2.4 International case study – The Melbourne Cricket Stadium :Brief History:-

It was founded in 1838 and is one of the oldest sports clubs in Australia. The Melbourne cricket stadium was built 1853 and it has undergone numerous renovations. The Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) also known as “THE G” is a sports club based in Melbourne, Australia.

The first public grandstand was a 200-metre long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861. Another grandstand seating 2000, facing one way to the cricket ground and the other way to the park where football was played, was built in 1876 for the 1877 visit of James Lillywhite's English cricket team. It was during this tour that the MCG hosted the world's first Test match.

The foundation stone was laid by Prince George of Wales and Prince Albert Victor on 4 July and the stand opened in December that year. It was also in 1881 that a telephone was installed at the ground, and the wickets and goal posts were changed from an east-west orientation to north-south.

. In 1882 a scoreboard was built which showed details of the batsman's name and how he was dismissed.

The MCG was the home of Australia's first full colour video scoreboard, which replaced the old scoreboard in 1982, located on Level 4 of the Western Stand.

A second video screen added in 1994 almost directly opposite, on Level 4 of the Olympic stand.

In 1985, light towers were installed at the ground, allowing for night football and day-night cricket games. the stadium is oldest in Australia, which is 171 years old.

The total capacity of the MCG is 100,018. This includes 95,000 seats and approximately 5000 standing room spaces.

SITE PLAN:-

The is located in Melbourne in Australia. The site area is 89 acres , including Punt road oval ground. The site has road access on all the sides of the site which makes the stadium more access. The stadium is situation between two railway line which makes people the access the stadium better The connecting stations are Richmond Station and Jolimont Station. The 171m x 146m field at the MCG is surrounded by four stands - Great Southern Stand, MCC Members' Reserve, Olympic Stand and Pons ford Stand.

The stadium has 7 access gates to enter the stadium and 6 flood lights. The MCC is also an umbrella organisation for other sports, such as Australian football, baseball, bowls, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, netball, target shooting, squash and real tennis.

Gates 1, 2 & 3. (Three Atrium Entrances) as Underground car parking for spectators.

Roof Structure:-

The main roof has 1,100 tonnes of structural steel and 5,300 lineal metres of steel cable supports

- 6,000 sq. metres of glass roof area and 14,000 sq. metres of metal deck roof

- 2,900 tonnes of other structural steel

- 72,000 metres of TV broadcast cabling

The main roof covers 80% of patrons.

The ground level stands has no roof cover.

To support the roof structure it has steel member which is projected on top , which helps in cantilever the roof , which avoids the columns below which would be the obstruction to the spectators

Flood Lights:-

1984 - Six light towers averaging 75 metres in height (plus 10m high head frames) were built outside the stadium perimeter. The towers are made of 20mm steel plate and are 4.2 metres in diameter at the base. They were commissioned on December 3.

The light tower system comprises of six light towers which stand approximately 75 metres high (equivalent to a 24-story building) with the head frame a further 10 metres higher (85 metres overall).

The foundations for the towers consist of four reinforced concrete piers which are set down in depth from seven to 12 metres depending on the sub surface structure.

Each of the hollow tubular steel towers contains about 130 tonnes of steel. The diameter reduces from 4.2 metres at the base to two metres at the top. There are between 12 and 14 landings connecting ladders inside each tower.

The head frames of the towers are angled in at 15 Degrees in order to provide best possible level of light. Each light tower has an average of 140 no. 2KW (2000-Watt) Metal Halide lamps within the head frame. The lamps have an effective life of approximately 5000 running hours and about 30 lamps on average are replaced each year .The lights take approximately 10 minutes to become fully illuminated. If the lights are turned off they cannot be turned back on for another 15 minutes as they require time to cool down and then warm back up.

Elevation Of Stadium

Chapter 3 : DATA COLLECTION

Cricket

The term cricket is variously thought to be derived from the target aimed at and the implement used to defend it. In the former case it is argued that the word is related to German words which mean something related to the wickets. Others believe the word has an English origin. The game had started off in England, so the inception of the word is more probable to be coming from an English background.

3.1 Cricket field

The entire area of grass, marked off by a boundary line around its outer edge, on which a game of cricket is played, as distinguished from the ‘pitch’ or central area between the two wickets. ( Steven Lynch, Wisden 2006, p 100

Cricket Pitch

The area of ground between two sets of stumps is called a cricket pitch. It has length of 22 yards. The surface of the pitch is made up of clay. It is the main play area of cricket where the batsman stands.

A CRICKET FIELD CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS – INFIELD, CLOSEINFIELD, AND OUTFIELD.

INFIELD - The infield is made by drawing an arc of 30 yards radius from the centre to each wicket with respect to the breadth of the pitch. The two arcs are then joined by parallel lines which are at a distance of 30 yards from the centre of the pitch with respect to the length of the pitch.

CLOSE-INFIELD – The close-infield is defined by drawing a circle of radius 15 yards from the centre of each wicket.

OUTFIELD- The part of the ground which is on the outer side of the infield is termed as the outfield.

Size Of Stumps

The tops of the stumps shall be 28 in/71.1cm above the playing surface and shall be dome shaped except for the bail grooves. The portion of a stump above the playing surface shall be cylindrical, apart from the domed top, with circular section of diameter not less than 13⁄8 in/3.49cm nor more than 11⁄2 in/3.81cm.

The Bails

(a) The bails, when in position on the top of the stumps, (i) shall not project more than 1⁄2 in/1.27cm above them. (ii) shall fit between the stumps without forcing them out of the vertical.

Akhil Manikyam. R

3.2 GEOMETRICAL FORM OF GROUND

A cricket ground is an elliptical stretch of grass where the game of cricket is officially played. Though there is no fixed shape of a cricket ground, deviating too much from a low-eccentricity ellipse is largely discouraged. The size too varies from 90 to 150 meters (100-160 yards) across. In recent times, the grounds are getting smaller by the day in order to propagate high-scoring matches. On most of the cricket grounds there is a rope that demarcates the perimeter of the field. This is known as the boundary.

BOUNDARY :-A boundary defines the limits of the playing area and it is marked by a line, a fence or a rope. If a player or any other foreign object disturbs a part of the boundary during play, then the boundary is considered to be at the same position as it was before the disturbance.

References can be made to different sections of the boundary in terms of nearest fielding positions - for instance third-man boundary or mid-wicket boundary.

A ball in play, when touches or crosses the boundary without a bounce, gives six runs to the batsman. When the ball touches or crosses the boundary with one or more than one bounce, it gives four runs to the batsman. If a fielder touches the boundary while he is still in contact with the ball, the batsman is awarded four or six runs accordingly.

A turf pitch is 20.12m long and 3.05m wide. A non-turf pitch is a minimum length of 17.68m and a minimum of 1.83m wide. A pitch is bounded at either end by the bowling creases and a set of wickets in the centre of the bowling crease.

A pitch is generally made up of two kinds of surfaces. The surface generally used is a natural surface with a grass cover. The grass is usually cut extremely short so that the surface becomes flat.

At times, artificial turf is also used for the preparation of the pitch. This can be a slab of concrete overlaid with a coir-mat. Artificial pitches are mostly used in exhibition matches.

Construction Of Pitches

1. Compacted Bed

2. Base (compacted Gravel and Sand)

3. Layer of clayey loam and

4. Top Soil

Akhil Manikyam. R

Drainage

PITCH DRAINAGE: The drainage for the ground has been designed such that the entire ground gets dried within 15 minutes even after very heavy rainfall. A dense network of lateral pipes of 110mm dia collects the water penetrating the turf and drains to main pipes of 160mm dia which finally drains off to the inner peripheral drain.

Adequate drainage is a necessity, and the above methods may need to be supplemented to avoid standing pools of surface water after heavy rainfall and to minimize expensive 'down-time' in wet weather. There are basically two methods of drainage - passive and active.

The passive approach relies on gravity to drain away the water, and one method of enhancing the basic system described above would be the cutting of deep `slit drains' into the subsoil by specialist machine, and filling these with sand or fine gravel to help surface water flow down quickly into the land drains. This is quite expensive and needs to be carefully coasted before a decision is taken.

The active approach uses pumps, usually activated by water-sensing electronic devices in the field, to literally suck the water off the pitch and into underground storage chambers, thus clearing the surface very quickly and maximizing the availability of the pitch for revenue-generating activity. Special drainage pipes may be laid for this purpose, or alternatively cellular technology may use the same underground network of pipes both for irrigation and drainage simply by reversing the direction of flow by computer control.

Drainage there are two types ;-1. Drain cell 2. Drain core

Traditionally grass pitches have been watered by sprinklers, usually of the pop-up kind, but these are being challenged by underground water delivery systems. Using special porous low-pressure water supply pipes (or possibly the underground drainage system with the direction of flow reversed by computer control as suggested above) which allow a uniform `weep rate' along the whole length of the pipe, a steady supply of water - possibly mixed with fertilizer and weed-control additives - seeps directly to the grass root zone. The advantages that are claimed for sub-surface irrigation include:

. UNDERGROUND IRRIGATION PIPES ARE NORMALLY LAID BETWEEN 150 MM AND 350 MM BELOW THE SURFACE, SPACED FROM 450 MM TO 900 MM APART; BUT SPECIALIST ADVICE MUST BE SOUGHT.

Lighting

It is essential to have good quality lighting so that the players can follow the movement of the ball travelling at high speeds, either struck by the batsman or bowled by the bowler. The illuminance must be uniform throughout the hall, with the background walls behind both batsman and bowler providing a good viewing contrast. Safety is paramount and the lighting system must taken into account the propulsion of balls at speed. The recommended minimum lighting level for an indoor cricket sports centre is between 1000 and1500 lux. These requirements are generally met by a system of horizontal, fluorescent luminaires, fitted with reflectors and mounted at right angles to the pitch. The reflectors must screen both batsman and bowler from direct view of this light source.

The International Standard for lighting cricket grounds is as follows:

1. non-televised training ─ 250 lux

2. non-televised match ─ 500 to 700 lux

3. televised match ─ 1400 lux

Having arrived at geometry which relates the spectator areas to the playing field so that the spectators can see the action clearly and without having to crane their necks, the next design tasks is the seats themselves. Seating design is a matter of reconciling four major factors: comfort, safety, robustness and economy.

RAKING ANGLE CALCULATION:-