A Decade of Excellence

L A N G S T O N U N I V E R S I T Y S C H O O L O F A G R I C U LT U R E A N D A P P L I E D S C I E N C E S

E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research

A Decade of Excellence 1992–2001

Decade of Excellence Report of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, Langston University 1992-2001

When the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research of Langston University, previously known as the American Institute for Goat Research, was established in 1984, the goat industry in the United States might have been viewed as in its infancy. As goat production in this land has grown over the years, so to have the program and accomplishments of the Institute. The raising of goats and processing and marketing of goat products now are mainstream agricultural practices, and we take a great deal of pride in our role in this revolution.

Substantial achievements in the past 10 years have been made at the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, in knowledge development through research and just as, or perhaps more importantly, transferring needed technologies to people who can derive benefit from them, in Oklahoma as well as in other areas of the United States and throughout the world. However, there remains a great deal yet to do. Who knows how goat production and utilization of goat products will further develop and what research will be called for? But, you can rest assured that we will be up to the task to tackle whatever lies ahead.

Administrators Ernest L. Holloway, Ph.D. President, Langston University Marvin Burns, Ph.D. Dean, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences Vernon L. Jones, Ph.D. Associate Dean, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences Sherman Lewis, M.S. Associate Extension Administrator Tilahun Sahlu, Ph.D. Director, E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research

2

L A NG S T O N U N I V E R S I T Y S C H O O L

OF

A G R I C U LT U R E

AND

A P P L I E D S C I E NC E S

Contents 5

Mission of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research

7

Director’s Message

10 History of the Institute 14 Personnel 22 Student Involvement 26 Farm 32 Laboratory 36 Research Overview 46 Research Projects 52 Extension Overview 60 International Overview 68 Publications

Decade of Excellence. Report of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, 1992-2001 is produced by the Office of the Director, E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research.

For details about research work highlighted in this report or reproduction permission, contact the Director.

Art Direction / Design Mark Pennie, PennieWorks Studio Photography Paul McEntire, Entirely Creative (unless otherwise noted)

The information released herein does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the research sponsors. Use of trade names implies no endorsement by Langston University. Š2003, Langston University.

Langston University is in compliance with title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11 246 as amended, title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, handicap or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes, but is not limited to, admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.

This publication, issued by Langston University as authorized by the Office of the Director, E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, was printed by Oklahoma State University Printing Services at a cost of $19,678. 3m/June 03/#5720.

E ( KI K A)

DE LA

G A R Z A I N ST I T U T E

FOR

G OAT RESEAR CH

3

4

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Mission The mission of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research is to develop and transfer enhanced goat production system technologies, with impacts at local, state, regional, national, and international levels.

The Institute strives to fulfill this mission through excellence in a results-driven, highly productive research program; an effective, clientoriented extension approach; and dynamic international activities that stress development and human capacity building.

Innovative research, an efficient information dissemination system, excellent facilities, knowledgeable and caring personnel, and a dedication to the improvement of the lives of goat producers around the world have made the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research a recog-

â–˛

nized leader in the arena of goat production technologies.

Feeding weaned Alpine doelings.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

5

6

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

▲

Dr. Tilahun Sahlu

… the Institute has

As of 2001, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, previously known as the American Institute for Goat Research, is 17 years old. During this short time, U.S. goat production has evolved from being mainly a backyard hobby into a full-fledged industry encompassing meat, dairy, and fiber production.

Along the way, the fledgling industry faced many challenges and periods of uncertainty, but throughout exhibited steady, significant progress and growth. Over the years, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research stood by goat producers and strived to provide them with essential and relevant information, through our excellent research and extension programs, vital to the growth and viability of the industry.

continued to serve… by conducting progressive research that anticipates change and leads to enhancements of the goat industry.

The Institute’s research, extension, and international programs have shown tremendous growth and achievement during the past decade. As these E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

7

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

programs have expanded, so too has the number of personnel as well as the laboratory and farm facilities of the Institute. The Institute conducts research and extension activities in a wide array of areas and includes all major types of goats raised in the US, i.e., meat, milk, and(or) fiber, both cashmere and mohair.

$1,400,000

$1,200,000

1890 Capacity Building Research Grants Other research grants

$1,000,000

$ 800,000

Extension grants International grants

$ 600,000

$ 400,000

$ 200,000

$

0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

As the goat industry evolved during the years, so too has the Institute. The increasing demand for goat meat, the introduction of the Boer breed, and the decline in the mohair industry in recent years have caused corresponding shifts in research and extension emphases. During these changes, the Institute has continued to serve its clientele by not only responding to change, but by conducting progressive research that anticipates change and leads to the enhancement of the goat industry.

To achieve a strong research program, research faculty of the Institute have aggressively sought extramural support that provides funds for equipment, supplies, and personnel support to conduct research. The most important grant program for the Institute in the last 10 years has been the USDA 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant Program.

Funding received through this, and other programs, has greatly enhanced our present and future research capabilities.

Our superb extension program serves as the link between our clients and the Institute in disseminating information and in learning of producer â–˛

Angora goats produce mohair fiber for textiles.

8

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

concerns. One constant of our extension program during the last decade has been our annual Goat Field Day, held the last Saturday in April, and to which the reader is cordially invited.

Other important extension activities include workshops, our annual Meat Goat Buck Performance Test, and our free quarterly Goat Newsletter.

In addition to traditional extension methods, the Institute now has information posted on its newly redesigned website, www2.luresext.edu, which I hope you will visit.

50

40

Recently, the Institute has become more involved in international activities, ranging from training of visiting scientists to international research to agricultural development projects. The Institute is proud of its contribution to the development of scientific expertise in other countries and of its projects that directly assist poor Refereed journal articles farmers in lesser developed nations.

Abstracts Other (fact sheets, proceedings, etc.)

30

20

10

0 1992 1993

This report highlights the progress and contributions made by the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research to the industry in the last 10 years. During that time there have been great achievements made, such as in facility expansion, acquisition of the latest laboratory equipment, growth in the number of personnel includ1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ing scientists and support staff, and productivity as measured by extramural funding, manuscripts published in peerreviewed journals, and most of all high impact research, extension, and international activities. These activities have all focused on enhancing the Institute’s ability to serve its clientele.

▲ Cheese making workshops are an annual activity of the Institute’s Extension program.

The Institute is proud of its contributions to the development of scientific expertise in other countries and of its projects that assist poor farmers in lesser developed nations.

Finally, I wish to thank the many people of the Institute who contributed to the preparation of this report. As you peruse it, I hope you will be as pleased with the steady progress in the last 10 years as I am. I also hope you will be as confident as I am that the Institute is ready to respond to whatever future challenges await us and that the achievements of the next 10 years will be equally impressive.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

9

10

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

History of the Institute The E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, previously known as the American Institute for Goat Research, was founded at Langston University in 1984 to generate and disseminate technical information on goats, advance the knowledge of goat production, and enhance the utilization of goat products.

The early period The first facilities of the Institute were built in 1985-86 and included many of the buildings at the Main Farm today, such as the lactation and maternity barns, arena, feed mill, and milking rooms. In 1987-88, storage, machinery, dairy processing, metabolism, and surgery facilities were added.

the meat goat industry increased, facilities and animals expanded further. In 1995 a group of Boer bucks having South African Boer genetics was obtained for use in crossbreeding. In addition to grading-up with Boer in the late 1990’s, 20 full-blood Boer doelings from Texas were procured in 1999 and 2000.

During the early period of the Institute’s history, the foundation animals were acquired, with 70 Alpine kids arriving in 1985 and 60 Angora goats in 1986. These goats were used in the initial research conducted at the Institute in support of dairy goat and mohair industries.

The South Barn was built in 1995, providing an excellent research venue for more detailed research into fiber and meat goat production. Further refinements have been made to the South Barn complex over the years including the installation of a Calan gate feeding system in 1998, a gradual

Over the years, the Institute has striven to provide goat producers with essential information vital to the growth and viability of the industry.

Spanish goats for research on meat as well as cashmere production were added in 1990, and in 1991 a small number of Tennessee Stiff-leg goats were introduced.

Research farm in the last 10 years As the Institute grew in stature and reputation, and as research supporting ▲

Milk products are characterized with sophisticated laboratory instrumentation.

▲

Calan feeders for Alpine dairy goats.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

11

HISTORY

expansion and improvement of pastures surrounding the facility, and in 2001 the investment into more permanent fencing for increased conduct of controlled grazing experiments.

research of goat dairy products. In 1995, a Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory was established and received certification.

In 1998, a modern 10-stanchion computerized milking parlor was installed. More recent improvements include establishment of permanent, irrigated pastures for dairy does and development of the west pasture area, which have increased grazing research capabilities.

Central laboratory in the last 10 years

▲ The Institute’s Fencing Garden provides examples of many types of fencing suitable for goats.

The South Barn is also the site of the Buck Performance Test held annually at the Institute. The performance test began as the Angora Buck Performance Test in 1994 and was shifted to the Meat Goat Buck Performance Test in 1997.

In support of the dairy goat industry, the Institute has also made improvements at the Main Farm. In 1992, a creamery was established that allows

The laboratory facilities of the Institute have also grown over the years. The expansion of research at the Institute, along with accompanying increases in the amount and sources of extramural support, have facilitated enhancements of laboratory facilities through the purchase of equipment and upgrading of current instruments.

Information dissemination Concurrent with increased research has been a rise in the number of publications from Institute scientists. The Institute has also broadened methods of disseminating information through its extension program. National symposia were held in 1991, 1992, and 1993 on meat, dairy, and fiber-producing goats, respectively, each with published proceedings.

The Institute’s Goat Field Day has continued to be an annual

Information dissemination takes on many forms, from traditional seminars and farm visits to our newly-designed website, www2.luresext.edu.

12

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Extensive goat facilities are located near the Langston University campus.

▲

event with proceedings published and distributed. In the mid-1990’s, the Institute established a presence on the Internet with a website, which was redesigned in 2000 and can be found at http://www2.luresext.edu. photo | R. Merkel

International reach International activities of the Institute have also grown during the past decade with an increase in the number and scope.

Since 1998 the Institute has received funds for 10 international grants involving Armenia and countries in Africa and the Middle East. International projects have expanded from being strictly research oriented and now include training and agricultural development components and considerations.

Facility upgrades and enhancements were made throughout the 1990’s in response to the everexpanding scope of research.

The future

▲ Agricultural development components are now part of many international projects.

The Institute’s rich history of growth and achievements in research, extension, and international activities is a testimony to the hard work and dedication of Institute personnel. The Institute’s future will surely see continued success in all three areas as it provides leadership and support to goat industries and producers both here and abroad.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

13

14

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Personnel Research Scientists and Extension Specialists Dr. Irene Brown-Crowder

• Ph.D. from the University of Missouri • 1993-1999 • Animal nutrition Dr. Brown-Crowder became an Assistant Research Professor with the Institute in 1993. Dr. BrownCrowder’s initial appointment was for research; however, the appointment was later moved to extension.

Primary extension activities were with dairy goats and nutrition.

Dr. Brown-Crowder was instrumental in the establishment and maintenance of the nation’s first DHI laboratory for goats. In 1995, Dr. Brown-Crowder initiated an educational program to train Langston DHI testers.

Dr. Lionel J. Dawson

• D.V.M. from Iowa State University • 1998-present • Animal health management and reproduction Dr. Dawson is a veterinarian with Oklahoma State University. In July 1998, Dr. Dawson’s participation in research and extension activities of the Institute became official through contracting of a portion of his time. Dr. Dawson is responsible for general herd health management, and he participates in both research and extension activities.

Dr. E. Nelson Escobar

• Ph.D. from the University of Maryland • 1990-2002 • Animal management and nutrition

▲

From 1990 through 1998, Dr. Escobar served as Goat Extension Leader. From 1999 to 2002, Dr. Escobar was on sabbatical, working in Washington, D.C. with the USDA Small Farm Program.

Dedicated personnel of the farm take pride in the care of goats.

▲ Goats

of the Institute receive first-class health care.

Dr. Caleb Gilchrist

• Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University • 1992-1998 • Meat science Dr. Gilchrist joined the Institute in 1992 to pursue research and extension activities in the area of meat science and specialty products.

Contributions of dedicated laboratory and

Dr. Terry A. Gipson

farm personnel

• Ph.D. from the University of Illinois • 1998-present • Animal breeding and genetics

are considerable.

From 1991 through 1993, Dr. Gipson was a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the Institute. Dr. Gipson’s activities during this time were primarily in breeding for year-round cashmere production.

In 1998, Dr. Gipson joined the Institute as an Associate Research Professor, with a split extensionresearch appointment. Currently, Dr. Gipson is the Interim Goat Extension Leader and coordinates the outreach component of the goat program. Some of Dr. Gipson’s responsibilities include coordination of the annual Goat Field Day, editing of the Goat Newsletter, organization of producer workshops, and supervising the meat goat buck performance test.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

15

PERSONNEL

Dr. Arthur L. Goetsch

• Ph.D. from New Mexico State University • 1998–present • Ruminant nutrition Dr. Goetsch joined the Institute in 1998 as a Research Scientist and was later appointed Research Leader. Dr. Goetsch’s research has primarily concerned nutrient requirements and utilization by goats.

Dr. Goetsch coordinates research of the Institute, including activities at the farm and in the laboratory as well as those of the research faculty and visiting scholars and graduate students. Also, Dr. Goetsch participates in many international and extension functions.

Dr. Steven P. Hart

• Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • 1991–present • Animal management and nutrition In 1991, Dr. Hart joined the Institute as an Assistant Research Professor. From 1995 to 1997 Dr. Hart served as Interim Director for the Institute. Dr. Hart’s current appointment is for both research and extension.

Dr. Hart is currently conducting research with grazing-based dairy production systems and control of internal parasites in goats. A research/extension activity now underway is a project with vegetation control by goats at six sites in Oklahoma. Dr. Hart was involved in the Mohair Producers of Oklahoma organization and now serves as a Director of the Oklahoma Meat Goat Association.

Dr. Roger C. Merkel

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Dr. Frank Pinkerton

• Ph.D. from Texas A&M University • 1983–1992 (retired) • Animal management and nutrition

Dr. Ryszard Puchala

Dr. Merkel joined the Institute in 1997 as a Postdoctoral Research Associate. Dr. Merkel’s principal project involved browse utilization by goats. In 2000, Dr. Merkel became an Assistant Professor.

Current duties entail both research and extension.

Moreover, Dr. Merkel is the Principal Investigator or Coordinator for most international activities of the Institute.

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

Dairy goat kids receive goat milk or milk-replacer until weaning.

Dr. Pinkerton laid the foundation for the Institute’s extension activities and made early contacts with the state’s goat producers.

• Ph.D. from North Carolina State University • 2000–present • Animal nutrition and use of livestock in developing countries

16

▲

• Ph.D. from Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland • 1995–present • Ruminant nutrition and physiology Dr. Puchala was on sabbatical with the Institute in 1992–1995, working in the area of amino acid requirements for fiber growth. In 1995, Dr. Puchala was appointed as an Assistant Research Professor.

Dr. Puchala’s current research includes hormonal and nutritional regulation of fiber growth, as well as use of respiration calorimetry to determine energy requirements of goats.

APPLIED SCIENCES

Dr. Tilahun Sahlu

• Ph.D. from South Dakota State University • 1984–present • Ruminant nutrition Dr. Sahlu was appointed Assistant Professor at the Institute in 1986, and in 1991 was promoted to Associate Professor and appointed Research Leader. He was promoted to Professor in 1994, and in 1998 became Director.

Dr. Sahlu’s research program has dealt with nutrient requirements of dairy, meat, and fiber-producing goats, control of fiber growth, and energy metabolism. He has placed a strong emphasis on research/extension activities in developing areas of the world to improve livestock productivity for enhanced food security.

Graduate Students, Postdoctoral Research Associates, Visiting Trainees, and Scientists on Sabbatical Dr. Girma Abebe

• 1999 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical Use of broiler litter in goat diets Dr. Amey Adams

• 1999–2000 • Native of United States • Postdoctoral Research Associate Goat nutrient requirements

Dr. Thian Hor Teh

Dr. Adnan Al-Dehneh

• Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky • 1990–1995 • Ruminant nutrition

• 1992–1993 • Native of United States • Postdoctoral Research Associate Factors affecting mohair growth

Dr. Teh served as Institute Director from 1991 to 1995.

He was instrumental in organizing and conducting three national symposia concerning goat milk, fiber, and meat products.

Dr. Grant Tomita

• Ph.D. from The Ohio State University • 2000–present • Mastitis in livestock In July of 2000, Dr. Tomita joined the Institute as an Assistant Research Professor, working in the area of lactation physiology and detection and control of mastitis in dairy goats.

Mr. Getachew Animut

• 1999 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee Use of broiler litter in goat diets Dr. Veneta Banskalieva

• 1998–1999 • Native of Bulgaria • Sabbatical Lipid composition in goats

The small number of Research Scientists and Extension Specialists at the Institute is augmented by visiting researchers from throughout the world.

Dr. Steve Zeng

• Ph.D. from Clemson University • 1992–1999; 2001–present • Food technology Dr. Zeng worked as a Dairy Extension Specialist/Food Technologist at the Institute from 1992 to 1999.

Following two years in private industry, Dr. Zeng rejoined the Institute as an Associate Professor/Dairy Product Specialist. Dr. Zeng’s current appointment is for both research and extension.

Presently, a project dealing with factors influencing cheese yield is underway. Extension activities include workshops on cheese-making and dairy products.

Dr. Richard Browning

• 1993–1994 • Native of United States • Postdoctoral Research Associate Genetic selection of dairy goats Ms. Maxine Cameron

• 1996–1999 • Native of Canada • Visiting Trainee Growth of meat goats

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

17

PERSONNEL

Mr. Martinus J. Herselman

• 1992–1994 • Native of South Africa • Visiting Trainee

Mrs. Heloise Carneiro

• 1988–1990 • Native of Brazil • Ph.D. Graduate Student

Energy requirements of goats Mr. Durrant Ivey

• 1993–1996 • Native of Jamaica • Ph.D. Graduate Student

Limiting amino acids for mohair growth Dr. Jennifer J. Davis

• 1993–1996 • Native of Australia • Postdoctoral Research Associate

Factors affecting cashmere production Dr. Nadine Jacquemet

• 1989–1990 • Native of France • Visiting Trainee

Use of bST with goats Dr. H. M. El Shaer

• 1989–1990 • Native of Egypt • Sabbatical

Mimosine toxicity Mr. Zhi ai Jia

• 1991–1992 • Native of China • Visiting Trainee

Goat nutrition/physiology Mr. Zhong Yi Fang

• 1992–1994 • Native of China • Visiting Trainee

Goat nutrition/physiology Ms. Rowena Joemat

• 1999–2002 • Native of South Africa • M.S. Graduate Student

Goat management

Supplementation of low-quality forages Dr. Annette Litherland

• 1995–1997 • Native of New Zealand • Visiting Scholar Factors influencing cashmere growth Dr. Manuel Lachica

Feeding experiments with Alpine dairy goats are often conducted in the lactation barn.

▲

• 1998–1999 • Native of Spain • Postdoctoral Research Associate Energy requirements of goats

Dr. Terry Gipson

Dr. Jun Luo

• 1991–1993

• 1997–1998 and 2000–present • Native of China • Sabbaticals

• Native of United States • Postdoctoral Research Associate Breeding for year-round cashmere production

18

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

Factors affecting growth of meat goats and nutrient requirements of goats

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Mr. Ming Feng Luo

• 1992–1994 • Native of China • Visiting Trainee Goat management Mr. Yoseph Mekasha

• 2001–2002 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee Broiler litter feeding methods Dr. Roger Merkel

• 1997–2000 • Native of United States • Postdoctoral Research Associate Browse utilization Dr. Byeng-Ryel Min

• 2000–2002 • Native of South Korea, Ph.D. from New Zealand • Postdoctoral Research Associate Grazing-based dairy goat production systems Dr. Lindela R. Ndlovu

• 1994 • Native of Zimbabwe • Fulbright Scholar Goat nutrition/physiology Dr. Tegene Negesse

• 2000 –2001 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical

▲

Forage measures are important in grazing research.

Dr. William E. Pomroy

• 2001 • Native of Australia, Faculty in New Zealand • Sabbatical Internal parasite control in goats

Visiting Scholars

Dr. Eric Ponnampalam

• 2000–2001 • Native of Sri Lanka, Ph.D. in Australia • Postdoctoral Research Associate

make important contributions

Ruminally protected betaine for goats

to research at

Broiler litter for growing/finishing meat goats

Dr. Isabel Prieto

the Institute.

Dr. Ignatius V. Nsahlai

• 1999 • Native of Spain • Sabbatical

• 2001–2002 • Native of Cameroon, Faculty in South Africa • Sabbatical Goat nutrient requirements Dr. Stefan Pierzynowski

• 1991–1992 • Native of Sweden • Sabbatical Nutrients and hormones affecting mohair growth Dr. Cesar Pinares

• 2001 • Native of Peru, Ph.D. from New Zealand • Postdoctoral Research Associate

Protein requirements of growing meat goats Dr. Ryszard Puchala

• 1992–1995 • Native of Poland • Sabbatical Amino acid needs for mohair growth Mr. Kanhu Qi

• 1989–1991 • Native of China • Ph.D. Graduate Student Mineral requirements of goats

Use of a respiration calorimetry system E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

19

PERSONNEL

Dr. Adugna Tolera

• 2000 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical

Dr. Peter J. Reis

• 1992–1994 and 1995–1996 • Native of Australia • Sabbaticals

Legume inclusion in grass diets Dr. Ignacio Tovar-Luna

• 2001–present • Native of Mexico • Sabbatical

Chemical shedding of fiber in goats Dr. Fatuma M.K. Saleh

• 1994 • Native of Egypt • Fulbright Scholar

Energy requirements of goats Mr. Mengistu Urge

Goat management

• 2000–2001 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee

Mr. Teshome Shenkoru

• 1995 and 1998–2001 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee and Ph.D. Graduate Student

Interactions of diet and goat breed Mr. Jing Wang

Effects of one-carbon metabolites

• 1992–1993 • Native of China • Visiting Trainee

Dr. Nissim Silanikove

• 1996–1997 • Native of Israel • Sabbatical

Mimosine toxicity in goats

Factors affecting utilization of tannins Ms. Merida Smuts

• 1993–1995 • Native of South Africa • Visiting Trainee Effects of lysine on growth of Angoras Dr. Kamal Soryal

• 2001–present • Native of Egypt • Sabbatical

▲ Training

in the use of laboratory equipment is a common activity.

Factors affecting goat cheese production

20

Dr. Sergio A. Soto-Navarro

Dr. Tumen Wuliji

• 1999–2002 • Native of Mexico • Postdoctoral Research Associate

• 1998–2001 • Native of Mongolia, Scientist in New Zealand • Sabbatical

Protein and amino acid needs of meat goats

Out-of-season breeding in goats

Ms. Chanelle A. Toerien

Dr. Alemu Yami

• 1995–1998 • Native of South Africa • Visiting Trainee

• 1995–1996 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical

Methods for estimating energy needs of goats

Feeding of Leucaena to goats

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

▲ The

creamery facilitates research and extension activities with goat milk and cheese.

Central Laboratory Personnel Ali Beker, Technician, 1998 Ping Lee, Technician, 1988–2001 Harrel Randolph, Technician, 1987–1997 Kesete Tesfai, Laboratory Coordinator, 1990–present Cleovis Watson III, Technician, 1997–present

Research Farm Personnel Blaise Tohou Bah, Technician, 1997–present Sabrina Case, Technician, 1995–2001 Glenn Detweiler, Research Farm Manager,

Ronald Starks, Technician, 1990–present Henry Stevenson, Sr., Technician, 1990–present Henry Stevenson, Jr., Technician, 1990–present Leslie Taylor, Technician, 1998–present Eva Vasquez, Technician, 1998–present Darrel Wakely, Technician, 1993–1997 Emanuel Sullivan, Technician, 1992–1998

Other Personnel Denise Loveless (Executive Secretary): 1981–present Tim McKinney (Extension): 1990–present

1991–1996; Technician, 1997–present Jerry Hayes, Technician, Acting Research Farm Manager, Assistant Research Farm Manager, 1990–present Stan Horn, Research Farm Manager 1997–1998 Mary Lewis-Mack, Technician, 1989–1996 and 1998–present Erick Loetz, Research Farm Manager, 2001–present Billy Snelling, Technician, 1997–present E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

21

22

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Student Involvement The E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research is proud to involve undergraduate and graduate students in its research and farm activities.

Undergraduate students regularly work in the central laboratory and on the research farm.

Students who work in the central laboratory gain valuable skills in sample preparation and analytical procedures and assays and are exposed to sophisticated laboratory equipment. They provide essential assistance in conducting the wide range of laboratory assays performed at the Institute with the large volume of samples analyzed. Similarly, students who work on the research farm provide vital assistance to research scientists and farm staff.

Students acquire

many graduate students. Academic training is at Oklahoma State, with training in research at the Institute. In the last 10 years six Ph.D and one M.S. students have participated in the program. The Institute has also provided short-term training in specific areas to students, both undergraduate and graduate, from other universities, often via internships for official college credits.

valuable animal husbandry and laboratory skills while learning about research methodology.

These students not only acquire valuable animal husbandry skills, they also assist Institute scientists with gathering information during research trials, thereby learning research methodology and sampling techniques. Furthermore, as an increasing number of Langston University students come from urban settings, working on the research farm provides many students with their first direct experience in raising animals.

Through collaboration with the Animal Science Department of Oklahoma State University, the Institute has provided training for

Graduate students receive training in all facets of caprine research.

â–˛

â–˛

Undergraduate students gain valuable experience in the laboratory and at the farm.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

23

STUDENT INVOLVEMENT

Doctoral and Master Degree Students Degrees awarded by Oklahoma State University, research conducted at the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, Langston University.

Kanhu Qi, Ph.D.

1992. Sulfur requirements for mohair growth, milk yield and body weight gain, and effects of nitrogen, zinc, copper and molybdenum metabolism in goats.

Heloise Carneiro, Ph.D.

1995. Impact of sulfur levels and sources for goats.

Caleb Gilchrist, Ph.D.

1996. Assessment of ultrasonic cavitation, brine temperatures, and tumbling on the quality attributes of pork muscle in sectioned and formed hams.

Durrant Ivey, Ph.D.

1996. Effect of level of energy and protein on cashmere production by goats.

Teshome Shenkoru, Ph.D.

2001. Effects of betaine and choline supplementation on mohair and milk production by goats.

Rowena Joemat, M.S. candidate

Current. Effects of supplementation schemes on performance of goats consuming low quality forage diets.

Getachew Animut, Ph.D. candidate

Current. Diet selection and performance by sheep and goats grazing mixed pastures.

Undergraduate students participate in research activities on the farm as well as learning animal care and management practices.

â–˛

24

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

25

26

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Research Farm The Research Farm of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research provides the livestock, facilities, and support personnel used in Institute research and extension activities. The Farm currently has approximately 340 fenced acres of land, most of which is used for grazing or harvested forage production.

Physically, the Research Farm can be divided into four components. The 120-acre Main Farm is located on the west side of the Langston University campus and is home to the Alpine dairy herd. The 160-acre South Farm, located 3/4 of a mile south of campus, houses most of the Spanish, Boer, Boer crossbred, and Angora goats. The North Farm area consists of about 30 acres and is situated just north of the Main Farm. The West Pasture area encompasses roughly 30 acres used primarily for grazing studies.

▲

While the Institute’s goats are largely raised on pasture, there are occasional research trials that employ the excellent pen facilities of the Research Farm. There are individual Calan Gate feeders at both the Main and South Farms that allow housing in groups while still gathering needed individual feed intake data. The pen facilities at the Main Farm are employed mostly for lactation studies, and those at the South Farm for the annual Meat Goat Buck Performance

The milking parlor is instrumental for dairy goat experiments.

▲

Guard dogs bond closely with small ruminants.

Test and for meat goat research at other times. There are also additional individual and group pens and metabolism crate facilities for nutrition/physiology research at both the South Farm and North Farm areas.

In recent years there has been much crossfencing of farm pastures to allow for greater conduct of grazing research, such as for the Alpine herd at the Main Farm, at the South Farm for cool season grass evaluation, and at the West Pasture area for grazing management studies.

The Research Farm is home to herds of Alpine, Boer, Spanish, Boer crossbred, Angora, and Tennessee Stiff-leg goats.

A creamery, for dairy goat milk research and technology transfer, is housed at the Main Farm. Another E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

27

RESEARCH FARM

important unit at the Main Farm is the Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory, where milk samples from goat dairies all over the country are received and analyzed. The Main Farm also includes feed mixing facilities, and at the North Farm there is an indirect calorimetry system and a nearby area for large equipment storage.

have been constructed to increase grazing research.

Facility Enhancements As the Goat Institute has grown during the past decade, the Research Farm has incorporated a number of important facility enhancements that have increased the research and extension capabilities of the Institute.

Main Farm

Livestock

Many pasture fences

their natural breeding cycle, recently research has been conducted on out-ofseason breeding of meat goats.

The number of livestock fluctuates from year to year and within years, depending on needs for research and extension activities. Generally, numbers vary from 800 to 1,400 animals, being lowest before kidding and greater thereafter.

The different types of goats at the Research Farm have increased in the last 10 years. Presently, there are sizable herds of Alpine, Spanish, and Angora goats.

Ten years ago the milking parlor consisted of a 3-goat tandem stanchion. In 1998, a 10-goat parallel parlor was installed. This size of milking parlor was chosen because the attached Lactation Barn has 8 pens, each fitted with 10 Calan Gate feeders. Now an entire pen can be milked at once, which has decreased labor required for milking and increased efficiency of data collection.

In 1995, Boer bucks were purchased for crossbreeding, primarily with Spanish does. In the past few years there have been additional Boer bucks procured annually, and a number of fullblood doelings have been introduced. Moreover, there has been grading-up, so that in the near future an adequate number of high percentage Boer goats will be available for research, in addition to work with crossbreds.

There is a small herd of myotonic Tennessee Stiff-leg goats as well. Lastly, Great Pyrenees, Komondor, and Anatolian guard dogs watch over the farm’s goats.

Breeding of goats has in most cases been natural, although artificial insemination has been used in some years to improve genetic merit of the dairy herd.

While most of the Farm’s does follow 28

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Boer goat research has increased because of the rapidly-growing meat goat industry.

▲

APPLIED SCIENCES

â–˛

Many different types of harvested forage are used in feeding and nutrition studies.

Milk production and the time it takes to milk each animal are recorded automatically by a computerized milk recording system that allows for other additional management information to be collected as well. The milk system is also equipped with a sampling system for monitoring of milk composition.

As noted above, fences have been constructed and pastures established near the Lactation Barn and Milking Parlor. These new pastures have been seeded with a variety of forages for forage-based dairy goat production systems research.

South Farm The South Farm was added during the last decade. The South Barn was originally constructed in 1995 with 12 indoor pens, each with 150 square feet inside and 160 square feet of outside area. Six of these pens were used in the first few years for an Angora Buck Performance Test that, in 1997, became a Meat Goat Buck Performance Test. In 1999, these six pens were fitted with 53 Calan Gate feeders so that individual feed intake could be measured on buck performance tests. The other six pens are used for research and normal management practices of the Farm.

The South Barn also has an area for nutrition research with metabolism crates in which goats are placed for short periods of time. There is a 250square-foot, environmentally-controlled meeting room for extension and teaching activities, such as those associated

with the Buck Tests and the annual Goat Field Day. In 2001, as a part of the annual Goat Field Day, a permanent fencing garden was constructed in which different types of fencing systems used for goats are displayed.

Initially, the South Farm had a small number of very large pastures.

Now, however, it hosts many smallsized pastures for grazing experiments.

There are 16 one-acre pastures seeded with various cool season grasses, and a number of other small pastures with warm season forages. Besides increasing grazing research capacity, this has facilitated enhanced animal management by allowing grouping of animals in accordance with their production stage and nutritional requirements.

North Farm The North Barn has undergone many small improvements over the years in animal pens, watering systems, and animal management areas. Recently, major renovations in room design and structure have taken place to accommodate a state-of-the-art, four-animal head-box respiration calorimetry system used in energy expenditure studies.

Barn waste management and feed storage systems also have been upgraded along with outside landscaping to beautify the area.

Machinery There have been a number of additions/replacements to the pool of machinery and equipment that is so E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

29

RESEARCH FARM

necessary for research and extension functions of the Institute. Examples include a 130-horsepower tractor, 75horsepower tractor with front end loader, tub round-bale grinder (1,800 lb), 12-foot V-rake for hay windrows, nine-foot disk mower hay conditioner, 12-foot shank chisel plow, 12-foot seedbed finishing disk, 30-foot flat bed trailer, 12-foot drag harrow seedbed conditioner, one-ton lift skid loader, dual-wheel pickup truck, 24-foot aluminum gooseneck trailer, and 16-foot bumper hitch trailer.

Creamery In 1992, in response to the increased popularity of goat milk and goat milk products, a pilot processing facility was established at the Main Farm. The creamery was equipped with a milk

processing line that handles milk from receiving and cool storage through pasteurization, cool down, and milk container filling.

The creamery also has a walk-in freezer and refrigerator for product storage and laboratory facilities that allow scientists to test raw milk and processed products. Tests for pH, acidity, and presence or absence of antibiotic residues or microbial contamination were added later.

In 1993, the production line was tested and goat milk was pasteurized, homogenized, and packaged. Cheese production began the same year. In 1994, the creamery was certified and granted a processing permit from the State of Oklahoma. A state-of-the-art cheese vat in 1995 and cheese press in 1996 were added to the creamery. The addition of these items allowed Institute scientists to conduct research on a variety of goat

â–ź

Hygiene is always a priority in the creamery.

30

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

milk cheeses in a controlled environment. In 1997, a vacuum packaging machine was added to the creamery to package cheese products for an extended shelf life. A second walk-in refrigerator was added in 2001 for aging and storing cheese.

Through the years the creamery has developed and tested a variety of goat milk products from soft cheeses, washed curd cheeses, and hard cheeses to ice cream, yogurt, and smoothies (a mixture of ice cream and yogurt). On the shelves of the creamery cheese room one can find Cheddar, smoked

â–˛ The

creamery produces a variety of goat milk products.

Cheddar, Jalapeno Cheddar, Colby, Feta, Mozzarella, Gouda, and several herb-flavored soft cheeses that have expanded the spectrum of goat milk cheeses.

Goat milk has also been used to produce various frozen desserts, such as ice cream (both soft serve and hard), sherbets, and smoothies. Vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry are favorite flavors for ice cream and smoothies.

Goat milk yogurt remains a favorite dairy product for most goat producers. All of these products achieve the main goal of dairy processing of adding value to goat milk.

Tours are a frequent occurrence at the creamery and remain an effective method of publicizing the advantages of dairy goats and their products, as visitors get the chance to taste goat milk ice cream and cheese. For many visitors, this is their first experience with consuming goat milk products. In its first 10 years of existence, the creamery has distributed dairy product samples to approximately 3,000 visitors.

Personnel Research Farm personnel both care for livestock and serve as support personnel for research conducted by Institute scientists. The number of permanent employees of the Research Farm has varied over the years. Currently there are 10 permanent staff: Manager, Assistant Manager, and eight support technicians.

In response to the increased popularity of goat milk and its

Students also are an important part of the Farm personnel, working part-time to both support their education and to gain valuable experience in small ruminant production. Typically, the Research Farm employs four to six students at any given time.

products, a creamery facility was built on the Main Farm.

Biosecurity In recent years, the threat of foreign animal diseases entering the United States and impacting the U.S. livestock industry has increased. In response to these threats and to safeguard the Institute’s animals, Langston University formed an Internal Biosecurity Committee in 2001.

As a result of committee recommendations, Langston University adopted and implemented biosecurity measures suggested by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.

In addition to research and product development, the creamery is used in many extension and teaching activities throughout the year.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

31

32

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Central Laboratory The Laboratory of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research fulfills an important role in the Institute’s overall research program.

Institute staff and Visiting Scholars send samples to the centralized laboratory, which has the responsibility of returning to researchers accurate results from many different types of assays. Performing this function takes a wide variety of laboratory equipment, well-ordered and organized laboratory facilities and procedures and, most important, dedicated personnel.

Throughout the past decade, the Institute’s laboratory has striven to keep pace with scientific advancements and the growth and complexity of the Institute’s research program.

Instruments Many of the changes in laboratory facilities and instruments that have occurred in the Laboratory over the past 10 years have been driven by the increasingly focused research conducted

by Institute staff. Examples of this include a high pressure liquid chromatograph for primary use in amino acid analysis (1993); syringe infusion pumps that allow for the conduct of ▲

Dedicated, hard-working laboratory personnel are essential to a vibrant research program.

new types of infusion experiments (1994); a hemoximeter unit for determination of hemoglobin concentration as well as oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (1995); and a supercritical fluid extraction system for determination of total lipids (1998).

▲ Computers are now an important component for most laboratory analyses.

New, automated equipment installed in the laboratory has

Refinements in analytical procedures and improvements in technical equipment have also necessitated changes in instruments. Illustrative examples include the Optical Fiber Density Analyzer, installed in 1996, to replace the Fiber Diameter Analyzer, which greatly decreased labor and cost and increased speed of the measure; an Ankom in vitro rumen incubation

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

increased throughput of samples and improved efficiency.

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

33

CENTRAL LABORATORY

Current research trials often call for analyses outside of routine laboratory procedures.

system and a filter bag system for neutral and acid detergent fiber assays, introduced in 1998 to replace the previous individual refluxing and filtering system; and a recently purchased inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer for mineral analyses that replaced an old directly coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer.

A third cause for change in the Institute’s laboratory equipment is the increased number of samples submitted for analysis. As the Institute has grown and its research focus expanded, the number of research trials, and therefore the number of collected samples, has risen. In order to efficiently complete analyses of a larger number of samples, larger equipment, instrument enhancements, as well as increased automation were required.

In 1998, a gas chromatograph with an automated sampler was

introduced to facilitate analyses of longchain fatty acids and blood volatile fatty acids, as well as determining volatile fatty acid concentrations in ruminal fluid. The incorporation in 1999 of a video monitor with the microscope in the fiber-histology unit used for follicle assays has increased speed of measuring fiber follicle activity as well as decreasing user fatigue. To decrease labor required for operation of the Technicon autoanalyzer system, an automated sampler was procured in 2000.

In 2001, a larger muffle furnace with a timer was installed and a microplate reader system became a part of the lab to decrease chemical and labor costs.

Other equipment obtained during the last 10 years include the stable isotope analyzer (15N and 13C), automated absorption spectrophotomer, and electronic balances linked to personal computers. The modern laboratory equipment found today at the Institute is much more computerized, automated, and complex than that of a decade ago.

â–ź

Automated samplers have markedly enhanced laboratory sample throughput.

34

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

These instruments have benefitted the Laboratory in reducing turnaround time for sample analysis and in enhancing data accuracy.

been used in many experiments to measure energy use in activity via the carbon dioxide entry rate technique.

Assays The varied research conducted at the Institute means that the Laboratory receives samples of many different types, i.e., feedstuffs, forages, digesta, tissues (typically meat), blood, animal fiber, fecal material, urine, skin biopsies, and milk. Furthermore, current research trials often call for analyses outside of routine laboratory procedures.

For example, while most assays for feedstuffs, digesta, feces, etc., are basic analyses, such as dry matter, ash, nitrogen, energy, and fiber, increasingly, specialized assays are conducted. These include: purification and determination of condensed tannin content, estimation of microbial flow through purine determination, individual amino acid concentrations, mineral analyses, and determination of indigestible feed components. Tissue samples, in addition to some common analyses, are routinely analyzed for total lipids and fatty acid content.

Ruminal fluid is sampled in many experiments and concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and purines are detected. Blood samples are subjected to a wide array of assays from urea, glucose, and fatty acids to hormone and amino acid levels to hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation.

Fiber yield, diameter, and length are frequently assayed on mohair produced by Angora goats and cashmere from Spanish goats. Hair follicle activity determined from skin biopsies provides data on seasonal fiber growth patterns. The stable isotope of carbon has

Sometimes an extra hand helps out in the laboratory.

â–˛

Finally, in the Institute’s mastitis detection and research program, microbiological assays are conducted on aseptic milk samples.

Personnel Skilled, trained personnel are required to perform the range of assays conducted in the Laboratory and to operate and maintain the instruments. The number of permanent personnel in the lab has varied from two to four in the past decade. In addition, undergraduate students, typically two to four, work in the lab part-time. Also, Visiting Scholars, graduate students, and research faculty participate in laboratory analyses.

With the appreciable amount of research and laboratory assays conducted, as well as the large number of people working in the lab, protocols developed for specific experiments and a laboratory request form are important tools for maintaining organization and achieving accurate and fast results.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

35

46

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Research Projects CSREES (Evans-Allen) Goat nutrient requirements, management practices, and production systems

• • • •

Project number OKLX-SAHLU Accession number 0188701 2001–2006 T. Sahlu, A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, and S. P. Hart

The evaluation of various feedstuffs for milk production in early lactation goats

• • • •

Project number OKLX-9904 Accession number 0164927 1994–2000 I. Brown-Crowder, and S. P. Hart

Environmental and physiological controls of the growth and properties of mohair

• • • •

Project number OKLX-2000-01 Accession number 0168467 1995–2000 T. Sahlu

USDA 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant Program Energy for the productive caprine

▲

• • • • •

Project number OKLX0003833 Accession number 0188176 2000–2003 $257,684 T. Sahlu, A. L. Goetsch, H. C. Freetly, and G. E. Carstens

Diet selection and performance by sheep and goats grazing mixed pastures

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-0003832 Accession number 0188175 2000–2003 $220,878 A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, T. Sahlu, and M. Powell

Metabolic changes affecting utilization of poor quality diets by goats

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-1999-04159 Accession number 0183179 1999–2002 $141,000 R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, S. W. Coleman, and T. Sahlu

Quality characteristics and yield predictive models of goat milk cheeses

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-1999-04114 Accession number 0183177 1999–2003 $269,114 S. S. Zeng, E. N. Escobar, D. L. Van Hekken, and S. E. Gilliland

Sustainable dairy goat milk production from forages

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-1999-04146 Accession number 0183177 1999–2002 $268,247 S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, and L. D. Satter

Boer bucks are used for both purebred and crossbred mating.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

47

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Seasonal manipulations to improve cashmere and meat returns in goats Nutrient requirements of goats: an update and reevaluation

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9803092 Accession number 0180597 1998–2002 $270,000 A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, M. L. Galyean, C. L. Ferrell, F. N. Owens, and Z. B. Johnson

Postruminal nitrogen supply for fast growing meat goats

• • • • • Novel innovative research techniques, such as automatic heat detection pictured here, are used in many studies.

▼

48

Project number OKLX-9803144 Accession number 0180598 1998–2002 $257,788 M. R. Cameron, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, S. W. Coleman, and L. J. Dawson

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9703206 Accession number 0175600 1997–2001 $292,831 A. Litherland, T. Sahlu, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch

Enhancing browse utilization by goats

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9703145 Accession number 0175477 1997–2001 $255,921 N. Silanikove, T. Sahlu, E. N. Escobar, and A. L. Goetsch

APPLIED SCIENCES

Protein supplementation to enhance mohair production

• • • • •

Institute research helps ensure a safe, sanitary goat milk supply.

▲

Exogenous hormone and nutritional manipulation to increase fiber production

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9702820 Accession number 0175599 1997–2001 $294,336 T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, D. Ivey, and S. W. Coleman

Betaine and choline supplementation to enhance mohair and milk production

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9602752 Accession number 0172678 1996–2001 $272,087 R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and S. W. Coleman

Factors affecting quality and quantity of mohair growth in Angora goats

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9503585 Accession number 0175599 1995–1998 $228,745 T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, S. W. Coleman, and F. N. Owens

Nutritional management of breeds and genders for efficient meat goat production

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-9503585 Accession number 0168861 1995–1998 $226,544 T. Sahlu, C. Gilchrist, A. L. Goetsch, and S. W. Coleman

Project number OKLX-9503585 Accession number 0168862 1995–1998 $252,306 T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, F. N. Owens, and S. W. Coleman

Development of perennial cool-season pasture systems for the Southern Great Plains

• 1993–1996 • $119,000 • S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, and D. P. Mowrey Determination of energy requirements unique to the goat

• 1993–1995 • $349,662 • T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, P. D. Klein, and S. W. Coleman Exogenous hormone and nutritional manipulation to increase fiber production

• 1992–1995 • $299,000 • T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, S. W. Coleman, T. H. Teh, and E. N. Escobar Establishing a center of excellence in cashmere goat research and support systems

• 1991–1994 • $287,000 • T. Teh, T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez Factors affecting the quality and quantity of fiber growth in goats

• 1991–1993 • $155,696 • T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, J. M. Fernandez, and E. N. Escobar Establishing a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry facility

• 1991–1992 • $199,596 • T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and P. D. Klein

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

49

USDA Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Grant Program

RESEARCH PROJECTS

USAID/HBCU Research Program

Enhanced goat production systems for the southern United States

Integrating livestock into cropping systems using natural biodegradable repellents

• 1991–1992 • $100,000 • T. H. Teh, and T. Sahlu

• • • • •

Mimosine and dihydroxypyridine toxicity and leucaena utilization in goats

• 1991–1992 • $100,000 • J. M. Fernandez, T. Sahlu, M. J. Allison, and R. N. Heitmann

Project number OKLXGIPSON Accession number 0191130 2001–2006 $400,000 T. A. Gipson, A. L. Goetsch, S. P. Hart, L. J. Dawson, H. Blackburn, S. Wildeus, J. Tritschler, J. M. Luginbuhl, M. Poore, M. Fernandez, W. Getz, T. Terrill, M. C. Nelson, and K. Turner

USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Grant Program Use of goats for sustainable vegetation management in U.S. grazing lands

• • • •

Project number LS01-119 2001–2004 $172,210 A. L. Goetsch, S. P. Hart, T. A. Gipson, and R. C. Merkel

▲

Laboratory analyses requires precise work to return accurate results.

50

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology — Oklahoma Applied Research Support Program

USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Research Apprenticeship for Minority High School Students Grant Program

The detection of mastitis in dairy goats

• • • •

Project number AR01.1-110 2001–2003 $55,353 G. Tomita

USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program - Equipment Grant A calorimetry system for study of small ruminant pastoral energetics

• • • • •

Project number OKLX-1999-03653 Accession number 0184909 1999–2001 $100,000 (USDA - 50%; Match - 50%) T. Sahlu

American Dairy Goat Association, Research Foundation Grant Program

Seasonal response to formaldehyde treated casein in Angora wethers

• 1996 • $7,500 • T. Sahlu Research apprenticeship program for minority high school students

• 1995 • $5,000 • T. Sahlu Research apprenticeship program for minority high school students

• 1993 • $7,500 • T. Sahlu Research apprenticeship program for minority high school students

Ruminal undegradable protein for high producing dairy goats in early lactation

• 1992 • $2,800 • T. Sahlu

• 1997–1999 • $7,500 • T. Sahlu

Oklahoma State Regents Matching Support • 1992–2001

USDA Scientific Cooperation Program Anthelmintic plants for internal parasite control in goats

• 1999–2002 • $30,000 • T. Sahlu, and G. Abebe

USDA/SANPAD Project Collaboration on alternative goat feeds

• 1999–2002 • $22,500 • T. Sahlu, and M. Smuts

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

51

60

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

International Overview The mission of E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research is to develop and transfer enhanced goat production technologies at local, state, national, and international levels.

The Institute has many strong ties with research and academic institutions around the world and has hosted visiting scientists from over 20 for-

Through the efforts

eign countries for the purpose of conducting research and demonstrations.

of Institute staff and

More recently, international activities with foreign institutions have

support of its clientele,

expanded to include more aspects of training and agricultural development.

some village parents

photo / E. N. Escobar

These activities provide

in lesser developed

unique opportunities not to only

countries are better

increase knowledge of foreign pro-

able to provide for

duction systems and constraints,

their children.

but also to positively impact agri-

photo / R. Merkel

cultural development in foreign countries and help alleviate poverty

â–˛ Institute scientists learn about foreign production systems such as Armenian milking practices.

and hunger.

Objectives The objectives of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research’s international program are to: 1) ▲

Women villagers in developing countries take pride in goats received in collaborative international projects of the Institute.

increase our knowledge of goat production systems worldwide and current constraints to increased production; 2) build human capacity through training foreign scientists and agricultural workers in goat production, thereby allowing them to more effectively carry out their missions of teaching, research, E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

61

and extension; 3) increase Langston University’s and the Institute’s involvement in agricultural development and impact on human welfare; and 4) enhance the Institute’s knowledge of development and development issues.

Memorandums of Understanding and Research Grants

Institute projects in Ethiopia aim to enhance family food security and income generating potential through the establishment of women’s groups for goat production.

Over the past 10 years, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research has been involved in research, training, and development projects with universities around the world.

Memorandums of Understanding have been signed with the Dairy Goat Research Laboratory at Northwestern Agricultural University of China (1992); West Visayas State University, Iloilo City, Philippines (1996); Alemaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (1999); and Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia (1999).

Collaborative activities are also continuing with the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la

Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterry, Mexico with whom Langston University signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 1988.

These Memorandums of Understanding have led to scientific exchanges and the conduct of research grants such as “Mimosine and dihydroxypyridine toxicity and leucaena utilization in goats” conducted with West Visayas State University; “Strategic use of of Leucaena leucocephala and molasses/urea block for feeding dual-purpose goats” conducted with Awassa College of Agriculture and Alemaya University; and “Anthelmintic plants for internal parasite control in goats” conducted with Awassa College of Agriculture.

Agricultural Development More recent grants have included activities in agricultural development and extension along with human capacity building through training and research.

This is exemplified by a grant project conducted in Armenia, a multinational grant with countries in the Middle East, and several grants conducted with Ethiopian universities.

In Armenia, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research collaborated with the USDA Marketing Assistance Project and the Armenian Academy of Agriculture in “Fostering future collaboration between U.S. institutions and the Armenian Academy of Agriculture through training and information exchange.” This grant emphasized training of Armenian staff of the Armenian Academy of Agriculture and the Armenian Improved Dairy Center of the USDA Marketing Assistance Project in goat husbandry techniques, dairy

photo | R. Merkel

▲

Goats received by this Ethiopian woman will help support her family.

62

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

photo | R. Merkel

INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW

herd improvement laboratory analysis and records, and herd health at the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research farm. Staff of the Institute also traveled to Armenia to learn more about Armenian goat production and the USDA project implemented there.

conducted short-term training in aspects of goat research, production, and dairy herd improvement for personnel from foreign institutions in Malawi and Armenia. The Institute has also trained Americans who are going to work in development projects.

The grant “Multinational approaches to enhance goat production in the Middle East” promotes collabor-

Ethiopian Connection

Grant funding obtained by Institute scientists established this computer lab in Ethiopia.

▲

ative research, training, and extension activities among Langston University, the Desert Research Center and Animal Production Research Institute of Egypt, the Volcani Center of Israel, Agricultural Extension Department of the Palestinian Authority, and the Jordan University of Science and Technology.

The objective of this grant is to revitalize and develop the Middle East goat industry via research and technology transfer to increase income and improve the standard of living. Specific goals of the grant include the characterization of current goat production systems, distribution of improved goat genotypes, development of new technologies for production of milk products, and the transfer of appropriate technologies to Middle Eastern households.

In addition to development grants, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research has also

Langston University and the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research have had a long and fruitful relationship with universities in Ethiopia that began with the aforementioned research grants conducted with Awassa College of Agriculture and Alemaya University.

In 1998, a three-year grant was awarded to Langston University for an institutional partnership with Awassa College of Agriculture of the newlyformed Debub University in Awassa, Ethiopia entitled “Enhancing food security and income generating potential of families in southern Ethiopia through improved goat production and extension.” This grant was then followed by a second three-year grant for a partnership with Alemaya University, called “Enhancing institutional research and extension capabilities for increased food security through improved goat production.”

In 2000, the Institute co-sponsored a conference on enhancing goat production in East Africa on the campus of Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia.

Both grants were designed to enhance the research, teaching, and extension capabilities of all institutions involved through a program of collaborative research, training of Ethiopian scientists at Langston University, and the establishment of village development projects designed to enhance household food security, income generating potential, and family health status through increased goat productivity.

Increased goat production was accomplished via the provision of goats and appropriate technology to women’s E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

63

INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW

groups for goat production in villages near both universities.

▼ An important activity in most international projects is observing existing production practices and recommending enhancements.

In the conduct of these two grants from 1999 through 2001, six Ethiopian scientists, three each from Debub University and Alemaya University, spent between four and six months at the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research for training in research methodologies and extension. Langston University faculty made a total of seven visits to the Ethiopian universities to present seminars, assist in collaborative research, and to monitor and evaluate the projects.

In November 2000, as a part of grant activities, a conference on goat

production was held on the Debub University campus entitled “The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa.” The goals of the conference were to: 1) review the current state of small ruminant production in East Africa; 2) identify the major production constraints and areas for research and extension; and 3) create a closer relationship among animal industry, research organizations, and development/extension efforts to increase animal production.

The conference was well-attended and brought together individuals from government agencies, academic institutions, national and regional livestock research centers, private industry, and

photo | T. Gipson

64

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

non-governmental development agencies to discuss current problems and constraints to goat production and to try and develop institutional linkages to work to overcome such constraints.

This conference was the first of its kind to be held in Ethiopia.

Through the village development projects, 80 women in the Debub University region and 100 women in the Alemaya University region received goats and production training. Alemaya University has plans to increase the number of participants by 50 additional women in the near future. Over 350 goats have been distributed since the beginning of these programs in 1999.

In 2000, Langston University was awarded a sustainability grant entitled “Enhanced education and computer capabilities: The foundation for sustained collaboration” for further activities with Debub University and a new institution, Oklahoma State University, was added to the partnership.

Further, Langston University was

awarded a companion Technology Enhancement grant to establish a student computer laboratory on the Debub University campus, an activity that was completed in November, 2001. In the conduct of the sustainability grant, one Debub University faculty member spent one semester in Oklahoma State University’s Department of Agricultural Education, Communications, & 4-H Youth Development. This was followed by a curriculum development workshop held at Debub University that was jointly conducted by an Oklahoma State University faculty member and Debub University faculty.

Over 180 Ethiopian women have received goats and production training made possible through international grant

The End Result Participation in international activities provides the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research with many unique opportunities.

activities.

Not only do its scientists learn about goat production and constraints in foreign countries, but information generated through research conducted by visiting scientists can be used to increase goat production both here and abroad. Institute staff are able to learn about foreign cultures and customs, increasing their cultural awareness and better allowing them to perform their work. Collaborating foreign institutions benefit from the training received and from the resources made available to them for research and extension.

Most importantly, through our international partnerships and the associated research, training, and development activities, the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research plays a role in improving the lives of people in developing countries. The knowledge

▲

The use of goat meat and milk in a child’s diet improves health and development.

E (KIKA)

photo | R. Merkel

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

65

INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW

Technology Enhancement Grant

that through these activities some village parents in lesser developed countries are better able to provide for their children is a source of pride for everyone who works and is associated with Langston University and the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research.

International Grants conducted by the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research Multinational Approaches to Enhance Goat Production in the Middle East

In Armenia, the Institute is collaborating with the USDA to improve milk production for cheese production.

• 2000–2005 • Langston University; Desert Research Center and Animal Production Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; Agricultural Extension Department of the Palestinian Authority, Ramallah; Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan • USAID/Middle East Regional Cooperation Program • Funding amount $1,199,725 Fostering Future Collaboration between U.S. Institutions and the Armenian Academy of Agriculture through Training and Information Exchange

• 2001 • Langston University; USDA Marketing Assistance Project, Yerevan, Armenia; Armenian Academy of Agriculture, Yerevan, Armenia • USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Innovation Program • Funding amount $25,000 Collaboration on Alternative Goat Feeds

• 1999–2002 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Irene, South Africa • USDA/SANPAD Project • Funding amount $22,500

66

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

• 2000–2002 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Awassa College of Agriculture of Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • Leland Initiative of USAID; Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID • Funding amount $50,000 Enhanced Education and Computer Capabilities: The Foundation for Sustained Collaboration

• 2000–2002 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • Education for Development and Democracy Initiative; Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID • Funding amount $100,000 Enhancing Institutional Research and Extension Capabilities for Increased Food Security through Improved Goat Production

• 1999–2002 • Langston University; Alemaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia • United Negro College Fund Special Programs, Washington D.C.; USAID; Education for Development and Democracy Initiative • Funding amount $200,000, $50,000 laboratory upgrade supplement.

Support for an International Conference on Small Ruminant Production

• 2000 • Langston University; Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Ethiopia • USAID Ethiopia • Funding amount $3,000 Anthelmintic Plants for Internal Parasite Control in Goats

• 1999–2002 • Langston University; Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • USDA Scientific Cooperation Program

APPLIED SCIENCES

• Funding amount $30,000 Training of Staff from Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi

• 1999 • Langston University; Lincoln University; and Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi • USAID UDLP • $3,000 South African Boer Goat Research and Production Systems

• 1999 • Langston University; Agriculture Research Council, Irene, South Africa • USDA Scientific Cooperation Research Program • Funding amount $4,500 Enhancing Food Security and Income Generating Potential of Families in Southern Ethiopia through Improved Goat Production and Extension

• 1998–2001 • Langston University; Awassa College of Agriculture of Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia; Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C. • USAID • Funding amount $100,000 Mimosine and Dihydroxypyridine Toxicity and Leucaena Utilization in Goats

• 1994–1996 • Langston University; West Visayas State University, Iloilo City, Philippines • USAID/HBCU Research Program • Funding amount $100,000

▲

Goat cheese is an important domestic and export product in Armenia.

photo | T. Gipson

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

67

68

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Publications Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Puchala, R., I. Prieto, V. Banskalieva, A. L. Goetsch, M. Lachica, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of bovine

2001

somatotropin and thyroid hormone status on hormone levels, body weight gain, and mohair fiber growth of Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 79:2913-2919.

Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, M. Cameron, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Effects of dietary tal-

low level on performance of Alpine does in early lactation. Small Ruminant Research 39:233-242.

2000

Cameron, M. R., S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, C. Gilchrist, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Effects of gen-

Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots.

Small Ruminant Research 37:255-268.

der and age on performance and slaughter and carcass characteristics of Boer x Spanish goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research 20:141-155.

Carneiro, H., R. Puchala, F. N. Owens, T. Sahlu, K. Qi, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Effects of dietary sulfur

Cameron, M. R., J. Luo, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Growth and har-

vest traits of Boer x Spanish, Boer x Angora, and Spanish goats consuming a concentrate-based diet.

Journal of Animal Science 79:1423-1430.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Effects of different management prac-

tices on preweaning and early postweaning growth of Alpine kids. Small Ruminant Research 41:109-116.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Dairy goat performance with

different dietary concentrate levels in late lactation.

Small Ruminant Research 41:117-235.

Banskalieva, V., T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000.

level on amino acid concentrations in ruminal bacteria from ruminal fluid of goats. Small Ruminant Research 37:151-157.

Goetsch, A. L., and G. E. Aiken. 2000. Effects of limited concentrate intake following forage on subsequent performance of lambs consuming concentrate. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 15:147- 153.

Goetsch, A. L., R. Puchala, M. Lachica, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. Effects of dietary levels of forage

and ruminally undegraded protein on early lactation milk yield by Alpine does and doelings. Journal of Applied Animal Research 18:79-90.

Goetsch, A. L., R. Puchala, M. Lachica, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. The effect of restricted consump-

Hart, S. P. 2001. Recent perspectives in using goats for vegetation management in the USA. Journal of Dairy Science 84(Electronic Supplement):E170-E176.

tion of water and(or) dry matter in milk replacer on growth by male and female Alpine kids. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 9:317-324.

Merkel, R. C., C. Toerien, T. Sahlu, and C. Blanche.

Ivey, D. S., F. N. Owens, T. Sahlu, T. H. Teh, L. J. Dawson, G. A. Campbell, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000.

2001. Digestibility, nitrogen balance and blood metabolite levels in Alpine goat wethers fed either water oak or shining sumac leaves. Small Ruminant Research 40:123-127.

Influences of the number of fetuses and levels of CP and ME in gestation and lactation supplements on performance of Spanish does and kids during suckling and postweaning. Small Ruminant Research 35:123-132.

Ivey, D. S., F. N. Owens, T. Sahlu, T. H. Teh, P. L. Claypool, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Growth and cash-

â–˛

The meat goat industry is a fast-growing sector of animal agriculture in the United States.

mere production by Spanish goats consuming ad libitum diets differing in protein and energy levels. Small Ruminant Research 35:133-139.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

69

PUBLICATIONS

Litherland, A. J., A. Yami, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Defleecing of Angora and Spanish goats

Litherland, A. J., T. Sahlu, C. A. Toerien, R. Puchala, K. Tesfai, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Effects of dietary

protein source on fleece and live weight gain in Angora doelings. Small Ruminant Research 38:29-36.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, and J. J. Davis. 1999. Effects of zinc-methionine on performance of Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 33:1-8.

Litherland, A. J., C. Toerien, T. Sahlu, P. Lee, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Effects of season on fleece traits of

Reis, P. J., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch.

Angora does in the U.S. Small Ruminant Research 38:63-70.

Luo, J., A. J. Litherland, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, M. Lachica, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Effects of mimosine

on fiber shedding, follicle activity, and fiber regrowth in Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 78:1551-1555.

Luo, J., T. Sahlu, M. Cameron, and A. L. Goetsch.

1999. Effects of mimosine and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine on fiber shedding in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 77:1224-1229.

Reis, P. J., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Effects of mimosine on plasma amino

acid concentrations in Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 33:55-61.

Sahlu, T., H. Carneiro, H. M. El Shaer, J. M. Fernandez, S. P. Hart, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999.

2000. Growth of Spanish, Boer x Angora and Boer x Spanish goat kids fed milk replacer. Small Ruminant Research 36:189-194.

Dietary protein effects on and the relationship between milk production and mohair growth in Angora does.

Small Ruminant Research 33:25-36.

Luo, J., T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Growth

and carcass traits of Boer x Alpine wethers slaughtered at the ages of 31 and 50 weeks. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 9:309-316.

Prieto, I., A. L. Goetsch, V. Banskalieva, M. Cameron, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and S. W. Coleman. 2000. Effects of dietary protein concen-

tration on postweaning growth of Boer crossbred and Spanish goat wethers. Journal of Animal Science 78:2275-2281.

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Effects of level of feed intake on body weight, body components, and mohair growth in Angora goats during realimentation. Small Ruminant Research 33:251-259.

Toerien, C. A., R. Puchala, J. P. McCann, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Adrenocortical response to

ACTH in Angora and Spanish goat wethers. Journal of Animal Science 77:1558-1564.

Toerien, C. A., T. Sahlu, and W. W. Wong. 1999.

Yami, A., A. J. Litherland, J. J. Davis, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Effects of dietary

level of Leucaena leucocephala on performance of Angora and Spanish doelings. Small Ruminant Research 38:17-28.

Energy expenditure of Angora bucks in peak breeding season using the doubly labeled water technique. Journal of Animal Science 77:3096-3105.

1999

Zeng, S. S., T. Popham, and E. N. Escobar. 1999.

Seasonal variation of somatic cell count and chemical composition in bulk tank goat milk. Dairy, Food, and Environmental Sanitation 19:685- 690.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, M. J. Herselman, S. P. Hart, E. N. Escobar, S. W. Coleman, J. P. McCann, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Effects of bovine soma-

1998

totropin and ruminally undegraded protein on feed intake, live weight gain, and mohair production by yearling Angora wethers. Journal of Animal Science 77:1029-1036.

Herselman, M. J., S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Heat energy for

growing goats and sheep grazing different pastures in the summer. Journal of Animal Science 77:1258-1265.

70

using Leucaena. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 8:525-532.

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, M. J. Herselman, J. M. Fernandez, J. P. McCann, and S. W. Coleman.

1998. The effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) on production of lactating Angora does with kids. Journal of Animal Science 77:17-24.

Herselman, M. J., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and A. L. Goetsch. 1998. Energy expenditure by dry and lactat-

ing Alpine does estimated by entry rate of carbon dioxide. Journal of Dairy Science 81:2469- 2474.

APPLIED SCIENCES

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, and T. Sahlu. 1998.

Effects of methionine and hormones on amino acid concentration in the skin of Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 29:93-102.

Smuts-Ayers, M, and T. Sahlu. 1996. The effect of various levels of lysine infused intraperitoneally on mohair quality and nitrogen metabolism in Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 20:113-119.

Zeng, S. S., S. Hart, E. N. Escobar, and K. Tesfai.

Zeng, S. S. 1996. Comparison of goat milk standards

1998. Validation of antibiotic residue tests for dairy goats. Journal of Food Protection 61:344-349.

with cow milk standards for analyses of somatic cell count, fat, and protein in goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 21:221-225.

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, S. Hart, L. Hinckley, M. Baulthaus, G. T. Robinson, and G. Jahnke. 1998.

Comparative study of effects of testing lab, counting method and sample shipment on somatic cell counts in goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 31:103-107.

Zeng, S. S., and E. N. Escobar. 1996. Effect of breed and milking method on somatic cell count, standard plate count, and composition of goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 19:169-175.

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and I. Brown-Crowder.

1997 Fernandez, J. M., T. Sahlu, C. D. Lu, D. Ivey, and M. J. Potchoiba. 1997. Production and metabolic aspects

of nonprotein nitrogen incorporation in lactation rations of dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research 26:105-117.

Pierzynowski, S. G., R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Effect of dipeptides administered to a perfused area of the skin in Angora does. Journal of Animal Science 75:3052-3056 Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and T. Popham. 1997.

Daily variations in somatic cell count, composition, and production of Alpine goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 26:253-260.

1996 Litherland, A. J., and T. Sahlu. 1996. A review of fac-

tors leading to higher fleece production in Angora compared to down-producing goats. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 12:99-104.

Pierzynowski, S. G., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and S. P. Hart. 1996. Effect of lysine and hormones on amino

acid concentration in the skin of Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 24:27-36.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Sahlu, and S. P. Hart. 1996. Effect of mimosine administered to a per-

fused area of the skin in Angora goats. British Journal of Nutrition 75:69-79.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, and J. J. Davis. 1996. Deter-

mination of mimosine and 3,4-dihydroxypyridine in milk and plasma of goats. Journal of Chromatography Biomedical Applications 685:375-378.

1996. Evaluation of screening tests for detection of antibiotic residues in goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 21:155-160.

1995 Browning, R. Jr., M. L. Leite-Browning, and T. Sahlu. 1995. Factors affecting standardized milk and fat

yields in Alpine goats. Small Ruminant Research 18:173-178.

Greene, A. K., S. S. Zeng, and A. B. Bodine. 1995.

Effect of adding goat milk to cow milk on ripening and quality of Bleu cheese: free fatty acids and methyl ketones. Cultured Dairy Products Journal 30:22-25.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1995. Limit-grazing of cool-

season pastures for wintering Angora does. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 11:1-3.

Jia, Z. H., T. Sahlu, J. M. Fernandez, S. P. Hart, and T. H. Teh. 1995. Effect of dietary protein level on per-

formance of Angora and cashmere-producing goats.

Small Ruminant Research 16:113-119.

Puchala, R., S. G., Pierzynowski, T. Sahlu, and S. P. Hart. 1995. Effects of amino acids administered to a

perfused area of the skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 73:565-570.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, J. J. Davis, and S. P. Hart.

1995. Influence of mineral supplementation on 2,3dihydroxy-pyridine toxicity in Angora goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 55:253-262.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, M. J. Herselman, and J. J. Davis. 1995. Effect of betaine on blood parameters of

Alpine and Angora kids. Small Ruminant Research 18:137-143.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

71

PUBLICATIONS

Teh, T. H., L. T. Trung, Z. H. Jia, T. A. Gipson, K. B. Ogden, and T. F. Sweeney. 1994. Varying amounts of

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, T. Le-Trong, Z. Jia, L. Dawson, T. Gipson, and T. H. Teh. 1995. Influence of prepartum

protein and energy levels for dairy goats on pregnancy and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 78:378387.

rumen-inert fat for high producing goats in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 77:253-258.

1993 Hart, S. P., T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez. 1993.

Sahlu, T., R. Puchala, P. J. Reis, J. J. Davis, K. Tesfai, J. M. Fernandez, and A. A. Millamena. 1995. Tissue

residues of mimosine and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine after intravenous infusion in goats. Journal of Animal Science 73:172-176.

Smuts, M., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, A. Al-Dehneh, S. G. Pierzynowski, R. N. Heitmann, and J. M. Fernandez. 1995. The effect of mimosine on portal

drained visceral net flux and concentrations of amino acids and minerals in plasma of Alpine goats. Small Ruminant Research 18:43-49.

Efficiency of utilization of high and low quality forage by three goat breeds. Small Ruminant Research 10:293301.

Lu, C. D. 1993. Implication of feeding isoenergetic diets containing animal fat on milk composition of Alpine does during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 76:1137-1147.

Sahlu, T., J. M. Fernandez, Z. H. Jia, A. O. Akinsoyinu, S. P. Hart, and T. H. Teh. 1993. Effect of

source and amount of protein on milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science 76:2701-2710.

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, and J. M. Fernandez. 1993.

Smuts, M., and T. Sahlu. 1995. Effects of prepartum

Nitrogen metabolism and blood metabolites in three goat breeds fed increasing amounts of protein. Small Ruminant Research 10:281-292.

dietary protein and energy intake on performance and blood characteristics of precolostral Alpine kids. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 11:35-41.

Zeng, S. S., and E. N. Escobar. 1995. Effect of parity

1992

and milk production on somatic cell count, standard plate count, and composition of goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 17:269-274.

Qi, K., C. D. Lu, and F. N. Owens. 1992. Sulfate supplementation of Alpine goats: effects on milk yield and composition, metabolites, nutrient digestibilities, and acid-base balance. Journal of Animal Science 70:35413550.

1994 Al-Dehneh, A., S. G. Pierzynowski, M. Smuts, T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez. 1994. Blood metabolite

and regulatory hormone concentrations and response to metabolic challenges during the infusion of mimosine and 2,3-Dihydroxypyridine in Alpine goats. Journal of Animal Science 72:415-420.

Qi, K., C. D. Lu, F. N. Owens, and C. J. Lupton. 1992.

Sulfate supplementation of Angora goats: metabolic and mohair responses. Journal of Animal Science 70:28282837.

Sahlu, T., H. Carneiro, H. M. El Shaer, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Production performance and physio-

Dawson, L. J., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, G. Detweiler, T. A. Gipson, T. H. Teh, G. A. Henry, and R. J. Bahr.

logical responses of Angora goat kids fed acidified milk replacer. Journal of Dairy Science 75:1643-1650.

1994. Determination of fetal numbers in Alpine does by real time ultrasonography. Small Ruminant Research 14:225-231.

Sahlu, T., and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Effect of

Pierzynowski, S. G, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, S. P. Hart, and A. Al-Dehneh. 1994. Local infusion of glucose and

insulin in isolated skin perfusion sites in Angora goats.

Small Ruminant Research 14:137-141.

Reis, P. J., and T. Sahlu. 1994. The nutritional control

intraperitoneal administration of lysine and methionine on mohair yield and quality in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 70:3188-3193.

Sahlu, T., J. M. Fernandez, C. D. Lu, and R. Manning. 1992. Dietary protein level and ruminal

degradability for mohair production in Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 70:1526-1533.

of the growth and properties of mohair and wool fibers: A comparative review. Journal of Animal Science 72:1899-1907.

72

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Sahlu, T., J. M. Fernandez, C. D. Lu, and M. J. Potchoiba. 1992. Influence of dietary protein on per-

formance of dairy goats during pregnancy. Journal of Dairy Science 75:220-227.

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, P. D. Klein, N. Jacquemet, and H. Carneiro. 1992. Application of 13CO2

measurements to the estimation of energy expenditure in goats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72:245252.

Abebe, G., R. C. Merkel, and T. Sahlu. 2000.

Enhancing food security and income generating potential of families in southern Ethiopia through improved goat production and extension: a progress report of an ALO-funded project. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors). The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 113-117. Langston University, Langston, OK. Animut, G., R. C. Merkel, and T. Sahlu. 2000.

Proceedings and Reports

Increasing food security through improved goat production: a progress report of a UNCF-funded international development partnership between Langston University and Alemaya University. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors). The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 118-126. Langston University, Langston, OK.

2001

Animut, G., R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2000. Broiler litter and urea-treated wheat

Santini, F. J., C. D. Lu, M. J. Potchoiba, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Dietary fiber and milk yield, masti-

cation, digestion, and rate of passage in goats fed alfalfa hay. Journal of Dairy Science 75:209-219.

Dawson, L. J. 2001. Caprine herd health program. In:

Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1623. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. 2001. Types of fencing for goats. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 4449. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S., and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Goat diet/feeding

examples. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 64-85. Langston University, Langston, OK. McKinney, T. 2001. DHI overview and tester training.

In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 24-43. Langston University, Langston, OK. Merkel, R., G. Abebe, and G. Animut. 2001. International activities of the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research with two Ethopian universities. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 5063. Langston University, Langston, OK. Tomita, G. 2001. The mastitis problem. In: Proceedings

of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1-5. Langston University, Langston, OK.

straw as feedstuffs for Alpine doelings. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors). The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 187-189. Langston University, Langston, OK. Goetsch, A. L., and G. E. Aiken. 2000. Broiler litter in

ruminant diets — implications for use as a low-cost byproduct feedstuff for goats. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors). The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 58-69. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. 2000. Sustainable brush control. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 3235. Langston University, Langston, OK. Tolera, A., R. C. Merkel, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and T. Negesse. 2000. Nutritional constraints and future

prospects for goat production in East Africa. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors) The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 43-57. Langston University, Langston, OK.

1999 2000 Abebe, G., L. J. Dawson, G. Detweiler, T. A. Gipson, and T. Sahlu. 2000. Hagenia abyssinica (Kosso) for

internal parasite control in goats. In: R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, and A. L. Goetsch (Editors). The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. pp 190- 195. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Brown-Crowder, I. 1999. Goat DHIA training. In:

Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 8696. Langston University, Langston, OK. Dawson, L. J. 1999. Goating for newbies. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 104-109. Langston University, Langston, OK.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

73

PUBLICATIONS

Zeng, S. S. 1998. Making Goat Milk Colby Cheese.

Fact Sheet D-5. Langston University, Langston, OK. Dawson, L. J. 1999. Pregnancy diagnosis in goats. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 97105. Langston University, Langston, OK. Escobar, E. N. 1999. Somatic cell counts in goat milk.

Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 110-114. Langston University, Langston, OK. Escobar, E. N. 1999. Use of antibiotic residue test kits

for goat milk. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 115-118. Langston University, Langston, OK. Gipson, T. A. 1999. Demand for goat meat: implica-

tions for the future of the industry. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 23-30. Langston University, Langston, OK.

1997 Russler, B., and I. Brown-Crowder. 1997. Fitting and

showing dairy goats. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 5-14. Langston University, Langston, OK. Sahlu, T. 1997. Feeding the high producing dairy goat and rapidly growing meat goats. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 23-30. Langston University, Langston, OK. Zeng, S. S. 1997. Rapid manufacture of goat Mozzarella

cheese. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 21-22. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Goetsch, A. L. 1999. Highlights of nutritional concepts

for goats. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 33-49. Langston University, Langston, OK. Merkel, R. C., and G. Detweiler. 1999. The basics of

tanning goat hides. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 77-85. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, S. Hart, L. Hinckley, M. Baulthaus, G. T. Robinson, and G. Jahnke. 1997.

Effects of testing lab, counting method and sample shipment on somatic cell counts of goat milk. In: Proceedings of the 36th National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting. pp 234-237. Albuquerque, NM.

Zeng, S. S. 1999. Making goat milk Feta cheese.

1996

In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 31-32. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Brown-Crowder, I. 1996. Goat DHI training: goat

1998

DHIA laboratory terminology. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 34-48. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Brown-Crowder, I. 1998. The show ring. In:

Pinkerton, F. 1996. Marketing meat goats: channel and

Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 7478. Langston University, Langston, OK.

supply. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1-8. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Cameron, M. 1998. Intensive management of meat goats. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 79- 82. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Pinkerton, F. 1996. Consumer demand for goat meat

goat. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 9-16. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Dawson, L. J. 1998. General care of goats. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 8396. Langston University, Langston, OK. Sahlu, T., and A. L. Goetsch. 1998. Feeding the pregnant and milking doe. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 4-20. Langston University, Langston, OK. Zeng, S. S. 1998. Making goat milk Colby cheese. In:

Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1-3.

Langston University, Langston, OK.

74

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Pinkerton, F. 1996. Development of branded product

specification for merchandising certified goat meat. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 2329. Langston University, Langston, OK. Sahlu, T. and C. A. Toerien. 1996. Feeding the preg-

nant and milking doe. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 51-60. Langston University, Langston, OK. Zeng, S. S. 1996. Grade A dairy goat farm requirements.

In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 17-22. Langston University, Langston, OK.

APPLIED SCIENCES

1992

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and E. G. Sullivan. 1996.

Influence of somatic cell count in goat milk on yield and quality of soft cheese. In: Proceedings of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) Seminar on Production and Utilization of Ewes and Goats Milk. pp 109-112. Crete, Greece.

agement tool for dairy goats. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Dairy Goat Production and Marketing. pp 43-60. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and E. G. Sullivan. 1996.

Sahlu, T. 1992. Recent advances in nutrient require-

Comparative study of somatic cell counts in goat milk using pyronin Y-methyl green direct microscope and Fossomatic machine. In: Proceedings of the 35th National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting. pp 153-155. Nashville, TN.

1995

Gipson, T. A. 1992. Using the lactation curve as a man-

ments for lactating goats and feeding for production. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Dairy Goat Production and Marketing. pp 31-42. Langston University, Langston, OK. Teh, T. H., and T. Le-Trong. 1992. Recent advances in

mineral requirements of dairy goats. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Dairy Goat Production and Marketing. pp 61-71. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Zeng, S. S., and E. N. Escobar. 1995. Factors affecting

somatic cell count of goat milk: breed and farm. In: Proceedings of the 34th National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting. pp 168-170. Fort Worth, TX.

Abstracts

Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and D. Rackley. 1995.

Abebe, G., R. C. Merkel, G. Animut, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of urea treatment of straw

Grade A Dairy Goat Farm Requirements. Fact Sheet D-4. Langston University, Langston, OK.

2001

and dietary broiler litter on feed intake and digestion in Spanish wethers. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):448.

1994

Blackburn, H., J. Dzakuma, and A. Goetsch. 2001.

Pinkerton, F., E. N. Escobar, L. Harwell, and W. Drinkwater. 1994. Survey of prevalent production and

Goat growth in relation to feed intake. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):170.

marketing practices in meat goats of southern origin.

SDRC Publication #182. Mississippi State University.

Gipson, T. A., and G. R. Wiggans. 2001. Modeling extended lactation curves in dairy goats using grafted polynomials. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):450.

Zeng, S. S., and E. N. Escobar. 1994. Factors affecting somatic cell counts of goat milk throughout lactation: parity and milk production. In: R. Rubino (Editor).

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Somatic Cells and Milk of Small Ruminants. pp 157-160. Wagenigen Pers, The Netherlands.

1993 Reis, P. J., and T. Sahlu. 1993. Nutritional manipula-

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, and T. Sahlu. 2001.

Effects of preweaning concentrate supplementation on performance of meat goats. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):449-450.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Effects of milk feeding regimes on per-

formance of artificially reared Alpine kids. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):30.

tion of the growth and characteristics of mohair fibers.

In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Goat Fiber Production, Processing, and Marketing. pp 48-62.

Langston University, Langston, OK.

Min, B. R., S. Hart, and T. N. Barry. 2001. Condensed tannins and ruminant nutrition. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):31.

Sahlu, T., and P. J. Reis. 1993. Recent advances in

dairy goat milk production from forages. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):32-33.

nutrient requirements for Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Goat Fiber Production, Processing, and Marketing. pp 30-39. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Min, B. R., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Sustainable

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

75

PUBLICATIONS

Gipson, T. A., T. McKinney, and T. Sahlu. 2000.

Min, B. R., R. Puchala, and S. P. Hart. 2001. Effects of diet on milk allantoin and its relationship with milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Animal Science 79 (Supplement 1):360.

Negesse, T., R. C. Merkel, A. Tolera, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, and L. J. Dawson.

2001. Feed intake and growth by Spanish and Boer x Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):448.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effect of prolactin

administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):25.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of insulin admin-

istered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):449.

growth of Spanish kids consuming different quality diets. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):414.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, S. SotoNavarro, R. Merkel, G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and A. Litherland. 2001. Carcass weight, dressing percentage,

and lean tissue components of fall born Spanish kids fed forage or high concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2, Southern Section):11.

Wuliji, T., A. Litherland, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, and L. J. Dawson. 2001.

Adams, A. L., J. E. Moore, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2000. Estimating fecal crude protein excretion in

goats. Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):125-126.

Gipson, T. A., E. N. Escobar, T. McKinney, L. Dawson, and T. Sahlu. 2000. Performance test for

growth rate and feed efficiency in young meat bucks. In: 7th International Conference on Goats. p 430. Institut de l’Elevage, Paris, France.

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and S. Zeng. 2000. Effects of individual vs group con-

finement and forage access on performance of artificially reared, confined Alpine kids. Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):124.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. Dairy goat performance with

different dietary concentrate levels in late lactation and the dry period. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Goats. p 155. International Goat Association.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. Dairy goat performance with

Hart, S. P., T. A. Gipson, and T. Sahlu. 2000. Sericea lespedeza for grazing goats. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 112.

Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Merkel, R. C., A. L. Goetsch, and N. Silanikove. 2000.

PEG supplementation of kids and effects of early postweaning nutritional plane upon subsequent growth.

Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):126.

supplementation of goats grazing shinnery oak pastures in western Oklahoma. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. pp 114-115. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

2000

OF

and production systems. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 111. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Merkel, R. C., A. L. Goetsch, R. Blackwell, M. Moseley, S. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 2000. Effect of PEG

Extension of the cashmere growth period in Spanish goats with melatonin. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):449.

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

Goetsch, A. L. 2000. South African Boer goat research

different dietary concentrate levels in late lactation and the dry period. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 110. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, S. SotoNavarro, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, T. A. Gipson, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Feed intake, digestibility, and

76

Factors affecting sale price of performance-tested meat bucks. In: Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 109.

Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Merkel, R. C., T. Sahlu, G. Abebe, G. Animut, A. L. Goetsch, and T. A. Gipson. 2000. Enhancing goat pro-

duction and extension in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 114.

Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Prieto, I., A. L. Goetsch, V. Banskalieva, M. Cameron, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and S. W. Coleman. 2000. Effects of dietary protein level on per-

formance of weaned Boer crossbred and Spanish wethers.

Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):125.

APPLIED SCIENCES

Prieto, I., A. L. Goetsch, V. Banskalieva, M. Cameron, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and S. W. Coleman. 2000. Effects of dietary protein level on

performance of weaned Boer crossbred and Spanish wethers. In: Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 110. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Puchala, R., V. Banskalieva, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and I. Prieto. 2000. Effect of ruminally protected

choline and betaine on productivity of Angora doelings.

In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Goats. p 105. International Goat Association.

1999 Cameron, M., J. Luo, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and S. Coleman. 1999. Postweaning growth performance in

Spanish, Boer x Spanish, and Boer x Angora goat kids.

Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):244.

Cameron, M., T. Sahlu, G. Detweiler, S.P. Hart, and S. Coleman. 1999. Carcass characteristics and composi-

tion for Spanish and Boer crossbred goat kids. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):239.

Goetsch, A. L., M. Lachica, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 1999. Effects of change in dietary forage

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, I. Prieto, T. Sahlu, and M. Lachica. 2000.

level on dairy goat performance. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):207.

Effect of growth hormone and IGF-I on fiber growth in Angora goats. In: Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 133. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Goetsch, A. L., R. Puchala, M. Lachica, M. Cameron, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 1999. Effects of milk

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, I. Prieto, T. Sahlu, and M. Lachica. 2000.

Hart, S., M. Cameron, L. Dawson, T. Gipson, and T. Sahlu. 1999. Nutrional flushing to increase ovulation

Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):21.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, I. Prieto, T. Sahlu, and M. Lachica. 2000.

replacer feeding level on Alpine kid performance.

Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):244.

and kidding rate in Spanish meat goats. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1): 265.

Luo, J., A. J. Litherland, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, M., Lachica, and A. L. Goetsch. Defleecing effects of

mimosine on cashmere of Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):22.

Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats. In: Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. pp 133-134. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Luo, J., T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 1999. Effects of

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, I. Prieto, T. Sahlu, and M. Lachica. 2000.

Merkel, R., C. Toerien, T. Sahlu, and C. Blanche.

age of Boer Alpine wethers on growth and carcass traits.

Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):25.

Dipeptides or their amino acids administered to a perfused area of the skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):269.

1999. Digestibility of Water Oak and Shining Sumac leaves fed to Alpine goats wethers. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):209.

Shenkoru, T., F. N. Owens, R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu.

Puchala, R., V. Banskalieva, A. L. Goetsch, I. Prieto, and T. Sahlu. 1999. Effects of dietary protein and

2000. Effect of ruminally protected betaine on the productivity of Angora goats. In: Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 74. Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, A. Litherland, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. Manipulation of

out of season breeding in Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 78(Supplement 1):128.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, A. Litherland, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2000. Manipulation of

out of season breeding in Spanish goats. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial Research Symposium. p 118.

Washington, DC. Association of Research Directors.

ruminally protected betaine or choline on productivity of Angora doelings. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):261.

Puchala, R., I. Prieto, V. Banskalieva, A. L. Goetsch, M. Lachica, and T. Sahlu. 1999. Effect of eu-, hypo-,

and hyperthyroidism and bST on mohair growth, ADG, and hormone status. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):265.

Shenkoru, T., F. N., Owens, R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 1999. Effects of ruminally protected choline on

productivity of Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 77(Supplement 1):271.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

77

PUBLICATIONS

Puchala, R., T. Shenkoru, J. Luo, and T. Sahlu. 1998.

1998

Effect of ruminally protected choline on the growth performance of Alpine doelings. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):362.

Cameron, M., T. Sahlu, C. Gilchrist, S. Hart, and S. Coleman. 1998. Performance of growing Spanish x

1997

Boer kids as influenced by gender and age. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):270.

Balago, D. O., C. Blanche, M. Brown, E. N. Escobar, R. Webster, and H. Pearson. 1997. Nutritional and

Cameron, M., T. Sahlu, C. Gilchrist, S. Hart, A. Goetsch, and S. Coleman. 1998. Carcass traits of

weed control performance of goats browsing forestry woody vegetation. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 116. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

growing Spanish x Boer kids as influenced by gender and age. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):284.

Carneiro, H., F. N. Owens, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and K. Qi. 1998. Effects of supplemental sulfur on amino

acid composition of ruminal bacteria isolated from goats. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):344.

Carneiro, H., T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 1998.

Growing Angora goat responses to dietary sulfur and DL-methionine in drinking water. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):345.

Carneiro, H., T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 1998.

Plasma amino acid and ruminal responses to supplemental DL-methionine in feed or drinking water by adult Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):344. influence of adding methionine to the drinking water or to feed on the growth rate of mohair by Angora kid goats. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):344.

Litherland, A. J., R. Puchala, C. Toerien, and T. Sahlu. 1998. Use of mimosine to induce cashmere

Litherland, A. J., C. Toerien, T. Sahlu, and J. Luo.

1998. Follicle activity and fiber growth patterns of Angora goats in natural photoperiod. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):299.

Passos, L. P., H. Carneiro, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and M. C. Vitigal. 1998. Nutritive value of various

elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) genotypes. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):195.

78

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Blood and rumen parameters in early lactating dairy does fed different energy levels and protein sources. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 117. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

1997. The influence of age carcass characteristics of Boer x Spanish goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 118. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 1997. Effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) on body weight gain and mohair production in Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 118. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

shedding in goats. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):268.

growth of Boer x Angora, Boer x Spanish, and Spanish goat kids. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 1):267.

Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Increasing dietary energy density using bypass fat on performance in early lactating Alpine does. Journal of Dairy Science 80(Supplement 1):243.

Cameron, M., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and C. Gilchrist.

Carneiro, H., T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 1998. The

Luo, J., M. Cameron, and T. Sahlu. 1998. Early

Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Bypass protein on performance in early lactation Alpine does. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):269.

Escobar, E. N., T. S. McKinney, and F. Pinkerton.

1997. Use of goats as a vegetation management tool. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 119. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1997. Comparison of digestibility and nitrogen balance of alfalfa and Sericea lespedza. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 120. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

APPLIED SCIENCES

Ivey, D., and T. Sahlu. 1997. Influence of supplemen-

tation of energy and protein on gestation, lactation, progeny growth, and cashmere production in goats.

Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):274.

Ivey, D. S., and T. Sahlu. 1997. Effect of prepartum

supplements on fiber production, ADG, kid birth weight, and skin fiber follicle ratio in Spanish goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 120. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

Litherland, A. J., T. Sahlu, C. A. Toerien, R. Puchala, and K. Tesfai. 1997. Effect of protein source on fleece

and liveweight production in Angora doelings. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):262.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Small peptide utilization in isolated skin of Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. p 68. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

Puchala, R., and T. Sahlu. 1997. Influence of Zn-

methionine on mohair growth and amino acid profiles in Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. pp 81-82. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, J. J. Davis, and S.P. Hart. 1997.

Effect of jugular infusion of choline and betaine on blood parameters in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):274.

Sahlu, T., C. A. Toerien, W. W. Wong, and S. P. Hart.

1997. Energy expenditure (EE) of breeding Angora bucks using the doubly-labelled water technique.

Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):264.

Smuts-Ayers, M., R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 1997.

Blood and digestive parameters in goats inoculated with 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (DHP)-degrading bacteria Synergistes jonesii. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):213.

Toerien, C. A., R. Puchala, J. P. McCann, and T. Sahlu. 1997. Differences in adrenal integrity between

Angora and Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1):216.

Toerien, C. A., and T. Sahlu. 1997. Doubly-labelled water as a tool for measurement of energy expenditure in goats. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Research Symposium. pp 68-69. San Antonio, TX. Association of Research Directors.

1996 Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 1996.

The use of bypass fat as an energy supplement for high producing does during early lactation. In: Proceedings of the VI International Goat Conference. p 643.

Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 1996. Effect of prepartum nutrition of Angora does on fiber production, ADG, blood metabolites, and kid birth weight.

Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):281.

Escobar, E. N., T. S. Pinkerton, T. McKinney, L. Hartwell, and W. Drinkwater. 1996. Production and

marketing channels for meat goats in southern United States. In: Proceedings of the VI International Goat Conference. p 384. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Genandoy, H., and T. Sahlu. 1996. Raising pre-

weaned goat kids for cabrito. In: Proceedings of the VI International Goat Conference. p 966. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Hart, S., S. S. Zeng, E. N. Escobar, and I. BrownCrowder. 1996. Rapid screening for drug residues in

goat milk using cow milk test kits. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 937.

Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Ivey, D. S., F. N. Owens, T. Sahlu, T.H. Teh, and G. Campbell. 1996. Effect of twinning on lactation and

growth of cashmere producing Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):282.

Ivey, D. S., F. N. Owens, T. H. Teh, and T. Sahlu.

1996. Effects of dietary protein and energy level on growth and cashmere production by Spanish goats.

Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):281.

Ivey, D. S., T. Sahlu, F. N. Owens, T. H. Teh, and L. Dawson. 1996. Energy and protein supplement for

cashmere producing Spanish does bearing single or twin kids. Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):282.

Pierzynowski, S. G., R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 1996.

Effects of amino acids and their dipeptides administered to perfused area of skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):265.

Puchala, R., and T. Sahlu. 1996. Effect of chelating

2,3-dihydroxypyridine on its toxicity in Angora goats.

In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 946. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

79

PUBLICATIONS

Wang, R. J., T. H. Teh, H. Genandoy, T. Sahlu, and Z. Y. Zhang. 1996. Melatonin and energy intake had no

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, and J. J. Davis. 1996. Effects of

zinc-methionine in performance of Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 74(Supplement 1):266.

effect on cashmere growth in wethers with early or late cashmere initiation time. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 388. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Sahlu, T., and J. J. Davis. 1996. Effect of bovine soma-

totropin on Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 877. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Sahlu, T., and R. Puchala. 1996. Hormonal regulation

1995 Browning, R. Jr., M. L. Liete-Browning, and T. Sahlu. 1995. Phenotypic variation in the standardized

of methionine and lysine concentrations in the skin of Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 873. Beijing, P. R. China.

International Goat Association.

lactation yields of non-suckled Alpine goats. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):246.

Sahlu, T., and C. A. Toerien. 1996. Measuring energy expenditure in goats using the carbon dioxide entry rate technique (CERT). Does the NRC overestimate the energy requirement for lactating Alpine does? In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 649. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Endocrine and metabolic response to intraruminal pilocaprine administration in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):10.

Chapa, A. M., J. M. Fernandez, L. D. Bunting, D. L. Thompson, Jr., R. J. Fornea, and T. Sahlu. 1995.

Shenkoru, T., T. Sahlu, J. J. Davis, and R. Puchala.

1996. Leucaena in a ration for high producing Alpine goats. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 626. Beijing, P. R. China.

International Goat Association.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and F. El Esawy.

1995. Effect of defaunation on average daily gain, feed intake, and fiber production and quality of young Angora wethers. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):251.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and M. J. Herselman. 1995. Fiber production, ADG, and blood

metabolites of Angora kids injected with exogenous bST. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):275.

Smuts-Ayers, M., and T. Sahlu. 1996. An anomaly in

the reaction of test media to Synergistes jonesii. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 873. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and T. Shenkoru.

1995. Effect of Leucaena leucocephala as a protein source in a cottonseed hull diet on body weight gain, mohair production, and rumen parameters of Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):154.

Smuts-Ayers, M., and T. Sahlu. 1996. The level of

Gentry, L. R., J. M. Fernandez, T. W. White, L. Southern, T. D. Binder, T. Sahlu, and D. T. Hoover.

success of two methods of inoculation of Synergistes jonesii into Angora goats fed Leucaena leucocephala. In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 950. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

1995. Dietary protein and chromium tripicolinate in suffolk lamb: I. Effects on growth, carcass, and wool characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):265.

Smuts-Ayers, M., and T. Sahlu. 1996. Urinary mimo-

sine and dihydroxypyridine and changes in ruminal fluid and plasma parameters when Synergistes jonesii is inoculated into Angora goats fed Leucaena leucocephala.

In: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Goats. p 942. Beijing, P. R. China. International Goat Association.

Hammond, A. C., M. J. Williams, R. S. Kalmacher, P. Felker, M. J. Allison, and T. Sahlu. 1995. Leucaena in

the southern United States. In: H. M. Shelton, C. M. Piggin, and J. L. Brewbacker (Editors). Leucaena: Opportunities and Limitations. p 174. Australia Center for International Agricultural Research. Canberra, Australia.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1995. Deuterium oxide and urea space to predict carcass composition in goats.

Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):137.

80

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

Leite-Browning, M. L., R. Browning, Jr., and T. Sahlu. 1995. Effect of naloxone on plasma estradiol

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and M. J. Herselman. 1994. The effect of bovine somatotropin

and progesterone concentrations in Caprine does during seasonal anestrus. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):227.

(bST) and undegradable protein on fiber production, ADG, and blood metabolites of Angora wethers.

Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):183.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, and T. Sahlu. 1995.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, M. J. Herselman, S. P. Hart, T. H. Teh, E. N. Escobar, and J. M. Fernandez. 1994. The effect of bovine somatotropin

Effects of methionine and hormones on amino acid concentration in the skin of Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):274.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, J. J. Davis, S. P. Hart, and M. Smuts. 1995. Influence of mineral supplementation on

2,3-hydroxypyridine toxicity in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):209.

Sahlu, T., M. J. Herselman, S. P. Hart, K. Tesfai, and S. W. Coleman. 1995. Energy expenditure in lactating

goats using the fractional isotope enrichment technique.

Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):270.

Sahlu, T., R. Puchala, and S. G. Pierzynowski. 1995.

Effect of lysine and exogenous hormones on venous amino acid concentrations in the skin of Angora goats.

Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):32.

Wang, R. J., T. H. Teh, T. Sahlu, Z. Y. Zhang, H. Genandoy, and K. Tesfai. 1995. Effect of melatonin

(bST) administration on production characteristics of lactating Angora does with kids. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):527.

Gipson, T. A., F. Pinkerton, and C. Dowell. 1994.

Reproductive performance of polled and horned female Tennessee Wooden-Leg goats. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 62. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1994. Effect of feed restric-

tion and realimentation on animal performance and body composition in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):258.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1994. Limit-grazing of wheat

pasture for wintering Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):113.

implants, cashmere initiation time and dietary energy intake on cashmere goats. Journal of Animal Science 73(Supplement 1):281.

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1994. Production of goat

1994

Herselman, M. J., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 1994.

Browning, R., Jr., M. L. Leite-Browning, and T. Sahlu. 1994. Factors affecting adjusted milk yield of

Alpine does. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 65. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Carneiro, H., T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 1994.

Impact of including DL-Methionine in drinking water for Angora goats. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication P939:126-128.

Carneiro, H., T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 1994.

Supplemental DL-Methionine in drinking water for Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):72:356.

Davis, J. J., T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and M. J. Herselman. 1994. The effect of bovine somatotropin

(bST) on fiber production, ADG, and blood metabolites of Angora kids. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 76. New Orleans, LA.

carcass composition by urea space or deuterium oxide to predict total body energy. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 63. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Energy expenditure in confined and free ranging goats and sheep. In: Proceedings of the South African Society of Animal Science 33rd Congress on Animal Production. p 10.

Herselman, M. J., T. Sahlu, and S. P. Hart. 1994.

Differences in ruminal and blood metabolites between goats and sheep grazing two different pastures. In: Proceedings of the South African Society of Animal Science 33rd Congress on Animal Production. p 12.

Herselman, M. J., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, K. Tesfai, and S. W. Coleman. 1994. Energy expenditure in confined

goats and sheep using isotopic bicarbonate. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):186.

Herselman, M. J., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, K. Tesfai, R. Puchala, and S. W. Coleman. 1994. Energy expendi-

ture in free-grazing goats and sheep using isotopic bicarbonate. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):186.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

81

PUBLICATIONS

Smuts, M., and T. Sahlu. 1994. Neonatal production and plasma characteristics as affected by prepartum protein and energy concentration. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 75. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Sahlu, and S. P. Hart. 1994. Metabolic and biological effects of mimo-

sine administered to a perfused area of the skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):103.

Smuts, M., and T. Sahlu. 1994. The effect of intraperitoneal lysine infusion on mohair characteristics and N metabolism. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):355.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and J. J. Davis.

1994. Mineral supplementation and 2,3-DHP toxicity.

In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 62. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Puchala, R., T. Sahlu, M. J. Herselman, J. J. Davis, and S. P. Hart. 1994. Effect of betaine on plasma

Smuts, M., T. Sahlu, S. G. Pierzynowski, R. Puchala, A. Al-Dehneh, R. N. Heitmann, and J. M. Fernandez.

1994. Plasma amino acid and mineral concentrations and splanchnic flux in Alpine goats subjected to the toxin mimosine. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):103.

amino acids in Alpine and Angora kids. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):77.

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, J. M. Fernandez, and P. J. Reis.

1993

1994. Effect of feed restriction and realimentation on mohair growth and plasma amino acids in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):342.

Escobar, E. N., F. Pinkerton, and T. S. McKinney. 1993.

Trends of the meat goat marketing in the USA: 1980 to 1991. Journal of Animal Science 71(Supplement 1):123.

Sahlu, T., M. J. Herselman, and S. P. Hart. 1994.

Ruminal and blood metabolites of goats and sheep grazing either improved or native pasture. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Research Symposium. p 108. New Orleans, LA. Association of Research Directors.

Sahlu, T., R. Puchala, J. J. Davis, P. J. Reis, K. Tesfai, and J. M. Fernandez. 1994. Tissue residue of mimo-

sine and 2,3-Dihydroxypyridine after intravenous infusion in goats. Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):103.

Pierzynowski, S. G., T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 1993.

Relationship between insulin, glucose, and amino acids metabolism in the skin. In: Proceedings of 2nd Gauss Symposium. p 38. Ludwig - Maximillians University, Munchen, Germany.

Smuts, M., J. J. Davis, T. Fleming, T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez. 1994. Responses of digesta passage rate,

1992

ruminal, plasma, and production characteristics to long term pilocarpine supplementation in Angora wethers.

Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):383.

Al-Dehneh, A., J. T. Huber, C. B. Theurer, R. C. Wanderly, and T. Sahlu. 1992. Contribution of recycled

Smuts, M., H. H. Meissner, P. B. CronjĂŠ, T. Sahlu, and J. J. Davis. 1994. Repeatability of particulate and

fluid passage rate on Merino rams and Angora wethers.

In: Proceedings of the South African Society of Animal Science 33rd Congress on Animal Production. p 16.

Smuts, M., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, A. Al-Dehneh, S. G. Pierzynowski, R. N. Heitmann, and J. M. Fernandez. 1994. Nutrient net flux in splanchnic

catheterized Alpine goats fed a complete mixed ration.

Journal of Animal Science 72(Supplement 1):192.

82

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1993. Mohair production and body weight gains of yearling Angora goats grazing forages with different tannin levels. In: Proceedings of the International Grassland Congress. p 575.

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

urea nitrogen to microbial protein synthesis. Journal of Dairy Science 75(Supplement 1):176.

Al-Dehneh, A., S. Pierzynowski, T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Mimosine and dihydroxypyridine

(DHP) administration in goats: effects on peripheral blood metabolite and regulatory hormone concentrations.

Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):317.

Al-Dehneh, A., S. Pierzynowski, T. Sahlu, J. M. Fernandez, S. P. Hart, T. H. Teh, T. Gipson, and K. Tesfai. 1992. Leucaena toxins on hepatic function and

blood metabolites in goats. In: Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Research Symposium. pp 103-104. Atlanta, GA. Association of Research Directors.

APPLIED SCIENCES

Hart, S. P., and T. Sahlu. 1992. Effect of different forage tannin levels on production of Angora goats. In: Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Research Symposium. pp 65-66. Atlanta, GA. Association of Research Directors.

D-03 Feeding and Management of Lactating Goats.

Hart, S. P., T. Sahlu, H. M. El Shaer, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Energy requirements and feed effi-

D-02 Feeding and Management of Goat Kids. 1993.

F. Pinkerton, O. Simpson, N. Escobar, Agricultural Research and Extension Programs, Langston University, Langston, OK, and B. Pinkerton, Clemson University, SC.

ciency of young growing goats. In: Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Research Symposium. p 33. October 4-8.

Atlanta, GA. Association of Research Directors.

Hart, S. P., T. Sahlu, H. M. El Shaer, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Maintenance energy requirements

and feed efficiency of young growing goats. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):316.

Pierzynowski, S., A. Al-Dehneh, T. Sahlu, and J. M. Fernandez. 1992. Mimosine and dihydroxypyridine

1993. F. Pinkerton, O. Simpson, N. Escobar, Agricultural Research and Extension Programs, Langston University, Langston, OK, and B. Pinkerton, Clemson University, SC.

Symposium, Conference, and Field Day Proceedings Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day.

2001. Langston University, Langston, OK.

(DHP) administration in goats. Responses to propionate load and urea drench tests as measures of hepatic function. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):317.

Proceedings of the 15th Annual Goat Field Day.

Pierzynowski, S. G., A. Al-Dehneh, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, T. H. Teh, T. Gipson, and K. Tesfai. 1992.

on small ruminant production held at Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Insulin-dependent glucose utilization in the skin: perfusion in situ. In: Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Research Symposium. p 104. Atlanta, GA. Association of Research Directors.

Sahlu, T., J. M. Fernandez, Z. H. Jia, A. O. Akinsoyinu, S. P. Hart, and T.H. Teh. 1992. Effect of

2000. Langston University, Langston, OK. The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat Production in East Africa. 2000. A conference

Proceedings of the 14th Annual Goat Field Day.

1999. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Goat Field Day.

1998. Langston University, Langston, OK.

protein level and source on milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science 75(Supplement 1):281.

Proceedings of the 12th Annual Goat Field Day.

Sahlu, T., S. P. Hart, T. Le-Trong, Z. H. Jia, L. Dawson, and T. H. Teh. 1992. Effect of prenatal pro-

Proceedings of the 11th Annual Goat Field Day.

tein and energy intake on subsequent lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 75(Supplement 1):281.

1997. Langston University, Langston, OK. 1996. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Goat Field Day.

1995. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Goat Field Day.

Fact Sheets

1994. Langston University, Langston, OK.

D-05 Making Goat Milk Colby Cheese. 1998. S. S.

National Symposium on Fiber Goat Production and Marketing. 1993. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Zeng, Agricultural Research and Extension Programs, Langston University, Langston, OK. D-04 Grade “A� Dairy Goat Farm Requirements.

National Symposium on Dairy Goat Production and Marketing. 1992. Langston University, Langston, OK.

1995. S. S. Zeng, E. N. Escobar, Agricultural Research and Extension Programs, Langston University, Langston, OK, and D. F. Rackley Dairy Services Division, Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Oklahoma City, OK.

E (KIKA)

DE LA

GARZA INSTITUTE

FOR

G OAT R E S E A R C H

83

84

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

OF

AG R I C U LT U R E

AND

APPLIED SCIENCES

L ANGSTON UNIVERSIT Y S C H O O L O F AG R I C U LT U R E A N D A P P L I E D S C I E N C E S