Bscience report

BUILDING SCIENCE II BLD 61303

PROJECT II INTEGRATION PROJECT COMMUNITY LIBRARY

NAME // AIMUNI KHALIDAH A BAKAR ID NUMBER// 0326074 TUTOR // MR EDWIN

BUILDING SCIENCE II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 2.0 DRAWINGS 3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

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3.1 REQUIRED FORMULA 3.2 SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE 3.3 SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - AVERAGE DF CALCULATION 3.4 SPACE II ; CLASSROOM 3.5 SPACE II; CLASSROOM - AVERAGE DF CALCULATION

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

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4.1. REQUIRED FORMULA 4.2. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE 4.3. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - ROOM INDEX CALCULATION 4.4. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION 4.5. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - PSALI INTEGRATION 4.6. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM 4.7. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM - ROOM INDEX CALCULATION 4.8. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM - LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION 4.9. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM - PSALI INTEGRATION

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

Figure 1.1. Shows the library on the site

Located at coordinate of 3.1474°, 101.6962°, the library is situated in the middle of Medan Pasar surrounded by three to four storeys shop lots with a mid-rise building with the height of 42m (approximately) located directly behind the library.

Figure 1.2. Shows the site plan

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

INTRODUCTION

Shadow simulation at 0900hr, 10th of July 2017

Figure 1.3. Shows shadow simulation at 0900hrs

Due to the tall building located behind the library, the back part will always be shaded at all time.

Shadow simulation at 1200hr, 10th of July 2017

Figure 1.3. Shows shadow simulation at 1200hrs

The sun at 1200 will be directly on top of the library, thus the whole part of the building will be shaded. The lower part of the library, will be particularly dark due to the neighbouring building blocking the sun to penetrate in

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

INTRODUCTION

Shadow simulation at 1800hr, 10th of July 2017

Figure 1.3. Shows shadow simulation at 1800hrs

In general, the front facade will receive the western sun but due to the mid-rise building located in front of the library, only the the topmost floor will receive full penetration of the sunlight at this hour particularly.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DRAWINGS

2.0 DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DRAWINGS

2.0 DRAWINGS

SPACE II CLASS ROOM

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DRAWINGS

2.0 DRAWINGS

SPACE I MULTIPURPOSE STAIR -CASE

THIRD FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DRAWINGS

2.0 DRAWINGS

SCALE 1:200 9

BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES 3.1 REQUIRED FORMULA

Since the beginning of habitable construction, daylighting has been a big factor in the designs of buildings. In definition, daylighting is a practice of placing windows and reflective surfaces so that during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting.

Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies.

Zone

Daylight Factor (%)

Distribution

Very bright

>6

Large (include thermal and glare problem)

Bright

3-6

Good

Average

1-3

Fair

Dark

0-1

Poor

Table 3.1.1 DF and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia. 2007)

Average daylight factor formula;

Average DF = W x T θ A (1 - R)

Where; W; area of the windows (m²) A; total area of the internal surfaces (m²) T; glass transmittance corrected for dirt θ; visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R; the average reflectance of area A The values of these quantities are determined from the given data and W, T and R are corrected by using factors given in the BS Daylight Code and other publications.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES 3.2 SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE

Average DF = W x T θ A (1 - R)

FRONT FACADE

Figure 3.2.1 shows overall and enlarged multipurpose staircase floor plan with dimensions

Figure 3.2.2, shows a section of the multipurpose staircase at 0900hrs

Figure 3.2.3. shows a section of the multipurpose staircase at 1800hrs. Mostly shaded due to sun being blocked by the opposite tall building.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

The daylight simulation shows that the area with the warm colours receive sunlight at all time from 0900 hrs to 1800 hrs, meanwhile the colours gradually change approaching the back part indicating that it receive the least sunlight.

FRONT FACADE Figure 3.2.5. shows daylighting contour at 0900 hrs.

FRONT FACADE Figure 3.2.6. shows daylighting contour at 1800 hrs.

3.3 SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - AVERAGE DF CALCULATION Area of windows (W, m²)

L= 3 H=7.2 W= 3 x 7.2 = 21.6

Total area of internal spaces (A, m²)

Dimension of space I FLOOR, CEILING 2 ((8.5 + 8.9) x 2.85) = 49.59 2 2 SIDE WALLS 2 ((3.2 x 9) + (3.2 x 9) + (9 + 2.1) x 4) = 130.8 2 2

Dimension of the wall of the chosen space

Dimension of the floor plan

FRONT WALL 3 x 7.2 = 21.6 REAR WALL 2.85 x 6.4 = 18.24 TOTAL AREA = 49.59 + 130.8 + 21.6 + 18.24 = 220.23

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T)

0.6 (For double glazed window in clean environment

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of the window (θ)

72 (obstruction of opposite building)

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES Average reflectance of area, A (R)

0.4 (Not all light is reflected back into the space)

Average Daylight Factor

Average DF = W x T θ A (1 - R) = 21.6 x (0.6) (72) 220.23 1 - 0.4 = 0.0981 x 72 = 7.06 %

Conclusion

The multipurpose staircase has a distribution of daylight factor of 7.06%, having higher illumination than recommended by MS 1525. This may cause glare problem to the users, in order to reduce the percentage, shading devices can be implemented on the glass facade.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES 3.4 SPACE II ; CLASSROOM

Average DF = W x T θ A (1 - R)

FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

Figure 3.41 shows overall and enlarged classroom floor plan with dimensions

>FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

Figure 3.4.2. shows a section of the classroom at 0900hrs getting a glimpse of sunlight.

>FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

Figure 3.4.3. shows a section of the classroom at 1800hrs. Due to location of the space located between two buildings, this space does not receive any sunlight in the evening.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

The daylight simulation showing a solid blue colour distributed throughout the whole space. This indicates that the classroom does not receive any daylight at any time of the day.

Figure 3.4.6. shows daylighting contour at 1800 hrs.

Figure 3.4.5. shows daylighting contour at 0900 hrs.

3.5 SPACE II; CLASSROOM- AVERAGE DF CALCULATION Area of windows (W, m²)

L= 2 H= 2 W= 4

Total area of internal spaces (A, m²)

Dimension of space I FLOOR, CEILING 2 (4.6 x 6.7) = 61.64

4600

REAR WALL 3.6 x 4 = 14.4 FRONT WALL 4 x 4 = 16 Dimension of the floor plan

SIDE WALLS (6.7 x 4) + ( 5.8 x 4) = 50 TOTAL AREA = 61.64 + 14.4 + 16 + 50 = 142.04

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T)

0.6 (For double glazed window in clean environment

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of the window (θ)

30 (obstruction of side building)

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES Average reflectance of area, A (R)

0.4 (Not all light is reflected back into the space)

Average Daylight Factor

Average DF = W x T θ A (1 - R) =

4 x (0.6) (30) 142.04 1 - 0.4

= 0.0282 x 30 = 0.85 %

Conclusion

The classroom has a distribution of daylight factor of 0.85 %, having lower illumination than recommended by MS 1525. Due to the tall neighbouring building, the classroom does not receive any sunlight at any time of the day causing to be dark and has poor daylight distribution. Thus, artificial lighting is needed to make the space work.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES 4.1. REQUIRED FORMULA

Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source that is produced by electrical means. Artificial lighting has many different applications and is used both in home and commercially.

Room Index, RI is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working area and luminaire planes.

Room Index, RI = L x W A (L + W) (Hᵐ) Where; RI; Room Index L; Length of the space (m) W; Is the width of the space (m) Hᵐ; Mounted height of fitting above the working plane (m) The lumen method, (also called zonal cavity method), is a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room. The quantity of light reaching a certain surface is usually the main consideration in designing a lighting system. This quantity of light is specified by illuminance measured in lux,and as this level varies across the working plane, an average figure is used.

N=

ExA A F x MF x UF

Where; N; Number of lamps required or illuminance level E; Required lux (lx) A; Area of the working plane height (m²) F; Initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF; Utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF; Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration And dirt.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES 4.2. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE

The multipurpose staircase are designed in a way to encourage users to relax and interact with one another. The space have to be bright at all time to achieve the main objective which to encourage more movements and interactions. Based on the daylighting calculation, multipurpose staircase is able to maintain the brightness throughout the day only by depending on the daylighting.

Artificial lighting is needed to lighten up this area after the sun sets.

Type of lightbulb

LED Pendant Light

Lighting distribution

Direct distribution

Material Fixture

Aluminium casing

Wattage range (W)

26 W

Luminous Flux (lm)

2600 lm

Colour Temperature (K)

3500 K

Colour Designation

Cool White

Table 4.2.1 shows the type of light fixture at the multipurpose staircase

Table 4.2.2. Shows a list of IES standard illumination level

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.3. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimensions of workshop (m²)

L= 9, W= 3

Total Floor Area (m²)

27

Height of ceiling (m)

5.9

Height of luminaires (m)

5.3

Height of working plane (m)

0

Mounting height (H/Hm)

5.3

IES Standard Illumination Level for multipurpose staircase (E)

500 lx

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = L x W A (L + W) (Hᵐ) = 9x3 a (9 + 3)(5.3) = 0.424

4.4. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

500

Area at working plane height (A, m²)

Dimension of multipurpose staircase L = 9, W = 3 9 X 3= 27

Luminous Flux (F)

2600

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.6 (based on UF table)

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8 (standard)

Mounting height (H/Hm)

5.3

Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)

N= ExA A F x MF x UF N= 500 x 27 a (2600) (0.8) (0.6) = 10.2 = 10

Fitting layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax = 1.5 x Hᵐ = 1.5 x 5.3 = 7.95 m Distance between lights is not greater than 7.95m.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

Figure 4.4.1 shows the daylight simulation at 1900hrs.

Figure 4.4.2 shows reflected ceiling plan showing light fixture.

Figure 4.4.3 shows artificial lighting contour analysis after the lights are located.

When the Sun is about to set, the inside part of the multipurpose staircase becomes shaded due to the blockage of surrounding building at the site. To keep the space bright at all time, 10 light fixtures is installed at 1.5m to 2m apart from each other arranged in 2 rows with 5 lights each, controlled by 2-gang switch to illuminate this area when the sun sets.

4.5. SPACE I ; MULTIPURPOSE STAIRCASE - PSALI INTEGRATION Based on lumen method calculation, both rows 1 and 2 are switched off in broad daylight as the light received for this space is solely from the sun. Row 1 is switched on via Switch 1 at 1900hrs onwards (refer figure 4.5.1) as the left side of the multipurpose staircase gets darker after the sun sets.

Meanwhile Row 2 are switched on at 2000hrs to 2200hrs via switch 2 after the sun completely sets (refer figure 4.5.2).

Figure 4.5.1 shows the short section of the multipurpose staircase

Figure 4.5.2 shows the short section of the multipurpose staircase

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES 4.6. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM

The classroom located on the first floor is catered to a specific user group that prefers privacy.

Thus the classroom is very enclosed with a minimal opening and depend solely on artificial at all times. Based on the daylighting simulation conducted previously, this space is particularly shaded due the tall building located next to it that blocks the sun from penetrating into the room.

Type of lightbulb

LED Strip Light

Lighting distribution

Direct distribution

Material Fixture

Aluminium casing

Wattage range (W)

20 W

Luminous Flux (lm/m)

1550 lm

Colour Temperature (K)

4000 K

Colour Designation

Cool White Table 4.6.1 shows the type of light fixture of the classroom

Table 4.6.2. Shows a list of IES standard illumination level

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES 4.7. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM - ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimensions of workshop (m²)

L= 6.7, W= 4.6

Total Floor Area (m²)

30.82

Height of ceiling (m)

3.5

Height of luminaires (m)

3.5

Height of working plane (m)

0.9

Mounting height (H/Hm)

3.5 - 0.9 = 2.6

IES Standard Illumination Level for classsroom (E)

300 lx

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = L x W A (L + W) (Hᵐ) = 6.7 x 4.6 a (6.7 + 4.6)(2.6) = 1.049

4.8. SPACE II ; CLASSROOM - LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

300

Area at working plane height (A, m²)

Dimension of multipurpose staircase L = 6.7, W = 4.6 6.7 x 4.6 = 30.82

Luminous Flux (F)

1550

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.6 (based on UF table)

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8 (standard)

Mounting height (H/Hm)

2.6

Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)

N= ExA A F x MF x UF N = 300 x 30.82 a (1550) (0.8) (0.6) = 12.4 = 12

Fitting layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax = 1.5 x Hᵐ = 1.5 x 2.6 = 3.9 m Distance between lights is not greater than 3.9 m.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

Figure 4.8.1 shows daylight simulation of space II.

Figure 4.8.2 shows reflected ceiling plan showing light fixture.

Figure 4.3.3 shows artificial lighting contour analysis after the light fixtures are located.

In the daylight simulation conducted previously, the lighting contour analysis of the classroom has shown a constant solid blue be it at 0900hrs or 1800hrs. This indicates that this space solely dependant on artificial lights at all time. 12 lights are located at a distant between 1.2m to 1.5m where row 1 and 2 are connected to 2-gang switch (1+2) and row 3 and 4 are connected to another 2-gang switch (3+4). Based on figure 4.3.3 all areas are evenly illuminated with the implementation of LED lighting.

4.9. SPACE I ; STAIRCASE - PSALI INTEGRATION >FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

Figure 4.9.1 shows the light fitting are switched on throughout the day >FIRE ESCAPE EXIT

Though the daylight simulation shows solid blue throughout the day, the small opening located on the corner right side of the room is enough to illuminates the room with the aid of row 3 and 4 are switched on during the daylight (0900hrs to 1600hrs). To maintain the same illuminance of the room, lights at row 1 and 2 are switched on (refer figure 4.9.2) from 1600hrs to 2200hrs.

The classroom is not used in daily basis, thus the lights can be switched off when it is not needed.

Figure 4.9.2 shows the light fitting switched on from 1600hrs onwards.

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