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Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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KY AC -J
JO N
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M - HENRY - ISE LIN DI - SA - VI KEN KT OR -
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Aimee Louise Desert // 180123 Architecture and Extreme Environment KADK / Thesis Proposal / 2019-2020 Tutor : David A Garcia
atmosphere atmos (vapour, steam) sphaira (sphere) Merriam-Webster Dictionary
ARGUMENTATION
PREFACE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND CONTEXT LOCATION
INVESTIGATION
SITE SITUATION INTENTIONS EXPLORATION POSITIONING SCOPE REFERENCES STATE OF THE ART
PROCESS
APPROACH METHODOLOGY SPACES PROGRAM STRATEGY DELIVERY APPENDICES REFERENCES
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
This proposal sets out the background, context and intentions for the thesis investigation which will take the form of an architectural design project. Focusing on the specific context of the city of Antofagasta in Northern Chile, this work has been preceded by a four-week field study in the city providing the opportunity to root the project in the unique context. Through the design and development of a 1:1 prototype a series of hypotheses surrounding perception, comfort, delight and atmospheric curation were explored and interrogated using phenomenological and scientific approaches. These experiences, their results and reflections have informed the development of this proposal which takes the themes explored at the installation scale and applies them to a more speculative investigation, inquiring as to how atmospheric methodologies can be applied to architecture as a means of defining space. The project positions itself in the realm of delight, rather than the neutrality of comfort taking the approach that the atmosphere should be perceived, and experienced. Antofagasta is a linear mining city situated on the west coast of the Atacama region, bound by the coast on one side and the mountains of the desert on the other. The city has a complex, and often idiosyncratic, weather system due to its geographic positioning, which presented the point of departure for both the fieldwork and this investigation.
Preface
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Inequality is rife in the city, one of the wealthiest areas in Chile, with over 1000 families in the city living in camps on illegal land, many undocumented migrants. Whilst the investigation primarily considers atmospheric curation the building programme will explore the concept of luxury and its meaning to the different communities across the city’s social strata with the intention of bringing them together to discover common ground. Considering the redevelopment of the current industrial railroad which cuts through the city as a potential place for these otherwise autonomous communities to gather. The proposal will comprise a series of transitory and permanent functions to address the fragmentation of the city, which will be converge at a stationary terminal building; the primary context for the atmospheric inquiry. Architectural design positions environmental design as a performance driven methodology, targeted at achieving sustainable designs and comfort; generally considered to be thermal neutrality. This project will investigate the broader potential of environmental design, inquiring as to whether architectural space can be defined by atmosphere rather than physical methods. Through a series of thematics; homogeneity | heterogeneity, materiality | immateriality, delight | comfort, building on the work of Lisa Heschong1 and Philippe Rahm2 3 who explore perception and delight in the meteorological realm.
Preface
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Argumentation | 00_Preface_Abstract
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Weather
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
‘a freely available source of almost perpetual change’ Nute4 ‘The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.’5
Climate Typical weather conditions for a location considering the average and the extreme6 ‘the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place’7
Atmosphere The spatial diffusion of a certain mood’8 The void formed within solid elements which the architect must define beyond simply exploring the solid which defines it.’9 ‘The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet’10
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS Architectural interpretation Dictionary definition
Delight A degree of pleasure from the perception of conditions.11 ‘a high degree of pleasure or enjoyment; joy; rapture’12
Comfort The occupant’s satisfaction with the internal and peripheral external environment, including the impact on their well-being.13 ‘A state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint’14
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Argumentation | 00_Preface_Abstract
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 01: View across Antofagasta towards the Pacific Ocean
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The program proposal builds upon the fieldwork investigation which explored weather discontinuities and humidity in the desert city of Antofagasta, culminating in the construction of an artificial atmosphere. The thesis will continue to explore the phenomenological qualities of atmosphere and the relationship between atmosphere and materiality, can we define spaces by their atmospheric conditions rather than physical boundaries or are materials essential to the experience of the atmosphere?
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND
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01
Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 02: Context / Global location
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
This programme proposal forms part of the Masters programme; Architecture and Extreme Environments at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and will provide the basis for the thesis project in the final semester of the program. The thesis project takes the form of an architectural investigation resulting in a built proposal and is preceded by a fieldwork study to the Atacama region of Chile, with an investigation into humid environments, their artificial construction and their influence on comfort in the urban environment.
Copenha gen
This Masters programme pursues to explore the intersection between architecture, technology, culture and environment. Adopting a hyper contextual approach to respond to global challenges; environmental, social and technical through architectural propositions. This is achieved through active expeditions to remote locations where 1:1 prototypes are tested to inform future design work. Through close collaboration with local communities, researchers and manufacturers the programme engages with architectural performance and the cultural impact of technology in our world. The programme is set within the framework of the 17 UN Sustainable Goals15 and these are used to ensure the breadth of the programme across the social and cultural realms. As architects we mediate our presence in our environment via design and technology, often disregarding the environmental impact. It is the intention of this programme16 and project to investigate the artistic potential of working with technology not only as a performance orientated design parameter, but also as a process charged with aesthetic potential and cultural implications with sustainable aims, from building scale all the way to detail.
Antofagasta
Academic Framework Th
e At
a ca m a D es
er t
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Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 03: Context / View along the railway towards the desert from South Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The point of departure for the fieldwork was the monotony of the environmental conditions in the city,17 almost a lack of weather phenomena, with limited diurnal ranges and daily or even seasonal variation. The fieldwork considered the weather as a luxury the residents were not afforded and explored how weather phenomena could be artificially constructed, bringing the luxury of weather to the desert city. The high humidity level in the city is just one of the climates idiosyncrasies and the fieldwork interrogated this aspect, with the prototype constructing an artificially humid atmosphere to highlight the ambient conditions, whilst creating mist and rain that could be experienced in the city which is otherwise devoid of these phenomena. This investigation will take a more plural approach to the term atmosphere18 whilst continuing to explore the concept of luxury in this environment, beyond the weather. The city is home to a diverse population from undocumented migrants living in illegal residences19 to wealthy professionals working in the mining industry.20 The project will consider what luxury means to each of these groups and propose how different programs can gather these different groups through the provision of an otherwise unavailable luxury for each. Continuing to consider the humidities of the fieldwork investigation many of these luxuries may centre around water and the unequal distribution21 but the scope will not be confined to this realm.
Luxury in the Desert City
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Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 04: Natural phenomena / Firehole spring, Yellowstone
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Comfort is taken to mean an absence of discomfort and sensation, a neutrality and an absence. Whilst delight is the joy of perception. Most people through their lives experience delight as the result of atmospheric phenomena, however it is not widely considered within architectural design. Comfort is the main aim of environmental design22 and delight that of architecture.23 And despite the widely read work of Lisa Heschong,24 which highlights this lost opportunity, this has not changed dramatically over the past 40 years. When posited it is clearly perverse for an omnipresent material to not contribute to the perception of architecture. Yet many architects do not perceive the atmosphere, and the environmental conditions which a space encloses, as a material. Philippe Rahm is one of a few figures proposing this methodology.25 This project will take forward this concept considering how atmosphere can define space and take on the position of traditional architectural materials in creating delight for the occupant, encountering the obstacles and considering their implications.
Comfort and Delight
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Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 05: Artificial phenomena / Miroir d’eau, Bordeaux, Michel Corajoud
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
“Environmental design beyond sustainability and efficiency�
Through both the fieldwork investigation and this proposal the concept of, and prevailing approaches to, environmental design will be explored and critiqued; across much of the discipline it is assumed to be the methodology of contextual and sustainable design.26 Often the iterative testing is the scope of engineers with a preoccupation on technology which can be installed onto an architecture, designed by others. Instead I take a more interdisciplinary approach and assume the position that environmental design has the potential to enhance architecture.27 Shifting the primary goal of environmental design from achieving sustainability or efficiency to the design of contextual interventions resonant with the natural environment within which it sits. I assume that through taking inspiration from the natural context once can design an architecture with a higher quality environment for the occupant. Moving beyond the current position in which the occupant is insulated from the weather to one where the built and the natural not only coexist but have a reciprocal relationship.28
Environmental design
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Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 06: Context / View across Antofagasta from the Campementos on the eastern edge of the city
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Design exploration 01:
HOW CAN THE CONCEPT OF LUXURY BE EXTENDED ACROSS THE SOCIAL STRATA TO BRING TOGETHER THE WHOLE?
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Argumentation | 01_Introduction_Background
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 07: Context / Colourful homes along the railway in central Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Antofagasta is a coastal city in Northern Chile located between the South Pacific and the Atacama Desert. Surrounded by desert, it suffers from water shortages despite its coastal location.29 The region is dominated by industry,30 originally exploited for copper and nitrate reserves, lithium ponds now cover the landscape.31 Industry grew the city, with the port still at its centre and the railroad cutting through to bring industrial material from the mines out in the desert.
C O N T E X T LO C AT I O N
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02
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
TROPIC OF CANCER
ANTOFAGASTA
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ME RID EA N
THE ATACAMA DESERT
GR EE NW ICH
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
EQUATOR
ANTARCTIC
CIRCLE
Figure 08: Context / Location
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The Atacama region is located in the North of Chile, to the west of Bolivia and Argentina. Due to Chile’s geographical position and the length of the country it experiences a vast range of climates from the north to the south of the country.32 The Atacama region is one of the first desert regions in the country and considered a cold desert on the Koppen scale, experiencing cooler winter temperatures and defined seasons. Chile is one of the most developed nations in South America33 but is currently going through a phase of great transition following political unrest sparked in late 2019.34
The Atacama region, Chile
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 09: Context / Geographic and climatic factors
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The Atacama region comprises primarily the Atacama Desert, the driest region in the world, excluding Antarctica, the area is sparsely populated with just a slither of land between the coast and the mountains which houses much of the population. The Atacama and the Antofagasta regions are distinctive for administrative purposes but share many of the climatic and geographic characteristics with the Atacama Desert spanning across both regions. The desert hosts large mining activities primarily developed for nitrates in the early 1800s, but the focus has now shifted to copper and lithium. Over 90% of exports in these regions are linked to the mining industries, with extraction in the desert and processing and logistics taking place along the coast.35 Tourism is also a significant business,36 but this is constrained to regions of the desert where many rare natural phenomena can be found. The region experiences just a handful (1-5) days of rain each year37 and water is a scarce resource; the Chilean government has sold the rights to many natural water sources to the mining companies and residents must pay inflated prices to access clean water.38 Due to the high consumption of the mining activities many areas rely on seawater being desalinated in large plants, a costly process.39
Antofagasta, The Atacama region
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 10: Context / San Pedro de Atacama, The Atacama Desert
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Luxury 01:
ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 11: Context / Port of Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 12: Context / Map of Antofaagsta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Copenhagen
42
Urban population: 630 000 Area: 88 km2 Density: 7300 p/km2 Capital of Denmark Highest GDP in Denmark
Antofagasta
40
Urban population: 350 000 Area: 92 km2 Density: 3800 p/km2 1100km North of Santiago Capital of Antofagasta Province + Region Highest GDP in Chile 41
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 13: Context / Graffiti on a bollard following police brutality and numerous eye injuries during protests in Antofagasta during Oct - Dec 2019 unrest
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Across Chile there has been a political uprising beginning in Santiago in October 2019,43 initially focussed around the new metro price increased it quickly became about the large societal inequalities spreading across the country. With graffiti in Antofagasta ranging from ‘nationalise the lithium’ to accusations of abuse at the Catholic Church. The protests have shaken the country, one of Latin America’s most stable democracies.44 Amid human rights accusations45 and mass government resignations there were still daily protests during the fieldwork and general strikes as the citizens spoke up about the inequality. There have long been significant gaps in equality in the country, with many national resources privatised by the state.46 There is little social support for citizens and the salaries are low compared to the cost of living. Antofagasta is a particularly severe example as the region struggles with water scarcity whilst some members of the population are making substantial salaries in the mining industry. The railway is just one manifestation of this;47 the network was built by the state, but it is now only used by the mining companies for transporting freight with no passenger services and at little cost to the mining companies. Freight is transported from the desert, through the heart of the city and to the port, bringing with it pollution;48 noise pollution during the night as well as harmful particulates from the bare freight reducing the air quality. Most residents get little benefit from the port and the freight but suffer the consequences, whilst others profit and can afford to live further from the source.
Inequality in Antofagasta
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figures 14-19: Context / Central Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The urban fabric of Antofagasta is one of layers and contrast, as it has grown according to the economy with rapid expansion around the periods of growth in the mine as people migrate to the city. The downtown area is planned on a strict urban grid which is intersected by the railway line which goes form the eastern edge of the city to the port. Currently, industrial buildings surround the port and large sites along the railway line, although as the city looks to develop and improve the quality of life for residents it is proposed that this is moved further north,49 see Appendix 2. Residential areas surround the city centre and range from high rise tower blocks from various eras to bespoke single family homes and the self-build dwellings which house much of the population. Across the city there is a stark difference between the quality of urban space in the wealthier areas and the self-build dwellings against the mountains where many of the population live as shown in the adjacent figures. Overall the city is typified by its discontinuities; where the port meets downtown, the railway cuts the city and the contrast between the dwellings of the wealthy and the everyday citizens.
Urban context
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
92% 782 W/M2
74%
950 W/M2 1240 W/M2
60% 42 째C
22 째C
< 30 째C SURFACE TEMPERATURE > 40 째C
Figure 20: Context / The Urban Heat Island in Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Heat in urban spaces is an increasing problem, as shown in the thermal images in figure 22, dark surfaces such as roads absorb heat and re-radiate it into the city later in the day.50 Higher density cities have a higher density of these surfaces and the heat increases locally. Public spaces and shading is often unevenly distributed across cities with wealthier areas benefiting more than poorer districts. This is a particular problem in Antofagasta where there are stark inequalities across the city, high solar radiation and the urban heat island effect. Research conducted at the Universidad Catolica del Norte School of Architecture, situated in Antofagasta, has demonstrated the present challenges of the heat island in Antofagasta51 and assessed the impact of proposed development, specifically in Avenida Brasil the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central public park.52 Existing development plans are predicted to significantly worsen the effect of the heat island, many luxury flats are proposed for wealthier residents but the public space accessed by all will suffer.
The urban heat island effect
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
“On thermal images, you can see clearly the red hotspots of cities are streets, roads, carparks – wherever with parks, garden and trees,” says councillor Cathy Oke, chair of Melbourne City council’s envir KADK / Architecture and Extreme contrast Environments / 2019 - 2020
But tree planting has its limitations: trees can’t be planted in the middle of roads, they can’t necessarily b potential issues with having too many trees. CSIRO’s Dr Simon Toze gives the example of some US cities women felt less safe walking around the streets. Thermal images taken in a January 2017 heatwave show the impact of urban heat islands in Melbourne. Taken
by an Elizabeth Street heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market. Photograph: City of Melbourne “We want to make sure that what we do is not actually having a detrimental effect elsewhere,” says Toze, One of the simplest solutions to highlighting reducing the urban heatissues island effect provideuse more shade, with trees. Water’s Urban Living Lab, other suchisastowater and bushfire risk that can have imp
In 2012 Melbourne city council launched an ambitious project to double the tree canopy cover from 22% to 40% by 2040, by planti Another approach that can cut down on heat absorption is to consider different surface materials for road every year.
As well as committing tosee a 50% increase in treeofcanopy by 2030, the city of Sydney begun a tria “On thermal images, you can clearly the red hotspots cities arecover streets, roads, carparks – wherever there has is bitumen and conc contrast garden and trees,” says councillor Cathy Oke, chair of Melbourne City council’s environment portfolio. to see ifwith thisparks, will reduce temperatures by reducing heat absorption.
But tree planting has its limitations: trees can’t be planted in the middle of roads, they can’t necessarily be planted on private prop
But lighter-coloured pavement a problem inToze verygives sunny areas. “On a bright day today in Brisb potential issues with having too many can trees.be CSIRO’s Dr Simon the example of some US cities thatlike went overboard on tr road with sunwalking coming down bouncing off the pavement,” Toze says. “It’s a trade-off that we’ve g women felt the less safe around theand streets.
“We alternative want to make sure that what we with do is not actually having surface a detrimental elsewhere,” says Toze, research scient One is green roads a more porous thateffect allows water to seep inprincipal and even grass to g Water’s Urban Living Lab, highlighting other issues such as water use and bushfire risk that can have implications for tree-planting heat absorbed by the road surface. Toze says it might be particularly useful for low-traffic areas that don’ Another approach that can cut down onhigh heat absorption notorious for trapping women’s heels. is to consider different surface materials for roads and pavements.
As well as committing to a 50% increase in tree canopy cover by 2030, the city of Sydney has begun a trial of lighter-coloured pave
Atosimilar principle to green roads applies to green roofs and green walls, where the building is partly or fu see if this will reduce temperatures by reducing heat absorption. 100 buildings with green roofs or green walls, including the award-winning One Central Park building on But lighter-coloured pavement canitself be a problem in very sunny areas. “On a bright day like today in Brisbane, thing you wa heat by cooling the building and reducing its air-conditioning requirements, whichthe in last turn reduces road with the sun coming down and bouncing off the pavement,” Toze says. “It’s a trade-off that we’ve got to work through.” environment. But green roofs can also have unwanted side effects.
100 buildings with green roofs or green walls, including the award-winning One Central Park building on Broadway. This approach
Contributors urban heat and the potential solutions it vary enormously city to heat by cooling to thethe building itself and island reducingeffect its air-conditioning requirements, which to in turn reduces the amountfrom of waste heat environment. But green haveplanting unwantedtrees side effects. vital. What works in roofs one can cityalso – like along the wide streets of the US city of Portland – is not narrow street canyons Kong,found Hartthat says. “Some recent work coming of outHong of our centre if you put green roofs on the rooftops all across Sydney you reduce the tem
actually increase the humidity a little bit,” Hart says. “That can mean you’ve got a slight increase in heat stress because of the com
Their research on Sydney suggests the density and colour of building materials is one of the more signific temperature and humidity.”
Another approach that can cut down on heat absorption is to consider different surface materials for roads an
As well as committing to a 50% increase in tree canopy cover by 2030, the city of Sydney has begun a trial of to see if this will reduce temperatures by reducing heat absorption.
But lighter-coloured pavement can be a problem in very sunny areas. “On a bright day like today in Brisbane, road with the sun coming down and bouncing off the pavement,” Toze says. “It’s a trade-off that we’ve got to
One alternative is green roads with a more porous surface that allows water to seep in and even grass to grow heat absorbed by the road surface. Toze says it might be particularly useful for low-traffic areas that don’t see notorious for trapping women’s high heels.
A similar principle to green roads applies to green roofs and green walls, where the building is partly or fully 100 buildings with green roofs or green walls, including the award-winning One Central Park building on Bro heat by cooling the building itself and reducing its air-conditioning requirements, which in turn reduces the environment. But green roofs can also have unwanted side effects.
“Some recent work coming out of our centre found that if you put green roofs on the rooftops all across Sydn actually increase the humidity a little bit,” Hart says. “That can mean you’ve got a slight increase in heat stre temperature and humidity.”
Contributors to the urban heat island effect and the potential solutions to it vary enormously from city to city vital. What works in one city – like planting trees along the wide streets of the US city of Portland – is not goin narrow street canyons of Hong Kong, Hart says.
Their research on Sydney suggests the density and colour of building materials is one of the more significant
An image from Royal Parade heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne. Photograph: City of Melbourne
“This affects the amount of radiation from the sun that’s reflected straight back out rather than absorbed,” sa surfaces white or lighter colours, rather than the dark … can have a significant impact.”
Contributors to the urban heat island effect and the potential solutions to it vary enormously from city to city, which is why model vital. What works in one city – like planting trees along the wide streets of the US city of Portland – is not going to be as effective or narrow street canyons of Hong Kong, Hart says.
There’s another contributor that is less talked about, and that’s us. Our vehicles, the machinery we use to ma conditioning and refrigeration – and even our own bodies produce significant amounts of heat. This anthrop understand and deal with.
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/feb/21/urban-heat-islands-cooling-things-down-w
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
One alternative is green roads with a more porous surface that allows water to seep in and even grass to grow through, which in tu
“Some recent coming ofsays ourit centre thatuseful if youforput green areas roofsthat ondon’t the rooftops all across S heat absorbed bywork the road surface.out Toze might befound particularly low-traffic see heavy vehicles, altho notoriousincrease for trapping women’s high heels. actually the humidity a little bit,” Hart says. “That can mean you’ve got a slight increase in heat temperature andtohumidity.” A similar principle green roads applies to green roofs and green walls, where the building is partly or fully covered by vegetation
Their research on Sydney suggests the density and colour of building materials is one of the more significant contributors to the he
An image from Royal Parade heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne. Photograph: City of An image from Royal Parade heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne. Photograph: City of Melbourne Melbourne
“This affects amount of radiation thereflected sun that’s reflected back out rather than“And absorbed “This affects thethe amount of radiation from thefrom sun that’s straight back outstraight rather than absorbed,” says Hart. so the s surfaces white or lighter colours, rather than the dark can dark have a… significant impact.” surfaces white or lighter colours, rather than…the can have a significant impact.”
There’s another contributor that is less talked about, and that’s us. Our vehicles, the machinery we use to make our days more com
There’s another contributor that isour less talked that’samounts us. Ourofvehicles, machinery use to conditioning and refrigeration – and even own bodiesabout, produceand significant heat. This the anthropogenic heatwe is someth conditioning – and even our own bodies produce significant amounts of heat. This anth understand andand deal refrigeration with. understand and deal with. Figure 21: Context / Avenida Brasil, location of affected by the heat island in Antofaagsta https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/feb/21/urban-heat-islands-cooling-things-down-with-trees-green-road Figure 22: Context / Thermal camera imagery showing the impact of greenery on urban surface temperatures
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/feb/21/urban-heat-islands-cooling-things-do
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shade, and consequently, comfort is becoming a mark of privilege in citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 53
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 23: Context / Weather analysis for Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Antofagasta is firmly situated in the Cold Desert climate region; however its climate differs to that of the wider Atacama region and the typical cold desert climate.54 Although it is dry all year round55 with distinguishable seasons the coastal location gives a high humidity and cloud cover.56 The desert experiences large diurnal variations,57 whilst conditions in the city are more consistent. High solar radiation is typical across the region and Antofagasta is no exception due to its proximity to the equator, which also gives relatively consistent day lengths throughout the year. The city experiences one or two days of rainfall each year due to the rain shadow effect of Andes Mountains to the east.58 The density of dark surfaces contribute to the urban heat island effect as radiation is absorbed by the city extending the hot period of the day in the dense areas of the city. High humidity and cloud contribute further to this trapping air pollution and heat in the city. Overall the conditions in the city during the fieldwork could be described as a climate without weather. With no rainfall, consistent cloud cover, consistent radiation and temperatures with a fixed rhythm, there is little opportunity to experience weather phenomena in the city. Further detail is given in Appendix 1
Climatic context
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
EXTREME COLD
Min | Max SOLAR ADJUSTED MRT* (°C) MAX GLOBAL RADIATION (Wh/m²) % of hours comfortable MAX WIND SPEED (m/s) 5°C | 21°C 15°C | 11°C
AVERAGE DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY % average day | night cloud cover
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
*MRT - MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE
EXTREME HOT
13°C | 35°C 25°C | 19°C
Figure 24: Context / Climatic analysis of extreme design conditions
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Antofagasta: A city with an absence of weather phenomena Luxury 02:
THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPERIENCE WEATHER PHENOMENA
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Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 25: Natural phenomena / Morning sunlight and mist against a tree
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Design exploration 02:
HOW CAN WE DESIGN TO EMBRACE THE DAILY FLUCTUATIONS OF THE WEATHER, RATHER THAN TO SIMPLY WITHSTAND THE EXTREME AND AVERAGES OF CLIMATE?
| 51 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 26: Natural phenomena / The Camancha fog in the Atacama
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 52 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The Camanchaca is a dense very fine fog which form along the coastline before moving inland towards the desert. The fine particles of the fog are unable to produce rain and hence lead to the dry conditions in the city despite the persistent cloud cover. Fog catchers have been developed to catch these particles and collect water from the fog,59 though this is most effective at height rather than within the city itself. How this humidity can be capitalised upon within the city remains unexplored and this alongside its effect on comfort is studied through the project.
The Camanchaca Fog
| 53 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 27-28: Natural Phenomena / El Tatio Geysers in San Pedro de Atacama
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 54 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Sensation and delight is more than just the thermal; it is the atmospheric. 66
The Atacama has a series of hot springs in the desert area and points of high geothermal activity, due its location on the ring of fire.60 These places of geological and climatic discontinuities have become places of thermal delight and gathering.61 Although they do not hold the cultural significance of those in Iceland and Scandinavia,62 they are becoming increasingly popular with tourists and locals. As part of a broader revival of communal bathing culture, as explored in the exhibition â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Soak, Steam, Dreamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; by Jane Withers.63 The lack of adoption of these places by broader Chilean culture may relate to their positioning out in the desert far from the centres of population and instead frequented primarily by wealthy tourists. The El Tatio Geysers64 are over 285 km from Antofagasta at the Chile/ Bolivia border. It is perhaps surprising that hot springs would be considered a place of thermal delight in the extreme heat of the desert, but this is the case worldwide, with thermal baths located in the Sahara.65 This demonstrates the significance of factors beyond heat in our sensation and delight, indicating the need for a broader consideration of delight than the thermal; atmospheric delight.
Bathing in the Atacama
| 55 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 29: Context / Map of bathing facilities in Antofagasta Figure 30-32: Context / Existing bathing facilities in Antofasgata
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 56 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Within the city recreational bathing is concentrated along the coastline, though the temperature conditions only facilitate this during late Spring and Summer. There are two municipal bathing locations in the centre of the city; Balneario Municipal and Piscina Paseo del Mar which provide a sheltered inlet for bathing in seawater, however, there is no water filtration and the proximity to the port raises concerns regarding the water quality. The main yearround public pool in the city is a 50m olympic pool primarily suitable for sports activities rather than recreation, though it offers swimming lessons for young children alongside hosting competitive swimming.
Water and bathing in Antofagasta
| 57 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 33: State of the Art / Passage from Thermal delight in Architecture, Lisa Heschong
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 58 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The seminal work of Lisa Heschong67 explores the role of thermal delight and perception in architecture. Considering how design goals tend to focus on the goal of thermal neutrality, a lack of sensation and perception. A neutrality and absence of sensation is certainly not the goal of architecture in any other respect so why it has become the default for thermal design is brought into question. Since the publication of this work the trend has continued across environmental design with the goals being a homogeneous and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;comfortableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which attracts no comment. This is at odds with rest of design and I consider it to be symptomatic of a lack of understanding in environmental perception amongst architects and a lack of design understanding amongst engineers who typically take the responsibility for environmental design. Through this project I will explore the potential for a more design based approach to the environment which assumes that the atmospheric conditions should be perceived and contribute to the overall spatial experience.
Thermal delight in architecture
| 59 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Artificial
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Natural
Figure 34: Hot Springs, Iceland Figure 36: Puritama Hot Springs, San Pedro Figure 38: Oasis in the Desert, Huacachina Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
Figure 35: Jade Eco Park, Philippe Rahm Figure 37: Miroir dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;eau, Bordeaux, Michel Corajoud Figure 39: Fog Assembly, Paris, Olafur Eliasson | 60 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Luxury 03:
THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPERIENCE THERMAL DELIGHT
Traditionally places of thermal delight have been located in places of geological and climatic discontinuities such as the oasis in the desert [Figure 34] and the hot springs of the arctic [Figure 36]. These extraordinary phenomena have become places of social and cultural significance and more recently tourist destinations. In the age of the anthropocene it is perhaps unsurprising that designers are exploring how we can recreate these, curating weather phenomena for thermal delight and spectacle. In the city of Antofagasta which experiences few perceivable weather phenomena this presents an opportunity to create the luxury of thermal sensation amongst the otherwise consistent backdrop.
Places of thermal delight
| 61 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 40: State of the Art / Blur Pavilion by Diller + Scofidio
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 62 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The BLUR building68 designed and constructed for the Swiss Expo in 2002 explores the creation of a meteorological condition as an atmosphere and an architecture. A space which is defined by its environmental conditions rather than a built fabric, an ante-pavilion. The misting system monitors and responds to the surrounding weather conditions adapting the misting output to produce a consistent set of conditions, beyond creating its own meteorological environment it sets out to counteract the influence of the weather on the pavilion. Intended as a critique of environmental scale and an exploration of the significance of the water, the project can also be read as an insight into the potential for manipulation of the weather in future, or a warning The relationship between the weather and the intervention is critical to this project whilst it does not alter the weather itself, it responds to changes in the weather neutralising the natural variations. Instead, I take the position that a relationship and awareness of the weather is enriching for the occupant and that any meteorological architecture should instead interact with the existing weather.
Blur Pavilion, Diller + Scofidio
| 63 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 41: Natural phenomena / Geothermal springs at Yellowstone
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 64 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Design exploration 03:
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE EMULATE WEATHER PHENOMENA TO CREATE PLACES OF THERMAL DELIGHT AND SOCIAL GATHERING?
| 65 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 42: State of the Art / Anticyclone, a cooling device in Jade Eco Park by Philippe Rahm
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 66 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The Jade Eco Park69 explores a series of meteorological interventions which seek to improve occupant comfort in the park.70 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The exterior climate of the park is thus modulated so to propose spaces less hot (more cold, in the shade), less humid (by lowering humid air, sheltered from the rain and flood) and less polluted (by adding filtered air from gases and particle matters pollution, less noisy, less mosquitoes presence).â&#x20AC;&#x2122; These interventions are not simply atmospheric, they are manifested as substantial physical sculptures. The balance between these two interventions and the significance of the sculpture in the experience of the occupant is an area for further interrogation and the alternative scenario where the interventions are instead hidden and only the atmosphere is perceived should also be considered. The work of Lisa Heschong71 refers primarily to examples of thermal delight which also have a physical manifestation; how may these atmospheres be perceived differently without this and how are they recognised by the occupant and how do they attract them? Furthermore, how can they be communicated through the design process to aid development?
Jade Eco Park, Philippe Rahm
| 67 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 43: Context / Map of the Campamentos in the city
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
Figure 44-46: Context / Life in the Campamentos
| 68 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Luxury 04:
WARM WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
Techo is a non-governmental organisation which supports citizens who cannot afford the basics; shelter, clean water and sanitation.72 They support these groups by enabling them to construct their own dwellings on unassigned land and access water and electricity supplies by tapping the grid. In the Antofagasta region along, over 60 Campamentos house over 6000 families, with over 1000 of these living within the city mainly distributed along the eastern edge across the railway from the city and pushed against the base of the mountains. Unlike the rest of Chile over 60% of those in Antofagasta are foreign nationals, many with no legal documentation. Many Campamentos are up steep slopes from the city and the railway is a significant gouge in the landscape which further manifests itself in the relationships between these communities and the city.
The Campamentos
| 69 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 47: Context / Map of the Oases in the city
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
Figure 48-50: Context / Parque Japone (49) and the Botanical Gardens at Agua Antofagasta (48/50)
| 70 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Luxury 05:
OASIS GREEN SPACE BIOPHILIA
Botanical gardens are often an escape from the realities of the city and its climate and in Antofagasta the case is no different, though here the gardens are located on private property; the Agua Antofagasta Headquarters.73 Though they are open to the public between fixed hours access is controlled by a security gate at the entrance. They are not public and open as they are in most cities. A place of thermal delight and a deliberate atmosphere and micro-climate in the city. How can a building combine a retreat from the city and an urban oasis with further programmatic functions?
Botanical gardens : Oasis
| 71 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 51: Context / Map of the existing markets in the city
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
Figure 52-54: Context / Markets in Santiago
| 72 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Luxury 06:
ACCESS TO FRESH PRODUCE
Chile has a strong market culture,74 with fresh fruit and vegetables sold to consumers and businesses, alongside small cafes, typically upstairs which serve sit down menus. The markets play a large part in the culture of the city centres, beyond being a place to access affordable fresh food. In Antofagasta there are consumer and commercially focused markets, but they are currently located in large steel roofed buildings with poor air circulation, and consequently quality. The markets are also located in just two main positions which are beyond the access of many of the poorer communities, is there potential for the market instead to come to them? A transitory market.
Markets
| 73 |
Argumentation |02_Context_Location
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 55: Context / Underused industrial spaces in Central Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 74 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
As the city continues to develop it is proposed to relocate the railroad out of the urban area75 [Appendix 2] and scale down the port activities, creating a series of central sites for redevelopment. The investigation will occupy one of these in a disused industrial area, adjacent to downtown and a ten-minute walk from its centre. These sites present an opportunity to re-purpose the railroad for public good and rebalance the relationship in the city between the communities and the industry.
S I T E S I T U AT I O N
| 77 |
03
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Railroad to Antofagasta Port
Figure 56: Site / Main railway depot, view from the north end of the site
Railroad offices
Railroad to Mejillones
North Antofagasta industrial district
Railroad sidings
Residential district
The main railroad depot is situated to the north of the site, positioned centrally to the city and at the junction between the railroad to the port and Mejillones to the north of the city. This industrial site will become vacant in the near future as the city planners seek to move the railway out of the city. This 350m x 800m site will likely be divided according to the existing street grid of the city for sale. Through the project it will be assumed that this site is redeveloped in parallel with the site that forms the focus for the investigation.
Main railroad depot Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Railway
Site
Port
Downtown
1:150000
1:50000
Figure 57: Site / Maps identifying the location of the site and key infrastructure
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Antofagasta: a fragmented and divided city The city is situated between the coastline to the west and the mountain ranges to the east with the narrow strip of suitable land requiring the city to grow to the north and south, giving the elongated shape. Over 20km in length the city is naturally difficult to traverse with most local residents relying upon private cars or the bus routes, the city planning is dominated by the road network. The port occupies a prominent site to the west of downtown and the urban centre is further divided by the railroad which runs from through the city with branches to the port. The city is full of vacant plots of land, presumably privately owned and awaiting development, most of the recent development has little consideration for the site edges and how they meet the urban fabric; overall the city is heavily fragmented. There are few public spaces in the city and the majority of those are located along the coastline in the tsunami zone where land is less valuable as it is not suitable for construction. Many informal settlements occupy space at the foothills of the mountains and residents across the city opt to self-build additions to their homes. The selected site is just east of downtown and the port and is currently a disused railroad siding.
Antofagasta
| 81 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figures 58-63: Context / Views along the railway
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 82 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The railroad currently runs through the city, connecting the industry at the port to the mining operations in the desert. The railway has no passenger services with the service being run by a private train operator for the transport of industrial goods form the mines in the desert.76 Public transport in the city is limited to diesel bus services which zigzag around the dense streets and cause further pollution,77 whilst the unshaded pavements are too hot to walk on during the day. The railroad runs through a series of residential districts as well as the downtown area, causing noise and air pollution due to the uncovered copper which is moved on the trains. Due to the pollution it is proposed to move the railroad outside of the urban area and redevelop the primary sites across the city. Many sites are proposed to be divided up for sale but there is currently no proposal for the railway line itself, this project will explore the potential of the disused infrastructure as well as the land which is left behind. Physically the railroad cuts through the city occupying a 30m strip of land along the majority of its route with few legal crossings leading to social and urban divides across the line. An emblem of the mining industry and the inequalities in the city, the railroad is imposed upon the communities along with all of the pollution that accompanies it. The redevelopment of the railroad offers the opportunity to readdress the balance in the city between its communities and the industry that currently dominates.
The railroad in the city
| 83 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Figure 64: Site / West elevation of the site showing the existing railroad infrastructure
The existing site is occupied by a smaller railroad siding which is out of use and in disrepair. As the project is positioned in the scenario proposed by the city where the railroad is moved outside of the urban area this project will consider the reuse and revitalisation of this key central site, although many developments will occur in parallel this site will be the focus of the investigation.
Main railroad depot Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 65: Site / Map showing the site in relation to the city
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 86 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The proposed site is situated to the north-east of the downtown area and the commercial centre of the city, although it is immediately bordered by residential areas to the east and the south. An industrial block sits to the west though this is only partially occupied,78 and it is likely that more of these industries will be moved outside of the city leaving this land for redevelopment. The large railroad interchange to the north is also proposed to be sold for development. There is a shortage of affordable housing in the city79 so it is assumed that these areas will comprise mixed use functions, incorporating housing and commercial functions. The size of the sites which will become available are comparable to an urban district rather than a block and is proposed that this investigation will focus on a public and cultural program which will serve the existing, and future, communities and provide the area with a new identity following the departure of the railroad. Though the building will not just serve these communities but also those in wider area which have become similarly disconnected and disaffected with the city and its industry, to achieve this the building will look to introduce a new focal point to the city with a unique program and utilise the existing rail infrastructure to connect communities at the extents of the city.
Site surroundings
| 87 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Coach depot Disused flour mill, already relocated out of the city due to noise pollution
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Main railroad terminal
Figure 66: Site / Satellite view of the proposed site
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 88 |
Proposed site
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Current railroad route
City cemetery
The site is surrounded to the west by disused industrial buildings which are also proposed for redevelopment, many of these sites will have heavily contaminated land including the site proposed. These conditions will be considered but it is likely that this would be resolved on a larger scale along with the other sites.
Proposed site
| 89 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Informal settlements on the foothills
Railroad to the industrial operations in the desert and Argentina
SITE
Figure 67: Site / View of the site looking South
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 90 |
Disused ra
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
ailway sidings
Residential district
Downtown
The proposed site is currently occupied by a series of disused railway sidings and the railroad which connects the city and its port to the desert, considering the relocation of the railroad out of the city the project will explore the reuse of this site and the rail network infrastructure for the benefit of the city, restoring it to the public realm.
Proposed site for investigation, max width 80m
Proposed site
| 91 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 68: Context / Copper arriving on the rail road passing through the site
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 92 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Design exploration 04:
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE RECONNECT THE CITY EITHER SIDE OF THE RAILWAY LINE? CAN IT OCCUPY AND REPURPOSE THIS INFRASTRUCTURE TO CREATE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE?
| 93 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 69: Site / West elevation of the site showing the existing conditions
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 94 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
| 95 |
Argumentation |03_Site_Situation
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 70: Natural phenomena / Ocean spray
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 96 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The architectural inquiry will explore if space can be defined through the curation of atmosphere, a shift towards the immaterial. This overall intention will be considered as a series of inquiries through the development of an architectural project. In parallel the architectural proposition will explore social and urban thematics, primarily the potential for architecture to reach across social strata and reconnect the city, addressing the inequality and industrial hierarchy in Antofagasta.
E X P L O R A T I O N
| 99 |
04
Investigation |04_Intentions_Exploration
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 71: Natural phenomena / Light meets condensation
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 100 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Can an architecture where atmosphere is the primary definition of space exist?
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a place where its atmosphere is reason enough to visitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
| 101 |
Investigation |04_Intentions_Exploration
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 72: Natural phenomena / Hot Geysers
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 102 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The investigation sets out to explore the possibility of designing atmospheres which define architectural space. It critiques existing environmental design methods which target comfort, homogeneity and neutrality rather than the richer and broader atmospheric delight.80 Through the design process the definition, simulation, representation and communication of atmospheres in architecture will be considered. The role of materiality and immateriality in architecture will be explored alongside the curation and representation the invisible. The design will consider multiple scales, with the program comprising a series of functions which interact to create hybrid conditions, which enrich the experience. A series of functions are introduced in this proposal, but the research stage will give this further definition. The proposed site will accommodate the stationary intervention and the railroad network will be considered as an alternative form of public transport, with the stations providing a temporal scale, and the carriages the micro scale. The design will focus on the stationary terminal building to allow the atmospheric investigation to develop, whilst the broader project will be considered at a masterplan and conceptual level. The focus of the atmospheric design will be on perception and the scale of the occupant. The building proposal will explore the industrial hierarchy within the city, proposing architecture as a means to reach across the engrained social strata. Re-purposing and redeveloping industrial assets for public good and exploring the meaning of luxury to each community it will invite the peripheral communities of the Campamentos into the city, whilst seeking to engage the wealthy with the city and the public sphere. Currently the city comprises many autonomous communities and this project seeks to bring them together across common ground, atmospheric luxury.
Intentions
| 103 |
Investigation |04_Intentions_Exploration
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 73: Natural phenomena / Morning fog on the ground
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 104 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;from atmospheric homogeneity to heterogeneityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Current approaches to environmental design assume a goal of total homogeneity in environmental conditions, as discussed in the work of Lisa Heschong, sensation and perception require contrast.81 Homogeneous environments are an appropriate conclusion if the goal is thermal neutrality, however assuming the position that atmosphere should be perceived, and sensation can contribute to the experience of space then homogeneity is detrimental. Furthermore, assuming that adjacent spaces have different conditions, with which they are spatially distinguished, then without extensive conditioning equipment and energy consumption extensive gradients of condition are required; heterogeneity. In current approaches, these gradients still exist but they are constrained to the periphery of spaces, largely contained within substantial wall build-ups where they cannot be perceived. Bringing this heterogeneous environment into the space offers occupants the opportunity to perceive the atmosphere and allows them the freedom to directly affect their comfort by simply opting for a position within the space with their favoured conditions, whilst in a homogeneous environment comfort must be collectively negotiated.
Heterogeneity
| 105 |
Investigation |04_Intentions_Exploration
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 74: State of the Art / Therme Vals, Peter Zumthor
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 106 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
What is the role of visible materiality in the creation of the invisible atmosphere and its communication?
The aim of defining spaces by atmospheric and environmental conditions suggests the demotion of materiality but the relationship between materiality and atmosphere is perhaps more complex. All materials have thermodynamic qualities which influence the surrounding atmospheric conditions,82 and this reciprocal relationship makes it more complex to separate these two factors. Furthermore, they are closely intertwined in how spatial atmospheres are manifested and perceived. The relationship between these two elements will be interrogated during the early stages of the investigation to allow the assumption of a position that allows the project to progress.
Immateriality
| 107 |
Investigation |04_Intentions_Exploration
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 75: Context / Water towers in Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 108 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The project is an investigation to be explored through an architectural design, culminating in a proposal for a building. It is positioned as an investigation into the experience of the atmosphere rather than using atmospheric design to achieve sustainability or efficiency. The proposed site and programs are also broad, and the focus will be further defined during the project, however there are already a series of scales and specifics identified for the architectural and the atmospheric.
POSITIONING S C O P E
| 111 |
05
Investigation |05_Positioning_Scope
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 112 |
Figure 76: State of the Art / Environmental design methodologies, Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG IDEAS) mean radiant temperature mean radiant 째C temperature mean radiant temperature F 86
30
F
째C
28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10
째C 30 30 28
82.4 26 28 78.8 26 24
75.2 22 24 71.6 22 20 68
20 18
64.4 18 16 60.8 14 16 57.2 12 14 53.6 10 12 50 10
F 86 86 82.4 82.4 78.8 78.8 75.2 75.2 71.6 71.6 68 68 64.4 64.4 60.8 60.8 57.2
min mrt summer
max mrt summer
max max mrt max summer max mrt mrtmrt summer summer summer summer
mrt min mrt min mrt minmin mrtsummer summer summer summer summer
max mrt summer
min mrt summer
min mrt
min mrt summer
57.2 53.6 53.6 50
min mrt summer
max mrt
max mrt summer
max mrt summer
50
min mrt summer
min mrt summer
min mrt min mrt minmin mrtmrt min mrt summer summer summer summer summer min mrt summer
max mrt max mrt summer summer max mrt max max mrt max mrtmrt max mrt summer summer summer summer summer
min mrt summer
max mrt summer
max mrt summer
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
universal thermal climate index
59
15
F
째C
51.8
11
53.2
11.8
54.7
12.6
56.1
13.4
57.6
14.2
47.5
8.6
48.9
9.4
50.3
10.2
46
7.8 7
in and around the courtyard the temperatures are lower, assuming this is due to a decrease of sun exposure compared to the surrounding areas
44.6
generally the streetscape has higher temperatures compared other design areas
open unshaded areas have higher temperatures
70
REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN DIGITAL PRACTICE
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Beyond environmental design for efficiency to design for experience Typical environmental and climatic design methodologies in the discipline have a series of approaches. Architects consider general climatic factors in the early concept and site design, eg positioning, orientation and overshadowing.83 Whilst engineers, later in the design process, consider a series of efficiency metrics with the goal of compliance with sustainability regulations and certifications.84 Overall it is not a cohesive approach but critically it does not emphasise the design, and experience, of environments. Architects have the design skills and engineers the technical simulation skills; I believe that combining these is essential to a further understanding of the environmental qualities of space. Through this project I will assume an occupant and designoriented position, whilst environmental sustainability and efficiency will be considered it will be neither the driver nor the aim of the investigation. Future work will enable these aspects to be combined but I feel the design aspect should be explored independently first.
Environmental design
| 113 |
Investigation |05_Positioning_Scope
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
air movement temperature Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
humidity sunlight air quality smell daylight ... and everythig inbetween Figure 77: Natural phenomena | Fire and steam
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 114 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
What does atmosphere comprise?
Much of the existing work focuses on thermodynamics and the thermal conditions of space, however, I consider the perceived atmosphere to be much more complex in its composition. Taking inspiration from the work of Philippe Rahm85 I will consider a broader definition of atmosphere: natural daylight, artificial light, air pollution, smell, humidity, sunlight, air movement. This initial list is not exhaustive and through the research stage of the project it will be further explored with the areas of focus defined by the significance of factors on each programmatic function. Means of simulation and representation will then be developed accordingly.
Decomposing atmosphere
| 115 |
Investigation |05_Positioning_Scope
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 78: State of the Art / Meso scale design diagram, Atelier Oslo
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 116 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Macro: Urban Meso: Network Micro: Building Macro: Atmospheric Meso: Person Micro: Atomic
The project proposes to consider the urban scale and the network (transitory) through the early stages of research, program definition and concept design, with the focus of design development being the stationary building situated on the proposed site. From an environmental perspective there will also be a series of scales of design from the atmospheric to the atomic, the focus is proposed to be the meso-scale, the scale of the occupant and their perception of the space.
Scope and scale
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Investigation |05_Positioning_Scope
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 79: State of the Art / UN Sustainable goals
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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The New Urban Agenda87 defined by the Habitat III conference centrally positions the importance of common amenities and social infrastructure in urban environments. The guidelines will form the basis for the development of the urban strategy and social infrastructure of the project. Though it will not seek to simply follow it but consider and critique the strategies proposed. This document is of particular importance in the context of Antofagasta, which is dominated by private money and interests, predominantly from the mining companies.
New Urban Agenda
NEW URBAN AGENDA www.habitat3.org #NewUrbanAgenda #Habitat3
Figure 80: State of the Art / New Urban Agenda
The project is positioned within the framework of the UN Sustainable goals.86 The focus of the project will be a consideration of the impacts of climate change on the city [Goal 13 : Climate Action], particularly the urban heat island effect and micro-climates [11 : Sustainable Cities and Communities]. The programming and transportation network will explore social infrastructure and its position within the city [10 : Reducing Inequalities]. The broader thematic of luxury in the city considers the concept of luxury and what it means to the different communities; from hot water and somewhere to wash your clothes to a spa retreat. Highlighting the inequalities in the city and considering how providing a common opportunity of luxury can bring together these different groups.
UN Sustainable goals
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Investigation |05_Positioning_Scope
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 81: Context / Pop up community parks along the railroad
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Although climatic design at the micro level is not the mainstream approach there are a number of designers who already explore the potential of architecture to define atmospheric conditions, most notably Philippe Rahm.88 This existing body of work will inform the development of the hypothesis in the preliminary stages, both through the identification of existing strategies and gaps in knowledge. This initial research stage will also be expanded in the preliminary project stages.
STATEOF T H E A R T
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06
Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 82: State of the Art / Deterritorialized Milieus, Philippe Rahm
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Philippe Rahmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work takes atmosphere and environmental condition as the central point for departure,89 placing greater emphasis on the atmosphere and perception than the built fabric itself. Positioning himself with the design process of an architect whilst using tools of a scientist to explore the often invisible atmosphere as a new materiality. His work explores the potential for meteorological architecture, going beyond designing for the impacts of climate and weather to creating weather phenomena within the built environment, both in the interior space and as urban micro-climates. The introduction of natural phenomena into the architectural atmosphere requires the comprehension and design of the invisible and assumed. It also demands an understanding of physiology and perception beyond the typical consideration of comfort. The boundaries of environmentally modelling must also be challenged to enable the use of simulation as an iterative design methodology with feedback rather than simply as an evaluation tool for compliance. Rahmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work has spanned the breadth of meteorology, covering wind, air, radiation, conduction, digestion, convection and this multiple approach will inform the preliminary development of the project. Where the variables and perception will be explored and given a hierarchy in the design brief.
Meteorological design : Philippe Rahm
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Process |06_References_State of the Art
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
21.9%
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Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
OUTDOOR AIR CONDITIONS
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Figure 83: Fieldwork / The constructed atmosphere, mapping humidity and temperature
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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The previous semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fieldwork offered not only the opportunity to observe and record the site and the city but also to engage with the city and community through the installation of a 1:1 architectural prototype. My prototype design engaged with the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere and microclimates, through the construction of an artificially humid atmosphere which interacted with the natural atmosphere surrounding it. This was quantitatively measured through data logging allowing visualisation of the temperature and humidity spatially and temporally with a comparison to the ambient conditions of the context. Exploring the complexity of perception and our understanding as designers of comfort residents were invited to interact with the space and comfort surveys were used to supplement the quantitative data. Overall, the installation demonstrated the potential of micro-climatic interventions to improve comfort levels in the city, with the prototype curating a cooler and more comfortable environment. Reflecting upon this experience I would question further the concepts of thermal comfort and delight, is comfort simply the notion of thermal neutrality or as architects should we design for delight and a perception of the surrounding atmosphere? How can we define spaces more by the conditions within them than the materiality which divides them? How do we represent the architectural atmosphere; it is an ephemeral phenomenon and fundamentally only perceived in the moment by the occupant. The influence of the surrounding climate on the atmosphere within the prototype pushed me to consider the relationship between built interventions and the climate, how can we be aware of the reciprocal relationship between the built and the weather; the weather influences the built fabric but the built fabric has a reciprocal action upon the weather.
Fieldwork : prototype
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Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 84: Fieldwork / Inside the prototype
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Design exploration 05:
IS OUR GOAL THERMAL NEUTRALITY OR SOMETHING GREATER: DELIGHT?
| 129 |
Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 85: State of the Art / Wind trap, Philippe Rahm
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Design exploration 06:
HOW CAN WE DESIGN WITH A CONSCIOUS CONSIDERATION OF THE RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WEATHER AND THE BUILT INTERVENTION?
| 131 |
Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 86: Natural phenomena, waterfall
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Design exploration 07:
CAN THE EPHEMERAL NATURE OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ATMOSPHERE BE REPRESENTED OR MUST IT BE EXPERIENCED?
| 133 |
Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 87: State of the Art / Proposed climatic bibliography
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Climate, weather, perception, sensation, delight, atmospheric curation and the meteorological
A series of key texts have been identified to form the initial research stage, these will provide a grounding in the technical and phenomenological aspects of weather, climate and atmosphere. Covering perception and sensation as well as creation and curation. Naturally this list will be expanded as the project develops and identifies further areas of focus and exploration.
Proposed bibliography : climatic
| 135 |
Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 88: State of the Art / Proposed bibliography
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The immaterial and the invisible
A further series of texts have been identified from the initial iterations of the architectural investigation as it develops to consider the role of immateriality and the invisible and the experience of space from the human scale.
Proposed bibliography
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Process |06_References_State of the Art
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 89: Context / The intersection of the railroad
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
A series of approaches will be used to explore the research questions identified and develop the architectural project. Technical simulation and traditional design approaches will be used in parallel allowing them to converge and inform one another. This chapter sets out a series of methodologies which have already been identified and these will be added to and reviewed as the project progresses. Throughout the project these parallel, and often contrasting, interrogations will define the approach.
APPROACH METHODS
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07
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 90: State of the Art / Program analysis exploring time use and hybridity by OMA
Figure 91: State of the Art / Program analysis exploring relationships and time use, Pyo Arquitectos
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Relationships, hybridity, temporality, commonality
The program analysis will focus on the relationships between different activities and within functions the relationship between the body and the space. As the project incorporates permanent, temporary and transitory elements the analysis will consider the temporal aspects of each program both within the day/week and across the seasons. The relationship of each program to the city and its communities will also define the permanent and transitory positioning as some programmatic elements provide a frequently accessed service whilst others are a place of luxury which may only be visited each week.
Programmatic exploration
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Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 92: State of the Art / Public air, program analysis exploring climatic conditions, Philippe Rahm
Figure 93: State of the Art / Spatial categorising according to climatic needs, Javier Garcia-German
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Cataloguing by atmospheric qualities
Alongside the interrogation of the programmatic relationships, the activities and functions will be catalogued and explored according to a series of variables including the climatic conditions. This will identify opportunities for spatial adjacencies and hybridity which exploits similarities and discontinuities to create atmospheric and phenomenological moments. This technique of cataloguing has been used by Philippe Rahm90 and Inaki Abalos91 to explore thermodynamic potential. As in these cases the approach to this will be primarily be focussed on the phenomenological experience, whereas more widely in the discipline this is explored from a functional perspective to achieve efficiency. Similarly, the goal of hybridity in this project is for aspects to enrich one another, beyond coexistence and towards integration and a reciprocal benefit.
Programmatic cataloguing
| 145 |
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 94: Methodology / Hybridity explorations
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 146 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Hybridity: more than the sum of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parts
Hybridity of program will be explored to identify the opportunities for different programs to enrich one another through the development of an interdependent and reciprocal relationship, beyond coexistence and efficiency. This enrichment may be through a thermodynamic manifestation, creating moments where the blending of atmospheres curates a phenomenological moment within the building, or through a view and an adjacency. In the broader discipline hybridity is adopted as a means of efficiency however in this instance the motive will be experiential.
Hybridity
| 147 |
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 95: State of the Art / Berndnaur Smilde, Nimbus
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 148 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Moments: not only spatially but also temporally
The design of moments typically refers to key instances within the experience of the building, the position of these as a moment of time is often given less consideration. However, each visualisation of a design requires the assumption of a specific moment in time. Due to the ephemeral nature of the atmosphere and its phenomenological experience the representation of moments in place and time will be critical through this project. Representations will be accompanied by an indication of the moment in time and techniques which enable the communication of this ephemerality will be explored.
Moments : ephemerality
| 149 |
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 96: State of the Art / Studies in physiology, Philippe Rahm
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
SKIN SURFACE AREA DISTRIBUTION
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Figure 97: State of the Art / Studies in Perception
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
SKIN TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS DISTRIBUTION
| 150 |
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of the intensity of thermal sensation. The discovery of discrete thermoreceptors was made independently in 1884/1885 by Blix in Sweden, Goldscheider in Germany, and Donaldson in America. All three investigators, and many since, have reported that, whenAimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123 touched with small (punctate) warm and cold stimulators, some spots on the skin feel warm and/or cold, others do not. Each receptor is activated in a specific range (Fig. 16.6). At high temperatures perceived as painfully hot, warmth receptors are inactive, and pain receptors are simulated. The same is true for painfully cold temperatures. If a warm stimulus is applied to a cold thermoreceptor, no signal is produced. Thermoreceptors are located mainly in the skin and in the hypothalamus, but are also found in places such as the spinal cord, abdominal viscera, and in or around the great veins in the upper abdomen and thorax.
Freezing cold
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16.6 Discharge frequencies of a cold receptor, a warmth receptor, and cold and hot pain nerve fibers at different temperatures (From Guyton and Hall, 2000: Textbook of Medical Physiology, with permission from W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia).
Figure 98: State of the Art / Physiology: cold and warm receptors93
The exploration of delight will be underpinned by the science of physiology and perception, which also forms the base of the work of Philippe Rahm.92 This research will be undertaken in the preliminary project stages, alongside the research into weather and climatic phenomena in the architectural environment, to enable an understanding of the influence of physiology on the perception of atmospheric conditions and enable its mediation as a series of design parameters to be taken forward into the design development.
Physiology and perception
| 151 |
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 99: Collaborator / Emanuele Naboni, Environmental Design Professor KADK Figure 100: Collaborator / Daniel Sang Hoon Lee, CFD Researcher and lecturer, KADK Figure 101: State of the Art / Atmos lab - wind simulation to dehumidify an atria environment
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 152 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Simulation as a parallel tool of inquiry not a verification
The use of simulation tools as an iterative design tool will be used in the project from the outset, going beyond traditional approaches of design verification, elevating the importance of simulation to explore the design potential of these methodologies. This will be supported by collaborators with technical expertise. The application of these tools critically is essential to the project; developing an understanding of simulation tools and then applying them to alternative design problems at different points of the design process. The focus will be on the application of these tools to explore new methodologies as opposed to the tools themselves or their development.
Simulation
| 153 |
Process |07_Approach_Methodologies
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 102: Context / Lithium nitrate being transported along the railroad
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 154 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The programmatic functions will be developed through the research phase of the investigation, however, a series of potential programs have been identified based on the current understanding of demand in the city and their potential to host the primary program: a place of atmospheric delight. The developed brief will comprise a series of hybrid functions; some stationary and others transitory spanning across the spectrum of urban : network : building.
S P A C E S PROGRAM
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08
Process |08_Spaces_Program
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Urban Oa si s ouse
sp
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Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
Ba
Figure 103: Spaces / Preliminary considerations of cold [blue], warm [red] and humid [green] atmospheres
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 158 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Spectra: Permanent Transient Cool Warm Humid The preliminary programs have been identified from the understanding of the context and the intentions of the investigation, the diagram in figure 103 considers their qualities on a simple scale of cool, warm, humid and the permanent to the transient. The research phase will explore the relationships between these spaces and take a more plural approach to the atmospheric conditions, introducing hierarchy. The scale of the programs, their temporal occupation, the atmospheric qualities and climatic demands, relationships between and potential for enriching hybridity will define their positioning as part of the building proposal. At this stage they are presented as a series of potential functions without scale and hierarchy as further definition will be informed by the research phase of the investigation, elements may be added or subtracted as a cohesive proposal is developed.
Preliminary programmatics
| 159 |
Process |08_Spaces_Program
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 104: Reference / Termas Geometrics, Southern Chile, German del Sol
The city currently offers no recreational places for bathing that are accessible year round and those offered are located along the coast where the quality of the water is heavily affected by the industrial activities. Bathhouses are traditionally places of community and the communal, as well as opportunities for atmospheric sensation and delight.94 They provide an escape from the inhospitable conditions outside, often this is respite from cold though those in the Atacama offer humidity in the otherwise dry desert. As with thermal delight, it is the contrast in conditions to which we owe this delight.95 This project will investigate this more broadly considering not only heat and humidity but also how the building can be respite from the pollution and cloud of Antofagasta. Bathhouses came about to provide a place for the poor to bathe but they have had recently a renaissance with the wealthy96. This project will explore both, a place of hot water and sanitation for those living in the Campamentos and a place of relaxation for the wealthy who profit from the mining activities, the goal is not to segregate or exclude by function or class but to offer a luxury relevant to each group through a single program where they will then gather.
Bathhouse Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 160 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 105: Reference / Atmosphere at Therme Vals, Peter Zumthor
The city offers few variations in condition and even less which are intentional and considered. Weather conditions vary only slightly diurnally and even annually due to the effect of the coastal location. The urban environment offers little shade or diversity in condition and residents spend limited time outdoors. The project will explore the potential for micro-climatic delight and the construction of atmospheres within the built environment, considering both the interior space and the urban micro-climate. Taking the focus of the occupant scale and perception across both conditions. The project looks to create a place where its atmosphere is reason enough to visit, this atmosphere will vary throughout the building to define spaces and permeate through the programs.
A place of atmospheric delight
| 161 |
Process |08_Spaces_Program
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 106: Context / Markets in Santiago
The existing market provisions in the city do not reach many of the communities and the main market is focused on a commercial customer, open early in the day but not in the later afternoon or evening. Supermarkets are an expensive alternative and the existing market buildings do not offer a level of occupant comfort, primarily tin roofed and poorly ventilated. This project will explore how more communities can be afforded this luxury and how it can be a means for connecting different communities across the city. The fresh food market will be the focus for the project and the atmospheric conditions within will be considered from both a comfort and hygiene perspective. The hybridisation of the market with transport infrastructure will also be explored due to the geography of the city and the distribution of residential communities to the outermost extents.
Market hall
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 162 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 107: Reference / Mist cloud in Jade Eco Park, Philippe Rahm
The potential for mist cooling in this environment was identified through the fieldwork in the previous semester [Appendix 1], now is manifestation in the urban realm will be explored. It will offer a method for extending the realm of atmospheric creation beyond the building envelope. The reuse of the existing railroad infrastructure offers an opportunity for a new affordable and efficient mode of transport, however, depending upon transport mode, there is also the opportunity for the community to take ownership of the stops and track for much needed public space. Mist cooling will be considered for these public spaces with additional potential for water harvesting along the network, considering the methods used in fog catchers at altitude in the desert.
Mist cooling
| 163 |
Process |08_Spaces_Program
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 108: Reference / Termas Geometrics, Southern Chile, German del Sol
The oasis is a place of climatic idiosyncrasy and fertility in the otherwise barren desert. Antofagasta is a city defined by its desert location with few green spaces and a monotonously inhospitable environment. The botanical garden is often the escape from the city but in Antofagasta it is hidden from many of the communities. Through an exploration of the water cycle within the building and the atmospheric conditions the creation of an urban oasis will be considered. Plants can be climate givers as much as they need their own specific growing conditions, and this is a further opportunity to explore the curation of atmosphere.
Oasis
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 164 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 109: Context / Water tanks in the Campamentos
The communities of the Campamentos are isolated to the periphery of the city socially and geographically, they struggle to access many resources and water is one of their key challenges. Though, those located in close proximity to the city grid are able to tap into this supply informally providing them with a relatively consistent supply, they do not necessarily have the resources or equipment with which to heat this water for cooking or sanitation. How these amenities can be incorporated into both the stationary and transitory elements of the building will be explored as a means of inviting these communities into the city.
Liquid amenities
| 165 |
Process |08_Spaces_Program
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 110: Natural phenomena / Rainbow
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 166 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The investigation will be realised through the design of a building proposal, developed through iterative design and simulation processes. Initial research will explore the key thematics before being distilled to enable the design to develop, enriched throughout by an integrated approach to simulation. Formalisation of the project will communicate both the process and the realisation with representations of the building proposal heavily supplemented by sketches and diagrams used through the process.
S T R AT E G Y DELIVERY
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09
Process |09_Strategy_Delivery
Week 07
Week 08
Review 01 : Site
Week 09
Week 10
Week 11
Review 02 : Concept
Week 13
Week 14
Week 15
Review 03 : Schematic
Week 17
Week 18
Review 04 : Final proposal
Design freeze
Week 20
Week 21
Final deadline
Program proposal deadline February
Program
Research Program analysis Site analysis
Concept
Climatic background
Brief development
Concept
Perception and physiology
Macro scale
Narrative
March
Preliminary simulation
Micro definition
Preliminary proposal
Design development
Design development Micro development
Design iterations
Visualisation testing
Atmospheric iterations
April
Formalisation
Formalisation Narrative
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Visualisation
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Week 16
Production
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Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
Week 19
Presentation
Figure 111: Strategy / Proposed timeline
Week 12
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Documentation / Design portfolio: Design process and development Logbook: Design and technical references Project brief: Concise realisation of the program proposal Catalogue of spaces: Spaces categorised by atmosphere Process work / Function and temporality explorations: Working diagrams Key diagrams: Communicating design decisions Process sketches: Design development sketches Environmental iterations: Booklet of atmospheric simulation Models: Conceptual and study models used during design development Communication / Drawings: Plan, sections, elevations, axonometric as appropriate Visualisations: Key moments of the building demonstrating the ephemeral atmospheric qualities, potentially combined with time based representation
Proposed submissions
The timeline is formed around the iterative processes of design development with time allocated in the initial stages for the research and interrogation of the program to allow for formalisation into a design brief. Diagramming and collage will form the primary medium for the conceptual and sketch phases, with the development stage seeing the key findings distilled into a series of diagrammatic pieces which will inform the design. Simulation will be used to understand the context initially and then to develop the design. Overall time is weighted towards the design development rather than the formalisation stages to allow the investigation to take shape, with it being communicated primarily through iterative process work. The project will be realised as a building design represented through a variety of media and documentation.
Timeline
| 171 |
Process |09_Strategy_Delivery
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 112: Natural phenomena / Geothermal geysers
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Further details of the fieldwork study and investigation undertaken during the semester 3 including drawings, realisations and reflections. The project, Constructing Atmospheres, explored the potential for emulating meteorological phenomena to increase comfort and delight in the urban space. Supporting documentation from the initial research phases which will be further curated and critiqued as part of the investigation is included alongside image sources and references.
A P P E N D I C E S
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10
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 176 |
APPENDIX 1 : FIELDWORK
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
An exploration of artifical atmospheres and comfort in the humid environment of Antofagasta, Northern Chile
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;.. a mediation of indeterminancy, the unforeseeable, the dialectic of duration and constant movement.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Olafur Eliasson on the Weather
| 177 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 113: Fieldwork / Annual climatic analysis of the Atacama
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 178 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 114: Fieldwork / Annual climatic analysis of Antofagasta
| 179 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 115: Fieldwork / Diurnal climatic analysis of the Heat Island in Antofagasta
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 180 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The climatic analysis was initially used to find differences between the climate of the desert and the city, the Atacama and Antofagasta, showing the clear difference in cloud coverage and humidity. Further analysis was then conducted to explore diurnal cycles and move beyond the daily averages and extremes. In addition to understanding the climate the aim was to interrogate the weather file to understand what the data contained and relate it to what would be perceived by an occupant of the city. Many designers simply use these files without understanding the conditions they are testing their designs against, with the opportunity for first hand experience in the fieldwork this data was used to compare to that experienced during the trip. When compared to the data measured for the ambient conditions there is a clear divergence and the origins of this will be considered during the project to enable accurate simulation and feedback to the design.
Climatic analysis
| 181 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 116: Fieldwork / Hourly climatic analysis of Antofagasta during the fieldwork period
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
| 182 |
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Exploring the weather at an hourly time-scale allowed the anomalous conditions to be identified and trends to be understood. In this instance it was used to explore when the dew point and air temperature may align closely allowing condensation to be captured. However, it was discovered that this primarily occurred during the night period when cooling was not required.
The Weather
| 183 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 117: Fieldwork / Measuring the constructed atmosphere
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 118-119: Fieldwork / Creating atmosphere
| 185 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 120: Fieldwork / Heat of the day - Representing humidity and temperature of the atmosphere, mapping people in space
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Figure 121: Fieldwork / Late afternoon - Representing humidity and temperature of the atmosphere, mapping people in space
| 187 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 122: Fieldwork / Measuring perception and comfort
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The hypothesis was tested scientifically in Antofagasta in a courtyard exhibiting the effects of the urban heat island and the comfort of the conditions experienced was also explored through surveys of the occupants. The testing used a series of static data loggers to measure temperature, humidity, lux and mean radiant temperature allowing the Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI) to be established. Additional measurements were taken at half hour intervals of the conditions within the prototype allowing them to be mapped across space and height. The study was repeated on three different days to understand the significance of ambient weather conditions and further details of these methodologies and the investigation can be found in the scientific report. The results demonstrated that mist cooling was effective in Antofagasta, it reduced the air temperature, mean radiant temperature and UTCI, these results were also supported by the results of the survey filled out by occupants. The completed comfort surveys demonstrate the cooling effect of the prototype, but they also show the challenge of surveying for comfort. Everyone has a different understanding of comfort which makes surveying them challenging, particularly in a second language. Although this also highlights the importance of the survey, the mathematical models and indicators generated cannot possibly describe this perception.
Performance
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Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
During the fieldwork the city was consumed by the political uprising which had swept the country, this had an inevitable impact on how we experience the city whilst also laying bare the fundamental inequalities which spurred it. The city is dominated by industry with the port situated at the centre cutting Downtown off from the coast line and causing considerable air pollution, the railway is used purely for industrial freight despite being owned by the state, discussions about returning it into passenger use frequently crop up but the it is evidently not a state priority. Living in the city demonstrated a lot of its challenges, the most noticeable being the limitations of accessibility, the city is laid out along a narrow 20km strip between the coast and then mountains with little space to expand either side. Dominated by the road network, this linear formation makes it difficult to get from one side to the next despite the moderate population of 400 000, bus routes run across the city, but the vehicles are heavily polluting. The lack of public space was particularly evident, Avenida Brasil is the main park, but it is located in the wealthy districts just south of Downtown. It also offers few spaces of shade and due to the climate, the surface is primarily paved or gravelled. The botanical gardens for the city are located on the site of the headquarters for one of the water companies, Agua Antofagasta, although it is a public space it is guarded at the entrance and is not freely accessible. However, the city invests significantly in the quality of the public space, Avenida Brasil has just been renovated and the small green patches of grass are watered daily, even those which run between a dual carriageway. This demonstrates that much of the challenge is unequal distribution in the city rather than an simply scarcity, this is notable as even if new technologies are developed or alternative solutions brought to the city there is little evidence that those in power are motivated to ensure they permeate the population. It is noticeable that as soon as you are outside the most central area of the city there are few green patches, open spaces are primarily sandy with small pop up parks of cacti which appear to be planted by the community. The future development of the city is aiming to move on from industry, at the demand of residents, with plans to relocate the railway outside of the city in the medium term and move elements of the port over the longer term. Although, the number of new luxury apartment blocks being constructed in the city indicate that the wealth and inequality is going to be a factor for the foreseeable future.
Reflections: The City / Public Space
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The climate of the city was not exactly as projected using the desktop studies and modelling from the weather files. The cloud cover was consistent, and the humidity was high, but it rose steadily through the day starting out with air that residents perceive as too dry. The cloud could be seen to actively trap conditions within the city, during the political demonstrations tear gas was frequently deployed by riot police and the cloud cover kept it in the city until the following days protest, it was evident that if this was being kept at pedestrian level, as was the air pollution from traffic and particulates from the port. The temperatures experienced were considerably higher than anticipated by the weather file modelling, highlighting the challenge of designing for this climate without accurate datasets. It also indicates that these datasets are not often used, perhaps due to building regulations not requiring environmental modelling despite the large number of high-rise apartments being developed in the city. The temperature and solar radiation were also noticeable due to the lack of shade in the public spaces, many pavements had no shade cover and even in park spaces it was limited. The hypothesis exploring the role of humidity in comfort in the city cannot be conclusively addressed with the data recorded, however anecdotally it was not considered to be the dominant factor by residents. The fieldwork also highlighted the difference in perception between the local population and the visiting student group, demonstrating the importance of considering acclimatisation and the people of the context not just the context itself.
Reflections: The City / Climate & Comfort
| 191 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
The exploration through the prototype took two parallel strands; comfort and delight. The primary reflection I would make is that the distinct difference between these two goals; comfort required a subtle fine mist which was almost in-perceivable and certainly invisible to provide a cooling sensation without the stronger thermal sensations of chill or delight. Meanwhile delight required the mist system to be on a higher pressure and was accentuated by the rainfall from the roof fabric, however the rainfall over a longer period of time caused discomfort. This difference is significant not just in the context of the prototype and future iterations but also has broader applications for environmental design. It makes me question further the approach of thermal neutrality and homogeneous design of internal climates irrespective of context and ambient conditions outside. The prototype demonstrated the potential for the design of a gradient of conditions which allowed occupants to opt for a place of comfort, giving them agency. Where is delight appropriate in the built environment, is it defined by typology or should every building afford its occupants moments of thermal delight? As Lisa Heschong discusses architects would never design a neutral building yet the climate of our spaces is consistently aimed at neutrality. However, despite her work being widespread it has not been broadly adopted, why? The prototype also led me to further consider the relationship between architects and the weather, loosely climate is considered and designed for yet weather is the more immediate factor which occupants experience every day. The indoor environment is not independent of the ambient weather as demonstrated by the effect of wind direction on the prototype, of course in buildings this relationship is less immediate and more mediated. However, it brings the question of the role of the architect and whether there is greater potential for meteorological design as explored by Philippe Rahm is a further exploration. Inversely the effect of built interventions of micro-climates and the incidental impacts of buildings on the public space is a further avenue for consideration, removing the assumption that weather impacts upon the building towards an understanding of the reciprocal relationship between weather and the built environment.
Reflections: The Prototype
Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
The scientific results demonstrate the potential for the system, specifically in the context of Antofagasta. Of course, the experiment requires reproduction particularly due to the sample sizes and available sites during the fieldwork period. That aside it was possible to demonstrate results similar to those achieved in existing published papers in different climatic contexts, such as Rome and Osaka, and the prototype behaved as expected. The survey results enabled the assumptions derived from the logged data and comfort metrics to be verified and showed that they were representative of the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perception of comfort. The investigation measured the overall performance of the system as well as recording it along a grid-based network and the changes through height. Each of these supported the hypothesis whilst also leading to broader reflections on the position of weather and climate in environmental design and the trend towards homogeneous indoor environment design. The scientific study allowed the hypothesis to be comprehensively explored whilst also bringing broader climatic challenges to the fore. The high temperatures observed during the fieldwork period exceed those assumed during the height of summer and the extreme hot week of the weather data design files, despite the fieldwork taking place in spring. This indicates that the file is not adjusted to recent warming trends it also questions how designers can design for a 50-year building lifespan which will span another 3°C of warming by current estimates if data does not account for the present conditions accurately? A challenge which will be addressed during the thesis design period. The universality of comfort indexes was another trend which the scientific investigation uncovered; this is a complete topic in itself but it questions how designers can design for comfort across regions if the metrics are not tailored to those conditions.
Reflections: Efficacy & Potential
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Process |10_Appendices_References
52%
60%
M2 Comercio
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Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
M2 Servicios. Y Oficinas
Figure 123: Context / Residential clustering of the population
DIAGNÓSTICO: DISOCIACIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN Y EL EQUIPAMIENTO
2 km
42% Población 151.000 Hab.
30 km ¿CIUDAD COMPACTA? o ¿CIUDAD EXTENSA? ¿AUMENTO DE LA VELOCIDAD? O ¿DISMINUCIÓN DE DISTANCIAS?
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
APPENDIX 2 : CITY TRANSPORTATION STRATEGY
A series of changes are proposed to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transport networks which will be assumed to be confirmed for the purpose of this project. The most relevant changes are the re-routing of the railroad around the city and the scaling down of the industrial activities at the port. There are also proposals to introduce a more efficient and sustainable axial transport system North - South which the project will consider, potentially as a component of the program at the conceptual level.
Proposed changes to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public and industrial transport network 97
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Process |10_Appendices_References
37%
Vehículo privado Partición Modal Ciudad
1%
Bicicleta
29%
Partición Modal Ciudad
Caminata
34%
Partición Modal Ciudad
Transporte publico Partición Modal Ciudad
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Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
DIAGNÓSTICO: DENSIDAD DE VIAJES DÍA
812.784 Viajes Total día
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Figure 124: Context / Existing transport use
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
37%
Vehículo privado Partición Modal Ciudad
34%
Partición Modal Ciudad
Transporte publico
28%
Caminata
Partición Modal Ciudad
0,3%
Bicicleta
Partición Modal Ciudad
Densidad viajes No motorizados
Densidad viajes Motorizados
DIAGNÓSTICO: VIAJES MOTORIZADOS V/S NO MOTORIZADOS
812.784 Viajes Total día Ciudad
30%
viajes No motorizados Ciudad
70%
Motorizados Ciudad
244.495 Viajes Total día Oriente
43%
viajes No motorizados Oriente
57%
Motorizados Oriente
Alta demanda en caminata y Transporte Publico zona Nororiente
12%
Vehículo privado
Partición Modal Sector Nororiente
35%
Transporte publico
Partición Modal Sector Nororiente
42%
Caminata
Partición Modal Sector Nororiente
1%
Bicicleta
Partición Modal Sector Nororiente
Process |10_Appendices_References
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LA CHIMBA
EDUCACIÓN Y DEPORTE
CENTRO NORTE
TROCADERO SALUD Y EQUIPAMIENTO EQUIPAMIENTO Y DESARROLLO PRODUCTIVO
CENTRO
EQUIPAMIENTO COMUNALREGIONAL
DENSIFICACIÓN DE SECTORES EQUIPADOS Y CONECTADOS
ANGAMOS
Figure 126: Context / Future residential development
ESTRATEGIA TERRITORIAL: CONSOLIDACIÓN DE CENTRO Y SIBCENTROS
DISTRIBUCIÓN EQUITATIVA EQUIPAMIENTO
LA PORTADA:
EDUCACIONAL RECREATIVO
REDUCCIÓN DE VIAJES MOTORIZADOS
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EQUIPAMIENTO A DESARROLLO EN EXTENSIÓN
REDUCCIÓN DE DISTANCIAS DE VIAJE
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
ESTRATEGIA INFARESTRUCTURA: DIVERSIFICAR E INTEGRAR OFERTA
30 km 2 km Figure 127: Context / Proposed transport modes in the city
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Process |10_Appendices_References
ESTRATÉGIA LOGÍSTICA [1] DIAGNÓSTICO: LOGÍSTICA MINERA V/S DESARROLLO URBANO
RED FERROVIARIA
B -400
BARRIO INDUSTRIAL CENTRO [130 ha]
RUTA 5
RUTA 28
BARRIO INDUSTRIAL LA NEGRA [200 ha)
PUERTO COLOSO
Figure 128: Context / Existing industrial transport network
RUTA 1
PUERTO DE MEJILLONES
PUERTO ANGAMOS
AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL
PUERTO DE ANTOFAGASTA1
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Masters Programme | Thesis Project Proposal
80 KM
A PESAR DE EXISTIR TODA LA DIVERSIDAD DE MODOS DE TRANSPORTE, LA FALTA DE INTEGRACIÓN, GENERA UN ALTO IMPACTO NEGATIVO EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA CIUDAD.
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
Ha.
100% Suelo estatal
CORREDOR LOGÍSTICO FUERA DE LA CIUDAD
Process |10_Appendices_References
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ESTRATÉGIA LOGÍSTICAINTEGRADA [2] ESTRATEGIA TERRITORIAL
130 Liberadas en el centro de la ciudad
TRASLADO BARRIO INDUSTRIAL
CONSOLIDACIÓN ANILLO LOGÍSTICO FUERA DEL RADIO URBANO A PARTIR DE LA UBICACIÓN DE ZONAS LOGÍSTICO INDUSTRIALES
Figure 129: Context / Proposed industrial transport network
INDUSTRIA DE MONAJE (EXPORTACIÓN) LOGISTICA URBNA (INTERNA)
Figure 130: Context / De-industrialisation of the urban space
ESTRATÉGIA LOGÍSTICAINTEGRADA [3] ESTRATEGIA INFRAESTRUCTURA
INTEGRA Y DIVERSIFICA PUERTOS E INDUSTRIA
PUERTO SECO (ZEAL)
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PLATAFORMA LOGÍSTICA INDUSTRIAL
INTEGRACIÓN Y DIVERSIFICACIÓN PORTUARIA A TRAVÉS DE ZONAS LOGÍSTICAS MULTIMODALES DIVERSIFICACIÓN INDUSTRIAL (MONTAJE) Y LOGÍSTICA URBANA (CROSSDOCKING)
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
GESTIÓN HORARIA ACCESO PUERTO
FISCALIZACIÓN ACCESO CIUDAD – BORDE COSTERO
Process |10_Appendices_References
| 203 |
ESTRATÉGIA LOGÍSTICAINTEGRADA [3] ESTRATEGIA GESTIÓN
OPTIMIZACIÓN LOGISTICA Y RESTRICCIÓN TRANSITO CAMIONES
GESTIÓN DE DATOS
CARACTERIZACIÓN DE COMPORTAMIENTO DE CAMIONES, PARA SU GESTIÓN HORARIA Y FISCALIZACIÓN DE ACCESO A LA CIUDAD
Figure 131: Context / Proposed industrial network
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Aimee Desert aimee.desert@gmail.com aide1851@edu.kadk.dk Copenhagen, DK +45 53 85 28 39 Passionate about environmental design, beyond a purely efficiency and sustainability driven approach towards ephemeral experience, perception and delight. Specialising in passive strategies and design from the occupant perspective.
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
An Architecture Masters student with three years industry experience in architecture and engineering consultancy. An interdisciplinary skillset with a Masters in Engineering, specialising in facade design and engineering, from concept to construction. Research interests include the potential for green facades as naturally adaptive bioshading devices occupant comfort and designing for natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temporal conditions.
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Aimee Louise Desert : Studie nr 180123
APPENDIX 3 : CV
Education 2018 - Present // KADK - The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts | School of Architecture // Masters in Architecture The Architecture and Extreme Environments studio is characterised by it’s hypercontextual approach this masters studio explores site specific interventions through the development of 1:1 prototypes alongside building design. With a focus on meeting present and future global challenges this program combines design and technology with a strong emphasis on sustainability and environmental design, including building physics analysis. 2011 - 2015 // The University of Sheffield // Structural Engineering and Architecture // RIBA Part 1, MEng (Hons) 2:1 A unique course covering the full Architecture BA programme in addition to structural engineering, accredited by the RIBA, ICE and IStructe. Final year research project: The Potential for Green Façades in the Built Environment and their Effect on the Transmittance of Natural Light - Awarded a first and national prizes. 2004 - 2011 // Cockermouth School and Sixth Form A*A*AA grade A-Levels in Maths, Physics, Geography & Art // 12.5 GCSEs at grade A*/A
Work experience
2019 // BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group | Junior Architect 2017 - 2018 // BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group | Architectural Intern : Facades specialist Continuing to develop my architectural design skills and specialist knowledge of facades working on a range of complex and ambitious projects. Supporting the architectural team in the development of the façade design including; materials research, detailed drawings, geometry analysis and development, visualisation and environmental, building physics and structural analysis. During my time at BIG I had technical responsibility for the facade package of Paris Parc, collaborating with local engineers, architects and subcontractors in addition to the internal design team and responsibility for a design assistant dedicated to my work package. Projects include: Singapore Tower (Detailed design | mixed use tower), Paris Parc (Concept > Detailed design | university research facility), Paris Passarelles (Competition | bridges), Adelaide Contemporary (Competition | art gallery) and Makers District, Abu Dhabi (Schematic | residential/mixed use) 2015 - 2017 // BuroHappold Engineering | Graduate Facade Engineer Collaborating directly with leading architectural teams from competition stage right through to construction. Working on a wide range of projects from premiership stadia and high rise residential to iconic roof structures. As a specialist in the building envelope the role includes materials research, systematisation, detailing of typical systems and complex interfaces, and analysis of geometry, structures and building physics. This role enabled me to continually work across projects, typologies and architectural teams, gaining a large amount of experience over the two years. I developed my understanding of building physics and analysis in addition to my professional and design skills. Projects included: European Spallation Source (Detailed design | Henning Larsen/COBE), Vauxhall Cross Towers (Concept design | Zaha Hadid Architects), Deansgate Square (Schematic > Site | SimpsonHaugh), Tottenham Hotspurs Stadium Development (Schematic > Site | Populous) 2013 - 2015 // PLACED - Student Ambassador 2014 // BuroHappold Engineering | Undergraduate Structures Engineer 2013 // Kier Engineering Services | Undergraduate Engineer
Additional experience and awards
2016 // Team Build UK finalist / Industry multidisciplinary construction competition 2015 // Network for Comfort & Energy Use in Buildings Masters Conference Delegate & Presenter, Awarded Best Presentation 2015 //CIBSE President’s Prize - Runner-up / National undergraduate research award 2015 // The Undergraduate Awards - Highly Commended / International undergraduate research award 2015 // Velux Daylight Academic Forum - Delegate & Presenter / PhD student research conference 2014 - 2015 // Happold Foundation Scholar 2011 - 2015 // Outstanding Performance & Commitment to Sport : Sport Sheffield 2013 - 2015 // Sheffield University Equestrian Team : Team Captain | 205 |
Process |10_Appendices_References
KADK / Architecture and Extreme Environments / 2019 - 2020
Atmospheric | luxury and delight in the desert city
LIST OF SOURCES: 1 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 2 Clément, Gilles, and Philippe Rahm. Gilles Clément, Philippe Rahm - Environ(Ne)Ment Manières Dagir Pour Demain, Approaches for Tomorrow ; Edited by Giovanna Borasi. Milano: Skira, 2006. 3 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 4 Nute, Kevin. “The Presence of the Weather.” Architectural Design 86, no. 1 (2016): 66–73. https://doi. org/10.1002/ad.2003. 5 ‘Weather’ Oxford English Dictionary 6 Hausladen, Gerhard, Petra Liedl, and Michael de Saldanha. Building to Suit the Climate. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012. 7 ‘Climate’ Oxford English Dictionary 8 Vignjević, Ana. “Dialectic Atmosphere of Architecture: on Aesthetic Experience and Meteorology.” AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 12 (2017): 41–54. https://doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i12.166. 9 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 10 ‘Atmosphere’ Oxford English Dictionary 11 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 12 ‘Delight’ Oxford English Dictionary 13 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 14 ‘Comfort’ Oxford English Dictionary 15 “About the Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed January 6, 2020. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ sustainable-development-goals/. 16 “About the Programme.” KADK. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://kadk.dk/en/programme/ architecture-and-extreme-environments/om-programmet. 17 “Weather Data by Location.” Weather Data by Location | EnergyPlus. Accessed September 10, 2019. https://www.energyplus.net/weather-download/south_america_wmo_region_3/CHL//CHL_ Antofagasta.854420_IWEC/all 18 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 19 Cevasco, Francisco. “Monitor De Campamentos: CIS.” TECHO Chile. Accessed January 30, 2020. http://chile.techo.org/cis/monitor/monitor.php. 20 OECD. “Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 – CHILE.” OECD, March 5, 2019. https://www.oecd.org/ cfe/CHILE-Regions-and-Cities-2018.pdf. 21 Bartlett, John. “‘The Salt They Pump Back in Kills Everything’: Is the Cost of Chile’s Fresh Water Too High?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, January 2, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2020/jan/02/the-salt-they-pump-back-in-kills-everything-is-the-cost-of-chiles-fresh-water-toohigh. 22 Clément, Gilles, and Philippe Rahm. Gilles Clément, Philippe Rahm - Environ(Ne)Ment Manières Dagir Pour Demain, Approaches for Tomorrow ; Edited by Giovanna Borasi. Milano: Skira, 2006. p45 23 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 24 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 25 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 2.1 26 Harper, Phineas. “‘The World’s Most Sustainable Office Building Isn’t Enough to Save the Planet.’” Dezeen. Dezeen, June 5, 2019. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/12/opinion-foster-partnersbloomberg-sustainability-climate-change-phineas-harper/. 27 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite.
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Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 28 Bhatia, Neeraj. -Arium Weather Architecture. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010. p1-67 29 Bartlett, John. “‘The Salt They Pump Back in Kills Everything’: Is the Cost of Chile’s Fresh Water Too High?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, January 2, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2020/jan/02/the-salt-they-pump-back-in-kills-everything-is-the-cost-of-chiles-fresh-water-toohigh. 30 OECD Territorial Reviews Antofagasta, Chile 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013. 31 Katwala, Amit. “The Devastating Environmental Impact of Technological Progress.” WIRED. WIRED UK, October 25, 2019. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-copper-mining-atacama-desert. 32 “World Maps of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification.” World Maps of Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Accessed October 6, 2019. http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/. 33 “Overview.” World Bank. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chile/ overview. 34 Franklin, Jonathan. “Hundreds Shot and Beaten as Chile Takes to the Streets.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, October 27, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/chile-hundredsshot-and-beaten-street-protests. 35 Katwala, Amit. “The Devastating Environmental Impact of Technological Progress.” WIRED. WIRED UK, October 25, 2019. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-copper-mining-atacama-desert. 36 Gauthier, Marine. “Tourism Starting to Bleed the Lickan Antay People of the Atacama Desert Dry.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, August 31, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/aug/31/tourism-bleed-lickan-antay-atacama-desert-chile-los-flamencos. 37 Portal de Servicios Climáticos - Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Accessed September 6, 2019. https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/menuTematicoPrecipitacion. 38 Bartlett, John. “‘The Salt They Pump Back in Kills Everything’: Is the Cost of Chile’s Fresh Water Too High?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, January 2, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2020/jan/02/the-salt-they-pump-back-in-kills-everything-is-the-cost-of-chiles-fresh-water-toohigh. 39 Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Accessed November 6, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2019-02-21/chile-squeezing-water-rights-for-copper-lithium-miners-in-north. 40 “UNdata | Record View | Households in Housing Units by Type of Housing Unit for Selected Cities, Antofagasta.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed February 2, 2020. http://data.un.org/Data. aspx?q=chile+cities&d=POP&f=tableCode:303;countryCode:152. 41 OECD. “Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 – CHILE.” OECD, March 5, 2019. https://www.oecd.org/ cfe/CHILE-Regions-and-Cities-2018.pdf. 42 Statistikbanken. Accessed February 2, 2020. https://www.statbank.dk/BY1. 43 Franklin, Jonathan. “Hundreds Shot and Beaten as Chile Takes to the Streets.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, October 27, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/chile-hundredsshot-and-beaten-street-protests. 44 “Chile Country Profile.” BBC News. BBC, April 12, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latinamerica-19357497. 45 Geneva, Reuters in. “Chile: UN Calls for Prosecution of Police and Army over Response to Protests.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, December 13, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ dec/13/chile-un-prosecution-police-army-protests. 46 Milne, Nicky. “As Sales Boom, Chile’s ‘Green Gold’ Is Blamed for Water Shortages.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, June 3, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-water-chile-environment/as-sales-boomchiles-green-gold-is-blamed-for-water-shortages-idUSKCN1T41AL. 47 “Transport (FCAB).” Antofagasta PLC. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.antofagasta.co.uk/ about-us/what-we-do/transport-fcab/.
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48 Tapia, Joseline. “Contaminación En El Centro De Antofagasta II: Una Profundización Necesaria.” Ir a inicio, August 7, 2018. https://ciperchile.cl/2018/08/07/contaminacion-en-el-centro-de-antofagasta-iiuna-profundizacion-necesaria/. 49 Silve, Rodolfe Ugarte. “ Plan De Movilidad Urbana Sustentable Sump Euroclima Corredores Electricos.” Unpublished, n.d. 50 Fleming, Amy, Ruth Michaelson, Oliver Holmes, and Adham Youssef. “Heat: the next Big Inequality Issue.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, August 13, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2018/aug/13/heat-next-big-inequality-issue-heatwaves-world. 51 Palme, Massimo, Francisco Flores, and Leonardo Romero. “Surface Temperature Variation and Urban Heat Island Intensity in Antofagasta, Chile.” Environmental and Territorial Modelling for Planning and Design, 2018, 147–58. https://doi.org/10.6903/978-88-6887-048-5. 52 Palme, Massimo. “Simulation of Vertical Growth Near the Green Area of ‘Avenida Brasil’ in Antofagasta Midtown, Chile.” Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum, August 2013. https:// doi.org/10.3390/wsf2-00943. 53 Arango, Tim, and Bethany Mollenkof. “‘Turn Off the Sunshine’: Why Shade Is a Mark of Privilege in Los Angeles.” The New York Times. The New York Times, December 1, 2019. https://www.nytimes. com/2019/12/01/us/los-angeles-shade-climate-change.html. 54 “Weather Data by Location.” Weather Data by Location | EnergyPlus. Accessed September 10, 2019. https://www.energyplus.net/weather-download/south_america_wmo_region_3/CHL//CHL_ Antofagasta.854420_IWEC/all 55 Portal de Servicios Climáticos - Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Accessed September 6, 2019. https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/menuTematicoPrecipitacion. 56 Palme, Massimo. “Simulation of Vertical Growth Near the Green Area of ‘Avenida Brasil’ in Antofagasta Midtown, Chile.” Proceedings of The 2nd World Sustainability Forum, August 2013. https:// doi.org/10.3390/wsf2-00943. 57 Hausladen, Gerhard, Petra Liedl, and Michael de Saldanha. Building to Suit the Climate. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012. p110 58 “Flooding in Chile’s Atacama Desert after Years’ Worth of Rain in One Day: NOAA Climate.gov.” Flooding in Chile’s Atacama Desert after years’ worth of rain in one day | NOAA Climate.gov, April 16, 2015. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flooding-chile’s-atacama-desert-after-years’worth-rain-one-day. 59 Abreu, Fellipe, and Luiz Felipe Silva. “Trapping Humidity out of Fog in Chile.” BBC News. BBC, May 17, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32515558. 60 Zhao, Sophie. “From Santiago to the Atacama, Chile Is a Country on Fire.” Palladium Magazine, January 29, 2020. https://palladiummag.com/2020/01/29/from-santiago-to-the-atacama-chile-is-acountry-on-fire/. 61 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. p50-72 62 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. p31 63 Dowdy, Clare. “Soak, Steam and Dream: Roca London Gallery Taps into Bathing Culture.” Wallpaper*. Wallpaper*, August 16, 2018. https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/roca-london-gallery-taps-intobathing-culture-with-exhibition-soak-steam-and-dream-reinventing-bathing-culture. 64 Ugc. “The El Tatio Geysers Are a Spectacular Sight.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, January 25, 2018. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/el-tatio-geysers. 65 “Brutalism, Decolonized: the Sidi Harazem Thermal Baths in Fez and the Renewal of Their Independence.” DOMUS. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/ gallery/2019/07/09/brutalism-decolonized-the-sidi-harazem-thermal-baths-in-fes-and-the-renewal-oftheir-independence.html. 66 Rahm, Philippe. “Meteorological Architecture.” Architectural Design 79, no. 3 (2009): 30–41. https:// doi.org/10.1002/ad.885.
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67 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 68 “Blur Building.” DS R. Accessed October 15, 2019. https://dsrny.com/project/blur-building. 69 Jade Eco Park - Philippe Rahm architectes. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://www.philipperahm. com/data/projects/taiwan/index.html. 70 King, Gene K. “The Tao of the Rahm.” Architectural Review, no. 1442 (June 2017): 26–30. 71 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. 72 Cevasco, Francisco. “Monitor De Campamentos: CIS.” TECHO Chile. Accessed January 30, 2020. http://chile.techo.org/cis/monitor/monitor.php. 73 Morales, Germán. “Jardín Botánico.” Aguas Antofagasta. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://www3. aguasantofagasta.cl/jardin-botanico.html. 74 Botello, Camille. “Chilean Culture through Cuisine.” Journals from Abroad, March 29, 2019. https:// www.linfield.edu/ipo-journals/2019/02/23/chilean-culture-through-cuisine/. 75 Silve, Rodolfe Ugarte. “ Plan De Movilidad Urbana Sustentable Sump Euroclima Corredores Electricos.” Unpublished, n.d. 76 “Transport (FCAB).” Antofagasta PLC. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.antofagasta.co.uk/ about-us/what-we-do/transport-fcab/. 77 Silve, Rodolfe Ugarte. “ Plan De Movilidad Urbana Sustentable Sump Euroclima Corredores Electricos.” Unpublished, n.d. 78 “Inicio.” Diario El Amrica, November 21, 2016. http://elamerica.cl/2016/11/21/cierre-definitivo-demolinera-del-norte-en-antofagasta/. 79 Cevasco, Francisco. “Monitor De Campamentos: CIS.” TECHO Chile. Accessed January 30, 2020. http://chile.techo.org/cis/monitor/monitor.php. 80 Clément, Gilles, and Philippe Rahm. Gilles Clément, Philippe Rahm - Environ(Ne)Ment Manières Dagir Pour Demain, Approaches for Tomorrow ; Edited by Giovanna Borasi. Milano: Skira, 2006. p45 81 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. p23 82 Moe, Kiel. Thermally Active Surfaces in Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010. p27-31 83 Hausladen, Gerhard, Petra Liedl, and Michael de Saldanha. Building to Suit the Climate. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012. 84 Harper, Phineas. “‘The World’s Most Sustainable Office Building Isn’t Enough to Save the Planet.’” Dezeen. Dezeen, June 5, 2019. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/12/opinion-foster-partnersbloomberg-sustainability-climate-change-phineas-harper/. 85 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 2.1 86 “About the Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed January 6, 2020. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ sustainable-development-goals/. 87 “The New Urban Agenda.” Habitat III. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://habitat3.org/the-newurban-agenda/. 88 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 2.1 89 Rahm, Philippe. Constructed Atmospheres: Architecture as Meteorological Design = Atmosfere Costruite. Edited by Massimiliano Scuderi. Milano: Postmedia, 2014. 90 Public air - Philippe Rahm architectes. Accessed February 6, 2020. http://www.philipperahm.com/ data/projects/publicair/index.html. 91 García-Germán, Javier. Thermodynamic Interactions: an Exploration into Physiological, Material and Territorial Atmospheres. New York: Actar Publishers, 2017. p115-122 92 Abalos Iñaki, Renata Sentkiewicz, and Ortega Lluís. Essays on Thermodynamics, Architecture and Beauty: Ábalos Sentkiewicz. New York: Actar Publishers, 2015. p11
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93 Arens, Edward A, and H Zhang. “The Skin’s Role in Human Thermoregulation and Comfort.” UC Berkeley Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), 2006, 560–97. 94 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. p54 95 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. Cambridge: MIT, 1979. p19 96 Dowdy, Clare. “Soak, Steam and Dream: Roca London Gallery Taps into Bathing Culture.” Wallpaper*. Wallpaper*, August 16, 2018. https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/roca-london-gallery-taps-intobathing-culture-with-exhibition-soak-steam-and-dream-reinventing-bathing-culture. 97 Silve, Rodolfe Ugarte. “ Plan De Movilidad Urbana Sustentable Sump Euroclima Corredores Electricos.” Unpublished, n.d.
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NB. Where no specific page number or chapter is identified the reference should be considered to the the authors works as a whole.
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LIST OF FIGURES: Figure 01: Context / View across Antofagasta towards the Pacific Ocean | Author Figure 02: Context / Global location | Google Earth Satellite Imagery Figure 03: Context / View along the railway towards the desert from South Antofagasta | Author Figure 04: Natural phenomena / Firehole spring, Yellowstone | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 05: Artificial phenomena / Miroir dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;eau, Bordeaux, Michel Corajoud | Peter Augustin (Dwell magazine) Figure 06: View across Antofagasta from the Campementos on the eastern edge of the city | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 07: Context / Colourful homes along the railway in central Antofagasta | Author Figure 08: Context / Location | Google Earth Satellite Imagery Figure 09: Context / Geographic and climatic factors | Author Figure 10: Context / San Pedro de Atacama, The Atacama Desert | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 11: Context / Port of Antofagasta | Google Earth Satellite Imagery Figure 12: Context / Map of Antofaagsta | Author Figure 13: Context / Graffiti on a bollard following police brutality and numerous eye injuries during protests in Antofagasta during Oct - Dec 2019 unrest | Author Figure 14: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 15: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 16: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 17: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 18: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 19: Context / Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 20: Context / The Urban Heat Island in Antofagasta | Author using NASA Landsat data and Dragonfly Grasshopper software Figure 21: Context / Avenida Brasil, location of affected by the heat island in Antofaagsta | Author Figure 22: Context / Thermal camera imagery showing the impact of greenery on urban surface temperatures | The Guardian Figure 23: Context / Weather analysis for Antofagasta | Author using data from .epw library and Ladybug Grasshopper software Figure 24: Context / Climatic analysis of extreme design conditions | Author using data from .epw library and Ladybug & Honeybee Grasshopper software Figure 25: Natural phenomena / Morning sunlight and mist against a tree / Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 26: Natural phenomena / The Camancha fog in the Atacama / Live Helgestad Figure 27: Natural Phenomena / El Tatio Geysers in San Pedro de Atacama / Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 28: Natural Phenomena / El Tatio Geysers in San Pedro de Atacama / Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 29: Context / Map of bathing facilities in Antofagasta | Author Figure 30: Context / Existing bathing facilities in Antofasgata | SoyChile.cl newssite Figure 31: Context / Existing bathing facilities in Antofasgata | Author Figure 32: Context / Existing bathing facilities in Antofasgata | Author Figure 33: State of the Art / Passage from Thermal delight in Architecture | Lisa Heschong Figure 34: Hot Springs, Iceland | Antonette We12Travel site Figure 35: Jade Eco Park, Philippe Rahm | Philippe Rahm Figure 36: Puritama Hot Springs, San Pedro | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 37: Miroir dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;eau, Bordeaux, Michel Corajoud | Peter Augustin (Dwell magazine) Figure 38: Oasis in the Desert, Huacachina | Juan Fernando Escobar Ochoa Figure 39: Fog Assembly, Paris, Olafur Eliasson | Olafur Eliasson Figure 40: State of the Art / Blur Pavilion by Diller + Scofidio | Beat Widmer & Dirk Hebel Figure 41: Natural phenomena / Geothermal springs at Yellowstone | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 42: State of the Art / Anticyclone, a cooling device in Jade Eco Park by Philippe Rahm | Philippe Rahm Figure 43: Context / Map of the Campamentos in the city | Author Figure 44: Context / Life in the Campamentos | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 45: Context / Life in the Campamentos | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 46: Context / Life in the Campamentos | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 47: Context / Map of the Oases in the city | Author Figure 48: Context / Botanical Gardens at Agua Antofagasta | Author
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Figure 49: Context / Parque Japone, Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 50: Context / Botanical Gardens at Agua Antofagasta | Author Figure 51: Context / Map of the existing markets in the city | Author Figure 52: Context / Markets in Santiago | Author Figure 53: Context / Markets in Santiago | Author Figure 54: Context / Markets in Santiago | Author Figure 55: Context / Underused industrial spaces in Central Antofagasta | Author Figure 56: Site / Main railway depot, view from the north end of the site| Author Figure 57: Site /Maps identifying the location of the site and key infrastructure with imagery from Google Earth | Author Figure 58: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 59: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 60: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 61: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 62: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 63: Context / Views along the railway | Author Figure 64: Site / West elevation of the site showing the existing railroad infrastructure | Author Figure 65: Site / Map showing the site in relation to the city | Author Figure 66: Site / Satellite view of the proposed site | Author with imagery from Google Earth Figure 67: Site / View of the site looking South | Author Figure 68: Context / Copper arriving on the rail road passing through the site | Author Figure 69: Site / West elevation of the site showing the existing conditions | Author Figure 70: Natural phenomena / Ocean spray | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 71: Natural phenomena / Light meets condensation | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 72: Natural phenomena / Hot Geysers | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 73: Natural phenomena / Morning fog on the ground | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 74: State of the Art / Therme Vals, Peter Zumthor | Fernando Guerra Figure 75: Context / Water towers in Antofagasta Figure 76: State of the Art / Environmental design methodologies | Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG IDEAS) Figure 77: Natural phenomena | Fire and steam | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 78: State of the Art / Meso scale design diagram, Atelier Oslo Figure 79: State of the Art / UN Sustainable goals | The United Nations Figure 80: State of the Art / New Urban Agenda | Habit III, The United Nations Figure 81: Context / Pop up community parks along the railroad | Author Figure 82: State of the Art / Deterritorialized Milieus, Philippe Rahm | Philippe Rahm Figure 83: Fieldwork / The constructed atmosphere, mapping humidity and temperature | Author Figure 84: Fieldwork / Inside the prototype | Author Figure 85: State of the Art / Wind trap, Philippe Rahm | Philippe Rahm Figure 86: Natural phenomena, waterfall |Licensed by Creative Commons Figure 87: State of the Art / Proposed climatic bibliography | Various, shown in image Figure 88: State of the Art / Proposed bibliography | Various, shown in image Figure 89: Context / The intersection of the railroad | Author Figure 90: State of the Art / Program analysis explorign time use and hybridity by OMA | OMA Figure 91: State of the Art / Program analysis exploring relationships and time use, Pyo Arquitectos | Pyo Arquitectos Figure 92: State of the Art / Public air, program analysis exploring climatic conditions, Philippe Rahm Figure 93: State of the Art / Spatial categorising according to climatic needs, Inaki Abalos Figure 94: Methodology / Hybridity explorations | Author inspired by Diana Hlevnjak Figure 95: State of the Art / Berndnaur Smilde, Nimbus | Berndnaur Smilde Figure 96: State of the Art / Studies in physiology, Philippe Rahm | Philippe Rahm Figure 97: State of the Art / Studies in Perception | Author Figure 98: State of the Art / Physiology: cold and warm receptors | Textbook of Medical Physiology Figure 99: Collaborator / Emanuele Naboni, Environmental Design Professor KADK | Emanuele Naboni Figure 100: Collaborator / Daniel Sang Hoon Lee, CFD Researcher and lecturer, KADK | KADK
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Figure 101: State of the Art / Atmos lab - wind simulation to dehumidify an atria environment | Atmoslab Figure 102: Context / Lithium nitrate being transported along the railroad | Author Figure 103: Spaces / Preliminary considerations of cold [blue], warm [red] and humid [green] atmospheres | Author Figure 104: Reference / Termas Geometrics, Southern Chile, German del Sol | Jose Luis Ibanez Figure 105: Reference / Atmosphere at Therme Vals | Fernando Guerra Figure 106: Context / Markets in Santiago | Author Figure 107: Reference / Mist cloud in Jade Eco Park | Philippe Rahm Figure 108: Reference / Termas Geometrics, Southern Chile, German del Sol | Jose Luis Ibanez Figure 109: Context / Water tanks in the Campamentos | Chia-Yin Hsu Figure 110: Natural phenomena / Rainbow | Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 111: Strategy / Proposed timeline | Author Figure 112: Natural phenomena / Geothermal geysers| Licensed under Creative Commons Figure 113: Fieldwork / Annual climatic analysis of the Atacama | Author Figure 114: Fieldwork / Annual climatic analysis of Antofagasta | Author Figure 115: Fieldwork / Diurnal climatic analysis of the Heat Island in Antofagasta | Author Figure 116: Fieldwork / Hourly climatic analysis of Antofagasta during the fieldwork period | Author Figure 117: Fieldwork / Measuring the constructed atmosphere | Author Figure 118: Fieldwork / Creating atmosphere | Author Figure 119: Fieldwork / Creating atmosphere | Author Figure 120: Fieldwork / Heat of the day - Representing humidity and temperature of the atmosphere, mapping people in space | Author Figure 121: Fieldwork / Late afternoon - Representing humidity and temperature of the atmosphere, mapping people in space | Author Figure 122: Fieldwork / Measuring perception and comfort | Author Figure 123: Context / Residential clustering of the population | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 124: Context / Existing transport use | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 125: Context / Effect of pedestrianisation on transport use | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 126: Context / Future residential development | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 127: Context / Proposed transport modes in the city | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 128: Context / Existing industrial transport network | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 129: Context / Proposed industrial transport network | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 130: Context / De-industrialisation of the urban space | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva Figure 131: Context / Proposed industrial network | Gobierno Regional / Rodolfo Ugarte Silva
NB all images licensed under Creative Commons do not require attribution however acknowledgement is given to pxhere.com for providing the sourcing platform
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