STUDIO A MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
COVER PAGE
TOWN TO SUBURB
COPYRIGHT 2021 MANCHESTER ENGLAND UNITED KINGDOM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE COPYRIGHTS RESERVED BY: STUDIO A: TOWN TO SUBURB (2021) MA ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. first I would like to thank our studio A guide Colin Harwood, who always gives us a clear idea and guidance of what we need to accomplish. Also, thanks to Dominic Sagar for all the valuable information and suggestions provide us during the tutorials and reviews.
“But the sounds, the colours, the aromas of open air markets and of street vendors must not be allowed to disappear’ - JAIME LERNER IN URBAN ACUPUNCTURE
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
YORKSHIRE STREET
DESIGN CONCEPT
OVERALL DESIGN
ZONES OF ACUPUNCTURE
GREAVE’S STREET
UNION STREET
SAINSBURY’S CAR PARK
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT ONCE UPON A TIME, OLDHAM WAS A THRIVING TOWN WITH COTTON MILLS SURROUNDING THE AREA, BEING ONE OF ITS MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS. NOW THAT THE COTTON MILLS NO LONGER FUNCTION, THE TOWN OF OLDHAM IS SLOWLY TURING INTO A SUBURB AND AND POSSIBLY BEING EATEN UP BY THE CITY OF MANCHESTER. HENCE, OUR PROJECT REVOLVES AROUND BRINING LIFE BACK TO THE TOWN OF OLDHAM USING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS URBAN ACUPUNCTURE. THIS IS DONE BY TAKING SITE AND POPULATION ANALYSIS INTO CONSIDERATION, AND DESIGNING SUBTLE YET EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO THE TOWN’S CENTER. WITH THIS WE HOPE THAT OLDHAM GOES BACK TO BEING THE TOWN THAT THRIVES BY ITS PEOPLE AND ACTIVITIES WITHIN.
ASSURANCE BUILDING MANCHESTER: THRIVING
ASSURANCE BUILDING OLDHAM: ABANDONED
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
1859 : DRINKIN LAMP INTRODU BY THE CO-OP S
HISTORIC TIMELINE OF OLDHAM OLDHAM 1831
865 :
DANES ESTABLISHED A SETTLEMENT ‘ALDEHULME’ NOW KNOWN AS OLDHAM
1760 :
OLDHAM CONSISTED OF ONLY ABOUT 60 DWELLINGS
1778 :
LEES HALL, THE FIRST MILL IN OLDHAM WAS ESTABLISHED
1801 :
POPULATION GREW TO 12,024
1840:
THE TOWN HALL IN YORKSHIRE ST WAS BUILT
1841:
POPULATION GREW TO 42,595
IMAGE OF THE OLDHAM TOWN HALL IN 1935
2001:
MAJOR RACE RIOTS OCCURRED IN OLDHAM BETWEEN SECTIONS OF THE WHITE AND ASIAN COMMUNITIES.
2001:
POPULATION DROPPED TO 103,544
1998:
THE END OLDHAM’S COTTON SPINNING INDUSTRY
1961:
POPULATION DROPPED TO 105,922
1964:
OLDHAM NO LONGER IS THE COUNTRY’S LARGEST CENTRE OF COTTON SPINNING
HARTFORD MILL IN OLDHAM DEMOLISHED IN 2020
PEOPLE QUEUEING FOR FOOD AND COAL TICKETS IN 1862
NG FOUNTAIN AND UCED TO THE TOWN SOCIETY
1854:
THE PUBLIC BATHS WERE BUILT ON UNION ST
1861:
POPULATION GREW TO 72,333
1861 - 65:
THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE RESULTED IN MAJOR UNEMPLOYMENT
1865:
ALEXANDRA PARK WAS OPENED TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT FOR LOCAL TEXTILE WORKERS AFFECTED BY THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE.
1871:
POPULATION GREW TO 82,629
THE REFRESHMENT ROOM (1965) IN ALEXANDRA PARK TURNED INTO A MUSEUM INSIDE THE OLDHAM BATHS
1961:
POPULATION DROPPED TO 115,346
1928:
THE LARGEST TEXTILE FACTORY IN THE COUNTRY, WAS BUILT IN OLDHAM
1901:
POPULATION GREW TO 137,246
THE ELK MILL, THE LARGEST TEXTILE FACTORY IN THE COUNTRY DURING THE 1920s
19th C:
OLDHAM HAD APPROXIMATELY 250 COTTON MILLS
1900:
TRAM SERVICE CREATED BETWEEN MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM
Orme Mill
Elk Mill
HISTORYN OF COTTON AND COAL MILLS
Twist Mill
Heron Mill Devon Mill
Alexandra Mill
Bailey Mill
Durban Mill
1880 by 1800 cotton was imported in increasing amounts from the American south. This cotton was entirely slave-grown and linked the town of Oldham and the north west region to the transatlantic slave trade economy.
It is impossible to put an exact date on the introduction of cotton to the area but by the 1740s Manchester merchants were distributing cotton 'roving, spinning and weaving' work that could be done at home to provide an extra income.
1740
1871: 216 mills 1815 the industry established itself after 1815, when an end to years of war created a booming economy.
1821: 40 mills 1794: 12 mills 1841: 94 mills
1900 By 1900 Oldham could accurately claim to be the largest cotton spinning town in the world. Most of the mills that survive today were built after 1900.
Oldham was in receipt of nearly 8% of America's slave-grown cotton crop, it took over 200,000 enslaved African workers to feed Oldham's mills that year.
1860
Oldham has seen the demise of its textile industry, and the troubled integration of new cultural traditions and religions.
1911: 246 mills
mid-20th century
DISTRABUTION OF MILLS
Lion Mill
Orb Mill
2KM
Orme Mill
1KM 3KM
Gem Mill Zetec Components’ PCB
Iris Mill Turning Point - Leigh Bank Residential Rehab
Zenith Mill Lees Brook Mill Chadderton Mill Wickes DIY superstore Nile Mill Raven Mill Honeywell Mill Ram Mill Park Cake Bakery distribution depot
4KM
Maple Mill
Belgrave Mills
Earl Mills
Existing Mills Demolished Mills A substantial number of Oldham’s mills were demolished in the last thirty years of the 20th Century. Apart from falling into disuse and dereliction, some of the mills were attractive to property developers. Instead of regenerating the mills as mixed-use residential and retail units, demolition and its replacement with identikit houses were the norm. 1KM
ARCHITECTURE STYLE High Victorian Gothic Style
·Oldham Music Centre (Lyceum Building) ·Hilton Arcade ·Friends Meeting House ·Prudential Building
Identifiable Features
Linear decorative polychrome bands of brick or stone Masonry construction Stone quoins Pointed arch (Gothic) windows and doorways Steeply gabled roofs, often with cross gables Ornamental pressed brick and terra cotta tiles Patterned brick chimneys Corbelled brickwork
Greek Revival Style ·Oldham Town Hall ·Masonic Hall
Identifiable Features Front gabled roof Front porch with columns Front facade corner pilasters Broad cornice Attic or frieze level windows
High Victorian Gothic style
Gothic Style
·St Mary's Parish Church ·The United Reformed Methodist Church
Identifiable Features
Pointed arches as decorative element and as window shape Front facing gables with decorative incised trim Porches with turned posts or columns Steeply pitched roof Gables often topped with finials or crossbracing Decorative crowns (gable or drip mold) over windows and doors Castle-like towers with parapets on some high style buildings Carpenter Gothic buildings have distinctive board, batten vertical siding
Greek Revival Style Gothic Style Art Deco Style French Style Late Georgian Style Modern Style
Art Deco Style Identifiable Features
Combined Gothic and Deco modern elements Long horizontal lines Stylised geometric patterning derived from the Egyptian design Elephant heads crowning the columns
French Style
Late Georgian Style
Identifiable Features
Identifiable Features
·HSBC Bank
vilion roofs with ornamental wrought iron balustrades trance framed by polished granite Ionic columns carved detailed list of e early grandees
·Church Lane Terrace
Symmetrical form and fenestration (window placement) Multi-pane windows Side-gabled or hipped roof Stone or brick walls Transom window over paneled front door Pediment or crown and pilasters at front entry Cornice with dentils Water table or belt course Corner quoins
Modern Style ·The Cinema
Identifiable Features
Aluminum or stainless steel detailing Horizontal emphasis Glass Curtain Wall
GROWTH OF MOST DOMINATING ETHNIC GROUPS IN OLDHAM 1950S: ARRIVAL OF FIRST MIGRANT POPULATION FROM PAKISTAN (MEN)
FUTURE: MORE BRITISH AND IRISH WILL MOVE OUT OF OLDHAM AND THE TOWN WILL BE MAINLY POPULATED WITH THE PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI SOCIETIES. THIS IS DUE TO IMPROVING LIFE EXPECTANCY, AND THE CONTINUES GROWTH OF OLDHAM’S PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI COMMUNITIES.
1960S: MORE MIGRANT JOIN OLDHAM INCLUDING FROM BANGLADESH (MEN AND WOMEN)
2001: RIOTS WITHIN THE MIGRANT POPULATION DUE TO UNEMPLOYMENT
2017: INCREASE IN MIGRANT POPULATION ESPECIALLY WITHIN THE PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY WHERE PAKISTANIS INCREASED BY 21.6% AND BANGLADESHIS INCREASED BY 21.1%
2011: IMMIGRANTS MAKE UP 22% OF OLDHAM’S POPULATION
TOTAL POPULATION IS 233,759 - 77.5% WHITE - 10.1% PAKISTANI - 7.3% BANGLADESHI - INDIAN 0.7% - BLACK (AFRICAN/CARIBBEAN) 1.2% - MIXED 1.8% - OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS 1.4%
SPREAD OF MOST DOMINATING ETHNIC GROUPS IN OLDHAM
BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY SINCE 2001
BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY GROWTH IN 2011
BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY IN 2001 PAKISTANI COMMUNITY IN 2011
PAKISTANI COMMUNITY SINCE 2001
PAKISTANI COMMUNITY GROWTH IN 2011
SITE ANALYSIS
MANCHESTER TO OLDHAM
21 minutes drive
8.1
2
MANCHESTER 2KM
6KM
8KM
M K 2
OLDHAM
35 minutes by tram
KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS: VISUAL FORM OF OLDHAM
KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS: FORM OF5 elements, OLDHAM Kevin Lynch perceived the image ofVISUAL a city on the basis of namely, path, edge,
PATH
node, district and landmarks further classified into either or namely, minor path, edge, major element Kevin Lynch perceived the imageKevin ofwhich a city oncan the be basis of 5image elements, namely, edge, Lynch perceived the of a city on the path, basis of 5major elements, elements. Above is the image of the Oldham,which which towninto center, node, district andoflandmarks can includes bemajor further classified either and major or minor major element node, district and landmarks which can be city further classified into either orthe minor elements. Above isits themajor image elements of the city of Oldham, which includes the town center,minor and element shows the diagrammatic representation of based on Lynch’s principles. elements. Above is the image of the city of Oldham, which includes the town center, and shows the diagrammatic representation of its major elements based on Lynch’s principles. minor element shows the diagrammatic representation of its major elements based on Lynch’s principles.
PATH
EDGE EDGE
NODE NODE
DISTRICT DISTRICT
LANDMARK
LANDMARK
MANCHESTER 1870
FIGURE GROUND MAPS
IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE REASON BEHIND THE NEGLECT TO OLDHAM AND THE FOCUS ON MANCHESTER, WE HAVE EXAMINED FIGURE GROUND MAPS OF BOTH THE CITY AND TOWN AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 19TH CENTURY: BOTH THE CITY AND TOWN HAVE SEEN IMPECCABLE GROWTH WITHIN THE BUILT UP AREAS, THRIVING WITH POPULATION AS WELL.
OLDHAM 1896
MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM 1903 - 1950 20TH CENTURY: THE INDUSTRIAL REVELATION AND BUILT UP AREAS CONTINUE TO GROW IN BOTH MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM
MANCHESTER
OLDHAM
2021
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANCHESTER CONTINUES TO GROW WHILE OLDHAM IS BEING NEGLECTED, TURNING THE TOWN SLOWLY INTO A SUBURB
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
SITE LOCATION
THE IMPORTANT NODES
HERITAGE AND LISTED BUILDINGS
Markets and Similar Programmes
MARKET INDUSTRY
Oldham Central Bus Station Oldham bus station has frequent bus services to Manchester, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne and Middleton with other services to the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Tameside, and across the Pennines to Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.
Tommyfield Market Hall Tommyfield Markets, right in the heart of Oldham.The first market in Oldham was founded in 1788. The land soon became known as Tommyfield, and Tommyfield Market is still a bustling centre of activity today.
ODEON Oldham
Oldham District Town Hall Oldham’s new city hall, a modern concrete building.
Here was the old city hall, which was transformed into a new modern building. Located in the city center square.
Spindles Town Square Shopping Centre
Sainsbury's A large supermarket, there is a large parking lot, and it is close to the tram station, with convenient transportation.
This is the largest shopping mall in Oldham. It gathers the largest number of people in the entire city and is a huge building.
Important Buildings on Site
DESIGN CONCEPT
LOCALS OPINIONS ON OL
LDHAM FROM FACEBOOK
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE WRITER AND PLANNER JAIME LENER WROTE A BOOK ON URBAN ACUPUNCTURE (2014), WHERE HE DESCRIBED THIS THEORY AS A WAY TO BRING LIFE BACK TO CITIES THAT HAVE LOST IT AND SEEM DULL. THIS IS BY APPLYING PRECISE CHANCES THAT ARE NOT NECESSARY LARGE AND COSTLY YET HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE CITY SPACE. OLDHAM WAS ONCE A TOWN THAT THRIVED BY ITS PEOPLE AND ITS INDUSTRY, BUT NOW THIS TOWN IS SLOWLY TURNING INTO A SUBURB. WITH THIS IN MIND, WE AIM TO USE URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS A METHOD TO REVIVE THE TOWN OF OLDHAM BACK TO ITS GLORY.
We have extracted the natural colours of Oldham, such as the hues of Oldham’s buildings, roofs and hillsides. At present the whole town has a dark colour palette, which gives the town a dull and uninteresting atmosphere.
In addition, we have extracted the artistic colours of Oldham, such as the artistic glass roofs of Oldham’s shopping mall. Its colours are vibrant, welcoming, romantic and healthy to bring joy to people.We hope that Oldham will be more active and full of colour in the future.
OVERALL DESIGN
SITE ZONING&BUILDING FUNCTION Building Function
Site Zoning
Yorkshire Street
e
quar ent S
Commercial Building Government Building
treet ves S Grea
m Parli Unioin
t Stree
Car Park
Abandoned Building Artistic Building Others
OUR DESIGN SCOPE IS OLDHAM'S UNION STREET, GREAVES STREET AND YORKSHIRE STREET, AMONG WHICH YORKSHIRE STREET IS THE TOWN CENTER OF OLDHAM. THROUGH RESEARCH, IT IS FOUND THAT THERE ARE MANY VICTORIAN BUILDINGS HERE, BUT SOME ARE CURRENTLY ABANDONED.
MODEL ANALYSIS
Master Plan
UNION STREET
NORTH ELEVATION: BEFORE
NORTH ELEVATION: AFTER
SOUTH ELEVATION: BEFORE
SOUTH ELEVATION: AFTER
GREAVES STREET
EAST ELEVATION: BEFORE
EAST ELEVATION: AFTER
WEST ELEVATION: BEFORE
WEST ELEVATION: BEFORE
YORKSHIRE / MARKET STREET
NORTH ELEVATION: BEFORE
NORTH ELEVATION: AFTER
SOUTH ELEVATION: BEFORE
SOUTH ELEVATION: AFTER
AXONOMETRIC
4 ZONES OF ACUPUNCTURE
SAINSBURY’S CAR PARK
UNION STREET
8
87
GREAVES STREET
YORKSHIRE / MARKET STREET
ISSUES THAT REQUIRE ACUPUNCTURE ON SITE
DESIGN CONCEPTS AND STRATGIES
1. ADDING CANOPIES TO THE SHOPS AND OTHER WINDOWS ON SITE. THESE CANOPIES WILL BE MADE OF FABRICS THAT REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES LIVING IN OLDHAM. THEY ALSO REPRESENT OLDHAM’S HISTORY OF FABRIC MAKING.
3.USING COLOURS AS INSPIRATION, OUR CONCEPT IS TO MAKE MORE INVITING SEATING AREAS AND URBAN FURNITURE, AS WELL AS ATTRACT CHILDREN BACK TO THE EXISTING PLAYGROUND.
2. ADDING COLOUR AND PATTERNS TO THE STAIRS OF THE TOWN HALL. THIS IS TO APPRECIATE THE LOST HISTORY OF THIS BUILDING AND MAKE THE SPACE AROUND IT MORE INVITING
4. ADAPTING THE PAVEMENTS TO CREATE A MORE ATTRACTIVE AND CHEERFUL ATMOSPHERE, RELATING BACK TO THE CONCEPT OF USING PATTERNS DERIVED FROM THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS WITHIN THE TOWN.
5. ALLOWING THE RESIDENTS OF OLDHAM TO ENGAGE IN THE INTERVENTIONS PROPOSED ON YORKSHIRE STREET. THIS IS TO ASPIRE THE LOCALS TO STAY IN OLDHAM AND ALLOW THEM THE SENSE OF BELONGING
MASTERPLAN: PAVEMENT EXPLORATION AND STREET RENOVATION LAYOUT
REDIRECTING CAR ROUTE TO MAKE THE STREET MAINLY PEDESTRIAN BASED
CHANGING PAVEMENT OF ARCADE
ENHANCING THE EXISTING PLAYGROUND -ADDING PATTERNS TO THE PEDESTRIANISED AREAS OF THE STREET -ADDING MORE VEGETATION - ADDING MORE SEATING AREAS WITH COLOURS TO ADAPT TO THIS THEME OF ACUPUNCTURE - BRINGING PARTS OF TOMMY FIELD’S MARKET ONTO YORKSHIRE STREET
3D ACUPUNCTURE REALISATION
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION USING THE THEORY OF URBAN ACUPUNCTURE, WE WERE ABLE TO DESIGN SMALL YET EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO OLDHAM’S TOWN CENTER. WE HAVE DIVIDED THE SITE INTO 4 ZONES, IN WHICH EACH TACKLED DIFFERENT ISSUES FOUND WITHIN. ON UNION STREET WE HAVE DESIGNED A CANOPY, RENOVATED THE TRAM STATION AND INTRODUCED POCKET PARKS. WE HAVE ALSO CHANGED THE PARKING LOT OF THE EXISTING SUPERMARKET INTO A VIEWING POINT FOR THE TOWN, ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO VISIT OLDAM’S TRUE ESSENCE. ON GREAVE’S STREET WE USED ARCHES AS INSPIRATION AND FORM OF ACUPUNCTURE, FRAMING THE CHURCH ON SITE. LASTLY, WE CREATED SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS ON YORKSHIRE STREET TO REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AS WELL AS THE HISTORY OF OLDHAM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Britannica. 2021. Oldham | England, United Kingdom. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Oldham-England> [Accessed 25 November 2021]. 2.
Dovey, K. (2016). Urban Design Thinking : A Conceptual Toolkit [ebook].
3.
Bloomsbury Publishing. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mmu/detail.action?docID=4512048 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2021].
4.
Gallery Oldham. 2021. Gallery Oldham. [online] Available at: <https://galleryoldham.org.uk/> [Accessed 25 November 2021].
5.
Gehl, J (2010). Cities for People. Island Press
6.
Lener, J. (2014). Urban Acupuncture. Island Press
7.
Lynch, K., 1960. The Image of the City. London: The MIT Press.
8. Manchestereveningnews.co.uk. 2021. MyOldham - Oldham latest news - Manchester Evening News. [online] Available at: <https://www. manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/oldham> [Accessed 25 November 2021]. 9. Oldham-chronicle.co.uk. 2021. Oldham Chronicle - Oldham News, Business, Events & Community. [online] Available at: <https://www. oldham-chronicle.co.uk/> [Accessed 25 November 2021]. 10. Oldham-council.co.uk. 2019. Oldham in Profile. [online] Available at: <http://www.oldham-council.co.uk/jsna/wp-content/ uploads/2018/11/Oldham_in_Profile_2019.pdf> [Accessed 25 November 2021].