BTech I, Ass II; Construction Solutions

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I ASSIGNMENT 2:

[BLD61403 / ARC3514 / ARC3512] Construction Solutions

NAME AIMUNI KHALIDAH BINTI A BAKAR I.D NUMBER 0326074 TUTOR MR KHAIROOL AIZAT

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Medan Pasar, Community Library

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PRECEDENT Hybrid Masonry Structural System

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FLOOR SYSTEM PRECEDENT Composite Steel System

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ROOF SYSTEM PRECEDENT Folded-like Plate Roof Structure

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FACADE SYSTEM PRECEDENTS Glass Single Skin Facade Perforated Brick Facade

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FACADE SCHEMES Glass Single Skin Facade Perforated Brick Facade

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SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES

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REFERENCES

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION SITE Old Market Square now known as Medan Pasar was the place to be for traders as there were facilities like banks, textile shops, grocers, and traditional medicinal halls. It was not only a market but also a gambling haunt that was frequented by the working class. According to historical texts, the road was also home to many opium dens and brothels. Headed by Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, the road was known as Macao Street or Hokkien Street by the old Chinese community.

However, the first resident-general of the Federated Malay States Frank Swettenham demolished the market in 1882, as he was appalled at the conditions of the unkempt wooden huts and stalls. Yap rebuilt the market place using proper construction materials and resumed his reign until his death in 1885. The flourishing market was then relocated by Swettenham to a new site, where the current Central Market is, and the old market place was transformed into a new trade square Medan Pasar in the modern times is just like many other roads, a picture of tall buildings and refurbished old shop houses. The three-storey shop houses were built in 1920s after the relocation of the market and now houses cafes, trinket shops, cheap boutiques and mobile phone stalls. HSBC building and the clock tower are two landmarks that people often associate this place with.

PROJECT COMMUNITY LIBRARY. The library relies on the interactions of the users that belong from different communities. The purpose of the library is to become a medium where everyone regardless their background to interact with each other. It is vital that the the library to be a open as possible to encourage visual interactions, or even better physical interaction.

Thus, the library design has be to a non massive structural system, a way to evoke the sense of welcoming to the users. And the facade has to be able to express the story of the library itself.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PRECEDENT

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PRECEDENT | Hybrid Masonry Structural System CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

CONCEPT

The basic concept is to attach a masonry panel to a structural steel frame such that some combination of gravity forces, story shears and overturning moments can be transferred to the masonry

The basic scheme is to attach a reinforced concrete masonry panel to a structural steel frame such that gravity and lateral forces can be shared between the steel and the masonry.

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The steel framing structure is first constructed, followed by by the masonry wall, which is constructed within the plane of the framing. Type II wall has the soft joints at the columns and masonry are built tight at the top of the wall. The wall system is built floor by floor, with the ground floor anchored to the floor slab.

Garden Hill Elementary School

D3: COLUMN CONNECTION DETAILS

On this Roof Framing Plan, (HM) indicates hybrid masonry, encircled in red.

Architects | N/A Location | Champaign, Illinois Project Year | N/A Garden Hills School is a Candidate school for the Primary Years Program. Garden Hills is pursuing Authorization as an IB world school.

D1: UNDERSIDE OF BEAM

ADVANTAGES

TYPE OF MATERIALS USED;

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I STEEL BEAM

CONCRETE MASONRY

D2: TOP OF WALL D2

DISADVANTAGES ● ●

D3

Still in a developing process.

High cost.

DESIGN PROJECT RELEVANCE ●

D1

Steel bracing is not required since the masonry panels serve as the primary elements in the lateral force resisting system.

System stiffness, strength and ductility may be adjusted to meet specific design requirements.

Masonry walls may be designed with a variety of target performance objectives, including damage control, life safety, or collapse prevention.

This structural system is rather suitable to fit the purpose of the project which to create a community library where everyone interacts. Physical barrier such as column in the middle of a space for example would cause a distraction to the circulation. Thu using this structural system will allow more interactions without physical barrier.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FLOOR SYSTEM PRECEDENT

FLOOR SYSTEM PRECEDENT | CONCEPT

The basic concept is to attach a masonry panel to a structural steel frame such that some combination of gravity forces, story shears and overturning moments can be transferred to the masonry

Stacey-Turley Residence

Composite Steel System

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL Composite floor consists of a concrete topping cast onto metal decking. Composite floor slabs use metal decking then concrete, either lightweight or normal weight, is pumped onto the decking to make up the composite system. The metal decking acts as long-lasting framework for the concrete, eradicating the need for props, and as a malleable reinforcement for the slab

ADVANTAGES

OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST

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D2

D3

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By joining the two materials (concrete and steel) together structurally these strengths can be exploited to result in a highly efficient and lightweight design.

This system is able to reduce the forces in those elements supporting them, including the foundations.

This system also offer benefits in terms of speed of construction.

DISADVANTAGES ● Architects | Kariouk Location | Ottawa, Canada Project Year | 2013

D1: FLOOR CONNECTION DETAIL

Here, and as well above on the main floor, the front wall comprises a floor-to-ceiling glass accordion-door system that can open 100% to the landscape. On the main floor, the roof overhang is calibrated to block the higher-angled summer sun, while the lower-angled winter sun penetrates the home.

D3: OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST CONNECTION DETAIL

STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

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DESIGN PROJECT RELEVANCE ●

TYPE OF MATERIALS USED;

I STEEL BEAM, CONCRETE MASONRY

Steel is highly vulnerable to major strength loss when exposed to very high temperature.

Steel requires constant vigilance to avoid rust and compromise structural integrity.

It is fast to build yet does not have large mass presence is essential for the design. Low presence encourages human to interact and circulation throughout building.

D1 D2: COMPOSITE STEEL DECK

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

ROOF SYSTEM PRECEDENT

ROOF SYSTEM PRECEDENT | Folded plate-like roof structure CONCEPT

Assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such a way that the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.

T-Nursery

ADVANTAGES

THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS DEPEND ON

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The pattern of folding.

Their geometrical basic shape.

Its material.

The connection of the different folding planes.

The design of the bearings.

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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL; Three Segment Folded Plate

Non-pillar space is achieved by applying a wooden truss beam to the roof structure which shapes like a folded plate. All bearing walls supporting the structure are arranged in the perimeter of the building. The trusses were prefabricated and assembled on-site with only minor joinery work required

DISADVANTAGES ●

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Architects | Uchida Architect Design Office Location | Dazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan Area | 168.0 sqm Project Year | 2012 The nursery school built in Dazaifu, a city located near Fukuoka city, had to be extended for two classes in order to increase the accommodation of children. The architect decided to constitute this building as one room space (9m span) which does not have a pillar inside of building, which becomes very useful for conversions to various uses (playroom etc.)

MATERIALS

Lumber truss, Galvanized Steel Sheet, Strand Board Waterproof plywood.

Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness required is 60 mm only Aesthetically it looks good over other forms of construction Folded plate structures have high rigidity and load -carrying capacity which makes them economical over long spans that need to be free of internal columns and others obstruction.

Modern folded plate structures are typically made of cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete, or steel plate. They can provide a multitude of shapes and overall forms: ● ● ●

Long and intricate assembly process is required to thread each block through rebar support.

Supervision and skilled labour is necessary for bending formwork.

DESIGN PROJECT RELEVANCE ●

Prismatic: Rectangular plates.

Pyramidal: Non-rectangular plates.

Prismoidal: Triangular or trapezoidal plates.

The topmost floor of the library is catered for children. By using this construction method that is column free, children are able to run and play freely with any obstruction.

LOAD DISTRIBUTION: STRUCTURE The interior is finished in rather easily available and economic material. Oriented strand board (OSB) panels cover the interior roof leaving the wooden structure exposed.

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FOLDED

PLATE

At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one folding element.

There, the reaction as an axial force is divided between the adjacent elements.

Then the forces transferred to the bearings.

The exterior is finished by Galvanized Steel Sheet which has high durability and longevity. This material is also an energy efficient roofing type, because it reflects solar heat and can cut back on cooling costs immensely.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE I SYSTEM PRECEDENT

FACADE SYSTEM I PRECEDENT | Single Skin Facade CONCEPT

Assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such a way that the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.

Optical Glass House

ADVANTAGES

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The transparent wall was not an easy task, however, as 6,000 glass masonry units at 50 mm wide do not provide the necessary structure to stand on their own. The total construction of the optical wall weighs 13 tons and gives the effect of a waterfall refracting views and light.

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A complete glass block, with micro-level surface asperities was punctured with holes.

Architects | Hiroshi nakamura & nap co.,ltd Location | Naka-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hitroshima, Japan Area | 363.51 sqm Project Year | 2012 This house is sited among tall buildings in downtown Hiroshima, overlooking a street with many passing cars and trams. To obtain privacy and tranquility in these surroundings, we placed a garden and optical glass façade on the street side of the house. The garden is visible from all rooms, and the serene soundless scenery of the passing cars and trams imparts richness to life in the house.

MATERIALS

The flat bar is seated within the 50mm-thick glass block to render it invisible, and thus a uniform 6mm sealing joint between the glass blocks was achieved.

75 threaded metal dowels hang from the pre-tensioned beam above the 8.6 m2 facade to guide the glass bricks into perfectly aligned rows

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TYPE OF MASONRY BOND Stretcher Bond

The thermal resistance of glass blocks are double that of traditional single glazed plate glass. It eliminates energy-wasting drafts and permits an exceptional amount of daylight to filter through.

The blocks are manufactured to have high mechanical resistance to the action of the flames. They also block the spread of the heat and smoke for a certain period of time.

Glass blocks can transmit 80% available light in both directions. Many design options are available, but similarly, all types constantly transform and manipulate light.

Glass blocks are available in a range of designs, shapes, colours and forms.

DISADVANTAGES ●

Long and intricate assembly process is required to thread each block through rebar support.

DESIGN PROJECT RELEVANCE ●

The result - a transparent façade when seen from either the garden or the street. The façade appears like a waterfall flowing downward, scattering light and filling the air with freshness. Sunlight from the east, refracting through the glass, creates beautiful light patterns.

This facade is suitable for a library as it allows 80% of available light transmission, giving the users more natural lighting rather than artificial lighting.

Glass brick, threaded metal dowel, metal bar, suspended bolts

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE II SYSTEM PRECEDENT

FACADE II SYSTEM PRECEDENT | Double Skin Facade CONCEPT

A system of building consisting of two skins, or facades, placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity.

Termitary House

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL; Double Skin Facade

ADVANTAGES ●

The walls are entirely built with baked bricks makes the house cool in the summer; for this kind of bricks can function as a certain factor to keep the humidity for the entire house. The special constructing technique of “double skins” with two layers of one brick wall covering outside and one glass-aluminum frame inside creates a space within a wall, which functions as a buffer layer at both gables.

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Great ventilation and permeability between interior and exterior.

Looks aesthetically pleasing.

Does not need painted or feature complicated maintenance work.

Ease of construction and low construction cost, easily built and maintained by local community.

DISADVANTAGES ● ●

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May be expensive Privacy concerns as it may not provide a good enough barrier between the interior and exterior.

Insufficient rain protection as it allows water to permeate into space.

DESIGN PROJECT RELEVANCE ● Architects | Tropical Space Location | Thanh Khê District, Vietnam Area | 80.0 sqm Project Year | 2014 Perforated brick walls enclose the concrete structure of an old house in central Vietnam, which has been remodelled by architecture studio Tropical SpaceRetaining only the concrete slab structure, the architects enclosed the space with a perforated grille of brickwork to create a new residence named The Termitary House

MATERIALS

Baked Red Bricks, Glass Aluminum

TYPE OF MASONRY BOND

Flemish bond with header gaps

Response to dynamism of Medan Pasar and its community and culture, Allows ample ventilation, sound and light to permeate into the interior and creating atmosphere. Porosity of facades allow visual connections to be created.

CONSTRUCTION METHOD The result - The special design of the baked-brick walls with a lot of holes, together with the large inter-floor space, allows breeze and light to get to all the corners of the house, even the hardest-to-access areas

The perforated brick wall facade is constructed by modifying the already common flemish bond kind of brick course.

By removing the header portions, the facade gains the perforations and its benefits.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE SCHEME I

FACADE SCHEME I | Glass Single Skin Facade

FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE SCHEME I

FACADE SCHEME I | Glass Single Skin Facade

REAR ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE SCHEME II

FACADE SCHEME II | Perforated Brick Facade

FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

FACADE SCHEME II

FACADE SCHEME II | Perforated Brick Facade

REAR ELEVATION SCALE 1:100

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE | Ground Floor Steel beam

End plate

Borosilicate glass blocks GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Stiffener

Steel column

D1 : Steel column to steel beam

D2

Concrete slab Welded wire fabric Metal deck

D1 D4

Threaded metal dowel Hang from the steel beam

Glass blocks

Metal plate

D2 : Glass blocks connection detail

Steel Column

Nut and washer

D3

Grout Concrete

Base plate Anchor bolt Anchor nut

D3 : Steel Column to footing connection detail

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE | Fourth floor Bond Beam FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

Steel deck

Cont. plate

D5

Wide plates

D6 Bolt

Bond Beam Grout

D4: OWSJ to masonry connection detail

D7

Wooden plate

Steel column Strap anchor Bracket Wooden truss Steel beam Backer rod & Sealant

D6 : Wooden truss to steel beam detail

D7 : Steel column to masonry connection detail

D5: Roof system

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

REFERENCES

REFERENCES ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://www.next.cc/journey/language/walls Optical Glass House by Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP. (2013, January 28). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www.dezeen.com/2013/01/27/optical-glass-house-by-hiroshi-nakamura-nap/ Masum Shah, Structural Engineer at BD Technology Limited Follow. (2016, January 12). Folded plate structure. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/MasumShah1/folded-plate-structure-56963945 Hybrid Masonry & Steel Structures. (2017, March 06). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://imiweb.org/hybrid-masonry-steel-structures Termitary House / Tropical Space. (2015, February 02). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/594339/termitary-house-tropical-space Hybrid Masonry Construction. (2015, November 12). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://imiweb.org/hybrid-masonry-construction/ Composite construction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction Stacey-Turley Residence / Kariouk. (2013, December 05). Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/455112/stacey-turley-residence-kariouk

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