Appendix

The slum conditions in India aren't getting better and need basic infrastructure to survive healthy or disease-free. The case of the Dharavi slum illustrates how the quality of life of slum dwellers is worse and how they are managing in small areas. Dharavi originates from a fishing village and has now become a home for more than a million people (World Population Review, 2020). It has been concluded that Dharavi is divided into groups of either the same caste, religion or work. The first redevelopment plan of Dharavi came into existence in 1972; some kind of development in the form of roads, sewer lines and freshwater lines has been done till now. But with the rapid growth of Dharavi's population, immediate sustainable redevelopment requires. Dharavi has been divided into three time periods; colonial, post-independence and post 1981. Portuguese were the main influencer in the colonial period, and even they built the first church in Bandra. And by the end of 1800, Dharavi started filling according to communities such as Kumbharwadas with Gujratis. After independence, Mumbai started to develop, and migrants settled in Dharavi and declared slum in 1972. After that, many redevelopment proposals came. Dharavi is located in a prime location in Mumbai, making it an attraction for both developers and the government. It has mixed land use of residential, commercial, and industrial. There are three types of houses in Dharavi; kutcha, semi kutcha and pucca depending on the location. Dharavi runs a billion-dollar business within themselves with small work like recycling, leather and textile, pottery, and many more industries. Dharavi Redevelopment Project 2004 proposed five sectors for various communities, but the plan didn't succeed because of many protests and insufficient information provided to slum dwellers. Dharavi became a self-sustainable city but without sufficient infrastructure and basic essential needs. People of Dharavi have a home, workplace, and job to do. Different communities have different space requirements according to their industries. The redevelopment plan considers putting people of Dharavi in vertical slums and clearing the space while thousands or even lakhs of people will be unemployed afer these developments. That's why there are protests and oppositions of the government's decisions whenever a redevelopment proposal comes. The government needs much money to develop Dharavi, so the redevelopment proposal in 2019 has only 200 acres of land for slum dwellers, 100 acres of land for clear green spaces, and 300 acres of land for commercial complexes and sale buildings. In contrast, Favela Bairro is supported by the government and many international organisations for the funds. Favela Bairro didn't take the slum dwellers land and took sixty per cent of it in the name of redeveloping. In 1994, the government took the significant decision of legalising the property in the name of slum dwellers; it helps to count the slum dwellers and the number of houses. While the government of India scared slum dwellers by providing land only to those who were living in Dharavi before this year or that year. So people hide and never come out for population count, living becomes priority than basic infrastructure. In Favela Bairro, the government and project staff visit slum dwellers, understand their needs and develop their houses accordingly. But in Dharavi, the government proposes the plan without knowing the lifestyle of slum dwellers, what they want. Most importantly, Favela Bairro focuses on social development by establishing daycare centres, training the slum dwellers about cleanliness, sanitation, and included a lot of community activities, but in Dharavi, nothing happens.

Appendix

(Maher Habib, 2017)

Planned Objective Module 1 (Urban Infrastructure) – Integrated Urbanisation

By the end of the project, objective was to reach 56,000 families in 52 slum areas and 17 irregular settlements that used to have no access to the basic services.

(a) Infrastructure (i) Providing sewage system:

100 percent of dwellers should be served with access to potable water, a pluvial drainage net as well as a sanitary system. (ii) Street paving and illumination: Paving 100 percent of the central streets and 80 per cent of the adjancent ones; Providing public lighting to 100 per cent of the central streets, and 60 per cent of the adjancent ones. Establishing 11,132 lighting points.

(iii) Geological risks:

Eradicate or alleviate the major geological risks in 100 per cent of slums.

(iv) Social equipment:

Each favela or informal settlment must have at least one daycare centre or any another form of childcare from infancy to four years as well as one recreational area. To establish 49 daycare centres and 69 sports areas.

(b) Community development (i) Community Participation

100 percent of households in every slum area or informal settlement should be reached and invited to participate in the different activities of the program by taking part in at least one of the meetings and any other community activity. Slum dwellers actively participated in all the stages of the project.

(ii) Providing educational campaigns in support of the planned projects, environmental conservation and protection, maintenance of the sanitary and other infrastructure. Providing educational campaigns in support of the planned projects, environmental conservation and protection, maintenance of the sanitary and other infrastructure.

Accomplished Objectives

75,796 families were reached in 62 slums areas and 16 informal settlements.

(a) Infrastructure (i) Providing sewage system:

96 percent of dwellers had access to potable water and 90 per cent had sanitary services. (ii) Street paving and illumination: 9,890 lighting points were established and properly functioning.

Geological risks:

100 percent of risks were eradicated or alleviated in the urbanised area.

Social equipment:

All favelas had at least one daycare center in addition to a sports area. 39 daycare centers and 51 sports areas were established.

(c) Land-titling regularisation:

Six months after the works were done, all dwellers should have security of tenure.

Module 2 (Social Action) -Serving Children and Teenagers (a) Serving children from birth to 4 years old

Nurseries: only 8,400 children received service by nurseries, which constituted 30 percent of the targeted number for a proper dietary as well as psychosocial service.

(b) Serving children between 7 to 14

Retaining students and education reinforcement: 2,750 children and teenagers should be retained in schools and their school performance should be improved. Providing guidance and support to youth from 15 to 17 years via implementing community programs.

(c) Support for groups in high-risk situations:

The program should care for at least 50 percent of teenagers and children in high-risk situations acknowledged in each community. Special attention should be paid for at least 50 percent of children with disabilities and integrating them into the community and social life.

At least 70 percent of the women registered in the program should be trained as "guardians" for their children against social exclusion. Nurseries: Goal surpassed: 8,589 children received service; all nurseries equipped with competent personnel, proper circumstances for dietary and psychosocial service were accomplished. Retaining students and education reinforcement: 2,750 children were retained in school and 1,658 were prepared. A total of 4,128 youth attended the community programs and received the intended guidance and support.

86,179 places were created to care for children and teenagers in high-risk situations.

100 percent of disabled children were taken care of and integrated into social life.

Achieved and surpassed: 96 percent of registered women were trained and received an authorisation to act as "guardians" for their children and the community against social exclusion.

Module 3 – Providing Employment Opportunities (a) Specialised training

16,442 workers and 80 percent of students should be trained in fifteen training fields. 2,100 specialists should receive practical assistance and training.

(b) Increasing educational services:

Slum dwellers were satisfied by the level of maintenance after concluding the program. Goal accomplished

(a) Specialised training

38,500 students and workers received training in different fields.

Goal achieved and exceeded: 2,889 specialists were trained.

(b) Increasing educational services:

4,400 workers should complete the complementary programs offered by school and should receive their diplomas and certificates. 13,319 individuals were assisted by the project and 5,215 got graduated.

Module 4 – Institutional Development (a) Monitoring and evaluation:

Six months after concluding the work, an investigation should be implemented.

(b) Technical assistance

100 officials should be trained in implementation and management of social projects and applied engineering. Management methods should be introduced and control systems of its decentralised activities should be implemented

(c) Social communication:

Producing and distributing videos, posters media ads and didactic materials for disseminating information about the program.

(a) Monitoring and evaluation:

Achieved: a computerised system was created and a research was applied in 38 communities in 2004/2005.

(b) Technical assistance

Goal achieved and surpassed: 100 officials were trained in the Mayor's office and 764 technicians received the required training.

(c) Social communication:

11 educational videos and DVDs were produced, 30,000 brochures. Besides, 3,000 books as well as a weekly publication reaching one million people in Rio de Janeiro were distributed.

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