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Figure 3 The arts and crafts movement
Figure 3The arts and crafts movement (Book Depository, 2020)
Italian contributors, for instance, by Gustavo Giovannoni (1873-1947) used philological and scientific approaches on restoration (Stubbs and Thomson, 2016). The authors report that Giovannoni was the first to extend and finalize the theory of scientific restoration (restauroscientifico) which was developed by Camillo Boilo, an Italian architect. However, Giovannoni expanded Boilo’s work significantly, leading to the creation of the 1931 Athens Charter and Italian Charter of Restoration which initiated the philological restoration practice. Over time, modern theories of conserving and restoring built heritage were developed and highly popularised in the 20th century. Ashurst (2007) adds that new techniques that were based on ecology were also emerging at the time in an effort to ensure the historical buildings were both environmentally and culturally sustainable.
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Aside from preserving historical built heritage, the conservation of archaeological sites was also considered in the same period (18th to 20th century) (Emmons, Lomholt and Hendrix, 2012). The authors note that in European countries, restoration practices also highly emphasized on refurbishment of medieval buildings in a stylistic manner. Additionally, Emmons, Lomholt and Hendrix, highlight that stylistic restoration (ripristino) was a way of romantically treating historical buildings and as a result, transforming them for later reuse. However, it is observed that there is a lack of published literature on the conservation of heritage in the early times in an Indian context.
Other researchers such as Aygen (2014) also report similar findings, observing that in the 18th and 19th centuries, there was increased attention directed to the preservation of built heritage through formation of conservation movements. This would be later followed by the creation of heritage conservation bodies both at the national and international levels in the 20th century. Additionally, Brandi (1963) would also highlight the integral role of
