International Cricket Stadium

References can be made to different sections of the boundary in terms of nearest fielding positions - for instance third-man boundary or mid-wicket boundary.

A ball in play, when touches or crosses the boundary without a bounce, gives six runs to the batsman. When the ball touches or crosses the boundary with one or more than one bounce, it gives four runs to the batsman. If a fielder touches the boundary while he is still in contact with the ball, the batsman is awarded four or six runs accordingly.

A turf pitch is 20.12m long and 3.05m wide. A non-turf pitch is a minimum length of 17.68m and a minimum of 1.83m wide. A pitch is bounded at either end by the bowling creases and a set of wickets in the centre of the bowling crease.

A pitch is generally made up of two kinds of surfaces. The surface generally used is a natural surface with a grass cover. The grass is usually cut extremely short so that the surface becomes flat.

At times, artificial turf is also used for the preparation of the pitch. This can be a slab of concrete overlaid with a coir-mat. Artificial pitches are mostly used in exhibition matches.

Construction Of Pitches

1. Compacted Bed

2. Base (compacted Gravel and Sand)

3. Layer of clayey loam and

4. Top Soil

Drainage

PITCH DRAINAGE: The drainage for the ground has been designed such that the entire ground gets dried within 15 minutes even after very heavy rainfall. A dense network of lateral pipes of 110mm dia collects the water penetrating the turf and drains to main pipes of 160mm dia which finally drains off to the inner peripheral drain.

Adequate drainage is a necessity, and the above methods may need to be supplemented to avoid standing pools of surface water after heavy rainfall and to minimize expensive 'down-time' in wet weather. There are basically two methods of drainage - passive and active.

The passive approach relies on gravity to drain away the water, and one method of enhancing the basic system described above would be the cutting of deep `slit drains' into the subsoil by specialist machine, and filling these with sand or fine gravel to help surface water flow down quickly into the land drains. This is quite expensive and needs to be carefully coasted before a decision is taken.

The active approach uses pumps, usually activated by water-sensing electronic devices in the field, to literally suck the water off the pitch and into underground storage chambers, thus clearing the surface very quickly and maximizing the availability of the pitch for revenue-generating activity. Special drainage pipes may be laid for this purpose, or alternatively cellular technology may use the same underground network of pipes both for irrigation and drainage simply by reversing the direction of flow by computer control.

Drainage there are two types ;-1. Drain cell 2. Drain core

Irrigation

Traditionally grass pitches have been watered by sprinklers, usually of the pop-up kind, but these are being challenged by underground water delivery systems. Using special porous low-pressure water supply pipes (or possibly the underground drainage system with the direction of flow reversed by computer control as suggested above) which allow a uniform `weep rate' along the whole length of the pipe, a steady supply of water - possibly mixed with fertilizer and weed-control additives - seeps directly to the grass root zone. The advantages that are claimed for sub-surface irrigation include:

. UNDERGROUND IRRIGATION PIPES ARE NORMALLY LAID BETWEEN 150 MM AND 350 MM BELOW THE SURFACE, SPACED FROM 450 MM TO 900 MM APART; BUT SPECIALIST ADVICE MUST BE SOUGHT.

Lighting

It is essential to have good quality lighting so that the players can follow the movement of the ball travelling at high speeds, either struck by the batsman or bowled by the bowler. The illuminance must be uniform throughout the hall, with the background walls behind both batsman and bowler providing a good viewing contrast. Safety is paramount and the lighting system must taken into account the propulsion of balls at speed. The recommended minimum lighting level for an indoor cricket sports centre is between 1000 and1500 lux. These requirements are generally met by a system of horizontal, fluorescent luminaires, fitted with reflectors and mounted at right angles to the pitch. The reflectors must screen both batsman and bowler from direct view of this light source.

The International Standard for lighting cricket grounds is as follows:

1. non-televised training ─ 250 lux

2. non-televised match ─ 500 to 700 lux

3. televised match ─ 1400 lux

Akhil Manikyam. R

Having arrived at geometry which relates the spectator areas to the playing field so that the spectators can see the action clearly and without having to crane their necks, the next design tasks is the seats themselves. Seating design is a matter of reconciling four major factors: comfort, safety, robustness and economy.

RAKING ANGLE CALCULATION:-

VIP facilities