonf?

þudpöESifh

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonf us,fus,fNyefUNyefU

q&mawmfrsm;uyJ

ywfowfí q&mawmfwdkU

t&if;tNrpfESifhwuG

oHk;oyfcJhMuonf?

þuJhodkU

qHk;ryg?

emcHyghr,f

qdkwJh

pmudk

av;av;eufeuf

pOf;pm;cJhMuonf?

0d0g'g"du½kPf;Nzpfatmif

zefwD;aeyHkudkyg

oHk;oyfaomtcg

atmufyg

tcsufESpf&yfudk

awGU&ayonf(u)

wpf tcsufu EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU taeNzifh rdrdqE´½Sd&m oabmtwdkif; vkyfcGifhr½Sd?

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;

vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wdkUESifh

tnDomvQif

vkyfydkifcGifh

½Sdonf[laom tcsufNzpf\/ (c)

ESpf tcsufu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonf tvGeftaNccHcdkifonf? bk&m;omoemESifh rqdkif[lí yumoed,uH ûyxm;aom 'g,um

'g,umrwdkUu rMunfñdkEdkif[k

tyÜom'ya0'eD,uHûyxm;aom

omoemhqefUusifbuf

awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|udkrS

a½G;NyD;

or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\

vkyfenf;vkyf[efrSmvnf;

q&mwifxm;Muonf?

aoG;½dk;om;½dk; bmom omoemudk at;csrf;pGm usifhMuHolwdkU\ vkyf&yfrsKd; r[kwfbJ olwpfyg;wdkUtm; ykwfcwfNyD; rdrd rJ&atmif zefwD;Muaom a½S;acwf EdkifiHa&;orm;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&; vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsdK;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xdkUaMumifh ,ckvdk pmwifNcif;onf ]rD;MuD;Nirf;cdk? xrif;a&yl vQmvTJ} qdkouJhodkUtaNctaet& ysm;a&ESifh 0rf;vmcsNcif;om Nzpfonf? wu,fvdkufemrnf[k ,HkMunf&ef cufonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

913

tpodkU 9/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þuJhodkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuoNzifh q&mawmfrsm;\ yk*¾vqE´taeNzifh oem;u½kPm

iJhn§mvdkvSygaomfvnf;

ESpfbuftaNctaet&

,ckvdk

0denf;"dk&f½Hk;zGJUí

Nzpfayonf? tu,fwEÅK oHCr[mem,uxH wifvmaom qHk;r&mudk

emcHrnfqdkonfhtwdkif;

ppfaq;qHk;NzwfapcJhNcif;

pmxJrSm ygouJhodkU q&mawmfMuD;rsm;

or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if

vlMuD;rsm;rSm

½dk;om;NzLpifaom

pdwfxm;½Sd½dk;rSefvQif ,ck 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfMuD;rsm;u ynma½SUoGm; arwÅmxm;í a&;om;qHk;Nzwf qHk;rtyfonfwdkUudk

a½SUwGifwpfrsKd;

uG,f&mwpfrsKd;

rvkyfbJ

trSefwu,f

vdkufemMuvdrfhrnf[k

q&mawmfwdkU arQmfvifhayonf? txufu q&mawmf qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; "r®pufudk olawmfaumif;wdkUuom vdkufemonf? tmPmpufudkrl rolawmfwdkUvnf; rvdkufemrae& vdkufemMu&ayvdrfhrnf? odkUNzpfí þoD;Ncm;

0dedpä,½Hk;awmf\

qHk;Nzwfcsufonf

olawmfaumif;udk

ydkaumif;apNyD;

ol,kwfrmudk

olawmfaumif; Nzpfvmaprnfh qHk;Nzwfcsuf Nzpfayonf/ 10/

þvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,onf t*wdw&m;av;yg;uif;ayonf? uif;yHkrSm

"r®a&;&mNyóemNzpfí ocifNrwfqdkifu

rnfhonfhyk*d¾KvfudkrQ

0denf;"dk&f½Hk;

tmCmwMuD;rm;vSpGmNzifh

cspfcifiJhn§mp&m

ysufap&efESifh

[dkpmwif

rvdkoNzifh

2500-omoemESifh

'DpmNzefU

vkyfNcif;onf

qE´m*wduif;ayonf?

&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tay:

q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\

orm"dudk

rwkefvIyfapEdkifoNzifh a'gom*wdvnf; uif;ayonf? q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ b0onf rnfolUudkrQ aMumufp&mrvdkonfh taetxm;wGif½Sdí b,m*wdvnf; uif;ayonf? 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfMuD;rsm;onf bmoEÅESifhwuG yd#uwfusrf;*ef pGrf;oefawmfrl½HkrQru rNywfavhvm qnf;yl;vsuf ½SdonfhtNyif ,ck 0dedpä,udk av;vwmrQ tcsdefvHkvHkavmufavmuf,lNyD; ususee a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlonfh twGufaMumifh arm[m*wdvnf; uif;ayonf/ 11/

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,uq&mawmfMuD;rsm;ESifh

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfMuD;rsm;\

aqmif½Gufcsufonf ed*¾a[ ed*¾[dwAHÁ-ESdyfxdkufoludk ESdyf&rnf? y*¾a[ y*¾[dwAHÁ- Nr§ifhxdkufoludk Nr§ifh&rnf[laom

w&m;awmfESifhtnDom

r[kwfrrSefonfudk

Nzpfonf?

r[kwfrrSefonfhtaMumif;

xdkUNyif

tblwH

aNz½Sif;&rnf[laom

tblwawm

edaAÁa|wAHÁ=

Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;\

Mo0g'

ñTefMum;csufESifhvnf; tnDom Nzpfayonf/ 12/

,ckvdk &[ef;? ½Sif? vl NynfolwdkUtusKd;iSm Ak'¨omoem(bk&m;tqHk;trawmfMuD;)

oefU½Sif;wnfwHhNyefUyGm;a&;twGuf "r®puf tmPmpufwdkUNzifh xufxufNrufNruf aqmif½GufcGifh&atmif rdrd yifyef;qif;&JrIudk y"merxm;bJ þurÇmat;rSm 0gqdkí vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,udk a&;om;ûypk qHk;NzwfcsrSwfawmfrlMuaom xm;0,fûrdU? aCmodwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; trª;½Sdaom oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf 5-yg;wdkU\ apwem? qE´? ZGJ ? vHkUv? ynmÚmPf? y#dbmefwdkUudkvnf; csD;usL;ygonf? xdkUNyif þ0dedpä, atmifNrifa&;twGuf tbufbufu ulnDcJhMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

914

tpodkU 13/

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) txl;oNzifh þEdkifiHawmfü ray:aygufcJhzl;ao;aom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh

pepfwus ay:aygufapNyD; rqHk;NzwfcJhzl;ao;aom ,ckvdk omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;Esifh oufqdkifonfh "r®a&;&m tqHk;tNzwfrsKd; csrSwfEdkifatmif tmPmpuf tultnDay;ayaom EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&tm;vnf; wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmfwdkU\udk,fpm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ udk,fpm; aus;Zl;Oyum& txl;wifvsuf tpOfarwåmydkUovsuf ½SdaMumif; ed*Hk;csKyf rdefUMum;vdkufygonf/ b'´EÅtmeE´y@dw(t*¾r[my@dw) 'kwd,Ouú|q&mawmf EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU ('kwd,tzGJUcGJ) 1343-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (2)&uf/ 1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv( 29)&uf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

915

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;crm0k"\ 0dedpä, tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm; ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'

0dedpä,

tusOf;csKyfudk

rdefUMum;a&;udpöESifh

ywfowfí

0dedpä,

ed*Hk;

oHk;oyfcsufwGif

atmufygtwdkif; ygNyD;Nzpfaeygw,f/ ,if;

vlaovlNzpf

0g'gEk0g'

(vlaovlNzpf

OD;Ouú|0g'?

¤if;\ aemufvdkufNzpfaom

ocifNrwfqdkif? or®m'd|dokawoD polwdkU\ 0g') onf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r® tm*r,kwdårsm;ESifh

vnf;aumif;?

av;eufus,fNyefUaom

obm0,kwdårsm;ESifh

vnf;aumif;

ravsmfuefatmif azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbufNzpfaom t"r®0g'om Nzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHwifNyaom vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'qdkif&m

pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGrsm;ESifhwuG

þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHypönf;tNzpf

a&mufrvmaom xdk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGESifh ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdaom a&;om;csufrsm;onfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®ESifh qefUusifbufrsm;Nzpfí xdkpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG ausmufpm ponfwdkUonf t"r®0g'udk azmfNy&mNzpfaomaMumifh t"r®ypönf;rsm; NzpfaMumif;

EdkifiHawmf

oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&f

tzGJU

trSwf(2)

0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u

wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'

(vlaovlNzpf0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoDwdkU\

0g'ponf)udk

NzpfMuukef\

[lí

EdkifiHawmf

oD;Ncm;

0denf;"dk&ftzGJU

trSwf(2)

0denf;"dk&f

q&mawmfMuD;rsm; tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf[k

awGU½Sd&ygonf?

'Dawmh

pk'dwu

NzpfawmfrlMuukefaom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh

vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;

ESvHk;oGif;zG,f&mNzpfwJh Mo0g'pum;udk rdefUMum;ay;ygr,f/ ,ck tpnf;ta0;rSm a&mufvmMuwJh oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhwuG oufqdkif&m 'um 'umrrsm; pOf;pm;p&mu

'DyGJ[m

bmyGJvJ?

vkyfaqmif&rJJhudpöudk taNccHusus

pDpOfaNymNy&vQif

EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,u tzGJUu oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkU\ qE´t& a&;qGJay;xm;wJh Oya'ESifhtnD oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f

tzGJUudk

zGJUpnf;ay;cJhygw,f?

Ouú|

q&mawmfMuD;\

rdefUMum;csufrSm

ygwJhtwdkif;

ocifNrwfqdkifwdkUu 'D0g'[m 'gavmuf cHk½Hk;awmfa&mufzdkU rvdkygbl;wJh? oufoufn§mn§meJUqHk;rMo0g' pum;aNymvdkuf,if NyD;rSmyJvdkU vG,fvG,fyJ olwdkUaNymvdkufMuwmygyJ? 'gayrJh þae&mrSm Oya'twGif;u

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

916

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

vkyfaeMuwmNzpfwJhtwGuf 'DEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUuvJ 'DOya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufNyD; usifhoHk;vdkU rNzpfygbl;? b,fvdkyJ arwåmxm;xm;? b,fvdkyJ apwemxm;xm;? 'DOya'udk csKd;azmufNyD;awmh EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu

usifhoHk;vdkU

rNzpfygbl;?

'DvdkrNzpfwJhtwGuf

'DtaNc'DtaersKd;udk

a&mufvmMu&ygw,fqdkwm Ouú|q&mawmfMuD; rdefUMum;wJh txJrSm yg0ifNyD; NzpfoGm;ygNyD? 'gaMumifh rdrdwdkU vkyfudkifaqmif½GufwJh ae&mrSm bkef;MuD; bkef;MuD; vl vl todÚmPfrSDMuwJh yk*d¾KvfawG rSeforQ a&S;q&morm;rsm; qHk;roGm;wJh]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf? þESpfcsuf? rysufowdxm;}} qdkwJh Mo0g'udk owdûyqifNcifzdkUaumif;ygw,f? tusKd;rJhudk ûyvG,foavmuf tusKd;½Sdwmudk ûyEdkifzdkU cJ,Of;wwfygw,f?

a½S;q&morm;rsm;u

'DqHk;rMo0g'pum;udk

bmaMumifh

ay;oGm;ygovJvdkU

aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;MunfhwJhtcg oku&H om"kem om"k? om"k ygaye 'kuú&H/ ygyH ygaye oku&H? ygyr&da,[d 'kuú&H/ qdkwJh O'gef;ygVdawmfrSmygwJh bk&m;a[m*gxmudk oGm;awGUygw,f? ]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf}} NrefrmvuFm

pmydk'fuav;u

wwd,yg'wdkUESifh

om"k ygaye

'kuú&HESifh

wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeygw,f?

ygyH ygaye oku&H-

'Dawmh

rdrdwdkU&JU

qdkwJh

'kwd,yg'

udk,ftrlt&meJUvkyfwJh

udpö?

EIwftrlt&meJU aNymwJh udpö? pdwftrlt&meJU MuHwJh udpöawGrSm um,uHrI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrI ûywdkif; ûywdkif; aNymwdkif; qdkwdkif; vIyf&Sm;wdkif; MuHpnfwdkif; usKd;rJhûyvG,f usKd;½SdûycufawG NzpfwwfMuygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsufudk yk*d¾Kvfowå0gwkdif; owdxm;&rSm Nzpfygw,f/ usKd;rJhûyvG,f qdkwJhtwdkif; tusKd;rJhwJhtrIudk vG,fvG,fyJ ûywwfMuygw,f? yg;pyfu aNym&rSmvJ raMumuf udk,ftrlt&meJU ûy&rSmvJ raMumuf

EIwftrlt&meJU aNym&rSmvJ raMumuf vG,fvG,fyJaNym

vG,fvG,fyJ tNypfwif wwfMuygw,f? tJ'DtrIawG rSeforQ trJpufxifoGm;NyD Nzpfygw,f? 'DtrJpufudk NzLpifoefU½Sif;oGm;atmif wpfzefNyef

tm;xkwfzdkU&m

odyfvG,fulwJh

udpö

r[kwfygbl;?

'gaMumifh

b,fae&mrqdk b,fudpörsKd;rqdk ]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf? þESpfcsuf? rysufowdxm;}} qdkwJh Mo0g'udk ESvHk;oGif;apcsifygw,f/ aemufwpfcsufu rdrdwdkUxuf oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? ynm*kPftm;Nzifh MuD;rm;awmfrlMuwJh &wemoHk;yg;udk

MunfñdkMu

NrwfEdk;Mu

tm;udk;MuwJhae&mrSm owdxm;zdkU txl;ta&;MuD;ygw,f?

owdxm;zdkU qkd&mrSmvJ udk,fESpfouf&m udk,fNrwfEdk;&m udk,ftm;udk;&mNzpfwJh txnfN'yf0w¬Kypönf;rSm -

'Dawmh

(u)

MunfñdkwwfwJh MunfñdkrJhyk*d¾Kvf?

(c)

tMunfñdkcH&rJh 0w¬K N'yf ESpfrsKd; uGJoGm;ygw,f?

MunfñdkwwfwJh

yk*d¾Kvfae&mu

bkef;MuD;

a0zefNycsifwmyg?

MunfñdkwwfwJhae&mrSm

oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm;&SdaMumif; ax&0g'yd#uwf okwfr[m0g t|uxm ESm(377)rSm Nyqdkxm;ygw,f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

917

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

(u)

Av0oa'¨g [d rE´yanm rk"yÜoaEém a[mwd? t0w¬Kod® H yoD'wd/

(c)

Av0yanm rE´oa'¨g

0d,

a&m*g

tawudapäm a[mwd/ (*)

ObdEHé orwm, 0w¬Kod® H a,0 yoD'wd/

,HkMunfrItm;aumif;NyD; todÚmPfynmtm;enf;ol\ MunfñdkNcif;rsKd; (tm;udk;Ncif;rsKd;)

onf tcsnf;ESD;aom ,HkMunfrI Nzpfonf? rMunfñdkxdkuf rNrwfedk;xdkufaom yk*d¾KvfrsKd;udk q&mwifí Munfñdkwwf\? xdkyk*d¾KvfrsKd;udk o'¨gtm;aumif;NyD; ÚmPfynm todw&m; rygaomaMumifh tcsnf;ESD; ukd;uG,fol[k ac:qdk&onf/ 2/

'kwd, trsKd;tpm;yk*d¾Kvfu-

Av0yanm=awG;wwfac:wwf MuHpnfwwfwJh todÚmPfawGuawmh tm;aumif;yg\/ rE´oa'¨g=,HkMunfrIuawmh

tvGeftm;enf;\?

tawG;tac:awG

MuHpnfrIawG a0zefrIawG

odyfrsm;w,f? 'gayrJh ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;usawmh olUrSm tiftm;r&Sdygbl;? oabmw&m;a&; q&mMuD;vdkU trnfcHayrJh

tJ'Dyk*d¾KvfrsKd;[m

au&m#duyuH©

bZwd=aumufuspfpOf;vJaom

tzdkUtpkodkU

a&mufwwfygw,f/ avmuOyrmtm;Nzifh aNym&vQifaboZÆork|dawm= aq;aMumifhNzpfaom a&m*g0d, = a&m*guJhodkU tawudapäm=aq;uk&rvG,fygbl;? ,ckacwfMuD;rSm ae&mwum a0zefa&;q&mawG odyfaygw,f? 'gayrJh a0zefrIwpfckom½SdNyD; ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;rygvQif aumufuspfpOf;vJwJh yk*d¾KvfvdkU ac:ygw,f? aq;aMumifhNzpfwJh aq;vGefem tuk&cufovdk 'Dvlpm;rsKd;u aNym&a[m&cufw,f? rdpämoabmw&m;awG udef;aewwfw,f/ 3/

wwd,yk*d¾KvfrsKd;u

,HkMunfrI

o'¨gw&m;vJ

tm;aumif;w,f?

csifhcsdefa0zefrI

todÚmPfynmvJ MuG,f0w,f? tJ'Dvdk o'¨g? ynm ESpfNzmrQwwJh yk*d¾KvfrsKd; NzpfzdkU ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ owåavmuMuD;twGif;rSm owå0g&,fvdkU Nzpfvm&if ywf0ef;usifudk udk,fu rSD&wmvJ ½Sdw,f? ywf0ef;usifu todkif;t0dkif;u udk,fhudk NyefNyD; rSDcdk&wmvJ ½Sdw,f? olrsm;u udk,furSDtyfwJhyk*d¾Kvf rSDoifhwJh

yk*d¾Kvf

rSDxdkufwJh

yk*d¾KvfrsKd;NzpfzdkU

udk,fhudk rSDcdkwJhtcgrSm

ydkNyD;

udk,fusifhw&m;NrJzdkU

ta&;MuD;ygw,f? udk,fu olwpfyg;udk rSD&wJhtcgrSmvJ udk,frSDaewJh q&mNzpfolonf bk&m;a[m0g' udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh nDrQol [kwf&JUvm;? 'gudk yxr pOf;pm;&r,f? tawG;tac:wwf½Hk ynm½Sd½HkeJU q&maumif;vdkU rqdkEdkifao;bl;? udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;zdkUuvnf; ta&;MuD;ao;w,f/ b,fae&mrSmNzpfNzpf a0zefw,f? pdppfw,f? a0zefpdppfNyD;rS 'dkUu vufcHw,fvdkU udk,fhbufu xifaeayrJh rdpäm or®mruGJ,if tcsnf;ESD;y?J usrf;*efawGrSm Nyqdkxm;wmu ykxkZOfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf rdrdwdkU

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

918

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

oEÅmefrSm Nzpfay:vmaom todw&m;rSeforQudk tm;vHk; yndaNE´csnf;xifaewwfw,fwJh? todw&m;wdkif; ynmr[kwfbl;? todu rdpämod? or®mod ESpfrsKd;½Sdw,f? odwmawG rSeforQ udk,fu or®modcsnf; qHk;Nzwfxm;vdkU r&EdkifwJh taMumif;udk rdpämÚmaPwd {w¬ rdpämÚmPEdÅ ygyud&d,mok Oyg,pdEÅm0aoe okuwH urH® £wd yapöa0u©Pmuma&e OyÜaEém arma[m a0'dwaAÁmvdkU t|uxmq&mu zGifhNyxm;ygw,f/ rdpämÚmPf[lonf bmvJ (=trSm;odqdkwm bmvJ)? r[kwfwmvkyfr,f? raumif;wm MuHpnfr,f? raumif;wmaNymr,f? wvGJwapmif; tm;xkwfr,fqdk&if tJ'Dae&mrSm ay:vmaom todÚmPf[lorQ rdpämÚmPfyJ?

t&aumufawmh

arm[yJ?

'Darm[u

ykxkZOfawGudk

yndaNE´a,mifa,mifeJY

[efaqmifwwfw,f? 'gaMumifh rodrI t0dZÆm arm[ OD;pD;rIaMumifh rdrdwdkU odxm;wJh todw&m;rSeforQudk yndaNE´csnf;vdkU ratmufarhyg&ef bkef;MuD;u owday;ygw,f? aemufwpfcsufu NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD; omoemouú&mZf (218)ESpf aNrmufavmufrSm omoemhta&ûcHawG omoemxJ0ifNyD; arTaESmufaNcmufNcm;cJhvdkU omoemhta&;tcif;MuD; êuHcJh&yHktaMumif;udk 0dedpä, csrSwfwJhtxJrSm bkef;MuD;rsm;

Mum;vdkuf&ygw,f? tvGef oHa0*NzpfzG,f

aumif;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;vufxufuyif bk&m;ESifh t,ltq rwlrQwJh yk*d¾KvfawG ½SdcJhzl;w,f qdkwJh taMumif;udk bkef;MuD;u om"uuav; wpfck xkwfNycsifygw,f/ NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif omauwûrdU? tOÆe0e trnf&wJh rd*'g0kefawmrSm oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmfrlpOf uk@vd, trnf&SdwJh y&AdkZfwpfOD; a&mufvmygw,f? 'Dy&AdkZf[m t&HwpfckrS t&HwpfckodkU O,smOfwpfckrS O,smOfwpfckodkU wpfvrf;rS wpfvrf;odkU &yfuGufwpfckrS &yfuGufwpfckodkU vSnfhvnfNyD; olUt,l0g'awGudk a[maNymavh½Sdygw,f? olwpfyg;t,l0g'udk ESdrfí rdrd t,ltq rSefuefaMumif; oufaoNyzdkU aeUpOf vSnfhvnfygw,f? ol\ wynfhrsm;udkvnf; ]]olrsm;u 'Dvdkar;&if rif;wdkUu a[m'Dvdk NyefaNzyg? olrsm;u 'Dvdk ,lq&if rif;wdkUu 'Dvdk NyefaNz½Sif;yg}} ponfNzifh oabmw&m;awG ay;avh ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D uk@vd, y&dAkdZf[m wpfaeUaomtcg NrwfpGmbk&m;xH a&mufoGm;NyD; 'Dvdk ar;ygw,f/ uk@vd,

-t½Sifa*gwronf tb,f tusKd;&Sdí aeygoenf;/

bk&m;

-todÚmPf0dZÆm udavomrS vGwfaNrmufrI 0drkwdå [laom tusKd;tmedoif ½Sdíom ae\/

uk@vd,

-tb,fw&m;udk yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdå NzpfEdkifygoenf;/

bk&m;

-aAmZÑifckepfyg;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdå NzpfEdkif\/

uk@vd,

-aAmZÑifckepfyg; Nzpfay:vmatmif tb,fw&m;udk yGm;rsm;&ygrnfenf;/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

919

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

bk&m;

-aAmZÑifckepfyg;w&m;Nzpfvmatmif owdy|mefw&m;udk yGm;rsm;&ygrnf/

uk@vd,

-owdy|mefw&m;udk

yGm;rsm;Edkifatmif tb,fw&m;udk

avhvmusifhoHk;

&ygrnfenf;/ bk&m;

-okp½dkufw&m; (3)yg;udk avhvmusifhoHk;&rnf/

uk@vd,

-okp½dkufw&m;Nzpfay:vmatmif tb,fw&m;udk apmifha½Smuf&rnfenf;/

bk&m;

-rsufpdçem;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fç pdwf - [laom wHcg; 6- aygufvHkatmif ydwfNcif; £NEd´,oH0&oDvudk apmifha½Smuf&ygrnf/

a'oemudk tNyefaumuf,lvdkufaomf 'kp½dkuf w&m; 10-yg;udk rNzpfatmif

xdef;odrf;vQif

okp½dkufw&m;Nzpf\? okp½dkufw&m;NzpfvQif owdy|mefyGm;rsm;&m a&muf\? owdy|mefyGm;rsm;vQif aAmZÑif (7)yg; Nzpf\? aAmZÑif(7)yg; yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdåNzpf\ [lvdk/ 'Dw&m; Mum;vdkufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf c&D;pOfwpfavQmufvHk; NrwfpGmbk&m;\ t,l0g'udk wGef;vSefûzdzsufvmcJhwJh uk@vd, y&AdkZf[m todw&m;0ifNyD; ol\ rSm;,Gif;aeaom t,ltqa[mif;udk wpfcgwnf;

pGefUvdkufygw,f? OygoumvdkU

qnf;uyfoltNzpf

todtrSwf

rSwfawmfrlyg?

ûyawmfrlygvdkU

Ak'¨

"r®

oHCmudk toufxufqHk;

avQmufxm;NyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf

twGif;odkU

0ifa&mufvmcJhygw,f/ tckvJyJ pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm;taeNzifh oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ tqHk;tNzwfudk emcHNyD; rdrdwdkU\ t,ltq tawG;tac: tavhtvm ponfwdkUudk pGefUvTwfMuNyD;awmh ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemudk MunfñdkwwfwJh NrwfEdk;wwfwJh yk*d¾KvfawG tNzpfodkU a&mufMuygapvdkU bkef;MuD;u Mo0g'pum; rdefUMum; vdkufygw,f/

om"k? om"k? om"k

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

920

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfNyD;aom q&mawmfrsm; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wGif yg0ifa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf

oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; taNccH pnf;rsOf; tcef;(2) tydk'f(5)rSm ]]Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHawmf wpf0ef;vkH;½Sd ax&0g' oHCmh*dkPf; toD;oD;rS

&[ef;oHCm

[lorQonf

Nynfaxmifpk

qdk½S,fvpfor®w

NrefrmEdkifiHawmf

oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; twGif;ü tvdktavsmufyg0ifNyD; Nzpfonf[k rSwf&rnf}} vdkU

qdkxm;ygw,f?

tJ'Dvdkqdkxm;awmh

rlvu

t½Sifbk&m;rsm;ESifhwuG vlaovlNzpfOD;Ouú|0g'?

or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?

ausmufoabFm0g'?

aMumifyef;0g'

oHCmawmfrsm;udk

zGJUpnf;yHk

tp&SdwJh

t,l0g'awG

uGJvGJaeMuwJh

taNccHOya'pnf;rsOf;t& oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rSm

rxnfhoGif;bJ

csefxm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk csefxm;cJhNcif;[mvnf; oHCmwpfodef;ausmf\ qE´t&

Oya'pnf;urf;\

cdkif;apcsufaMumifh

csefxm;cJh&Ncif;

Nzpfygw,f?

oHCmh

tzGJYtpnf;

taNccHpnf;rsOf;

tcef;(2)

tydk'f(11)wGif]]Nynfaxmifpk q½k&S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; oDwif;oHk; aexdkifaom oHCmawmf [lorQonf rdrdwdkUESifh oufqdkifaom *dkPf;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? þtaNccHpnf;rsOf;t& zGJUpnf;xm;aom

em,u

tzGJUwpfzGJUzGJUESifhaomfvnf;aumif;

oufqdkif

tusKH;0ifap&rnf?

oD;Ncm;uif;vGwfí oDwif;oHk; aexdkifcGifhr½Sd}} vdkU twdtvif;qdkxm;ygw,f? 'D pnf;rsOf;t& ,ck pk'dwursm;tzdkU oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;wpfckckrSm yg0if&rnfNzpfaomfvnf; "r® t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf; pdppf&ef½Sdaeí b,ftzGJUtpnf;xJrS roGif;bJ csefxm;cJh&ygw,f? tckawmh rdrdwdkUt,l0g'rSm;udk pGefUvTwfNyD; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u Ouú| q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;ESifh

wuG tm;vHk;

oHCmawmfrsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif t,l0g'pGefUvTwfaMumif;

vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; NzpfwJhtwGuf wynfhawmfwdkU ñTefMum;vTm trSwf(7)tydk'f(4) rSm]]tqdkyg acwåcsefvSyfxm;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUu pdppfqHk;NzwfNyD;rSom rnfodkUrnfyHk aqmif½Guf&rnfudk xyfrHí ñTefMum;&ef}} [k tydkif;(4)rSm ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ aemufwpfcg ñTefMum;vTm trSwf(7)tydk'f(1)ESifh (2) wGifvnf;]]EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU yxrtMudrf txl;tpnf;ta0;u owfrSwfa½G;cs,f zGJUpnf;

ûyvkyf&mü

MuOfz,fxm;onfh

&[ef;awmfrsm;udk

acwåcsefvSyfxm;&ef

qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf}} [l í vnf;aumif;? ,if;uJhodkU qHk;Nzwfxm;onf NzpfaomaMumifh -

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

921

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]awmifwGif;MuD;

&[ef;awmfrsm;?

ewfrSD

t&SifOuú|\

ausmufoabFmq&mawmf\

t,l0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfaeMuaom t,l0g'udk

vufcH,HkMunfaeMuaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;u MuOfz,fxm;aom tvm;wl &[ef;awmfrsm;udk acwå csefvSyfí a½G;cs,fzGJUpnf;awmfrlMu&ef}} [lí vnf;aumif; ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f? þñTefMum;csufrsm;t& ,cifumvrsm;ü t½Sifbk&m;wdkUtm; csefvSyfNyD; xm;cJh&Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ tckawmh rdrdwdkU\ t,l0g'rSm;udk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;\ a½SUarSmufü pGefUvTwfygaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; NzpfwJhtwGuf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu t½Sifbk&m;rsm;udk rdrdwdkUaexdkif&ma'o½Sd

þoHCmhtzGJUtpnf;toif;tyif;MuD; vufatmufodkU a&mufoGm;ygaMumif;?

a&mufoGm;NyDNzpfaMumif; wynfhawmfwdkUu todtrSwfûyonfhtNyif oufqdkif&m t½Sifbk&m;wdkU\ ûrdUe,f oHCem,u wdkif;oHCem,ursm;xHodkU wynfhawmfwdkUu wpfqifh b,fyk*d¾Kvf b,fyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf b,faeU b,f&uf b,ftcsdefu EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u a½SUarSmufwGif 0g'rSm;udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; Nzpfí ax&0g'*dkPf;u vufcHNyD;NzpfaMumif;? 'gaMumifh t½Sifbk&m;rsm; ûrdUe,fa'orSm ½SdMuaom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;xJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; þt½SifNrwfrsm;udk a&wGufMuyg&ef wynfhawmfwdkUu ñTefMum;ay;ygr,f/ aemufwpfcku

t½Sifbk&m;rsm;rS

wqifhaomfvnf;aumif;?

rdrdwdkU

oHCmhy&dowfNzpfNzpf

vly&dowfNzpfNzpf

rdrdwdkU\

'Dt,l0g'udk

oufqdkif&mûrdUe,f

oHCem,uxHrSm

vufrSwfa&;xdk;apawmfrlMuygvdkU

wynfhrsm;udk

ae&mXmerSm½SdMuaom pGefUvTwfMu&ef

wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f?

vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;wJh taMumif;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m ûrdUe,foHCem,ursm;rS wqifh wynfhawmfwdkU oHCr[mem,utzGJUodkU tpD&ifcHMu&rSm Nzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk usifhoHk;awmfrlMu&oNzifh t½Sifbk&m;wdkUvJ csrf;om? wynfhawmfwdkUvJ csrf;om? omoemrSm wpnf;wvHk;wnf; wnDwñGwfwnf; tnDtñGwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;eJU omoema&;twGuf vufwGJaqmif½GufMuzdkU tcsdefom Nzpfygawmhw,f/ t½Sifbk&m;rsm;tzdkUvJ &yfuGuf? ûrdUe,f? wdkif; A[dk ponfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif em,uNzpfap 0efaqmifNzpfap 0denf;"dk&f Nzpfap oifhavsmfovdk yg0ifNyD; ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh &Sdygvdrfhr,f? tck 5-ESpfydkif;rSm r& ao;vQif vmrnfh 5-ESpfydkif;rSm &Edkifp&m½Sdygw,f? tzGJU0ifuawmh NzpfoGm;wm aocsmoGm;ygNyD? 'DoHCmhtzGJUtpnf; twGif;odkU t½Sifbk&m;rsm; a&mufoGm;NyDqdkwm wynfhawmfwdkU today;vdkufygw,f/ aeUpGJ? 1343-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;2-&uf? ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmif

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

922

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)u vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk t"r®0g' [lí 0dedpä, csrSwfcJhNyD;Nzpf&m rdrdwdkU\ 0g'rsm;udk rpdppfrDu y#dnmOf ûycJhonfhtwdkif; (u)

t"r® 0g'rsm;udk pGefUvTwfygaMumif;

(c)

aemif

tem*wfumvrsm;ü ,if; t"r®0g'rsm;udk

a[maNymNcif;?

a&;om;Ncif;?

aqG;aEG;Ncif;? wdwfacGzGifhNcif; ponfh trIwdkUudk rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkifvnf; ûyvkyfMurnf r[kwfonfhtNyif wynfh'g,um 'g,dumrwdkUtm;vnf; rûyvkyfMuap&ef wm;NrpfqHk;r Mo0g'ay;rnf NzpfygaMumif;/ (*)

rdrdwdkU 0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; wdwfacGrsm; txdrf;trSwfrsm; ponfwdkUudkyg zsufqD;Ncif;? tyfESHNcif;rsm;udk ûyvkyfrnf NzpfygaMumif;? EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU\ a½SUarSmufü udk,fwdkif y#dnmOf vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muygonf/

pOf

bGJU

odu©m

touf

ae&yfvdyfpm

OD;Z0e

ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;ûrdU

OD;Z0e

ig;qifhtaemufausmif;?

udk,fwdkifvufrSwf

awmifwGif;MuD; 3/

OD;OaZÆmwdu

uGif;ausmif;? a';'&J

OD;qE´m"du

ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;MuD;

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

923

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefYvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk t"r®0g'NzpfaMumif; 0dedpä,csrSwfawmfrlcJhonfudk vdkufemí atmufwGif udk,fwdkif vufrSwf a&;xdk;ol pk'dwuwdkUESifh wuG oufqdkifolrsm;u(u)

xdk t"r®0g'rsm;udk vHk;0 pGefUvTwfMuygaMumif;?

(c)

,ck tcsdefrSpí a½SUodkU qufvufNyD; ,if; t"r®0g'rsm;udk a[maNymNcif; a&;om;Ncif; aqG;aEG;Ncif;

wdwfacGzGifhNcif; oifwef;ay;Ncif; ponfh tûytrltm;vHk;udk rdrdwdkU

udk,fwdkifvnf; rûyrvkyfMuyg? rdrdwdkUESifh ywfowfolrsm;tm;vnf; ûyvkyfapMurnf r[kwfygaMumif;? (*)

txufyg t"r®0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG txdrf;trSwf ponfwdkUudkvnf; zsufqD;Ncif;? tyfESHNcif;rsm;udkvnf; ûyvkyfMurnf NzpfygaMumif;?

(C)

,cifu xdkt"r®0g'ESifh ywfowfí oHk;pGJcJhaom toif;tzGJU trnfrsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm; ponfwdkUudkvnf;

vHk;0

wm0ef,lí

zsufodrf;Murnf?

zsufodrf;Muaprnf

NzpfygaMumif;udkEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ a½SUarSmufü udk,fwdkif y#dnmOfûyvsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muygonf/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

924

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

pOf trnf

touf

ae&yfvdyfpm

1/ ocifNrwfqdkif pDtD; -091213

trSwf-4? pdefcs,fvrf;?

2/ OD;cif[ef pD'D - 020435

udk,fwdkifvufrSwf

usKduúpH&yfuGuf? A[ef;? &efukef Ouú|? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU t rSwf-313? oGif½HkteD;? AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukef

3/ OD;a½TNynfh

Ouú|? a½Ttbd"r®mtzGJU? awmifukwfûrdU? &cdkifNynfe,f

4/ OD;ÚmPfodkif; atat-

arcvmcef;r? 16/1?

001789

5/ OD;vGef;armif pDtdyfcsf-

&wemvrf;? ouFef;uRef;

(em,utzGJU0if) 344? tcef; (10) taemuf&efuif;?

004175

6/ OD;pdefat; pDtifef-00717

(em,utzGJU0if) 954?

&efukef

(em,utzGJU0if) 260? atmifopömvrf;? atmifaZ,s&yfuGuf? a'gyHkûrdUe,f

7/ OD;Nr'if

(tzGJUcsKyf? 'kOuú|) 412? odrfNzLvrf;? uefawmfuav; pmwdkuf? &efukef

8/ OD;NrifhaqG

tzGJUcsKyf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; 327? ta½SU0g,mvuf3-vrf;? urÇmat;pmwdkuf? &efukef

9/ OD;ausmfwifh

(tzGJUcsKyf wGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;) trSwf-861? pm*vrf;? 4-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvm

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

925

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHawmf NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efMuD;Xme trdefUaMumfNimpm trSwf 2^81 1343-ck ESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 3-&uf (1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 30-&uf)

EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU\ 1981-ckESpf? arv 13 &ufpGJyg pmtrSwf

208^1^om-r[eNzifh

zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonfh EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u 1981-ckESpf?

atmufwdkbmv29-&uf aeUwGif ½SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®rsm;ESifh ravsmfuefatmif azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbuf Nzpfaeaom t"r®0g' [k qHk;Nzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhygonf/ 2/

tydk'f1-wGif azmfNyyg½Sdaom qHk;Nzwfcsufudk taMumif;ûyí 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;

rIcif;rsm; aNz&Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr

13-t& vnf;aumif;? 1962-ckESpf yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh

xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyHkwif Oya' yk'fr 6-t& vnf;aumif;? NypfrIqdkif&mOya' yk'fr 188- t& vnf;aumif;? aw;oHoGif;vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh trdefUtydk'f 13- ESifh14 wdkUt& vnf;aumif; ½SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g' odkUr[kwf a½Ttbd"r®m0g'udk a[maNymNcif;? pmtkyftNzpf ½dkufESdyfNzefUcsDNcif; ul;,lNzefUcsDNcif;eSifh toHzrf; wdwfacGrsm;Nzifh toHoGif;Ncif; NzefUcsDNcif;wdkUudk wm;Nrpf ydwfyifvdkufonf/ 3/

1964-ckESpf?

trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk

umuG,fonfh

Oya'yk'fr

t& &SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g' odkUr[kwf a½Ttbd"r®m0g' NyefUyGm;a&; twGuf

aqmif½Gufvsuf

½Sdaom

toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk

zsufodrf;vdkufonf?

xdkuJhodkUaom

toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Nynfaxmifpk NrefrmedifiHawmfvSefa&; tpdk;&tzGJU Ouú|½Hk;\ 1964-ckESpf? arv 3-&ufpGJyg trdefUaMumfNimpm trSwf 64-\ tydk'f 1-t& uif;vGwfcGifh r½Sdap&/

pdefvGif 0efMuD;? Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpf NrefrmEdkifiHawmf NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;Xme/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

926

tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)

usrf;pmtkyf"r®'getvª½Sif vlaovlNzpf0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g'pG,fpHkusrf;) MuD;udk tqufrNywfvnfywf yHkESdyfxkwfa0Edkifap&ef aiGya'o,yifpdkufxlum ynmoH0wåedu ukodkvfûyMuaom "r®'ge'g,umrsm;

OD;ausmfñGefU + a':oef;Nrifh NynfhpHñGefUukrÜPD aiGMum&H&dyfom? yg&rDvrf; awmifOuúvmyûrdUe,f? &efukefûrdU/

ewfvlom"kac:apaomf0f/

]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf

927