Analysis of Dharavi redevelopment project to identify the key institutional weakness by aishwarya chauhan

Abstract Slum redevelopment is a global issue that is primarily developing, and underdeveloped countries face. As one of the cases, Dharavi Slum in Mumbai took the world's attention for a long time. Even after multiple proposals and attempts made by the government, the conditions didn't get any better. The dissertation aims to understand the key institutional weaknesses and urban project objectives of the latest Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP) in 2004. It follows two significant steps; initially develop an understanding of the needs of the slum dwellers and their lifestyle while focusing on the redevelopment project objectives consider them or not. Secondly, taking an example of a successfully finished redevelopment project from another country with a similar situation. It provides how could problem solved in a different approach while noticing down the critical project success factors. The chosen comparative project is Favelas of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Then dissertations end with an analysis on the DRP, demands of the slum dwellers to the government, comparison of Favelas, Rio De Janiero redevelopment project to the Dharavi and future recommendations and suggestions for further research.

Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................................3 1.

Introduction..................................................................................................................................7 1.1

What is the slum?..................................................................................................................8

1.2

Slum condition in India.........................................................................................................8

1.3 Research Aim.............................................................................................................................12 1.4 Research objectives...................................................................................................................12 2. Methodology...................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Approach to theory development – Inductive..........................................................................14 2.2 Methodological Choice –Qualitative........................................................................................14 2.3 Strategies – Case Study.............................................................................................................14 2.3 Time Horizons - Cross-sectional method..................................................................................14 2.5 Data collection and data analysis.............................................................................................15 2.

Formation of Dharavi..................................................................................................................16 3.1 Time periods in Dharavi............................................................................................................18 3.1.1 Colonial period (16th to 20th Century)..............................................................................18 3.1.2 Post-Independence............................................................................................................20 3.1.3 1981 and After....................................................................................................................21

4.City Within a City.............................................................................................................................22 4.1 Urban features..........................................................................................................................23 4.1.1 Location..............................................................................................................................23 4.1.2 Land use and urban fabric..................................................................................................24 4.1.3 Road and streets................................................................................................................26 4.2 Houses.......................................................................................................................................28 4.3 Dharavi Enterprise.....................................................................................................................28 5. Case Study: Dharavi Redevelopment Project-2004........................................................................35 5.1 Slum Redevelopment Projects in Dharavi................................................................................36 5.2 Dharavi redevelopment project 2004.......................................................................................38 5.3 Favela Bairro..............................................................................................................................43 6. Analysis...........................................................................................................................................48 6.1 Unemployment assumption.....................................................................................................49 6.2 Public demand..........................................................................................................................49 7.Conclusion........................................................................................................................................51 Appendix.............................................................................................................................................53

List of Figures Figure 0- 1 Number of Statutory and slum reported towns with type wise slum population(Office, 2011)

Figure 3 1 Location of Dharavi (Kundliwal, 2020)

Figure 3 2 Location of Dharavi (Maps, 2021)

Figure 3 3 'The Island of Bombay' map by Capt. Thomas Dickinson clearly shows the presence of a fishing village 17 Figure 3 4 Timeline of Dharavi(Rani Day, India and India, 2010)

Figure 4 1 Location map of Dharavi (Rani Day, India and India, 2010)

Figure 4 2 Land use of Dharavi (Kumar jain, 2020)

Figure 4 3 Different parts of Dharavi (Thukral, 2021)

Figure 4 4 Figure ground map of Dharavi(Kumar jain, 2020)

Figure 4 5 Road Network of Dharavi (Sha, 2017)

Figure 4.6 Recycling in Dharavi (Cox, 2020)

Figure 4.7 Leather Industry Dharavi (Akshay, 2014)

Figure 4.8 Leather Industry Dharavi (Joshi, n.d.)

Figure 4.9 Leather Industry Dharavi (Montrose, n.d.)

Figure 4.10 Textile Industry Dharavi (Assainar, 2018)

Figure 4.11 Textile Industry Dharavi (Montrose, n.d. )

Figure 4.12 Textile Industry Dharavi (Schultz, Paton and Jay, 2020)

Figure 4.13 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Machigar, 2019)

Figure 4.14 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Jordi Castellsague, 2015)

Figure 4.15 Potter in Kumharwada (Akshay, 2014)

Figure 4.16 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Jordi Castellsague, 2015)

Figure 4.17 cloth coloring in Dharavi (Sengar, n.d.)

Figure 4.18 Food factory in Dharavi (WorldNomads.com, n.d.)

Figure 4.19 Embroidery work in Dharavi (www.urbz.net, n.d.)

Figure 5.1 Dharavi five sectors (RTF | Rethinking The Future, 2020)

Figure 5.2 Dharavi Redevelopment Plan 2004 (Thukral, 2021)

Figure 5.3 Favelas in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Figure 5.4 Slum degradation in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Figure 5.5 Unsafe constructed favelas (Capstone, n.d.)

Figure 5.6 Plan of Favela-Bairro interventions at Fuba, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 1995 (Lara, 2013) Figure 5.7 Housing at Complexo do Alemao, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.8 Public space upgrade at Cantinho do Ceu, Sau Paulo, designed by Marcos Boldarini, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.9 Public space design for Paraisopolis, Sao Paulo, designed by MMBB, 2010 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.10 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Fernando Maculan et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013) 44 Figure 5.11 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Carlos Teixeira et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013) 44 Figure 5.11 Favelas after redevelopment (Capstone, n.d.)

1. Introduction

Today, approximately 1.6 billion people live without adequate shelter, with 1 billion of these residing in slums. The number of slum populations rose to over 1 billion with an 80 per cent population including three regions; Eastern and South-Eastern Asia(370 million), sub -Saharan Africa (238million) and Central and Southern Asia(227 million). Due to rapid urbanisation, this number is expected to reach 2 billion by 2030. (United Nations Statistics Division, 2019)

1.1 What is the slum? There are various definitions of a slum. The United Nations(UN) operationally defines a slum as "one or a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area, lacking in one or more of the following five amenities" (Nolan, 2015): 1. Durable housing (a permanent structure protecting from extreme climatic conditions); 2. Sufficient living area (no more than three people sharing a room); 3. Access to improved water (water that is sufficient, affordable, and can be obtained without extreme effort); 4. Access to improved sanitation facilities (a private toilet, or a public one shared with a reasonable number of people); 5. Secure tenure (de facto or de jure secure tenure status and protection against forced eviction) Quality of life in slums is one of the most significant issues for the poor, having the worst shelters and intolerable physical environmental conditions. The fundamental reason for increasing slums in any place is the unaffordability of formal houses. Slums were widespread in the late 19th to 20th centuries in developed nations. Developed nations converted informal housing to a formal settlement with their strong economic support. But, in the last decades, slums have become a major urban issue for developing and under-developing countries.

1.2 Slum condition in India World Bank states India as one of the most populous countries globally, with a population density of over 464 people per Km2 (data.worldbank.org, n.d.). The slums population estimates can be seen varying in different organisations as Census of India (2001) reported 42.6 million people living in slums while UN-Habitat (2003) estimated the slum population in India to be 155 million (Measuring multiple housing deprivations in urban India using Slum Severity Index, 2020). The population of slums in India increased from 2001 to 2011, according to the Census of India (2011), while according 8

to the UN, it decreased (Measuring multiple housing deprivations in urban India using Slum Severity Index, 2020).

The slum is categorised into three types according to the India Census 2011 report 1. Notified slums – "All notified areas in a town or city notified as 'Slum' by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a 'Slum Act' may be considered as Notified slums" (Office, 2011). 2. Recognised slums – "All areas recognised as 'Slum' by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act may be considered as Recognised slums" (Office, 2011). 3. Identified slums – "A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in an unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Such areas should be identified personally by the Charge Officer and inspected by an officer nominated by the Directorate of Census Operations. This fact must be duly recorded in the charge register. Such areas may be considered as Identified slums" (Office, 2011).

Figure 1- 2 Number of Statutory and slum reported towns with type wise slum population(Office, 2011)

Maharashtra is one of the highest slums populated states with a total slum population of 1,18,48,423. The capital of Maharashtra is Mumbai, which is also known as the financial capital of India. Mumbai is one of the popular cities of India and falls under the seven-most populous cities in the world. Mumbai is known for its architecture, culture, lifestyle and the world's second and Asia's largest slum, "Dharavi" (World Population Review, 2020). Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The population of a slum is 1,000,000 in just over 2.1 square kilometres. In contrast, the annual turnover of Dharavi is 1 billion US dollars, which is a significant contribution to support the Indian economy. Many small industries, including plastic recycling, leatherworking, pottery, and other small household manufacturing, employ slum dwellers. It also became one of the city's tourist attractions. Around 15000 tourists annually explore the place and take an interest in slum living conditions (Laigsingh, 2019). Dharavi is a mixture of different communities and cultures, where people belong to various religions and are divided into castes and subcastes. After the independence of India, Mumbai continued to grow, and so did Dharavi, and local authorities failed to propose essential infrastructures such as roads, drainage systems or even access to safe drinking water. So, due to the lack of government concern in Dharavi, people took the matter into their own hands and built their own houses, schools, temples, mosques, factories as suitable, and even formed their political parties within themselves, resulting in creating a city within a city. Soon it became the largest slum surrounded by the most prominent financial district of India. The life of slum dwellers is getting difficult in Dharavi day by day. The people have no basic amenities and land authority. It has been a significant concern for the government for decades. However, the government proposed many projects to upgrade the living conditions of the slum by different schemes and projects, But these attempts in many areas failed for multiple reasons. This dissertation examines the Dharavi Redevelopment project 2004, which is the last attempt by the government and is still under process. Also, identify the limitations and reasons behind unsuccessful implementation and delays even massive investments. Furthermore, analyse the development process of the project and current growth rate. Secondly, the dissertation chooses the Favelas Bairro Slum Project due to its successful implementation in Rio De Janeiro. The project also covers small to extensive redevelopment, showing the government's capability and coordination of project members to the slum dwellers. Another reason for choosing this project is that it starts from informal settlment in huge numbers, which is an irreversible process for the government to deal with. The same happens in Dharavi; thousands of informal settlements are there. There is a possibility that Favelas Bairro could provide suitable recommendations for the Dharavi.

1.3 Research Aim This dissertation aims to analyse the Dharavi Redevelopment Project 2004 and identify the key institutional weakness.

1.4 Research objectives 1. Study the architectural aspects of Dharavi, its formation, and the lifestyle of slum dwellers. 2. Determine the key features of Dharavi. 3. Examine the Dharavi Redevelopment Project 2004. 4. Compare the Dharavi Redevelopment Plan with a Favela Bairro to analyse the project success factors.

2. Methodology

This chapter introduces the adopted methodology in the dissertation. It explains the reason for the used strategies to achieve the aims and objectives stagewise.

2.1 Approach to theory development – Inductive "Inductive approach, also known as inductive reasoning, starts with the observations and theories are proposed towards the end of the research process as a result of observations" (Dudovskiy, 2011). This dissertation aims to generate a theory or framework to measure the unsuccess of the Dharavi Redevelopment project 2004.

2.2 Methodological Choice –Qualitative Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analysing and interpreting non-numerical data (McLeod, 2019). According to NCBI, 2013, the Qualitative method is used to understand people's beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behaviour, and interactions and generates data by case studies, records, interviews and reports. This method helps the dissertation to collect and investigate the secondary data, including records, facts, interviews and background knowledge of both case studies in a descriptive manner.

2.3 Strategies – Case Study "Case study research is an investigation and analysis of a single or collective case intended to capture the complexity of the object of study" (Stake, 1995). The objective of this approach is to explore, explain and describe the case. This method will be useful to analyse the most important factors of Dharavi and Favelas, Brazil. The primary case study is Dharavi Redevelopment Project, while Favelas Bairro provides the project success factors and lessons learned for Dharavi.

2.3 Time Horizons - Cross-sectional method "It determines the time frame for conducting the research, including short-term study and crosssection analysis, the data gathering at a particular point of time. Also, it covers longitudinal research analysis leading to a collection of the data over a more extended period, on a repetitive basis, and makes the comparison." (Setia, 2016) The cross-sectional method to compare the Dharavi and Favela Bairro provides an understanding of India's key institutional weaknesses and project success factors from Favela Bairro. Both case studies are just comparing the different situations from different

regions of the world. The main case study is still Dharavi Redevelopment Project, and Favela Bairro project analysis was used to get lessons learnt that could apply to Dharavi.

2.5 Data collection and data analysis The secondary data collection method is used for data collection and analysis, while major focuses are to review peer-reviewed articles and academic journals. Various textbooks from architecture, Planning and urban design, published dissertations and thesis, government reports and web publications are used for reference and knowledge.

3. Formation of Dharavi

Introduction This chapter aims to introduce the formation, development and current generic situation of Dharavi from the beginning elaborating its history and its impact. Initially, Dharavi was a small fishing village, and these fishermen belonged to the Koli caste (a caste within religion Hinduism), and they believed this place was their habitation for thousands of years. Furthermore, the ‘1909 Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island' poetically describes Bombay's (now Mumbai) Koli fishing folk as "older than the cocoa-nut palm, older than the Bhandari palm tapper," and among whom one would find "the blood of the men of the Stone Age." (Weinstein, 2014)

Figure 3 5 Location of Dharavi (Kundliwal, 2020)

Figure 3 6 Location of Dharavi (Maps, 2021)

3.1 Time periods in Dharavi The history of Dharavi is divided into three time periods as follows: 1. Colonial Period 2. Post-Independence 3. Post-1981 (when the Development Plan of Dharavi was proposed)

3.1.1 Colonial period (16th to 20th Century) In Portuguese Colonisation in India, Portugal was the first to connect all 7 islands in Mumbai during the 16th century. Portuguese built the first church in Bandra while Koli fishers continued to fishing in the creek. When the reclamation began in the 18th century intending to develop Mumbai, Koli fisher had to separate. After the reclamation, Parel and Mahim (towns in Mumbai) were successfully developed and transformed on the outskirts of the island city. On the other hand, the Mahim creek faded; it changed its identity because land gradually became solid and durable. Later, it was used as a dumping ground by the end of the 1800s. By the end-1800s, the communities developed according to the native states of the residents with a common profession such as Kumbharwada( place in Dharavi) filled from Gujratis, leather tanners from Tamil Nadu Muslims, artisans and embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh who started the ready-made garments trade, and Tamilians set up a flourishing business, making savouries and sweets. (Rani Day et al., 2010)

Figure 3 7 'The Island of Bombay' map by Capt. Thomas Dickinson clearly shows the presence of a fishing village

Figure 3 8 Timeline of Dharavi(Rani Day, India and India, 2010)

3.1.2 Post-Independence After India's independence (1947), development and urbanisation started rapidly in the country. Mumbai started to grow fast, and workers arrived in the city from all corners of the country while the government's responsibility became to provide sufficient shelter and occupation to residents of Dharavi as well as newcomers. Later, when the condition of Dharavi became a concern for the government and people, a significant decision was made by the authorities, the first development project of Dharavi in 1972. According to the Maharashtra Slum Areas Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment Act, Dharavi has also declared a slum in 1971. This project did not achieve the target entirely but, it provided taps, toilets and electrical connections and other facilities. Also, sixty and ninety-foot roads were constructed to connect Sion and Mahim (towns in Mumbai) roads and build a sewer and water line alongside. In addition, transit camps were built along the railway line to relocate the residents whose homes came in the way of the newly proposed railway line (Rani Day et al., 2014).

3.1.3 1981 and After During the late 19th century, the conditions of Dharavi started to worsen as migrants kept coming and there wasn't sufficient infrastructure or space. After 1981, the government later proposed four different slum development projects in a certain period of time. In 1985, the prime minister of India earmarked INR 100 crores (US$ 80 million in 1985) for the housing and infrastructure development of Bombay (now Mumbai), while one third was reserved for Dharavi. Prime Minister's Grant Project (PMGP) began in 1987, and then Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) allocated the development work of Dharavi to the Special Planning Authority (SPA). Slum Rehabilitation Scheme was introduced to provide free houses to slum dwellers, and over 85 buildings were constructed in Dharavi up to 2004. But in most scenarios, the Transferred Development Rights (TDR) (see definition below) were sold outside Dharavi, which were generated from the project. "Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, incentive-based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to a developer or other interested party who can use these rights to increase the density of development at another designated location. While the seller of development rights still owns the land and can continue using it, an easement is placed on the property that prevents further development. A TDR program protects land resources at the same time providing additional income to both the landowner and the holder of the development" (Planning Implementation Tools Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), n.d.). The Dharavi Redevelopment Plan was accepted by the government of Maharashtra in 2004. The proposed plan aims to divide the Dharavi into five different sectors and provide free housing and required infrastructure to eligible slum dwellers. A design bid was organised while inviting national and international competitors for the project. In terms of concessions, bidders(contractors) will get the extra built-up area to fund the project by exploiting the value of the land. This will be illustrated in detail in the forthcoming chapter.

4.City Within a City

4.1 Urban features 4.1.1 Location Dharavi is located in the centre of Mumbai, becoming one of the prime locations in the city. Therefore, it has gained much attention from both; government and private developers. The slum settlement is centrally located between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, Western and central. These railway lines are the two main lifelines of Mumbai, transporting thousands of people from one end of the metropolis to another.

Figure 4 6 Location map of Dharavi (Rani Day, India and India, 2010)

4.1.2 Land use and urban fabric Dharavi spread over 239 hectares in the central city area, with an estimated population of more than 18000 individuals per acre. There are several cultural sites such as twenty-seven temples, eleven mosques and six churches (Kalpana Sharma, 2000). Dharavi's land use consists of different types of housing settlements, including informal and formal, and commercial and industrial. The west part of Dharavi is occupied with commercial space, and major industries are along with the major streets and the central roads, so customers and workers can easily access them. Also, hundreds of microfactories of handbags, garments, stationery, clay pots, and many more are incorporated in the houses located in inner clusters. The government built many high-rise buildings alongside the major roads on the area of allotted tanneries before, which moved somewhere else now.

Figure 4 7 Land use of Dharavi (Kumar jain, 2020)

The physical characteristics and urban fabric of Dharavi drastically changed after the Prime Minister Grant Project in 1985. 13 Compound and Kumbharwada (neighbourhoods in Dharavi) are well planned due to their commercial requirements, as shown in Fig(mm). However, the central part of Dharavi is still unplanned, and the majority of informal settlements are visible. It is even complicated for outsiders to navigate most of the time as all the settlements look exactly the same without any known landmarks.

Figure 4 8 Different parts of Dharavi (Thukral, 2021)

Figure 4 9 Figure ground map of Dharavi(Kumar jain, 2020)

4.1.3 Road and streets

The inner settlement is connected by two significant roads north-west to south-east and approximately 90 feet and 60 feet wide, respectively. A formal settlement by the government can be seen along these two central roads while other sub roads and streets are connected with them. Houses are adjacent to the streets on both sides with a plinth and sitting platforms, which helps people socialise and connect to each other. Streets are 2 to 3 metres wide and used for community celebrations and gatherings.

Figure 4 10 Road Network of Dharavi (Sha, 2017)

4.2 Houses 1. Kutcha Houses Kutcha or the temporary houses resemble the tent or hut structure. They are usually weak and need to be assembled again in a month or less. These are generally constructed with recycled material such as iron sheets, wooden logs, or plastic bags and have one room under a roof without toilet facilities.

2. Semi Kutcha Houses In kutcha houses, usually outer walls are durable and made of solid construction material such as brick, concrete, stone and roof made up of temporary materials, including iron or metal sheets. Semi kutcha houses are more durable than kutcha houses with a longer life span and could be one or twolevel. In addition, some semi-kutcha houses contain toilet facilities. In general, there are more semiKutcha houses than kutcha houses in Dharavi.

3. Pucca Houses Pucca houses are also known as permanent houses, which contain durable walls and roofs and can bear harsh weather conditions such as heavy winds, rains, and heat. In various parts of the Dharavi, the government replaced kutcha housing with more than three stories of pucca housing.

4.3 Dharavi Enterprise Dharavi is a place for a variety of productive, retail, and logistic activities providing employment to slum dwellers in different sectors, including recycling, pottery making, handwear making, manufacturing, food making, leather industry, etc. According to the Society for Human and Environmental Development (SHED), Dharavi consists of 1700 various work units of multiple products which are delivered to different corners of the world. It is estimated that the annual turnover of the industries in Dharavi is about 1 billion USD per year or approximately 20 million USD in a day (Yumpu.com, 2010). Dharavi also called the "gold mine" without the property prices for the high demand of their products.

Recycling

Based on the National slum dweller's federation survey (NSDF), Dharavi is India's largest recycling industry since 1986 and accounted for 772 scrap and recycling units/shops, employing about 5000 people. According to the survey in 1986, the turnover of this recycling industry in the Dharavi was estimated at 6 million US$ a year which would be much higher now. Due to its vast nature involving various processes in recycling industries, it is divided into multiple scales, including collection, segregation, recycling and selling for melting. 13th compound is the only place for recycling in Dharavi. The items include oil cans, plastic drums, chemical drums, cotton scrap, iron scrap, empty tins, bottles, etc. Dharavi has more than 700 small to large recycling establishments and approximately only half of them are licensed (Yumpu.com, 2010).

Figure 4.6 Recycling in Dharavi (Cox, 2020)

Leather

The industrialisation in Dharavi started with leather tanning. Dharavi's leather tanning industry was set up by migrants from Tamil Nadu in the 19th century, increasing rapidly and attracting many migrants from different corners of India searching for employment. But leather tanning industries were banned in the 1970s due to excess pollution and forced the tanners to shift to the city's outskirts. Slum-dwellers continued to sell finished leather goods in the Dharavi while doing a profitable business with the employment of 5000 people while having 30 famous leather goods manufacturers in the city (Yumpu.com, 2010).

Figure 4.7 Leather Industry Dharavi (Akshay, 2014)

Figure 4.8 Leather Industry Dharavi (Joshi, n.d.) Figure 4.9 Leather Industry Dharavi (Montrose, n.d.)

Textile

It can be seen in the reports that the textile industry in Bombay was declining and falling down in the 1960s and 1970s; on the other hand, the informal settlements and small enterprises for the textile industry started to develop in Dharavi. The informal industry was divided into separate units such as weaving, printing, tailoring and others while coordinating each other to produce wholly completed garments. This results in outsourcing the production to big garment companies and jeans manufacturers across the world. Altogether, many workers became experts in hand embroidery, specifically called "zardosi" and machine embroidery.

Figure 4.10 Textile Industry Dharavi (Assainar, 2018)

Figure 4.11 Textile Industry Dharavi (Montrose, n.d. ) 2020)

Figure 4.12 Textile Industry Dharavi (Schultz, Paton and Jay,

Pottery

The community of migrants from Gujrat settled in Dharavi in the late 19th century. The 'Kumbharwada' (potter colony) is named after migrant potters from Gujrat (a state in India) and is situated at the junction of the 90-60 road with an area of two and a half acres. These potters were resettled in Dharavi, same as many communities who came for employment opportunities in the island city and shifted from the emergent city centre in south Bombay. Approximately 250 families are highly recognised here, and their business is known old as Dharavi. Their housing combines worklife and is quite interesting as they have two entrances; one opens to the courtyard where most of the production happens, and the other open to the street to display the final products. They share open spaces for kilns, drying and heating process. Compared to other slum dwellers, this community enjoy more space, but their business is not as highly demanded as others because they have only local clients.

Figure 4.13 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Machigar, 2019)

Figure 4.14 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Jordi Castellsague, 2015)

Figure 4.15 Potter in Kumharwada (Akshay, 2014)

Figure 4.16 Pottery workshop in Dharavi (Jordi Castellsague, 2015)

Other Industries

There are also other key industries in Dharavi that serve employment to the slum dwellers, such as surgical thread, kite making factories, gold & jewellery, printing. There are approximately 6 lac people living and working there, so there are hundreds of shops with basic requirements such as hairdressing, laundry, restaurants, craftsmen, entertainers, grocery and many more located and running.

Figure 4.17 cloth coloring in Dharavi (Sengar, n.d.)

Figure 4.18 Food factory in Dharavi (WorldNomads.com, n.d.) Figure 4.19 Embroidery work in Dharavi (www.urbz.net, n.d.)

5. Case Study: Dharavi Redevelopment Project-2004

5.1 Slum Redevelopment Projects in Dharavi Table 1 Slum Redevelopment Projects in Dharavi

S. No

Project

Year

Salient Features

Slum Improvement Project

1972

Provision of essential amenities to the slum, like water, electricity, latrines and sewage disposal.

Slum Improvement Project (continued)

1976

The main motive of this was to provide the people living in a slum with "legitimate status". In order to do this, the committee issued photo identities.

1985

Renting out the land of slum areas to the corporate groups at a very affordable price, providing loans for improving houses and the environment.

Slum Upgradation Project and PMGP (Prime minister's grant project)

Slum Rehabilitation Scheme

1995

Monitoring of the activities was regulated, development rights were transferred in order to attract private developers. The committee was more structured as compared to how they previously worked.

Dharavi Redevelopment Project

2004

Providing Dharavi's residents with new houses to be freed from slum areas and further selling the land for private developments.

1.Slum Improvement Project Maharashtra Slum Area Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment Act declared Dharavi as a slum in 1971. In 1972, SIP was the first development plan for Dharavi. Under this programme, all the basic services water, electricity, latrines and sewage disposal were proposed to the slum area. However, the plan could not be successful because there was no comprehensive census on the slums of Mumbai (Chatterji, 2005). Most of the sewer and water lines were laid down around the SionMahim-Link (90- and 60-feet connecting roads in Dharavi) till 1974. Also, a transit camp was proposed and executed for the affecting slum dwellers due to the removal of their houses for the newly proposed roads (Yumpu.com, 2010).

In 1976, the government attempted to provide legal status to the slum dwellers. The government aims to provide basic amenities while taking a rent of INR 20 per month with valid photo identities. However, the scheme ended by 1991 due to administrative difficulties in completing records of the number of residents and houses. (Sandhu, 2005).

2.Slum up-gradation project In the year 1985, the World Bank provided funds for the Slum Up-gradation Programme (SUP). The program was initiated for improving the housing facilities in slum areas; thus, at very affordable rates, the lands of the slum area were given to corporative groups. However, the program set out a distinction between the house to be upgraded and the house to be rebuilt (Redeveloping Dharavi: The case of slum redevelopment in Mumbai, n.d.). Here, the emphasis was given more on reconstructing the building with the help of plaster and bricks instead of tin, mat and plastics sheets as rebuilding the house with the help of reinforced concrete (RCC) wasn't possible. Along with this, the focus was put on the water and electricity supply because it is considered the basic needs of a person for a living (Chatterji, 2005).

3.Prime minister's grant project The Prime Minister's Grant Project was initiated in 1985 and is considered the most significant milestone. The program aimed for slum redevelopment and plan to build new structures at the same place as before. When Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India, a grant of around Rs 1 billion was sanctioned, from which Rs 300 million was alone reserved for the development of Dharavi. The Prime Minister's Grant Project was considered to be the first-ever project that focusses on the redevelopment of slums in a more systematic manner (Chatterji, 2005). Thus, to do this, Charles Correa was assigned as the head of the committee in 1986. The main aim of this committee is to look after the projects related to the redevelopment of the Dharavi slum. During 1986, as the committee did not have any proper structure or plan regarding how Dharavi looks like, the committee was ordered to reconsider the matter and observe an ariel survey of the area. After having the layouts, the committee identified that there are some areas where the boundaries between the settlements and tenement are blurred. Further, the population estimated during the survey turned out to be incorrect as the population evaluated in the later survey showed that the population was relatively less. Therefore, based on the collected information, the Prime Minister's Grant Project initiated a tentative redevelopment plan. According to the proposed plan, the beneficiary was to be provided with houses that will have four to five floors within the area of 165 to 430 feet. The whole motive of this project was to improve the living standards of the people living in Dharavi. As a result, when the survey was conducted, it was found that 55000 families were the beneficiaries, and amongst them, approximately 35000 were provided with accommodation whereas the other 20000 families were relocated to other parts of the cities (Sandhu, 2005).

Slum rehabilitation scheme In Maharashtra, the problems related to slums were increasing day by day. Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority regulated a program named Slum Rehabilitation Authority to look after this issue. The program was initiated in the year 1995 in order to overcome the problems faced by the previously implemented scheme, i.e., Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS). According to the electoral vote conducted in 1995, every slum dweller was eligible for availing of the benefits related to the scheme. Furthermore, another scheme was introduced for attracting private dwellers, i.e., 37

Transferable Development Rights (TDR). This enables the dweller to use their surplus rights to the other parts of the city, but it should be under the SRS scheme. Moreover, the government set up agencies in different parts of the state to have clear monitoring of the activities. Although the scheme was started to provide quarters to all slum people, only 100 000 units were redeveloped. Even more, some people living in slums rented their homes to get a certain amount of money and, therefore, make a shift towards living in shanty or small homes. Within the next elections, i.e., 1999, the committee completed only 78 apartments, one of which was the Milind Nagar Corporation Housing Society in Dharavi (Indian Express,1999).

5.2 Dharavi redevelopment project 2004

Figure 5.1 Dharavi five sectors (RTF | Rethinking The Future, 2020)

The government of Maharashtra proposed the Dharavi Redevelopment proposal in 2004. Under the Special Planning Authority, Dharavi was considered the undeveloped area of Maharashtra (SRA Mumbai). The government gave the planning work to Architect Mukesh Mehta and asked to provide the master plan of Dharavi. After nine months of work, Architect Mukesh Mehta divides the Dharavi into five sectors, each for different communities. Sector 1 consist of leather and recycling industries with SRA housing land to rent. Sector 2 belongs to strong social structured clusters and those with a high amount of commercial activities. Sector 3 was industrial and institutional functions; Sector 4 got the ephemeral population, mostly migrants. In the end, sector five is reserved for municipal and public services for complete Dharavi. The master plan had high rise buildings and 21 sqm apartments for each inhabitant. But very soon, the project started to face problems, one of the reasons was that the number of families given in the proposal was way too small. It was estimated that there was no data on the exact population. But the population miscalculation was not a reason to protest; the area of 21sqm for a family of 4-5 people was also significantly less. There was no information provided on how the land would be acquired from private owners and the eligibility of the residents to get the ownership of the apartments. There were problems with the plan initially, but as time passed, much deeper concerns were developed. The plan did not have any scope for future expansion, and it literally stacks up the Dharavi people in vertical slums. Large scale informal business suffers the most as these flourish in small narrow alleys. The most concerning thing was what would happen to the informal economy and its sustenance.

Koliwada was the most affected community as it is always an independent village but considered a slum in Slum Redevelopment Plan. With some support from Non-Profit organisations, the community protested Koliwada to be excluded from Dharavi Redevelopment Plan. Simultaneously there were several oppositions from the rest of Dharavi. The people worried about the eligibility criteria for getting an apartment, how relocation will occur, and what will happen to local businesses. The assurance for everything wasn't provided, and there were no answers to the questions raised. The main concern was to increase the apartment area from 21sqm to 37 sqm. The government didn't answer anything for almost three years, but in early 2008 government came up with some answers to the question of inhabitants. The area of 21sqm was increased to 27 sqm, to accommodate the current density, the number of floors increased to 10 and more, eligible families for apartment living in Dharavi was before 2000, raised to 2004 Koliwada will be excluded from the Redevelopment Plan. The government made his decision clear and then released the global tender inviting bidders (developers). Only 450,000 sqm was reserved for the residents of Dharavi, and 1,050,000 sqm was allocated for outsiders. The government shortlisted 19 bidders, but 14 left due to the Global recession at that time 2009-10; five bidders also left, but eventually, everyone left for the same reason. The government decided to go ahead with sector-wise development, Sector 5 with an area of 21hectare construction allocated for 9000 families given to Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA). Work started in 2011, and in 2018 three high buildings were constructed, with one fully completed and two of them about to finish when the government gave the order to stop the construction. The recession period was gone, and the government has different plans for redevelopment for now.

Figure 5.2 Dharavi Redevelopment Plan 2004 (Thukral, 2021)

Basically, imagined as a state worked with the public-private association, planned by the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA), the DRP is fundamentally a clean slate uber project redevelopment procedure for the whole region of Dharavi. Mehta proposes a few actual modifications for Dharavi that structure the foundation of the DRP: a counterfeit and instrumental division of the space into five areas to be dispensed to five private engineers; a most extreme increment of Floor Space Index11 which adds to higher metropolitan densities and the reception of a spatial change from level, low-ascent "ghettos" to a skyscraper platform style typology (G+12 and higher).

Description

Information

Total Area (Mehta, 2010)

217 Hectare 41

Total population (Approximately as there is no official estimates)

3,00,000 to 9,00,000

Number of Households

60,000 – 1,80,000 (calculated from above information, taking average person per household as 5

Total Density

1282-4000 person/Hectare (Calculated on the above basis)

Categorisation of hutments

Residential - 76% Residential + Commercial - 0.6% Commercial + Industrial – 22% Religious – 0.5%

The proportion of land available to Dharavi residents

100%

Description

Information

Total Area (Mehta, 2010)

151 Hectare

Total population

3,00,000 ( calculated on the basis of below information)

Number of Households eligible for free housing in Dharavi (not including those residing and working in loft spaces)

59,000 (according to the survey conducted by MASHAL)

Popuation Density

2326 person/hectare

Categorisation of hutments (Boano, Hunter, & Newton, 2013)

76%- High end residents 17% - High end commercial 2% - Industrial

Proportion of land available to Dharavi residents

43% (57% for sale in free market component)

Existing Diversity in Dharavi In order to grasp the plurality of socio-economic and cultural interactions in Dharavi, the following section relies on interaction and space utilisation maps prepared by academic institutions as an essential information source (fliphtml5.com, n.d.). Dharavi is divided into five sectors according to the DRP, and most of the land is owned by the local authority Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (Mehta, 2010).

Strategies used in Planning      

Inclusion of sustainable development master plan Accommodate all the slum families/businesses of Dharavi within Dharavi Retain all eligible existing rehabilitated families/businesses Rehabilitate non-polluting industries Integration of slum dwellers with mainstream residents Integration of slum dwellers with mainstream residents of Mumbai through HIKES

Current Scenario of Dharavi Redevelopment Maharashtra government invited bidders in 2019, and the tender went to Seclink Technology Corporation (STC), a Dubai based company. United Emirate's Royal family will back the company. The project aims to transform 600 acres, the largest slum of Dharavi. Time duration of the project is nine years. SPV was introduced by the state government founded by four organisations based in India. SPV aims to tightly control the development process and provide funds to the project even the parent company goes bankrupt. Eligible families will get the house with an are the area of 32.5 sqm with some additional compensation. The redevelopment process will start with the construction of Rehabilitation tower in a ten acre empty plot that will accommodate 1200 residents. The 200 acres will be used for inhabitants, 100 acres will be for large green spaces, and 300 acres will be used to construct commercial complexes and sale buildings. The rehabilitation for slum dwellers would be along the Sion and Mahim area, and the construction of sales buildings and commercial complexes will be next to the Bandra-Kurla complex. There were multiple landowners of Dharavi, such as central government, railways, and municipalities, but how it be distributed is not cleared yet. Construction didn't start yet even after the company's finalisation because the government didn't provide the letter of project award to the Seclink. This led to several issues, and hence the project halted once again.

5.3 Favela Bairro

Figure 5.3 Favelas in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Talking about the history of Rio's slums then, it is not new. From generations, we are aware of the fact that with less industrial and infrastructural development and an improper education system, the country is facing the issue of poverty. However, there are many other reasons for not being in a developing stage—for example, high fertility rate and displacement of people to urban cities in search of jobs. During the late 1920s, Rio developed its first urban plan, and it was after this plan, segregation of urban periphery took place. The history of the slums of Rio De Janeiro in Brazil illustrates the story of industrialisation and infrastructure development in the country (UN-Habitat, 2003). "favelas," also known as slums in Brazil, generally came in the existence of rapid urbanisation. Furthermore, in the upcoming years, i.e., during the 1930s and 1950s, the country started to construct cheap houses in the suburbs away from the cities. Gradually, by the coming of the 1950s, the areas began to become densely populated. It is estimated that 13 per cents of city inhabitants were living in slums in the 1970s. And 100,000 slum dwellers were evicted using military dictatorship in two to three years. (Pearlman, 2004). During the 1990s, the government of Rio De Janeiro took a significant decision of legitimising the favelas; therefore, favelas got their legal identities (Soares, 2005). The program, known as the Illegal Municipal Settlement Regularisation Programme/PCRJ, was created in 1994. Since its formation, the activities have been shared between two parties, the "residents' association" and "the bodies of public administration". The primary purpose of providing legal property rights to the dwellers is so that they can legally become the owners of the house.

Figure 5.4 Slum degradation in Rio (Capstone, n.d.)

Rio at that time suffered from informal settlements as these resulted in a rise in the number of favelas, and it started to become an irreversible process. There were many measures taken, such as halt the expansion of slums or relocating families to other corners of the city, but none seems viable (Magalhães, 2012). The structure of the favelas was unsafe with poor construction management techniques used.

Figure 5.5 Unsafe constructed favelas (Capstone, n.d.)

To tackle this problem, the Brazillian government implemented numerous slum programs (UNHabitat, 2003). The key program was the Urbanization Program for Popular Settlements in Rio de Janeiro (Favela Bairro).

Project Favela Bairro The project's main objective was to increase the quality of life of the slum dwellers through investing in infrastructure and conducting social development programs. The foremost aim of this program was to transform the slums into urban projects by facilitating them with the basic needs and facilities such as drinking water and sanitation. The project aims to provide essential infrastructure facilities such as water supply, sanitation, illumination equipment and road pavements. Local and central agencies efforts made this completed (Soares, 2005). This happened by reaching 56000 families in 52 different slums and 17 informal settlements that have no accessibility to the main services. Secondly, the project focuses on social components such as establishing early daycare centres, training the slum dwellers in community development issues, cleanliness and sanitisation, and added community activities.

Figure 5.6 Plan of Favela-Bairro interventions at Fuba, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 1995 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.7 Housing at Complexo do Alemao, Rio de Janeiro, designed by Jorge Jauregui, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.8 Public space upgrade at Cantinho do Ceu, Sau Paulo, designed by Marcos Boldarini, 2011 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.9 Public space design for Paraisopolis, Sao Paulo, designed by MMBB, 2010 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.10 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Fernando Maculan et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013)

Figure 5.11 Community building at Aglomerado da Serra, Belo Horizonte, designed by Carlos Teixeira et al. 2010 (Lara, 2013)

The project consists of four modules; 1. Serving children and teenagers 2. Providing job opportunities 3. The institutional improvement which to apply a monitoring and evaluation comprehensive system together with training for officials in the Mayor's office, training for workers and civil society organisations 4. Actions for disseminating information about the program to the community

Figure 5.11 Favelas after redevelopment (Capstone, n.d.)

6. Analysis

After analysing the method, policies, and project details of both case studies, the multiple reasons could be there to stay off the redevelopment of Dharavi 2004. This chapter will discuss the key findings of the dissertation. The findings are divided into two parts: the self-analysis and the comparative study of the Dharavi Redevelopment Project with an international slum redevelopment project. In the first part, the discussion includes the reasons based on analysing the Dharavi redevelopment plan 2004. The second part finds reasons by comparing successful implementations of Programa Favela-Bairro with Dharavi redevelopment plan 2004.

6.1 Unemployment assumption Dharavi has been providing job opportunities to people since Mumbai used to be known as Bombay. This is a place where most people can find jobs easily and can work on a daily basis. Despite living in poor conditions, 85% of people have a job in the slum and work locally, including women and men (www.coolgeography.co.uk, n.d.). After the detailed study of the Dharavi redevelopment project, Dharavi people have been concerned about future unemployment from the beginning of the proposal. Because Dharavi is not only a place where people only live, it has its economic chain. There was no data on how the Dharavi business will run after development and how much the employment rate will affect. In a previous study of the Slum improvement programme in 1972, one of the objectives was to provide employment to slum dwellers, and it took decades to achieve this goal. It observed that the Dharavi proposal by DRP is more concerned about physical development; however, other aspects like future business strategies and employment rate aren't seen. On the other hand, the Favela Bairro project aims to upgrade the slums rather than destroy the whole colonies, and the project members continuously communicated with the slum dwellers about their needs and gave training on sanitation and hygiene. Dharavi is known for its industries and different skills. From the beginning of the slum settlement, the Dharavi enterprise has been the root of the slum, and it is continuing. Dharavi is running a 1 billion economy per year, can also it's a base of the economy of Mumbai. After the broad study of redevelopment, one question has arrived, will the redevelopment project maintain the economic level the same as a present? The Dharavi redevelopment project's proposed plan includes G+12 residential apartments, which the government approves. However, the project is not feasible for different kinds of industries and small factories. There are different small and big scale businesses and every possible product manufacturer, and they have their own cultural process for making products. It can be seen that the requirement of commercial spaces wasn't considered in the plan— for example, the pottery business. The pottery business is known for its quality and products throughout Asia. Potters collect clay, shape products and dry in the open air of Mumbai's tropical climate and heat up in the large underground oven. Similarly, many businesses, such as recycling, food making, leather, and laundry, have different space requirements. Surprisingly, these space requirements were not considered in the Dharavi redevelopment plan 2004, and people living in Dharavi are concerned for their business which they have been running for decades.

6.2 Public demand From the beginning of the redevelopment project of Dharavi, the first strategy was to divide Dharavi into five sectors. The section-5 was given to MHADA's (Maharashtra housing and area development), Mumbai board, and in 2012 one building construction started, and people moved to different slums, and the government provided only three months rent. But the construction was completed in 2018 without the allowance of living permission. Later, in 2019 September government allowed residential 50

permits to shift those who were living before construction. The slow construction and development process forced the Dharavi people to require commitment from the government in writing. Most people have no objection to the redevelopment process, but they want proper documentation, and legal living rights agreement, only in this people will shift to temporary homes. On the other hand, in slum development in Rio, the public was concerned about employment and social development. The government considered public demand seriously and included it in project objectives. The project focuses on social development as they have provided the early daycare centres, given training to all students and young people, and enabled many job opportunities for the slum dwellers. The project had four modules; serving children and teenagers, providing job opportunities, institutional improvement, actions for disseminating information about the program to the community. The details of all four modules on what was their objectives and what they achieved can be found in Appendix.

7.Conclusion

The slum conditions in India aren't getting better and need basic infrastructure to survive healthy or disease-free. The case of the Dharavi slum illustrates how the quality of life of slum dwellers is worse and how they are managing in small areas. Dharavi originates from a fishing village and has now become a home for more than a million people (World Population Review, 2020). It has been concluded that Dharavi is divided into groups of either the same caste, religion or work. The first redevelopment plan of Dharavi came into existence in 1972; some kind of development in the form of roads, sewer lines and freshwater lines has been done till now. But with the rapid growth of Dharavi's population, immediate sustainable redevelopment requires. Dharavi has been divided into three time periods; colonial, post-independence and post 1981. Portuguese were the main influencer in the colonial period, and even they built the first church in Bandra. And by the end of 1800, Dharavi started filling according to communities such as Kumbharwadas with Gujratis. After independence, Mumbai started to develop, and migrants settled in Dharavi and declared slum in 1972. After that, many redevelopment proposals came. Dharavi is located in a prime location in Mumbai, making it an attraction for both developers and the government. It has mixed land use of residential, commercial, and industrial. There are three types of houses in Dharavi; kutcha, semi kutcha and pucca depending on the location. Dharavi runs a billion-dollar business within themselves with small work like recycling, leather and textile, pottery, and many more industries. Dharavi Redevelopment Project 2004 proposed five sectors for various communities, but the plan didn't succeed because of many protests and insufficient information provided to slum dwellers. Dharavi became a self-sustainable city but without sufficient infrastructure and basic essential needs. People of Dharavi have a home, workplace, and job to do. Different communities have different space requirements according to their industries. The redevelopment plan considers putting people of Dharavi in vertical slums and clearing the space while thousands or even lakhs of people will be unemployed afer these developments. That's why there are protests and oppositions of the government's decisions whenever a redevelopment proposal comes. The government needs much money to develop Dharavi, so the redevelopment proposal in 2019 has only 200 acres of land for slum dwellers, 100 acres of land for clear green spaces, and 300 acres of land for commercial complexes and sale buildings. In contrast, Favela Bairro is supported by the government and many international organisations for the funds. Favela Bairro didn't take the slum dwellers land and took sixty per cent of it in the name of redeveloping. In 1994, the government took the significant decision of legalising the property in the name of slum dwellers; it helps to count the slum dwellers and the number of houses. While the government of India scared slum dwellers by providing land only to those who were living in Dharavi before this year or that year. So people hide and never come out for population count, living becomes priority than basic infrastructure. In Favela Bairro, the government and project staff visit slum dwellers, understand their needs and develop their houses accordingly. But in Dharavi, the government proposes the plan without knowing the lifestyle of slum dwellers, what they want. Most importantly, Favela Bairro focuses on social development by establishing daycare centres, training the slum dwellers about cleanliness, sanitation, and included a lot of community activities, but in Dharavi, nothing happens.

Appendix

(Maher Habib, 2017) Planned Objective Module 1 (Urban Infrastructure) – Integrated Urbanisation By the end of the project, objective was to reach 56,000 families in 52 slum areas and 17 irregular settlements that used to have no access to the basic services. (a) Infrastructure (i) Providing sewage system: 100 percent of dwellers should be served with access to potable water, a pluvial drainage net as well as a sanitary system. (ii) Street paving and illumination: Paving 100 percent of the central streets and 80 per cent of the adjancent ones; Providing public lighting to 100 per cent of the central streets, and 60 per cent of the adjancent ones. Establishing 11,132 lighting points. (iii) Geological risks: Eradicate or alleviate the major geological risks in 100 per cent of slums. (iv) Social equipment: Each favela or informal settlment must have at least one daycare centre or any another form of childcare from infancy to four years as well as one recreational area. To establish 49 daycare centres and 69 sports areas. (b) Community development (i) Community Participation 100 percent of households in every slum area or informal settlement should be reached and invited to participate in the different activities of the program by taking part in at least one of the meetings and any other community activity. (ii)

Providing educational campaigns in support of the planned projects, environmental conservation and protection, maintenance of the sanitary and other infrastructure.

Accomplished Objectives

75,796 families were reached in 62 slums areas and 16 informal settlements.

(a) Infrastructure (i) Providing sewage system: 96 percent of dwellers had access to potable water and 90 per cent had sanitary services. (ii) Street paving and illumination: 9,890 lighting points were established and properly functioning.

Geological risks: 100 percent of risks were eradicated or alleviated in the urbanised area. Social equipment: All favelas had at least one daycare center in addition to a sports area. 39 daycare centers and 51 sports areas were established.

Slum dwellers actively participated in all the stages of the project.

Providing educational campaigns in support of the planned projects, environmental conservation and protection, maintenance of the sanitary and other infrastructure.

Slum dwellers were satisfied by the level of maintenance after concluding the program. (c) Land-titling regularisation: Six months after the works were done, all dwellers should have security of tenure. Module 2 (Social Action) -Serving Children and Teenagers (a) Serving children from birth to 4 years old Nurseries: only 8,400 children received service by nurseries, which constituted 30 percent of the targeted number for a proper dietary as well as psychosocial service. (b) Serving children between 7 to 14 Retaining students and education reinforcement: 2,750 children and teenagers should be retained in schools and their school performance should be improved. Providing guidance and support to youth from 15 to 17 years via implementing community programs. (c) Support for groups in high-risk situations: The program should care for at least 50 percent of teenagers and children in high-risk situations acknowledged in each community. Special attention should be paid for at least 50 percent of children with disabilities and integrating them into the community and social life. At least 70 percent of the women registered in the program should be trained as "guardians" for their children against social exclusion.

Goal accomplished

Nurseries: Goal surpassed: 8,589 children received service; all nurseries equipped with competent personnel, proper circumstances for dietary and psychosocial service were accomplished. Retaining students and education reinforcement: 2,750 children were retained in school and 1,658 were prepared. A total of 4,128 youth attended the community programs and received the intended guidance and support.

86,179 places were created to care for children and teenagers in high-risk situations. 100 percent of disabled children were taken care of and integrated into social life.

Achieved and surpassed: 96 percent of registered women were trained and received an authorisation to act as "guardians" for their children and the community against social exclusion.

Module 3 – Providing Employment Opportunities (a) Specialised training 16,442 workers and 80 percent of students should be trained in fifteen training fields.

(a) Specialised training 38,500 students and workers received training in different fields.

2,100 specialists should receive practical assistance and training.

Goal achieved and exceeded: 2,889 specialists were trained.

(b) Increasing educational services:

(b) Increasing educational services: 55

4,400 workers should complete the complementary programs offered by school and should receive their diplomas and certificates. Module 4 – Institutional Development (a) Monitoring and evaluation: Six months after concluding the work, an investigation should be implemented. (b) Technical assistance 100 officials should be trained in implementation and management of social projects and applied engineering.

13,319 individuals were assisted by the project and 5,215 got graduated.

(a) Monitoring and evaluation: Achieved: a computerised system was created and a research was applied in 38 communities in 2004/2005. (b) Technical assistance Goal achieved and surpassed: 100 officials were trained in the Mayor's office and 764 technicians received the required training.

Management methods should be introduced and control systems of its decentralised activities should be implemented (c) Social communication: Producing and distributing videos, posters media ads and didactic materials for disseminating information about the program.

(c) Social communication: 11 educational videos and DVDs were produced, 30,000 brochures. Besides, 3,000 books as well as a weekly publication reaching one million people in Rio de Janeiro were distributed.

Bibliography Capstone. (n.d.). The Favela-Bairro Project. [online] Available at: http://mlamcapstone.weebly.com/the-favela-bairro-project.html. Jan 15, C.L. / T. /, 2020 and Ist, 08:35 (2020). Maharashtra: Invite fresh bids for Dharavi Redevelopment, says advocate general | Mumbai News - Times of India. [online] The Times of India. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-invite-fresh-bids-fordharavi-redevelopment-says-advocate-general/articleshow/73262478.cms. Kundliwal, T. (2020). M.Arch Thesis by Tanvi Kundliwal - Issuu. [online] issuu.com. Available at: https://issuu.com/tanvikundliwal/docs/thesis [Accessed 25 Nov. 2021]. Lara, F.L. (2013). Favela Upgrade in Brazil: A Reverse of Participatory Processes. Journal of Urban Design, 18(4), pp.553–564. Maps, G. (2021). Dharavi. [online] Dharavi. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dharavi. Planning Implementation Tools Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). (n.d.). [online] Available at: https://www.uwsp.edu/cnrap/clue/Documents/PlanImplementation/Transfer_of_Development_Rights.pdf. Sha, K. (2017). KRITIKA SHA: AN INFORMAL FRAME INCORPORATING SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PRODUCTION OF SPACE IN REDEVELOPMENT by Roberto Rocco - Issuu. [online] issuu.com. Available at: https://issuu.com/robertorocco/docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s [Accessed 25 Nov. 2021]. Thukral, N. (2021). Thesis Dissertation by Niharika Thukral - Issuu. [online] issuu.com. Available at: https://issuu.com/niharikathukral/docs/tesi_anil_learning_from_dharavi [Accessed 25 Nov. 2021]. United Nations Statistics Division (2019). SDG Indicators. [online] Un.org. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11/. World Population Review (2020). Mumbai Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). [online] worldpopulationreview.com. Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mumbaipopulation. Akshay (2014). This is Mumbai - Dharavi, a slum with 665 million annual turnover - Cities. [online] Available at: https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/this-is-mumbai-dharavi-a-slum-with665-million-annual-turnover. Assainar, R. (2018). At the heart of Dharavi are 20,000 mini-factories. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/25/dharavi-mumbai-mini-factories-slum. Cox, H. (2020). Trash into treasure: India's billion dollar slum recycling industry. [online] ww3.rics.org. Available at: https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/modus/built-environment/construction/slumdogbillionaire--turning-rubbish-into-rupees.html. Jordi Castellsague (2015). Kumbharwada, Dharavi, Mumbai. [online] Flickr. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jordicastellsague/16753129726 [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021].

Joshi, S. (n.d.). Dharavi in Mumbai - A walk though Asia's second largest slum! [online] Available at: https://www.sid-thewanderer.com/2017/05/dharavi-mumbai-travel-guide.html [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. Kumar jain, D. (2020). Revamping Dharavi. by Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain - Issuu. [online] issuu.com. Available at: https://issuu.com/rahuljain79/docs/rahul.19082625_studio_b___c_report [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. Machigar, R. (2019). KUMBHARWADA - THE CITY OF LAMPS IN DHARAVI. [online] Flickr. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155836315@N03/48008094488 [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. Montrose (n.d.). Indians at Work - LOUIS MONTROSE PHOTOGRAPHY. [online] louismontrosephotography.com. Available at: https://louismontrosephotography.com/indians-atwork-iii-leather-and-textile-workers [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. Rani Day, India and India (2010). R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai: Society For The Promotion Of Area Resource Centres. RTF | Rethinking The Future. (2020). A history of the slums of Dharavi. [online] Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a2592-a-history-of-the-slums-ofdharavi/. Schultz, K., Paton, E. and Jay, P. (2020). Luxury's Hidden Indian Supply Chain. The New York Times. [online] 11 Mar. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/style/dior-saint-laurent-indianlabor-exploitation.html. Sengar, R. (n.d.). Going offbeat in Mumbai—a trip to Dharavi slum. [online] Times of India Travel. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/going-offbeat-in-mumbaia-tripto-dharavi-slum/as69891676.cms [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. WorldNomads.com (n.d.). One of many illegal factories housed in Dharavi: this factory produces "farsan" - My Scholarship entry - A "place" I have visited - India - WorldNomads.com. [online] journals.worldnomads.com. Available at: https://journals.worldnomads.com/nonietuxen/photo/37917/925654/India/One-of-many-illegalfactories-housed-in-Dharavi-this-factory-produces-farsan [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. www.urbz.net. (n.d.). dharavi | urbz. [online] Available at: https://www.urbz.net/tags/dharavi [Accessed 26 Nov. 2021]. UN-Habitat. (2003). Slums of the World: The face of urban poverty in the new millennium. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). UN-Habitat. (2003). THE CHALLENGE OF SLUMS. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). Perlman, J. E. (2004). Marginality: From Myth to Reality in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro in Urban Informality. Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia, 105-146. Soares, F. S. (2005). The Socio-Economic Impact of Favela-Bairro: What do the Data Say? Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. Magalhães, F. (2012). Slum upgrading: Lessons learned from Brazil . New York: Inter-American Development Bank, Felipe Herrera Library.

Busetto, L., Wick, W. and Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. Neurological Research and Practice, [online] 2(1). Available at: https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z. Chatterji, R. (2005). Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 39(2), pp.197–218. data.worldbank.org. (n.d.). Population density (people per sq. km of land area) - India | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=IN. Dudovskiy, J. (2011). Inductive Approach (Inductive Reasoning) - Research-Methodology. [online] Business Research Methodology. Available at: https://research-methodology.net/researchmethodology/research-approach/inductive-approach-2/. fliphtml5.com. (n.d.). DHARAVI REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT Pages 1 - 43 - Flip PDF Download | FlipHTML5. [online] Available at: https://fliphtml5.com/yhdq/xhjx/basic [Accessed 24 Sep. 2021]. Habitat for Humanity GB. (n.d.). What is a Slum? Definition of a Global Housing Crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slum-rehabilitation/what-is-aslum/#:~:text=1.6%20billion%20people%20live%20without [Accessed 2 Sep. 2021]. Habitat for Humanity (2018). The World's Largest Slums: Dharavi, Kibera, Khayelitsha & Neza. [online] Habitat for Humanity GB. Available at: https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/12/the-worlds-largest-slums-dharavi-kiberakhayelitsha-neza/. Kalpana Sharma (2000). Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia's largest slum. New Delhi ; New York: Penguin Books. Laigsingh, S. (2019). SLUM TOURISM IN DHARAVI A MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS ON THE ONLINE REPRESENTATION OF SLUM TOURS IN DHARAVI. Radboud University Nijmegen. McLeod, S. (2019). Qualitative vs. quantitative research. [online] Simply Psychology. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html. Measuring multiple housing deprivations in urban India using Slum Severity Index. (2020). Habitat International, [online] 101, p.102190. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397520303118 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2020].

Nolan, L.B. (2015). Slum Definitions in Urban India: Implications for the Measurement of Health Inequalities. Population and Development Review, 41(1), pp.59–84. Office, India. (2011). Census of India 2011 : Primary census abstract 2011 Slum-India = Bhārata kī janagaṇanā 2011 : prāthamika janagaṇanā sāra. New Delhi: Office Of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry Of Home Affairs, Government Of India. Primary Census Abstract for Slum. , 2013. Rani Day, India and India (2010). R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai: Society For The Promotion Of Area Resource Centres.

Redeveloping Dharavi: The case of slum redevelopment in Mumbai. (n.d.). [online] Available at: https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/redeveloping-dharavi.pdf? sfvrsn=37b6690a_2. REPORT of the COMMITTEE on SLUM STATISTICS/CENSUS GOVERNMENT of INDIA MINISTRY of HOUSING and URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION NATIONAL BUILDINGS ORGANISATION NEW DELHI. Roy Bhaskar. (2017). What is critical realism? [online] Available at: https://roybhaskar.wordpress.com/what-is-critical-realism/. Sandhu, R.S. (2005). Squatters as developers? Slum redevelopment in Mumbai. Habitat International, 29(2), pp.369–370. Setia, MS (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, [online] 61(3), p.261. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885177/. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students. 6th ed. Pearson. Szilard Fricska, Mcleod, RB and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2009). Land and slum upgrading. Nairobi: Un Habitat. Stake, RE (1995). The art of case study research. Sage. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2003). The challenge of slums : global report on human settlements, 2003. London ; Sterling, Va: Earthscan Publications. United Nations Statistics Division (2019). SDG Indicators. [online] Un.org. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11/. World Population Review (2020). Mumbai Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). [online] worldpopulationreview.com. Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mumbaipopulation. Yumpu.com (2010). ReDharavi. [online] yumpu.com. Available at: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/1437158/redharavi. Weinstein, L. (2014). The durable slum : Dharavi and the right to stay put in globalising Mumbai. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press. UN. (2015). Millenium Development Goals and Beyond. United Nations. UN-Habitat. (2003). Slums of the World: The face of urban poverty in the new millennium. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). UN-Habitat. (2003). THE CHALLENGE OF SLUMS. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). Ucl.ac.uk. 2021. [online] Available at: <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuprojects/Global_Report/pdfs/Rio_bw.pdf> [Accessed 27 September 2021]. Magalhães, F. (2012). Slum upgrading: Lessons learned from Brazil . New York: Inter-American Development Bank, Felipe Herrera Library.

Soares, F. S. (2005). The Socio-Economic Impact of Favela-Bairro: What do the Data Say? Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. Perlman, J. E. (2004). Marginality: From Myth to Reality in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro in Urban Informality. Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia, 105-146. Sep 1, N.B. / T. /, 2009 and Ist, 03:12 (n.d.). 1.2 million in city earn less than Rs 20/day | Mumbai News - Times of India. [online] The Times of India. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/1-2-million-in-city-earn-less-than-Rs20/day/articleshow/4957023.cms. Maher Habib, S. (2017). Dealing with Slums in Egypt: Learning from the success factors of international experiences.

Analysis of Dharavi redevelopment project to identify the key institutional weakness

Articles inside

3.1.2 Post-Independence

5.1 Slum Redevelopment Projects in Dharavi

7.Conclusion

5.3 Favela Bairro

3.1.3 1981 and After

Appendix

4.1.2 Land use and urban fabric

2.5 Data collection and data analysis