Modern Architecture

polytechnic school of architecture and urbanism engineering Second year second cycle

By: Mahiddine Nazim Mellah Younes Group 10b

2021/2022

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Modern Architecture

Table of contents Introduction What led to Modernism ?

The rise of Modernism Bauhaus Famous architects The 5 Points of Modern architecture Modernism trends Building Materials Modernism in Algeria

Villa Savoye – Le Corbusier

Introduction Modern architecture, also known as modernism, was a style based on the latest construction technologies, such as the use of reinforced concrete and glass. It emerged during the early 20th century and became the main style for corporate structures after World War II. At the beginning of this century, a certain number of architects felt the need for a new architecture based on scientific progress and which could meet the real needs of the time.

New materials and technologies

What led to modernism ?  Population increase & the industrialization led massive urbanization and massive building exercise.  The post-war crisis and the need to repopulate and rebuild faster and cheaper.  Political situation changement in Europe.  New materials buildings.

and

technologies

for

The rise of modernis m

Modernism Architecture Slides – 2021/2022

After word war Le corbusier Walter Gropius Mies Van Der Rohe

Wanted only pure forms and the elimination of any decoration.

Art Deco Architects Auguste Perret Henri Sauvage

Made compromise between the two, combining modernist forms and stylized decoration.

By the late 1920s, modernism had become an important movement in Europe. Architecture, which previously had been predominantly regional, began to become international. Architects traveled, met each other and shared the ideas.

BAUHAUS SCHOOL 1919-1933

Founders:

WALTER GROPIUS

G-D 01 - Maison Rossini, 1997 02 - Opéra, 1685

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE

HANNES MEYER

Bauhaus

1919-1933

• The Bauhaus, an innovative German school of art and design was founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius.

• The name Bauhaus stems from the German words for "to build" and "house.”

• Bauhaus is a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts.

• Ironically, despite its name and the fact its founder was an architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture department for the first several years of its existence.

• The school uses a foundations course and workshop experiences to train students in theory and form, materials, and methods of fabrication.

CHARACTERISTIC •

The goal was to unify art and technology.

•

Building Types: schools, offices, and government buildings.

•

The most important construction materials include steel, glass, and reinforced •

concrete, sometimes a brick masonry applied on the face of the concrete.

•

Bauhaus Is Enclosed By Glass Curtains

•

The Whole Cube Seems Like To Immense Horizontal Plains Floating On The

• •

Ground. Bauhaus Is Enclosed By Glass Curtains.

The High Glass Walls Revealing The Light Steel Structure….

Delineated In All Its Transparency By The Iron Grid Of Its

The 5 Points of Modern architecture • Pilotis – replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic • The free designing of the ground plan – the absence of supporting walls – means the house is unrestrained in its internal use • The free design of the façade – separating the exterior of the building from its structural function – sets the façade free from structural constraints • The horizontal window, which cuts the façade along its entire length, lights rooms equally • Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic purpose while providing essential protection to the concrete roof.

The 5 Points of Modern architecture

• Pilotis –

In modern architecture, pilotis are ground-level

supporting columns. A prime example is Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye in Poissy, France. Another is Patrick Gwynne's The Homewood in Surrey, England.

• Beyond their support function, the pilotis (or piers) raise the architectural volume, lighten it and free a space for

G-D 01 - Maison Rossini, 1997 02 building's connectivity with the land by allowing for parking,Opéra, 1685 circulation

under

the

construction.[2]

They

refine

a

garden or driveway below while allowing a sense of floating and lightness in the architecture itself. In hurricane-prone areas, pilotis may be used to raise the inhabited space of a

Pilotis

Roof gardens

Villa SAVOYE

building above typical storm surge levels.

• The roof-garden Rather than real contact with nature, Le Corbusier favored its contemplation. Hence the choice of this overhanging garden terrace, dotted with planters, which offers a view of the surrounding landscape.

• The horizontal window, which cuts the façade along its entire length, lights rooms equally horizontal window

Villa SAVOYE

Free plan: in the architecture world, refers to the ability to have a floor plan with non-load bearing walls and floors by creating a structural system that holds the weight of the building by ways of an interior skeleton of load bearing columns. The building

system

carries

only

its

columns,

or

skeleton, and each corresponding ceiling. Free plan allows for the ability to create buildings without being limited by the placement of walls for

Villa SAVOYE

structural support, and enables an architect to have the freedom to design the outside and inside façade without compromise.[1] the free facade: is a facade that no longer has a structural role (load-bearing) thanks to the piling + slab framework: it can open up freely to space and light.

Villa SAVOYE

Famous architect s 01 - Opéra 1685

Le Corbusier Charles-Édouard Jeanneret 1887 /1965 known as Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.

Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there, especially the government buildings.

Le Corbusier remains a controversial figure. Some of his urban planning ideas have been criticized for their indifference to pre-existing cultural sites, societal expression and equity, and his ties with fascism, antisemitism and the dictator Benito Mussolini have resulted in some continuing contention.

01 - Maison Rossini 1997 02 - Opéra 1685 Villa SAVOYE

Corbusier

The chapel of Ronchamp

the radiant city

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright 1867/1959 was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship.

Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".

Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his vision for urban planning in the United States. He also designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums, and other commercial projects.

Wright-designed interior elements were integrated into these structures.

He wrote several books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time". In 2019, a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Fallingwater House

The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

Frank Lloyd Wright

DeCaro House

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Ludwig Mies van der 1886 /1969 was a German-American architect.He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. Along with Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture.

In the 1930s, Mies was the last director of the Bauhaus, a ground-breaking school of modern art, design and architecture. After Nazism's rise to power, with its strong opposition to modernism, Mies emigrated to the United States.

He accepted the position to head the architecture school at what is today the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

Mies sought to establish his own particular architectural style that could represent modern times just as Classical and Gothic did for their own eras.

The style he created made a statement with its extreme clarity and simplicity.

His mature buildings made use of modern materials such as industrial steel and plate glass to define interior spaces, as also conducted by other modernist architects in the 1920s and 1930s such as Richard Neutra. Mies strove toward an architecture with a minimal framework of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of unobstructed free-flowing open space. He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture. He sought an objective approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design, but was always concerned with expressing the spirit of the modern era. He is often associated with his fondness for the aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the details".

Promontory Apartments

Sheridan Oakdale Apartments

Mies van der Rohe

Farnsworth House

Trends

0 1 0 4

Organic Style Constructivi st

Style

0 2 05

Fonctionali st Style Minimalist Style

0 3 0 6

Rationalist Style Brutalist Style

1.

Organic Style

• Organic architecture, also called architecturesculpture, was developed by F.L.WRIGHT by creating a series of "houses on the prairie", a model of suburban housing, single-family homes, which have definitively abandoned the symmetry for a more free and animated composition as well as integration into the site.

1.

Organic Style

PRINCIPLES :     

The destruction of the box.

Abandon of the symmetry.

Integration into the site by horizontal profiles.

Cantilevered roof.

Spatial organization around the fireplace.

2.

Functionnalism

• In architecture, functionalism is the principle that buildings should be designed based solely on the purpose and function of the building. This principle is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture.

3.

Neo-Rationalism

• Rationalism as a movement implied the complete devotion to logical, functional, and mathematically ordered architecture. 20th century rationalism derived less from a special, unified theoretical work than from a common belief that the most varied problems posed by the real world could be resolved by reason. In that respect it represented a reaction to historicism and a contrast to Art Nouveau and Expressionism.

3.

Neo-Rationalism

• In the late 1960s, a new rationalist movement emerged in architecture, claiming inspiration from both the Enlightenment and early-20thcentury rationalists.

4.

Constructivism

• Constructivist architecture, or ‘constructivism’, is a form of modern architecture that developed in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Inspired by the Bauhaus and the wider constructivist art movement that emerged from Russian Futurism, constructivist architecture is characterised by a combination of modern technology and engineering methods and the socio-political ethos of Communism.

4.

Constructivism

• The main characteristic of constructivism was the application of 3D cubism to abstract and nonobjective elements. The style incorporated straight lines, cylinders, cubes and rectangles; and merged elements of the modern age such as radio antennae, tension cables, concrete frames and steel girders. The possibilities of modern materials were also explored, such as steel frames that supported large areas of glazing, exposed rather than concealed building joints, balconies and sun decks.

5.

Minimalist Style

• Post-war art movement; appeared in the early 1960s in the United States, based on the principle of maximum economy of means. In fact, only the representation of the work is minimal. It is not an art of reduction, but rather a new artistic experience stripped of any illusionist effect. Minimalism is characterized by simple, smooth and geometric shapes. The works are stripped to the extreme.

5.

Minimalist Style

• Minimalist architecture reduces space to its fundamental components: The less it does the better the result. Consequently minimalist architecture can have two objectives different: an industrial objective, do more with less, or an aesthetic objective, live better with less.

Sometimes the two objectives can be pursued simultaneously. Some theorists consider that these two approaches relate to two types of architecture: minimalist architecture on the one hand and architecture of the essential on the other.

6.

Brutalist Style

• Brutalist buildings are typically formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and where concrete is used often to reveal the texture of the wooden forms used for casting in situ. Although concrete is the material most widely associated with Brutalist architecture, not all Brutalist buildings are made solely of concrete. Instead, a building may achieve its Brutalist quality through a coarse grained appearance through the expression of its building materials. Brutalist building materials such as brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and gabion (also known as Trappions), are also used.

Le Corbusier

6.

Brutalist Style

• Buildings exhibiting pure Euclidean forms (cylinders, cubes, ...), without any treatment in projections or setbacks. The general shape of some cases of figures can result from an addition of several basic geometric forms (the square with the circle or the triangle).

6.

Brutalist Style • In some cases, it is the bodies of services and equipment that are put on the the facade outside.

Pompidou Center

Building Materials Before, wood, stone and brick were used. But the industrial revolution gave birth to new materials, which allowed the introduction of glass, steel and reinforced concrete in architecture.

Louvre Museum

Eiffel Tower

Chandigarh College of architecture

Louvre Museum

Modernism in Algeria

AERO-HABITAT

AERO-HABITAT

Former national library of Algiers

Diar el Mahçoul

Former national library of Algiers

Diar el Mahçoul

Conclusion The modern movement is a great revolution in the history of architecture, which marked the 20th century, and which was answered in the whole world, come to solve the problems of its time, its reputation is due to a new approach of the architecture.