Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming as a Career in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan

Page 1

Open Access

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming as a Career in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan Oyelami, B.A.1 and Ajanaku, A. O.2 1

Federal College of Forest Recourses M anagement, Sakpoba, Benin, Nigeria. Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, Ibadan. Oyo state, Nigeria. oyebusayomi@gmail.com, +234 806 5814 642 2

Abstract— This study investigated the involvement of youths in livestock farming as a career in Oluyole Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. We specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics of the youth in the study area and ascertained their level of involvement in livestock farming as we analyzed the constraints to livestock farming as affecting the youth involvement in livestock farming. We also tested if there is significant relationship between selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as constraints facing youth involvement in livestock farming as career in the study area. There are 10 wards in the local government out of which four were randomly selected with two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen young farmers were randomly selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. While 120 questionnaires were administered only 86 were retrieved. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, chi -square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that majority (58.1%) of the respondent wer e between 18-29 years, 65.1% were single with minimum of tertiary education (64%). A good number of them (27.9%) were managers with about 51.2% engaging in poultry farming. Chi-square analysis revealed that there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the sources of income and some selected socioeconomic characteristics with P-value of 0.011 and x 2 = 1.987. sources of income also significantly (p<0.05)affect the involvement of respondents in livestock farming in the study area. The study therefore concluded that inadequate capital and infrastructures constitute the major constraints to youths’ involvement in livestock farming as career. Government should therefore ensure availability of loan facilities as well as enable environment to encourage youths to venture more into livestock farming in the study area. Keywords— Livestock, farming, youth, involvement, career. I. INTRODUCTION The World Bank (2001) noted that majority of the world population consists of young people with three quarters of them living in the rural areas. Silva et al, 2009 recommended that youth can be referred to as those whose age range from 15-40 years old based on a number of factors deemed fit in terms of their materiality, ability to think positively, or a risk taker. According to the National Population Census (NPC, 2006), youth constitute over 62 percent of the total population of Nigeria, out of which over 50 percent resides in the rural areas. Adesope in MatthewsNjoku and Ajaero (2007) noted that youths represent the most active segment of the population and the engine that

www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

would do most productive work of the society. Youths play vital role in producing various agricultural products such as palm oil, garri, yam, and so on. Youth involvement in livestock production implies the participation of the young people (13−30years) of age in a community, organization or given society in a given activity (such as agriculture). Such people live in the rural communities where the nation’s agricultural products are generated from. The agricultural economy of the nation is dependent upon the vast majority of such agrarian groups. Nigerian rural communities are endowed with youths between the ages of 13 and 30 who are highly energetic, strong, and mentally alert and who constitute more than

Page | 146

Open Access 32% of the rural population which is nearly 45% of the country’s population (Torimiro, 1999). Most of these youths are unemployed, and even those employed are not motivated because of low remuneration, insecurity and low prospects for advancement. Livestock production such as rearing of cattle, pigs, rabbit and poultry is now on increasing trends. Chicken, pigs and rabbit is common to the southern part of Nigeria while cattle production is vast in the northern part of Nigeria according to Nori et al., (2005). The asset base of this tribe of Nigerians is basically on number of cattle own by each household on a relatively lower scale of production and as major source of livelihood. To the few who keep them, the livestock is taken as a source of security and independence through which each household member is able to meet their cultural obligations and assignment within the household (Sodiya, 2005). The concern about youth involvement in agriculture especially cattle rearing borders on their abundant physical energies as well as greater knowledge acquisition propensity they possess (Torimiro, 2008; Jibowo, 1989) and that they are the future of the nation. These youths could form a formidable human resource - base or work force for agricultural production. With specific reference to livestock production, Nigerian youths have shown negative attitudes towards livestock production among other segments of agriculture because they see it as labor intensive, long time investment, providing slow and low income opportunities and unattractive (Erebor, 2003). Other factors often given for the non – participation of youths in livestock agriculture include mass illiteracy, unstable government policies, lack of incentives, negative peer pressure effect and poor infrastructural state of the farming communities (Siyanbola, 2005). The mass unemployment among the youths in Nigeria has linked to their negligence of agriculture in search for a white collar job. The role of government in encouraging and motivating the youth in participating in agricultural production is inconsistent which has affects their trust in government policies. The irregular supply of farm implements and land acquisition for modern livestock production are major problem affecting youth participation in livestock production in Nigeria (Adebayo et al., 2006). General objectives of this study was to assess the involvement of youths in livestock farming as career and to see what factors are responsible for their involvements in www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

livestock farming in the study area. However, we specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics of the youth in the study area, ascertained the level of their involvement in livestock farming and analyzed the constraints to livestock farming as affecting the youth involvement in livestock farming. We also tested if there is significant relationship between selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as constraints facing livestock farming and youth involvement in livestock farming as career in the study area. Apart from migration of youths from the rural to urban areas the farming population is becoming aging and needs replacement. Hence, it is important to access the level of involvement of youths in livestock generally and how prepared are the youth to take over from the retiring adults. Current changes in the development of any area is so demanding that only the participation of energetic, creative, innovative and committed people can bring effective development. However, there is visible and enough evidence as reflected in the increased rural – urban migration records, massive involvement of Nigerian youths in motor cycle riding (both in the villages and in the cities), social vices, even prostitution and so on among youths, which are indicators (Arowoloet al.,) that the vibrant energies and alacrity of these teaming youths are not adequately harnessed and tapped for agricultural production. Therefore there is a need to study involvement of youth in livestock farming such as cattle, goat, pigs, rabbit and poultry production as this will help in the policy making and adequate ass essment of possible rate of growth in agriculture and more importantly livestock farming. II. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State. It is one of the less city Local Government in Ibadan land and share boundary with Ibadan South East, Ibadan South West, Ido and OnaAra Local Government areas within Ibadan Metropolis. In the hinterland, it also boards Ogun state via Obafemi, Owode, Odeda, and Ijebu North Local Government respectively. Oluyole local government with an area of 629 km2 and a population of 202,725 (NPC, 2006), with its headquarter at Idi Ayunre. The population considered for the study consists of young farmers involved in livestock farming in Oluyole local government of Oyo State. There are 10 wards in the local government out of which four were randomly selected with Page | 147

Open Access two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen young farmers were randomly selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. Data were collected with the aid of well structured questionnaire administered in the form of interview, especially to get information from the non-literate respondents. Data collected were analyzed using simple frequency distribution methods while chi square was used to estimate the significance of relationship between the dependent and independent variables. PPMC was used to ascertain the correlation between youth involvement in livestock farming and constraints facing livestock farming in the study area. Chi-square model ⨉² = ∑)O -E (

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

E ⨉² = Chi-Square. ∑ = Summation of the value O = Observed value E = Expected value Pearson product moment correlation model P = ∑ (x) (y) √∑⨉² ∑ϒ² P = Pearson product moment correlation ∑ = Summation of the frequency ⨉=X–x Y=Y–y X = mean of the frequency Y = mean of the frequency

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Socioeconomic characteristics of the Respondents Variable Frequency (n=86) Percentage (%) Gender Male 50 Female 36 AGE 18-29 61 30-39 12 40 and above 13 MARITAL STATUS Single 56 Married 26 Divorce 1 Widow 2 Separated 1 EDUCATIONA L BACKGROUND No formal Education 11 Primary Education 13 Secondary Education 7 Tertiary Education 55 RESIDENCE Rural 27 Urban 59 LIVESTOCK TYPES Rabbit 8 Goat 22 Poultry 44 Cattle 1 Sheep 6 Pig 3 www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

58.1 41.9 70.9 14.0 15.1 65.1 30.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 12.8 15.1 8.1 64.0 31.4 68.6 9.3 25.6 51.2 1.2 7.0 3.5 Page | 148

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

Open Access Fish SOURCE OF INCOME Primary Secondary POSITION OCCUPY Causal Attendant Foreman Supervisor Consultant Manager Owner Source: Field Survey, 2016.

2

2.3

44 42

51.2 48.8

11 18 6 4 10 24 13

12.8 20.9 7.0 4.7 11.6 27.9 15.1

The socio economic characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 1 above. The study shows that more male (58.1%) among the respondents engage in livestock probably because livestock farming demands physical energy application especially in areas of feeding, stocking, vaccinating, castrating, dipping, debeaking, delousing, culling, medicating and other management activities. This is in agreement with the previous finding by Arowolo et al., (2013) who reported more male involvement in cattle rearing activities. However, the involvement of female (41.9%) in the study area is an indication that more females are now engaging in livestock activities than before. Majority of the respondents are between ages 18-29 years (58.1%) followed by 30-39 years (14%) while respondents between ages of 40 years and above had just 15.1%. The result shows that above 80% of the respondents are within their productive ages, hence they have the advantages of strength and ability for farming activities. This is in agreement with the findings of Oyelami et al., (2017) and Okeke et al., (2018) who reported above 60% of livestock farmers to be in their productive age. This group of people is energetic and active. Meanwhile less than 16% of the respondents are above 40 years of age. This age group is also of great importance in the sector for their experience and skill in the business of livestock farming. The majority of the respondents were single (65.1%) while others are either married, divorced, widow or separated at

30.2%, 1.2%, 2.3%, and 1.2% respectively. This indicates that single people were more involved in livestock production in order to develop stable source of income and improve their standard of living. The higher percentage of single respondents agrees with earlier findings by Jibowo (1989) who reported that the higher percentage of farming populace is made up of either single or married people. The result of study (table 1) shows that most of the respondents in the study area have tertiary education (64.0%), while Primary education, no formal education and secondary education constitute 15.1%, 12.8% and 8.1% respectively. The proportion of livestock farmers that had secondary to tertiary education is higher in the study area, this is an indication that majority of livestock farmers in the study area will found it easy to adopt new agricultural innovations and access high breeds of livestock animals this confirms the report of Aphunu and Akpobasa 2010. On the livestock type, table 1 shows that livestock farmers in the study area involve more in poultry (51.2%) while other livestock such as rabbit, goat, cattle, sheep, pig, fish constitute a percentage of about 9.3%, 25.6%, 1.2%, 7.6%, 3.5%, 2.3% respectively. Table 1 also reveals that majority (51%) of the respondents depend on livestock production as primary source of income while the rest (48.8%) only use it as their secondary source of income.

Table 2: Youth involvement in livestock farming as a career in the study area Variable Primary source income Secondary source income Owners www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

No 15(17.4) 32(37.2) 34(39.5)

Yes 71(82.6) 54(62.8) 52(60.5) Page | 149

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

Open Access Attendants 32(37.2) Managerial level 34(39.5) Casual worker 46(53.5) Involved in decision making 38(44.2) involved in major decision making 43(50.0) Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages are in parentheses Table 2 shows youth involvement in livestock farming as a career, it is noted that a good portion of the youth engage in livestock farming as their primary source of income (82.6%) while (60.5%) engage in livestock as the owner. Working on livestock farms at the attendant level (62.8%), managerial level (60.5%) and at casual level (46.5%) were also significant. While (55.8%) are those that were not

54(62.8) 52(60.5) 40(46.5) 48(55.8) 43(50.0)

involve in decision making process in livestock farming. This shows that youth involve in livestock production as a career than any other career in the study area and they are involved at significant area. This agrees with the report of Ogbosuka et al., (2003) who reported that youth and women are actively involved in livestock production.

Table 3: Constraints that Affect Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming Variable Severe Mild Lack of Capital Low return from business Return time in business Seasonality of business High risk in business Business nature Rural location of the business Inadequate infrastructure Poor Market structure in business Inadequate modern equipment Poor government policy

55(64.0) 25(29.1) 32(37.2) 37(43.0)

25(29.1) 45(52.3) 40(46.5) 26(30.2) 50(58.1)

42(48.8)

31(36.0) 24(27.9)

47(54.7) 39(45.3) 34(39.50 40(46.5)

25(29.1) 39(45.3) 43(50.0) 32(37.2)

Not A Constraint

6(7.0) 16(18.6) 14(16.3) 23(26.7) 27(31.4) 9(10.5) 13(15.1) 43(50.0) 19(22.1) 14(16.3) 8(9.3) 9(10.5) 14(16.3)

Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses The result in table 3 shows that perceived constraints to livestock farming which affects youth involvement in livestock farming as a career in the study are always noticeable ones such as inadequate capital to start a business (Finance) which has always been the major problem in Nigeria and 64% of the population (respondents) attested to this. Next to it is the seasonality of the business which receives majority nod of 43% population of the respondents which has also be a serious and major constraints faced by youths farmers in the study area from the early report (Arowolo et al., 2013). Poor government policy in the business is also one of the serious problems faced, as 46.5% believes in that, whereas

www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

58.1%, 54.7% and 45.3% believes that High Risk, inadequate infrastructure and Market structure respectively are also serious constraints as well as nature of the business 48.8%. Low return, return time, rural location, lack of modern equipment are all seen as a mild constraints which has a percentage population of 52.3%, 46.5%, 50% and 50% respectively. This result is in agreement with the finding of Aphunu and Akpobasa who reported inadequate infrastructure in the rural area as one of constraint to youths’ involvement in agricultural activities in Sapele local government.

Page | 150

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

Open Access Table 4: Youths Involvement in Livestock farming Management Variable

Never

Rarely

Always

Feeding of livestock Production of livestock Treatment of livestock Purchasing of livestock Hiring of labor Sales of produce Customer relation

3(3.5) 20(23.3) 10(11.6) 9(10.5) 29(33.7) 7(8.1) 10(11.6)

24(27.9) 33(38.4) 40(46.5) 40(46.5) 39(45.3) 35(40.7) 31(36.0)

59(68.6) 33(38.4) 36(41.9) 37(43.0) 18(20.9) 44(51.2) 45(52.3)

Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses Table 4 shows that the youth are mostly involved in the feeding (68.6%) of the animals, sales of produce (51.2%) as well as customer relations (52.3%) while they rarely involved in hiring of labor (45.3%), purchasing of stocks (46.5%) as well as treatment of animals. The result shows that youths are actually involved in most of the management

activities on the farm as many of the respondents are either owners or managers on their farms , they get themselves involved in most of the activities on the farm. This agree with Mwachoro and Druckar (2005) who reported over (55%) of their respondent to be youth involving in livestock management activities.

Table 5: Youths involvement in decision making activities of livestock farming Variable Never Low Moderate Feeding of livestock 8(9.3) 12(14.0) 34(39.5) Production of feed 5(5.8) 16(18.6) 34(39.5) Treatment of livestock 2(2.3) 15(17.4) 40(46.5) Purchasing of livestock 5(5.8) 17(19.8) 35(40.7) Hiring of labor 11(12.8) 22(25.6) 25(29.1) Sales of produce 5(5.8) 18(20.9) 28(32.6) Customer relation 4(4.7) 15(17.4) 33(38.4) Source: Field Survey, 2016. Percentages ar in parentheses Table 5 shows that the youth in the study area are moderately involved in all decision making activities in livestock business. However, decision on treatment of livestock (46.5%) and purchasing of livestock (40.7%) are prominent in their activities. This may be possible because

High

32(37.2) 31(36.0) 29(33.7) 29(33.7) 28(32.6) 35(40.7) 34(39.5)

majority of them are well informed and are actuarially involved in the business as either owners or managers. This is contrary the views of Jeffery et al., as cited by Abdullahi (2012) who stated that youth have negative attitude toward agriculture.

Table 6: Chi- square test on relationship between selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their involvement in livestock farming Variable

Χ2

đ?œ•. đ??š

P

Decision

Gender Age Marital status Educational background Source of income

0.42 7.326 3.549 1.329 1.987

1 4 4 3 1

0.837 0.012 0.47 0.007 0.011

not significant significant not significant significant significant

Source: Field Survey, 2016.

www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

Page | 151

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2

Open Access Table 6 shows the relationship between selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their involvement in livestock farming. The result reveals that respondents’ age (X2 =7.326, p<0.05), educational background (X2 =1.329, p<0.05) and source of income (X2 =1.987, p<0.05) significantly affect the involvement of the respondents in livestock farming in the study area. In term of age and involvement, the younger the respondents the higher their involvement in livestock farming as a career. While education is knowledge, the

level of education influences respondents’ involvement in livestock farming as reported by Arowolo et al (2013). The source of income of the respondent will give the respondents more options of source of funding which will improve the status as well as more resources to engage in more livestock farming activities at the same time inadequate fund will limit the respondents’ ability to involve in livestock farming as reported by ILRI (2007), that the improvement of human income will enhance the production of livestock in Nigeria.

Table 7: Correlation coefficient (r) of constraints and youths involvement in livestock farming. Variable Involvement and control 18.424

~đ?œŒ

r 0.001

Decision Significant

Source: Field Survey, 2016. Table 7 shows correlation between involvement of youth in livestock farming and constraints to livestock farming, this shows that constraint might affect the involvement of youths in livestock farming activities in the study area. This agrees with the submission of Umeln and Odom (2011). IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The findings of this study show that youths are well involved in livestock farming in Oluyole local government. The study also reveals that of all livestock farming, poultry farming is well embraced in Oluyole local government area. Moreover, most of the respondents are involved in most of the activities in the livestock industry as a good number of them occupied position of manager or ownership. On the other hand it was discover that lack of capital; infrastructure as well as effective Government policy constitute the major constraint to youth involvement in livestock farming in Oluyole Local Government area of Oyo state. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made: 1. Youth should organize themselves into groups in order to share knowledge and experience for the improvement of livestock farming. This will also help them to secure loans from micro and macro credit institutions. 2. The government and other stake holders should organize sensitization programme on livestock for youths in Oluyole Local Government as this will increase their awareness on livestock farming.

www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

3.

4.

The government should establish development policies which are in favor of rural youth participation in livestock farming activities in Oluyole local government Government should ensure the availability of enough input and capital for rural youth involving in livestock farming in the area. REFERENCES

[1] Adebayo, K., Awotunde, M ., Okuneye, P.A. and Okonowo, U.V. (2006). Assessment of Secondary school agricultural education programme in the rural areas of Imo State, Nigeria journal of rural sociology, Vo1.6. Nos. 1 and 2, October, pp. 13 – 22. [2] Aphunu A. and Akpobasa, B.I.O. (2010): Assessment of rural youths’ attitude towards agricultural production in Sapele local government area of Delta State. The Nigerian Academic Forum Volume 19 No. 1 November, 2010 [3] Arowolo, O. O., Lawal A. M . and Ogundijo J. I. (2013): Grass-root youth involvement in cattle rearing activities in Oyo State, South western Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Vol.5 (5), pp. 100-106, June, 2013. Pp 100 – 106 [4] Erebor O (2003). Comprehensive Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools. Johnson Publishers Limited, Lagos.99 [5] Ilri hard book of livestock statistics for developing countries. International livestock research institute [ILRI] working paper No.26 social-economics and policy research, 2000289p. [6] Jibowo AA (1989). Rural Youth: A vital but untapped human resources (An invited paper). Proceedings of NAERLS, National Rural Youth 99

Page | 152

Open Access [7] M atthews – Njoku, E.C. &Ajaero, J.O. (2007). Role of youths in food security in Ikeduru local government area of Imo State, Nigeria. Global approaches to extension practice, .3, (1), andpp.36 – 41. [8] National Population Commission (NPC), (2006). National Population Estimates. Abuja, Nigeria. [9] Nori M , Switzer J, Crawford A (2005). Herding on the Brink: Towards a Global Survey of Pastoral Communities and Conflict. An occasional paper from the IUCN Commission on Environment, Economics Social Policy. http:www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=705 [10] Ogbosuka G.E, Nworgu F.C and Okpeze C (2003): Economic contributions of female small scale livestock farmers in poverty allievation at the household level in Ibadan Southwest local government Area of Oyo State in proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Nigeria society for aanimal production, Volume 28, at page 421-424. [11] Oyelami B. A., Eniola O., Osikabor B., Abegunrin O.O., Ogunwale O G. and Adeyanju O. (2017): assessment of rura l dwe lle rs’ involvement in livestock farming in Afijio Local Government Area of Oyo State. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Vol. 44(2). Pp 68-78. [12] Okeke E. N., Oloba O. G., and Oyelami B. A. (2018): Rural Dwellers’ Involvement in Livestock Farming in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pp 2250-2257. Published by IJEAB, https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.6.41, www.ijeab.com [13] Silva, J. L., M ohamad Saffril, H.A, Uli, J & Abu Samah, B. (2009) A review of contract farming and factors that impinge youths acceptance to contract farming, European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2),328-338. [14] Siyanbola AT (2005).Harvesting Rural Youths Potentials for Agricultural Development in Nigeria: The role of extension. Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Nations M eeting at the Conference Centre, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 4th-5th M arch. [15] Sodiya CI (2005). Assessment of Agricultural extension availability and needs in Agro pastoral production system of Ogun state, Southwestern Nigeria. An Unpublished PhD Thesis from the Department of Agricultural Extension Rural Development, University of Ibadan. [16] Torimiro DO (2008). Rural Youth Development and Extension. In Akinyemiju & Torimiro, O.O. Agricultural Extension: A Comprehensive treatise 25:279-299. [17] Torimiro DO (1999). Factors associated with Youth participation in Rural Leadership Development Activities in Ogun State, Nigeria. An Unpublished PhD Thesis of the Obafemi Arowolo University, Ile –Ife, Nigeria, pp. 127-163. [18] Umea G.N and Odom (2011): Roles and constraints of youth association in Agricultural and rural development: Evidence from Agate Local Government Area of Anambah

www.aipublications.com/ijfaf

International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug, 2019] ISSN: 2456-8791 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.4.2 state, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural science 7(5):515-519, 2011 DOSI Publication [19] World Bank (2001). The world youth forum report, Washington, D.C.

Page | 153

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.