2012
A Glance at Akava Highly educated in the Finnish labour market
2
Contents
Akava 2012
3
Akava and the labour market
4
Extending working careers
10
Wellbeing at work
15
Salaries
19
Taxation of employees
24
Education
28
Entrepreneurship
31
Union membership
33
This publication can be found on the Internet at www.akava.fi/en/ Printing house: Kirjapaino Uusimaa, 2012 ISBN: 978-952-5628-52-4
A Glance at Akava 2012
3
Akava 2012
Akava, the Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff in Finland, is one of the three independent trade union confederations in Finland
Akava’s 35 affiliates have a total membership of 573,000 including approx. 107,000 student members
Akava’s unionisation rate is about 70 per cent. 27 per cent of trade union members in Finland are Akava members.
Akava represents the interests of professionals and managerial staff and others with a high level of education.
Akava oversees its members’ economic, professional and other common interests.
A Glance at Akava 2012
4
Akava and the labour market
Three out of four Akava members are in permanent full-time employment. Atypical work is common among young women. In 2010, 39,000 Akava members were employed on a fixed-term employment contract. Of these, 78% were unable to get permanent employment, though they wanted it. 50% of highly educated individuals work in the private sector. 29% are employed by local authorities and one in ten is employed by the government. 8% are entrepreneurs or self-employed. Akava members mainly serve in expert, teaching or managerial positions. The most typical for men are senior expert positions, and for women senior expert positions in teaching. In all age groups, the proportion of men serving in managerial positions is larger than that of women. At the end of 2010, 46,000 people with tertiary-level education were unemployed in Finland. The unemployment rate for this group was 4.6%. Since 1994, the unemployment rate among those who have completed basic and upper-secondary education has fallen faster than that among the highly educated. Long-term unemployment is on the increase. The average length of time that highly educated individuals are unemployed is a total of 40 weeks. Approximately 5,400 highly educated Akava members had been unemployed for over a year in October 2011.
Employment rate among recently graduated
The employment rate among those who graduated from university in 2005 was relatively good in 2010. In some sectors, people were clearly or slightly overqualified for their jobs five years after graduation. The situation was the reverse in a number of professional sectors, in which work tasks are felt to be too demanding. A Glance at Akava 2012
5
Unemployment rate 1990–2010 by educational level, % %
%
22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 (67,000) 15 Basic education only 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 Upper secondary (111,000) 10 10 9 9 All 8 8 (224,000) Lowest level of tertiary 7 7 education and lower 6 6 degree level (35,000) 5 5 4 4 (12,000) 3 3 Higher degree level of tertiary education & 2 2 doctorate 1 1 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour force statistics; Akava’s own estimation
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6
Unemployed Akava members in selected fields, March 2012 Decrease
Increase
Bachelor of Engineering Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Humanities Master of Engineering Master of Business Master of Natural Sciences Master of Social Sciences Master of Arts Bachelor of Economics Master of Education Bachelor of Social Services Doctorate Bachelor of Humanities Master of Law Licentiate Bachelor of Natural Sciences Bachelor of Nursing Master of Agriculture Master of Theology Architect Master of Medicine Pharmacist Master of Dentistry -1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
March 2012
Change per previous 12 m onths
4 204
-175
2 059
216
1 751
110
1 586
-129
1 356
96
1 234
51
936
31
603
2
556
-19
539
-30
531
13
510
53
448
26
323
35
261
-5
229
29
202
-2
189
18
127
2
95
-8
73
5
72
10
15
-3
5 000
Excluding persons laid off, situation 31.3.2012 Source: Statistics of Ministry of Employment and the Economy
A Glance at Akava 2012
7
Employment rate by age, 2010 % 100 90
100 90
Highly educated
80
80
All wage and salary earners
70
70
60
60
50
50 40
All
Highly educated
67.6
84.9
30 20
40 30
Employment rate, %
20
Unemployment rate, %
8.5
4.4
Outside labour force, %
26.1
11.2
10 0
Alle 20
10 0
20–29
30–39
40–49 Age group
50–59
60–64
Persons with at least a master’s degree Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
8
Employment rate among older age groups, 2000–2010 55–59 years of age
60–64 years of age %
%
All
100
Highly educated 89 86 85 88 88
90 80 70 60
100
63
67 68 65 66 66 65
71 71
74
59
All
Highly educated
90 80 70 56 57
60
60
57 58
50
50
41 39 39 37 39
40
40
30
27 29 26 30 23 25
20
20
10
10
0
0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
34
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Persons with at least a master’s degree Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Employment relationships in Finland in 2010, %
Akava members
All wage and salary earners
8%
14 %
11 %
11 %
81 %
Permanent full-time work
Permanent full-time work
Fixed term full-time work
Fixed term full-time work
Part-time work
Part-time work
75 %
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
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Extending working careers
Over 70% of Akava members expect to remain in employment until they are at least 63 years of age. The employment rate of highly educated individuals over the age of 60 was approximately 20 percentage points higher than it was for other employees in 2010. 6% of highly educated individuals aged 58-62 are receiving a disability pension or are unable to work due to a long-term illness; the corresponding figure for all employees was 20%. In 2010, the average age of those retiring on an earnings-related old-age pension was 63.4. One in three retired people retired on a disability pension at an average age of 52. Due to this, the overall retirement age was 59.6. Mental health problems were the most common reason for highly educated individuals retiring on a disability pension. Job security, reducing time pressure and improving managerial and supervisory skills in particular are all factors that make it easier for people to cope at work. The majority, 63%, of Akava members are prepared to start a new job after receiving rehabilitation if the alternative is to retire on a disability pension. 60% of Akava members would be prepared to continue working after 63 years of age if they were to receive more annual leave or other time off. Almost 70% of Akava members are very or fairly willing to work after they retire on an old-age pension. If the funding of pensions has to be changed, Akava members would prefer their retirement benefits to remain the same and to pay more in employment pension contributions. A Glance at Akava 2012
11
Persons retiring in 2010 and 2011 with a pension based on their own work history by pension benefit 2011; total 71,600 persons
2010; total 70,700 persons 62
Normal old-age pension
59 32
Disability pension
32 3
Early old-age pension
4 2
Unemployment pension
5 1
Special pension for farmers
1 0
• • •
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
In 2009 for the first time more people retired on a normal old-age pension than on a disability or an unemployment pension. In 2010 one in three retired people retired on a disability pension at an average age of 52. Average age of those retiring, years: 2009 2010 2011 • Old-age pension 63.4 63.5 63.5 • Unemployment pension 60.3 60.9 61.7 • Disability pension 52.1 52.0 52.1 • All 59.5 59.6 59.8
Source: Statistics of Finnish Centre of Pensions
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Persons retiring on disability pension in 2001 and 2011, by main diagnosis 2011
Share 2011, %
2001
8,100
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
35 %
7,300
6,700
29 %
Other diseases 6,600
6,500
Mental disorders
28 %
6,900
1,700
Diseases of the circulatory system
7%
2,500 0
2000
Persons 4000
6000
8000
 Both in 2001 and in 2011 approx. 23,000 persons retired on a disability pension.  In 2011 almost one in three of these was due to a mental disorder. Source: Statistics of Finnish Centre of Pensions
A Glance at Akava 2012
13
Average intended age of retirement of Akava members 1997*
61.2
2001*
61.3
2004*
62.0
2008**
62.8
2010***
63.2
58
59
60
61
62
63
64 Years
 Three in four persons think they will stay in working life at least until the age of 63. The employee pension scheme reform of 2005 has achieved the desired results.
Sources: *) Akava Member Opinion Polls **) Statistics Finland, Quality of Work life Survey ***) Survey by TNS Finland commissioned by Akava, autumn 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
14
Factors enabling Akava members to remain longer in working life Important
Not very important
Meaningless
80
certainty JobJob certainty
16
69
Reduction in pace work Reduction in pace of ofwork
27
62
Improvement of leadership skills Improvement of leadership skills
61
Improvement of working environment Improvement of working environment
59
More flexible working hours More flexible working hours
49
Job alternation or sabbatical leave Job alternation or sabbatical leave
48
36
Part-time pension Part-time pension
47
40
Reduction of work load Reduction of work load
47
10
20
7 10 10 16 13 7 9
49
9
47
35 0
32
46
38
in work assignments Change Change in work assignments
7
47
41
Increased education & training possibilities Increased education & training possibilities
30
41
45
of rehabilitation possibilities ImprovementImprovement of rehabilitation possibilities
4
31
Improvement of occupational services Improvement of occupational healthhealth carecare services
Rise in Rise insalary pay
4
15
52 30
40
50
60
12 70
80
90
100 %
Total number of respondents: 1,094 Source: survey by TNS Finland commissioned by Akava, autumn 2009
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Wellbeing at work
The average working week of Akava members in full-time employment was 40.6 hours in their main job. The working week of one in ten Akava members, and of one in five who are managers and senior officials, was longer than 48 hours.
Akava members did more overtime than the average for all employees, and often without compensation. The weekly overtime hours of one in five Akava members added up to one working day, i.e. 7.4 hours. 7% of these received no compensation for the overtime. 15% of Akava members were compensated for the overtime in the form of money or free time.
The working hours of senior employees are monitored less often than those of other employees. A total of 35% reported that their working hours were not monitored in any way.
Senior employees experience more mental stress as a result of their job than other employee groups. 43% of senior employees experience rather a lot or a lot of mental stress as a result of their job. One in two experiences time pressure in the job fairly often or very often.
Manual workers are more familiar with health and safety issues and the health and safety organisation than other employees. 24% of senior employees are not sufficiently familiar with health and safety documents and 27% believe there is room for improvement in the operations of the health and safety organisation. 35% also state that supervisors are not active enough when it comes to health and safety.
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Experience of mental stress Rather a lot All Socio-economic groups Entrepreneur Upper-level employees Lower-level employees Manual workers
A lot
24
6
21
30
8
29
33
10
25
6
15 0
3
43
31
18
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
60
%
Experience of time pressure Fairly often All
Very often 46
19
27
Socio-economic groups Entrepreneur Upper-level employees
15
24 0
10
48
21
27
Manual workers
52
22
30
Lower-level employees
53
19
34
20
30
39 40
50
Source: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health 2009
A Glance at Akava 2012
17
Overtime work in 2010 Without compensation
With compensation
Akava members
6
Men Women
7
All wage and salary earners
11
13
6
Lower-level employees 0
1 16
6,5
0 16
7,3
0 16
12 5
7,6
1 21
14
0
7,9
1 23
14
1
7,3
1 23
15
3
Socio-economic groups Upper-level employees Manual workers
14
4
6,6
1 20
8
Private
8,1
1 21
14
Employer State
7,4
1 21 13
5
Municipality
Both
14 8
Overtime hours/week
5,9
0 13 10
8,9 15
20
25
30 %
Wage and salary earners working full time; overtime compensation in money or free time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 2010
All wage and salary earners
Estimated number of persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 1,000 persons
100
10
Akava members: All
22
11
Men
14
13
Women
7
9
Employer: State
3
13
Private
14
13
Municipality
4
7
Position in organisation: Legislators, senior officials and managers
9
19
Teaching professionals
4
10
Others
1
10
Professionals
5
8
Technicians and associate professionals
2
8 0
5
10
15
20
%
Wage and salary earners in full-time work Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
19
Salaries
Akava members earned EUR 4,050 a month on average, with women earning EUR 3,600 and men earning EUR 4,520 a month in 2010. Women earn 80% of what men earn.
The average monthly salary of all employees was EUR 3,090 in 2010.
50% of Akava members earned EUR 3,590 or more a month, with one in ten earning less than EUR 2,420 and one in ten earning more than EUR 5,930 a month.
The average starting salary of an Akava member is EUR 3,270 a month, increasing to EUR 4,490 towards the end of the working career.
Private sector middle management and corresponding experts in Finland do badly in European salary comparisons. Their gross salary is 84% of the salary of people in corresponding positions in western Europe. The corresponding comparison figure for employees other than manual workers (i.e. for approx. an average Finn) is 92%.
The high price level and steep tax progression in Finland weaken the purchasing power of the salary of middle management and those who carry out corresponding expert tasks to 71% compared with western European countries. The corresponding comparison figure is 78% for employees other than manual workers.
A Glance at Akava 2012
20
Total earnings in 2010 Akava members mean, EUR/month
All wage and salary earners in Finland mean, EUR/month
State
4,230
3,420
Municipality
3,670
2,790
Private enterprises
4,270
3,180
Men
4,520
3,420
Women
3,600
2,800
All
4,050
3,090
Employer sector:
Distribution of total earnings (without bonuses) F10 2,420
Akava members All wage and salary earners in Finland
F10 1,940 1 400
F90 5,930
M
F90 4,500 1 900
2 400
2 900
3 400
3 900
4 400
4 900
5 400
5 900
Wage and salary earners working full time; total earnings in table include bonuses *) From the beginning of 2010 the university sector is included in the private sector (private enterprises) Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Total earnings of wage and salary earners by level of education in 2010, EUR/month
Total
Number of persons in wage and salary statistics (1,000)
3,090
1,386
Primary&lower secondary education
2,590 172
Upper secondary education
2,650 585
Lowest level tertiary education
3,140
Lower-degree level tertiary education
221
3,310
Higher-degree level tertiary education
196
191
4,340
Doctorate
21
5,200 0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
5 500
6 000
EUR/month
Wage and salary earners working full time; total earnings include bonuses Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of earnings, 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Gross earnings per year in private sector 2011 Western Europe = 100
Middle management and professionals 2)
Clerical/Technicians 1) Switzerland Denmark Norway Luxembourg Germany Belgium Austria Western Europe Netherlands Finland Sweden Ireland France Italy Spain United Kingdom Portugal
182 130 121 121 117 107 104 100 95 92 88 88 83 75 74 66 56 0
50
100
150
Western Europe = 100
200
Switzerland Luxemburg Germany Denmark Norway Belgium Netherlands Austria Western Europe Italy Ireland France Sweden Finland Spain United Kingdom Portugal
162 122 116 110 106 103 102 101 100 96 95 88 85 84 83 80 69 0
50
100
150
200
Western Europe = 100
1) Comparable to Finnish employees with salaries of approx. 2,950 EUR/month; Grade 8 = Graduate/Administrator in Global job value framework of Watson Wyatt 2) Comparable to Finnish employees with salaries of approx. 5,290 EUR/month. Grade 14 = Middle Managers Source: 2011/2012 WWDS Global 50 Remuneration Planning Report
A Glance at Akava 2012
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Relative purchasing power of salaries in private sector 2011 Western Europe = 100
Middle managers and professionals 2)
Clerical/Technicians 1) Switzerland Luxembourg Germany Ireland Belgium Netherlands Austria Western Europe United Kingdom Denmark Norway France Spain Sweden Finland Italy Portugal
Switzerland Luxemburg Germany Ireland United Kingdom Netherlands France Western Europe Austria Spain Belgium Italy Portugal Norway Sweden Denmark Finland
154 151 122 113 104 103 101 100 95 92 88 88 85 85 78 71 70 0
50
100
150
Western Europe = 100
200
147 146 127 107 104 103 101 100 99 97 92 85 85 79 78 78 71 0
50
100
150
200
Western Europe = 100
1) Comparable to Finnish employees with salaries of approx. 2,950 EUR/month; Grade 8 = Graduate/Administrator in Global job value framework of Watson Wyatt 2) Comparable to Finnish employees with salaries of approx. 5,290 EUR/month. Grade 14 = Middle Managers Source: 2011/2012 WWDS Global 50 Remuneration Planning Report
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24
Taxation of employees
The Government is supporting the framework agreement reached for the labour market through reduced taxation for employees in 2012. The net salary of an employee covered by the contractual pay increases and changes in taxation who is earning EUR 3,000 per month will rise by 2.8%, or EUR 60, in 2012. The net salary of someone earning EUR 4,000 will rise by 2.7%, or EUR 71.
One in five full-time employees in Finland is an Akava member. These employees earn a quarter of Finland’s entire wages and salaries bill, and pay one third of taxes and social security contributions paid by employees. Akava members account for 42% of state income taxes paid by employees.
The income tax rate of someone with a monthly salary of EUR 3,000 is 29%, while an income of EUR 4,000 is subject to 34% income tax.
Finnish employees have high and progressive marginal tax rates. The marginal tax rate indicates what proportion of additional income is collected as tax. At a salary of EUR 2,100, nearly 45% of additional income is collected as tax. The marginal tax rate is close to 50% for a monthly salary of EUR 3,400, and almost 57% when the salary exceeds EUR 6,100.
In international comparison, the high and progressive marginal tax rates are evident in the fact that while low-income employees in Finland are taxed moderately by European standards and employees with average salaries are taxed near the European average, those who earn more than average are taxed quite harshly.
A Glance at Akava 2012
25
Pay and taxes: Akava members and other wage and salary earners Akava members Wage and salary earners (1,7 million)
Other wage and salary earners
81
19
Wage and salaries bill (62,0 billion EUR)
74
26
Taxes and payments (15,4 billion EUR)
68
32
By type of tax:
State income taxes (4,0 billion EUR)
58
42
Municipal tax (9,5 billion EUR)
28
72
Pension and unemployment insurance contributions (2,9 billion EUR)
26
74
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Employees who have worked at least 6 months full time with income over 12,302 EUR per year Source: Statistics Finland, Income Distribution Statistics 2009
A Glance at Akava 2012
26
Average personal income tax for single wage and salary earners in Finland and in other Western European countries in 2011, % %
54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 24.8 26 24 22 22.2 20 18 16 14 20,000 30,000
45.7
Finland 36.3
29.8
41.9
Other Western European countries*)
34.3
29.6
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14
120,000
Income per year 2011, EUR
*) Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria, Norway, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Denmark. Excluding Estonia. One-person household. Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2011
A Glance at Akava 2012
27
Average personal income tax rate in 2011 for income of 4,720 EUR/month Belgium
46,7
Germany
42,6
Italy
40,2
Austria
38,5
Denmark
38,2
Finland
36,3
Holland
36,1
France
33,8
Sweden
32,6
Spain
29,5
Norway
28,6
United Kingdom
27,8
USA
27,0
Estonia
23,1 % 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
One-person household with income of 59,000 EUR per year Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2011
A Glance at Akava 2012
28
Education
In Finland, the proportion of people aged 25-64 with tertiary-level education has increased by 23 percentage points in 35 years. However, one in five remain with no educational qualification beyond compulsory education. 39% of Finns aged 25-34 have completed a lower or higher degree in tertiary education. This ranks Finland near the middle among OECD countries. The number of students in relation to teachers in universities has risen by around 70% in the period 1985-2009. 61% of university students and 59% of polytechnic students worked in 2009. The average duration of studies is 6.2 years in universities and 4 years in polytechnics. Nearly half of Akava members state that they need training to maintain occupational skills. 31% of employees with a high-level education attended non-degree training in 2011. For 4%, the training was not work- or occupation-related. Every tenth employee with a high-level education participated in work-related training either entirely or mostly during their own time. Responses of Akava members to questions regarding occupational skills and self-development:
90% feel that employers should place more emphasis on maintaining and developing employees’ occupational skills. 14% feel that being busy at work does not present any problem whatsoever when it comes to renewing occupational skills. 30% are of the opinion that no suitable continuing education is available. 10% feel that their competence is outdated and no longer meets the requirements of working life. A Glance at Akava 2012
29
Persons with higher-degree level education in Finland and in some other countries in 2009 25–64 years of age Japan USA Finland England Norway Estonia Ireland Switzerland Denmark Belgium Sweden Holland OECD Spain France EU21 Germany Greece Austria Portugal Italy Turkey
25–34 years of age Japan Ireland Norway England Denmark France Belgium Sweden USA Holland Schwitzerland Finland Spain OECD Estonia EU21 Greece Germany Portugal Austria Italy Turkey
44 41 37 37 37 36 36 35 34 33 33 33 30 30 29 27 26 24 19 15 15 13 0
20
40
%
55–64 years of age 56
48 47 45 45 43 42 42 41 40 40 39 38 37 37 34 29 26 23 21 20 17 0
20
40
%
USA Estonia Finland England Schwitzerland Holland Japan Norway Sweden Denmark Germany Belgium OECD Ireland EU21 France Spain Austria Greece Italy Turkey Portugal
41 33 29 29 28 27 27 27 27 26 25 23 22 20 20 18 17 16 15 10 10 7 0
20
40
%
In addition to university and polytechnic degrees, higher-degree level tertiary education also includes some lowest level tertiary education qualifications, such as technicians and diplomas in Business and Administration Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2011
A Glance at Akava 2012
30
Akava members and total labour force in 2010 by educational level, % Doctorate
5
Highest level academic degrees of licentiate and doctorate (scientific post-graduate degrees)
1
Higher-degree level tertiary education
51
Mainly higher university degrees (master’s level), specialist’s degrees in medicine, graduate engineers
11 26
Lower-degree level tertiary education Mainly polytechnic degrees and lower university degrees
Akava members
11
Lowest level tertiary education
Total labour force
8
Vocational college education. Examples of vocational college qualifications include Technician Engineer, Diploma in Business and Administration and Diploma in Nursing
13 8
Upper secondary education
46
Gives general eligibility for tertiary education
1
Primary & lower secondary education
18 0
10
20
30
40
50
60 %
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2010
A Glance at Akava 2012
31
Entrepreneurship
About 24,000 Akava members, or 6% of the membership, are entrepreneurs and selfemployed persons on a full-time or part-time basis. Over one third of these are women.
Around half of Akava’s entrepreneurs operate in the field of social welfare and health care.
62% of Akava’s entrepreneurs are full-time and 38% are part-time self-employed persons and entrepreneurs.
Independent work and fulfilling one’s dreams are motivating factors in entrepreneurship.
The greatest obstacles to entrepreneurship have to do with financial livelihood.
Entrepreneurship is seen as a natural step in career progression or as a way of becoming employed.
Akava’s self-employed and entrepreneur members are more satisfied with their work than members who are employees.
The key challenges faced by highly educated entrepreneurs are the differences in the social security benefits between employees and entrepreneurs, for example in unemployment security and sickness security, and reconciling work and family life.
A Glance at Akava 2012
32
Akava’s entrepreneurial/self-employed members, 2011
Medical doctors in all specialisations 44 %
Agriculture, forestry and environment 4%
Social services and health care 9%
Social sciences 27 %
Technology and natural sciences 16 %
Among Akava’s membership there are approx. 24,000 full- or part-time entrepreneurs and self-employed persons. Source: Akava’s affiliates
A Glance at Akava 2012
33
Union membership
Akava members are highly educated, and mainly join a union that corresponds with their qualifications or occupation.
Akava has 35 affiliated unions, and at the beginning of April in 2012 there were altogether 573,400 members. The number of members is growing. The aim is to have 600,000 members by 2015.
University and polytechnic students can join their respective Akava unions while they are still studying. Akava’s affiliates have 107,400 student members.
Akava members are of the opinion that union membership brings general security in life. Private-sector employees value the earnings-related unemployment security, while publicsector employees value pay security and employment protection.
Members are of the opinion that Akava’s success in representing its members’ interests has improved. Nearly half of Akava’s members are of the opinion that Akava has succeeded well or very well. Four years earlier, one in four felt this way.
A Glance at Akava 2012
34
Number of Akava members 1,000 members
600
600
573
500
375
400
300
265
200
162
100 42 0 1970
1980
1990
2000
1.4.2012
Aim 2015
Source: Akava’s affiliates
A Glance at Akava 2012
35
Membership of each of the three main employee confederations as a percentage of all wage and salary earners in Finland, 1970–2011
% 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970
SAK; 1 040 000
STTK+TVK
STTK; 615 000
Akava; 553 000 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: Employee confederations’ cost distribution
A Glance at Akava 2012
36
Number of student members in Akava 107,400
110 000 100 000
91,200 90 000 80 000 70 000
64,100
60 000 50 000
49,000
40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1996
2000
2005
1.4.2012
Source: Akava’s affiliates
A Glance at Akava 2012
37
Reasons for membership in an Akava member organisation, % Of some significance
Pay related benefits in case of unemployment
Very important
17
Security in pay and employment conditions
73
28
Membership provides general security
61
36
Well-educated should stick together
49
39
Services and allowances for members
34
51
At present it is customary to be a member
21
34
Professional development
30
42
Professional activities in the organisation
20
34
11 %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Source: Akava Member Opinion Poll 2011
A Glance at Akava 2012
38
Akava’s organisation for negotiations Akava
Akava’s Public Sector Negotiation Commission JUKO The Delegation of Professional and Managerial Employees YTN Employees in Technical and Basic Service Professions KTN
Organisations’ collective agreements Entrepreneurs and self-employed persons
Central organisation agreements Tripartite agreements Coordination
Employers and government
Collective Agreements (public sector)
Office for Government as Employer Commission for Local Authority Employers Church
Collective Agreements
Confederation of Finnish Industries EK and its affiliates
Collective Agreements (public sector)
Collective Agreements
Influencing legislation
Commission for Local Authority Employers
Employer organisations
Parliament, Ministries, Local Authorities A Glance at Akava 2012
Akava’s affiliates 1.4.2012 and number of members 1.1.2012 Trade Union of Education in Finland
118,967
Finnish Psychological Association
6,274
The Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers TEK
73,491
Finnish Association of Academic Agronomists
5,917
Union of Professional Engineers in Finland UIL SEFE - The Finnish Association of Business School Graduates Union of Professional Business Graduates in Finland TRAL
68,984
The Officers Union
5,895
48,562
The Union of Church Professionals within Akava AKI
5,783
28,377
4,518
Akava Special Branches
26,589
Finnish Union of Environmental Professionals The Institute Officers Union of the Finnish Defence Forces and the Border Guard
Sales and Marketing Professionals SMKJ
26,212
Union of Swedish-speaking Engineers in Finland
3,337
Finnish Medical Association
23,694
Society of Finnish Professional Foresters
2,619
Union of Professional Social Workers
22,226
The Finnish Association of Architects
2,589
Association of Finnish Lawyers
15,516
Finnish Veterinary Association
2,339
Social Science Professionals
11,347
Union of Finnish University Professors
2,334
4,435
Union of Technical Professionals, KTK
9,726
The Union of Diaconal Workers in Finland
1,976
Managers and Specialists in the Private Sector YTY
8,687
The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses
1,834
Finnish Pharmacists' Association
8,647
Union of Finnish Speech Therapists
1,378
Finnish Union of Experts in Science
7,590
Health Science Academic Leaders and Experts
1,075
Finnish Union of Public Health Nurses
7,204
Kirkon Nuorisotyöntekijöiden Liitto KNT
1,053
Finnish Dental Association
6,810
AKAVA's General Group
Finnish Union of University Researchers and Teachers
6,608
Total
812 573,405
A Glance at Akava 2012
40
Statistical information on Akava members 2011-2012 Number of Akava members 1.4.2012
573,405
Proportion of women
52 %
Average age
Main occupation:
42 years
Full-time work
85 %
Age distribution 2012:
Part-time work
7%
under 30
9%
Unemployed
4%
30–39
29 %
Entrepreneur
4%
40–49
28 %
50–59
25 %
over 60
9%
Employer 1.1.2011: Private enterprise
56 %
Municipality
33 %
Lower tertiary or a higher level qualification
82 % 32 %
State
7%
Living in Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Self-employed professionals
3%
Members in full-time work:
Church
1%
Fixed term work
12 %
Average years in service in current employment
Position in organisation:
9
Professionals
34 %
Average gross income 2010, EUR/month
Teaching professionals
24 %
Average working hours/week
40.6
Legislators, senior officials and managers
21 %
Persons working overtime
21 %
Technical and associate professionals
16 %
Persons working over 48 hours/week
11 %
Persons working overtime without compensation
35 %
Others
6%
4,100
Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour force statistics; Akava's affiliates
A Glance at Akava 2012