Design Scheme: St. Clements, Oxford

St. Clements Redevelopment: Workbook Alasdair Sherry -10024751 U37771: Urban Design and Development For the Attention of Jon Cooper

1

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

Introduction

Contents

The objective of this document is to successfully introduce and understand the site, before moving on using insights gained to form a design code. The site in question is St. Clements Car Park, located near the centre of the city of Oxford.

1

1.1

Introduction to site

2

2.1

Site Appraisal: Land uses and Green and Blue Networks

3

2.2

Site Appraisal: Trees, Topography and Access

4

2.3

Site Appraisal: Edges and Buildings

This document will begin by conducting a thorough site appraisal, which will help make clear the site’s good points and where the site fails at creating an attractive and successful space. By investigating the surrounding area, it may also be possible to draw information from the existing streets and corners that can be used to help form part of the design code. After analysing the current site, this workbook will move onto looking at the process of redesigning the site, taking into account a ‘design motif’ to inspire ideas for the site. From the motif will come a concept matrix which will build up to a ‘vision’ for the site and set out some ‘design actions’ that will broadly show how the site can be improved.

5

2.4

Site Appraisal: Detailed Street Analysis

6

2.5

Site Appraisal: Detailed Corner Analysis

7

3.1

Design Motif

8

3.2

Concept Matrix

9

4.1

Vision

10

5.1

Design Actions

11

5.2

Vision Incorporating Design Actions

12

6.1

Thoughts for Design Code

13

7.1

1:500 Detailed Design

14

8.1

1:500 Regulating Plan

A design code will follow on from the findings of this workbook, which should show the intentions of the design in a more quantitative sense, laying out some rules and guidelines. A 1:500 detailed design will show the block structure and street layout, before moving onto the actual coding.

The coding acts as a regulatory form of guidance when it comes to designing any part of the development, such as the streets and buildings. This guidance has been drawn from the analysis included in the workbook, and is there to keep the development on track with the vision. The1:500 regulating plan shows visually where certain aspects of the coding are implemented, and provides an overall design for the development. A final Financial Appraisal will investigate the economic efficiency of the proposed design, outlining its economic feasibility. This is important because if a design is not feasible, it will not make it past the design stage of the process.

15

9.1

Design Code: Built Form

16

9.2

Design Code: Architectural Composition

17

9.3

Design Code: Streets

18

9.4

Design Code: Open Space and Parking

19

9.5

Design Code: Land Use and Sustainability

20

10.1

Financial Appraisal

21

11.1

Final Reflections

22

12.1

Bibliography

23

12.2

Bibliography (cont.)

Some final reflections will then look back at the project as a whole, focussing on what was learnt and some conclusions.

10024751

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

1.1 Introduction to the Site St. Clements Car Park The first impressions of the site are both positive and negative. From a developers point of view, the St. Clements Car Park offers a sizeable space (0.5 hectares) in a very desirable location. Fig. 1 shows the sites proximity to the centre of the city (indicated by the red circle). The site is situated on a main route in and out of the city, which brings plenty of footfall to within metres of the site. Fig. 2 shows the abundance of green space to the North of the site, which takes the form of the Angel and Greyhound Meadow. Part of the River Isis flows along the Northern boundary of the site, offering a change of scene. On top of this, the St. Clements area as well as the nearby Cowley Road offer plenty of amenities.

At the moment, the site acts predominantly as a car park, offering 120 spaces, as well as hosting a block of public toilets. The car park especially are regarded as very important by the surrounding businesses, and as such an element of car parking may be well received in a new development. The site also acts as a byway from the busy St. Clements High Street to the meadow, however the buildings surrounding the site shield it from the general public. It is easy to walk right past the site without knowing its there. There are three main access points to the site, the main one of which is more orientated for vehicular use.

Fig. 2: View from site looking North over Angel and Greyhound Meadow

Fig. 3: Edges overlooking site

Fig.4: The site is predominantly used as a car park

Fig. 5: North-East corner of the site

Fig.1: Map showing the site’s location in relation to the centre of Oxford

Looking around the site, there are a few features that negate the need for redevelopment. Firstly the overall feel of the site could do with improving. First thoughts are that this could be achieved by increasing the site’s presence somehow, and attract more people to the site. Also, the inactive edges that surround and face onto the site do nothing to improve the feel of the site, and so this issue could be addressed. Finding a use for the space that offers more than just a place to park a car leads to a rethink of the design of the space.

Fig. 6: Map showing site, outlined here in red

1

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

2.1 Site Appraisal Land Uses and Green and Blue Networks

Fig. 7: Map showing various Land uses around the site. Orange shows housing, while Green shows mixed tenure of housing and commercial use. Blue shows the large area of green space, while the site itself is shown in Red.

Looking at Fig. 7 it is plain to see the general use of the Site and its surrounding area. Following the main roads such as Cowley Road and St. Clements high street, the vast majority of buildings are a mixed type, comprising of commercial use on the bottom floors and flats and housing on the floors above. The commercial use of these properties ranges from cafes and bars to shops letting agencies, providing a range of amenities.

Looking off the main roads, the main bulk of residential properties are confined to the quieter side streets. There is a fair mixture of property types in the area, ranging from multi-storey flats to terraced properties. The densities of properties tend to vary, depending on the heights of the buildings. A rough average for the area is around 55 dwellings per hectare. The Housing Provision Background Paper for Oxford, dated August 2010, states that as a minimum the site should achieve a density of 40 dwellings per hectare, and this is something that should be considered in the design process.

With such a major transport network, St. Clements High Street, so close to the site, it perhaps isn't necessary to design the site in a way that would act as a major thoroughfare. Providing access to the Green space is important, and some footfall is needed to make a place successful, but it would be better to use the high levels of footfall already there than try and create an alternative route.

Fig.8: A view of St. Clements high street, showing commercial use on the bottom floors and housing above.

Fig. 11: Map showing the Green and Blue Networks of the surrounding area.

Fig. 9: Looking West down the Isis, the river that makes up the North boundary of the site.

Fig.10: More mixed tenure properties opposite the site.

The site is very close to a large expanse of green area, locally known as the Angel and Greyhound Meadow. Fig. 11 shows the location of this area in relation to the site.

With such a large Green network so close, it may be worth focussing on using space within the site to achieve things like the housing density, rather than trying to get more green space involved. Of course, some vegetation and green space is necessary to provide vitality and variety, and this can be achieved in a variety of ways. The site comes with a few trees, some fairly large, that could be used to inject a certain freshness into the development.

Careful consideration of the Green and Blue networks already on site should be taken to help the development feel fresh and lively.

In terms of Blue networks, the site is adjacent to a portion of the river Isis, a tributary of the Thames, that flows along its northern boundary. Fig. 10 shows the river at a fairly high level, and as such this river could prevent a barrier to development if it tends to flood. However the presence of such a strong Blue network should no doubt help add vitality to the development, and its properties could be accentuated through good urban design.

2

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

2.2 Site Appraisal Trees, Topography and Access much as possible mean an instant green network is present right after the building has taken place.

Another important factor to consider is the topography of the site. Although this is a broad topic and covers a lot of aspects, here it means the gradient of the site. It is worth noting that this sight has a slight downhill gradient North towards the river . This means it isn't flat, and this may change the design. This can be used with a tiered building style to create interesting skylines. Although not as extreme as fig.14, it is still a considerable factor.

Fig.16: This space syntax of the area shows how certain routes around the site are busier than others

Fig. 16 shows a space syntax diagram of the routes surrounding the site. The red areas are the most used, turning orange and then green as the streets become quieter. Using this and a map of the access points (Fig. 17) it is possible to effectively link the access points to improve the permeability of the site. Drawing people from the main streets may be key to improving the feel of the site.

Fig.12: Image from Google Earth showing location of trees. Rough outline of site is shown in red

Following on from Green and Blue networks is a major contributor to the green-ness and vitality of the site; the trees. It is important to consider the trees and vegetation already on a site, and in extreme cases even design a site around it. Fig and show the trees already on the site.

Which trees may stay and which will need replacing depend on the layout of the final design, but by keeping as Fig.14: Although not as extreme as this case in San Francisco, it may still affect the building style (www.123rf.com)

Fig.13: This image was created using the satellite image and shows the location of trees in the site.

Fig.15: The Northern boundary of the site, marked by the river, is the lowest point of the site

17: The above map shows he access points to the site. Using the space syntax, these can be joined to increase footfall

3

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

2.3 Site Appraisal Edges and Buildings When determining the buildings that will be situated on the site, it is important to see how the surrounding buildings have created these effects. Looking at how the placement of commercial buildings can both attract footfall but also being conscious about how it may effect an area are important. Regarding the buildings themselves, many are 2-3 storeys, while the overlooking Florey building is 5 storeys. This mix of heights provides some variety, and it will be necessary to build up to achieve the housing density and in order to make the development viable.

Fig. 19: An example of the edges that face onto the site. Lack of windows and doors make the area feel unused.

Fig. 18: Map showing Active/ Inactive Edges. Note the amount of Inactive Edges (shown in Red) facing onto the site.

Fig. 18 tries to show the main problem concerning the site.

Many of the surrounding properties have in active edges that face onto the site, which negatively affects the overall feeling of the site, particularly at night. The buildings that make up the Southern edge of the site are mainly commercial buildings on the ground floor, meaning that especially out of hours, few people are moving around the area to provide activity. The set up of the windows, or fenestration, allow for poor passive surveillance. Fig 18 shows how active edges, in green, all face onto the main street, and the in active edges, in red, are concentrated onto the site. The Angel and Greyhound meadow, being a large green space, does not provide much in terms of an active edge, but does help in the way of attracting some footfall through the site. The orange edges are areas that do look over the site to some degree, but do not contribute too much in terms of an active edge. For instance, the Florey building, locate din the North-West corner of the site is a large, residential building that overlooks, and almost dominates the skyline of the site. Being a Halls of Residence, it should provide much activity and passive surveillance throughout much of the day. However, fig. 19 shows how the layout of the windows and building are poor at providing the passive surveillance.

The most common building material around the site seems to be brick of slightly varying colours. Determining whether to conform to the usual building materials or creating a contrast by using a different style should be considered. In terms of creating Imageability and giving any development a sense of identity, it may be better to differentiate the site through a memorable street design and striking combination of building types and materials. The main objective should be to sort out the inactive edges by clever placement of the buildings, facing backs onto backs.

The following Street and Corner analysis's will go more in depth to see how to make edges and corners can be designed to make a place more permeable and active.

Fig. 20: The fact that the site is a car park means it will be used during the day and rarely at night

Fig. 21: The commercial buildings that make up the ground floor of the buildings that face onto St Clements High Street use the site as their loading bays etc., meaning they are often used for rubbish and at certain times of day.

Fig. 22: The Florey Building. Note how layout of windows provide questionable surveillance

4

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

2.4 Site Appraisal Detailed Street Analysis To gain inspiration and see how various factors effect the making of a place, it is necessary to analyse streets already in existence. Close to the site is a street called Boulter Street, shown in Fig. 23. Boulter Street is a residential street, fairly typical of this area of Oxford. The street is lined either side by a row of 2 storey, terraced houses. The street bends slightly, and slopes off as it reaches the river. As such, the roofline of the houses is broken up in order to keep the all the buildings at a similar height of around 8 metres. This gives the street a bit of character, as many of the streets in Oxford, particularly to the north in places like Jericho, are very flat with small terraced houses lined up with a linear roofline.

The gentle curvature of the street also adds a sense of mystery, leaving the end out of view until you move further down. This makes the street feel longer than it actually is.

When the end of the street is reached you are confronted by a leafy green hedge and a few trees of around 12 metres high. This combined with the comparative width of the street (around 11.5m) compared to the height of the buildings, makes the street feel fresh and open. Considering the site’s proximity to the centre of a city, these may be qualities worth considering. Other dimensions of the street are shown in Fig. 26. Another interesting dimension is the setback, which for much of Boulter Street is 1.5m.

Fig.24: View down Boulter Street, showing parking on both sides of the road and the end of the street.

Fig.25: Photo of Boulter Street outlining some key features

This has the effect of giving the buildings an functional area of private space in front of the property for bins etc., but also makes the street wider. The boundary between public and private space is reinforced by a small wall around 1m high. This allows the buildings to still exert a sense of passive surveillance that is very important in making places feel safe and attractive. Buildings this close to the road that are often shielded from the street with tall hedges or fences end to fail at creating an air of surveillance.

Looking at Fig.25, there are plenty of windows on the upper floors, but the bay windows towards the front of the ground floor are particularly effective. Not only do they add space inside the room and make it feel larger, they face in three directions rather than one. This form of fenestration is good for adding a sense of passive surveillance. When considering designs and ideas for the potential development of the site, it is important to consider concepts such as fenestration. Trying to make effective widow patterns could also lead to interesting design, or even vice versa. The amount of area at the front of these fairly small buildings that could be used has been added to by the simple addition of bay windows.

Fig.23: Map showing location of Boulter Street (Orange) to the site (Red)

As mentioned, the properties are two storeys, possibly with attic space. They would cater for groups such as students and small working families, which is an important factor to consider when designing buildings for the site. For any design to go ahead, it must be financially viable, which would possibly mean having to build higher to accommodate a greater number. Looking at how the height of the buildings affect the feeling of the space is important.

Fig. 25 also shows how cars can be placed on a street of this size, which could be one idea carried onto the design.

It would seem some form of parking would be integral to the site, not only to cater for the residents but also for the local businesses.

Fig.26: A section of Boulter Street showing dimensions

5

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

2.5 Site Appraisal Detailed Corner Analysis When a space is built up through morphological layers, it is divided into blocks by the street pattern. The nature of this street pattern will more often than not form blocks which have corners. The same principles that make a row of houses form an effective space are still true for when that building turns a corner, and also present opportunities to create exciting and interesting features on the convergence of two or more streets.

Close to the site is a quirky building on a corner where Jeune street meets St. Clements High Street. Fig. 27 shows its proximity to the site. The most striking feature about this building is how its lower storey has almost been cut away leaving a larger area of pavement, but leaving the upper floor. It is eye catching and interesting, and the larger area of pavement broadens out what would otherwise be quite a harsh, blind, right angled turn. This gives a sense of slowing the pace down, and opens up the pavement.

Although quite quirky, it also feels quite awkward. The angular geometrics of both the bricks used in the building and form of the corner subtract from the sense of a broad turn, and also lead to an awkward little window being placed to salvage some of the lost surveillance that two larger windows on either side would have. Overall, the fenestration leaves some to be desired. Fig. 29 shows how large areas of plain brick have been broken up with a few

Fig. 27: Map showing the corner of Jeune Street in Detail

Fig. 28: View of the corner from St. Clements High Street

small windows in a fairly linear pattern. It is fairly generic and does not provide a lot of passive surveillance. With an uninspiring roof pitch and the same red brick used throughout the construction, the form feels rushed. The various road signs and drains give the space around the corner a sense that it isn't really a place anyone might stop or slow down, more like just pass through.

A successful corner acts as a convergence between two routes, and depending on the scale of the routes can act as a node, providing legibility and distinctiveness. The corner on Jeune street is definitely distinctive, but seeing as Jeune street itself is not a major route, merely a residential road, it would not make sense to increase the scale and try and make something of such a minor node. What the corner should do is emphasise the fact that you are moving from a minor road into a major one, or vice versa, using subtle building design. In this sense this corner is quite successful, because of the way the cut away widens a pedestrians vision and makes Jeune street feel like its ‘opening up’ onto St. Clements High Street. However as stated it could also be improved by trying to improve the permeability of the area, through better use of fenestration and materials.

Fig. 29: A photo of the Corner outlining some key features

An example of a great corner design can be seen in Fig. 30. It shows a small boutique in Copenhagen, which exudes some interesting features. Because it is a commercial building, the large windows are provide a necessary function while providing passive surveillance. The way the ground floor of the shop is lowered is fun, and also the rounded form of the building again broadens the turn, and slows the pace down. The change in paving outlines a corner, and could subtly divide the window shoppers and people trying to get places.

Fig. 30: An effective street corner in Copenhagen, Denmark (http://ysvoice.tumblr.com/ , author unknown)

6

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

3.1 Design Motif Another quality is the sense of scale. From windswept canyons to small rounded pebbles, there is a lot of ideas in stone. Thinking about the form of the streets, would stone buildings make them feel like canyons? Fig. 33 shows stone being used in the streets of Pompeii, and to great effect. The timelessness of stone can make recent developments feel well implemented. The streets of Pompeii do not feel like vast canyons either, despite being made almost entirely of stone. Several factors could also influence this, such as the ratio of building height to street width. Certain features, such as the stepping stones in the middle of the street could be reciprocated to add character and timelessness.

Another idea coming from the mind map was that of Zen style gardens (Fig. 35). The surrounding area of the site is fairly quiet, and this contrasts from the lively, almost chaotic scene of St. Clements High Street. This contrast could be built on further by using Zen as an inspiration, a way of juxtaposing the site from the proverbial rush from the next street over. Images of a quiet sereness that is so close in proximity to a major street, with sculpted buildings and streetscapes that take qualities from both the works of Peter Randall Page and the concept of Zen gardens.

Fig. 31: Mind Map showing various thought processes to do with Stone.

To help inspire a thought process for potential designs, it often helps to use a design ‘Motif’. Fig. 31 shows a mind map concerning any thoughts to do with ‘Stone’. Stone was used as a motif in this case as it is a significant building material that is present in many areas of Oxford. Stone can be crafted, shaped and polished, making it a very versatile material, and as Fig. 32 shows, helped inspire many thought process that could be carried forward to the design stage. The main points that will be taken forward from Fig. 29 is that of the colours that can be associated from stone, and also the textures and scale.

Stone comes in many varieties and as such can be used to distinguish certain areas form others, adding legibility and distinctiveness.

Being a natural material, it could be seen to inject a certain richness into a design. Over processed stone such as concrete and breeze blocks are not effective at conveying this sense, not like blocks of granite or marble. Fig.32 and Fig. 34 show works of art by Sir Peter Randall-Page, an artist who uses the organic properties and textures of stone to bring feelings of nature and time into places. His works are often derived from natural mathematic patterns, and as such, create a sense of unhindered order, such as the symmetry seen in ‘The Seed’. Qualities like this could be used effectively in urban design, either in forming flowing, ordered street scrapes or interesting buildings. The varying types of stone used in his art also shows the way the colours and textures can be used effectively.

Fig. 32: Sir Peter Randall Page’s ’The Seed’ (www.sydneynolantrust.org)

Fig. 33: Stone street from ancient Pompeii (www.utexas.edu)

Fig. 34: Sir Peter Randall Page’s ‘Sculpture for Two Moors Way’

Fig. 35: An example of a Zen garden (www.beanbeachgirl.com)

7

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

3.2 Concept Matrix Texture

Building

Slate cladding, much like that seen on Brookes campus, could be a possibility.

Also Bricks made of various stones could bring the sense of organic roughness into the site.

Roof

Colour

The colour of buildings should be drawn from perhaps the subtler shades of stone, the sandstones, chalky whites and the greys of slate and granite to contrast the blue sky.

Material

Of course Stone and natural minerals would make up most of the composition, windows could be formed like

Slate tiles spring to mind, however tiles of other stones could create a variety and legibility throughout the site.

Shape/Size

Again, the range of sizes could be drawn from either the smallest pebble or largest erratic. A mix of sizes, giving a robustness and variety would work well.

Sensory Experi-

Motif Relation-

ence

ship

The sense of stoic lasting exuded by the material of stone should be sensed by being surrounded by the buildings. It should create a sense of calm and stillness, as well as vitality.

Many aspects of Stone involved in the Building types, from the exterior material to the shape and position of windows.

Rolling curved roofs, likened A traditional Roof, with to weathered sandstone or function but also an attracangular rooflines similar to tive pitch. cracked slate. Both water phobic in the sense that any falling rain will be directed away.

The concept matrix tries to link ideas and concepts drawn from the motif with physical design ideas that will be used in the redevelopment of the site. These ideas are used to create the vision for the site

Shapes occurring out of stone form a basis for the shape, whereas the colours can be found in different types of stone.

Fig. 36: Authentic Stone construction in Oxford

Street

Smooth paving slabs to contrast the roughness exuded by the surrounded gravel or stonewashed surfaces and facades.

Perhaps lighter tones to contrast the building shades, or darker to contrast the lightness of the Zen stones.

Slabs of stone, in rough cut forms add vitality, whereas small intricate tiling could add order and a opportunity for Zen like design.

Street

Variety in features, I.e. Zen type features or organic works of art to add interest and legibility. Things like Hepworth or Randall Page.

Any subtle stone colours to coincide with general atmosphere of calm.

Stone works in adding detail on various sizes and scales, but also forms. Patches of gravel or boulders to sit on.

Smooth leaves and soft vegetation to add vitality and life into the otherwise coldness of stone.

Sharp greens to contrast the greyness of stone or dark emerald plants to coincide with it. Blossoming plants tie in with Zen like feel.

Woods and flowers in small numbers help boost green networks with in the site.

Similarly water can add to this, and play host to plants like lilies and bamboos.

Tarmac and other refined stones replaced by coarser more natural surfaces, such as gravel or paving slabs.

Colour could be down to the stone used , and again should be subtle, but could have striking detail put in through clever masonry work.

Various stones such as granite can be polished or left coarse to provide grip and traction. The functionality of the material should come into play here.

Features

Vegetation

Surfacing

Wide valley like streets with the odd hint of vegetation to contrast with stone and add vitality. A variety to cater for different users.

The sense of walking down an open muse, with interesting stonework leading you to places. The calmness allows a sense of being able to stop and admire.

Wide valleys with stone walls, a sense that the valley is channelling but providing something to look at all times.

The crunch of gravel or the stillness of a boulder should be sensed from the features lining the stone worked avenues.

Small shrubs can be cleverly placed to add bursts of colour and life around the site.

That said, a larger ornamental piece could be a key feature.

Fig. 37: Contemporary use of stone in building design (livingdesignhome.com)

A smooth, mixed stone surface to provide a feel for the legibility of the place. The sound of stone, be it crunchy gravel or solid granite can make provide permeability.

Mixed stone riverbeds provide inspiration for the surface of streets . The way a river guides and shapes both water and landscapes, carving through rock and earth.

Fig. 38: Extreme use of stone in building form! (stonehouseinsulation.blogspot.com)

8

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

4.1 Vision Fig. 39: Sketch showing the design vision

Fig. 40: Concept behind the plaza type square that the development centres around.

Fig. 41: Clever use of water to make interactive feature (Westminster, Colorado) (www.ci.westminster.co.us)

Fig. 39 shows the envisioned development for the site. The main features include 4 blocks that will be predominantly residential dwellings, with perhaps a shop or cafĂŠ included in the development. The blocks are shaped in such a way as to form a ‘+’ shaped street layout, which will encourage movement across the site in both directions whilst maintaining access to the meadow from the high street.

To the west of the site, there is a small area that will be

Used as a car park, catering for the residents and surrounding businesses. The placement of the car park allows it to be looked over by the beer garden of the Angel and Greyhound Public House, so as to maintain passive surveillance in this corner of the site. Another point to note about the blocks is that they are shaped so their backs are facing the backs of the buildings surrounding the site, thus cancelling out the inactive edges.

In the centre of the development is a plaza style square, containing a focal point such as a fountain or stone themed artwork. Fig. 41 shows a similar idea used to great effect in Westminster, Colorado. The idea of having a sculpture that people can touch and feel, like having flowing water, helps breathe vitality and life into a site. The structure of the blocks will make this the centre piece of the development while maintaining ease of movement across and through the site.

9

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

5.1 SWOT Analysis and Design Actions The SWOT analysis outlines the Strengths Weaknesses, Opportunities and Barriers posed by various aspects of the site that affect development. By analysing and recognising these aspects, some Design Actions have been drawn up to target and build upon any

strong or weak features. These Design Actions are implemented later in the Site Design.

The image on the next page shows visually where the various design actions will make changes to the site layout.

Strengths: S1: Proximity to heavy footfall area of St. Clements, meaning large amount of people passing close to sight. Could be a way to instigate vitality within the site.

S2: Strong Green and Blue Networks owing to Proximity to Angel and Greyhound Meadow, providing vitality and contrast to St. Clements S3:Access routes from most sides could be linked to create great permeability through

the site Weaknesses: W1: Some entrances uninviting and non legible, would need to be sorted in order to attract people.

W2: The In active rears of the properties facing St. Clements creates poor surveillance and a unwelcoming feel about the site.

W3: Site’s gradient may cause difficulties when developing.

Opportunities: O1: Proximity to major link into city centre and also heart of city itself. Should be used in order to generate traffic through the site .

O2: Angel and Greyhound Meadow, could be seen as a large space, meaning less area within site plan would have to be designated as recreational area.

Fig. 42: Map showing locations of various factors from the SWOT analysis

Design Actions: DA1: Create street layout allowing for greater permeability through the site.

DA2: Create block layout to mitigate inactive edges surrounding site and add further to permeability.

O3: proximity to local amenities negate the need to include them in the design.

Barriers: B1: Flooding poses likely risk. Effects would need to be incorporated into a design to mitigate effects.

DA3: Improve access and visibility of the site from St. Clements to improve vitality.

B2: Public Toilets may have to be included in new site design

DA4: Building structure designed in such a way as to create a housing density of more than 44 dwellings per hectare.

B3: Locals keen to maintain some form of car parking. Would have to be considered in the new design.

DA5: Include some element of car parking within the site design.

DA6: Use motif to help create an attractive, functioning site.

10

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

5.2 Vision + Design Actions Vision image incorporating Design Actions Design Action

Effect on Vision

DA 1

Create a street layout allowing for greater permeability. Shown in the vision by the ‘+’ shaped street pattern, formed also by the block structure

DA 2

Create block layout to mitigate the inactive edges surrounding the site and add further to the permeability

DA 3

Improve access and visibility of the site from St. Clements to improve vitality. This may be difficult owing to the small points of access, although there is a few of them.

DA 4

Building structure designed in such a way as to create a housing density of more than 44 dwellings per hectare.

DA 5

Include some element of car parking within the design. This area as been placed near one of the access routes in order to prevent vehicles travelling through the site.

DA 6

Use motif to help create an attractive functioning site. Fig. 44 shows an example of ways this can be achieved, as does the design Concept Matrix.

Fig. 43: Map showing locations of various factors from the SWOT analysis

Fig. 43 shows where the design actions will effectively take place on the vision. The Design Actions have also been used partly to form the layout of the final vision. Using this to form a scale plan of the design is key to getting everything to fall in to place. The Design Actions also help to form the design code, which will be followed to help the vision become reality. Ways the Design Actions will effect

the code include specifying the widths of streets to create the desired feeling and functionality when walking through it. Specifying the heights of buildings, the textures and materials are all gained from Design Actions and go on to shape the final design. Throughout the creation of a regulating plan, it is important to check that the Design Actions are still being achieved.

Fig. 44: Map showing locations of various factors from the SWOT analysis

11

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

6.1 Ideas for Design Code After analysing the site in depth and forming a vision for the proposed development, it is necessary to take various points forward from this stage and include them in the Design Code. The Design Code itself will ultimately provide a set of rules for a designer to follow, and so must provide information on many aspects of the site.

Purpose The purpose of the development should be to mitigate the problems with the site as it is, and achieve the various design actions set out in this workbook. The development should also create a predominantly residential site that achieves a housing density of at least 44 dwellings per hectare. The problems concerning the site at the moment include the poor access and the inactive edges surrounding the site. The site should also maintain some form of car parking.

Streets

Spaces

Various streets were analysed to create the workbook, which gives a feel for how to achieve similar street designs elsewhere. Fig. 46 and 47 show conceptual measurements for the streets that will be implemented in the design. These have been designed in order to create permeability and legibility, creating a place that is easy to understand and pleasant to spend time in. Things like heights of trees and building texture are all further defined within the Design Code. Main change will be to implement a street system onto the site.

The making of spaces within the design is very important.

The stone motif should have some effect on how the site feels. An example of how this can be seen in the Princesshay development in Exeter (Fig. 48). The fact that the Angel and Greyhound meadow is so close should negate the need to factor much green space into the design.

Fig. 46: Concept section of the type of street that will be used in the design.

Fig. 48: Open square in Princesshay, Exeter, making use of the old city wall to great effect (wwww.geolocation.ws)

Buildings

The building used in the site will follow certain guidelines.

These guidelines will be set out in the workbook, but the main aim is to create attractive 2-3 storey dwellings that are not only efficient to live in, but also effective at creating lively and attractive space around them. This will be achieved through use of clever design and incorporation of the design motif to give the site a certain character .

Fig. 45 shows a technique often used to make places feel lively and add vitality.

Feature

Statistic

Reasoning

Building Height 2/3 storey rang- Varying height adds variety, while the range ing from 7– 10 of 2 to 3 storeys allows floors to have ample metres height. Ground floors are 3m tall while upper floors are 2.5 m Plot Width

4m, varying for corner plots

Based on the properties seen in Boulter street, this should help target of 44 d.p.h to be reached.

Surface

Varying stone paving

Attractive stone surface to aid drainage and also indicate pedestrian areas. Cobble type surface used in car areas to control speed and increase awareness.

Green and Blue “Green Gutters� No need for extensive green space due to Networks and trees proximity of the meadow. Green gutters allow injection of greenery onto buildings.

Fig. 45: Living Walls could be implemented in the design to contrast from the motif of Stone and add vitality to the site

Fig. 47: Table showing some specifications for the streets in the design

Fig. 49: Improving access to the meadow should negate the need to include green space within the design.

12

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

7.1 1:500 Detailed Design Scale Design of Proposed Development This page marks the start of the Design Code. Fig. 50 Shows a scaled drawing of the new site layout. Drawing from the site analysis contained within the workbook, the design reciprocates various design actions that were set out. The ‘+’ shaped street layout maintains access through and across the site, with a strong link maintained to the Angel and Greyhound meadow to the North. Other features include Car parking space (Fig. 52), as well as a central space designed to be the focal point of the development (Fig. 51). This will contain a piece of public art relating to the motif of stone.

Fig.50: (Left) Shows the scale plan of new site layout Fig. 51: View in the design overlooking the central focal point

Fig.52: View in the design overlooking the car park area

13

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

8.1 1:500 Regulating Plan Scale Design showing Design Code Fig. 53 shows a regulating plan. This is to be used in conjunction with fig. 54 in order to specify what areas are affected by various parts of the design code. For the features there is often more than one type of specification. This has been done in order to keep the site varied and help give scope in creating a site that achieves the various Design Actions. For detail on a specific feature, use fig.54 to turn to the relevant page.

Fig. 53 (Left): Scaled Regulating Plan Fig. 54 (Below): Key to Regulating Plan Fig. 55 (Second Below): Alternate view of Plan showing coded regulation in colour

Colour

Code

Reference

Page

BT 1

Building Type 1

15 + 16

BT 2

Building Type 2

15 + 16

ST 1

Street Type 1

17

ST 2

Street Type 2

17

AT 1

Area Type 1

18

AT 2

Area Type 2

18

14

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

9.1 Design Code Built Form BT 1

This part of the design code sets out the parameters for the two main types of building type found on the regulating plan. The table to the right shows the main dimensions of the buildings, including some information about the plot that the building is situated on. There is some variation with the plot sizes, particularly at the corners or ends of blocks, but the majority of plots conform to the dimensions given in the table.

BT 2

The specifications two building types help achieve Design Actions DA2 AND DA4, which is to say they have been chosen to form blocks that mitigate the inactive edges but also fit enough in to achieve a density of 44 dwellings per hectare.

The specifications were also created by using the site analysis carried out prior to this code, as the table shows.

BT 1 is based on buildings on St. Clements high street while BT 2 was influenced by the houses on Boulter Street.

Type

Residential for aimed at professionals

Type

Residential aimed more at families

Plot Length

10.0m

Plot Length

12.0m, with additional garden space

Plot Width

5.0m

Plot Width

5.0m

Storeys

3 storeys

Storeys

2 storeys

Height of Building

9.0m-10.0m

Height of Building

7.0m-8.0m

Set Back

No set back

Set Back

No set back

Private Space

Communal or shared garden area/ courtyard towards rear of properties

Private Space

Predominantly private garden space to the rear

Parking

Limited use of on site parking (AT 2)

Parking

Limited use of on site parking (AT 2)

Fig. 56: Where this coding applies on the Regulating Plan

Inspired by buildings on St. Clements High Street

Inspired by buildings on Boulter Street

15

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

9.2 Design Code Architectural Composition This part of the Design code will focus more on the architectural qualities of the different building types. By varying theses qualities it is possible to create variety which should create some legibility between the two main areas of the development. the ways in which architectural qualities can differ include the materials used, roof pitch and roofline, windows and more to do with fenestration.

BT 1

BT 2

This sections specifications will be drawn on the analysis of the street and corner sections of the initial site analysis. Also, architectural qualities can be manipulated to help achieve DA6, which involves incorporating elements of the design motif to create an attractive functioning site.

Again much of the qualities and specifications are drawn from the surrounding area. Dimensions and style of the windows and the stone used in the construction are just a few examples. A leap towards sustainability is also taken with the use of Sedum roofing in BT 2.

Diagram showing main features of BT1 from an architectural point of view

Diagram Showing main points of BT2 from an architectural point of view

Fig. 57: Where this coding applies on the Regulating Plan

The windows used in BT1 are based on ones seen in buildings of similar heights towards the centre of Oxford. They are larger than windows of the smaller residential dwellings at Boulter Street, possibly because less privacy is needed at such heights. They offer a lot of passive surveillance, particularly over the rest of the site. This has the effect of increasing the permeability.

The make the buildings look contemporary, and will contrast with the stone used in construction to make an effective building style.

The material used in all BT1 buildings will consist of a darker, more rugged stone.

This has the effect of contrasting firstly from the green of the ‘green guttering’ but also from the larger windows. Using a different type from BT2 also creates two distinct areas within quite a small site, adding to the permeability. The stone to the right is known as ‘stacked slate’.

Fig. 58: Stacked Slate (http://www.marshalls-shop.co.uk )

The two images above show how two of buildings constructed according to BT2 can ‘tessellate’ and form streets. Furthermore, the roofline and pitch is of a shallower gradient allowing the Sedum to catch and hold water.

In terms of building material, it is intended that BT2 contrast to BT1 by using a sandier, lighter coloured stone. This will be reminiscent of the centre of Oxford, where the various colleges are made of such stone. It is in this way that the design motif of stone will have an effect on the overall character of the site, giving it character.

16

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

9.3 Design Code Streets This part of the code explores the two main types of street present within the design. ST1 or street type 1 is the main street running north through the site, linking St. Clements with the Angel and Greyhound Meadow. It is slightly wider and also contains vegetation. ST2 or street type two runs almost perpendicular, linking up access points and giving more choice of movement across the site, increasing permeability. It is also important to note that the two sections are referenced on the Regulating Plan as ‘CS1’ and ‘CS2’ respectively. The table to the right goes into more detail about the dimensions of the two street types.

The layout was formed in order to achieve DA1 and DA3, i.e. to create greater permeability through the site and increase and improve the access from St. Clements.

The paving used also contributes to achieving DA6, referring to the use of the Stone Motif. Both street types have a different type of stone paving, aiming at generating character and variety.

Fig. 59: Where this coding applies on the Regulating Plan

ST 1 CS1

The above street section and the plan view to the right show the dimensions of ST1 style streets.

Boulter Street was used to give an idea of the street width. Boulter street is wider, however the houses there were set back. The relationship between the width of the street and the height of the BT2 dwellings gives a sense of openness.

The use of stone paving throughout the site is due to DA 6, trying to incorporate the motif into the design. The paving in ST1 style streets should be large, flagstone style and of darker colours so as to differ from AT1 (See pg. 18).

Street features such as lampposts should compliment the street style, as well as the buildings around that. Lighting is important to keep the street feeling safe and secure at night.

Street furniture is not necessarily required due to it being included in AT1. In terms of improving the access, this wide street down the middle helps promote movement through the site, and opens out from the narrow access point.

ST 2 CS2

ST2 style streets are typically the ones where a BT1 dwelling overlooks a BT2 type dwelling. ST2 style streets are slightly narrower, and the variety of building style lining the streets should create permeability. Again there is no set back, making the street feel more residential. Because of the width, there is no vegetation in ST2 style streets, unlike ST1.

To enhance the safety of the site, and also keep a distinction between AT1 and AT2, a form of bollard is placed to ensure no cars enter ST2 style streets. This is not so important for ST1 style streets due to access reasons. ST2 style streets will consist of the same paving as ST1 to ensure continuity.

ST2 style streets are fairly short, and because they don't have the width of ST1 streets there is no trees present. However, the sedum roofs of the BT2 STYLE dwellings as well as the ‘Green Guttering’ (Fig. 60) should keep the streets feeling green and fresh.

Fig. 60: Green Guttering (http://thelittlehedgehog.blogspot.co.uk

17

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

9.4 Design Code Open Space and Parking AT 1

This section of the coding looks at the two open areas within the development. they are both quite different and as such have fairly different specifications. AT1 or Area Type 1 is the area in the centre of the development and acts as a focal point but also a major node connecting the Street Types together. Because of this it needs to be well designed and add some interesting features. AT2 is very different, as it acts as the main route into the site for vehicles. Catering for pedestrians, cyclists and motorists it has been designed to keep speeds down as well as make the area look inviting.

In terms of Design Actions, the two areas integrate with the street layout to form a permeable area, helping to achieve DA1. AT2 is where an element of car parking is sustained, helping to support DA5. Furthermore, DA6, of the motif can be achieved through use of stone paving and artwork placed in AT1.

Fig. 61: Where this coding applies on the Regulating Plan

AT 2

As a major node connecting the two street types, it is a good idea to encourage people to slow down or even stop, helping add vitality to the area. A way of doing this, but also achieving an injection of the stone motif, is through use of public seating, such as Fig. 62.

The ‘Parking Standards’ document released by The Planning Service states that the minimum dimensions for a car parking space is 2.80m x 4.80m, with space to reverse of 6.0m. This is shown by the diagram on the right. All the spaces in AT2 are placed to conform with these standards.

The paving used in AT1 should be different used in the two street types; this subtle change makes a site user realise the site is changing and may slow them down. To really make a place it is key to add people and this is one way of achieving that.

Paving is used to define the parking areas, to add character and reflect the use of the stone motif. The paving I also functional; being cobbled it will keep road speeds down and discourage people from cycling fast round the corner. This being a shared space area, it is important that this happens to keep pedestrians safe but keep people moving in and out of the site.

Fig. 62: (Top) Stone Public Seating (http://www.archiexpo.com) Fig.63: (Bottom) Sandy coloured paving (www.esi.info)

AT1 is the main focal point of the site, pulling all the streets together. In the design concept stage we looked at how to incorporate interesting features, ones that hopefully reflect the use of stone in the design process, into this area. One of the ways was an engaging piece of public art, such as one of Peter Randall-Page’s sculptures (fig. 62).

Another way was to contrast from the hustle and bustle of the St. Clements high street to and create a Zen garden style feature, that could possibly be used by residents (fig. 62).

The improvements to the entrance take the form of nicer paving and opening up. In terms of Gordon Cullen, this entrance acts as a form of ‘Denial and Reward’.

With the site obscured by the bend, it creates ‘Mystery’ which should attract passers by.

Fig. 64: (Top) ‘Warp and Weft’ Peter Randall Page (www.bbc.co.uk) Fig.65: (Bottom) Zen Garden (www.ifanboy.com)

18

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

9.5 Design Code Land Use and Sustainability Fig. 61 shows a land use map of the site after redevelopment. This shows which areas of land are used for different purposes. In this way, all of the site is effectively ‘used’.

There is no commercial buildings on site, due to the proximity of such amenities in the nearby St. Clements area.

This helps achieve DA 4, which is to achieve a housing density of 44 dwellings per hectare. By dedicating more space to residential buildings, this should be achieved.

The shared space area is simply the area where cars and other vehicles can enter the site. It is seen as shared as it also is a main access point for pedestrians, and as such, various safety measures such as speed control via the road surface have been implemented. This is a fairly large area and is looked over by the rear of the Angel and Greyhound Public House which provides a degree of surveillance. This space can also be used for markets and other such uses if the cars are moved for a period of time.

Fig. 61: Where this coding applies on the Regulating Plan

Fig. 62 shows the location of new trees added to the development. Unfortunately, a lot of the original trees had to make way for the new buildings, with only those located in the various garden spaces remaining.

Fig. 62: Showing location of new trees on the site

Fig. 63-66 show potential species that could be used in the street design. All are currently used in streets around the world. As discussed in the Site analysis, the need for any serious amount of green space is diminished by the proximity of the Angel and Greyhound meadow.

Fig. 67: An example of a Sedum style roof. They absorb rainfall and render designs more environmentally friendly.

Ways in which the site has achieved sustainability include the use of Sedum roofing (Fig. 67) in BT2 style buildings as well as ‘Green Guttering’ (Fig. 68) in both types of buildings. With the use of stone abundant in the design, there is a lot of opportunity to for rainfall to run off and cause problems. Both these strategies help absorb rainfall while at the same time bringing all the qualities that come with adding vegetation to a design such as vitality and colour.

This combined with the tree planting mentioned earlier should give the site a more sustainable demeanour, as well as adding urban design qualities such as vitality.

Fig. 63: The Box Elder is a good medium sized tree that doesn't grow to large and ages well

Fig. 64: Acer Campestre is another common street tree, being hardy and not too large at just 7m

Fig. 65: Skyline Honeylocust is a hardy medium sized tree with colourful leaves in summer

Fig. 66: the London Planetree is a common sight on streets due to size and amount of shade produced in summer months

Fig. 68: Typical plant filled ‘Green Gutter’

19

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

10.1 Financial Appraisal Testing Economic Viability For a design to become reality, its economic viability must first be tested. Many factors contribute to this viability, and is different depending on the property types contained within the design. The buildings featured in the design code are all residential and as such this makes the process of valuating the costs and profits of the development a little simpler. If there was office spaces or commercial properties, other steps would have to be taken. To simplify the process further still, a spreadsheet was used to calculate the viability of the site.

The sales prices were sourced from looking at property websites such as zoopla.com and estimating what a similar property would cost in this area.

Fig. 70 is the part of the spreadsheet that looks at the building costs. These were estimated using the surface areas of the units as well as an online calculator that estimates what it would cost to build certain types of buildings.

Fig.71: Factoring in other important figures such as Site area and build time

Fig. 69: Calculating the value of the development

Fig. 72: Showing the total costs (Top Left) and the RLV (Bottom Right)

Fig. 71 shows the part of the spreadsheet where important factors like the size of the site and figures for fees and interest are inputted. This helps give a figure for the density and there were any commercial or office buildings on the site, would work out the yields and rates concerned with them. As such, there are only residential buildings on site, and Fig. 72 shows the resultant figures for the development;

Fig.70: Factoring in the building costs

To work out the viability of a development, it is necessary to work out the RLV, or ‘Residual Land Value’. This indicates how much could be paid for the land, and nor necessarily what will be paid for it. To find the RLV, it is necessary to balance the profits and costs with the values and subsidies.

Fig.69 shows the section of the spreadsheet that works out the value of the buildings to be constructed. There are two blocks of residential dwellings and two blocks of flats, each with a different number of individual units.



Residual Land Value = £3,792,589



Land Value per Hectare = £10,360,850



Residential Density = 139 dwellings per hectare

Considering the target land value was £4 million per hectare, the option to use the flats as 1—2 bed units meant the site managed to achieve this. Owing to the high value of the land, the Residual Land Value is what we might expect to pay for it before development has started. Also, by using a mixture of terraced 3/4 bed dwellings and 1/2 bed flats, the housing density of 139 per hectare was reached, far surpassing the target of 44 dwellings per hectare. All in all this is a financially viable site design.

20

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

11.1 Final Reflections Thoughts and Conclusions from the Project Overall, the process of analysing the site and then forming a development plan worked well. To create an effective plan, it was necessary to understand the site itself and also the surrounding are, and to then look at where the current design fails and what needs improving. Using these weaknesses as objectives, and strengths the site has as things to accentuate, it was much easier to form an effective design that would integrate with the surrounding area than if this were done from a simple map. The analysis process was refined into 6 key Design Actions, and how effectively they were achieved can give an indication of the success of the site design; DA 1: The street layout was chosen in order to enhance the permeability of the site. To do this, the street layout had to offer choice when moving across the site, as well as being interesting and robust. This was achieved using the ‘+ shaped layout.

DA 2: The layout of the blocks were picked to help mitigate the inactive edges that were already present in the site. The blocks were placed with their rears facing the inactive the edges, forming a series of active edges that made up the ‘+’ shaped street layout.

DA 3: This Design action concerned improving the access and visibility of the site in order to attract people and boost vitality. This was one of the harder actions to achieve, as the access points concerned surrounding buildings, however by making A2 attractive it is thought this would attract people from St. Clements.

DA 4: The Block and plot structure formed the streets, and the blocks housed the dwellings. The two different types of building meant the target of 44 dwellings per hectare was surpassed and a density of 139 d.p.h was achieved. This was mainly due to the use of single storey flats aimed at professional couples.

DA 5: Some element of car parking was indeed retained, signifying the sites original use and also providing a function for residents. Although there my not be enough spaces, it goes someway to mitigating any effect the increased numbers will have.

DA 6: The motif was used in a variety of ways to keep the site design interesting and characterful. It determined the paving used throughout the design as well as the building materials, but will also be projected through a sculpture in the central area.

Reflective Statement I felt this project was an eye opener, following a design from conducting an analysis all the way to a finished design was rewarding. There was a lot more detail involved in this project, unlike others. Having to formulate a coding was challenging yet quite compelling, realising that you are laying down rules and guidelines for someone else to eventually follow. Having a say in the overall architectural qualities, such as materials and colours was insightful too.

I feel the overall design achieves the objective in the sense that it more or less satisfies all the Design actions, however, I believe it could also be improved. The Site is situated in such a way that the access points are very much predetermined, and it is hard to open the site up to the flocks of people in St. Clements. This is partly why I decided to contrast from St. Clements and provide a medium between the high street and the meadow, resulting in the small housing development aimed for small families and young professionals that has been outlined in this document.

I do believe more time could have been spent on the design of the blocks however, to help get my points across. I think it would have been easier to spend more time in sketch up and show reasoning for various design qualities than to try and explain them in writing.

However another side thinks leaving the blocks simply as blocks in the 2D graphics helps show that the design has not been determined at this stage, and it is up to whoever follows the coding.

All in all this was a worthwhile project and I feel I have learnt a lot about what goes into a development, even one as small as this!

21

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

Bibliography Page 3, Fig.14 - Minh Tang (June 20, 2013) Telegraph Neighbourhood in San Francisco [online] available at: http://www.123rf.com/ photo_14639217_telegraph-hill-neighborhood-in-san-francisco-victorian-houses-on-a-steep-street.html (accessed 21 June 2013) Page 5, Fig.30 - Åshild Eriksen (Jan 31, 2013) Corner boutique in Copenhagen [online] available at: http://ysvoice.tumblr.com/ post/41942182690/corner-boutique#.UYFztbXrxjY (accessed 15 June 2013) Page 6, Fig. 32 - The Sydney Nolan Trust (Mar 15, 2012) Sculpture Programme Talks: Peter Randall-Page [online] available at http://www.sidneynolantrust.org/pages/PeterRandallPagetalk.php (accessed 15 June 2013) Page 6, Fig. 34 - Peter Randall-Page (2004) Sculpture for two moor’s way [online] available at www.peterrandall-page.com (accessed 15 June 2013) Page 6, Fig. 33 - Edlund Berry (Apr 8, 2010) Pompeii [online] available at http://www.utexas.edu/courses/italianarch/ jpgs/9908020055.jpg (accessed 15 June 2013) Page 6, Fig. 35 - http://beanbeachgirl.com (Aug 23, 2010) Smooth stones at the Huntington Library [online} available at: http:// beanbeachgirl.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/zen-garden.jpg (accessed 15 June, 2013)

Page 7, Fig. 37 - Natali (Jun 21, 2012) Modern Contemporary Stone House Design [online] available at: http:// www.livingdesignhome.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/modern-contemporary-stone-house-design-exterior-swimming-pool.jpg (accessed 17 June, 2013) Page 7, Fig. 38 - Meatbeagle (Oct 21, 2011) How Heat Moves Through Stone [online] available at: http:// stonehouseinsulation.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/how-heat-moves-through-stone-house.html (accessed 17 June, 2013) Page 8, Fig. 41 - Westminster Colorado (2013) Orchard Town Water Weir Fountain [online] available at: http://www.ci.westminster.co.us/ ExploreWestminster/AbouttheCity/FountainsofWestminster/TheOrchardTownCenterWaterWeirFountain.aspx (accessed 18 June, 2013) Page 10, Fig. 45 - Kirstonian (Jan 26, 2013) Living Walls - A Realistic Solution to UK PM10 Problem [online] available at: http:// kirhammond.wordpress.com/tag/living-walls/ (accessed 1 May, 2013)

Page 10, Fig. 48 - Lewis Clarke (Jun 25, 2008) Princesshay, Exeter [online] available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e9/Exeter_%2C_Princesshay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1196967.jpg (accessed 1 May, 2013) Page 16, Fig. 58 - Illustrator unknown (2013) Slate Dusk Drystack [online] available at: http://www.marshalls-shop.co.uk/product/slatedusk-drystack (accessed 19 June, 2013)

Page 17, Fig. 60 - Sarah Hull (Feb 24, 2012) Green Gutter Gardens [online] available at: http:// thelittlehedgehog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/finished-friday-rain-gutter-herb-garden.html (accessed 20 June, 2013) Page 18, Fig. 62 - Nataniel Fuster (date unknown) Engineered Stone Contemporary Public Seating [online] available at: http:// www.archiexpo.com/prod/escofet/engineered-stone-contemporary-public-benches-51516-339998.html (accessed 21 June, 2013) Page 18, Fig.63 - unknown (June, 2012) Sandy Buff Sandstone Paving [online] available at: http://www.esi.info/detail.cfm/Realstone/ Sandy-Buff-sandstone-paving-kerbs-and-coping/_/R-28038_S426RG (accessed 21 June, 2013) Page 18, Fig. 64 - Peter Randall Page (June, 2005) Warp and Weft [online] available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/ image_galleries/roche_court_05_gallery.shtml?25 (accessed 21 June, 2013) Page 18, Fig.65 - Ryan Haupt (Feb 20, 2013) Zen Garden [online] available at: http://ifanboy.com/articles/everyone-is-mad-so-here-are -a-few-poems/attachment/zen-garden/ (accessed 21 June, 2013) N.B. - All other images are author’s own 22

Alasdair Sherry

U37771: Urban Design and Development

10024751

Bibliography (cont.)

Page 19, Fig. 63 - Stephen m. Seiberling (Date unknown) Box Elder ‘Acer Negundo’ [online] available at: http://www.meridian.k12.il.us/ middle%20School/student_work/Clint_native_trees/Box%20Elder.html (accessed 22 June, 2013) Page 19, Fig. 64 - Hillier Trees (2009) Acer Campestre ‘Willaim Caldwell’ [online] available at: http://designersguide.hilliertrees.co.uk/ shop/product/46 (accessed 21 June, 2013) Page 19, Fig. 65 - Author Unknown (25 July, 2011) Skyline Honeylocust [online] available at: http://mooretreesllc.com/tree/skylinehoneylocust (accessed 21 June 2013) Page 19, Fig. 66 - Author Unknown (10 Dec, 2010) London Planetree [online] available at: http://www.hort.cornell.edu/4hplants/ Ornamentals/LondonPlaneTree.html (accessed on 21 June, 2013)

Page 19, Fig. 67 - Jonny Beardsall (18 May, 2009) Eco Homes: Clean, Green and Unseen - Sedum Planted Roof [online] available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/greenproperty/5330186/Green-house.html (accessed 21 June, 2013) Page 19, Fig. 68 - Enviroden (2012) Sedum with Gutter Rail [online] available at: http://www.enviroden.co.uk/close-up-gallery (accessed 21 June, 2013) N.B. - All other images Author’s own

23