Urpun Acupunture: A dissertation on the Revitalisation of Abandoned Spaces

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Abstract Spaces with higher livability can be produced by the strategic, small scale and quick intervention projects and it has been continuously practiced all over the world as opposed to large-scale revitalisation project. This can be associated with urban acupuncture strategy that generally focuses in maximising the effects on the pinpoint locations and possibly causing the catalytic effect in the urban network. The fundamentals in urban acupuncture theory lies on the specific target on its application and in this exploratory research, the target is the abandoned spaces. This dissertation seeks to reveal the key elements of urban acupuncture application from successful urban acupuncture projects around the world. Case studies from prominent figures in urban acupuncture such Manuel de Sola Morales, Jamie Lerner and Marco Casagrande are used to gain the information needed to achieve the aim of this research. Additional information is also provided in this dissertation from the interview done with urban acupuncture practitioner, Professor Simon Bell. The relevant keys principals of urban acupuncture is presented in respect to the process of revitalisation of abandoned spaces. The findings of this research should also be viewed as a guideline for future urban acupuncture project, using the acupuncture strategy as the tools for revitalisation of abandoned spaces


Keywords: Urban acupuncture, small scale intervention, abandoned spaces, urban voids


Content Abstract Chapter 01 | Introduction

6

Rationale Objective Academic Significance Reading Guide Chapter 02 | Theoretrical Explorations

12

Unpacking Urban Voids Theory of Urban Acupuncture Of potentials and opportunities Chapter 03| Methodology

32

Chapter 04 | Research

34

Learning From Urban Acupuncture in Practice Urban Acupuncture Extended: An Interview Chapter 05| Discussion

62

Chapter 06| Conclusion

70



|Chapter 1

Introduction

U

rban acupuncture claims its name and

energy flow and relieve stress in the human

metaphorical application from ancient

body so the body can function properly (White

medical treatment which can be traced back

and Ernst 2004). This applies the same to a city

to more than 2500 years ago (Deng, et al.

where the energy flow represents the people

2015). The concept of Qi, (flow of energy in the

in the city, their activities and movement. That

body) and Zang-Fu (organs) as practiced in

makes social behaviour as an important factor

chinese traditional medicine in many aspects

that influences the effect of urban acupuncture

can be manifested in urban realm knowledge

(Hernadez 2014).

(Hernadez 2014). The metaphor of city and

This exploratory research study on urban

human body has been established by various

acupuncture is conducted in respect to

figures such as Plato, Vitruvius, Leonardo

abandoned spaces that can be found in the

da Vinci as well as modernist architect, Le

urban environment. It also looked into the origin

Corbusier (Hernadez 2014). Urban tissues

of urban acupuncture theory as presented by

city’s lungs, heart and arteries comprises the

three urban designers who are also pioneers

urban planning terminology that was formed

of the theory. The knowledge of urban

by comparing fragments of the city with the

acupuncture then be fulfilled in the context of

organs of human’s anatomy (Hernadez 2014)

revitalizing abandoned urban spaces and the

The purpose of acupuncture is to balance the

whole urban fabric.

Urban Acupuncture |Introductions

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|Chapter 1

Figure 1: Urban acupuncture strategy involves precise intervention on pinpoint location

Rationale Urban planning strategy frequently focuses on

to create new project, urban planners and

regeneration of urban areas and its common

designers has to work with existing urban

practice is large scale urban renewal. The

condition. According to Hernandez and

approach is proven to be successful but in

Casanova (2011), the topic of public space

this present urban environment, precision and

acupuncture is important to many European

intensity of the acupuncture project will guide

cities. The economic recession especially in

the revitalization project to a positive extremity.

construction sector forces the municipality

The elements from an urban acupuncture

to reduce the spending on major public

strategy might initiate civic engagement and

works (Casanova and Hernandez 2011). This

adopt problems that may have been overlooked

scenario has instigate the urgency to find low

in bigger scale projects. In fast changing urban

cost, temporary strategies that are effective to

settings when it is becoming more difficult

produce positive impacts on urban habitat.

Urban Acupuncture |Introductions |

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|Chapter 1

Objectives

betterment of future society and economy.

The main objective of this dissertation is to

The underused and deteriorating spaces also

establish better knowledge in about the theory

have the potential to re reshape the urban core

of urban acupuncture and acknowledge its

so it can attract people within city’s periphery

capability to create a positive ripple effect to

and counteract sprawl and suburbanisation

regenerate abandoned spaces. The aim is

(Tiesdell and Camona 2007).

also to identify different types of abandoned

spaces are in need of a restructure so they can

spaces and as the pinpoint location for urban

continue to connect with other elements in

acupuncture projects. This dissertation should

within an urban fabric (Tiesdell and Camona

also be seen as a quest to break down the

2007). The designers for urban redevelopment

theory of urban acupuncture and create better

have

understanding it by reflecting on its principles

creatively infill and rediscover many hidden

on distressed urban regions

resources in the city (Tiesdell and Camona

the

tremendous

Abandoned

opportunities

to

2007). Therefore, this research can also be seen as an attempt to identify different types of abandoned spaces and hoped that it can be

Academic Significance

useful to the early stages of urban regeneration

There are potentials confined in abandoned

of those areas.

urban space that can be harnessed for the

Urban Acupuncture |Introductions|

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|Chapter 1

Academically, many researches has been done on this topic however the theory itself has not been explicitly described in systematic way. Jekaterina Balicka mentioned in her Blue Health project podcast in 2016, the research in urban acupuncture is not widely developed which is why she consider that urban acupuncture is still in ‘baby phase’. Without proper guideline, it is challenging to implement this theory in real life project (Balicka 2016). The findings on urban acupuncture in this dissertation intends to simplify the theory for large majority so that the theory urban acupuncture is more coherent further research or implementation.

Urban Acupuncture |Introductions |

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Reading Guide

The first chapter is an introduction of the

about the interventions of opportunities and

research approach and it starts by establishing

unfilled potential in an urban realm.

the research structure of this dissertation. By clarifying the rationale, main objectives and

Chapter

three

describes

the

research

significance of the study, this chapter intends

methodology that is conducted in an attempt

to explain the gist of urban acupuncture and

to solve the main research question. This

the importance of this practice in present time.

chapter will cover the discussion of 3 case studies of urban acupuncture projects and

Chapter two begins with the discussion of the

research conducted by important names

concept and theory abandoned spaces. The

in urban acupuncture projects. A primary

latter part of this chapter is the exploration of the

interview is also included as another research

theory of urban acupuncture. In this chapter the

methodology

readers can draw a connection between urban acupuncture strategy and abandoned spaces,

10


This chapter explores the case studies chosen

previous chapter. The identified components

to investigate further in the topic of abandoned

will be further discussed in the context of

spaces and urban acupuncture. The case

abandoned spaces in an urban fabric. This

studies are relevant to the history and condition

chapter also present the combinations of

of the sites, the idea behind the strategies, the

urban acupuncture principles to be applied to

cultural and socio-economic effects of the

different types of abandoned spaces.

project. By the end of the chapter, the important principles in urban acupuncture application for

The final chapter will summarise this dissertation

specific urban condition become clearer. The

from research to findings. This chapter includes

readers can also observe the parallel grounds

the reflections on the limitations of research

of urban acupuncture applied in 3 different

methodologies and recommendations for

projects.

future research in this particular subject.

Chapter 5 utilised the inputs gained from case study analysis and interviews as explained in

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|Chapter 2

Theoretrical Explorations

Re-packing Urban Voids

According to Roger Trancik in 1986’s Finding

These spaces have conflicted identity because

Lost Spaces, lost spaces can be viewed as

it belongs neither in the realm of public nor

cracks that are disrupting the spaces in urban

private space. This condition confiscate the

fabric. The leftover unstructured landscape at

functions and identities of the places which

the base of high rise towers, the sunken plaza

cause it to be forgotten and unfitting to

away from the people’s activities in the city,

interact with society (Pluta 2017). However,

unmaintained freeways, deteriorating parks

for urbanists and designers these spaces are

and abandoned waterfront, and industrial

always seen as a state of interstice, waiting for

sites are common examples of lost spaces or

opportunities to be reactivated(Trancik 1986).

urban voids that exist in an urban environment (Trancik 1986).

“urban voids re desirable urban areas that are in need of redesign making to positive contribution to the surrounding they are ill-defined, without measurable boundaries and fail to connect elements in coherent way.” (Trancik 1986, 3-4).

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

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|Chapter 2

"In traditional city three principal types of urban solids have evolved: (A) Public monuments and institutions (B)The predominant field of urban blocks (C) Edge-defining buildings There are five main types of urban voids that perform various functions in the exterior space of the city: (D) Entry foyers that act as passageways between private and public space (E) Inner block voids are semi-private transition zones; (F)The network of streets and squares corresponds to the predominant field of blocks and contains the active public life of the city; (G) Parks and gardens are nodes that contrast with architectural urban forms, while linear open space systems (H) Natural features such as riverways, waterfronts, and wetlands, cut through urban districts to establish edges and create larger scale connections" (Trancik 1984, 102)

Figure 2: The types of urban solids and voids according to Trancik (1984)

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

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Trancik (1986) convinced that filling the gap

Agata Pluta in his published article Urban

of urban voids is as important as the creation

Void as a Potential of the Contemporary

of urban mass. These spaces has the has

City Development in 2017 believes that the

potential to ensure visual and functional

concept of urban voids has many layers of

continuities thus forming an urban realm

context and the perception of the theory also

where architecture and external space are

evolves over time. He revised Trancik’s theory

inextricably connected (Pluta 2017).

by stating that not all spaces without building

He expanded his theory on urban voids

is abandoned. Pluta (2017) adds that public

by classifying the spaces into categories

squares and streets are deliberately designed

according to the extent of openness and

to intersect with urban tissue. Even though the

enclosure of the city’s urban tissues which are

public square is empty, it is not abandoned

the inner-block voids, inner foyers, networks

or deprived (Pluta 2017). The squares are

of streets and squares, parks and gardens

designed to satisfy its function for the people,

and linear open space system (Trancik 1986).

therefore it is not considered as urban voids but rather as an urban interior that can be

He expanded his theory on urban voids

found in urban tissue (Pluta 2017).

by classifying the spaces into categories according to the extent of openness and

Pluta further classifies the type urban voids

enclosure of the city’s urban tissues which are

based on the three factors of ‘emptiness’

the inner-block voids, inner foyers, networks

which are the planning voids, functional voids

of streets and squares, parks and gardens

and geographical voids.

and linear open space system (Trancik 1986).

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Planning Voids

Functional Voids

Geographical Voids

Characterised by context and history

Defunct Spaces

Leftover spaces due to geographical features; e.g. rivers, valley etc

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

Source: Tokyo Void

Source: WebUrbanist

Source: River Remediation and Urban Development Scheme


|Chapter 2

Road widening

Urban fissures Figure 3: Front cover of the literature where the termn SLOAP was first used, illustrate the 'cut-and-fill' method of construction for sloping sites

Interuption of old fabric

Gaps between urban fabric and infrastructure

Figure 4: Exemplar situation that cause SLOAP in urban planning

Pluta describes the planning voids as the

used to describe a range of useless spaces

emptiness caused by in inefficient and flawed

left-over in site planning (Kinoshita 2009). The

planning process. They are created due to

housing planning approach tends to leave the

planning and lack of understanding of the

sloping areas unutilised. Those spaces have no

urban tissue (Pluta 2017). Planning voids can be

soul and slowly losing their relationship to its

further explained by associating it with Space

surrounding building which nobody appears to

Leftover After Planning (S.L.O.A.P) which

own (Kinoshita 2009). Example of SLOAP that

was initially referred to the cut and fill method

exists in urban fabric is the leftover vacant plots

in construction of housing development

lies located between the roads, houses and

(Kinoshita 2009). The acronym was then later

factories.

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|Chapter 2

Figure 5: Edensor (2005) contest the notion of completely changing the value the ruins by celebrating its the opportunities to run new form of alternative public life

Figure 6: Edensor (2005) appreciate the use of the ruination as shelter for homeless people, venue for impromptu rave, space for play and artistic expression and emergent habitats for plant and animals

Second factor is the functional voids. This type

which Tim Edensor describes as the creation

of voids are lost, empty spaces in the city. When

of voids in the aftermath of industrialisation

the spaces are not used as they were originally

age within densely populated area in the city

designed, they eventually become defunct and

(Edensor 2005). During the industrialisation

neglected (Pluta 2017). Functional voids is are

period, buildings were planned out to efficiently

often restricted by legal aspects for example

accommodate mass production to the point

the adjacent areas and the buildings are under

that the aesthetic is no longer important. The

litigations or owned by the authority which

production age however was momentary and

makes the process repositioning its functions

the abundance of industrial buildings were

would have to go through a complicated

abandoned and left to deteriorate (Edensor

bureaucratic process (Pluta 2017). Functional

2005).

voids share similar attributes with industrial ruins Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

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|Chapter 2

Figure 7: Houtan Park, Shanghai. According to Timur (2013), Urban Riverfront Regeneration is the intersection between different aspects of urban life. The river represents a community heritage and its riverfront demonstrates a great potential for becoming a central axis in a new and articulated public space.

Another factor is geographical voids. The

aquatic and terrestrial settings (Timur 2013).

places are geographical features in the city like

Historically, waterfront played an important

rivers, hills, valleys, etc.). Geographical voids

role for transportation and trade which over

is formed due to the inability of city planners

the course of time lost its function to rapid

to respond well to these geo-features hence

economic activities and industrialisation. The

rendering the space useless

(Pluta 2017).

interest for waterfront regeneration nowadays

Waterfront is an example of geographical voids

is to revitalise economy along water side spaces

in edge environment. The waterfront which is

and places. It can maximise urban quality,

often linked to maritime history of a city belongs

contributing in preserving heritage culture and

to a complex existence, interfaced between

re-create urban connections. (Babalis 2017)

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

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|Chapter 2

"...'Urban Voids' can be defined as follows, "Unutilized, under-utilized or abandoned land or areas and premises which exist in urban areas due to outdated of defunct uses" (Perera 1994, 130).

Urban voids is also given another definition by

of surrounding areas and public health and

Perera (1994) as an unutilised, under-utilised

wellbeing (Ordway 2018). To avoid those

or abandoned land or area and premise which

impacts it is important to have the profound

exists in urban areas due to outdated of defunct

knowledge regarding abandoned spaces to

uses. From the definition, abandoned spaces

determine the proper applicable intervention.

is regarded as an extension of urban void. This

Abandoned spaces are highly adaptive which

term is relevant in allowing emphasis regarding

means that it can act as a mediator of existing

its own subject within the discussion of urban

built environment and something that has yet

voids theory. Urban abandoned spaces in this

to be developed. (Pluta 2017). Abandoned

dissertation could also refers to neglected,

spaces are in the advantage for dynamic

derelict, defunct or deteriorated spaces.

development of the cities, thus it should be used for spontaneous projects of revitalisations

As clarified above, the revitalization of

(Pluta 2017). There are various spontaneous

abandoned spaces are related with strong and

ways to make these places more functional and

balance interventions on the place (Pluta 2017).

habitable. Most importantly, these voids should

Without proper actions, the condition of the

have its own identity and be contained in both

places will continue to deteriorate and further

private and public realm so that the users find

have negative impacts on social qualities for

themselves as a part of it thus creating a sense

example in crime behaviour, property values

of belonging.

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Abandoned Spaces

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|Chapter 2

The Theory of Urban Acupuncture The theory of urban acupuncture was first

that the term urban acupuncture in Sola

brought to public by British architect and

Morales’ context is an attempt to create small

critic Kenneth Frampton in his 7 Points for

scale, catalytic interventions with the realisable

the Millennium manifesto at the 1999’s UIA

effects within a relatively short period of

conference in Beijing (Frampton, 2000). In the

time. The project is also capable of achieving

speech he cited the work of Manuel de Sola

maximum impact to immediate surroundings

Morales for the Barcelona regeneration project

(Frampton, 2000).

in early 1980’s as an urban acupuncture project (Frampton, 2000). Frampton further explains

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Urban Acupuncture

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Urban acupuncture diagram from Urban Ecosytem Design Lab

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“…the location of the sensitive points is the first step in the strategic treatment of the urban skin. It is dexterity in the identification of the spots and the channels of influence in the fabric that enable us to add new qualities, adequate energy, whether cold or hot, and to empower urbanity in its various modes. (Morales, 2008, p. 24)”

Layers of the city The term urban acupuncture was later

specific point on it have will the capacity in

elaborated

changing everything connected to it (M. d.

by

Spanish

architect,

urban

planner and theorist Manuel de Sola Morales

Morales 2008).

himself in his literature, A Matter of Things

The determination of sensitive points is the

in 2008. He examined the aspects of Urban

first step in a strategic treatment and he would

Acupuncture within the urban context such

choose the precise location where there is

as the materiality as well as the physical and

little energy in the specific part of the city’s

philosophical elements in it. Morales’ point of

skin (M. d. Morales 2008). Sola Morales’ work

view in Urban Acupuncture concentrates on

is also driven by stimulating urbanism through

the physical nature of the urban skins, how it

small interventions which resulted in maximum

is perceived as resilient and sensitive part on

effect and in order to achieve that goal, the

the urban fabric. The urban skins, similar as

precise alteration of the fragments on the city

biological epidermis can be injured, scarred,

is needed (M. d. Morales 2008).

altered of even broken but in time, it recovers (M. d. Morales 2008). Morales describes that

By viewing the city as the skins as explained

the urban skins comprises of construction,

by Morales, one can begin to understand

textures and the contrast that connect the city

the aspect that the city contains layers of

and our body, which also what he considers

interdependent networks, which are constantly

as the representation of urban experience (M.

evolving and connecting to each other. Thus,

d. Morales 2008). He claims that if needed,

the city needs subtle alterations, to build or

urban skins and textures can be treated with

work on existing build environment without

acupuncture therapy. The modification of one

causing additional damage of deterioration.

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Figure 8: The Laboratoria de Urbanismo de Barcelona is the contribution Morales and is a relevant baseline for Morales' theoretical thinking. The figure illustrate Barcelona and its forms of urban growth. The city is explained in terms of: self-built areas, garden cities, old town, suburban growth, new town extension, housing estates, etc.

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Urban Acupuncture

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|Chapter 2

"The notion of restoring the vital signs of an ailing spot with simple healing touch has everything to do with revitalising not only that specific place but also the entire area that surrounds it (Lerner 2014, 1).”

Manipulation of urban catalysts

Brazilian architect, urbanist and the mayor of

pinpoint intervention, the project or action that

Curitiba, Jamie Lerner also shared the same

can sparks the current that can begin to spread

thought regarding the needs for alternative

(Lerner 2014).

strategies for urban renewal as mentioned by Frampton in his manifesto. Lerner expressed

His view on urban acupuncture is broad and

his visions of urban acupuncture and his way of

applicable to various urban scenarios but at

practicing urban acupuncture in Acupunctura

the same time he also draws the simplicity

Urbana, in 2014. Compared to Manuel de

within the theory itself. For example, he simply

Sola Morales, Lerner’s approach to urban

describes any transformations that can gained

acupuncture is more people-oriented, most-

maximum

likely because of his background as a mayor of

corporations by the society is the example of

the city.

good and true acupuncture (Lerner 2014). He

Lerner’s idea of urban acupuncture also

believes that urban acupuncture has the ability

originated from alternative medical practice,

to revitalise problematic areas and turn it into a

urban acupuncture.

better place for the community (Lerner 2014).

interaction,

participation

“Lerner believed that the city needs the fast

Urban Acupuncture |Theoretrical Explorations|Urban Acupuncture

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and


|Chapter 2

Lerner also believes that every problem in a city

the embodiment of life, work and movement and if

have its own equation of co-responsibility and

the casques of the turtle is separated in parts, it will

design. He compares the city with a turtle because

die (Lerner 2007). Similarly for city, the elements of

according to him, turtle is symbolises the activities

living of working cannot be separated because it is

of working and living together which show the best

needed to establish an integration of compatible

example of equality of life (Lerner 2007). Turtle is

urban functions for the city. (Lerner 2007)

Figure 9: Lerner's metaphor of the city and a turtle

Even though Lerner’s idea to improve the city

are education and mobility (Lerner 2014). By

via urban acupuncture is a general concept,

manipulating the quality from both pressure

in his projects he consistently prioritise

points, Lerner manage to design or treat the

some important elements

within his urban

city with a holistic approach. Educating city’s

acupuncture practice. He believes that there

fresh mind will initiate change for the future

are two pressure points that act as catalysts

as well as in the long run, improving the city’s

in regeneration process of the city, which

mobility.

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|Chapter 2

Figure 10: Casagrande's diagram on organic acupuncture in Taipei

Manipulation of urban catalysts Urban acupuncture theory has been revised

is creating a connection between life-providing

and is given a new dimension by Finnish

system of nature and collective urban built

architect, bio-urbanist and environmental artist

environment (Casagrandre 2006).

Marco Casagrande. Casagrande combined

His works are primarily related to illegal and

the sustainable and organic urban design with

instable settlements that are in danger of

Chinese medical theory of acupuncture, which

demolition, for example the Treasure Hills. He

gives urban acupuncture a new understanding

believes that these places has core energies

. He views the city as an organic system and

that needs to be directed in positive ways so that

same as Lerner, he also believes that the

it can contribute to the society (Casagrande

societal participation is important in urban

2015).

acupuncture. The core of Casagrande’s idea e

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|Chapter 2

“...like turning over the compost that has been the smelly part of the farm just to become the most fertile top soil, I was careful to manipulate hidden energy flows and the small elements that I introduced to Treasure Hill can be compared to the needles in acupuncture.” (Casagrandre, 2006, p. 3)

Another focus on Casagrande’s theory is that he uses natural environment as a strategy to

It is believed that compared to other theorists,

counteract the negative impact that industrial

Casagrande’s

city it brings to the locality (Casagrande 2015).

essential approach in revitalising problematic

Many of his work in the Ruin Academy are based

areas. He chooses to focus on site-specific

on the incorporation of the natural environment

condition that are severely degraded. His

into specific areas and aims to connect people

urban acupuncture practice and the aim of

back nature by turning the industrial city

this dissertation shares similar groundwork in

towards an organic machine (Casagrande

terms of preferred site for revitalisation, which

2014). Architecture and environment are apt to

are abandoned spaces and the process of re-

produce acupuncture needles. Casagrande’s

scaling those spaces back to focus on human

work on Treasure Hill will be further explained

scale.

work

highlights

the

most

in next chapter of this dissertation.

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|Chapter 2

Of Potentials and Oppotunities The first segment of this theoretical study is

benefit the cities if it is handled accurately. One

the general discussion of urban voids between

of many ways is by using urban acupuncture as

two literatures from two different periods

a tool to unearth its potential.

of time. The present perception of urban

All three pioneers above have different

void is slightly different than it was before,

perceptions

mainly due to the nature of urban cities that is

acupuncture. This is because they have different

constantly changing and evolving over time.

sets of priorities framing each foundations of

The classification of three types of urban voids,

the theory thus having the unique goals for the

planning, functional and geographical voids are

projects. Manuel de Sola Morales seek the

important to the discussion because it portrays

perfect locations for the therapy that can better

the unique characteristic of the voids in terms

affect the whole interdependent system. Jamie

of socio-economic, political and historical

Lerner focuses more on social strategy related

views. After exploring the philosophy behind

to people’s participation that will affect the

abandoned spaces and urban acupuncture

making of urban acupuncture. Finally, Marco

in detail, the possibility to unite both subjects

Casagrande

become more apparent. Urban voids or its

the hidden energy within the organism for

extension, abandoned spaces in many cases

sustainable built environment.

of

the

concept

concentrates

on

of

urban

redirecting

are considered as hidden potential that can

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|Chapter 2

Despite of these differences, they still share the

initially deduced that the urban acupuncture is

most basic concept by linking their theory of

an effective tool to be applied to abandoned

urban acupuncture with medical acupuncture.

spaces. By combining their views on the

In general, they all agree to the same purpose

theory and utilising them as the foundation of

of creating better city by applying small scale

the future abandoned spaces revitalisation,

intervention to a precise and strategic location.

it is believed that the project will not only be

The intervention will be followed with the

capable in filling the voids within urban fabric

amplification of positive energies and possible

but also provide urban open spaces that are

ripple effects in entire city ecosystem.

economically, socially and environmentally

From

the

theoretical

study

of

urban

valuable to the city.

acupuncture from all three theorists, it can be

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After understanding the potential of abandoned

1. What is the potential of lost abandoned

spaces and opportunities offered through the

space and the importance of its revitalization to

concept of urban acupuncture, this topic is

the city?

becoming more inquisitive, thus leading to a

2. What is the vision upon the theory of urban

main research question. The research question

acupuncture according to the pioneers?

that needs to be answered in this dissertation is

3. What are the underlying principles of urban

how urban acupuncture can be applied to the

acupuncture?

process of revitalization of abandoned urban

4. What are the benefits and challenges that

spaces?

exist in order to apply urban acupuncture in

To answer this question accurately, there are

order to revitalize and urban area?

a sub-questions that is leading to the main

5. How has the urban acupuncture principles

research question and need to be resolve

been applied to abandoned spaces to generate

separately.

their transformations?

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"How urban acupuncture can be applied to the process of revitalization of abandoned urban spaces?"

31


|Chapter 3

Methodology

To achieve the goal of this dissertation, a set of

all of the projects selected are focused on the

methodology has been outlined to thoroughly

revitalisation of abandoned spaces.

gain information about the topic of urban abandoned spaces and urban acupuncture.

The underlying aspects for exploring the

The methodology is case studies. The case

case studies has been structured to fully

studies chosen are a case study of in Barcelona,

comprehend the aim, the core ideas and the

Spain by Manuel de Sola Morales, Curitiba,

effect of the project to the society. The outline

Brazil by Jamie Lerner and Taipei, Taiwan by

has been divided into four criteria which are the

Marco Casagrande. The projects chosen in the

background, vision, the issues embraced by

case studies are completed by the prominent

the space, tools for the solutions which is the

theorist in urban acupuncture, therefore it is

acupuncture and transformation of the spaces

appealing to trace the origin of the project and

after intervention process.

discover the trigger points that brings them to

By breaking down the case studies to smaller

the ideas behind urban acupuncture.

focus points, this allows the research to be

Secondly, the location of the projects which are

conducted in a comparative analysis on every

in Europe, Latin America and Asia proved that

criteria in all case studies. Different ways of

the application for theory of urban acupuncture

practicing urban acupuncture are evaluated

does not have geographical limitations. It

to identify the elements of parallelism in

also shows the variety of approach taken by

urban acupuncture principle. The purpose is

urbanists to adapt to cultural, socio-economic

to reveal the prominent principles that can be

and political influences of the particular country.

the contributing factor to the success of all

To maintain the relevance of this dissertation,

mentioned projects.

Urban Acupuncture |Methodology|

32


|Chapter 3

This dissertation benefits from an interview conducted practitioner,

with

an

Professor

urban Simon

based on his experience in urban acupuncture.

acupuncture Bell

who

The findings from comparative case studies

was involved in regeneration waterfront in

are then merged with inputs from the interview

Annekanal, Tartu. He is a forester-turned-

with Professor Bell to establish stronger

landscape architect with major interest in

characteristics and core principals of urban

planning and designs, forest landscape

acupuncture. The principals that appeared

aesthetics, outdoor recreation and urban

and proven to thrive in urban acupuncture

forestry. Professor Bell is currently active in

projects were not explicitly explained by those

Blue Health project, investigating whether

architects in case studies but can be learnt by

the implementation of blue infrastructure can

comparing their urban acupuncture projects

affect public health and prevent diseases.

and information from the interviewee. At this

The qualitative interview was conducted as

stage, the results from this research does not

opposed to quantitative interview and was

only create better understanding of urban

organised in a semi-structured format. This

acupuncture but can also be used as an early

kind of interview provides a chance to obtain

stage guidelines for designers and further

more information about the concept as well

urban acupuncture projects.

as about his personal opinions and reflections

Urban Acupuncture |Methodology|

33


Learning from the Practice of

Urban Acupuncture


Moll de La Fusta, Barcelona, Spain Case type: Intervention of small spaces Architect: Manuel de Sola Morales Year: 1981-1987

Source: Bing Map


|Chapter 4

Figure 11: Arial view of Moll de La Fusta

Background

environment and its spatial quality (Busquets

Major rehabilitation program in Barcelona

2005).

was conducted not long after the end of its

Urban system intervention is the planning

dictatorship ruling in 1970’s (Calavita 2000).

proposed by Manuel de Sola Morales after

Observing the difficulties to form a quality of

he received the commissions of Barcelona’s

modern planning method in the reconstruction

urban renewal and was celebrated as new type

other post-war cities, it became more

of urban planning (Busquets 2005). A master

necessary for Barcelona to improve on it by

plan that assembles all contents of innovative

means of system intervention (Busquets 2005).

planning. The initial interventions aim to

The previous planning method had numerous

improve the city image, create better public

flaws and proved that in the case of Barcelona,

transport system and reactivating neglected

master plans are unable to solve the local

or unoccupied interstitial spaces. This strategy

problems in much smaller scale (Busquets

was also programmed to prepare the city to

2005). The interventions however have the

organize a mega-event, the Olympic Games

capability to appreciate the complexity of urban

1992 (Busquets 2005)

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

36


|Chapter 4

Figure 12: Moll de La Fusta before urban renewal

Figure 13: Moll de La Fusta on Olympic '92

The Issue

of spaces and their values especially between

Moll de Fusta is the first project in the sequential

the residentials at the core of the city and the

that was executed in the master plan and the

coast (Pacarisa 2014). Before the renewal

first seafront regeneration project in Barcelona.

project was carried out, these spaces are

In relation to the scale of the master plan, Moll

were difficult to manage and as a result

de la Fusta project is relatively small, however it

they deteriorated (Clos 2017). It was just an

marks the beginning of the urban transition of

obsolete area without any recreational quality

coastline which has always been subjugated

(Clos 2017). This space is was an obstacle that

by hard edge of the aquatic ring road (Pacarisa

hinders smooth movement of the community

2014). There was apparent lack of connection

from city centre to the coast (Pacarisa 2014).

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

37


Figure 14: The Ronda Literal ring road. The new system of access was based on the construction of coastal ring road

The Vision The vision for the city is to form a strong socioeconomic reconfiguration to improve the connection between the people and two major identities which are the historic city centre and the coast. The development of Moll de La Fusta means to drive people to appreciate the outdoor space. These network of urban regeneration projects are also done as preparation to become a city that can succesfully host the Olympic Games in 1992(Montaner, 2010)

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

38


Figure 15: Sectional diagram of regeneration of Moll de La Fusta

Tools (Acupuncture)

redefined the image to the city after the

The project began in 1981 when Morales cleared

transformation of an urban promenade which

out a long stretch of condensed palm plants by

can be classified into two, the esplanade close

the waterfront to attain an open space out of it.

to the shore and the elevated part with car parks

The space then became an outdoor museum

and cafĂŠs (Pacarisa 2014). The pedestrian and

when sculptors such as Franciso Lopez, Robert

traffic still share the same wharf but the function

Llimos and Roy Lichtenstein started to inhabit

is separated, leaving uninterrupted traffic flows

the space with their artwork. (Kent 2002).

at the lower part which improved the travelling

This early intervention managed to claim back

experience along Ronda del Litoral through

seafront and beaches at the same time offering

the views of the sea (Pacarisa 2014). For the

livable and engaging public space.

pedestrian promenade, the presence of the

In 1983, Morales modify used old timber

beach has become more prominent than ever

wharf by constructing it to become two level

with new-found features for example the

platform. The top level is for the pedestrian

spaces for contemplation and recreational

access and lower level is allocated for traffic

activities that never existed before. Both level

and underground parking (Busquets 2005).

of promenades enriched the people's visual

This hierarchy of social activities allows smooth

and physical connection to the sea (Pacarisa

transition of people’s movement between

2014).

historic city to residential and the coast. He Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

39


Transformation The chosen pressure point, Moll de la Fusta was a precise location for an intervention. Even though the site of the Moll de la Fusta was abandoned but it was still in contact with the urban realm, making it possible for the community and society to act as the meridians for the change in urban scale. This intervention proved to be successful when the clarity of the project led to an introduction of long distance traffic that runs across suburban Barcelona’s perimeter and enabling large scale reorganisation of the port (Busquets 2005).

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |


Figure: The vibrant atmosphere of Moll de la Fusta


Opera de Areme in Pedreiras Park Curitiba, Brazil Case type: Transformation of Industrial Sites Urban Planner: Jamie Lerner Architect: Dominages Bongestabs Year: 1992-1993

Source: Bing Map


Figure 16: Opera de Areme sits on the artificial lake that was designed as flood prevention strategy

Background

undergone major restoration which led to

Embracing the uniqueness that every city

the construction of Opera de Arame on the

possess its own design quality, Jamie Lerner

site (Lerner 2014). Frequent occurrence of

succeeded in transforming abandoned and

flooding and the increase of ‘shanty towns’

neglected sites into one of Curitiba’s important

are the great challenges faced by the urban

public space (Lerner 2014). Once a derelict

planner and designer in Curitiba (ICLEI 2002).

quarry site, Pedreiras Park has had undergone

The geographical condition, the construction

major restoration which led to the construction

of dwellings and commercial buildings along

of Opera de Arame on the site (Lerner 2014).

the river streams are the main factors of the flood. (Baro 2016). Like many cities in Brazil,

The Issue

the industrial sites in Curitiba also became

Embracing the uniqueness that every city

the target of illegal occupation in the forms of

possess its own design quality, Jamie Lerner

‘shanty towns’ (ICLEI 2002). This structure of

succeeded

abandoned

land utilisation is problematic as it can disrupt

and neglected sites into one of Curitiba’s

local ecosystem. It also shows the sign that

important public space (Lerner 2014). Once

the city is needing more green space around

a derelict quarry site, Pedreiras Park has had

(ICLEI 2002).

in

transforming

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

43


Figure 17: Opera de Arame is also known as White Opera House

Vision The revitalisation project for Pedreiras Park aims to illustrate that a derelict land can be renovated into an attraction, creating more sustainable public spaces, protecting the ecological system and functioning as flood prevention strategy (Baro 2016). By active participation from the community, the most important aspect of this project is to instil more understanding and appreciation towards natural environment (Lerner 2014). It is also to educate people in the subject of urban recycling by turning the blighted urban regions into a refreshed civic space.

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

44


Figure 18&19: Details of the structure of Opera de Arame

Tools (Acupuncture)

city level (ICLEI 2002). Different to Barcelona

Flooding and ‘shanty towns’ problems in

where primary focus was given to both hard

Curitiba were able to solve through the design

and soft landscape of public spaces, Curitiba’s

of parklands (Lerner 2014). For example, Park

main attention was about greening the city to

Pedreiras was designed with lake as a solution

counter its problem

of water management and flood prevention

The urban acupuncture project that intends

control in Curitiba (Baro 2016). Realising

to be discussed here is Opera de Arame, a

that the city need more green space, Lerner

theatre built in Pedreiras Park as venue for an

starts a campaign to encourage people to

international theatre festival. This building sits

plant and water the trees along city streets.

by the man-made lake and is accessible by

The campaign aims to educate the people to

crossing a footbridge over the lake (Lublow

appreciate natural environment at an intimate

2007).

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

45


Tools (Acupuncture) From the designer, this open theatre only took 60 days to be completed and fully functional (Lerner 2014). The reason for a fast-paced construction is because they only use single elements of materiality as the structure of this building which is the tubular white steel and glazed roof (Lublow 2007). The assembly of steel and glazing makes this building more lightweight therefore reducing the workforce needed for construction. The light structure allows visitor to immerse in the surrounding nature which is the lake and woodlands. Within this sustainable wire, Opera de Areme has accommodated many important cultural events that attracts the locals and tourists alike (Lerner 2014).

Figure 20: Interior of Opera de Arame

46


Transformation The design realisation for this project addresses the concept of

buildings and

nature merging together and simultaneously exploring a different dimension of reusing lands. The transformation of Park Pedreiras symbolised the change in city planning approach of abstract functionalist to a more socially aimed projects that improve urban life and integrated projects network. (Carranza and Lara 2015)

47


Treasure Hills, Taipei, Taiwan Case type: Old Settlement Intervention Architect: Marco Casagrande Year: 2003 Source: Bing Map


Figure 21: Different layers of dwellings in Treasure Hill

Background During his first visit to Taipei in 2002, architect Marco Casagrande stated that he felt close to the humanistic energies of the city of Taipei at the same time questioning the inconsistency of those energies (Casagrandre 2006). The experience of reading official data map was completely different than walking down the street himself (Casagrande 2015). A year later he proceeded for a quest to study human or organic layer of the city and the possible ways to respond to it by means of urban planning in Taipei. That was when Casagrande discovered the Treasure Hill, an urban farming community owned by senior citizens of Kuomintang, veterans and illegal migrants (Casagrande 2015). Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

49


Figure 22: Casagrande sketch about his intervention in Treasure Hill

The Issues

and their farms were turned into lawns.

The authority treated Treasure Hill as an illegal

Casagrande saw the ruins of the place through

settlement. They started to demolish the first

the discarded furniture, altars, photo albums,

two layers of the dwellings on the hillside leaving

abandoned houses and spreading the illegal

only the higher houses up on the hill that are

small garden by the rivers (Casagrande 2015).

inaccessible by the bulldozers (Casagrande

From an adverse image of the place, Casagrande

2015). The remaining houses organically built

feels that the human energy in Treasure Hill was

the new settlement for the community and

strong and it was still there, but at the time the

once again, the authority choses to demolish

energy was pressured to go the wrong path

the pathways and steps that circulate between

(Casagrande 2015)

houses (Casagrande 2015). All the residents were repositioned to the modern apartments

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

50


Figure 23: Fast solution to revive the circulation

Figure 24: Simple construction allows the residents and students to participate in hands-on activities

Vision

Tool (Acupuncture)

He sensed the responsibility as an urbanist

Casagrande noticed that the places has no

to formulate a solution to turn the negative

proper waste disposal management and the

energy towards a construction. According to

villagers are growing their own foods. The first

Casagrande (2015), Treasure Hill surfaces

step was to consistently clear out the waste

various possibilities of sustainable urban

from hill down the streets. After a few days,

living in the future. He adds that this place is

people started to pick up his routine and begin

like an attic of a house. Treasure Hill is the

to clean for themselves too (Casagrande

subconscious space of a house’s memory

2015). Casagrande who later got the support

thus considered as the attic of Taipei. It holds

from university students and local architects

the connection of man and nature when

manage to keep the village garbage-free.

human nature became part of the nature.

He then continued to re-build staircases to

(Casagrande 2015).

reconnect the remaining stairway that survived the bulldozers wreck

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

51


Figure 25: A seat built by the residents. Ruin is when man-made has become part of nature.

Figure 26: An abandoned bath-tub acting as a rainwater collector in Treasure Hill.

Tool (Acupuncture)

restarted the farm, which was always the heart

By doing this he can keep the continuity of the

of the Hill (Casagrande 2015). Casagrande

place, allowing easy access for the people via

(2015) noted that Treasure Hill possessed

the loop for circular movement throughout the

various

settlement. (Casagrande 2015).

sustainable urban living of the future. The

Casagrande’s work at Treasure Hill was

qualities of such place were that it has a bond

appreciated by the locals, scholars and fellow

of memories between modern man and nature

architects and they were actively involved

when human nature shares part of nature

with the operation. Provided with enough man

(Casagrande 2015).

possibilities

of

environmentally

power and simple construction materials, they managed to recuperate the connection between the settlements and at the same time Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

52


Figure 27: Treasure Hill settlement

Transformations

After the success in reviving the energy

His method of intervention was in a small scale

Treasure Hill, the place was acknowledged

and considered as covert at first but as more

as a sustainable urban living in Taipei and

and more people volunteered for the work, the

legalised as part of public environmental

authority then visited Treasure Hill and started

art work (Casagrande 2015). It was also

to apprehend how raw and sustainable the

advertised as Taiwan’s must see as an example

settlement is. They immediately recognised

of urban living. The work done by Casagrande

Casagrande ideas and agreed with his view

changed the image of a disgraceful settlement

that Treasure Hill should be sustained the way

in a globalised city to be seen as preferable

it is (Casagrande 2015).

organic community (Casagrande 2015).

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

53


Reflection

pinpoint location of urban acupuncture project.

For all cases above the theory of urban

The intervention done on the site does not only

acupuncture explained by Morales, Lerner

serve the people as its designated function,

and Casagrande are extracted based on

but also work as an additional matter to elevate

their projects. The accomplishments of this

the urban experience for the people in the city.

theory can be clearly discerned through its practical implementations, positive responses

Lerner’s project, the construction of Opera de

from local societies as well as the degree of

Arame in Pedreiras Park also reflects his theory

transformation.

in urban acupuncture in a more comprehensible way. His perception of good acupuncture can

Moll de la Fusta project and Morales’ new urban

be seen through a more socially collective and

planning proposal shows his appreciation on

communal-based observation. Those simple

urban skins and the importance to locate the

projects have the ability to trigger people’s

needles prior to starting an urban acupuncture

activities by encouraging them to explore the

project. The needles should only be located

streets thus creating meeting places. Lerner’s

on potential sites that can be transformed

acupuncture project is more about aiding the

within a city. By the studying the case, it can

city to become a catalyst for social interactions.

be learned that Moll de la Fusta is the perfect

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

54


Reflection

it became more obvious about their purpose in

Compared to Morales and Lerner’s project

applying urban acupuncture to their respective

and theory, Casagrande’s intervention of

projects. It is intended to create site-specific

Treasure Hill is the most convincing project

solutions and achieve maximum effect from

that shows the origin of his dimension of urban

the insertion of fresh energy. By looking at

acupuncture theory. Instead of creating a new

the way they architects response to the issues

strategy for regeneration project, possible

on their respective sites, the significance of

alternatives are to revitalise an area by

the design was not central to aesthetic space

maintaining the good values or even revive the

but rather to encourage people to occupy the

place back to its balanced state so the whole

revitalised spaces. Furthermore, it is to ensure

network of urban fabric can benefit from it.

the improving quality of those spaces and

In the case of Treasure Hill, both architecture

turns the spaces to be meaningful than before.

and nature are indeed capable to produce

From the case studies, the strategy of easing

acupuncture needles and further balancing

the connection of people’s movement around

the energy flow of the site.

the city, providing more people-centric public spaces and rebalancing the energies of

After analyzing the projects by Manuel de Sola

derelict sites are proven to be effective when

Morales, Jamie Lerner and Marco Casagrande,

dealing with the context of abandoned spaces.

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Learning From Urban Acupuncture |

55


|Chapter 4

Urban Acupuncture Extended: An interview

An interview has been conducted to keep

of urban acupuncture project. His information

on exploring different dimensions of urban

on urban acupuncture practice are also backed

acupuncture in the practice on abandoned

up with his waterfront regeneration project in

spaces. The interview session was conducted

Annekanal in Tartu, Estonia. The reference of

with Professor Simon Bell and the information

his project is not intended to be a part of the

gained from the interviews will also be useful

case study but only to better elaborate the

in the discussion part of this dissertation.

inputs from the interview. The project is a part

The questions raised are based on important

of his Blue health research, under community

aspects of application of urban acupuncture

level planning. The research is based on the

on urban abandoned spaces which are not

change in usage and effect of blue urban space

explicitly remarked in the provided case

and from urban acupuncture. By creating new

studies. The outline of the interview is organised

public space by the river in Annekanal it is

to obtain linear information regarding different

hoped to increase the functionality of the site

phase of urban acupuncture. For example, in

and increase the usability of blue urban space

determining the sites, adaptability, the influence

(Bell 2018).

behind the decision making and the longevity

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

56


|Chapter 4

Riverfront regeneration project in Annekanal by Professor Bell and his team. The prepared 4 design option at the initial stage of the intervention and the designs are further discussed and developed with the local and stakeholders

Figure 28: Option A seating is suitable for group activities

When asked about the precise location for

might work on it can be identified (Bell 2018).

urban acupuncture needles, Professor Bell

In the case of abandoned, derelict and unused

believes that, urban acupuncture projects do

sites, Professor Bell suggests that it may be

not have constraints for its location and it can

relevant to create a temporary installation as a

work on any type of sites as long as it involves

test on the preferred site before progressing for

small scale intervention. The intervention could

permanent solution. This trial installation allows

either be in smaller scale in terms of resources

the designer to predict the effectiveness of the

for example the amount of funding required to

acupuncture to avoid wasting resources. For

start the project or the size of the intervention

example, Professor Bell’s urban acupuncture

in relative to the city. For most project, the

project in Annekanal has 4 design options in

choice of location is determined by a thorough

4 different part of the site and later developed

analysis on potentials location. The result of

and discussed further. This allows the design

the analysis will illustrate what is lacking from

team to recognise the perfect design that work

those locations and the kind of action that

well with the site.

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

57


|Chapter 4

Figure 29: Option B provide a long space for leaning and sunbathing, suitable for groups or individual

From the case studies it can be learnt that

aim of the projects and but when reaching at

urban acupuncture is the effective tool in

the construction stage, typical ideas and the

the revitalising abandoned spaces. Those

use physical materials are highly adaptable

projects at best can be set as a reference for

which means that they can easily be replicated.

other urban acupuncture project. However this

He suggested that the collections of recycled

argument builds up a question of adaptability

materials or objects could also be used. The

of urban acupuncture project. Can the same

ideas could be reflected in Annekanal project,

concept be replicated and applied to other

where the recurrent ideas of creating ‘sittable’

deprived areas? Professor Bell states that

spaces by the river are used in response to

every problematic space in urban fabric should

different part of the sites. Sustainable materials

ideally have its unique solution because every

such as timber is used repeatedly as the main

space has their own complexities. The main

elements to construct the benches along the

concept could be different depending on the

river (Bell 2018) .

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

58


|Chapter 4

Figure 30: Option C is the elevated platform for better view of Annekanal

Regarding the design thinking of an urban

the combinations of all those elements listed

project, Professor Bell agree that the intangible

above. In Annekanal project, the needs of

elements in a city such as socio-economic,

the stakeholders which are the locals and

cultural, historical, political and infrastructure

authority definitely influenced their design

do share their influences in the decision making

process. Before proceeding to design phase,

and design thinking behind urban acupuncture

the team has to complete rigorous analysis

intervention. However, he points out that urban

such as surveys and meetings. The analysis

acupuncture is like natural experiment that the

does indirectly help them to understand those

designers themselves do not have control over.

tangible and intangible factors and design

In reality, the final decision and design thinking

an intervention that is suitable for the local

behind the project might be influenced by

community.

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

59


|Chapter 4

Figure 31: Option D provide spaces for groups and access closer to the water for boat or fishing activities

Since the urban acupuncture projects are

However, it all depends on the context,

relatively small in nature, it is intriguing to explore

necessity and the quality of the planning.

more about the future of the projects. In order

Annekanal project for example is regarded as

to sustain the positive effect of the project to

a platform to investigate the potentials of small

the city, does it need to be revised or updated

scale interventions and produce more liveable

as the society grow and transforms? Professor

urban blue space (Bell 2018). From the project,

Bell believes that every project is designed to

the team can identify what elements worked

do a certain job which it could and should be

and what doesn’t during the intervention and

in most of the cases, be stepping stones to

use the knowledge to improve on the future

further development or larger scale investment.

and higher profile projects.

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

60


|Chapter 4

Figure 32: BlueHealth Behavioural Assesment Tool (BBAT) conducted 3 times, before and after the spatial intervention

Urban Acupuncture |Research|Urban Acupuncture Extended

61


Discussion


|Chapter 5

The research on case studies and interview

gained from an interview with a professional.

are conducted to achieve this aim of this

In order to interact with abandoned spaces, a

dissertation

successful acupuncture projects tend to have

which

is

to

create

better

understanding in the practice of urban

the following characteristic in its design:

acupuncture in the context of revitalisation of urban abandoned space. Based on the

1) Planning Intricacies

research, the overlapping key elements that

2) Auxiliary Role

appear in every case studies are emphasised

3) Interdependent Network

in this section. The elements are presumed

4) People's Collaborations

to be contributing factor in the success of all

5) The Stepping Stone

3 cases and it is also supported by the input

6) Use of Technology

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

63


|Chapter 5

Planning Intricacies

their urban acupuncture intervention such

The projects must have the capability to

success. That means more considerations are

work in short time span and at the same time

given not just in the design and the site but

produce significant impacts on urban fabric.

also in the social behavior towards the spaces.

Although the projects are smaller in relative

Higher levels of project intricacies as shown

to the urban cities, the transformations that

by Morales, Lerner and Casagrande can only

are generated from the projects should

be achieved by profound knowledge of the

benefit the public in much bigger scale. In

site, urban fabric and all layers within it. Deep

successful urban acupuncture project, the

knowledge in urban fabric allow them to find the

outcome must outweigh the effort done on the

catalyst that can trigger the maximum outcome

revitalisation projects. To create minimal effort

from the intervention. The catalysts are then

with maximum outcome, designers must have

are used as focal point to design the project

thorough consideration on what is lacking in

intricately. Professor Bell adds that to reveal the

the chosen abandoned spaces and what does

catalyst of the transformations designers can

it take for a design to connect the people and

begin with series of surveys, discussion and

the spaces. The intricacies of the project in

experimentation on the abandoned spaces.

Barcelona, Curitiba and Taipei is what makes

Urban Acupuncture Project

Urban Catalyst

Moll de La Fusta, Barcelona

People's pathway from residential area to city centre

Opera de Arame in Pedreiras Park, Curitiba

Addition of useable green space

Treasure Hill Settlement

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

Reflecting on the needs of people

64


|Chapter 5

Auxiliary Role

the movement of the people and automatons

Based on the case studies, it can be learned

in the city. For Pedreiras Park, the auxiliary

that urban acupuncture is about re-evaluating

function is the increase of awareness in a

places which makes this a suitable strategy to

pursuit of a sustainable city. In Treasure Hills,

be applied on abandoned spaces. The project

its additional function can be seen from the

by Morales, Lerner and Casagrande shows

simple architectural construction in reviving

that the meaning of those places emerges

the settlements. The function had given

as the result of these planning strategies.

those spaces advantages in organising social

Those projects are aimed at creating places

passages, providing new gathering places,

by concentrating and heighten the potential

and patching possible cracks in the city. It has

of the space to unleash the perfect balance

the possibility to create a fresh and distinctive

between built environment people’s activity.

focus point of interest. Besides from bringing

Therefore, urban acupuncture projects should

the community together at a new target point, it

not aim for a fixed end but instead be seen as

can produce chain reaction effects in between

a continuous process. In any cases, the spaces

the society which will attract more people

should also have mixed uses and functions.

based on their admiration of the new spaces.

In Morales, Lerner and Casagrande cases,

The Annekanal project by blue health team is

their way of creating places is by adding

seen as a continuous process because it does

auxiliary compositions to the site to improve

not stop at regeneration of the waterfront but

the existing foundation of the place that might

their ultimate vision is to investigate how the

become loose or gone. The auxiliary function

local use blue space and the effect on public

of Moll de la Fusta lies in the introduction of

health and well-being.

new architectural typologies by recognising

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

65


|Chapter 5

Interdependent Network

those intervention project which does not have

To ensure the effect of the projects is not

boundaries and is capable to changes in a city

contained only within those abandoned

scale. However, the hardest step in choosing

spaces, the location of acupuncture needs

the spaces to intervene is to determine whether

to be precise and must lies in the city’s

the locations are interdependent networks.

interdependent network so the effects can

Not all urban abandoned spaces lie in the

ripple through entire urban network. Medical

interdependent network which means that

acupuncture appreciates the epidermis as a

abandoned spaces do not necessarily respond

rich and influential membrane on body, just

well with urban acupuncture strategy. However,

like the urban skins (M. d. Morales 2008). The

unlike the human bodies it is believed that urban

connective experiences by the city dwellers

cities are much more complex organism. The

and the architectural instruments on the

designer can organise a different installation

surface of urban context turns to some part

test for some spaces to determine the trigger

of the skins more influential than others. From

elements that can spark the changes as

the case of Moll de la Fusta, Pedreiras Park

suggested by Professor Bell. Cites are also

and Treasure Hills it is certain that all projects

constantly evolving. If in the intervention it

are situated in the interdependent network of

does not work in present time that does mean

their city. Their location at the urban meridians

it would not work in the future.

is the strong factor that explains the impacts of

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

66


|Chapter 5

People’s Collaboration

Treasure Hills manage to reach all levels of

The project must have the ability to stimulate

participation listed above hence the led the

collaborative social interactions and people’s

interventions or acupuncture therapy to its

participation. The approach of interventions

success. By looking back at the theory of

on Moll de la Fusta, Pedreiras Park and and

urban acupuncture by Morales, Lerner and

Treasure Hill indicate that it consists the

Casagrande, they have high expectations on

elements of qualitative needs of the society

the power of people participations as they

which allow the people to arrange the spaces

believe that the people can diffuse their raw

the way they desire. In urban planning

and unique sentiments on those spaces and

paradigm, that is also known as participation

create the sense of belongings on the spaces.

planning process which can be simplified as

The foundation of project by Professor Bell and

community planning process. Community’s

his team in Annekanal itself is centered around

participation according to Boonstra en Boelens

the community level planning and wide range

(2011) has four subdivisions which features the

of meeting are held with every stakeholder so

social, spatial, economic, political level.

they project can reflect the needs and priorities.

In the context of revitalisation of abandoned spaces, Moll de la Fusta, Pedreiras Park and

The effects of community participation 4 different aspects

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

67


|Chapter 5

The Stepping Stone

shows that the latter projects manage to cater

In urban acupuncture projects, the design

the needs of the city in bigger scope in terms of

should be allowed to improve in terms of larger

social, ecological and economical aspects. The

scale urban renewal. The urban acupuncture

later projects no longer aimed for revitalisaton

design need to have certain capacity to be

of specific urban abandoned spaces but they

developed further into more successful projects

also provide valuable spaces that can benefit

for the betterment of the city and the people.

the city in the future. Professor Bell also agrees

This argument is valid for all case studies, Moll

that the small scale projects should be regarded

de la Fusta, Pedreiras park and Treasure Hill. As

as an instrument that can be deployed and

can be seen from the illustration, the follow up

improved on so lucrative investment can be

projects from Morales, Lerner and Casagrande

made for future development project.

Moll de La Fusta

Enhancement of prime public spaces.

Opera de Arame

New social spaces via urban recycling

Treasure Hill

Revival of small sustainable settlement

Moll d' Espanya

Spaces for commercial operations, shopping and leisure (Busquets 2005).

Free University of the Environment UNILIVRE Dissemination of practices and education on sustainable urban management (Lerner n.d). Paracity

Self-organized community structures, development and knowledge buildin (Casagrande 2015).

Figure 33: Projects that are developed after the success of the first project

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

68


|Chapter 5

The Use of Technology.

of data to be obtained in and that probably just

This particular key element is not backed up

disclosed the knowledge of the tip of the urban

by the case studies but this is an important

surfaces. Nevertheless, as the city evolves,

principle that can be learnt from the project of

so does the technologies and that could be

Annekanal by Professor Bell and his team. The

used as means to assist the designers in

advancement of technologies might not be

understanding their sites and cities extensively.

utilised by the case studies possibly because

Annekanal projects shows the attempt to use

of the inavailability of technological equipment

technological tools such as online surveys,

during the time and the condition of the site

virtual realities and soft GIS. This allows the

that only requires intimate touch straight

designers to understand the sites better and

from the designer to the locals. As mentioned

going back to first key elements, the more

repeatedly before, the condition of urban cities

knowledge the designers has on the sites, the

in this present period of time is more complex

higher the design intricacies and that will bring

than before. It requires a meticulous amount

the project closer to success.

Urban Acupuncture |Discussion

69


Conclusion


|Chapter 5

Small scale intervention as a strategy for revitalisation

abandoned

space

is

synergies in the city.

not

unprecedented and has been done and

Urban voids, which is also referred

discussed widely by many cities in the

abandoned

world. However, during the initial stage of

dissertation has proven to be a sensitive

this dissertation, it can observed that Urban

part of urban epidermis that can be healed

Acupuncture terminology is less well-known

or re-activated after the injection of urban

compared to common term encountered in

acupuncture application on it. The ‘healing’ of

this urban strategic planning, for example

urban abandoned spaces in the case studies

tactical urbanism, pop-up or ‘DIY’ urbanism. In

confirmed that those space are longing to be

urban acupunture, the goal in developing local

developed, altered or added new features and

planning initiatives are considered as ‘tactical’

activities. The spaces contained their unique

and in some extent can be seen throughout

potentials and can one way to heighten it

this research. It can be deduced that urban

is with the application of quick and small

acupuncture is the elaborated section of

scale intervention that will produce big scale

tactical urbanism, except to the addition that

effect on the areas as well as the whole

urban acupuncture dives deeper in the process

urban networks whether it is ephemeral or

of establishing dynamic relationship with

permanent.

spaces

throughout

surrounding environment to nurture creative Urban Acupuncture |Conclusion

71

as this


|Chapter 5

Limitation

get additional understanding on the practice

The research conducted throughout this

of urban acupuncture. However due to the

dissertation covers the literary studies, case

interviewee’s schedule, this session could only

studies and interview to gain the most relevant

be done via email and this reduce the efficiency

information on the topic. The way of conducting

of communication flow in both process of

the research

inquiring and answering. The amount of

is suitable with the structure

of this dissertation but they also comes with

question that can be asked is also limited

certain limitations. The theory of urban acupuncture is so much

Due to time frame and word limit of this

clearer after the projects relation to it has

dissertation, the discussion on abandoned

been studied. In earlier section, it has been

spaces only covers on the important and

made clear that the projects has used urban

general segment on the topic. The weightage

acupuncture theory in retro-perspective way.

of this research was given slightly bigger to

This could be seen as one of the limitation of

discuss about urban acupuncture compared

this research. That is why additional sources

to the topic of abandoned spaces.

from the interview and Annekanal project is also

decision was made to respond with the word

included in the dissertation to complement the

count limitation and at the same time steer this

knowledge of urban acupuncture in practice.

dissertation towards achieving the aim

That

The interview has been used as method to

"The main objective of this dissertation is to establish better knowledge in the theory of urban acupuncture and acknowledge its capability to create a positive ripple effect to regenerate abandoned spaces"

Urban Acupuncture |Conclusion

72


|Chapter 5

Additional research

urban acupuncture project by the blue health

This independent research gives an idea about

oganisation led by Professor Simon Bell.

the characteristic that every urban acupuncture project should have. This characteristic is still

As briefly mentioned above, this study needs

in need for further investigation to check on

more research on the subject of abandoned

any important key elements of application of

spaces. More example of abandoned spaces

urban acupuncture that is not discussed in

can be explored to get broad knowledge on

this dissertation. Since the extraction of key

how different types of abandoned spaces can

elements are based on retro-perspective urban

tolerate with the intensity of urban acupuncture

acupuncture project, the recommendation

interventions. It believed that more thorough

for the future research is to investigate the

research on this will add the quality of the

project worked that consciously on the

research to be used as a guideline for future

foundation of urban acupuncture theory. The

urban acupuncture project.

research can start by exploring more about

Urban Acupuncture |Conclusion

73


|Chapter 5

Urban Acupuncture and the ‘ Urban Placebo’

is certain that in some degree, the projects

effect

require the positive beliefs and perception

Going back to the medical acupuncture,

from the people in order to be successful. To

the success of the treatment in relieving

achieve the effect of ‘urban placebo’, urban

pain and physiotherapy approach has been

acupuncture projects should grasp the people’s

discussed in scientific research (White and

conviction so that the intervention can produce

Ernst 2004). Some scholars have concluded

the positive ripple effect in higher magnitude in

that the effectiveness of acupuncture therapy

urban networks.

can be explained by the ‘placebo effect’, the

The concept of ‘urban placebo’ effect is

medical term which can be associated with

appealing especially when it can be related

the phenomenon that illnesses can be cured

back to the success of urban acupuncture

through positive perception, and belief in that

project and the society, however up to this date

treatment (Deng, et al. 2015). Keeping in mind

the term ‘urban placebo’ is yet to be existed in

that the concept of urban acupuncture should

urban planning terminology. The role to verify

only be viewed metaphorically in the context of

whether this term is suitable to use alongside

urban realm, the concept behind the effect of

the theory urban acupuncture lies on the further

‘urban placebo’ in urban acupuncture should

research that can be done as the continuation

not be detested. Referring back to the case

of this dissertation.

studies with people’s participation being mutual goal for every urban acupuncture project, it

Urban Acupuncture |Conclusion

74


75


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References Frampton, Kenneth. 2000. "Seven Points for the Millenium: an Untimely Manifesto." The Journal of Architecture 5 (1): 21-33. Granzow, Michael. 2014. Space and Culture. Accessed November 6, 2018. https://www.spaceandculture. com/2014/12/02/michael-granzow-review-essay-industrial-ruins-and-ruination/. Hernadez, Jesus. 2014. Public Space Acupuncture. New York: Actar Publisher. ICLEI. 2002. ICLEI Local Goverment for Sustainbility. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://www.iclei.org.br/polics/ CD/P2_4_Estudos%20de%20Caso/1_Planejamento%20Urbano/PDF106_EC77_Curitiba_ing.PDF. Kent, Conrad. 2002. "From Pleasure Gardens to Places Dures: Continuity and Changes in Barcelona's Public Spaces." Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 6: 222-239. Kinoshita, Yohei. 2009. Reconsidering Spaces Left-Over After Planning Suburban opportunities for diversification and Inter-nodal developmental strategies utilising infrastructural ‘diagonals’. Master of Architecture: RMIT University. Koolhas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1995. SMLXL. New York: Monacelli Press. Lerner, Jamie. 2007. A Song in the City. —. 2014. Urban Acupuncture: Celebrating Pinpricks of Change that Enrich City Life. London: Island Press. Lublow, Arthur. 2007. The New York Times Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2018. https://www.nytimes. com/2007/05/20/magazine/20Curitiba-t.html. Monclús, Javier, and Carmen Díez Medina. 2011. "Urban Voids and 'in-between' Landscape." In Urban Vision: From Planning Culture to Landscape Urbanism, 247-256. Cham: Springer International Publication AG. Montaner, Josep Maria. 2010. "Institut Ramon Llul: Catalan Culture Abroad." Accessed November 6, 2018. https:// llull.cat/IMAGES_175/transfer07-foc03.pdf. Morales, Ignasi de Sola. 2013. "Terrain Vague." In Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale, edited by Manuela Mariani and Patrick Barron, 24-30. New York: Routledge. Morales, Manuel de Sola. 2008. A Matter of Things. Rotterdam: NAI Publication. Nelson, Peter. 2006. "University of Washington Web Server." March 27. Accessed November 9, 2018. http://depts. washington.edu/open2100/Resources/1_OpenSpaceSystems/Open_Space_Systems/BarcelonaCaseStudy. pdf. Ordway, Denise-Marie. 2018. "Journalist's Resource: Research on today's news topics." May 11. Accessed December 5, 2018. https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/municipal/abandoned-buildings-revitalization. Pacarisa, Josep. 2014. Barcelona: 20th Century Urbanism. Barcelona: Marge Books.


References Perera, Ranjith. 1994. Accomodating Informal Sector Enterprises in the Urban Built Environment. Hong Kong: Asian Institute of Technology. Pluta, Agata. 2017. "Urban Void as a Potential of the Contemporary City Development." Biblioteka Regionalisty 17: 95-104. Rotch. 2011. Rotch Travelling Scholarship Travelling Studio. January 30. Accessed December 5, 2018. http:// urbanwaterfront.blogspot.com/2011/01/barcelona-new-life-at-old-port.html. Strum, Suzanne. 2001. Barcelona: A Guide to Recent Architecture. London: Ellipsis London Limited. Tiesdell, Steve, and Mattew Camona. 2007. Urban Design Reader. Oxford: Architectural Press. Timur, Umut Pekin. 2013. "Intech Open: Urban Waterfront Regeneration." January 9. Accessed November 6, 2018. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/45422/InTech-Urban_waterfront_regenerations.pdf . Trancik, Roger. 1986. Finding Lost Spaces. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Limited. Tudorancea, The Titi. 2018. The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin. Accessed November 11, 2018. https://www.tititudorancea. com/z/curitiba_85.htm. Unt, Anna-Liisa, and Simon Bell. 2014. "The impact of small-scale design intervention on the behaviour patterns of the users of an urban wasteland." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (1): 121-135. White, A., and E Ernst. 2004. "A brief history of acupuncture." Reumatology 43 (5): 662.


List of Figures 1. Urban Acupuncture Source: http://needlecrowd.com/blog-agopuntura-urbana, edited by author Types of Urban Voids Source: Finding Lost Spaces.Trancik, Roger. 1986. 3. Space Leftover after planning Source: Reconsidering Spaces Left-Over After Planning Suburban opportunities for diversification and Inter-nodal developmental strategies utilising infrastructural ‘diagonals'.Kinoshita, Yohei. 2009. 4. Causes of SLOAP Source:Reconsidering Spaces Left-Over After Planning Suburban opportunities for diversification and Inter-nodal developmental strategies utilising infrastructural ‘diagonals'.Kinoshita, Yohei. 2009. 5. Industrial Ruins (1) Source: Industrial Ruins: Spaces, Aesthetics and Materiality. Edensor, Tim. 2005. 6. Industrial Ruins (2) Source: Industrial Ruins: Spaces, Aesthetics and Materiality. Edensor, Tim. 2005. 7. Houtan Park,Shanghai, Before and After Source: qofis.ccaba.upc.edu 8. The Laboratoria de Urbanismo de Barcelona Source: The vision of Manuel de Solà-Morales: Roots for a Twenty First Century Urbanism. Busquets, Joan 2013. 9. City as the turtle Source: https://mt744.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/lerner-turtle.jpg 10. Organic acupuncture in Taipei Source: http://helsinkiacupuncture.blogspot.com/ 11. Arial view of Moll de La Fusta Source: Bing Map 12. Old Moll de La Fusta Source: https://www.barcelonaphotoblog.com/2017/10/passeig-de-colom-and-moll-de-la-fusta.html?m=1 13. Moll de La Fusta in 1992 Source: The vision of Manuel de Solà-Morales: Roots for a Twenty First Century Urbanism. Busquets, Joan 2013. 14. Ronda Literal Ring Road Source: Barcelona Revisited: Transforming the City Within the City." In Cityedge: Case Studies in Contempoarary Urbanism, e.Busquets, Joan. 2005 15. Sectional diagram of Moll de La Fusta Source: Barcelona Revisited: Transforming the City Within the City." In Cityedge: Case Studies in Contempoarary Urbanism, e.Busquets, Joan. 2005


List of Figures

16. Opera de Arame in Curitiba Source: https://blueroom.org.au/curitiba-brazil-a-sustainability-success-story/ 17. Opera de Arame Source: https://travel.sygic.com/en/poi/wire-opera-house-poi:45257 18. The structure of Opera de Arame (1) Source: https://foradatoca.com/brasil/curitiba/opera-de-arame-de-curitiba/?lang=en 19. The structure of Opera de Arame (2) Source: https://foradatoca.com/brasil/curitiba/opera-de-arame-de-curitiba/?lang=en 20. Interior of Opera de Arame Source: https://www.accorhotels.com/gb/usa/magazine/one-hour-one-day-one-week/curitiba-brazilian-pop-2b924. shtml 21. The Treasure Hill Source: https://blog.p2pfoundation.net/biourbanism-rethinking-the-science-of-space/2014/06/30 22. Casagrande's sketch on Treasure Hill Source: http://organiclayer.blogspot.com/ 23. The ongoing process on Treasure Hill (1) Source: http://organiclayer.blogspot.com/ 24.The ongoing process on Treasure Hill (2) Source: http://organiclayer.blogspot.com/ 25.The ongoing process on Treasure Hill (3) Source: http://organiclayer.blogspot.com/ 26. The ongoing process on Treasure Hill (4) Source: http://organiclayer.blogspot.com/ 27. Treasure Hill Settlement Source:https://howwegettonext.com/the-city-of-the-future-looks-like-a-former-military-bunker-in-taipei4db6dc0bf412 28. Annekanal project by Bluehealth (1) Source: https://bluehealth2020.eu/projects/anne-kanal/ 29. Annekanal project by Bluehealth (2) Source: https://bluehealth2020.eu/projects/anne-kanal/


List of Figures

30. Annekanal project by Bluehealth (3) Source: https://bluehealth2020.eu/projects/anne-kanal/ 31. Annekanal project by Bluehealth (4) Source: https://bluehealth2020.eu/projects/anne-kanal/ 32. Method of ivestigation Source: BlueHealth: Linking Up Environment, Health and Climate for Inter-Sector Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in a Rapidly Changing Environment.Bell, Simon. 2018. 33. The project continuation Source(s): http://barcelona.lpsphoto.us/en/barselona-moll-de-la-fusta, Source(s): https://www.arup.com/perspectives/urban-acupuncture, Source(s:https://howwegettonext.com/the-city-of-the-future-looks-like-a-former-military-bunker-in-taipei4db6dc0bf412 Source(s): qofis.ccaba.upc.edu Source(s):http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/noticias/obras-na-rampa-do-mirante-da-unilivre-ficam-prontas-para-oferiado/45022 Source(s): https://www.casagrandelaboratory.com/2014/02/28/marco-casagrande-paracity/.


Appendix Question Q1. Does abandoned spaces such as SLOAP, waterfront and industrial ruins represent the precise location for 'acupuncture needles'? What aspect should be explored to determine its perfect location? Q2. What is your opinion on the adaptability of urban acupuncture project? Can the project of be replicated to other deprived area? Q3. Does all the intangible elements in a city such socio-economic, cultural, infrastructure, historical and political influenced the decision making and design thinking behind an urban acupuncture project? Q4. Do you think that urban acupuncture projects will be effective in a long run, or does it need to be revised/updated as the society grow and transformed to sustain the effect of the project to the people and the city? Response: A1. Acupuncture does not need a specific type of site - it can be anywhere. The point is that it is a small intervention - maybe due to cost or as a starter for activating a space. Location will depend on what is needed from some kind of analysis of potential locations as well as what kind of animation might work. In the case of derelict or unused sites it may be relevant to do a temporary installation as a test before doing something more, or in any case may only possibly have a short life and not be worth a costly intervention. A2. While each place should ideally have a unique solution, in some cases typical ideas or elements could easily be replicated and recycled materials or objects could be used as well. A3. Possible all you mention but as these things are by their nature experimental do not overthink them! A4. These are designed to do a certain job and can and should in many cases be stepping stones to further development or larger scale investment - it depends on the context.


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