5.3 Favela Bairro

Proportion of land available to Dharavi residents 43% (57% for sale in free market component)

Existing Diversity in Dharavi

In order to grasp the plurality of socio-economic and cultural interactions in Dharavi, the following section relies on interaction and space utilisation maps prepared by academic institutions as an essential information source (fliphtml5.com, n.d.). Dharavi is divided into five sectors according to the DRP, and most of the land is owned by the local authority Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (Mehta, 2010).

Strategies used in Planning

 Inclusion of sustainable development master plan  Accommodate all the slum families/businesses of Dharavi within Dharavi  Retain all eligible existing rehabilitated families/businesses  Rehabilitate non-polluting industries  Integration of slum dwellers with mainstream residents  Integration of slum dwellers with mainstream residents of Mumbai through HIKES

Current Scenario of Dharavi Redevelopment

Maharashtra government invited bidders in 2019, and the tender went to Seclink Technology Corporation (STC), a Dubai based company. United Emirate's Royal family will back the company. The project aims to transform 600 acres, the largest slum of Dharavi. Time duration of the project is nine years. SPV was introduced by the state government founded by four organisations based in India. SPV aims to tightly control the development process and provide funds to the project even the parent company goes bankrupt. Eligible families will get the house with an are the area of 32.5 sqm with some additional compensation. The redevelopment process will start with the construction of Rehabilitation tower in a ten acre empty plot that will accommodate 1200 residents. The 200 acres will be used for inhabitants, 100 acres will be for large green spaces, and 300 acres will be used to construct commercial complexes and sale buildings. The rehabilitation for slum dwellers would be along the Sion and Mahim area, and the construction of sales buildings and commercial complexes will be next to the Bandra-Kurla complex. There were multiple landowners of Dharavi, such as central government, railways, and municipalities, but how it be distributed is not cleared yet. Construction didn't start yet even after the company's finalisation because the government didn't provide the letter of project award to the Seclink. This led to several issues, and hence the project halted once again.

5.3 Favela Bairro

Figure 5.3 Favelas in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Talking about the history of Rio's slums then, it is not new. From generations, we are aware of the fact that with less industrial and infrastructural development and an improper education system, the country is facing the issue of poverty. However, there are many other reasons for not being in a developing stage—for example, high fertility rate and displacement of people to urban cities in search of jobs. During the late 1920s, Rio developed its first urban plan, and it was after this plan, segregation of urban periphery took place. The history of the slums of Rio De Janeiro in Brazil illustrates the story of industrialisation and infrastructure development in the country (UN-Habitat, 2003). "favelas," also known as slums in Brazil, generally came in the existence of rapid urbanisation. Furthermore, in the upcoming years, i.e., during the 1930s and 1950s, the country started to construct cheap houses in the suburbs away from the cities. Gradually, by the coming of the 1950s, the areas began to become densely populated. It is estimated that 13 per cents of city inhabitants were living in slums in the 1970s. And 100,000 slum dwellers were evicted using military dictatorship in two to three years. (Pearlman, 2004). During the 1990s, the government of Rio De Janeiro took a significant decision of legitimising the favelas; therefore, favelas got their legal identities (Soares, 2005). The program, known as the Illegal Municipal Settlement Regularisation Programme/PCRJ, was created in 1994. Since its formation, the activities have been shared between two parties, the "residents' association" and "the bodies of public administration". The primary purpose of providing legal property rights to the dwellers is so that they can legally become the owners of the house.

Figure 5.4 Slum degradation in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Rio at that time suffered from informal settlements as these resulted in a rise in the number of favelas, and it started to become an irreversible process. There were many measures taken, such as halt the expansion of slums or relocating families to other corners of the city, but none seems viable (Magalhães, 2012). The structure of the favelas was unsafe with poor construction management techniques used.

Figure 5.5 Unsafe constructed favelas (Capstone, n.d.) To tackle this problem, the Brazillian government implemented numerous slum programs (UNHabitat, 2003). The key program was the Urbanization Program for Popular Settlements in Rio de Janeiro (Favela Bairro).

Project Favela Bairro

The project's main objective was to increase the quality of life of the slum dwellers through investing in infrastructure and conducting social development programs. The foremost aim of this program was to transform the slums into urban projects by facilitating them with the basic needs and facilities such as drinking water and sanitation. The project aims to provide essential infrastructure facilities such as water supply, sanitation, illumination equipment and road pavements. Local and central agencies efforts made this completed (Soares, 2005). This happened by reaching 56000 families in 52 different slums and 17 informal settlements that have no accessibility to the main services. Secondly, the project focuses on social components such as establishing early daycare centres, training the slum dwellers in community development issues, cleanliness and sanitisation, and added community activities.

Figure 5.6 Plan of Favela-Bairro interventions at Fuba, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 1995 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.7 Housing at Complexo do Alemao, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.8 Public space upgrade at Cantinho do Ceu, Sau Paulo, designed by Marcos Boldarini, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.9 Public space design for Paraisopolis, Sao Paulo, designed by MMBB, 2010 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.10 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Fernando Maculan et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.11 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Carlos Teixeira et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013)

The project consists of four modules; 1. Serving children and teenagers 2. Providing job opportunities 3. The institutional improvement which to apply a monitoring and evaluation comprehensive system together with training for officials in the Mayor's office, training for workers and civil society organisations 4. Actions for disseminating information about the program to the community