LOW-LYING SINGAPORE Reimaging coastal landscape for sea-level rise adaptation LA4702 Master of Landscape Architecture Studio : City 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021
Tutors: Evi Syariffudin | Hwang Yun Hye Students: Fang Ting | Feng Kangtai | Ge Wenxi | Hao Jun | He Xiaowei Hong Mengyi | Huang Xi | Lam Ching Hang, Adam | Li Jiaying | Li Wanying Li Xi | Liu Kaiyan | Long Di | Ou Yeyao | Rui Xue | Tan Shuyue | Wang Xiaomeng | Xiang Wenqin | Xie Wanying | Yin Yi Zhang Kairui | Zhang Liao | Zhang Liping | Zheng Qiaoyu | Zhu Wen
NUS School of Design and Environment Department of Architecture
As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or deficiencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the position of NUS.
Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 TEL: +65-6516-3452 FAX: +65-6779-3078 Copyright © 2021 Syariffudin, Evi and Hwang, Yun Hye (ed.) ISBN: 978-981-18-1130-2
PREFACE SEA-LEVEL RISE: THE CHALLENGE AT HAND On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in his National Day Rally speech, announced that “around $100 billion or more may be needed over the long term to protect Singapore against rising sea levels, one of the many threats posed by climate change and one which the country is especially vulnerable to.” While signaling the magnitude of the challenge at hand, this simultaneously sanctioned the environmental design and development community at large to zealously charge ahead in its combined effort of acquiring expertise, test- bedding innovations and applying acutely appropriate strategies to secure the future of our coasts. This studio is a hearty response to that call to arms. THE STUDIO PROCESS 25 graduate students from the Landscape Architecture Department at the National University of Singapore were tasked to, firstly, understand the complexities of the issues related to sea-level rise in the specific context of Singapore. Analyses were made, exploring the interrelations of seemingly disparate and independent factors. The outcome of these studies are shown in Chapter 2. Thereafter, students were divided into 7 groups. The entire coastal perimeter was also divided into 7 stretches, with each group examining each stretch of similar or related land-use conditions. At this middle scale, they were able to delve into the finer considerations of developmental opportunities and constraints on a more strategic level. Each student were then asked to identify the desired site of roughly 10 hectares to test out new ideas or showcase how coastal adaptation strategies can be applied robustly to their site. Refer to Chapter 3 for these individual projects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special thanks to the following for collaborating with us in various capacities, including guest lecturing, guest-critiquing, as well as giving practical and valuable advice to our analysis and design approaches: Audrey Huang (PUB Coastal Protection Team) Ervine Lin (NUS) Jahson Berhane Alemu (NUS Geography) Jessica Diehl (NUS) Jonathan Tan (NParks, National Biodiversity Center) Juliana Tang (URA) Kenya Endo (NUS, DOA) Lyn Liu (PUB Coastal Protection Team) Mina Zhan (URA, Coastal Planning Policies) Naomi C. Hanakata (NUS architecture) Pavel Tkalich (NUS Tropical Marine Science) Puay Yok Tan (NUS) Ria Tan (WildSingapore) Ryan Subin (LA) Shawn Lum (NTU ASE) Stéphanie Groen (Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change) Yit Chuan Tan (NParks)
(In alphabetical order)
CONTENT 1
STUDIO INTRODUCTION
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CHRONOLOGY
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SITE ANALYSIS
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT From Tuas Second Link to West Coast Park From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve
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REFLECTIONS
STUDIO INTRODUCTION CONTEXT Singapore, as a coastal city-state, is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change and, in particular, rising sea levels. The National Climate Change Secretariat has projected the mean sea level to rise by up to 1 meter by 2100. Any additional increase in sea level caused by heavier and more frequent rains would be an immediate threat for a third of the city sitting less than 5m above sea level. Almost 25 percent of the mainland sits on reclaimed land and an additional 7 to 8% of land will be reclaimed by 2030. Singapore’s 2030 Master Plan has gazetted coastal areas to become more intensively utilized as dense mixed-use developments in the future. It is also expected to have more hard-engineered infrastructures that might increase coastal erosion and environmental hazard. In parallel with its rapid urbanization, Singapore’s coastal ecosystem has been drastically altered over the past few decades with a significant loss of natural coastal habitats. 83% of the total shoreline has been transformed from mangrove forests, natural sandy shores, and mudflats into seawalls or artificial beaches. Man-made infrastructures are expected to be increasingly utilized for coastal protection, estimated to cover up to 86% of the shoreline by 2030. This trend towards a mono-functional, static and disconnected sea-land interface has to be reversed.
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ONGOING EFFORT Adaptation to the rising sea level becomes a vital agenda for Singapore’s existence. The government’s plans include: Port Relocation Projects Most existing port operations are incrementally moved to a new location in Tuas. Aimed to be completed by 2040, this effort will facilitate the gradual removal of existing coastal structures and infrastructures, while freeing up land for future coastal development. For example, Tanjong Pagar Terminal is expected to free up 80 hectares of land by 2027. Flood Mitigation Efforts PUB guidelines encourage the implementation of flood-mitigation structures and strategies, including flood-proof buildings, elevated buildings, elevated roads, flood gates, and water-sensitive urban design (WSUD). Modifications to existing developments are also suggested to decrease hazard risk. Coastal Development Projects Many ongoing and future district scaled projects along Singapore’s coastal lines (such as the Greater Southern Waterfront, Northern agri-tech and food corridor, and Greater Rustic Coast) also contain design potentials to accommodate sealevel rise adaptation strategies. The following is one such project that addresses sea-level rise more directly. Coastal Protection along the Eastern Coastline The use of polders and dykes, in conjunction with land reclamation, is planned as a way of protecting low-lying areas against inundation. The series of reclaimed islands from Marina East to Changi will also be connected with barrages to create a reservoir. STUDIO QUESTIONS What existing coastal landscape typologies and developments are vulnerable to sea-level rise? How can they be retrofitted to not only ensure sufficient coastal protection but also uncover creative and unexpected land development methods that would otherwise be eclipsed by conventional planning processes? How can these new design approaches facilitate multi-functional land-use and cohabitation of man and ecology? How does this all fit back into the context of climate change? The studio aims to answer these questions.
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CHAPTER 1
CHRONOLOGY
The studio timeline from 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021
Chronology
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The studio started with a studio orientation by Ms.Yun Hye Hwang and Ms. Evi Syariffudin. Three guest lecturers were invited to give lectures about the coast. Ms. Ria Tan from WildSingapore provided intellectual input on the coastal habitat and biodiversity. Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS geography department gave lectures about nature-based coastal management. Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB explained coastal protection and urban hydrology. In the afternoon, most of the students went to visit Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Singapore City Gallery.
11 Jan
Studio Overview
14 Jan
Mapping Exercise
Students were divided into 7 groups, which were assigned to 7 different stretches throughout the entire coast of Singapore. Each individual were told to then pick a site of roughly 200m x 500m within their group boundaries. Group consultation about assignments was conducted later.
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Each group was asked to do a relevant project case study analysis. After presentations, there was a mapping practice for each group to discuss their site visits and potential areas within their sites. The studio ended with Evi’s brief lecture about PUB’s ABC Waters program and a design competition in Pindingshan, Henan Province, China.
18 Jan
A2 Case Study Presentation
21 Jan
Guest Lecture and Basic Site Analysis
The studio began with a lecture about climate change and sea-level rise conducted by Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS’s Tropical Marine Science Institute, who also covered topics of climate and ocean change, ocean parameters, ocean dynamics, ENSO, and Asian monsoon system. After the lecture, each group presented 10 different coastal sections from their site.
Chronology
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The studio began with land-use study presentations by seven groups. Land use includes fisheries/agriculture/food safety, oil refinery, drinking water/reservoir creation, residential and commercial property, recreation/health/pollution management, nature conservation, and shipping and naval/military defense that are highly associated with Singapore’s geographical history, future development plans, and government policies, especially in coastal areas.
25 Jan
A3 Land-Use Study Presentation
28 Jan
Interim Check of Basic Site Analysis
Group consultations on fine-tuning site analysis.
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The studio began with presentations of site analysis, land use, open space and infrastructure, historical land transformation, water flows map, sea-level rise vulnerability analysis, deep and detail sectional drawings, etc.
1 Feb
Basic Site Analysis Group Presentation
4 Feb
Individual Site Selection Discussion
Consultation with tutors on individual site selection, based on findings from group site analysis.
Chronology
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The studio began with group discussions of individual project sites with tutors. This followed with group presentations of sea level rise strategies which include seven considerations (coastal development and hazards, public access and recreation, coastal habitats and wetlands, agricultural resources, water quality, archeological and historical resources, and scenic and visual resources) in relation to individual sites.
8 Feb
A1 SLR Strategies Presentation
11 Feb
A1 Revised Works Pin-Ups
Pin-up of revised sea-level rise strategy. Discussion about sharing of data amongst everyone. Workshop on making physical models.
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Presentation of physical models and individual consultation of potential design strategies for each site.
15 Feb
Physical Model Presentation
18 Feb
Individual Site Visit
Each student met with the tutors on-site. Tutors drove around the island to give 15-20 minutes consultation to each individual. Students did on-site analysis, including collecting water and soil samples.
Chronology
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Preparation for interim review.
1 Mar
Interim Presentation Trial Session
4 Mar
Interim Presentation of Planning Strategies
Interim Review. Guest critics include Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Naomi C. Hanakata from NUS Architecture, Dr.Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS Marine Ecology, and Dr. Shawn Lum from NTU Asian School of the Environment. Each group had twenty minutes to talk about their site analysis and individual projects.
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Students were redistributed into new groups in order to stimulate fresh approaches and perspectives. Instead of grouping by site proximity, they are now grouped according to site characteristics, land-use and similar typologies.
8 Mar - 22 Mar
Continuation of Individual Projects
25 Mar
Interim 2 Presentation
Today is the second interim presentation. Students were presented in their new groups based on their site typologies. Invited critics include Mr. Ryan Shubin and Mr. Kenya Endo from NUS MLA, Ms. Stéphanie Groen from Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change, Ms. Mina Zhan from URA (Coastal Planning Policies), and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks.
Chronology
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This month’s studio was about finalizing individual projects. Tutors held individual consultations with students to help them improve and finalize their designs and SLR strategies.
29 Mar - 15 Apr
Finalizing Individual Projects
20 Apr
Final Presentation
Seven groups were divided into morning and afternoon sessions. For the morning session, invited critics were Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Juliana Tang from URA, Dr. Ervine Lin from NUS MLA, and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks. For the afternoon session, invited critics were Ms. Audrey Huang and Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Puay Yok Tan and Dr. Jessica Diehl from NUS MLA, and Dr. Yit Chuan Tan from NParks.
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Chronology
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CHAPTER 2
SITE ANALYSIS
Seven groups of students were asked to do different sets of analyses , including competing land-use, land-reclamation, ecology, sea-to-land-transportation and water quality. LANDUSE • Ecological preservation • Fisheries & Agriculture • Industries and Oil Refineries • Recreation and open space • Residential, Commercial and institutional properties • Shipping and Naval / Military Defence • Water management and reservoirs OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS • Accessibility and Scenic / Visual Resources • Cultural and Ecological Heritage • Drainage, Water Quality and Pollution • Land Reclamation • Sea and Land Transportation New typologies of coastal protection methods as well as conservation of coastal habitats were given particular attention The best outcome of these analyses are included in this chapter.
Group analysis
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SEA LEVEL TREND & VARIABILITY OF SINGAPORE Asymmetric Tidal Flows
Overview The Singapore Strait connects the South China Sea (diurnal tides dominantly) to the Indian Ocean (semidiurnal tides dominantly). At this transition, the tidal water level oscillations are observed to be semidiurnal while the tidal current oscillations are mixed, diurnal to fully diurnal. Due to the interaction of the diurnal constituents with the principal lunar semi-diurnal (M2 tide), the tides are strongly asymmetric.
Hydrodynamics of Singapore Strait · Tides: Singapore is located in an exceptionally sharp transition zone where the dominantly diurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Borneo) change into semidiurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Malaysia) within a distance of only 400 km. The sharp transition in tidal regimes is expected to generate strong tidal currents in the Singapore Strait. Near Singapore, the tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, and water level oscillations are semidiurnal while flow velocity oscillations are diurnal.
Tidal regimes in the South China Sea.
Adopted by: Long Di References: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JC007615
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· Monsoon Driven Currents: Nov. to Apr. is dominated by the NE Monsoon (north of the equator) and the NW Monsoon (0° to 10° S). May. to Oct. is dominated by the SE Monsoon (south of the equator) or the SW Monsoon (0° to 10° N). The sea level near Singapore fluctuates over 40 cm annually, with the lowest levels in Jun.–Jul. and a peak in Nov. The water flow in the Singapore Strait is generally westward throughout most of the year, with velocities of 10–15 cm/s, but flows eastward during the peak of the SW Monsoon, from Jun. to Aug.
Monsoonal and seasonal influence on sea level variations (monthly sea level anomalies).
· Human Influence: Various causeways constructed to connect Singapore with Malaysia and its islands have in some areas led to a transition from dominantly diurnal flow (as part of large-scale flow patterns) to dominantly semidiurnal flow (driven by local water level variations).
Redrew by: Long Di References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236010829_Sea_level_trend_and_variability_in_the_Singapore_Strait
Sea Level Trend & Variability Of Singapore
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SINGAPORE COASTLINE TYPOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing Coastal Infrastructure Hard Engineered seawall
Mapping of Singapo Natural Infrastructure coastal vegetation
high tide
high tide
low tide
low tide
grouted breakwater
high tide
mangrove
high tide low tide
low tide
concrete block
marsh
high tide high tide
low tide low tide
gabion
mudflat
high tide high tide
low tide
geobag
high tide low tide
The tidal difference is 3.2 m. Coastal vulnerability degree to erosion: High Medium Low
low tide
rocky shore
high tide low tide
References: Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Cre Technological University
Potential Coastal In
Bio-engineering Infra beach
eco-enhancement unit
high tide low tide
high tide low tide
Created by: Tan Shuyue(coastline types and vulnerability degree)& Liu Kaiyan(infrastructures) References: 1. Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.” 2. Lai, Samantha, et al. “The Effects of Urbanisation on Coastal Habitats and the Potential for Ecological Engineering: A Singapore Case Study.” Ocean & Coastal Management, Elsevier, 22 Nov. 2014, 3. https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/glcoastal/pdfs/CoastalLandforms.pdf
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ore Coastline Types (2018)
eating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang
nfrastructure
astructure artificial tidal pool
low-sloping stepped seawall
planting of coastal vegetation
high tide
high tide
high tide
low tide
low tide
low tide
artificial reef
high tide low tide
oyster reef bag
high tide low tide
Singapore Coastline Typology And Infrastructure
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COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARDS Singapore Coastal Hazards Analysis
Vulnerable Land Types and Development Demand
Estuary - Commercia Medium/high require hazards Require higher social ecological services
Estuary - Industry High requirement for defence against hazards Require low other services
Reclaimation Industry+Infrastructure High requirement for defence against hazards Require low other services
Created by: Li Wanying References: 1 URA Masterplan 2019 2 Effectiveness of Runoff Control Legislation and Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Design Features in Singapore 3 Shoreline erosion degree, Oil Refinery land use study group, Tan Shuyue 4 Reservior in Singapore, Drinking Water / Reservoir Creation / Water Flow land use study group, Huang Xi & Yin Yi 5 Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang Technological University
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Estuary - Commercial + Medium/high requireme Require higher social se
Natural Shoreline - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social and ecological services
al ement for defence against
l services and medium
Flooding Vulnerability - Peak Runoff Coefficient High (0.86-1) Ports / Airports Business / Industry Medium (0.66-0.85) Commercial Residential Low (0-0.65) Open Spaces
Erision Vulnerability - Shoreline Erosion Degree High Mudflats Sand
Natural Shoreline - Commercial + Residential Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social and ecological services
Medium Vegetation Rocky Shore Mangrove Vertical Seawall Bridge/Dock/Piling/ Pier/Jetty Dam Low Breakwater
Salinization Vulnerability - Coastal Reservoir Estuary - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social services and medium ecological services
+ Open Space ent for defence against hazards ervices and medium ecological services
High Reservoir directly connected to the coast Medium Reservoir connected to the coast by waterbody Low Reservoir close to coast but disconnected to the coast - Farmland Farmland at risk of soil salinization
0
5km
N
Coastal Development And Hazards
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COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARD Shore Line Strategy Typologies
WA
SEAWALL
Grouted Wall
Stepped Seawall
Gabion Wall
Verticle Concrete Wall
TETRAPODS
Riprap Rubber
Concrete Wall
GABION WALL
GEOBAG
TACTIC
SETBACK BUILDINGS
ROAD ELEVATION
DIKE
TIDE BREAKWATER
Created by: Li Jiaying, Karry and Dreamy References: 1 Hill, Kristina. “Coastal infrastructure: a typology for the next century of adaptation to sea level rise” 2 Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.”
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MOUND
LANDF
ALL
Soil Flooding Salinization Ecological service Social service Commercial benefit
VERTICAL POOL
MOVABLE BARRIER
ELEVATION FLOOR
ADAPTIVE FACILITIES
ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
COALSTAL BANK
DYNAMIC
ARTIFICIAL REEF
OYSTER REEF BAGS
SUNDY BEACH
PLANTING OF COSTAL VEGETATION
MANGROVE
BARRIER ISLAND
SHRUB VEGETATION
OYSTER REEF BAG DUNE
MARSH LAND
FORM Coastal Development And Hazards
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COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARD Vulnerable Land Types And Strategy
Residential
SHRUB VEGETATION
COASTAL BANK
SANDY BEACH
BARRIER ISLAND
ELEVATION FLOOR
PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION
TIDE BREAKWATER
MARSH LAND
TIDE BREAKWATER
SETBACK BUILDINGS
MOUND
ELEVATION FLOOR
SOFT INTERVENTION
Commercial
Created by: Li Jiaying, Dreamy
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ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION
COASTAL BANK
Open space
MOUND
BARRIER ISLAND
SANDY BEACH
BARRIER ISLAND
Estuary
Industrial
MOUND
Ocean
Open space
ELEVATION ROAD
ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
Industrial
PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION
TIDE BREAKWATER
SANDY BEACH
ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
Ocean
SOFT INTERVENTION
ELEVATION FLOOR
ADAPTIVE FACILITIES
PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION
Commercial
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
COASTAL BANK
BARRIER ISLAND
SANDY BEACH
Estuary
SOFT INTERVENTION
TIDE BREAKWATER
ELEVATION FLOOR
MOUND
MOVABLE BARRIER
Commercial
ARTIFICIAL REEF
MANGROVE
MOVABLE BARRIER
SANDY BEACH
Nature Shore
Residential
SOFT INTERVENTION
DUNE
ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT
OYSTER REEF BAGS
MOUND
TIDE BREAKWATER
MARSH LAND
TETRAPODS
Nature Shore
Open space
SETBACK BUILDINGS
GABION WALL
ELEVATION ROAD
BARRIER ISLAND
GEOBAG
DIKE
SEAWALL
VERTICAL POOL
Infrustructure (Ports)
Coastal Development And Hazards
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RECREATIONAL SPACE IN COASTAL AREA Recreational Spaces In Coastal Area
Current and Future Development Singapore now has 350ha of nature parks and Nparks is aiming to add another 200ha of nature parks by 2030. Four new parks along the coast will open in the next 5 years. PCN will be extended from the current 340km to 500km and nature ways will be extended from the current 115km to 300km by 2030. The Rail Corridor is a former railway line that stretches 24km north to south of Singapore. It will spur the development of surrounding lands and rejuvenation of older districts by 2021. The Coast-to-Coast Trail is a 36 km trail that spans across Singapore, linking up nature areas, parks, and park connectors from Jurong Lake Gardens in the west, the new Lornie Nature Corridor near the center, and to Coney Island Park in the northeast. Greater Rustic Coast is a 50km continuous belt of rustic green and recreational spaces for all with rich significance to Singapore’s heritage and biodiversity. The Greater Southern Waterfront, which extends from Pasir Panjang to Marina East, will be transformed into a new major gateway and location for urban living along Singapore’s southern coast. The Round Island Route (RIR) is a continuous 150 km park connector that goes around Singapore. It will provide opportunities for recreational activities.
Created by: Li Xi Emily References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate
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Recreational Space In Coastal Area
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RECREATIONAL SPACES IN COASTAL AREA Distribution Of Recreational Spaces In Coastal Area
Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei References: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate
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Recreational Space In Coastal Area
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RECREATIONAL SPACES IN COASTAL AREA Typology
Matrix of Typology Eighteen recreational space typologies have been identified in the study and classified into four groups.
Accessibil
Hi
Hard
Promenade Steps Seating
Fishing Village
Public Pier
Promenade Platform
Water Activities Centre
Promenade Walkway
Water Dem
Breakwater Structures
Historical Heritage
White Space
Playground
Park Connector
Types of Landscape
Created by: HE Xiaowei Ceama, LAM Ching Hang Adam, Li Xi Emily, Zhang Liao Judy
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Lo
lity to Water
igh
ow
Beach
Reservoir Park
Naturalized Promenade
Soft
Nature Reserve
Camp Site
Golf Course
Recreational Space In Coastal Area
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SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Coastal Access Area
More coastal areas in the East and northeast of Singapore are open to the public, mainly in the form of coastal parks. And in the same area, residential areas has greater proximity and immediate accessibility to the coast.
Created by Xiang Wenqin Information from Google Map, local websites and field trips
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Complete access Public access in daytime Access by consumers/members only Access by staff only Military No access Water area Residential area
Singapore Coastal Accessibility
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SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Transportation & Public Preference
Factors influencing public preference The map shows the accessibility of public transport along the coast of Singapore, as well as the nearest MRT station of each coastal park and the time required to arrive (min). In addition to the convenience of transportation, the following factors also affect the public's choice of open green space.
Cleanliness and Maintenance Richness in plant species Existence water bodies Sufficient benches Tranquility Existence of playground Richness in animal species Opportunities for sport activities Good facilities Existence of car parking Large size of the park Existence of quiet and privacy areas High frequency of visitors
Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin Reference:Helena Madureira,Preferences for Urban Green Space Characteristics: A Comparative Study in Three Portuguese Cities, 1 February 2018
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SEA LEVEL RISE 5M
Singapore Coastal Accessibility
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SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Transportation & Impact
Impact on access Road networks, particularly in low-lying areas, are susceptible to flooding. Left uncheched, this will cause mahor disruptions to urban logistics.
1.Erosion and subsidence of road bases
2.Flooding of underground tunnels and low-lying infrastructures
3.Inundation of roads and rail lines
4.Traffic congestion
5.Infrastructure damage due to increased storm intensity
Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin Reference: Npark
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SEA LEVEL RISE 5M
Singapore Coastal Accessibility
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SINGAPORE HABITATS Distribution
Habitat Map
Reference: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_high-resolution_map_of_Singapore_s_terrestrial_ecosystems/8267510
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Singapore Habitats
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FAUNA MAP There are more biodiversity and abundance in the northeast, South, and Sungei Buloh of Singapore coastal animals. When overlapping with the habitat map, we can see that it is closely related to the distribution of mangroves, seagrass and coral reef.
Created by Xiang Wenqin, Ge Wenxi References: 1.iNatruralist 2.eBird 3.Nparks
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East asian migratory bird flyways
SINGAPORE
Fauna Map
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REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Habitats Typology
Natural Coastal Habitats
Coral Reef Coral reefs in Singapore can generally be divided into two types: fringing and patch reefs. The fringing reefs present in the offshore islands south of Singapore island are generally narrow but can be divided spatially into two main areas, the reef flat and the reef slope.
Mangrove Mangroves comprised about 13% (about 75 km2) of the total land area of Singapore Island when it was first established as a British trading post in the early 19th century. By 1978 this was reduced to some 24 km2 (Khoo, 1980) and today, less than 1.5 km2 of the original mangrove remains recent study has estimated the total mangrove area is now about 6 km2.
Sea Grass There are no extensive seagrass beds in Singapore. Most are patches less than 15 ha in the vicinity of coral reefs, sandy shores, and rocky shores. Seagrass occurring on the floor of mangrove forests of Singapore may have been overlooked, but a loss of seagrass habitats in Singapore has been attributed mainly to land reclamation.
Subtidal Benthic The soft bottom subtidal benthos comprises the largest contiguous marine ecosystem in Singapore. The seafloor off the Singapore coastline is generally flat or gently sloping, with depths ranging between 5 and 50 m, although in the Singapore Strait towards the southern port limits there are several areas where depths exceed 100 m.
Mudflat
Sandy Shore
Intertidal mudflats in Singapore are generally located adjacent and beyond the seaward edges of mangrove forests. These are best developed in the sheltered waters of the Johor Straits, although significant expanses of mud are also found on a number of larger islands in the Singapore Strait. Floral and faunal studies of mudflats have been fairly limited in scope due to their inaccessibility.
In Singapore, many of the natural sandy shores that were present along the southeastern coast from Tanjung Rhu to Changi, and also along the southwestern coast from Teluk Ayer to Pasir Panjang, have been reclaimed extensively. A small stretch of beach is preserved in the Labrador Nature Reserve and other short lengths of sandy areas remain along the estuarine northern shores of Singapore
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Reference: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/our-ecosystems/coastal-and-marine
Artificial Coastal Habitats
Rocky Shore
Sea Wall
Only a small proportion of original rocky shores are left in Singapore, and most have largely been either reclaimed or replaced by seawalls and breakwaters. The only natural rocky shore left on Singapore island is at Labrador Beach but short stretches remain on St John’s Island, Pulau Tekukor, Pulau Semakau, and Pulau Pawai.
Seawalls are a dominant feature of the much-reclaimed Singapore coastline, and have a surprisingly diverse flora and fauna associated with this artificial habitat, with some 30 autotrophic and 66 invertebrate taxa observed in a study carried out on two islets in the Singapore Strait.
Estuarine Reefs
Tidal Canal
Estuarine reefs at Beting Bronok and Tanjung Chek Jawa at the mouth of Sungei Johor in the East Johor Strait are characterized by a high diversity of echinoderms, including starfish (Protoreaster), sea urchins (Salmacis) and sea cucumbers.
While much of the original landscape of Singapore have given way to buildings, bridges, roads and flyovers, many of the original waterways still remain, although in nearly all cases, they have been canalized and rerouted in one way or another.
Water Column
Artificial Lagoon
The seas surrounding Singapore that is within its port limits occupy an area of about 600 km2 that is mostly shallow (<50 m) with waters that are generally turbid and eutrophic. The water column is the largest living habitat in Singapore, and is shared by a range of organisms ranging from viruses and prokaryotic microorganisms.
Numerous artificial swimming lagoons for recreation were constructed in the early and late 1970s on many of the islands south of Singapore island. These included Sentosa (formerly Pulau Blakang Mati), Kusu, St John’s, Sisters’ Islands, Pulau Hantu, Sultan Shoal, Pulau Sudong, and Pulau Satumu.
Representative Coastal Habitats
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REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Relationship Between Coastal Habitats
Created by: Xiang Wenqin
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Representative Coastal Habitats
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REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Distribution & Key Species
Seagrass
Created by: Xiang Wenqin
Animal:
Vegetation:
Diodora singaporensis Diogenes sp Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys Imbricata Acreichthys tomentosus Sirenia(Dugong)
Halophila ovalis H.spinulosa Syringodum isoetifolium Cymodocea rotundata Thalassia hemprichii
Coral reef
Created by: Xiang Wenqin
References: 1.Wild shores of Singapore 2.Nparks 3.Reef ecology lab
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Animal:
Vegetation:
Pavona frondifera Heliofungia Lobophytum Sarcophyton Neopomacentrus bankieri Chelmon rostratus
Neomeris annulata Cymodocea Avrainvillea erecta Corallina officinalis
Sandy shore
Created by: Xiang Wenqin
Animal:
Vegetation:
Stichodactyla haddoni Clibanarius infraspinatus Astropecten sp. Archaster typicus Scopimera Diogenes sp
Neomeris annulata Cymodocea Avrainvillea erecta Corallina officinalis
Rocky shore
Created by: Ge Wenxi
Animal:
Vegetation:
Onchidiidae Periwinkles Porcellanidae Anthopleura Ligia
Pemphis acidula Portulaca pilosa Pelir musang Xylocarpus rumphii Pouteria linggensts
References: 1.Wild shores of Singapore 2.Nparks 3. Reef ecology lab
Representative Coastal Habitats
48
REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Distribution & Key Species
Seawall
Animal:
Vegetation:
Patelloida saccharina Siphonaria guamensis Trochus maculatus Littoraria strigata Schizophrys
Penaeid prawns Alpheidae Juvenile mullet Shadow goby Aquilonastra coronata
Animal:
Vegetation:
Dendrocygna javanica Egretta eulophotes Cichla ocellaris Duttaphrynus melanostictus Lutrinae
Alpinia aquatic Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo Peltandra
Freshwater
Created by: Ge Wenxi References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/
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Mudflat
Animal:
Vegetation:
Mudskipper Tree climbing Crab Pacific Golden Plovers Common Whimbrel Curlew Sandpipers
Rhizophora. Xylocarpus. Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Animal:
Vegetation:
Mudskipper Otter Malysia Monitor Tree climbing Crab Telescope snails
Rhizophora. Xylocarpus. Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Mangrove
Created by: Feng Kangtai References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/
Representative Coastal Habitats
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NATURE CONSERVATION HISTORY History
Nature history timeline
1985: Significant baseline of marine biology database was established in Singapore.
1990: Bukit Timah and Central Catchment were declared as Nature Reserves.
1990: The Nature Society published Masterplan for the conservation of nature in Singapore, marking the first systemic effort to catalogue significant nature areas in Singapore.
2002: Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and Labrador Nature Reserve were gazetted.
2002: The Singapore green plan 2012 was published.
Created by: Ge Wenxi` References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/national-biodiversity-centre/history-of-biod-conservation
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1994: The Singapore red data book was first published.
2009: The Singapore Blue Plan was published.
Habitat historical change
Mangrove forest
1953
1993
1975
2010
1997
2015
Coral reef 1953
Nature conservation related regulation 1. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) To outline five strategies and respective action plans that work towards achieving the three CBD objectives 2. The National Parks Board Act (Chapter 198A) To establish the National Parks Board and to provide for its functions and powers, and for matters connected therewith. 3. The Parks and Trees Act (Chapter 216) To provide for planting, maintenance and conservation of trees and plants within nature conservation areas. 4. Animals and Birds Act (Chapter 7) To measure pertaining to the general welfare and improvement of animals, birds, or fish in Singapore. 5. Wildlife Act (Chapter 351) About wildlife Management, and regulates the import, sale, and export of wildlife. 6. Control of Plants Act (Chapter 57A) About the development and improvement of the plant industry in Singapore, and for purposes connected therewith. 7. Planning Act (Chapter 232) To provide for the planning and improvement of Singapore and for the imposition of development charges.
Created by: Ge Wenxi References: 1. Tse Lynn Loh, Preliminary study of community development and scleractinian recruitment on fibreglass artificial reef units in the sedimented waters of Singapore, 2005 2. Samantha Lai, The effects of urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: A Singapore case study, 2015 3. Hilton, M.J., Manning, S.S., 1995. Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: indications of unsustainable development. Environ. Conserv. 4. Npark, Singapore 4th national report to the conservation on biological diversity, 2010
Natural Conservation History
52
ARCHEOLOGICAL & HISTORICAL RESOURCE Reclaimed Land
Reclaimed land distribution map
Tuas: reclamation began in 1988
Marina bay: reclamation began during the late 1960s and early 1970s
Reclaimed land method history Dry method: It is the simplest and oldest method that involves filling the required area with large and heavy rocks and/or cement, then building up to the required height level using clay or other soil in a process called ‘infilling’. Hydraulic reclamation method: It is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source, but is only suitable for granular soil which has good drainage characteristics. Hydraulic filling method: This method is suitable for granular fill and is generally used when filling is carried out from an offshore source. It is not suitable when the seabed is too shallow or the seabed soil is too soft. Sand spreading method: This method is used when there is a shallow seabed or the seabed soil is too soft for hydraulic filling.
Created by: Ge Wenxi Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/reclamation https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Land_reclamation
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Coney island: reclamation period is from 1975 to the 1990s.
1973 1989 2009 2013
Changi: reclamation began in 1975
Old reclaimed land method---Dry method
Contemporary reclaimed land section
Created by: Ge Wenxi Reference: 1. Reclamation outside Victoria Harbour, https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet5.pdf 2. https://nussammy.wordpress.com/2018/01/28/land-reclamation-in-singapore/
Archeological & Historical Resource
54
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN SINGAPORE Existing Condition In Drinking Water System
Weaknesses Strengths • Abundant rainfall
• Limited national territorial area 728 km2
Average Annual Rainfall 2165.9 mm / yr
• Lack of groundwater resources
Under the premise of insufficient groundwater resources, rainfall provides a sufficient water source for the water network.
Threats • Rising population 5,850,342 people Annual annual rainfall in Singapore
• Water reticulation network
With an area of about 710 km2 and growing urban areas, Singapore lacks the space to collect and store all the rain that falls on it. Through a network of rivers, canals and drains, rain that falls on 2/3 of Singapore’s land area is channeled to our 17 reservoirs.
Singapore population (1950-2020)
• Increasing water demand
Major waterways and catchment in Singapore
By 2060, Singapore’s water use is expected to double from about 430 million gallons a day (mgd) now.
Opportunities • Diversifying water supply —— “Four National Taps”
NOW 150L per person Demand now domestic sector 45%
Water from local catchment
Created by: Huang Xi References: https://www.pub.gov.sg
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Imported water
Desalinated water
New water
Non-domestic sector 55%
Flood risk area
S Sc ea e le Sc nar vel en io C a Lo rio w D ris k
• Impact from sea level rise + 2.8mm/ yr
Storm surge Water logging
2060 140L per person
Vulnerable hydraulic system
Demand in 2060 domestic sector 30% Non-domestic sector 70%
Drinking Water Supply In Singapore
56
SINGAPORE WATER STORY Time line of Singapore Water History
Upper Seletar(1920)
Kranji(1975) Storage Capacity: 15,850,000km3 Kranji Reservoir was created by damming up the river mouth and is rich in birdlife biodiversity. Rainwater that falls in Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang towns flows to the Kranji Reservoir through drains and canals.
Surface Area: 450ha Upper Seletar Reservoirs is Singapore's third impounding reservoir, after MacRitchie and Peirce Reservoirs. Rainwater falling in Woodlands towns flows to the Upper Seletar Reservoir through drains and canals.
Sarimbun, Murai, Poyan and Tengeh(1981) Surface Area Sarimbun: 82ha Murai: 215ha Poyan: 370ha Tengeh: 145ha These four reservoirs are located in generally uninhabited areas in the west.
Jurong Lake(2006) Surface Area: 70ha Jurong Lake is a man-made freshwater lake. Rainwater that falls in the Jurong West and Jurong East towns is channelled to the lake through drains and canals.
Pandan(1975) Surface Area: 180ha Constructed over swamp land and the original Pandan river, Pandan Reservoir receives its water through drains and canals from areas such as Clementi and Bukit Batok towns.
Created by: Yin Yi Anna Reference: PUB
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MacRitchie(1868), Upper and Lower Peirce(1975) Storage Capacity MacRitchie: 4,200,000 km3 Upper and Lower Peirce: 3060000 km3 The first of Singapore's reservoirs, these are located within the nature reserves. The reservoir waters are pristine as they are left in their natural states.
Lower Seletar(1986) Storage Capacity: 9,400,000 km3 Lower Seletar Reservoir was constructed by building a dam accross Sungei Seletar. Rainwater that falls in parts of Yishun and Ang Mo Kio towns is conveyed to the Lower Seletar Reservoirs through drains and canals.
Punggol and Serangoon(2011) Surface Area Punggol: 135ha Serangoon: 132ha Punggol and Serangoon Reservoir are Singapore's 16th and 17th reservoirs. They were formed damming major river. Rainwater from Sengkang, Punggol, and Hougang towns will be channelled to them.
Tekong(1979) Surface Area: 67ha The reservoir currently provides potable water supply for all military installations within the island. Access to the island and hence the reservoir is restricted.
Bedok(1986) Storage Capacity: 12,800,000km3 The first to tap water from an urban catchment, Bedok Reservoir was converted from a former sand quarry. Nine stormwater collection stationstap the rainwater from surrounding urbanised catchment like Bedok and Tampines town.
Legend: Marina(2010) Surface Area: 240ha Marina Reservoir, Singapore's 15th reservoirs and the first reservoir in the city, has the largest and most urbanised catchment at 10,000 hectares. Rainwater is collected from as far as Queenstown, Geylang East, Ang Mo Kio and Toa Payoh areas.
Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly Inland Reservoir Water Network Unprotected Catchment Protected Catchment Watershed Partition
Singapore Water Story
58
STROM MANAGEMENT Diversifying Methods Of Strom Management
Function of Coastal Reservoir Collection 1. Catchment Water catchment means that the water in a reservoir comes from natural rivers in the city, artificial channels and surface water flow around the reservoir. Unlike what we normally call "local catchment", this category does not include direct precipitation.
a. Natural Waterway
b. Canal and Ditch
c. Surface Water flow
2. Rainfall In the reservoir not directly connected to the coast, a large part of the freshwater collected is rainwater, so rainwater is one of the important components of fresh water in the reservoir.
Rainfall
Separation 1. Dam Some older reservoirs, or where topographic conditions permit, are built of earthen dams. For example, in pandan reservoirs, the base of the dam is a man-made structure.
Prevention 1. Secondary Barrier
a. Rigid Foundation Dam
b. Earthen Dam
2. Floodgate Floodgate can not only effectively separate salt water from freshwater, but also is extremely important for the control of reservoir water level. There are many types of floodgate globally, but there are roughly two types of floodgate in Singapore.
a. Crest Gate Created by: Huang Xi & Yin Yi Anna Reference: PUB
59
b. Vertical Lift Gate
Secondary Barrier 2. Dyke
a. Rigid Foundation Dyke
Distribution of Coastal Reservoir
Legend:
Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean Floodgate
Watershed
Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody
Secondary Boundary
Waterflow
Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly
Dam
Water Network
Inland Reservoir
3. Hydraulic Gate
The secondary barrier is a floating barrier that has a skirt suspended from it. The skirt can extend to the floor of the reservoir and can be weighted with ballast to fix it. It can also be moved with an anchor and chain system.
a. Lifting Hydraulic Gate
b. Crest Hydraulic Gate
b. Earthen Dyke
Strom Management
60
WATER TREATMENT Water Treatment Facilities Distribution
Water Treatment Overview 2 separate systems are used to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through the drainage network and reservoirs before being treated. Used water is channeled through sewers and pumping stations to the water reclamation plants. Desalination is another weather-resilient water source, PUB turns seawater into drinking water using advanced membrane technology and continues to find more efficient ways to desalinate seawater.
Facilities Distribution Map Desalination Plant: Singapore currently uses reverse osmosis for its desalination and now it has three desalination plants with two more desalination plants in the near future.
Rainwater Treatment
Used Water Treatment Tuas WRP
Jurong W
To Be Dec
When DTSS is completed, Singapore will only have 3 WRPs. The existing intermediate used water pumping stations and conventional WRPs will be dismantled and used for other higher value development. Created by: Long Di References: https://www.pub.gov.sg
61
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System(DTSS): DTSS uses deep tunnel sewers to convey used water by gravity to centralised WRPs located at the coastal areas. The treated used water is further purified into NEWater or discharged to the sea.
Waterworks: Raw water is conveyed by pipelines to the waterworks where it is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected. Treatment frees the water of harmful bacteria and suspended particulate matters, makes it safe for consumption.
Kranji WRP
Service Reservoir: There are currently 9 service reservoirs operating in Singapore which are used to store potable water.
Changi WRP
Water Reclamation Plant
commissioned
Ulu Pandan Water Reclamation Plant
N
To Be Decommissioned
0
5
10km
Legend: Desalination Plant
NEWater Plant
Reservior
PUB Waterworks
WRP & NEWater Plant
Water Catchment
Service Reservior
Water Reclamation Plant(WRP)
DTSS
Water Treatment
62
WATER POLLUTION Singapore Water Pollution Distribution Map
Credit to: Long Di, Redrawn by Hao Jun References: Hu, G. P., Balasubramanian, R. and Wu, C. D. (2003) ‘Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore’, Chemosphere, 51(8), pp. 747–755. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00028-6. Song, H. et al. (2019) ‘Characteristics of Stormwater Quality in Singapore Catchments in 9 Different Types of Land Use’, Water, 11(5), p. 1089. doi: 10.3390/w11051089. Yuen, J. Q. et al. (2012) ‘Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighborhoods of Singapore’, Journal of Environmental Manage ment, 101, pp. 151–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.11.017.
63
Water Pollution
64
SINGAPORE WATER QUALITY IN COASTAL ZONE Water Quality Indicators Higher concentrations of oxygen, lower concentrations of salinity and nitrogen(within the range shown in the figures below) contribute to better water quality
Salinity Concentrations Salinity (g/kg) in layer 1 12-Dec-2013
Oxygen Concentrations in Top Layer Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 1 20-Dec-2013 Top Layer
Redrwn by: Tan Shuyue References: X. Wanga,c, J. Zhangb,c,d, V. Babovicc, K.Y.H. Ginc, A comprehensive integrated catchment-scale monitoring and modelling approach for facilitating management of water quality,2019
65
Nitrogen Concentrations in Top Layer total nitrogen (including algae) (gN/m³) in layer 1 12-Aug-2013
Oxygen Concentrations in Bottom Layer Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 10 20-Dec-2013 Bottom Layer
Singapore Water Quality Coastal Zone
66
SHIPPING AND PORTS Shipping Routes And Ports In Singapore
SHIPPING ROUTES AND PORTS IN SINGAPORE
Singapore Worldwide Shipping Routes 02
1,000
,000
4,000 Miles
Senoko Fishery
Modern style fishing port Acreage: 0.3 ha
Keppal Shipyard
Manufactural industrial port Berths: 6 Docks: 3
Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal
Passengers port for workers Acreage: 0.3 ha
Keppel Bay
Recreation port for cruise Acreage: 1.2 ha
Created by:Karry Zhang, Li Wanying References:https://www.maersk.com/local-information/asia-pacific/singapore/routes
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TYPES OF PORTS TYPES OF PORTS COASTAL GUARD
LEGEND: LEGEND:
COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PORTS SG PORT LIMITED
FISHERY
OUTSIDE PORT
COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL TYPES OF PORTS RECREATIONAL ROUTE COASTAL GUARD
INDUSTRIAL
RECREATIONAL ROUTE SHIPPING PROHIBITED
SG SHORELINE PORT LEGEND:
SPECIAL ROUTE PURPOSE ROUTE SHIPPING SG PORT LIMITED
PASSENGERS FISHERY COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL SG ROAD
SHIPPING PROHIBITED SG SHORELINE OUTSIDE PORT PORT SHIPPING ROUTE ANCHOR OUTSIDE PROHIBITED PORT
FREIGHT ROUTE RECREATIONAL ROUTE SG PORT LIMITED
PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL FISHERY INDUSTRIAL
SG ROAD SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE RECREATIONAL ROUTE
RECREATIONAL INDUSTRIAL PASSENGERS
OUTSIDE PORT LEGEND: ANCHOR PROHIBITED
COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL
SG SHORELINE PORT
FISHERY COMMERCIAL SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE COASTAL GUARD INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL FREIGHT ROUTE - INDUSTRIAL
SG SHORELINE PORT
COASTAL GUARD COMMERCIAL
SG PORTPROHIBITED LIMITED ANCHOR
SHIPPING PROHIBITED ANCHOR PROHIBITED
SPECIAL PURPOSE FREIGHT ROUTE ROUTE
PASSENGERS PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL
SHIPPING ROUTE PROHIBITED SHIPPING
SG ROAD ROUTE FREIGHT
RECREATIONAL PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL
SHIPPING ROUTE
SG ROAD
RECREATIONAL
PASSENGERS PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL RECREATIONAL
Singapore Last Fishing Village
Traditional style fishing port Acreage: 0.4ha
Changi Point Ferry Terminal
Small passengers and recreational port Acreage: 0.7 ha
Marina Bay Cruise
Large scale passengers and recreational port Acreage: 3 ha
Keppel Terminal
Transportation industrial and commercial port Acreage: 102.5 ha Container berths: 14
Shipping And Ports
68
SHIPPING AND PORTS Ports Typology
Classification
Typologies of Different Purposes
Classified by Purpose
bussiness types
Industrial
Industrial Ports
Classified by...
Industria
Manufacture Crane Transportation
Import & export
Commercial
Passengers Transport
For tourists
users groups
For special use Cruise
uses
Recreational
Sports Traditional
styles
Fishery
Mordern
Temporary Parking
Passengers Transport Ports
Recreational Ports Passengers Station Parking Lots
Jetty
Reinforced Concrete Temporary Parking
Created by: Li Wanying, Dreamy Hong Reference: http://www.singaporeshipping.com.sg/
69
Relate Floating Jetty
Reinforced Concrete
Long-term Parking
Concre
Commercial Ports
al Facility Warehouse
Related Industry
Container
Piling
Reinforced Concrete
Temporary Parking
Reinforced Concrete
g
Other Recreational Space
Fishery Ports
Seafood Market
e Facility
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
ete+Floating Material
Concrete/Wood+Floating Material Temporary Parking
Shipping And Ports
70
SHIPPING AND PORTS Ports Typology
Ports Related Land-use
4
8
7
6
1 2
5
Created by: Li Wanying References: URA marster plan 2019
71
3
Section of ports typologies
1 Industrial & Commercial Keppal Terminal
2 Industrial & Commercial Keppal Tamasek Dock
3 Passengers & Recreational Marina Bay Cruise
4 Passengers & Recreational Changi Point Ferry Terminal
5 Recreational Keppal Bay Yatch Club
6 Recreational Changi Sailing Club
7 Fishery Senoko Fishery Ports
7 Fishery Singapore Last Fishing Village
Created by: Dreamy Hong, Li Wanying
Shipping And Ports
72
NAVAL/MILITARY DEFENSE 1979: Malaysia publishes a map depicting the territorial waters it claims. 1980: Singapore lodges a diplomatic protest with Malaysia over the 1979 map. 1987: Malaysia publishes its Johor Bahru port limits, which tracks the territorial sea limits claimed in its 1979 map. 1997: Singapore’s port limits to the west of Raffles Lighthouse are extended slightly for better regulation of shipping traffic in the vicinity. Oct 25, 2018:The altered port limits extend significantly eastward beyond the territorial sea claim in the area made in Malaysia’s 1979 map. Nov 5: Singapore lodges a “strong protest “ with the Malaysian government.
Johor Causeway Bridge
Police Coast Guard Lim Chu Kang Base
Laluan Kedua Malaysia-Singapura
Tuas Naval Base
Created by: Li Jiaying References: Fender Application Design Manual
73
Police Coast Guard - Loyang Region
Changi Naval Base
Legend Present Naval Base Costal Guard Past Naval Base Customs Boundry Bridge between Malaysia and Sinagpore Disputed Maritime Border Area
Naval/Military Defense
74
PULLUTION OIL SPILL Singapore Oil Refinery Industry
Global Oil Shipping Routes Map
Singapore is locted in the Malacca Strait, which is the second busy chokepoint to Hormu. It is vital to the shipping routes to get oil from the Persian Gul
Map of Singapore’s Crude Oil Imports,2018
Singapore does not have any natural oil resources, so the oil refinery industry relies on importing crude oil mainly shipping from the Middle East.
Created by: Fang Ting References: 1.Resource Trade Earth 2.EIA3 .AIS,Marine Traffic
75
lf to the South China Sea
Map of Singapore’s Refined Oil Exports,2018
The associated oil industries together form a key pillar of Singapore’s economy, accounting for 34% of the country’s total manufacturing output in 2014 worth over S$100 billion.
Pollution Oil Spill
76
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPERTY Status
Distribution of residential and commercial property
This mapping illustrates the urban structure of seashore, from mixed commercial center, to residential area, to industrial cluster.
Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg
77
2.5
5
10KM
Residential And Commercial Property
78
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERICAL PROPOERTY Commercial Building Typology
Commercial Building Type Shop house by road
Shop house by the river
Shop houses usually have mixed elements from a different country. It often appears in the form of 2-3 stories high with a shop on the ground floor. At the same time, the vestibule is also a common element. Generally, the main drainage type is road drainage.
Distribution of Commercial Area
The business buildings, like office and shopping malls, are centered in Marina CBD area, and some are in town center area.
Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen, Zheng Qiaoyu References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg
79
Shopping mall-by the river
Shopping mall-by the sea
Shopping mall usually has less than seven stories. Some of them have their own green space. As shopping mall always has a large area of hard scape and underground floors, the main drainage way is evacuating rainwater to nearby road catchment and waterbody.
High-rise building-by the sea
High-rise building-by road
Office buildings are likely to in the form of the high rise, some of which have office garden, sports facilities, and underground parking lot. Surrounding the structure there will be some liner greenery. So rainwater in the office and business area is usually evacuated into road catchments and surrounding soft space, like parks and water bodies.
Residential & commercial building-by the river
Mixed-use building usually contains not only residential use but also commercial areas. The lower stories are mainly used as commercials. Rainwater mainly flows into surrounding roads
Residential And Commercial Property
80
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPERTY Residential Building Typology
Residential Building Type Landed house-by road
Landed house-by river
Landed house is commonly coordinated with a swimming pool and private garden. The drainage way is collecting the rainwater to nearby road catchment and water body through the surface drainage and private garden.
Distribution of Residential Area
Industrial clusters are mainly located in Tuas and partially in the north region. The seashore park is integrated with the existing network.
Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen,Zheng Qiaoyu References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg
81
HDB-by the river
PROTOTYPE
HDB-by road
The hdb constructed by different years has different water drainage types. At present, the drainage way is divided into three phases: source-pathway-receptor.
Condo-by the sea
Condo-by the river
Condo-by road
The condo is a private house,it is commonly coordinated with the community garden and swimming pool. The water drainage way is also divided into three phases, same as hdb. The community rain garden collects the rain water to the canal
Residential And Commercial Property
82
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE History and Technology
History & Method of Fishery and Agriculture
Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 1965
Kelong sea based fish farm: - Need licence - at least 0.2 k㎡ - Fish Net
Floating fish farm: - Need licence - Fish Net/ Fish Tank
High-tech fish farm: - Ferrry - 1.4 k㎡ Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying References: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Land-Use-Agriculture-Imports-1965-ISD-Panel-Food-Group-2017_fig2_331639279
83
Recent Method of Fishery and Agriculture
Human cultivation
Using Animals
Farm Truck
Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 2015
Greenhouse: - Temperature control, Light, Watering - Plants that easy to start: Tomatoes Mushroom Potatoes Onions Carrots
Greenhouse
Automated agriculture Vertical farm: - Scale can be very small (Using in the home) - Environment is important (like green house)
Vertical Farm Aquaponics: - Scale can be very small (using in the home) - suitable size fish tank and media bed
Main method of modern fish farm and agriculture
Aquaponics
The Development Of Fishery And Agriculture
84
SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES Geographic Information And Distribution Of Agriculture And Fishery Resources
Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying References: https://coldstorage.com.sg/storelocations https://khaisengfishfarm.com/2016/01/07/sustainable-fish-farming/ https://www.arowanafishtalk.com/forums/showthread.php?2318-Visit-to-Singapore-Arowana-Breeding-Farm-(Arowana-Farm-in-Singapore) https://finbyboat.com.sg/our-technology
85
Singapore Agriculture And Fishery Resources
86
SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES Seafood Species In Singapore
Created by: Rui Xue, Xie Wanying Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites
87
Singapore Agriculture And Fishery Resources
88
SINGAPORE HERITAGE DISTRIBUTION
Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites
89
Singapore Heritage Distribution
90
HISTORY OF SINGAPORE Key Districts
Marina Bay Changes of Coastal Line
1898
1942
1958
1971
1992
2003
2014
Historical Photos
Before 1950s
1970s
1960s
Indevelopment
Commercial/ Residential/ Park
1980s
Mixed-use Developments
2020
1977 Land Reclamation
The land in Marina Bay is mainly from land reclamation. The early 1800s: Waterfront area. 1971: Singapore embarked land reclamation project. The late 1990s: The Marina Bay area covers a total of 360 hectares of prime land for development. The 2000s: Mixed-use developments.
Chinatown
Historical Photos
1824
1870s
1900s
1942
Residential/ Park/ Industry
1970s
Residential/ Commercial/ Park/ Industry
1996
2010
Residential/ Commercial/ Park
Heritage Trail (27 points) 5 Districts in Chinatown: Kreta Ayer, Ann Siang/ Club Street, Telok Ayer, Tanjong Pagar/ Duxton, Bukit Pasoh 1843: Chinatown’s physical landscape development began. 1918: Much overcrowding and congestion in Chinatown. Mid-1960s: Urban renewal schemes started, and residents were re-housed in resettlement estates. 1983: Major upgrading of shophouses and new developments took place. 2002: The Chinatown Heritage Centre is opened which introduces Chinatown’s history.
Created by: Zhang Liao References: https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/ https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/
91
2020
Bedok Historical Photos
1640
1930s
Indevelopment
1966 Residential/ Park/ Industry/ White Space
1940s Residential/ Park/ Indevelopment
1963
1970
2020
Residential/ Park/ Commercial
The coastal area is made from land reclamation. Seaside and water activities were part of the area’s recreational highlights. 1604: The map referring to Sungei Bedok (Bedok River) as Sunebodo. 1960s: The extensive land reclamation project began. 1963: Early plans to develop Bedok into a HDB town. 1966: Modern development of Bedok began. 1970s: Began to make way for modern flats and industrial parks. 1980: Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) was completed.
Coastline&South Ridge Changes
1958
1980
2003
2008
2014
Mount Faber Park Historical Photos
1890
1900
1946
1958
1964 1965 1974 2010 1845: Telok Blangah Hill was renamed to Mount Faber. And a road to the top of the hill was built cut through the thick undergrowth in order to build a signal station. 1857: After the Indian Mutiny, the government decided to convert Mount Faber into a fort. 1965: Mount Faber Park was opened as one of the oldest parks in Singapore. 1974: the Singapore Cable Car stations is built, connecting the park with Sentosa, which was part of efforts to convert the island from its history as a naval base to an island getaway for both tourists and locals. Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/
History Of Singapore
92
HISTORY HERITAGE OF SINGAPORE Zoom in Pasir Ris
Coastline Changes
1945
1966
1978
1993
2005 Created by:He Xiaowei References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/
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Landscape Changes 1945
1966
1978
1993
2005 Sandy Area Beach
Pasir Ris Heritage Trail
Beach Park
Created by: Fang Ting
History Heritage Of Singapore
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Reserach Based Design proposal for specific site
Design Development
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CATALOG OF PROJECTS From Tuas Second Link to West Coast Park Amphibious Sports Park Hao Jun Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource Tan Shuyue Super Coastal Hub Yin Yi Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation Zhang Kairui From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier In-between Landscape Li Wanying Revival: Coastal Nature Hong MengYi Living with Mangroves Zhu Wen Triple Life Line Zheng Qiaoyu From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal Rebuild seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise Liu Kaiyan Learning in Nature - Waterfront He Xiaowei Turning Risk into Opportunity Xiang Wenqin Guardian of the City Zhang Liao From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park Bike on the Dyke Li Jiaying Dockscape: Keep the Coastal Memory Fang Ting Landform Adaptation Resort Rui Xue Life in Green and Blue Wang Xiaomeng
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From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park Redefining Coastal Barrier Lam Ching Hang (Adam) Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves Long Di Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park Li Xi Self-Sufficient Water Recycling System Ou Yeyao Futuristic is Past Huang Xi From Tuas Second Link to Kranji Dam Regeneration Hub in Kranji Feng Kangtai AGRI Park Xie Wanying Wild Adventure Zhang Liping
Design Development
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FROM TUAS SECOND LINK UNTIL WEST COAST PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Amphibious Sports Park Hao Jun
This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone. Terraced spaces are remodelled responding to ocean flows over time to provide full-service sports fields from supratidal, intertidal to subtidal zone that promote physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodelling the terrain of submerged land into triple-level terraced buffer.
Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area Yin Yi
With the development of the technology, the future of the industrial coast has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build this site into a multi-functional coastal center after phased construction. There three main zones in the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient filter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power. Together with introducing several kinds of renewable energy, the designer wants to shape the future of coast industrial area.
Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation Zhang Kairui
Sea level rise threatens to food portion of an existing food packing district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in an innovative redeveloping costal edges that allow new commerical, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure.
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource Tan Shuyue
With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan has a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy efficient with the sea level rise adaption. Taking advantage from the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as a water storage, I propose solar powered desalination system and water dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering filtration; floating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines; renovated oil tanks; retrofitted road networks; and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.
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Site 1 Hao Jun Site 3 Zhang Kairui
Site 2 Yin Yi
Site 4 Shu Yue
Hao Jun
Yin Yi
Zhang Kairui
Shu Yue
Site 1: Amphibious Sports Park
Site 2: Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area
Site 3: Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
Site 4: Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource
From Tuas Second Link until West Coast Park
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101
AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS PARK Remodel the Future for Industry Hao Jun
This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone. Terraced spaces are remodeled responding to ocean flows over time to provide full-service sports fields from supratidal, intertidal to the subtidal zone that promotes physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodeling the terrain of submerged land into the triple-level terraced buffer.
Amphibious Sports Park
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SITE ANALYSIS PANORAMA OF LAND & LIFE ng
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Site
Noon urs
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Napping
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Bir dp
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Sp
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No recreational space for industrial workers within 8km. No point of interest to attracting citizens and near workers. No recreational landmark as Malaysia has. As measured & estimated by myself, the average daily ridership is only 35% of the designed capacity. Hardened Surface Lawn / Weed Vegetation with canopy Seagrass habitat
SIMPLE LAND-USE Transportation Hub Public Services Industry Site Boundary Major Routes Key Nodes Topological Relations
LOSS OF HABITAT Only 3 species with scarce quantities are found here, which is nursed toward extinction due to reclamation works. The relatively whole forest with about 20 species occupies 1ha area in the middle of the site. But this forest is lack connection to urban ecology. Esri Community Maps Contributors, SLA, Esri, HERE, Garmin, METI/NASA, USGS
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REMODEL THE TERRAIN AGAINST SEA-LEVEL RISE Strategy: Topographic Level
LAND REMODELING PHASES
LAND REMODELING STRATEGIES
Twin-layer CanalModular Fields
Current Condition Broaden canal by four times Embed pipes under swimming layer Reform flow patterns Treat estuarine ecosystem Install bridge & terraced seats
Utilize Canal
Mangrove Belt
Dredge Submerged Zone Introduce mangrove Place fine sediment Vegetated foreshore Create salt marshes Revitalize seagrass meadow
Rehabilitate Diverse Habitat
Shell Reef New Sand Beach
Reclaim & Raise Land Build shell reef Dredge submerged land Raise potential site Create sedimentation basin
New Terrain
Littoral Habitat
New Terrain & Defence Against Sea LEGEND
Sea-level in 2020s Sea-level risen by 3-metre Original soil Excavated soil Reclaimed soil
Cultivate littoral habitat Landscape for seabed Land grading for sports Create dynamic dune Install hanging structure
Water Sports Zone Amphibious Sports Park
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DIVERS FIELD SPORTS EXPERIENCE Strategy: Social Level
AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS AREA
Activity-adaptation multi-use modular sports field Tempo-adaptation multi-use flowing path
FUTURE MODULAR SPORTS FIELDS Skidproof, waterproof surface
Enclosed multi-use canal for water sports & bath Sand beach & waterside platform for coastwise sports
Screen to display lineation
Intertidal sports zone
Neritic sports zone
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Footsteps power generator - 50
0m
m
m
0m
50 0-
20
Normal activities
To meet the needs of industrial workers who are suffering from mental & physical problems, the spaces can provide comprehensive sports fields throughout terrestrial, intertidal & littoral areas. FLEXIBLE ACCOMMODATION FOR FUTURE-ORIENTED TRANSPORTATION HUB
CO
EC
EX
AL
RN
TE
NN
Besides fields
TIO
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PARK-CENTERED TRANSPORTATION HUB
INT
ER
L VE RA
T EE
FR
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NA
L
Can also control water
Automatic jacking system
SELF-ADAPTATION SOFT SCAPE
Parking one-man aircraft & future vehicle Multi-use sports lawn Playing at subspace Lying on undulant lawn separated by undulant lawn
Usually
Shuttling in marsh Camping on higher knolls
Shifting people to higher hardscape Temporary water sports lawn Drain stormwater as detention swale
In storm, or water-level rises further
MULTI-USE FLOWING EXPERIENCE The modules can form different sports fields as required, the lineations can be displayed by the screen.
Fast-tempo path Vehicle accessible
Medium-tempo path Vehicle unaccessible skating
Utilizing spare spaces to form jogging paths automatically, and bleachers for spectators
Slow-tempo path Pedestrian only
Raised bridge Crossing forest
Downpour will no longer annoy users as the site can automatically drain water by lifting modules to form a slope. Further sea level rising can also be resisted.
Promenade Comprehensive
Amphibious Sports Park
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AMPHIBIOUS HABITATS CONSERVATION Strategy: Ecological Level
HABITAT INTERVENTION ACTIONS
1 Stone Revetment
Bivalve Reef Breakwaters Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass Canopy
2 Natural Shore
Coral Reef Basin Excavating the soil and planting coral reef and seagrass, for water sports recreation and sedimentation basin
3 Hardened Sandy Soil
Sand Beach Softening the sandy soil and turning it into recreational sand beach, planting palms
4 Crusty Soil
Arable Soil
Softening the sandy soil and turning it into arable soil to cultivate lawn and secondary forest
2m 6m
NORTH PART
HABITAT MAP & HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONS
Gateway
Transportation hub
Slow down ocean flow
perching birds
Pollutant source
Soil and water conservation
Seabed landscape
Firm coastline
Fishing Sand beach plants
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Jogging
Seagrass
Secondary forest Coral reef
Self-adaptation sediment
Jungle experience
Green slope Seagrass
Urban greenland
Mangrove
Lawn Salt marsh
Camping
1 Seagrass Habitat
Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass Canopy
2 Salt Marsh
On the basis of rising sendiment, turning shore into salt marsh by planting essential pioneer plants
3 Mangrove
Bringing in mangrove forest prior to submerging, with cutting down a part of forest
4 Secondary Forest
Maintaining the majority of forest, by fine treatment and installing essential facilities
5 Lawn
Softening crusty soil and plant grasses.
SOUTH PART
REVITALIZE ECOLOGY AMONG INDUSTRIAL ZONE
To protect the last seagrass habitat along Tuas and secondary forest from sea level rise, secondary mangrove forest will be planted and multiple strategies are building coherent intertidal habitat.
Amphibious Sports Park
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MASTERPLAN
Such multi-pronged approaches to be applied in face of sea-level rise could set an example for those sites which try to turn danger to bargain and revitalize the environment for both human and nature and enlighten people to imagine future lifestyle.
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Amphibious Sports Park
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MASTER PLAN
CREATE A SHRINE TO THE WATER SPORTS ENTHUSIAST
By remodeling the landform and restoring the littoral environment, a series of water sports spaces and facilities are welcoming sports lovers with open arms.
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CANAL CHANNEL OF HEALTH.
The canal will be expanded to create a recreational water sports channel with integrating futureoriented terrestrial and beach sports, to heal the mental and physical health of people.
Amphibious Sports Park
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ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE DRIVEN BY OCEAN RESOURCES Birth of a Water Industry Tan Shuyue
With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan have a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy-efficient with the sea level rise adaption. Taking advantage of the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as water storage, I propose solar-powered desalination system and water-dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes bay landform changes to terraces for pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering filtration gravitationally; floating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines for energy support; renovated oil tanks; retrofitted road networks for human flow connection; secondary forest restoration and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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SITE ANALYSIS AND OVERALL VISION GREAT POTENTIAL TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO AN ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AND RELATED TO CITIZENS’ DAILY LIFE
INDUSTRY VISION IN 30 YEARS: LESS RELY ON PETROLEUM BUT MORE ON CLEAN ENERGY
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ISSUES AND POTENTIAL C Water Issues (bay catches calm water, surface water flow, junction between sea water and fresh water)
HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND DISCONNECTION
LACK OF HABITAT CONNECTION
Pandan Reservoir
Manufacturing Industry
Oil Refinery
Bay
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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DESIGN CONCEPT AND WORKING FLOW Sea Water Pretreatment (driven by ocean resources), Habitat and Human Connection
Human Connection Habitat Reconnection Water Treatment Water Activity Coastal Habitat
Energy Support
Bio- engineering Dam (Filtration)
Chemical Treatment
Sight-viewing
Off-land
DESIGN STRATEGY 1 Reorganize Site Resources
Shape the Land form Enlarge water catchment capacity Change the contour to terraces topography New Revetment Edge Land Shape Change Direction
Utilizing Ocean Resources Tidal Force Solar Energy
Reorganize Site Infrastructure Function Water Production Water Consumption Recreation Renovation Demolition
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San
nd Filters
Canopy Walk Water-demanding Industry
Desalination (Reverse osmosis)
Recreation
Reservoir
Water Storage
Habitat Water-demanding Industry
Recreation Renovation
2 Connect Water, Habitat and Human
Water Connection
Desalination (fresh water production) Water Distribution
Habitat Connection
Habitat Connection
Human Connection
Habitat Connection
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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DESIGN PROCESS 1_ ENERGY EFFICIENT DESALINATION PROCESS BEFORE
Intertidal Zone
AFTER
Intertidal Zone
Bio-filtration
Sea Water Catchment
Pretreatment 1
Pre-treatment 2
(air flotation)
Energy Efficient Solar Energy
Tidal Force
215 MWh/day
2 Times/day
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Gravity Force
1 Meter
(Elevation Difference)
(filtration)
Oil Refinery Plant
Car way
Pandan Reservoir
Sand Crushed Gravel Pebble
Desalination Plant
Pandan Reservoir
(reverse osmosis)
Energy Consumption Desalination Energy Consumption
204MWh/day
≈Tuas Desalination Plant
Freshwater Production
136,000/m³/day Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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DESIGN PROCESS 2 _ CONNECTION
Water Connection
Habitat Connection
Human Connection
Desalination process and water distribution
Mangrove Secondary Forest Regeneration Mangrove Corridor Common Trees Lawn
Sea Water Pre-tretment Reservoir Desalination Plant Water-demanding Industry
Walking Pathway Carway Recreation Oil Tank Floating Solar Panel
HABITAT RESTORATION PHASING Mudflat Extension and Mangrove Restoration
1Year
3 Year
5 Year
Secondary Forest Regeneration Species for regeneration: Amomum villosum Lour. /Streblus asper Lour /Hopea odorata Roxb. /Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels /Dipterocarpus alatus z
3 Year
10 Year
30 Year
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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Water-demanding Industry
Oil Tank Recreation
Beverag
Secondary Forest Regeneration
Bio-engineering Dam Floating Solar Panel
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Mangrove Restoration
Sea Water Storage an
ge Manufacturing
TANKS RENOVATION Forest Canopy walk
Have fun at the top of the remaining tanks and take a view of the secondary forest canopy layer. Don’t forget to taste the freshest juice, beer, or any beverage just produced and delivered from the factory on-site directly!
BIO-ENGINEERING DAM
nd Pretreatment Habitat Corridor
Mangrove continues to the foot of the dam from the reservoir, the secondary forest combining with the renovation tanks and industries make the dam become an ecological, productive, and leisure connection point.
Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources
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ADAPTIVE COASTAL HUB Conversion from Industrial Area Yin Yi Anna
With the relocation of the maritime industry and the development of technology, the future of the industrial coastline has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build the site into a multi-functional coastal hub after phased construction, which includes a worker community center phase. There three main zones on the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient filter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power. Together with remolding the landform, carrying out brownfield treatment, transferring the infrastructure space, introducing renewable energy, and enhancing the ecosystem service, the designer wants to enhance the participation of citizens in the industrial area and develop the energy potential of coastal areas for self-sufficiency, hoping it could be the paradigm of Singapore future redevelopment.
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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SITE ANALYSIS Oil Refinery
Seawater
Water Treatment Plant Shipyard Ship Dock
Heavy Metals Detected in Singapore Southern Maritime Industrial Zone Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr> As> Cd> Hg Runoff goes into the ocean with pollutant Vulnerable to sea level rise
Accumulated pollutant & Harmful to organism
Topo & Waterflow Map
Landuse Map
Police Station Shipyard Shipping Zone Oil Refinery 9m
Underutilized Area Logistics
0m
Water Treatment Plant -9m
Container Storage Zone
3m SLR Vulnerable Zone
Existing barriers stop the accessibility Coastal edges are not adaptive to SLR Map of Site Edges
Types of Site Edge
Inflitration is not enough Permeability Map
The infiltration amount in the site compared to total runoff: 12.9%
Asphalt Concrete Drainage Ditch Steel Plate Board Grass
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PHASING & GENERAL STRATEGY 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise
General Strategy - PHASE 1
2021 Existing Condition : Shipyard, Maritime Industry
1. Plan the site into 3 zones
Shipyard Factory
① Building Area
Police Station
① Adaptive Landscape
Oil Refinery Shipyard Factory ① Water Retention Lake
2. Remould the landform to adapt to the waterlevel change
Leftover Maritime Industrial Area
Existing Massing / m2
Existing Condition
Direct Jobs
184,139
340 Capitalized Value
Landuse Breakdown / m2 Maritime Industrial : 66,463
$ 115,058,000
Institutional : 2,080
After Remoulding
Green Space : 51,140 Water : 64,456
2040 Phase 1: Worker Community Center 3. Carry out brown field treatment
MRT Station
① In-situ Remediation
Education Center Hawker Center Worker Dormitory
① Sediment Purification
Police Station
① Tolerance Species
Lake Dam Oil Refinery (being converted)
General Strategy - PHASE 2 1. Transfer infrastructure to underground
Restorative Green Space
Total development / m
① Car Parking
Accommodation
2
206,369
1440
Electricity Facility
Recreation
Landuse Breakdown / m2 Residential : 6,030
590~780
Institutional : 10,950 Commercial : 3,360
Water Storage Tank
Recreational : 4,693 Green Space : 117,480 Retention Lake : 63,856
2070 Phase 2: Super Coastal Hub 2. Introduce renewable energy resource
Sunken Plaza
Solar Energy
Hotel Sports Center
Renewable Energy Station
Wind Energy
Outdoor Sports Area
Hydro-electricity
Lake Oasis
Hydroelectric Dam Office Commercial
3. Enhance the ecosystem service
Renewable Energy Museum
Total Development / m
496,629 Landuse Breakdown / m2 Office : 26,952 Institutional : 18,999 Commercial : 194,592 Recreational : 20,251 Infrastructural : 76,144 Green Space : 70,214
2
Increase iInfiltration
Direct Jobs
1780
Lower Temperature
Generated Energy
10,025,920 kw·h Capitalized Value
Improve Soil Quality
$ 6,185,543,000
Retention Lake : 62,447
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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PHASE 1 SCENARIO - WORKER COMMUNITY CENTER
Phytometabolism
Phytovolatilization
Phytodegradation Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Rhizodegradation
Phytohydraulics
Worker Community Center ①In-situ Remediation
Chrysopogon zizanioides
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Cymbopogon citratus
Restorative Landscape ②Tolerance Species
Ficus microcarpa
③Sediment Purification
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Nerium oleander
Ophiopogon jaburan
Osmoxy lineare
ylon e
Water Retention Lake (Under Construction)
A. Demolish Existing Barrier B. Elevate The Topography of Building Area C. Build Retention Dam
Pennisetum alopecuroides
Pennisetum x advena
Arundo donax
Bulbine frutescens
Complaya trilobata
Leucophyllum frutescens
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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PHASE 2 SENARIO - SUPER COASTAL HUB
Wind Energy Hydro-electricity
Underwater Gallery
Underwater Gallery
Electricity Facility
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Water Retention Lake
①Increase iInfiltration
③Improve Soil
a. Plant trees over shrubs b. Use bio-char / compost to increase the earth content c. Pay attention to high-clay soil
a. Forest and with shrubs b. Increase th and structura c. Remain the d. Add bio-ch to increase th
Solar Energy
Organic Soil Pumping Station
Adaptive Landscape
Quality
d managed vegetation
he understorey density al complexity e leaf litter har / mulch / compost he soil organic content
Water Storage Tank
Urban Complex
②Lower Temperature
Car Parking
a. Develop highrise greenery b. Form larger canopy c. Not obstruct the airflow
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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MRT Station Exit A
MRT Station Exit B
Sunken Lawn
Lake Oasis
Boating Club Open Sport Area
Boating Deck
Hydro-Dam
133
N 0 10
50
100m
Underwater Gallery Retention Lake
m/Tidal Energy Station
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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Renewable Energy Center
Hotel
Commericial Complex
MRT Station
L
Logistic Area
Road
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Road
Square
Coffee House
Urban Complex
Marsh
Public Lawn
Lake Oasis
Marsh
0 5 10 20
50m
0 5 10 20
50m
Lake Oasis
Deep End
Hydro-dam
Sea
Office
Educational Institution
Energy Museum Hydro-dam Tidal Energy Station
Lake Oasis
Adaptive Coastal Hub
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REVITALIZING FOOD DISTRICT VIA SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION Interactive Food-and-water Experience Kairui ZHANG (Karry)
The food packing district involves a variety of food packaging and trading businesses, including seafood, pork, dairy, and soy sauce. It takes the responsibility of food supply to whole Singapore, currently contributing 20% of Singapore’s pork supply. Potential sea-level rise threatens the food portion of the food packing district, exaggerates heavy lack of accessibility, and leads to rarely recreational and relaxing urban space for workers in such a highly rigid district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in innovative redeveloping coastal edges that allow new commercial, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along with connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure. By replanning, the food business into a more interactive form and introducing a food recycling system, food showcasing space occurs on-site. By-products are reused and recycled, contributing to the development of other related commercial and social spaces for visitors experiencing from farm to fork. Under such redevelopment of food district, water is welcomed to the site by revising landform for better water storage and utilization of natural water, as well as enhancing the interaction between visitors and water. Freshwater detention pond and tidal swamp are found shifting in turns via the effect of tide and sea-level rise. Building code is also changed correspondently based on their different value and function. Accessibility throughout the whole food district is improved by creating various spatial relationships between humans, water, building structure, and vegetation, as well as a more fluent logistic flow. To sum up, the vision of this project is to fulfill interactive food process and production on site, and enrich the food-related experience for humans under sea level rise scenario, making food production and process visible to visitors and let them fully participate and enjoy the site during different water level periods.
Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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SITE ANALYSIS SITE SELECTION & SITE CONDITION UNDER SLR EFFECT
In a such highly industrial zone, the site becomes a place that workers must pass through based on their daily needs. Future PCN provides the opportunity of development in an energetic way by bringing the public to the industrial zone. SITE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS
139
Analysis of building structure and parking lots provides clues of future industry development need for logistic routes and food storage, as well as trading.
VISION AND MACRO PLANNING COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRETN AND FUTURE VISION
Existing Condition
The current site is a rigid food packing district, involving various food productions. The site is limited within the packing and production function, which does not provide any social, relax, human-related function.
Project Vision
Project vision aims to make the food district more energetic under SLR scenario with multi-function meanwhile improve the efficiency of the food industry development. It would possess both economic and social functions.
MACRO PLANNING
Macro planning is based on the new introduction of the versatile food recycling system. According to different food businesses, multi-function would generate correspondently. Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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STRATEGY INTERVENTION FLOODING STRATEGY INTERVENTION
ECOLOGICAL STRATEGY INTERVENTION
141
WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS CONNECTIVE STRATEGY INTERVENTION
ACCESSIBILITY TYPOLOGIES ILLUSTRATION
Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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INTERACTIVE CONNECTION BETWEEN FOOD AND HUMAN
Visitors who come to the food district now could participate in a variety of food production activities in a water featured landscape. People could seed themselves, harvest themselves, even process food by themselves. Besides, there are also other social activities generated along the process of food production under such a versatile food recycling system. The human builds their own connection with food and water in food district. Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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PHASING PROCESS PHASE 1: UNDER 1M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO
A freshwater detention pond could be found in the inner part, meanwhile the beach is in front of the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are intensively in the outdoor space. PHASE 2: UNDER 3M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO
Freshwater detention turns into tidal retention, meanwhile, a big distance of lagoon could be found behind the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are partly shifting into semi-open space. 145
WATER FRONT PERSPECTIVES Office Waterfront & Seafood Market Waterfront
The veggie garden could be found in the entrance of wetland, as well as multifunction layered deck provides opportunities for fishing, and other social activities.
People are dining outside the seafood market in front of the coast. And multi-layered deck offers visitors various views to the coast, as well as interactions with water and plants. Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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OVERALL FOOD OPERATION & QUANTIFICATION IN FOOD DISTRICT
147
Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation
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FROM WEST COAST PARK TO MARINA SOUTH PIER INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
In-between landscape Li Wanying
Located in the urban estuary, the project site has a dynamic hydrological condition and complexity in land use. The project hence aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, recreational and commercial areas, industrial test fields, and coastal habitats patches. Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interface to be multifunctional and habitable for both nature and human.
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Dreamy Hong
As the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise, the project attempts to retrofit outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes including the art performance center. Semi-enclosed sea becomes two tiered stages – underwater and on the water. The factory buildings are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum and educational facilities for performing arts. Open spaces include terrace types structure gardens that are multifunctional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, for defending sea level rise, and for coastal biodiversity.
Living with mangroves Zhu Wen
The site, 9.5hc falt grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Kepple club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rise. By retrofitting existing mangrove creek and unsealed sea walls, the project attemps to propose a blue green infrastructure that is resilient against sea level rise and increase closeness to nature for future residents.The new waterway will work for stormwater management and the raised coastal terrian by sediment from marine current contribute to defend sea level rise by there meters. PCN, jogging tack, cycle way, water playground, restaurants and community center will be interwoven with mangrove creek and coastline as a part of everyday life.
Triple lifeline Zheng Qiaoyu
With the Keppel terminal relocation, the site opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces serval hard barrier for future development such as weak accessibility, sea level rise issue, low rain water harvesting and green habitat fragmentation etc. In this project, high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the flooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating current transport system, shaping water system and connecting surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.
149
Site 1 Li Wanying
Site 2 Dreamy Hong Site 4 Zheng Qiaoyu Site 3 Zhu Wen
Li Wanying
Dreamy Hong
Zhu Wen
Zheng Qiaoyu
Site 1: In-between landscape
Site 2: Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
Site 3: Living with mangroves
Site 4: Triple lifeline
From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier
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151
IN-BETWEEN LANDSCAPE Redefine urban water infrastructure LI Wanying
Located in the junction of industry zone, urban park, and residential area at the urban estuary, the project site has complexity in land use and dynamic hydrological condition. However, these characteristics also cause 3 key issues, including loss of land, loss, and disconnection of habitats, and industrial pollution issues. Hence, the project aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, which includes recreational and commercial areas, industrial test fields, and coastal habitats patches. Three strategies will be implemented. Firstly, to create a new land-use typology between industry and park. By reshaping the landform, re-arranging the building layout, and re-naturalizing the water network, the new industry & park land use form will be generated. Secondly, to form the purification system between polluted surface runoff and purified water. Industry runoff will be filtrated through the treatment field or buffer before draining to the sea, the purification system is a part of the new land use. Thirdly, diverse habitats will be created in the new land-use type. Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interfaces to be multi-functional and habitable for both nature and humans.
In-between Landscape
152
SITE ANALYSIS
Canal Drainage Surface water flow Sea water Mangrove swamp 0
50m
N
Pandan Reservoir
Industry
Residential
Sungei Pandan Kechill
Urban Park
Pasir Panjang Terminal
DYNAMIC HYDROLOGY AND LAND-USE COMPLEXITY The site is located at the urban estuary, at the junction of the industry zone, west coast park, and residential area. The Sungei Pandan Kechill is the main drainage in the area, through which the surface runoff around drain away to the sea.
Existing Scenario
3M SLR Scenario
1.9Ha Industry land submerged
KEY ISSUE 1 _ VULNERABILITY AND LOSS OF LAND The site is one of the most vulnerable areas in SLR 3m scenario, especially for the industry zone. Almost half of industrial land will be submerged. 153
SITE ANALYSIS
912m³/hrs
in extreme flooding event
7114m³/d in daily situation pollutant: Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, N, P, S
336m³/hrs
in extreme flooding event
2620m³/d in daily situation pollutant: N, P, S
Pollution Degree High
Low
KEY ISSUE 2 _ POLLUTED SURFACE RUNOFF Due to the grey infrastructure and impermeable surface, the large amount of polluted industrial surface runoff will be drained to the Sungei Pandan Kechill.
Managed Turf
1.8Ha Mangrove habitats lost
Managed Tree
Coastal Forest
Brackish Mangrove
Tidal Canal
Granite Seawall
Rocky Seawall
KEY ISSUE 3 _ DISCONNECTION AND LOSS OF HABITATS The industry zone lack of habitat connection between the sea and urban green. In SLR 3m scenario, mangroves along the canal have no inland to move inwards. In-between Landscape
154
Industrial buffer
Rain garden
Accessible void deck
Activity void deck
Semi-open co
Adaptive void deck Multi-mechanism buffer
Coastal mangrove
Broadwalk
Coastal mangrove
Relocated exercise ga
Waste water Fresh water
Brackish water
N
High-tide pathway 0
155
10
50
Low-tide pathway
Treatment field - Sedimentation Water treatment industry Linear greenspace + rain garden
Treatment field - Heavy metal removal
Light industry
Treatment field - Pathogen removal
Treatment field - Nutirents removal Tidal marsh Sports field
Activity plaza Treatment field - Stablization pond Cleansing biotope
ommercial area
arden
Broadwalk
Biodetention field
Tidal marsh - brackish pond
Vegetated swale
Carpark Sports field
Light industry Activity lawn
In-between Landscape
156
STRATEGY 1 Between industry and park - New land-use typology
Industry
Industry
Park
Park
Industry & Park Industry Park
LAND-USE TYPOLOGY TRANSITION New lad-use types will be created between park and industry, which can not only serve residents but also workers, not only have recreational value but also economic value.
Mangrove can grow
1 Mangrove next to the canal has no spaces to move inwards. 2 Low-lying industry zone will be submerged.
Buffering
Tactic 1 Re-shaping Landform Arranged building at highland
Elevated Industry field and building in low-lying area will be submerged.
Tactic 2 Re-arranging Buildings
Treatment pond Tidal Marsh Rain garden 1 Polluted surface runoff directly run sinto the sea. 2 The site has dynamic hydrology c o n d i t i o n s b u t s i n g l e - f u n c t i o n g rey infrastructure. 3 Park is resilient while the industry zone is vulnerable in flooding event.
Cleansing biotope Tidal Mangrove Bioswale Multifunction blue-green infrastructure
Tactic 3 Re-softening Water network
OPTIMIZATION TACTIC After optimization, the water network will be more dynamic, working spaces will be safer, new landuse types offer multi-functional spaces for both industry and park.
157
STRATEGY 2 Between urban and nature environment - Habitats improvement
waterbody Managed turf Managed vegetation Tidal marsh Coastal forest Coastal mangrove Rocky embankment + tidal marsh Freshwater wetland
20.54% 11.1% 2.85%
4.54% 2.59%
2.63% 14.49%
Tactic1 Provide diverse habitats birds
birds
connected water network
multi-layer vegetation intertidal aquatic
8m
intertidal aquatic
integrated with urban structure
Tactic2 Improve connectivity
IMPROVEMENT TACTICS By analyzing slope and hydrology, different coastal habitats can be added to the site. By connecting the water network, plant multi-layer vegetation, and integrating with structure, connectivity can be improved.
PROPOSED HABITATS MAP The design aims to create more diverse patches and connective habitats.
In-between Landscape
158
STRATEGY 3 Between polluted and purified - Purification system
Sedimentation Pond 1500 m2 * 1 m
Juncus effusus
Typha orientalis Presl
Lemna minor
Nutrients Removal Wetland 290m2 * 0.5 m
Pathegon Removal Wetland 700m2 * 1 m
Heavy Metal Removal Wetland 1100 m2 * 1 m
Eichhornia crassipes
Phragmites australis
Typha orientalis Presl
Canna indica L.
Myriophyllum verticillatum L.
Stabilization Pond 280m2 * 0.5 m
Typha orientalis Presl
Juncus effusus
Thalia dealbata Fraser
Juncus effusus
INDUSTRY ZONE SURFACE RUNOFF TREATMENT Treatment amount: Extreme event: 912m³/hrs Daily situation: 7114m³/day
1 1' 4
4' 2
2'
5'
5
3 3'
Industry zone surface runoff drainage Residential area surface runoff drainage Treatment water flow contaminated
LIGHT INDUSTRY&PARK SURFACE RUNOFF MANAGEMENT
clean
Treatment amount: Extreme event: 592m3/hrs Daily situation: 4620m3/day Multi-mechanism Buffer Average width > 7 meters
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Pandanus tectorius Sol.
Site area surface runoff Tidal marsh
Rain garden (original drainage)
Cyperus rotundus L.
Canna indica L.
Vegetated swale Average width > 3 meters
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Juncus effusus
Cleansing biotope 1500 m2 * 1 m
Thalia dealbata Fraser
Canna indica L.
Juncus effusus
PARK AREA RUNOFF TREATMENT PROCESS Surrounding surface runoff Culvet
Biotope1 Sedimentation
Overflow Biotope2 Nutrients removal Nature&Artificial aeration
Landscape Detention pond
Vegetated swale
Tidal marsh
INDUSTRY ZONE RUNOFF TREATMENT PROCESS Culvet
Sedimentation pond
Overflow Heavy metal removal Subsurface wetland Artificial aeration
Pathegon removal subsurface&surface wetland Nature&artificial aeration
Tidal marsh
Nutrient removal Stabilization pond Irrigation use Surface wetland S u r f a c e W e t l a n d Artificial aeration Artificial aeration Water storage tank (underground)
PURIFICATION SYSTEM The purification system has enough capacity for treating the polluted surface runoff from the surrounding urban environment, and of managing the storm water in the site.
159
STRATEGY 3 Between polluted and purified - Purification system
Industry zone surface runoff
Urban road (industry)
Surface wetland
Industry buffer zone
Sedimentation pond
Learning platform
Subsurface wetland
Heavy metal removal wetland
Pathogen removal wetland
Section 1-1'
Surface wetland
Activity plaza
Buffer zone
Stabilization pond
Pathway
Tidal marsh
Section 2-2'
Surface runoff
Light industry
Activity zone
Multi-mechanism buffer
Sea
Section 3-3'
Surface runoff
Surface runoff
Subsurface wetland
Light industry
Activity zone
Biodetention swale
Vegetated swale
Rain garden
Light industry
Section 4-4'
Residential area surface runoff
Urban road (residential)
Subsurface wetland
Road greening
Sedimentation pond
Subsurface wetland
Nutrients removal wetland
Vegetated detention pond
Section 5-5'
KEY SECTION The key section showcases that the purification system not only management storm water but also provide different function space.
In-between Landscape
160
+0.8ha coastal mangrove +580m natural shoreline
+92800m2
light industry office
+48+species
+1600m2 multi-mechanism buffer
THE NEW INDUSTRY ZONE
In the future, the water capacity and biodiversity in the original industry zone will be largely increased. More activity spaces will be designed for both workers and residents around.
+0.4ha +640m
coastal mangrove
+13+ species
natural shoreline
THE NEW URBAN PARK
The water capacity and biodiversity in the original urban park will be increased. What’s more, the park can provide a safe working area for the light industry.
161
+600m +600m
+1.25ha tidal marsh
m2 rain garden m3 water capacity
+0.8ha
activity spaces
+150m2 industry treatment field / wetland 7114m3 /d industry surface runoff treated
+0.7ha tidal marsh
+13000m2 light industry (office)
+550m vegetated swale
+1400m2 cleansing biotope/wetland 2620m3/d surface runoff treated
+1400m3
water capacity
+7+ species
In-between Landscape
162
163
REVIVAL Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Dreamy Hong
Pasir Panjang power station is the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to SLR. What`s more, the post-industrial infrastructure and related equipment are fully underutilized. Therefore, the project attempts to retrofit outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes. This project will employ three strategies. Firstly, reorganize and redefine the function of existing infrastructure by renovating the post-industrial infrastructure and adding new structures both inland and in the ocean. The existing infrastructures such as power stations, post-industrial components are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum, and educational facilities for performing arts. Secondly, to better adapt to SLR by hard and soft measures. Soft measures include vegetation purification to deal with the high city run-off and the natural coastal barriers: coral/seagrass to protect the inland from the SLR. Hard defense measures include underwater structures change the direction of the tide flow and terrace types structure gardens that are multi-functional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, defending sea level rise and coastal biodiversity. Lastly, create diverse habitats in the post-industrial area to build a bio-relationship from the coast to inland. The outdated power station will become a new natural and cultural heritage for recreation and learning in the future. Simultaneously, the revitalized coastal natural resources will also become an essential part of the historical and cultural center for research and exhibition.
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
164
SITE ANALYSIS
N
Viva Vista Shopping Mall
Condo
Mapletree Business CIty
LG Service Center
0
300
Flooding area of sea level rise to 3m Site Boundary PARCLE AT RISK
MOE Labrador Outdoor Adventure Centre
Caribbean Residences
Power Statio Mangrove Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal Laborador Nature Reserve Pasir Panjang Terminal
Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal Car Park
SECTION 1-1
0
5.00
3.00
0.00
SCC Pasir Panjang
10m
Disused pumphouse with lawn
0.00
5.00
3.00
SECTION 2-2
0
10m
Seawall
Disused warehouse with hard open space
0.00
SECTION 3-3 0 10m
3.00
5.00
Seawall with mudflat
Laborador rocky shore
Laborador jetty along the beatch 0.00
5.00 3.00
SECTION 4-4
0
10m
Intertidal zone Seagrass
VULNERABLE ANALYSIS Pasir Panjang power station area is an important node of Pasir pangeng nowadays, this power station area has not to glory as before. 165
SITE ANALYSIS
2.00
1
2.00
2.50
2 1 4.00
2.00
2.50 8.00 10.00
4 11.00
3
2 2.50
11.00
13.00
12.00
3.00
2.80
10.00
3.00 3.00
8.00
3.00
2.50
3.00 2.50
2.00
3.00
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
3
25.00
36.00 3.00 2.00
26.00
2.00
4
N 0
50m
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+
+ +
PB
+
+
CO
+
+
ZN
CU
+
FE
PB
+
NI
CR
PB
+
CU
+
CU
+
CR
FE
+
CR
+
CU
+
NI
CR NI
+
PB ZN
+
ZN
+
AI
CD
+
CU
FE
+
SI FE
+
CD
+
WATER FLOW ANALYSIS
Pavement Road Related
Seawall Cement Pavement Permeable asphalt Pavement
Power station Warehouse Port
Cilff
N 0
50m
POLUTION ANALYSIS
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
166
SITE ANALYSIS Original Land use Typology
N SE
S
ES
RT
SIN
PO
BU
OU
EH
R WA
K
OIL
K
N TA
R
CA
N
TIO
Port + Business + Warehouse + Supporting facility
PORT AREA
167
EN
E GR EN OP ACE SP
G
IN
ITU
OT
SIT
RP
SU
IN
Typology1:Port area
R PA
Typology2:Disused power station area
Typology3:Natural reserve
Business + Warehouse + Oil tank +Supporting facility
Open Greenspace + Jetty
POWER STATION AREA
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
168
STRATEGY 1 Reorganize and redefine the function by shaping the coastal line and renovating post-industrial component
SITE TRANSITION Operation in Site
Before
169
After
STRUCTURE RENOVATING Core Buildings - Historical Power station
Reuse the basement
Open the part of the wall
Connect buildings
STRUCTURE RENOVATING Industrial Component - Oil tank
STRUCTURE RENOVATING Above Water Structure
ADDING
Underwater Structure
Underwater Gallery
Underwater Museum
Underwater Theater
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
170
STRATEGY 2Defense the sea-level rise by soft/ hard infrastructue A
A
SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE
1.City run-off / pollutants purification by Vegetation
Multi- Mechanism Buffer
Stormwater Filter
Multi- Mechanism Mat
Stabilization Mat
Surface- Flow Wetland
Upper Canopy
Aquatic
Lower Canopy
Understory
Wood Buffer
Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & J.W.Grimes
Typha latifolia
Ficus fistulosa
Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’
Ficus microcarpa L.f.
Adinandra dumosa
Syzygium cumini(L.)
Chrysopogon zizanioides
Crinum asiaticum L.
Cinnamomum iners
Pandanaceae
Chrysopogon zizanioides
Understory
Lower Canopy
Typha latifolia
Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’
Syzygium cumini(L.)
Adinandra dumosa
Ficus fistulosa
Chrysopogon zizanioides
Crinum asiaticum L.
Cenchrus × cupreus ‘Rubrum’
Aquatic
Cenchrus × cupreus ‘Rubrum’
Ficus fistulosa
Cinnamomum iners
Understory
Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’
Chrysopogon zizanioides
Typha latifolia
Typha latifolia
Lemna minor
Leea guineensis
‘Burgundy’
Section A-A
Runoff purify vloum:
1,310.71 m3/h
WATER FLOW MAP
SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE 2.Natural barrier for coastal defense: coral/ seagrass
HARD INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Underwater Structure Water Simulation With the underwater structure
20m
2. Terrence Structure
20m
171
STRATEGY3 Connect diverse habitats with landscape component
HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE COMPONENT
Buildings
Landscape Structure
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
172
POWER STATION VISION Section B-B
UNERWATER VISION Section C-C
173
Soft infrustructure
CENTER STAGE VISION Section D-D
B D
C
B D C
Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture
174
References : Mangrove Reflection, photoed by Dirk Seifert
175
LIVING WITH MANGROVES From land to water : Mangroves as infrastructure Zhu Wen
The site, a 9.5hc flat grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Keppel club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rises by 3 meters. Poor accessibility and habitat degradation are the other two issues of the site. Hence, this project attempts to create blue-green infrastructures to integrate the residential area with the natural ecology, making it more resilient against sea-level rise. For sea-level rise, the main strategy is to retrofit the Berlayer Creek and coastal seawalls. Mangrove creek will be naturalized and expanded against seawater. Delta from the estuary and silt clay from mangrove creek will be utilized to create a coastal green dike. Meanwhile, the winding creek will create more habitats for flora and fauna and provide varied public spaces for residents. For poor accessibility, the corresponding strategy is to increase different layers of connectivity. Cycleway would be introduced to connect surrounding areas to the coast. Based on the residential design, secondary roads are designed to increase the connection between the residential areas and mangroves’ habitat. The third strategy is to create a multi-functional community. Various open spaces will be connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.
Living With Mangroves
176
Legend Main Road Vulnerable Point 3M Flooding Area Residential Area Site
177
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Habitat Degradation
History
Shoreline Type
Habitat
History
Shoreline Type
Habitat
HISTORY MAP The site was surrounded by a coral reef, sandy beach and seagrass habitats. With the development of industry and urban greenery, shorelines became seawalls and habitats disappeared in this site. 0
250
500
1000M
N
LEGEND Habitat Map Coral Water body Secondary Forest Sea grass Grass land Mangroves Surrounding park High densely vegetated area
Shoreline Type Mangroves Unsealed sea wall Rocky shore Sealed sea wall Board walk
Mangroves
Plants
Marine species
Animials
HABITAT MAP Recently, the site only has grassland and mangrove habitat. The main shoreline type is mangrove and unsealed sea wall.
Living With Mangroves 178
SITE ANALYSIS Existing Condition 0
250
500
N
1000M
Telok Blangah Hill Park
Mountain Faber Terminal
LAND USE MAP
Golf course
La Na rbra tur do eR r es erv
Terminal e
Park Reserve land Bussiness
Alexandra Road
HUMAN FLOW MAP Be
rla
Pa
ye
sir
rC
re
ek
Bukit Chermin Boardwalk
Pa
Main road
nja
ng
Hig
hw
ay
MRT line Foot path Cycle way Bus stops MRT station
Be
rla
ye
rC
WATER FLOW MAP
re
ek
Main canal De
lta
Drainage Surface water Ocean currents
Site Analysis In Bigger Scale The surrounding land use is mainly business, public park, and industry. The site itself is locked, making the surrounding areas have poor accessibility. Meanwhile, the berlayer creek catches surrounding surface flow and drainage. 179
SITE ANALYSIS
Legend
Flooding Vulnerability-Peak Runoff Coefficient Low (0-0.65) 0 Water Body 0.1 Greeny_High densely vegetated area 0.25 Greeny_Medium densely vegetated area 0.45 Greeny_Low densely vegetated area 0.46-0.65 Open field, managed turfs Medium (0.66-0.85) 0.66-0.85 Non-vegetated previous surface High (0.86-1) 0.86-0.95 Impervious surface 0.96-1 Buildings
Detailed Human Flow Map The site is mainly covered with hardscape make the site less vulnerable if the sea level rise by 3 meters high. The drainage system carries the rain water and drains into the belayer creek, making the creek has higher sediment concentration.
Accessibility Analysis Building Private Parking Lot Public Parking Lot
Human Flow Fence Vehicular circulation routes Pedestrian routes Secondary pedestrian routes
Shore Line Type: sealed revetment Landscape form:Cliff + Sandpit + Heritage Structure + Footway Activity: Sight viewing + Culture tour + Children’s activity+ Cycling
Shore Line Type: sealed revetment + pier Landscape form:Cliff + Pavillion + Footway Activity: Sight viewing + Transportation + Rest + Cycling
Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment
Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment
Landscape form:Under-utilized Structure + Footway
Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway
Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling
Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling
Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment + Footbridge
Shore Line Type: Mangroves
Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway
Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway + Creek
Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling + Rest
Activity: Sight viewing + Rest + Birdwatching
Detailed Human Flow Map & Landscape Typology The site has a small part of the labrador nature reserve. The liner park area is blocked by the reserve land which is surrounded by the fence. The activity of the site is simple. The visitor has no access to the sea.
Living With Mangroves 180
STRATEGY Current Situation
Operation
Waterway design
After
Before
Naturalize current waterway
Topo line
Connect surrounding water resource
Reshaping
Current Situation lf
Go u co e rs
Surrounding Ponds
el nn
ha
lc
da
Ti
Make room for the river
Site
Water flow
fla
ud
M
Distributed Channels
Deepen
e ur
at
De
N
lta
or
ad br
ts
La
Expand
er
s Re ve
Strong ebb-tide flows out with the river current gives asymmetric ripples at right angles to the current.
Reuse sediment from creek and marine current
Return to sandy beach
dike as cycle way
Strategy1 : Site Cleaning & Terran Shaping Through cleaning and expanding the waterway, the natural creek will reemerge with more habitat coming with it. The sediment from the waterway can be utilized to rise the shoreline against sea-level rise. Road System 4
1
Main Road Secondary Road
2
Cycle way
2
Building types
3
3
4 MRT Station Residential Blocks Under-layering Facilities (cafe, retail, gallery, gym, community center)
5
Other Facilities (supermarket, restaurant, hotel)
1
Open Space
Community Front Yard
5
Activity space for community Sport space (lawn, basketball court, swimming pool)
Open space (underground playground, plaza, sandy beach)
Strategy2 : Walkway Installation & Urban Occupation Different layers of connection can help increase the accessibility of the site to surrounding areas. Various building typologies can increase closeness to nature for residents. 181
N 0
50
100
200M
1 2 3
4
6 5 1
1
4
7 12 8 9
13
1. Entrance 2. Larbrador MRT Station 3. Cycle Way 4. Plaza 5. Foot path in mangrove forest 6. Wetland Habitat 7. Floating platform 8. Community center 9. Water playground 10. Supermarket 11. Visitor center 12. Gym 13. Basketball court 14. Hotel 15. Education center 16. Sandy Beach
14
10
11 4
Mangrove habitat
15 16
Labrador
Wetland habitat
Community center
Lawn
Mainroad
Supermarket
Cycle way
Plaza
Floating platform
Visitor center
Cycle way
Creek plaza
Mangrove habitat
Keppel club golf course
Sandy Beach
Living With Mangroves 182
Vision1 :Residential block & Plaza & Floating platform
Cooridor
S
Cooler activity space
Co
Floating Plantform Relax and watch
Connections
paths give pedestrains different costal scennery
Greenery
Community front yard
Vision2 :Visitor center & Cycle way & Sandy beach
Visitor Center Sit, relax, watch, shower
Shaded Grove Cool and calm for hot days
Cycle Way
Sandy Beach
183
Multi-functional community is created with various open space which is connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.
Mangove Habitat
Shaded Grove
ool and calm for hot days
Sandy Beach will be rebuilt so that visitors can have more access to the water body and enjoy Singapore’s unique tropical scenery.
Broad Walk
Enjoy the open ocean view
Living With Mangroves 184
185
TRIPLE LIFELINE Landscape design in Keppel area under the sea level rise Zheng Qiaoyu
With the Keppel terminal relocation, the side opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces several hard barriers for future development such as weak accessibility, sea-level rise issue, low rainwater harvesting and green habitat fragmentation, etc. In this project, a high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the flooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating the current transport system, shaping the water system, and connecting the surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.
TRIPLE LIFELINE
186
SITE ANALYSIS
Sea level rise 3m
CORAL HABITAT DEGRADATION Flow Map Coral habitat Reclaim land
Water flow map
1978
Permeability Map
1983
1998
PROBLEM & DEVELOPING ISSUE
187
Inadequate drainage infrastructure for sea-level rise
Future condominium issue
Weak accessibility with surrounding environment
Coral conservation issue
SCHEMATIC PLAN
CONCEPT-TRIPLE LIFE LINE The water line (connecting the Marina Reservoir and the Keppel Bay ), human line ( connecting the central area, Vivo City, and Sentosa Island), green line (connecting the Faber park, new urban park, and Sentosa Island) would be integrated together in the kepple site. STRATEGY
2.Expand the interactive space around the water
3.Reuse current infrastructure to enrich biodiversity
Increase the sea wall
Overhead the road
Artificial land to nature land
water infrastructure construction
Underwater corridor
Add artificial structure
1.Flooding introduction & containment
TRIPLE LIFELINE
188
OPEN THEATER
CORAL RECREATION Coral sightseeing & Sightsee
SKY WALK connect Viovo city and the site
SKY PASS Green corrior & touris
BR
189
EXPLODED AXON MATRIX
eing cycling
st path
RANI ISLAND
EXPLODED AXON MATRIX Elevating the ground for the flooding barrier, and then construct the canal from the Marina reservoir to the Keppel Bay on the elevated ground. The elevated road from elevated ground is build in the water. And the floating platform locates at the end of the road. TRIPLE LIFELINE
190
WATER SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION Canal , reservoir and high end condominium
HIGH END CONDOMINIUM A-A'
ADAPTIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RESERVOIR
CONDOMINIUM
B-B'
sea level rise
191
M WATER COLLETION
TRIPLE LIFELINE
192
HABITAT RESTORATION AND ACCESSIBILITY ENHANCEMENT Coral habitat ,green corridor construction and underground space reuse
RECLAMATION LAND REUSE FOR CORAL RESTORATION
HUMAN LINE
C-C'
193
Before
GREEN CORRIDOR
After
TRIPLE LIFELINE 194
FROM MARINA BARRAGE UNTIL TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Rebuild Seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise Liu Kaiyan
To expand land and adapt to the sea-level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 70% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-beneficial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea. This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, rebuilding natural habitat and protecting marine life, as well as providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the water
Learning in nature——Waterfront classroom He Xiaowei Ceama
The most unique feature of this site is the schools located along the canal. However, due to space limitation, schools lack outdoor activities and teaching space. The main purpose is to connect fragmented and underutilized waterfront open spaces as a part of school fields and adapt sea level rise by shaping the topography along the coastal area. The newly created school fields are linked by a running route connecting the campus and the park, along which distributed outdoor educational facilities and sports fields, hoping to stimulate students’ curiosity, improve their physical fitness and cultivate the spirit of scientific exploration.
Turning risk into opportunity Xiang Wenqin
The east coast is directly exposed to the Singapore Strait and is at risk from both sea level rising and extreme weather flooding. The aim of the project is to turn the risks into opportunities to protect coastal infrastructure and residential areas with physical multi-layered protection, while creating new reservoirs to meet the demand for drinking water from the increasing number of residents, and create more possibilities for activities..
Guardian of the City Zhang Liao Judy
Situated at the edge of the east coast district, the project site is one of the most vulnerable to sea level rise in Singapore. Adapted from the government plan to have an additional reclaimed land to protect the district, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defence. Together with the extended coastal edge, open canal vertically crossing the existing and new golf courses is reshaped to reuse drained water for irrigation, recreational purposes, and diverse coastal habitats promoting human and wildlife interaction.
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Site 4 Judy Site 3 Wenqin Site 2 Ceama
Site 1 Kaiyan
Kaiyan
Ceama
Wenqin
Judy
Site 1: Marina South Pier
Site 2: Gocycling East Coast Park
Site 3: Singapore Wake Park
Site 4: Tanah Merah Country Club Garden
From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal
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REBUILD THE SEAWALLS Waiting for the sea-level rise Kaiyan Liu
To expand land and adapt to the sea level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 50% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-beneficial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea. This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, protecting marine life, rebuilding natural habitat, and also providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the sea. This aim will be achieved by three steps: Step 1: mitigate pollution and wave energy. The giant cruise ships and fishing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life. Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purification, floating filters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks. Step 2: design multipurpose seawalls. The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these. The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fishing farm, and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water. Step 3: facilitate land-sea interaction. The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water. The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation.
Rebuild The Seawalls
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SINGAPORE COASTLINE DEVELOPMENT Mapping of Coastline Types (2018)
Original Coastlines
Natural Infrastructure
Seawall
1953
2011
History of Singapore Coastline Development
1924 Hard Engineered vertical seawall
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grouted breakwater
concrete block
gabion
geobag
References: Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang Technological University
ls
2030 Plan
2030 Natural Infrastructure coastal vegetation
mangrove
marsh
mudflat
beach
rocky shore
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SITE ANALYSIS Basic Information Base Map
Traffic|Human Flow|Activity Traffic
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Transportation Map
Activity
SITE ANALYSIS Soil&Water Quality Water Sample
Distribution
Soil Sample
The first three samples are at normal level pH(8.0-8.3). Water close to the cargo terminal has higher pH. Higher acid may be due to the higher water temperature and some chemical leaks.
Detailed Flow Map|Permeability Calculation Traffic
Drainage Facility
Rebuild The Seawalls
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STRATEGY&TACTIC WHERE? Step1: mitigate
Step2: multipurpose
HOW? Step1: mitigate pollution and wave energy. The giant cruise ships and fishing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life. Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purification, floating filters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks.
Green Space The stepping green space allows people to get close to the sea.
Plant Purification Selected coastal plants can eliminate soil pollution caused by the cargo terminal.
Marine Habitat Make full use of the space under the docks to build artificial tidal pools.
Step3: facilitate land-sea interaction. The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water. The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation.
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H The gentle slope the stepping green the height differen
Step3: interaction
Prolong Dock By prolonging the docks, the ships can be moored in the far sea area, so as not to affect the marine life along coastlines.
Breakwater Floating Surface Create floating foundations for emergence of oyster and corals.
The rocky breakwaters will be built under the sea level, reducing wave energy and accumulate sediment.
Step2: design seawalls.
Fishing Experience The space under the fishing platforms can act as fish farms.
Height Difference es interspersed in n space can solve nce of 5-8 meters.
Building Buidlings can also become part of the seawalls
Landuse&Function The landuse and functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related.
multipurpose
The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these. The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fishing farm and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water.
Circulation The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure the circulation.
Rebuild The Seawalls
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MASTERPLAN
205
Landuse
Circulation
Human Activity
Rebuild The Seawalls
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SCENARIOS: SEA LEVEL RISES BY 3 M 1.Urban beach changing room plant purification
tidal pool
breakwater
sediment
green roof
2.Waterfront amusement reserved area
tidal p
green space
3.Commercial zone
floating surface
shopping street
floating building changing room
swimming pool—> tidal pool
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floating surface
pool
PHASING PLAN
3.commercial zone fishing pool
A
tidal pool
1.urban beach B
2.waterfront amusement
1m 3m floating surface breakwater
fishing platform fish farming
When sea level rises by 1 meter, part of the green space will be submerged into artificial tidal pools; when sea level rises by 3 meters, more green space and some buildings will be underwater or half-submerged. People can experience the marine ecosystem along with these tidal pools, enjoy the sea on the beach, and observing the fish groups in the underwater architecture. Perspective A
Perspective B breakwater
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Learning in Nature Waterfront Classroom He Xiaowei
The project is located along East Coast Park, around the siglap canal. The most unique feature of the project is different schools that locate on the site, Ngee Ann Primary School, CHIJ Katong Convent Secondary School, and Victoria Junior College. The schools have a wide age range of students from 6 to 18 years old, with a variety of outdoor activities and learning needs, but due to the limitation of space inside the schools, the children lack opportunities for outdoor learning and practice around the campus and need to travel far away for outdoor activities. Therefore, this project aims to provide children with an outdoor activity site close to the school to meet their needs for physical development, scientific knowledge exploration, and getting close to nature. What’s more, the site is very vulnerable to sea-level rise due to its flat topography. Therefore, the project responded to sea-level rise by changing the topography of the coastal areas and modifying the riverbeds, using resilient areas to adapt to sea-level rise, and using artificial structures in some vulnerable areas to resist the waves. After solving the problem of sea-level rise, comes different functions for different areas according to the new topography. In the current site, the presence of the ECP separated the connectivity between the school area and the parking area, so a bridge is built to connect the two parts and the entrances are extended inside the campus and the surrounding community to facilitate the nearby residents and school students to pass through. The new transportation system connects the various functional nodes of the site. In the river area near the school, outdoor classrooms are dedicated to scientific research and sports activities for the school students, while the coastal area becomes a large nature theme park for all citizens. Children can do sports, learn outdoor skills, organize volunteer activities in this playful educational park. In addition, because of the introduction of seawater into the site by changing the topography and the ecological design of the shoreline to create new habitats, children can also experience the rich flora and fauna brought by the tidal flows, which can help them get closer to nature and learn about nature in a subtle way.
Learning in Nature
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SITE ANALYSIS
1. Site Information
The site is along the central part of east coast park, around siglap canal. The most unique feature of this site is that there are three schools, from primary school to junior high, which means there is a group of children of a wide range of ages. And they have different demands of outdoor activities.
2. Problem Statement A. LACK OF OUTDOOR LEARNING AREAS DEMANDS OF STUDENTS
After checking the social media and the official websites of these schools, it shows that they indeed have a lot of demands of outdoor learning. 211
SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING OUTDOOR ACTIVITY AREA
The existing situation is that this area has very few types of outdoor activity——jogging, exercising with fitness facilities, barbequing and resting, which doesn’t meet the exact needs of the students nearby. Kids have to travel far away to take outdoor classes. B. LOW ACCESSIBILITY
School and coastal areas are separated by the ECP. The footpath has been highlighted in the picture that people pass through most frequently and the only overhead bridge. It’s quite a long walk if students and nearby residents want to go to east coast park. C. VULNERABILITY AGAINST SEA LEVEL RISE Almost all the area will be submerged when the sea level rises to 3m. 3 main reasons that cause this problem: 1. Flat terrain 2. A hard scape plaza at the place where the canal meets the sea, which kind of block the water flow 3. Lack of resilient areas in the site which cause the low adaptation of seawater Learning in Nature
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SITE ANALYSIS D. SIMPLE HABITAT
2. Strategy A. REZONING
B. CREATING LINKAGE
U s i n g f ra g m e n t e d s p a c e s along the canal to build outdoor classrooms for school students. East Coast Park will be divided into two parts, using for science popularization and nature play&education.
C. IMPROVED ADAPTABILITY
③
④
② Using an overhead bridge——EDU-LINK to link up school & residential areas and coastal areas. D. BUILDING HABITAT
①
1.Open the entrance of the sea and change the topography. 2.Widen the canal and use different methods to build a stronger riverbed. A more ecological environment will be 3.Adding resilient areas. created, providing more diverse habitats 4.Using hardscape along the shoreline to make a strong to attract different animals. defense. 213
MASTER PLAN
Learning in Nature
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DESIGN DETAILS
1. Zoning
1.Horticulture&Agriculture 2.Planting Experiment 3.Eco-swimming Pool 4.Sensory Garden(emphasis on planting) 5.Waterfront Fitness Facilities 6.Fitness Facilities 7.Ocean Science Lab 8.Nature Playground&Inclusive Playing Area 9.Exercise Lawn 10.Outdoor Living Skill&Educational Tree Houses 11.Outward Bound&Camping Site 12.Hardscape Plaza 13.Multiple Water Play 14.Tree House Water Splash 15.Waterfront Planting 16.Forest Theatre 17.Mini Farm 18.Outdoor Classroom&Hands-on Activity 19.Event Lawn 20.Sports Tidal Pool 21.Sensory Garden(emphasis on experiencing
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DESIGN DETAILS
2. Linkage EDU-LINK is built with its entrances go directly into the campus site, community, and coastal park areas to create a closer connection between the inland and the coastal area. EDU-LINK together with the main footpath can also form a circular coastal educational route, linking the outdoor learning areas around the schools and the various educational nodes in the coastal park, and taking on the function of a jogging route for students at the same time.
3. Sea Level Rise Adaptation ⑥ ⑥
Coastline Typology Riverbed Typology
⑤ A
④ ③ ③ ② ②
①
② B
①① A C
4. Rebuilding Habitat
B
D
E
③
C ④
D
E
⑤
⑥ Learning in Nature
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DESIGN DETAILS
5. Perspectives A. Using artificial structure to adapt sea-level rise
B. Using topography to defense sea-level rise
SECTION 1-1'
A 217
DESIGN DETAILS C. Using topography to adapt sea-level rise
D. Using artificial structure to defense sea-level rise
C D B Learning in Nature
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TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY Responding to SLR in East Coast XIANG Wenqin
The east coast, because of its low altitude, is the most vulnerable area in Singapore to sea level rising and extreme weather flooding. It is also the area where large residential areas and urban infrastructure are most directly exposed to this problem. As the number of residents increases year by year, Singapore, which is already short of land and freshwater resources, will face greater pressure. Based on the Government’s future land reclamation plan, the project aims to transform the risks into opportunities by proposing a plan to shift the coastline with physical multi-layer protection, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas. Combined with newly reclaimed land, the new planned offshore bike path will be the plan’s first line of defense against rising sea levels, creating a new reservoir along the east coast that will meet the growing demand for drinking water while keeping seawater out. The calm and stable waters of the reservoir allow for more activity and restoration of the natural habitat. The protected former east coast park will no longer need to fulfill the function of green space responsibility of coastal protection and can have more development possibilities. One possibility proposed by the project is to invite residential areas into the Park, transform the land use and integrate water management measures to achieve a pioneering living design with water.
TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
220 01
LAYERED PROTECTION & PHASING
1 CYCLE WAY+RECLAIMED LAND
2 RESERVOIR
3 RAIN GARDEN SYSTEM
4 BERM 221
EXISTING SITUATION Apart from SLR, the east coast also facing the pressure of rising population.
Government future land reclamation plan
AFTER 30 YEARS Based on the government’s future land reclamation plan, this project hopes to reasonably plan part of the area, guide the water system.
AFTER 100 YEARS Use the four-layer protection to shift the coastline, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas, so as to turn the risks into opportunities. TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
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BASIC ANALYSIS LAND USE
beach area business civic institution commercial education health care park place of worship
PERMEABILITY MAP
0 0.01-0.55 0.56-0.65 0.66-0.75 0.76-0.85 0.86-0.95 0.96-1
reserve site residential residential (1st floor commercial) road sports&recreation transportation facility water body
WATER FLOW
HABITAT MAP & HIGH RISK AREA
surface water drainage canal current tidal zone storm surge
Habitat types
This area has a high degree of development. The park mainly serves the surrounding residential areas and bears the needs of simple daily activities. The water in the site flows directly into the sea through the drainage system or unutilized surface runoff. Based on the topography, most areas will be threatened by a flooding event, except that area where the BERM already exists.
Sandy shore Managed turf Scrubland Managed Trees Impervious surface Buildings Underconstruction area Marine Stormwater drain Pond Chlorinated Water Bodies
Tree species Samanea saman Terminalia catappa Barringtonia asiatica Casuarina equisetifoia Coconut Alstonia scholaris Planchonella obovata Alstonia angustiloba Talipariti tiliaceum Calophyllum inophyllum Eugenia grandis
jogging cycling
BBQ leisuring
sailing training SECTION A-A'
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sailing
LARGER SCALE PLANNING 1.bedok reservoir
5.the beach
1
2.the hill
6.east coast 2
3
3.the wind valley
4 5
4.the fishing village
node play corridor new cycling path existing PCN future PCN future MRT station new bicycle crossing new bicycle wheeling ramp
6
Bedok town is planning to create a liveable and pleasant housing environment, with a plan of a 13 km bicycle network. Outdoor play corridor is a completed project connecting Bedok Reservoir Park and East Coast Park. It has four nodes on the way for residents to enjoy a connected network to access recreational facilities. PATH ANALYSIS & HUMAN FLOW 1. UNDERPASS
2. FLYOVER
There is a planned PCN on the site, allowing cycle riders to pass through, and the pedestrian flow is concentrated near the food center.
1
2
Attraction human flow footway
However, there is only one bicycle/ pedestrian shared underpass with a width of 2.5m and a flyover with a width of 1m between the park and the residential area.
cycle way
TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
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14
11 4
13
10
12 5 4 7 8 12
15 9 21
3
1
6
16 10
4
2 5 19
BEFORE
AFTER
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The first layer as physical protection, the Seawater will not have access to the reservoir, to create peaceful and stable waters, then the protected original east coast park will no longer need to carry out the functions of the coastal protection green Land responsibility, It can have more development potential. What I propose is to invite residential areas into the park, changing the pure park land use, combine water management measures, and achieve the pioneering residential design of co-living with water.
20 18 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
pedesrian overhead bridge parking lot viewing platform residential building commercial building natural swimming pool Stepped waterfront plaza waterfront stone play area sunbath deck forest playground kids swimming pool purification wetland activity lawn sand beach wetland trail tidal pool service station Sea-viewing corridor rest pavillion mangrove freshwater forest
TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
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LAYER 1 + 4 Strategy : USING LANDFORM FOR PROTECTION
LAYER 1: CYCLE WAY + RECLAIMED LAND - SLR BARRIER - STORM SURGE DENFENSE - COSATAL HABITAT RESTORATION
- FACILITATING WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM - ENRICHING HABITAT TYPES
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Tree Rain Tree
LAYER 4: BERM PROTECTION
Layer1 and 4 are to achieve the purpose of protection by transforming the landform. .The land reclamation plan is not limited to form the high-density construction area. In this site, I hope to achieve a more natural ecological environment, rationally allocate soil filling, form a tidal pool adapting to tide changes, rationally select and introduce mangroves, to support many creatures living in the tidal zone. It also forms a buffer area against the storm Surge.
species
Atrracted animals
Fagraea auriculata Garcinia hombroniana Germain's Swiftlet Acalypha wilkeiana Acacia confusa Bougainvillea Pong Pong Trumpet Tree Coconut tree Tembusu Senegal Mahogany Yellow Flame Angsana
Little Tern Common Sandpiper Germain's Swiftlet Asian Koel Long-tailed Parakeet Spotted Dove Rock Pigeon Red-wattled lapwing Cattle Egret Brahimy kite Asian openbill Grey heron Pacific reef heron Little egret
There is an elevation difference in the existing site, so I try to transform the sailing pool into a natural swimming pool with ecological benefits, as well as an area for water storage in the site. The soil dig from the pool can be added to the Berm to Facilitate Water Recycling System. Through the re-selection and mixing of tree species, more fruit tree species will be added to the freshwater wetland area to attract more animals into the habitats on the site.
TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
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LAYER 2 + 3 Strategy : MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIR SEPARATED CYCLING PATH - ENRICHING CYCLING EXPERIENCE - ENSURING THE SAFETY OF DIFFERENT USERS
<10km/h
① +b erm
③ + la wn
② +s trea m
and
bea
ch
10-25km/h
① +c oas tal hab it
② +vie w
ing
at
pla
③ + dam tfor
m
WATER RECYCLE - Adjust the flow direction to fully collect the surface runoff and - Use natural and artificial filtration systems to purify water - Recycling water to achieve different activities to improve residents' living experience
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④ +
attraction point human flow cycling path bus stop bicycle service station F&B view pavillion
belo
ww
ate
r lev el
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES - ESTABLISHING A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTS AND NATURE
With the introduction of residential buildings, there will be two different sources of water, Greywater, and Rainwater. Rainwater is collected primarily by altering topography to redirect surface runoff and is collected through a solid separator then pass to bio-filtration, which can be used for irrigation or for water recreation. Greywater mainly enters the storage tank through the drainage system, is treated, and then discharged into the purification wetland for reuse. Another initiative is to replan the cycle lanes according to the cycling speed, keeping the original PCN in the site to be a slower path because it interacts more with the activity area, to prevent hazards between pedestrians and cyclists. In combination with land reclamation, a new Lane is planned to create a more exciting cycling experience with more interaction with water, It will allow users many different scenes. Under the premise of reasonable arrangement of water management, residents’ life will be closely related to water and their activities will be more closely related to nature and water.
TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY
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GUARDIAN OF THE CITY Future Flooding Landscape Zhang Liao Judy
Situated on the edge of the east coast, the project site is not only one of the most vulnerable to sea-level rise, but also lacks connections to surrounding sites and has potential for further development. Future government plans to reclaim land on the east coast district offer an opportunity to face rising sea levels. Adapted government’s land plan, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense. Topographical modifications to extend the coastal edge outwards and to open the linear canal and waterfront area to increase the tolerance of the site to sea-level rise. Replan the functional zones and add open public space to the site while retaining the original functions. The new golf course utilizes a circular water system for irrigation, creating diverse habitats and creating continuous open public space to enhance the connection between the site and its surroundings. A more open ecological golf course that promotes human and wildlife interaction while meeting people’s recreational sporting purposes. This approach which is a strong defense towards sea-level rise could be applied more widely across the country, to upgrade existing coastal golf courses, or to future reclaimed land areas.
Guardian of the City
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SITE ANALYSIS
UNITARY FUNCTION & POOR CONNECTION The main function of the east coast district is Sports & Recreation. In this site, the 8 categories of open space are relatively independent and lack spatial and functional connections between them. At the same time, only one narrow access on the site. Accessibility is poor both for pedestrians and public transportation.
Government Reclamation Plan
Sea-level Rise Analysis
Site Section
Land Reclamation Method
VULNERABLE AREA The East coast district has a flat terrain. In this site, except for the golf course, the elevation of the most area is below 3m, which would be seriously threatened when sea level rise happened. Government plans to do further land reclamation with a new method along the east coastline to protect the inside residential and commercial areas. 233
STRATEGY
TERRAIN MODIFICATION Reorganization of space to make more efficient use of it. Reducing the impact of flooding or sea-level rise on the surrounding area. And use it to form the site’s water system.
ZONE RELOCATION & MULTI-LAND USE Re-location of the zones. Addition of new functional areas. Enhance connectivity within the site and around the site.
SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT & HABITAT ENHANCEMENT Increase wildlife habitats and form nutrient circulation. Less manual intervention and less negative impact on the environment. Guardian of the City
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TACTICS Terrain Modification
RESHAPE THE TOPOGRAPHY The current site can be divided into a reserved area, golf course, and MOE outdoor center. The area is not fully utilized and the terrain is relatively flat. The river is straight and the speed of the flow is quite fast. What’s more, the coastal area is at a lower elevation, will be flooded when the sea level rises.
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Reshape the canal to slow down the river or tidal flow. Add ‘polder’ & ‘bio-islands’ to increase the inland water capacity and sea-level rise tolerance. Like the bio-islands, not only can store the water, but also play functions as purifying the water quality and providing wildlife habitats. Lastly, further land reclamation to create more space. At the same time, it can keep the seawater out and become a powerful way to protect the inland area and combat sea-level rise. Guardian of the City
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TACTICS Terrain Modification & Multi-Land Use
WATER FLOW SYSTEM
Water flow inside the site can form a system to maximize the recycling of water. MULTI-LAND USE
Land Use Analysis
Relocate the MOE area and create a series of open spaces to enhance the connectivity.
237
TACTICS Master Plan
Master Plan
Guardian of the City
238
TACTICS Zone Relocation & Multi-Land Use
ADVENTURE PARK (1) Adventure Centre Adventure Zone + Infrastructure Zone + Building Zone Re-locate MOE Outdoor Adventure Learning Centre to the northern part of the site. Retain the original functions and add more outdoor areas, integrate humans with nature. (2) Therapeutic Garden Active Zone + Passive Zone Therapeutic garden with simple and clear layout aims to create a self-contained space which has a series of activities to promote both physical and mental health. * Aim 1) provide an enriching experience with nature 2) promote social interaction and physical activity 3) stimulate the senses through interaction with nature 4) enhance physical and mental well-being
Perspective 239
TACTICS Sustainable Landscape Management & Habitat Enhancement
ECOLOGICAL GOLF COURSE Provided that golfing conditions are met, minimize the use of artificial irrigation systems and chemical fertilizers to manage the turf. At the same time, increase the number of wildlife habitats and enhance biodiversity. (1) Water The water circulation in the golf course is based on the water system of the whole site. (2) Fertilizer Golf courses require a high degree of manual maintenance and a large amount of fertilizer to ensure that the turf grows properly. In the ecological one, minimizing chemical fertilizer use, linking to the surrounding site, and efficient circulation of energy within the site. (3) Wildlife Habitat
CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
Guardian of the City
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TACTICS Sustainable Landscape Management & Habitat Enhancement
HABITAT MAP
Inland golf courses and coastal golf courses have different habitats. Inland habitat refers to layered and complex woods space including diverse creatures. While coastal one contains mangroves and marine creatures.
Perspective_ Inland Golf Course
Perspective_ Coastal Golf Course
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VISION FUTURE COASTAL DEFENCE
Government Land Reclamation Plan
Golf Course_ Distribution in Singapore
Project Land Reclamation Plan (East Coast District)
Golf Course_ Future Development
The Government’s plans for the East Coast are to continue to reclaim land, and in addition to the outward extension along with the land, a long island is planned to be reclaimed to protect the corresponding residential area. However, the site is homogeneous and has not been given sufficient value. In this project, re-plan the land reclamation along the east coast and propose to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense. From the perspective of the country, the use of existing golf courses and government reclamation schemes to modify their topography is an effective strategy against sea-level rise. Adopting a new typology of a golf course as a coastal defense will not only prevent a range of threats from the sea but will also enrich the site and increase the natural habitat.
Guardian of the City
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FROM TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL TO PASIR RIS PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Bike on the Dyke Li Jiaying
Situated in the Changi shoreline where a massive land extension is planned, the project utilizes a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments. At the first phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and East Coast Park for recreational purpose, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats. In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guide the future development as a key spine of landscape networks.
Dockscape: keep the coastal memory Fang Ting
The Changi point is an open beach area land which has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise. The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerge a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodelled to resilient against sea level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping.
Landform Adaptation Resort Rui Xui
Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufficient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. The agricultural design within the site brings food-to-table opportunities for the eco-hotel. The historical buildings will be protected by a new dike and drainage system.
Life in green and blue Wang Xiaomeng
Pasir Ris Park is a recognized park with high-quality residential areas around it. Meanwhile, the government plans to convert few parts of the park into residential areas in 20 years. The project aims to comply with policy and solve future social issues and environmental challenges, including decreased living quality and sea-level rise. The site will be planned in different stages, and a new residential area will be created by improving the land structure, HDB form, and transportation methods.
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Site 3 Rui Xue
Site 2 Fang Ting
Site 4 Wang Xiaomeng
Site 1 Li Jiaying
Li Jiaying
Fang Ting
Rui Xue
Wang Xiaomeng
Site 1: Bike on the Dyke
Site 2: Dockscape: keep the coastal memory
Site 3: Landform Adaptation Resort
Site 4: Life in green and blue
From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park
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BIKE ON THE DYKE AN COASTAL CYCLING PARK Li Jiaying
My site is a reclamation land on the east coast of Singapore. It is a massive and low-lying land which is disconnected with other scenic spot and faced with habitat destruction. However, it has a great potential to propose a new type of infrastructure by utilizing the structure of coastal protection such as dyke. This project aims to utilize a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments. This project will apply three strategies. Firstly, using a polar system to build the reclamation land. With a polder system for 442 hectares of reclaimed land, the dyke is not only to protect the reclaimed land from sea-level rise issue, but also to insert key infrastructure such as drainage, water supplies, distribution, and electric power lines to prepare for future development on the newly reclaimed land. By utilizing spaces on the dyke, the dyke can connect the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and east coast park. Secondly, conserving habitat to make users appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitat-seagrass, mudflat, coral reef, mangrove, sandy beach, rocky shore, and forest. Last, insert multi-functional activity areas to make the site has a recreation function so that people can do leisure activities here, and also make the site has an educational function. The site will be designed as a cyclist park and will become open space and residential area that serves Changi airport in the future.
Bike on the Dyke
246
SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT Changi Sailing Club
Turnhouse Club Changi Beach Park
Pasir Ris Park
Legend
P
Marine Bay Golf Course
Residence
High Point of Bicycle Way
Reserve Area
Bicycle Renting
Special Use
Bus Station
Business
MRT Station
Airport
Pavilion
Water Body
Entrance
School
Cycle Way
Parking Lot
PNC Way Greater Rustic Coast
My site is a reclamation area on the east coast of Singapore, which land use is a reserved area, with Changi Airport nearby. There are long PNC Way and Greater Rustic Way cross my site, which connects to Changi Beach Club and East Coast Park. There are a few bus stations and MRT stations near my site, the only way to get to my site is by taking a car or riding a bike, so the site is with low pedestrian volume.
SITE SCENARIOS
Entrance
Forest Mudflat
Pond
Port
Rocky Shore and Sandy Shore
The site is full of disordered plants, which look very messy, and has a few bus stations and MRT stations nearby, which traffic is not convenient, making the site is disconnected from another scenic spot. 247
HABITAT MAP AND WATER FLOW HABITAT MAP
The shoreline typologies mainly consist of sandy shore and rocky shore, which vulnerability is high. And the habitat is faced with extinction. WATER FLOW
Current
2050
Government planning Current Area Government Plan Area: 720hec Need Sand: 5040000T
The site is low-lying, when facing three meters of sea-level rise issue, most of the site will be submerged. Bike on the Dyke
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STRATEGY 1—— USING DYKE AS KEY INFRUSTRUCTURE
Storm Water Pond Drainage Pumping Station Central Pumping Station Stream
Polder Dike
POLDER SYSTEM The Polder system is to do land reclaimed from a body of water, such as from a lake or the sea bed, through the construction of a dyke and a network of drains, water pumping systems, and canals.
MASTER PLAN Event Lawn Lawn Steps Ascending lawn Dyke Waterfront Stair Cycle Way Rocky Shrore Walkway
Elevated Waterfront Walkway
Central Plaza Elevated Central Plaza
Waterfront Stair
Micro Forest Forest Cycle Way Interactive Area
Playground Waterfront Platform Wetland Floating Wetland
Sandy Beach
Inter Tidal Mudflat Super Tidal Mudflat
Barrier Island
249
rs
BEFORE AND AFTER SECTION
Path Way Cycle Way Cycle Way Woody Land Road 15m 23m 2m 31m 2m
Woody Land 100m
Pond
Forest
150m
110m
Woody Land 80m
Sandy Beach Woody Land 30m 23m
Road 20m
Elevated Stairs Drainage Dyke Floodable Lawn and Forest 10m
120m
Sandy Beach Path Way Cycle Way Woody Land Woody Land Rocky Shore Road 32m 15m 23m 2m 42m 8m 12m
Forest 60m
Woody Land 32m
Platform Drainage Playground 15m 5m 50m
Mudflat 100m
30m
Ocean 110m
Sea 120m
Dyke
Sand and Mudflat
30m
70m
Pond 120m
Woody Land 46m
Pond
Forest
200m
110m
Commercial Port 117m
5m
Sea 120m
Drainage Dyke
60m
5m 30m
Woody Land 30m
Drainage Mangrove, Sea Grass Dyke and Coral Reef 5m 30m 110m
Sea 25m
Platform 71m
Forest
Sand 16m
Rocky Shore 60m
Bike on the Dyke
250
STRATEGY 2—— CONSERVE HABITAT
Cycle
Lawn and Micro Forest
Rocky Shore
Sandy Shore and Mudflat
Wetland
251
e Way Drain Dam Floodable Lawn Waterfront Platform Lawn Steps Rocky Shore Elevated Walkway Walk Way The mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef can co-exist, sandy beach and rocky shore can coexist to be put in the sedimentation area. The rocky shore is hard which can be put in the erosion area.
Ascending lawn Central Plaza Elevated Central Plaza Waterfront Stairs
Pond
HABITAT DETAIL SECTION Forest and Lawn
Elevated Stairs
Floodable Lawn and Forest
9m
Beach Sand
Drainage
Dyke
Ocean
5m
30m
110m
120m
Rocky Shore
Supratidal Mudflat Micro-Forest Forest Cycle Way Intertidal Mudflat
Forest
Dyke
Rocky Shore
40m
30m
15m
Elevated Walkway and Stairs 30m
Mangrove
Mangrove Seagrass Coral Reef Skateboard Area Interactive Plantform
Stream
Forest
Dyke
Mangrove, Seagrass and Coral Reef
35m
85m
30m
30m
Wetland Sports Area
Sand and Mudfls
Playground Tidal Zone Sand and Mudflat 35m
Cycle Rest Area
Playground
Dyke
85m
30m
Board Walk 44m
Bike on the Dike
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STRATEGY 3——INSERT RECREATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY
Viewing Rocky Shore and Rest at Waterfront Stairs
Leisure in Central Plaza
People can appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitats——Seagrass, mudflat, coral reef, sandy beach, rocky shore, forest, and do a variety of activities along the shoreline as well as on the water surface, such as children can play in the interactive platform, skateboard area, and playground.
A
VIEWING DYNAMIC HABITAT AND PLAYING ON THE BEACH 253
Viewing on Floodable Lawn
Rest and Learning in Wetland
Residents can do exercise on the sports area, and tourists can do water sports on the water exploration area. They can also rest on the floodable lawn, waterfront platform, and waterfront plaza.
B
CHILDREN HAVING LEISURE ACTIVITIES ON THE INTERACTIVE AREA Bike on the Dyke
254
VISION
Residentila Area
Stream
Forest
Drainage
Dyke
Man
SECTIO
Forest
Platrofm
Dyke
Skateboard Area
Sand
SECTIO PHASE
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
In the second phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi Coast and East Coast Park for recreational purposes, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats. 255
A
ngrove
Seagrass
Coral Reef
A'
Ocean
ON A-A' B B'
Supertidal Mudflat
Intertidal Mudflat
Barrier Island
Ocean
ON B-B'
Floodable Lawn
Rocky Shore Central Plaza
Residential Area
Elevated Walkway
Cycle Way Stream Cycle Way
Forest Cycle Path
Pond
Pond
Cycle Area
Residential Area
Stream
Sandy Beach and Mudflat Mangrove, Sea Grass and Coral Reef
Cycle Way
Forest
Shoreline Open
Space
Sea
Residential Area
In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guides the future development as a key spine of landscape networks. In the future, the land use of the site will be open space and residential area. Bike on the Dyke
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257
DOCKSCAPE Keep the Coastal Memory Fang Ting
The edge of the Changi Point was once influenced by natural processes, resulting in a unique landscape shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area, it allows direct access to the broad ocean and was created historically as a hub for the vibrant shipping industry. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, ecologically, or socially relevant, although open beaches still existed, the water edge has become a more static, constructed edge. These problems will be aggravated by SLR issue because in the long term, sea-level rise will take away a large part of the waterfront and weaken the shoreline. There will be three major challenges: sinking dock, water pollution and vanishing beach. This project proposes a new framework to arm the edge of the site and weaves the climate-resilient programs and public spaces together. Three main strategies will be implemented. Firstly, create a new dock system. To address the degraded site edge, conserve the dock function — change the location of dock and make the platform function as a new landing platform with a new order of docking system for different functions. Secondly, soften the creek revetment to adapt to rising water level. to activate the static edge, create a soft edge — which facilitates the accretion of ecologically rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. Meanwhile, it will be a water park to keep the unique shape. Thirdly, conserve the beach. The structure will be introduced to construct the perched beach to keep and strengthen this existing original beach. The design integrates Changi Point to a vibrant and active place both in short and long time span, which adapt to the anticipated effects of global climate change and people’s need for safe and stable waterfront space.
Dockscape
258
SITE ANALYSIS
3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE Considered the sea level rise issue, there will be three major challenges: sinking dock, vanishing beach and water pollution. As the sections show, most areas will be submerged, the most vulnerable part is the ferry terminal.
It was created historically as a hub for vibrant shipping industry coz the edge of this area allowed direct access to the broad ocean. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, and socially relevant. And these problems will be aggravated by SLR issue coz It will sink. 259
PROBLEM STATEMENT Sinking and forsaken land & pollution
SINKING DOCK According to the 3-meter sea-level rise, the most area here will be submerged. The Changi Point Ferry Terminal and docks will sink which are the carrier of the history and regional culture. So, the sinking problem means the activities what take place here will disappear together.
POLLUTION As a busy hub, there are many shipping routes, the pollution can not be ignored. In 2017 the oil spill in johor straits had an impact on seagrass meadows and mangrove habitat in Changi creek. However, recreational beach needs high water quality.
Dockscape
260
MASTERPLAN
DOCKING INFRASTRUCTURE The Changi point is an open beach area land that has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea-level rise. The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerges a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodeled to resilient against sea-level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping. 261
Phase 01
Phase 02
Phase 03 Dockscape
262
NEW DOCK SYSTEM A new landing platform in good accessibility
LANDING PLATFORM AND VISITOR CENTER To address the degraded site edge and maintain the dock function, change the location of the dock, which before is at the narrow creek. By facilitating the good accessibility from the land to the ocean, to make the platform function as a new landing platform. The form of the dock changes from the dots to the line, different dock areas are connected by various small spaces.
For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on board, and the floating docks are adaptive to SLR. And for short ones, waterfront space is suitable and resilient to water, it’s convenient to drag the boats. And it can be submerged, when the sea level rise, people still can go sailing and boating. 263
ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park
Current situation
After SLR
Adaptive to SLR
SINKING DOCK AND WATER PARK
Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park. It’s a way to activate the static edge and adapt to the sea level rise issue.
ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
Meanwhile, it provides rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. People can go For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on diving and boating.
Dockscape
264
① ③ ②
① Ocean Traffic ② Restored Beach ③ Tourist Trail ④ Water Venture 265
⑤ Wetland Habitat ⑥ Boating Trail ⑦ Diving Area
④
⑥ ⑤ ⑦
The design shows the comparison of hard edge and soft edge. It forms a buffer that responds to the land and water adjacencies. And it also integrates Changi Point into a vibrant and active place both in the short and long term.
Dockscape
266
267
LANDFORM ADAPTATION RESORT Sea Level Rise Adaptable Hotel Rui Xue
Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. By changing the original topography in the site, new islands are formed while allowing sea water to enter the lawn. Through the design of different forms of water edges to ensure the normal operation of the resort activities. The site can continue to maintain its original function even when facing sea-level rise. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufficient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. It provides new ideas for coastal resorts when facing sea-level rise issues.
Landform Adaptation Resort
268
SITE ANALYSIS
HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CURRENT LANDUSE In history, the land use of the changi area has been changed from residential to military use to the sports and recreation use in nowadays. The building which we can see right now is mostly built in the last century by the army. Those bungalows with history and political meaning in the history of Singapore are now mostly used as hotels and restaurants. Others are for meetings, weddings, and nursing house. With the thriving of the tourism industry in Singapore in the recent decade, both international and local tourists are more willing to come to the resort to get closer to nature.
History of Changi
Sections of 3 Meter Sea Level Rise
269
SITE ANALYSIS
3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE For the habitat of the site, there are five types: lawn, street trees, secondary forest, rocky shore, and sandy shore. There are also many heritage trees which are native species with long history inside the site. Although most of the sites are covering with green, the habits are highly vulnerable when comes to the 3-meter sea-level rise, especially the shoreline area and the big lawn at the center of the site. The Changes of Site Coastline
Existing Condition
The green vegetation coverage rate of the landscape site is relatively high. But it is vulnerable in most areas when facing 3m sea level rise. Especially for some Heritage tree species on the site. Landform Adaptation Resort
270
MASTERPLAN
271 04
Landform Adaptation Resort
272
20-50 YEAR VISION Recreational Activities
KAYAK DOCK
POND
SWIMMING ZONE
SEASIDE OBSERVATION DECK
DIFFERENT COASTAL HABITATS WITH RECREATIONAL SPACES With the opportunities of the tourist industry and the threat from habitat loss, creating different types of water edges without sacrifice the activities of the resort area is crucial. Let the water in instead of block it outside. The change of the topology and the water could be an opportunity to have more activities. HOTEL ZONE
273
20-50 YEAR VISION Sustainable Energy System
ENERGY SAVING RESORT
To create an environmentally friendly resort, a sustainable energy circulation system will be added. The first is electrical energy. The temperature of the seawater helps to cool down the floating solar panel’s system that build on the sea. By utilizing strong wind energy, a wind power generation system is suitable to put on the islands facing the sea. In addition, the solar panels installed on the roof of the buildings can also meet the daily use of the bungalows. The second is the water cycle. The terrain in the site has a large elevation difference. A unique lake view is formed in the bungalow area. It can be used to irrigate crops in the planting area and the lawn in the mini-golf area.
Landform Adaptation Resort
274
The Section of Sustainable Energy System
275
Landform Adaptation Resort
276
277
LIFE IN GREEN AND BLUE HDB+ Park Wang Xiaomeng
Pasir Ris Park is a beloved coastal park, where nearby residents and many locals like to relax on weekends. LIFE IN GREEN With the housing pressure of population growth, the government plans to convert part of the green space into residential areas. To meet the needs of a growing population, more green space will be occupied by houses in the future. However, do residential areas and parks have to conflict? Perhaps a better result would be achieved by merging the two. By dividing the whole function area and optimizing the transportation system, the park function is integrated into the residential area under the condition of satisfying the residents’ basic needs. Simultaneously, the use of spatial planning methods should be diversified in the space to meet the different needs of residents and tourists. LIFE IN BLUE The site is located in low-lying coastal areas; the large area will face flooding problem in the future. However, the water will make the land more interesting if it been taken advantage of. The project uses phasing to solve the problem of rising sea levels gradually. The first step is to transform the land, protect the land we need, and plan the future land. The second step is to build a residential area on the reclaimed land and use the structure to build a second layer of green space, increasing the available land area while making a rough distinction between open and private areas. When the sea level rises 3m, the third step submerges the ample land, uses the water surface to increase a series of water activities, enriches the resident and the visitor’s life.
Life in Green and Blue
278
SITE ANALYSIS CURRENT LAND USE AND FUTURE PLAN
The site is Part 2 of Pasir Ris Park, in the middle of the Park. It has connected to its surroundings. Residential areas dominate the surrounding land, and most park visitors are families. Public transport is less convenient, but the government plans to add more subway and bus routes to solve the problem. Furthermore, the government will also add more residential areas here.
SEA LEVEL RISE MAP
The site is in the low land, and most of the area is below 3M. After the sea level rises 2 meters, the high tide will submerge to 3 meters above sea level. At this time, part of the coastline would generally be flooded, while large areas would be flooded at high tide.
279
DESIGN CONCEPT
As the population will continue to expand in the future, the occupation of green space to establish residential areas is a trend. Nevertheless, the lack of green space and parks not only do harm to ecology but also reduce the quality of human life. So in order to comply with the government plan and meet the needs of the community, the design will explore HDB park and the integration of the subject. The most crucial issue to note at this point is connection.
BASIC DATA ANALYSIS
Life in Green and Blue
280
281
FIRST STEP EXCAVATE AND FILL - PROTECT THE LAND
DESIGN ANALYSIS
FUNCTION According to the planned HDB area, the spare space is assigned to different empty energy zones. On the whole, the south is densely populated, and the public spaces are repurposed to serve the residents, while the north and the coastal areas are more geared to serve the tourists. TRANSPORTATION The flooded area was so large that it was difficult to get around, so it changed the original road and added many other modes of transportation (water taxi, boardwalks, bicycle lanes, etc.). Different modes of transportation will solve the transportation problem and guide people’s behaviour to create different private spaces.
As a result of the above two plans, the private density of space is higher in the south, while the connection between the north and the middle is open. Nevertheless, people are free to move around the entire area, although functional zoning can induce different people to prefer places. Life in Green and Blue
282
SHORE LINE PROTECTION Coastal Defense and Recreational Space
GREEN DIKE-1 STEEP SLOPE
During the first stage of filling, the soil was used to raise part of the ground and build GREEN DIKE to protect large areas of low-lying land. Moreover, the DIKE and the afforestation union create the scenery simultaneously forms a hydrophilic belt park.
GREEN DIKE-2 GENTLE SLOPE
SEA WALL
NATURAL SHORELINE
SNADY SHORELINE
In other areas, the shore is dominated by nature, but SEA WALL dominates the shore to preserve the soil in hard surface areas. 283
DETAIL DESIGN Children Playground
USING DETAIL DESIGN TO UNDERSTAND THE CONNECTION Life in Green and Blue
284
VISION
In this project, the connection of the community, the connection of the park and the connection of the park and the residential area is a major issue. This problem can be solved by creating different spaces within this diverse site using functional zoning and transportation systems. At the same time, let us also get a more exciting and more efficient land.
285
Life in Green and Blue
286
FROM PASIR RIS PARK TO SEMBAWANG PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Redefining Coastal Barrier Lam Chinghang Adam
This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure to protect the Lower Seletar Reservoir from the hazard of sea-level rise by the full utilization of onsite natural resources. A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accumulation of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy traffic road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground.
Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi
The newly reclaimed island, Punggol Timor island, faces several long-term environmental challenges, including sea-level rise, storm surge risk, low biodiversity, and pollution. The project aims to propose a repeatable mixed development mode and triple-tiered defenses that can keep pace with sea-level rise for the business park. By reshaping the water system and ecosystem, reconnecting habitats, injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business area and creates a new sustainable coastal lifestyle.
287
Site 1 Lam Chinghang Site 2 Ge Wenxi
Lam Chinghang Adam
Ge Wenxi
Site 1: Yishun Dam
Site 2: Punggol Timor island
From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park
288
289
REDEFINING COASTAL BARRIER Building and Inhabiting With Nature Lam Ching Hang, Adam
Singapore is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The country is heavily dependent on reservoirs to collect and store storm runoffs from the local catchment. Besides, 9 of the 17 reservoirs in Singapore are estuarine reservoirs situated in the coastal area, consequently setting them vulnerable to rising sea levels. This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure – A coastal barrier built by nature and humans, moreover, inhabited by the community. A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accretion of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy traffic road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground. In short, this project attempts to redefine the civic function of a tidal barrier, from a conventional dike to a coastal barrier that serves the community in multiple aspects.
Redefining Coastal Barrier
290
SITE ANALYSIS The Lower Seletar Reservoir and Yishun Dam
The Lower Seletar Reservoir collects storm run-off from the surrounding urbanized area and serves as a major recreational space for the nearby residential area
1984 Before Damming
1985 After Damming
Current to Future
FOR WATER SUPPLY AND AS A MAJOR RECREATIONAL DESTINATION The reservoir was created in 1985 by the construction of Yishun Dam at the river mouth of Seletar River. It is a major reservoir in the North-East region of Singapore with a capacity of 9.5 million m³. A PCN loop around the reservoir is planned for the future which including the Yishun Dam. 291
WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS The Threat of 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise
Current from the Johor Strait brought sediment and mud. Tidal wave affects the nearby mangrove and drafts along the Yishun Dam. The dam blocks the current from Johor Strait, while the tidal gate controls the overflow from the reservoir.
Existing Condition
2M SLR Scenario
3M SLR Scenario
3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE In this scenario, the existing design of Yishun Dam is not adequate to protect the reservoir from seawater instruction. The water in the reservoir will be polluted and salinized. Also, the recreational space around the reservoir will be affected. Redefining Coastal Barrier
292
Utilizing Local Resource for Coastal Reinforcement
CURRENT CONDITION Three wastes of resource in the site. The green is collected from the reservoir, and the sediment is brought by tide and currents. Lastly is the marine clay located in the river mouth area.
HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA It is an invasive species in the local reservoir which causes algae bloom and affects water quality.
293
PROPOSED CHANGE The concept is to redesign the energy and resources flow in the local context, hence, to utilize the resource for the purpose of coastal reinforcement and creation of new open space.
Redefining Coastal Barrier
294
MASTER PLAN
Proposed Energy and Resources Flow in a Local System
INHABITING INFRASTRUCTURE A series of new terrain will be formed from phasing construction. A series of permeable structures will be placed to collect sediment and facilitate mangrove recovery. Afterward, the excessive sediment and green waste will be placed on top of the highway tunnel to form the new terrain. The newly formed terrain can be used for different functions, such as hiking trails, observation decks, etc. Furthermore, different kinds of visitor centers are proposed to facilitate outdoor recreation activities, such as kayaking and bird watching. It is not only a coastal defensive structure but a multi-functional open space at the same time. 295
PHASING CONSTRUCTION
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Redefining Coastal Barrier 296
VISION Coastal Defense and Recreational Space
NEW FORMED TERRAIN ON EXISTING DAM STRUCTURE Collected green waste and sediment will be used on the construction of the proposed terrain. The newly formed landscape will reinforce the dam to against the threat of rising sea level. At the same time, it will be a new public space to smoothen the transition from the reservoir to the sea.
INITIAL VISION
297
VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE The architectural structure is proposed to act as a new sea wall and visitor center at the same time. The visitor center provides service at different scenarios of rising sea levels. It could be a recreational hub initially, but be an observation hut or museum after sea-level rise.
VISION IN 3M SEA-LEVEL
Redefining Coastal Barrier
298
299
RIPARIAN URBANISM Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi
Punggol Timor, a newly relatively recently reclaimed island, is now used as a temporary site for storing construction material. While land reclamation facilitates new land development, it poses an environmental threat in the long-term. The three major challenges are: sea-level rise and storm surge, low biodiversity and habitat loss, as well as disconnection with the surrounding environment. The project proposes a repeatable, mixed, nature-oriented mode of development for business parks. In response to the three challenges, three strategies are raised: triple-layered defense against sea-level rise and its secondary disasters; habitat stepping stones and migratory bird destination; a park for people. Unlike conventional construction process, this project proposes the reuse of the material resources found on-site, namely the remaining soil left behind from previous earthworks, to recover the ecosystem first. Buildings are proposed to only be introduced after habitats have reached an appropriate level of maturity. By reshaping the water system, reconnecting habitats and injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business park. It also rejuvenates coastal biodiversity in a reclaimed area, while creating a new coastal lifestyle for citizens. It challenges the traditional expectations of the business park and sets a precedent for equitable and sustainable coastal development in the rapidly growing region.
RIPARIAN URBANISM
300
SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT
SITE PHOTO
301
SITE ANALYSIS PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM 01 Sea-level Rise & Flood Vulnerability Hydrological response regime (Peak C values)
Sea-level rise map
PROBLEM 02 Low Biodiversity Animal observation map
Macrobenthos amount change
A B
PROBLEM 03 Surrounding Environment Disconnection Shoreline comparation
Punggol Barat Island
Punggol Timor Island
RIPARIAN URBANISM
302
D F
B
E
C H
A. Beach
G. Roof garden
B. Barrier island
H. Parking lot
C. Marine eco-link
I. Fishing pot
D. Tidal flat
J. Wharf
E. Ephemeral river
K. Skywalk
F. Green roof
L. Floating structure
303
I L J
A
G K
H
N
0
50
150
300 M
RIPARIAN URBANISM
304
STRATEGY 01 TRIPLE-LAYERED DEFENSES HYDROLOGY MAP Modified waterflow
PROTECTION LAYER 1st protection layer——Wave energy reduction & conversion Artificial marine shelter+ Breakwater + Floating structures + Wave energy converters
2nd protection layer ——Sea-level rise & Storm surge defense Barrier island + Sand beach + Mudflat + Mangrove + Seawall
3rd protection layer——Waterlogging prevention Ephemeral river + Topography
305
STRATEGY 01 TRIPLE-LAYERED DEFENSES DETAIL DESIGN Protection layer 01 Floating structure
RIPARIAN URBANISM
306
STRATEGY 02 RECONNECT URBAN HABITAT STRATEGY 02 Habitat stepping stone + Migratory bird destination Greenbelt
Marine eco-link
Habitat Typology & Biodiversity Habitat map
307
STRATEGY 03 CREATE PARK FOR PEOPLE STRATEGY 03 Program Encourage park utilization
Walking trail Extend Singapore Round Island Route
Building footprint Connect office with nature
Vehicle lane Increase accessibility
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASING 1. Current condition Used to store constructure material
2. Earthwork balance 0-2 years Reuse site left material to create overall topography, seawall, and breakwater
3. Recovering 3-5 years Add road, introduce vegetaion and develop habitat first
4. Mature biomatrix 6-30 years Introduce building and new facility after habitat is built
Cut Fill Sand
RIPARIAN URBANISM
308
VISION 01
02
309
PERSPECTIVE 01 Beach + Fishing point + Elevated walkway + Seawall + Commercial building
PERSPECTIVE 02 Slope + Green belt + Pedestrian path + Office building
PERSPECTIVE 03 Beach + Seawall + Seating stairs + Green buffer + Office building
03
RIPARIAN URBANISM
310
FROM SEMBAWANG PARK TO SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves Long Di
As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical significance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed. Urban development limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when sea level rises. Exploring new ecologically-sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to first expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of rising sea-level.This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also includes the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the uality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea.
Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park Li Xi
Facing with recreational spaces loss of the Woodland Waterfront Park due to SLR, the proposal introduces a new park typology that is more interactive, collective, and coastal adaptive. Waterways and landforms are manipulated for creating diverse a uatic habitats and stormwater management purpose. The newly designed waterways and open spaces promote productive recreational activities including catching, growing and harvesting marine animals such as fishes and oysters as well as edible plants. Park users would also enjoy seafood restaurants and the marketplace with the excellent sea view of Malaysia.
Self-Sufficient Water Recycling System Ou Yeyao
This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufficient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be flooded, and fish, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.
Futuristic is Past Huang Xi
This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufficient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be flooded, and fish, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.
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Site 3 u eyao
Site 4 Huang Xi
Site 2 Li Xi
Site 1 Long Di
Long Di
Li Xi
Site 1: Mandai Mangrove & Mudflat
Site 2: Woodland Waterfront Park
u eyao Site 3: Sembawang Shipyard
Huang Xi Site 4: Sembawang Park
From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh ature Reserve
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RETREAT FORWARD Reclaim for the next mangroves Long Di
Retreat means to relocate or remove existing development out of hazard areas and limit the construction of new development in vulnerable areas. As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical significance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed. Even worse, urban development also limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when the sea level rises. Exploring new ecologically sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to first expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of the rising sea level. This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also include the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the quality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea. This project has a long period with the vision that mangroves will retreat to the newly formed land through natural succession, and the original position can be changed to provide more space for urban development. The strategies adopted in this project are also applicable to other sites with high ecological value but in conflict with urban development.
Retreat Forward
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SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT Legend:
SEDIMENT DEPOSITIO 50m
80
0m
11
00
m
5m
4m
N
ZoneⅠ: The Basin (Non ZoneⅡ: Back Mangrove ZoneⅢ: Central Mangro ZoneⅣ: The Fringe
0m
7m
Mangrove Future Reclamation Park Connect Network MRT Rail Corridor
7m
Marsiling Park
5m Marsiling
Kranji Water Reclamation Plant
6m
Surface runoff discharge point N
4m 250m
Kranji
WEAKNESS
Existing mangrove habitat High biodiversity Historical heritage
Wave & current erosion Narrow ecological corridor Conflict with urban expansion
OPPORTUNITY
THREAT
New PCN planning Rail Corridor planning Ecological reclamation
3m sea level rise Surface runoff from industry Lack of ecological connection
Negative
Positive
Internal / Local Scale STRENGTH
External / Macro Scale STAKEHOLDER URA Construction
Visitor Habitat
Worker
Landmark
Organic Matter [%] 10.58%
PUB No access
Silt / Clay Fraction < 63 μm [ 62.94%
Reclamation
Nature
Buffer
City Mudflat
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ON
MANGROVE CHANGES
ne Mangrove) e ove
2003
3m 1m 2m 2008
2013
Deposition Difference (kg / m2 ) 0.01 0.05
[%]
15.21%
0.1 kg / m2
2018
15.74%
Legend:
2.94%
Mangrove 64.94%
Basin
70.42% 10.97%
Mangrove Gain Mangrove Loss
Fringe
Central Mangrove
Back Mangrove
2020
Industrial Building Retreat Forward
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PROBLEM STATEMENT & STRATEGY
CURRENT SITUATION
MANGROVE HABITAT
RAIL CORRIDOR & NEW PCN
Threat from sea level rise Ecological disconnection Sediment reduction Long Term Conservation
Abandoned heritage Not accessible Near Term Construction
M
Single water Surface runoff collection in Near Ter
STRATEGY 50-100 Years
0-5 Years
Prototype for ecological coastal reclamation by fishpond
Physical & functional connection through PCN & Rail Corridor
Mandai Riv
Attraction Migratory birds route
Pioneer seedling Rail Corridor
Fishpond
Soil filtration
Bio-purifi Sediment
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Site
PCN
Wat Habitat
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Before 2025
MANDAI RIVER
URBAN EXPANSION
Hard revetment rfront landscape n industrial area rm Construction
Habitat destruction Abrupt change of terrain Medium/Long Term Reclamation
After 2030
Reclamation & Recreation Artificial islands construction Fish pond construction After 3m SLR
0-5 Years
5-15 Years
ver bio-purification
Artificial tidal creek created by reclamation
New PCN
Tidal creek 3m SLR 0m SLR
fication
ter flow
Cleansing & Connection PCN & Rail Corridor construction Mandai River purification
Sand filter 3m SLR barrier
Reclamation
Sedimentation & Construction Sediment forms new land Mangroves move forward New business park construction
Retreat Forward
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2025 VISION Cleansing & connection
N
BIO-PURIFICATION
50m Cycling Path Netwalk(<25km/h) Along the Mandai River
Walking Path
Subsurface Filtration Heavy Metal Removal Pathogen Removal Nutrient Removal Aeration
RAIL CORRIDOR Cycling Path(<10km/h)
Cycling Path Netwalk(<25km/h) Around the Rail Corridor
PCN Terrestrial Plant Back Mangrove Rail Corridor Central Mangrove Mangrove Fringe
Walking Path Boardwalk
NEW PCN Cycling Path Netwalk(<25km/h)
Along the shoreline Timmac @ Kranji
Business 2 Area
Walking Path 319
Bioswale PCN - SLR Barrier Existing Mangroves
m ③
①
②
⑨
② ① ⑧
③ ④
①
⑤
⑥ ⑦
① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ⑦ Park connect network ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Mangrove reserve ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Mudflat
Retreat Forward
320
N 50m
③
①
② ⑨
⑧
② ①
③ ④
⑧
①
⑩
⑤
⑥ ⑦
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⑦ Tidal Creek ⑩ Artificial Island ① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Mangrove boardwalk ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Fishpond
2030 VISION Reclamation & recreation
ARTIFICIAL ISLAND & TIDAL CREEK
FISHPOND Watergate
Boardwalk
③
Ar
tifi
ca
l Is
lan
d
Bioswale PCN - SLR Barrier Existing Mangroves Artificial Mangrove Planting PCN
Sedimentation Pioneer Seedlings
③
SAFER OPEN SPACE According to different types of transportation, speed, and scale of activities, pedestrians and cyclists will be separated to create a safer experience.
NEW MANGROVE HABITAT Building fishponds to catch sediment. Sediment cleared from the port areas can be transferred to promote sedimentation. The newly reclaimed land provides a retreat for mangroves, and succession will take place at back. Retreat Forward
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3M SLR VISION Sedimentation & construction
N
50m
BUSINESS PARK The new building divides the site into different areas, and the cycling and walking paths connect them through the ground floor of the building. So The ground level of the business park is still open to the public.
FRESHWATER SWAMP The original intertidal zone gradually turns into a freshwater swamp as the seawater is blocked, and the surface runoff of the business park is collected here after bio-purification.
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m ③ ④ ①
② ⑨
⑥
⑦
④
④
⑧
② ③
①
④
①
⑤
⑩
⑥
⑦ New mangrove reserve ⑩ New business 2 area ① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Freshwater swamp ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Seedling nursery
Retreat Forward
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COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING Productive Coastal Park Li Xi Emily
Located in the Northern Singapore, Woodland Waterfront Park is facing the issues of isolated habitat patches, loss of recreational spaces due to sea-level rise, and the lack of interactive activities. It has a potential for food production. The proposal focuses on three aspects: sea-level rise adaption, habitat improvement, and productive recreation. The aim of the proposal is to envision an innovative park typology that is more ecologically connective, interactive, and coastal adaptive. The proposal highlights three movements. Sea level rise and storm-water strategy: Mangroves will be extended from adjacent Admiralty Park to connect with existing isolated mudflats and contribute to sedimentation. Oysters will be introduced in the form of reef balls, floating farming structures and breakwater to attenuate wave energy. The shell of the oyster will be reused in gabion walls and mesh bags for revetment stabilization. A new canal with bio-retention ponds will be created for water filtration and collection from the hill. Habitat Improvement: Mangrove forest provides a habitat with a soft muddy floor for fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Oyster reef balls and breakwater can function as shelter for tiny marine animals. Seagrass can be restored in shallow and undisturbed water areas behind mangroves or oyster breakwaters. The pond creates stone-based habitat with logs for freshwater aquatic animals. Productive Recreation: Productive recreational activities such as catching, collecting, and consuming aquatic animals and edible plants are promoted based on different natural habitats. Visitors can participate in recycling oyster shells and placing the shell bags along the shoreline. New open spaces and paths are designed for events and community engagement. Responding to the future agri-tech food corridor and recreational routes development in Northern Singapore, the new productive coastal park encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefits.
COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
326
SITE ANALYSIS PROBLEM STATEMENT Woodland Waterfront Park is located in Northern Singapore facing the loss of recreational spaces due to 3m sea-level rise. Besides, there are four areas with specific problems and opportunities. A new residential project of Woodland North Coast will be developed near the edge of the park. Currently, this area lack programs for the new community but it is suitable to develop storm-water management. The waterfront area is mostly blocked by existing waterfront vegetation which is not accessible and interactive. The jetty with a restaurant on it is a tourist attraction and has the potential for food production. However, it has little connection with another part of the park. The mudflat habitat is beneficial to local fauna but it is isolated.
CONCEPT Based on the analysis, the proposal will focus on four themes: recreation, food production, habitat, and sea-level rise. The aim of the proposal is to create a new coastal park that is more connective, adaptive, and interactive.
Problem Statement
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Concept
VISION MAIN STRATEGY The main strategy of the proposal is to introduce specific triggers to each of the areas. For the residential area, the existing sloping landform will be utilized for stormwater management and fruit tree planting. For the waterfront area, more accessible and recreational boardwalks will be provided so that people can get closer to the water with a broader view. For the jetty with restaurant, the oyster will be introduced for food production, habitat improvement, and attenuation of a wave. For the mudflat, another mangrove creek will be extended from Admiralty Park to connect with the mudflat and create more diversified habitats.
Triggers
COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
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MASTER PLAN
SEA LEVEL RISE/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
In the off-shore area, oyster farming floating structure and oyster breakwaters will be applied to reduce wave energy. Oyster reef balls will be attached to the piers of the jetty so that the jetty itself can be seen as a large breakwater. At the shoreline, an oyster shell gabion wall and oyster shell mesh bag will be placed for shoreline stabilization. Mangrove will be planted both in off-shore are and shoreline areas for the same purpose. A new canal will be created from the residential area. Water from the canal will get filtered through bio-retention swales along the terrace and collected in the freshwater pond. 329
PHASE & CHANGE After applying these strategies, the water flow and direction of this area will be changed. Wave energy will also be attenuated near the shoreline. In the 3m sea-level rise scenario, most recreational spaces will not be influenced. The freshwater pond will be turned into a brackish pond with a more diversified habitat. Recreational areas will retreat to the higher ground. Oyster bags will be accumulated along the shoreline while Mangrove will keep contributing to sedimentation.
Phase
Change
COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
330
HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Distribution & Typologies After introducing the triggers to each area, the habitats of the park have been improved. There are three types of habitats: saline aquatic habitat, freshwater/brackish aquatic habitat and upland habitat
Saline Aquatic Habitat Saline aquatic habitats include: mangrove & mudflat (muddy floor), oyster habitat and seagrass habitat.
Freshwater/Brackish Aquatic Habitat Freshwater/brackish aquatic habitats include: mangrove creek, bio-retention swale and freshwater/brackish pond (rocky floor)
Upland Habitat Upland habitats include secondary forest, managed forest, fruit trees, shrubs for butterflies, edible groundcovers, and lawn.
331
HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Flora, Fauna & Food Production Different habitats serve as food resources and shelters for different animals. For example, aquatic habitats with muddy floors and rocky floors might attract different kinds of fishes and other aquatic animals. Fruit trees with low maintenance needs such as lime and pomegranate are planted on the terrace. For edible ground covers, common herbs like lemon grass, mint, and basil are cultivated so that they can be used by the restaurant.
COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
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PRODUCTIVE RECREATION Productivity The oyster farming area is 1800 sqm which can cultivate 28000 oysters in the mesh box suspended on the floating structure. There are 66 fruit trees in the park and the productivity is estimated to be 2600kg per year.
Distribution & Typologies Based on the improved habitats, there will be five types of productive recreation including catching, collecting, cultivating, consuming and recycling.
Cycle of Oyster The diagram shows how the restaurant relates to another part of the park. Oysters are cultivated in the floating structure managed by the restaurant and then consumed in the restaurant as food by consumers. The waste shells can be recycled and collected in gabions or mesh bags and later be placed along the shoreline for stabilization. Community and other visitors can participate in this activity.
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PRODUCTIVE RECREATION Recreation Scenario People can go fishing in different natural habitats or open spaces as they want. They can also pick or collect fruits, herbs and oyster that are naturally grown or manually cultivated in specified areas. Besides, visitors would also enjoy seafood with an excellent sea view of Malaysia on the jetty, waterfront plaza, or the lawn. After eating and drinking, they can engage in the activity of recycling oyster shells.
COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
334
PERSPECTIVE Sea Level Rise Strategy
335
Habitats
s
Recreational Routes
The new coastal adaptive park promotes productive recreation based on enhanced habitats and encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefits. From this perspective, we can see that the productive recreational routes, habitats, and sea-level rise strategies are connected and interwoven with each other. This innovative park is also a response to the future development of Northern Agri-Tech and Food Corridor and multiple upgraded recreational spaces like Round Island Routes and The Greater Rustic Coast. COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING
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SELF-SUFFICIENT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM Sembawang shipyard redevelopment Ou Yeyao
Under the broad topic of Sea Level Rise, the water. shortage cannot be ignored. The project analyzes the current situation of the site and the needs of users, designs three strategies to reduce the erosion of coastal area caused by sea-level rise, ABC strategies are used to collect and recycle rainwater for the daily water use in the dormitory which allows the design to become self-sufficient water recycle system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits. In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, would become the mangroves, half of the cricket pitch and farmland would be flooded, fish, shrimp, and seaweed would naturally move in, thus enriching the ecology. The remaining half of the cricket pitch would allow the plant to have a natural succession and becomes a secondary forest.
Self-sufficient water recycling system
338
SITE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY SHIPYARD INFLUENCE TO HABITAT
339
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
POLLUTION ANALYSIS AND WATER SAVING METHOD WATER USAGE
WATER SAVING METHOD AND POLLUTION PURIFICATION
Self-sufficient water recycling system 340
MASTER PLAN ENHANCE HEALTH AND PROVIDE ECOLOGICAL VALUE
cricket field jogging trail ecological island agricultural field front square outdoor kitchen basketball field rain garden theater open grassland dormitory parking lot water purification building water purification pond edible garden 341
The cricket field and agricultural field would enhance the activity experience and increase the health of workers. Each dormitory area accommodates a square, rain garden, sports field, parking lot. DRAINAGE FLOW
HABITAT MAP
cricket field
ACTIVITY MAP
ecological island
ROAD ANALYSIS
BASE MAP
agriculture field
WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
outdoor kitchen and square
outdoor theater Self-sufficient water recycling system 342
SECTION Plant Palette and Scenario
SECTION1-1’
SECTION2-2’
SECTION3-3’
SECTION4-4’
SCENARIO 1 CRICKET FIELD
SCENARIO 2 ECOLOGICAL ISLAND
SCENARIO 3 DORMITORY
SCENARIO 4 PURIFICATION POND
343 06
PERSPECTIVE Ecological, Healthy
DORMITORY FRONT SQUARE Provide various types of activity space for workers to relax. Different elements like a corridor, plantation box, lamb with plants can be introduced to the site to make it a more eco-friendly space.
VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE
The eco-friendly phenomenon is created for the health of workers. People can make the best use of riverside walk, jogging trail, agricultural field to increase their life.
Self-sufficient water recycling system
344
PHASE DEVELOPMENT PHASE 1: CURRENT SITUATION
SALT MARSH
Succession happens and create a secondary forest
Mangrove habitat will increase, the island would be covered by mangrove species. The ability to address the sea level rise effect will increase.
SECTION 1-1’
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PHASE 2: 30 YEARS AFTER The Cricket field would be flooded create a habitat for marine life
MANGROVE HABITAT EXPANDS
Agricultural field would be flooded create a habitat for marine life
Reduce ocean wave and increase sediment
SECTION 2-2’
Self-sufficient water recycling system
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FUTURISTIC IS PAST What does 22nd-century Kampung look like? Huang Xi
As one of the rare natural sandy beach resources in Singapore, Sembawang Beach serves as a crucial coastal buffer and carries the forgotten Kampung culture. However, it is currently facing three main problems: rising sea level, habitat loss, and poor accessibility. Fortunately, the future land reclamation plan provides an opportunity to deal with those issues. Therefore, the goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements. This project will propose a new approach to land reclamation that preserves beach resources while integrating old and new land into a sustainable whole and enhances its ecological and human value. Four strategies will be applied. Firstly, construct the disaster prevention infrastructure to promote the beach’s expansion and the formation of offshore tidal flats. Secondly, develop a water management and pollution control system to reduce the impact of extreme weather on inland areas while providing suitable conditions for habitat succession. Thirdly, create more abundant habitat types to stabilize the ecosystem of the transitional zone. Finally, improve the accessibility to encourage various coastal public activities that bring people closer to each other and nature. With all these methods, the future coastal residential area can become a human inhabitation community that coexists harmoniously with the sea like the past’s Kampung.
Futuristic Is Past
348
SITE ANALYSIS 1 SANDY BEACH & RISING SEA LEVEL Beach resources of Mainland Singapore are disappearing under threat from rising sea levels and urban land expansion plans. As a rare natural beach resource, Sembawang beach serves as a buffer zone to protect the residential area, parkland, and shipyard onshore.
2 THREATENED HABITATS In addition to the beach ecosystem, the diverse plant community on land also provides habitat for various animals and plants. However, due to the high proportion of buildings and impervious surfaces, the biodiversity of residential areas is extremely low.
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3 IRRATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT All the water directly flows into the sea and lacks purification and reuse processes, leading to seawater pollution and a low utilization rate of rainwater resources. At the same time, because of the flatness of the landform, the residential area is vulnerable to flooding during extreme weather processes.
4 LOW ACCESSIBILITY Barriers and unreasonable road systems prevent people from conveniently accessing coastal recreational resources and reducing the communication between residents and the public. At the same time, the coastal activities are relatively single than the inland.
5 CONCEPT GENERATION:FUTURISTIC IS PAST The goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements.
Futuristic Is Past
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SLR +1M
351
Futuristic Is Past
352
SLR +3M
353
Futuristic Is Past
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RESTORE SUSTAINABLE LIVING AND RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
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Futuristic Is Past
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ENCOURAGE COASTAL ACTIVITIES AND REVITALIZE THE KAMPUNG SPIRIT
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Futuristic Is Past
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FROM SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE TO TUAS SHIPYARD INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Regenerative Facility Feng Kangtai
The site locates in a transport node of Kranji area, which is next to Sungei Buloh wetland reserve, farming area and the gate of Kranji Dam. Facing the ongoing transformation of whole area, including upgrading of agriculture, sea level rise and succession of secondary forest, my site can play a role as regeneration hub to reuse and allocate the natural resources in Kuanji area. By helping the natural resources to be reallocated efficiently, Kranji area can be more resilient to the potential changes. Methods consist of recycling waste concrete and wood, compost of forest and agricultural litter, helping mangrove to retreat and seed storage.
Agri Park Xie Wanying
The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agrifood development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise. This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a foodto-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.
Wild Adventure Zhang Liping
The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure centre(MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unified wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities.
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Site 2 Xie Wanying
Site 1 Feng Kangtai Site 3 Zhang Liping
Feng Kangtai
Xie Wanying
Zhang Liping
Site 1: Kranji Dam
Site 2: Lim Chu Kang Jetty
Site 3: MOE Jalan Bahtera Adventure Center
From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve
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REGENERATION HUB IN KRANJI Material Regeneration For Resilient Shoreline Feng Kangtai
In addition to our common theme——sea level rise, Kranji area is also facing other two transformations, secondary forest succession and transition of farm. I see the opportunities behind those changes even though they bring threats at the same time. A transformation could be turned into a chance to overcome the crisis of other transformations. Through the development of farm, abandoned materials will be generated. Natural resources like litter and mud are produced by nature in all time. Therefore, those resources can be regenerated and recycled to new tools for the sea level rise and succession of forest. Besides, my site can play a role of educational and recreational gateway of Sungei Buloh and Kranji because of its location and convenient transportation condition. It is the case we transform crisis to chance.
Regeneration Hub in Kranji
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TRANSFORMATION OF KRANJI Sea level rise trend
Kranji Area 2.5 Extreme
2.0
High
Intermediate-high
1.5
Tide-gauge Observations
1.0
Singapore
Satellite Observations
Intermediate
Intermediate-Low 0.5
Low
0
-0.5
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
The Centre for Climate Research Singapore has projected that Singapore could experience an increase in daily mean temperature of 1.4C to 4.6C towards end of this century, more intense and frequent heavy rainfall events, and mean sea level rise of up to 1 metre by 2100.
Transition of Traditional Farms
Secondary Forest Succession Stagnation
Sea Level Rise
In Singapore, sea-level rise is becoming a potential serious problem as the large area will be flooded. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore has projected that Singapore could experience an increase in daily mean temperature of 1.4C to 4.6C towards the end of this century, more intense and frequent heavy rainfall events, and mean sea level rise of up to 1 meter by 2100. Under that issue, there is 2 other main transformation in Kranji area—— Transition of types of farm and succession of secondary forest. Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efficient agri food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land. And secondary will stop developing as it’s far away from primary forest, which offers long-life trees’ seeds.
RICH NATURAL RESOURCE IN KRANJI More than 75 percent of Singapore’s mangrove flora in Sungei Buloh wetland reserve locating in Kranji, with a 130-hectare wetland of mangroves, mudflats, ponds, and supporting secondary forest.
more than 60 percent of Singapore’s bird species ( over100 species) and more than 2,000 Arctic migratory birds from more than 30 species make "winter holiday visits" to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
Sungei Buloh Wetland reserve offers shelter for lots of reptiles and mammals. SBWR is the home of otters, crocodiles, monitor lizards, crab and fish. It's one of the most important habitats in Singapore with high biodiversity.
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HABITATS MAP AND LAND USE MAP OF KRANJI Habitat Map
Industrial area Marsh Mangrove Wood Farmland Wasteland Bush Grassland Building area Golf Fresh water Seawater
Landuse Map
Marsh Utility Industry Open space Current building Park Sport & recreation Farm Military protective area Reserved area
There ’re various natural habitats in Kranji area——Mangrove, forest, grassland, etc. On one hand, they’re vulnerable to the changing climate. On the other hand, lots of natural resource generated from those areas. And in the process of the farm’s transition, much wasted material will be generated. Regeneration Hub in Kranji
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EXISTING AGRICULTURE MAP, HABITAT MAP, AND SEA LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY MAP Existing agricultural map
Secondary forest&
Bus Route Farms open to the public Empty land Building Abandoned farms Ponds Outdoor Aquaculture Horticulture nursery Indoor Aquaculture Equine quarantine station
Existing Farm Typology
Short life of trees in secondary forest Life (year)
Area (ha) 20
50
18
45
16
40
14
35
12
30
10
25
8
20
6
15
4
10 5
2 0
0
Fish farm
Indoor Aquaculture
Abandoned Farm
Horticulture Nursery
Equine Quarantine Station
Acacia auriculiformis
Falcataria moluccana
Cecropia pachystachya
Leu leuco
Relationship between mangrove and Fo
Transformation Direction in 2024 The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efficient agri-food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land.
Withstanding
Waste Generated by the Transformation to High-tech Farm
R Solutions to develop secondary forest
Concrete
365
Vegetation Litter
Wood
Genes from primary forest
& Mangrove location
Vulnerability for Sea Level Rise Farm field
Mangrove
Grassland
Grassland
Building
Stone embankment
Wasteland
Wood
Marsh
Sparse forest
Stone embankment
5m sea level
Constructed area
3m sea level
Wood Sparse forest Mangrove
Threats from sea level rise
ucaena ocephala
Ardisia elliptica
Syzygium grande
Syzygium polyanthum
Stone embankment
orest Ecological flow
Mangrove
Retreatment space
Nutrient supply
Stone embankment
Regeneration Hub in Kranji
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BASE MAP OF SITE Gradient and Elevation Analysis
CURRENT TYPOGRAPHY By analysis, the current topology is not suitable for mangrove retreatment and material processing. Reshaping the landform would be the first step. 367
AVAILABLE RESOURCE IN KRANJI Mangrove, Farm, Mudflat and Secondary Forest
Mangrove 130 ha
Abandon Farm 143 ha
Mudflat 12000 ㎡
Secondary Vegetation 96 ha
POTENTIAL USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCE Propagules from mangroves can provide the genetic source of new mangrove habitats. Waste concrete and wood would be generated from abandoned farms. The secondary forest can generate litter.
Source
Material
Processing Methods
Use
Abandoned Farm
Litter
Transferring
Permeable Dam
Mangrove
Twig & Rod
Seed Cultivation
Eco-shoreline
Mudfalt
Concrete
Regeneration
Secondary forest supply
Secondary Vgetation
Mud
Weaving
Mudflat Supplement
Primary Forest in CCNR
Seed
Combination
Education Playground
MATERIAL PROCESSING Through the regeneration processing, the waster materials become the new materials that can be used as tools to strengthen the shoreline. The regeneration hub will locate at my site. Regeneration Hub in Kranji
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MATERIAL REGENERATION MAP This map shows the detail of the regeneration process. Those materials are muti-functional for various uses.
PROCESSING PHASES
Firstly, remold the landform to make space for industrial use, leaving a place for material settlement. Conduct the original pond water to provide new space for the mangrove to retreat.
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N
5. Visitor center
20m
50m
1. SBWR visitor center
2. Nursery
3. Viewing deck
4. Seed bank
6. Regeneration playground
7. Coastal learning forest
8. Existing pond
9. Car park
10. Mud storage
11. Litter dumping 12. Litter dumping
13. Grinding
14. Composting
15. Delivery
16. Concrete tipping
17. Concrete processing
17. Concrete storage
COMBINATION OF EDUCATION AND REGENERATION Finally, this site will be a combination of resource regeneration and learning coastal forests for the public. The traveling part and industrial part will be separated. This site is designed to be a museum for people to learn the coastal ecology and material regeneration. Regeneration Hub in Kranji
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AGRI PARK Future Food in Lim Chu Kang Agri Hub XIE Wanying
The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise. This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park. Three main strategies will be implemented to meet the design goal. The first approach is to enhance the water flow on-site, introducing two streams running from inland to the ocean to create a brackish-water habitat, while also bringing sediments downstream for the gradual mangrove regeneration. The mangrove habitat here not only serves as a nursery for juvenile fishes, but also as a natural barrier when facing sea-level rise. The second strategy is to increase food production to meet future food development. With the second strategy being introduced, the third strategy will come as well which is about diversify the habitat. Different agricultural production methods not only increase the output but also enhance the overall food resilience since more flora and fauna have been invited to come as well. This agri-park will feature several types of habitat/ land use, including sea, mudflat, mangrove, coastal vegetation, brackish-water, terraced fields, aquaponics, and agroforestry. In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park.
AGRI PARK
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SITE ANALYSIS LIM CHU KANG JETTY
The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.
Satellite Image of Lim Chu Kang Jetty Area
Source: Google Earth
Historical Changes
(by Kangtai, modified by myself) Sources: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-lim-chu-kang-nature-park-to-be-part-of-400ha-nature-park-network-along-the-northern https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/lim-chu-kang-set-to-be-redeveloped-into-high-tech-agri-food-cluster-sfa
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WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise 1-1
3m SLR --> mangrove retreat 1-3
section 1-3
1-2
Model of Existing Site Condition
Existing Habitats Sections (Before Changes):
Before
3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE 1. Sea level will lead to mangrove retreat 2. Inland water flow and sea area are separated
Existing Condition
3M SLR Scenario
The coastal area is vulnerable to SLR, therefore mangrove regeneration is necessary to protect the site. Besides mangrove regeneration, other soft protections like introducing streams for coastal sediment accumulation can be helpful as well.
Problem Statement: • Highly natural but relatively mono habitat --> diversify habitats • Sea level rise leads to mangrove retreat --> increase sedimentation for mangrove regeneration • Agriculture productivity and resilience needs enhancement --> future food development AGRI PARK
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VISION Visionary Perspective
AGRI PARK
Design vision is about creating an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.
Design Strategies: 1. enhance water flow 2. strengthen agriculture production 3. diversify habitats
Human Flow & Activity Diagram
STRATEGIES: 1. ENHANCE WATER FLOW
• • • • 375
Enhance the water flow Introduce two streams Create a brackish-water habitat Sedimentation for gradual mangrove regeneration
STRATEGIES 2. STRENGTHEN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
• • •
Increase food production Introduce different agricultural production methods Enhance food resilience
Aquaponics Perspective AGRI PARK
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STRATEGIES 3. DIVERSIFY HABITATS
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• • •
Introduce different agriculture activities Diversify the habitats Invite more flora and fauna
AGRI PARK
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AGRI PARK 379
Fishing Weir Perspective
Terraced Fields Perspective
Perspective Key Map
In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park. Farmers’ Market Visionary Perspective AGRI PARK
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WILD ADVENTURE Habitat change and activities adaption Zhang Liping
The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure center (MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unified wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities. One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels. Thus, Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea-level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos). It also provides an excellent water depth condition for diverse surface and underwater activities. The second obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero. Strategy Two is to open the coastline to the public as much as possible. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site, the adventure center, and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were integrated into a whole and replanned. It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities. + In order to increase the abundance of wild adventures, different types of terrain environments such as hillsides, valleys, dry streams, and wetlands have been created in the coastal land. Coupled with the planting density, types of plants, the choice of soil types, and the difference between fresh water and saltwater, ten different natural environments can be created. And then different natural habitats can be connected through a mainstream line. In addition, a climbing and suspended crossing route was added as part of the field training. The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.
Wild Adventure
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SITE ANALYSIS
Geographical context
Problem Statement one_Forbidden to shoreline
Problem Statement One_Forbidden to shoreline &Underutilization
First_Limited observation of shoreline
Second_Limited management of mangroves
Third_Forbidden to entry shoreline
Fourth_Underutilization of camp site BASE MAP
383
The first obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero.
SITE ANALYSIS
Problem Statement Two_Threat to mangrove
Habitat map
Solid model
Current flooded area
Lawn Intervention Limited Intervention Mangroves
Future flooded area
Current mangroves habitat
Shoreline 3m rise Building
Future mangroves habitat
Fence
One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels. STRATEGIES Three Integrated system First_Reshaping water flows
Second_Enhancing coastal and marine habitat Fence
Third_Retrofitting recreational activities Camp christine
Mangroves Experience Area
Benthic observation area
MOE Adventure centre
Shoreline senior accommodation area
Water activities centre
Bridges Tidal flow
Surface flow
Open space
Mangroves habitat
Road
Deck promenade
Wild Adventure
384 03
STRATEGIES Strategie one_Reshaping water flows
Previous shoreline
Secondary phase sh
Fence Kelong
100M
Mangroves
SKY Outward Bound
Bridge Canoe Port
Government Property
Floating Bridge
Kelong
Mangroves
Fishing
100M
Fence Mangroves
Government Property
Water Activities Rental Centre Floating Hotel and Fishery
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Observation Deck
Sunbath
STRATEGIES B A
horeline B'
A'
B\B'
A\A'
Fence Lawn
g Deck
hing Area
House
Section A-A
Square Pedestrian Road
Camp House
Section A'-A'
Road Camp House
Section B-B
Freshwater Fishing Visitor Centre
Camp House
Section B'-B' Wild Adventure
386
STRATEGIES
Second_Enhancing coastal and marine habitat
5-YEAR-VISION
50-YEAR-VISION Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos).
387
Viewing point C
Viewing point E
Viewing
g point B
STRATEGIES
Third_Retrofitting recreational activities Residential building Entertainment Building
Service building Sunbathing
Observation
Commercial building
Canoe
reception Picnic Fishing Sunbathing
Swimming
Physical training Outward bound
Diving
Flying fox
D E
F
B
C
It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities.
Viewing point D
Viewing point F Wild Adventure
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PLAN_PHASE ONE
or c Visit
r ente
Port
Ca m
enter Visitor c
ph ou s
ing
5-YEAR-VISION
Housing
Marine canteen
Ma hourisne camp ing ce nter
ivity r act ter Wartveice cen se
t nu co co
t ho
el
Port
tel ho nd a l t We
N 0 389
25
50
100
PLAN_PHASE TWO 50-YEAR-VISION
0
25
50 Wild Adventure
100 390
VISION
Water activity service center
Coconut hotel
391
Water activity center
Marine camp housing center
marine canteen
The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.
Wild Adventure
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393
CHAPTER 4
REFLECTIONS
Students’ Reflection and Feedback After the Studio
Reflections
394
Low Lying Singapore is an exciting project. and our studio aims to reimagine coastal landscape to sea level rise adaption. It is interesting to learning the relationship between ocean and human, as nowadays the contradiction between the urban sprawl and rising sea level is getting serious. And I have learned about how to design my project more logically and reasonably step by step, by understanding the site and exploring various design strategies approaches. Water is a complicated topic, so I have encountered many challenges in this design process, but they prompted me to think more deeply. I hope that I can do more related projects in the future, coz I was overwhelmed by the charm of the ocean during this semester. Fang Ting
The process of this studio was tortuous before I come through and realize how tremendous the harvest that I gain it is. In this semester, the most fantastic but exhausting thing is that we are repeatedly wandering between actuality and imaginative future, and I am certain this nuance has dramatically extended my comprehension of the capability and role that a landscape architect should own in face of the future challenges. Several group works with different teammates are also laudable as we can freely share ideas to germinate diverse and wonderful solutions. After all, it is exciting that the first half of the graduate career is conquered.
Hao Jun
Although the topic of sea-level rise is often heard, this semester is the first time that I try to solve this problem in my design. The tense and stressful course arrangement makes me try to understand the site and landscape design from multiple perspectives and interdisciplinary fields. I have learned a lot both in and out of class, integrating the knowledge of ecology and engineering into the design. I strengthened the ability to analyze the site, and also the ability of time management.
Long Di
395
The second semester’s studio is a fruitful experience for me since this is my first face-to-face studio in Singapore during this pandemic period. During several assignments and site analysis, I learned more about the Singapore context. It is also my first time dealing with a project related to the sea. Therefore, I understand more about water and sustainable design, which will be very helpful for my future landscape projects. Although I encountered many difficulties throughout the design process, my logic became more explicit, and my time management ability improved.
Ge Wenxi
Nowadays, climate change and sea-level rise are highly relevant concerns in Singapore and many other coastal cities. I learned how to systematically analyze and get inspiration from the current site conditions to come up with suitable and applicable designs for my site. The general land-use analyses which we did for the first half of the semester are useful which helps me to know my site’s surrounding context better. The process of designing not only for human needs’ accommodation but also for natural habitat protection and regeneration is necessary when thinking about climate change in coastal areas. Such a biophilic approach is important to landscape architects who trying to achieve the goal of designing for the wellness of all species. Xie Wanying
Reflections
396
Li Xi
This semester is challenging for me because the theme of sea level rise is unfamiliar to me who was born inland. The studio is quite productive and effective which improves my ability in site analysis, concept development and presentation. There are two main points that I have learned from the studio. Firstly, the design should be based on credible information and complete site analysis. Then you will understand the most interesting and unique characteristic of the site and develop the design from it. Secondly, communication with others is of great importance in graduate study. In this semester we have met many guest reviewers from various backgrounds and give us advices of different perspectives, which is helpful and impressive. The first semester in Singapore makes me enrich myself and I am looking forward to the next stage of learning.
The second semester has been inspiring for me. Nowadays, SLR is a global problem that we must face. As landscape architect, we should think from ecological and structural perspectives and put forward practical and feasible solutions. And this studio is undoubtedly focused on the SLR and push me to think scientifically. From the SLR related assignments to the group site survey, I have learned more about the context of Singapore. When I came to the stage of personal design, I had a new understanding of design thinking. All in all, this is a great studio.
Hong Mengyi
The most important things I learned from this studio are how to design based on the landform and hydrology condition, and how to generate bold ideas but act practically. Besides, I practiced my storytelling skill a lot, which helps me improve my logical thinking ability. It’s been a hard but very productive semester. I am so grateful that the professors helped me to form and challenge my idea, and I enjoyed consulting with them very much.
Li Wanying
397
In this studio, I have learned that it is crucial to design with the natural flow and utilize on-site context in our design. Hence, we can build with nature and see nature as a partner but not a threat, especially on the topic of sea-level rise. Lastly, I sincerely appreciate the guidance from YunHye and Evi. I had challenged myself in this project, and thank you so much for your patience and support.
Lam Ching Hang
This is our first semester of face-to-face classes and there are more gains and feelings. It brings me a more realistic and in-depth learning experience. The research visits on the ground gave me a better sense of the characteristics of the site, which laid the foundation for the further design. Also, it is my first time got in touch with golf course. A new sport and landscape gave me enough freshness and excitement to explore the components. This studio has taught me that there are many aspects to consider in a design. When we start a project, we need to analyse it thoroughly before we can come up with meaningful and practical solutions and ideas. It is really a worthwhile semester for me and I really appreciate the help from tutors and my classmates Zhang Liao
Reflections
398
Wang Xiaomeng
The overall attitude towards life has changed a lot this semester. When I first arrived, I was really stressed and tired every day. But after I got used to it, I learned to live a more optimistic life, and I really liked my projects later, which made me feel very happy. It is difficult to explore what will happen in the future, especially 100 years from now. But I think this is important to us, because we need to plan ahead, and we need a general direction for district planning. This semester, we experienced this future design project and it was very fun. The tutors also allowed us to think about designing boldly and creative. I feel this experience be a more unique period in my life. I also found a lot of problems, the biggest of which is confusion and thinking too much, leading to frequent deviations. This bad way of thinking really needs to be changed.
Through this semester, I pay more attention to the topic of sea level rise and how will landscape help to reduce the impact of damage. One thing that I find the most important is how people can interact with this kind of landscape and try to learn about the climate change. Thus, it may help to provide the first-hand information to remind the importance of protecting our planet.
Ou Yeyao
I recognize the importance for landscape architects to create a new urban typology via this studio. When we are facing natural disturbance or human-induced disaster, it is worth to think about the function of the landscape typology we generated with human activities. It is not in a simple way to introduce human into the site, but a combination that could be widely used in the country scale. Also, I realize the importance of focusing point of a project. Don’t include too much in a project, which may disperse the highlight.
Zhang Kairui
399
In this studio, the topic of sea-level rise is a brand-new topic for me. At the first of the semester, sea-level-rise-related semesters were given by professional individuals from PUB and perspectives of view in engineering and ecology. Compared with traditional hard solutions in engineer construction, as landscape architects①our solutions to this question are greener and softer. I learned how to quickly learn knowledge in a certain field and apply the elements in the later design. In the final presentation, everyone was very creative about the landscape design of different land uses, and I learned how to keep it open-minded. Rui Xue
Xiang Wenqin
This studio was an unforgettable time in my MLA program. First of all, it is because the topic of sea level rise, which is a planning and forward-looking topic, is also more challenging.This design pays great attention to logic and reasonable feasibility.It requires us not only to consider the current environmental problems, but also to break away from the imprisonment of the present time. It requires us to consider the longterm problems brought about by the changes of landscape in the time dimension.Through a detailed analysis of the site and problems, I hope to put forward a persuasive response strategy, and finally decide to include the government’s future land reclamation plan on the east coast into the logical evolution of the design. Finally, I am very grateful to Tutors and my classmates for their inspiration and help.
Reflections
400
Sea Level Rise is a complicated topic, and it is hard to come out with good ideas, but I am sincerely happy to be with Yunhye and Evi. I have received useful feedback from my professors and my classmates. Although my project can not be perfect, I learned a lot about marine animals, mangroves, and urban problems. More importantly, I started to think about the development of Singapore. Singapore has done a much better job in urban development compared to most of the cities in this world, but when we are standing on the shoulder of this country, we are thinking ahead of most people. This studio is forward-looking and inspiring to a great extent. Liu Kaiyan
I benefited a lot from this studio as I learned a lot about the design discipline of shaping landform to achieve the design vision which I never thought of in my previous study life. This profound theory unveiled one of the charming aspects of landscape architecture to me and I think when I face new projects in the future, I could come up with another way to look at and solve problems. I feel very grateful to my tutors as they kindly, patiently helped me a lot through the whole semester especially in my struggle moment. However, I have to think more independently and participate in my design process more actively. I will try to find the thing I am fascinated with in my future academic and career life and firmly delve deeper into it. Tan Shuyue
This topic of our studio this semester is sea level rise. When we begin our design, we do a lot of preliminary research which I think is very helpful for our design. And my professor always encouraged us to be creative, which inspired me a lot to push myself to open my mind. And this is the first time I do the concept about infrastructure, which is also a new field for me. Overall, I really learned a lot this semester and also very grateful for my efforts this semester.
Li Jiaying
401
The studio is about the sea level rise issue, asking the student to think about how to intervene in the extreme climate and create a better living environment in landscape methods. During the design process, the most important part is about the future plan in large scale and this is also the most difficult step, because my site is the shipping land which is totally covered by concrete, and there is no trace of previous human development or activity. I have to establish a considerate schematic plan in large scale for residential and commercial development and under the plan to start to design my site. In this way, most of the design decision seems to make scene, and this also indicates the close relationship between planning and design: the planning instructs the design process and the design details make plan practical. Zheng Qiaoyu
This time, the studio involved areas I had never known before, because my hometown was inland, and sea level rise was a problem I had never thought about carefully. Through the process of the course learning and design, I gained a lot of skills and ideas with a way of thinking. During the course, I am very happy to hear guests from different fields bring views and opinions which are new and exciting. I have benefited a lot.
Yin YI
Reflections
402
We met lots of difficulties in the beginning of this semester, lack of data, limitation of activity area, and vague direction of research. However, with the help of Yun Hye and Evi, I found an interesting direction to make use of the resource of site. And it’s a new thing for me to think about how to regenerate the waste to respond sea level rise. In conclusion, tough process and nice ending!
Feng Kangtai
The studio project of this semester is very unforgettable to me. I learned a lot during the semester that I had not focused on before. What impressed me the most was the understanding and analysis of the basic information about the site. The collection and in-depth analysis of this information is the foundation of a project, not a judgment through one’s own common sense. In addition, since the topic of this project is sea level rise, which is a very long-term issue, it also made me look more into the long term and make some predictions about the future. I am very grateful for the help I received from my teachers and classmates and I hope to get better and further in the next steps. He Xiaowei
This semester passed much faster than I thought, and it challenged many fields that I had never touched before. For example, outdoor expansion venues and wild adventures. I used to think that this was only satisfied by various devices and flat grassland. But it was later discovered that interaction with the wild environment can make such activities more interesting and diverse. Not only that, but the once-unfamiliar vocabulary of mangroves has made my design more professional and authentic because of the opportunity of on-site visits.
Zhang Liping
403
This semester in Singapore is very fruitful and rewarding. Sea level rise is a topic I’ve touched on before. Exploring similar issues in a new country and with a different mentor has given me a deeper understanding of it. The field trips every week allowed me to interact with my site and helped me understand Singapore’s local conditions and customs to explore its unique potential for future improvement. Moreover, through the tight study schedule, I am able to promote the project more efficiently than before and found my shortcomings during the weekly consultation. Hopes I can make up my shortboard in the next semester, find more flexible design approaches and develop a more convincing and exciting project. Huang Xi
Zhu Wen
I have learned a lot in the studio this semester. First of all, I have a deeper understanding of the topic of sea level rise and a systematic study of strategies to deal with it. At the same time, with the help of two profs, my design logic has been improved. Although It is difficult to make a creative project that is in line with the current situation, profs continue to encourage me to diverge my thinking and give me new opinions, so that I can gradually understand and develop my design. At the same time, I also gained a lot in the process of group cooperation in the research of Singapore. How to analyze and how to use analysis to make our design strong and convincing are important parts i learnt from group work. Finally, I appreciate the help from two profs. It was the encouragement and guidance of the two profs that made me progress.
Reflections
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Student Editorial Team: Leader: Long Di Text-proofing: Ou Yeyao Layout & Format: Lam Ching Hang Chapter 1: Huang Xi, Li Xi, Xie Wanying Chapter 2: Zhu Wen Chapter 3: Zhang Liping, Zheng Qiaoyu Chapter 4: Hong Mengyi
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