Al-Jalil Gault - GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE

GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE

Al-Jalil Gault Rensselaer School of Architecture Graduation May 18, 2019 Critic Stefano Passeri Assessment Committeeman Rhett Russo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am compelled to thank my ancestors, family, faculty, and friends for all of their support throughout the 5 years of my architectural education. This project reveals core aspects of my identity, and I am grateful to be in such a discipline where a Final Project Thesis can do such a thing.

I thank Iyanifa Olamina Oseremogbo Obafemi for her spiritual guidance. I thank faculty and critics Stefano Passeri, Michael Oatman, R. Steven Lewis, Gustavo Crembil, and Adam Dayem for encouraging me with critical feedback and persistence. I thank my research partners Tanner Whitney and Shannon Zhang for their collaborative and engaging ideas. I think friends Maria Vollas, Alex Schneiderman, Nya Jackson, Courtney DeVeau for helping me with idea development and helping me practice presenting.

GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE Pressures of capitalism, production, and globalization create logistics architectures, simulationdriven planning, and performance-based design – often producing highly-robust environments devoid of humane existence. This project advocates for integration of traditional ecosystem economics, concepts of socio-political relations, and spiritual & epistemological values with the same highly-resilient, technologically versatile, powerful systems that exist in the stead-fast, politically powerful late capitalism.

This project is realized as a series of non-denominational places of worship in highly industrialized spaces, able to be used by people of all spiritual beliefs systems. Each space is conceived of within interstitial spaces between logistics infrastructures of a FedEx Distribution center. Features include elements of nature, procession, and ornamentation. Employees enter each space through a delayed procession until they enter the hearth where the space. The hearth of the place of worship will provide opportunities for sacriďŹ ce, meditation, and prayer. The act of sequence, procession, and pilgrimage is critical to spiritual growth in religion, and each space takes the user on a journey to begin their spiritual process. Ornamentation preserves culture through the production of effects.

It gets people invested in a place and allows them to consider what is sacred. The inclusion of elements of nature is critical because it aligns humans with elements made from our creators.

Al-Jalil Gault Rensselaer School of Architecture Graduation May 18, 2019 Critic Stefano Passeri Assessment Committeeman Rhett Russo

CONTENTS 6 8 16 20 24 28 30

Contextual Research Legacies of Urban Organization Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Industrial Culture: Technological Versatility & Political Power Alaska’s Oil Industry Imminent Demand for Climate Adaptation Anchorage in a Global Context

36 38 40 42

Disciplinary Research Bigness & Critical Regionalism Generic & Traditional Knowledge The Function of Ornament

44 46 50

Case Studies Industrial Knowledge: United Parcel Service Distribution Center Traditional Knowledge : Haida House & Kashim Ceremonial Gathering

54 56 58 60 62 74

Proposition God is Back in the Workplace: An Architectural Thesis Ornamentation, Procession, and Elements of Nature as Sacred “Free Space” as Site Model C Model S

82 84

Final Review and Discussion Time as Resistance and Review Photos

88 90 92

Image Citations and Bibliography Image Citations Bibliography

Contextual Research

6

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7

Frauenkirche, Nürnberg, Germany.

Completed 1361.

8

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FIG 1.1

RENAISSANCE PERIOD Urban organization through the Middle Ages centered around the idea of a public gathering space, originating earlier with the Greek agora. These gathering places served as places of worship, as forums for politics, and as marketplaces. In such a case, the city is conceived “as a tabula rasa dotted with a few existing landmarks� of Christianity.1 Religion constructs a holy skeleton for the city yet to be skinned.

1 Aureli, Pier Vittorio. The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.

1km

Princeton University Nassau Hall, Princeton, United States.

Built 1756.

10

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FIG 1.2

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT The privileged occupation of scholarly pursuits, as separated from working class jobs, manifested spatial differences during the 18th century Enlightenment, primarily in Europe and North America. The inected university campus attempted to reconstruct the fallacy of the agora as the intellectuals’ domain for sharing knowledge, resulting in a pocket for academia situated against the proletariat city.

1km

Ford Motors Piquette Avenue Plant, Detroit, United States.

Built 1904.

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FIG 1.3

INDUSTRIAL ERA During the ďŹ rst industrial revolution of the 19th century, the separation of one’s place of residence and place of work were inscribed in the layout of young cities. Also at this time, large scale infrastructure becomes prominent in the image of the city.

The effects of carving up the urban sprawl into zoned functions are visible today in these vast swaths of land that have fallen into disuse and disrepair as their hosted programs grew irrelevant.

1km

“The family, the hometown, the local church, and so on, no longer carry much weight in a society where factors such as divorce, social fragmentation, and a waning of religious interest have undercut their authority.�

Neal Leach

Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Alaska, United States.

Built 1951.

14

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FIG 1.4

GLOBAL AGE Globalization has made getting far away from the city of equal importance to getting around the city’s interior. An extensive network of international trade (and, by deďŹ nition, capitalism) has made possible the settlement of cities in humanly undesirable, but geographically advantageous locations. Corporations and their supporters withstand the harsh conditions of unforgiving climates, like that of Anchorage, Alaska, in the name of optimizing logistics. Another motivation (sometimes beneath the surface) is the exploitation of natural resources, such as gold and oil, in the case of Anchorage.

1km

TED STEVENS ANCHORAGE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ANC) The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is the largest airport in Alaska. The enclave sits near the waterfront, a few miles southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport’s runways are shared with a huge commercial shipping facility, a distribution and customs hub used by shipping giants like FedEx (Federal Express), UPS (United Parcel Service), and DHL (Dalsey, Hillblom and Lynn). The Kulis Air National Guard Base flanks the site as well.

The airport was originally constructed in 1951 to facilitate the shipment of goods from North America to Asia. Most aircraft could not sustain direct flights from the East Coast of the US to Asia, so Anchorage was an ideal spot for refueling. Until the late 1980s, Chinese and Soviet airspace were off-limits to passenger flights due to contentions of the Cold War. Thus, Anchorage International Airport became the primary refueling spot for planes traveling to and from East Asia. Following the end of the Cold War, most of these scheduled services ended too.

FedEx Express is the airport’s largest cargo facility, processing nearly 13,400 packages per hour. UPS’s hub processes about 5,000 parcels per hour. Anchorage is an ideal location for a distribution hub, since it is less than a 9.5 hour flight from 90% of the developed world.

FIG 1.5 16

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FIG 1.6

Leading U.S. Cargo Airports

Billion lbs of Cargo / yr

25 20

15.9 billion lbs of cargo/yr

15 10 5 0 (MEM) Memphis (ANC) Anchorage

(SDF) Louisville

(ORD) Chicago

(MIA) Miami

(IND) Indianapolis (LAX) Los Angeles

(CVG) Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky

International Airports

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17

01’

150° W 02’

10’

11’

12’

TED STEVENS ANCHORAGE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ANC) SITE PLAN

61° N 09’

50’ 200’

1000’

Utilities Cargo Passengers

2000’

5000’

00’

149° W 59’

58’

TECHNOLOGICAL VERSATILITY Industrial Ports continue to have highly capable technologies regimented for one purpose within a corporation. While these technologies are leveraged and often optimized to perform a desired operation within a firm, they exist with enormous potential because they give firms the possibility to leverage their other capabilities, allow a firm to eventually diversify its products, markets, and operations. Beyond diversifying a firms capabilities, these tools also facilitate greater speculation of alternative architectures for a firms future – that is – as a firm’s capabilities and operations change, so does their architecture.

Ports APMT and RWG are container terminals at the Port of Rotterdam’s Maasvlakte 2, and are known to be the world’s most automated terminals. The terminal operates largely autonomously, with the addition of remote operators, and aids significantly in the logistics sequence. Fully-automated terminals now load and unload the largest container ships 24/7.2 Smart-Arms, Drone Ships, and radar technologies leveraged by the Port of Rotterdam & UPS’s Worldport have potential for entirely alternate lives beyond their primary usage.

An excellent example of this diversification of services is the partnership between UPS (United Parcel Service) and Toshiba.

The two have a partnership where UPS is now responsible for the entire operations of in-warranty laptop repairs.3 This new arrangement allows Toshiba to leverage UPS store location throughout the world for same-day delivery to UPS’s Louisville, KY Worldport facility. A dedicated 10,000sqft space now exists for the repair of laptops adjacent to the center, which allows for much faster procurement of critical parts from other Global Manufacturing Sites.

This also allows Toshiba to leverage UPS’s sophisticated transaction collating system, which can provide data about which parts are most often replaced, informing improvements for Toshiba’s future laptop models.4

2 Maasvlakte 2: Five years of operation. (2018, July 10). Retrieved September 7, 2018, from https://www. portofrotterdam.com/en/news-andpress-releases/maasvlakte-2-fiveyears-of-operation 3 “Partnership with UPS Enabled Toshiba to Speed up Laptop Repair Service.” Business Today. November 30, 2011. Accessed September 14, 2018. https://www.businesstoday.in/ magazine/cover-story/innovationtoshiba-ups/story/20185.html.

4 Ibid.

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FIG 1.7

FIG 1.8

FIG 1.7 Automated Terminal at the Port of Rotterdam. Port of Rotterdam, Rotterdam. https:// www.portofrotterdam.com/ sites/default/files/styles/por_is_ content_image/public/mv2_apmt2. jpg?itok=pI1SGv7W. FIG 1.8 Louisville International Airport.

Louisville, KY. http://soulofamerica. com/soagalleries/louisv/trans/ Louisville_airport.jpg.

FIG 1.9

FIG 1.9 Inside UPS’s Highlyautomated Worldport. Aerosavy, Louisville, KY. https://i1.wp.com/ aerosavvy.com/wp-content/ uploads/2017/04/Image02-1200.jpg.

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CO-MINGLING POTENTIAL The movement of cargo from one plane to another plane that may or may not be in the initiating carrier’s fleet. The following are three current options for foreign cargo carriers flying into ANC. ANC US-Based Air Cargo Carrier’s US Destination

ANC Foreign Air Cargo Carrier's US Destination

ANC Foreign Air Cargo Carrier's Foreign Destination

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IN POLITICAL LIBERATION The United States Department of Transportation recognizes the unique value of the Anchorage international airport (ANC). Along with the Fairbanks International Airport (FIA) Alaskan airports exist with a unique flexibility not afforded to other airports in the United States. These Airports have an agreement where foreign cargo and airlines have the ability to “co-mingle” cargo operations within the states5. This involves the movement of cargo from one plane to another plane that may or may not be in the initiating carrier’s fleet. This agreement incentivizes international air cargo operations at ANC, leverages ANC’s competitive advantage with a very accessible location. In a bill from the House of Representatives in 2001, Alaska successfully encouraged the Dept. of Transportation to6:

“…explore using Alaska as a testing ground for even greater liberalization of foreign and domestic air carriers’ rights to carry international air cargo...”

This bill acknowledges that there are existing threats to the viability of ANC as an international cargo port, and ANC must take political measures to ensure that ANC continues to be competitive, creating economic activity and jobs for the United States. Some of these threats include the increasing use of larger aircrafts, which may avoid the frequent stops made at ANC, and other polar flights, which avoid the Alaskan region altogether7.

Transportation deregulation at ANC ultimately sets a precedent for other Airport enclaves in the United States wishing to enhance their global competitive advantage.

5 Prokop, Darren. “The Logistics of Air Cargo Co-mingling at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport.”

Journal of Air Transport Management 8, no. 2 (2002): 109-14. doi:10.1016/ s0969-6997(01)00035-7.

6 U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2001: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4475, 5394, and S. 2720, an Act Making Appropriations for the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and for Other Purposes. H. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

7 Prokop, Darren, 2002.

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PRUDHOE BAY NPR ANWR

TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE

ANCHORAGE

EXISTING OIL & GAS WELLS

NPR - National Petroleum Reserve ANWR - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

billions of barrels

Alaska Crude Oil Reserves

8

crude oil reserves expected to decrease

7 6

ALASKA’S OIL INDUSTRY The oil industry in Alaska provides some of the most essential and highest-paying jobs in the state.

Over one third of all Alaskan jobs are in the petroleum sector, and the state estimates that 90 percent of its revenue comes from the oil and gas industry.

In 1976, a portion of the state’s oil revenues was set aside, and an annual dividend is distributed to every eligible Alaskan. Since the annual dividend started being distributed in 1982, a family of four has received a total of $133,461.

5 4 3 2 1 0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

90% of Alaska’s state budget comes from the oil and gas industry.

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THE HISTORY OF OIL IN ALASKA Oil was first discovered in Alaska in 1957. From there, the U.S. Congress granted Alaska its statehood, deeming it a secure economic base. The discovery of the giant Prudhoe Bay oil field on Alaska’s North Slope in 1967 further established Alaska as an oil and gas province.

FIG 1.10

In recent years, the production of crude oil has been in decline, and not for lack of resources (though oil reserves are being rapidly depleted). The government tax under the previous tax system was so high that Alaska was unable to compete with other oil provinces in the U.S. The state is making efforts to encourage investment in Alaskan oil, spurring some new growth.

Increased fuel efficiency decreases necessary consumption.

Alaska Crude Oil Production

thousand barrels/day 2400

peak oil production in 1988

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

20

thousand barrels/year

Alaska Jet Fuel Consumption

40000 35000

peak jet fuel consumption in 2006 peak cargo traffic in 2007

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2002

2004

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2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

201

18

Prudhoe Bay remains one of the largest oil fields in North America, with three other of the top ten producing oil fields also located on the North Slope. Yet, Alaska’s reliance on its rapidly diminishing natural resources is alarming. The resources it thrives on are also non-replenishable. What becomes of Alaska once its oil fields cease production?

FIG 1.11

FIG 1.10 The Trans-Alaska Pipeline.

million $/year

peak revenue in 2008

12000 10000 8000 6000

spending expected to decrease

4000 2000 0 2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

2024

2026

2028

2030

2032

2034

2036

Alaskan State Revenues and Spending

FIG 1.11 Alaskan oil rig.

thousand metric tonnes/year 3200 3000 2800 2600

fuel consumption expected to decrease cargo traffic expected to decrease

2400 2200 2000

ANC Total Cargo Traffic

006

RESOURCES IN DECLINE The importance of the oil industry in Alaska’s economy means that, without oil, Alaska’s economy would tank. Unfortunately for Alaska, its oil production has been in decline since its peak in 1988, when the state accounted for 25 percent of U.S. domestic production. Now, Alaska produces approximately seven percent.

New oil fields are more and more treacherous to develop, as many are located in remote areas.

1800

2020

2022

2024

2026

2028

2030

2032

0 2034

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IMMINENT DEMAND FOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION The consequences of observed and projected climate change have and will undermine indigenous ways of life. Some of these vulnerabilities include loss of traditional knowledge in rapidly changing ecological conditions, increased food insecurity, changing water availability, arctic sea loss, permafrost thaw, and relocation from historic homelands8. Populations face an imminent demand for community adaptation in order to sustain their livelihood.

31 Alaskan towns and cities face imminent risk from melting ice and coastal erosion. For many of the inhabitants, this will demand an adaptation in lifestyle or possibly relocation.

Newtok, a Yupik Eskimo village, experienced accelerated rates of erosion caused by a combination of thawing permafrost, decreased arctic sea ice, and storms in the autumn, now occurring during the ice-free season. Although the community has sought for assistance to relocate for an entire generation (17 years), federal and state statutes and regulations, such as postdisaster recovery legislation, have delayed their ability to move.

8 Cochran, Patricia, Orville H. Huntington, et.al “Indigenous Frameworks for Observing and Responding to Climate Change in Alaska.� Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States, March 26, 2013, 49-59. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05266-3_5.

9 Ibid.

Percent difference in Sea Ice Presence

Environmental changes require shifts in lifestyle and knowledge.

20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 1981

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1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

“Not that long ago the water was far from our village and could not be easily seen from our homes. Today the weather is changing and is slowly taking away our village. Our boardwalks are warped, some of our buildings tilt, the land is sinking and falling away, and the water is close to our homes. The infrastructure that supports our village is compromised and affecting the health and well-being of our community members, especially our children” - (Village of Newtok)9

10 Nakamura, Tracey, and NOAA. “Sea Ice.” Arctic Program. December 01, 2017. Accessed December 06, 2018. https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/ReportCard/Report-Card-2017/ArtMID/7798/ ArticleID/699/Sea-Ice.

seasonal presence of ice continues to decrease 10

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

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MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGION

DENMARK

ICELAND GREENLAND

RUSSIA

CANADA

UNITED STATES

RUSSIAN MILITARY FORCES Consisting of both Naval and Ground Forces, Russia’s Northern Fleet continues to expand.

UNITED STATES MILITARY FORCES The US Alaska Command is responsible for operations in and around the state of Alaska, Headquartered at the Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson near Anchorage CANADIAN MILITARY FORCES Canadian Armed Force’s Core objectives in the artic are to provide security and defend the sovereignty of canadian territory 30 GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE

OIL PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGION

ANCHORAGE

OIL PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGION A 2008 United States Geological Survey estimates that areas north of the Arctic Circle have 90 billion barrels of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil (and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids ) in 25 geologically deďŹ ned areas thought to have potential for petroleum.

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STRATEGIC ECONOMIC LOCATION

ANCHORAGE

STRATEGIC ECONOMIC LOCATION As glaciers in the Arctic region continue to melt during summer seasons, the arctic ocean transforms from an inaccessible, frozen desert into a very navigable trade route. Shipping markets within the northern hemisphere are able leverage the strategic trans-arctic routes, connecting the eastern and western parts of the world, and accommodating increasing global demand for goods.

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STRATEGIC POLITICAL LOCATION

BERLIN

MOSCOW

WASHINGTON

BEIJING

ANCHORAGE SEOUL TOKYO

STRATEGIC POLITICAL LOCATION As a state, Alaska allows the United States to become an arctic nation. This strategic location, being so close to the north pole, positions the US with signiďŹ cant access to other world capitals, more than any of the other fourty-eight states. Thus, Alaska and Anchorage become critical for national security.

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CARGO AND PASSENGER DESTINATIONS - ANCHORAGE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ANC)

ANCHORAGE

MAIN CARGO DESTINATIONS AMS Amsterdam Airport Schipol HKG Hong Kong International Airport MEM Memphis International Airport NRT Tokyo Narita International Airport PVG Shanghai Pudong International Airport SDF Louisville International Airport CARGO + PASSENGER ATL HartsďŹ eld Jackson Atlanta Airport FRA Frankfurt International Airport JFK John F. Kennedy International Airport LAX Los Angeles International Airport SFO San Francisco International Airport 34 GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE

THREAT OF VOLCANIC ASH - THE RING OF FIRE

ANCHORAGE

THE RING OF FIRE

THREAT OF VOLCANIC ASH - THE RING OF FIRE Air traffic in Anchorage is in sever danger of being delayed or redirected due to volcanic eruptions across Alaska.

Pumic deposits ejected from an eruption are strong enough to break crucial instruments and components of all types of planes, including the windshield of a commercial jet.

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Disciplinary Research

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ARCHITECTURE OF BIGNESS Koolhaas’ Bigness or the problem of Large argues that architectures of Bigness create a place of anything and everything, allowing for unprecedented “regimes of freedom” in a space which regulates the coexistence of potentially vastly different programs11. In 1972, The Centre Pompidou proposed large loft spaces where “anything was possible”12. Its identity exists as a demonstrative generic.

Bigness and Archizoom’s No Stop City surrender to infrastructure; to engineers, contractors, technologies, social systems. These nonplaces promise architectures of neutrality.

FIG 2.1

FIG 2.2

FIG 2.3

FIG 2.4

11 Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, Jennifer Sigler, and Hans Werlemann. “Bigness, or the Problem of Large.” Small, Medium, Large, Extra-large: Office for Metropolitan Architecture. New York, NY: Monacelli Press, 1998.

12 Ibid.

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CRITICAL REGIONALISM Society struggles to maintain heritage in the midst of universal civilization. In response, Kenneth Frampton argues for Critical Regionalism as a strategy which mediates the impacts of universalization – the creation of this non-place, neutral in stance and absent of identity – through the use of elements derived indirectly from aspects of a particular place13.

Jørn Utzon adopts the section of Bagsvaerd Church after precedent study of Oriental Landscape and Architecture.

In his Manifesto, Platforms and Plateaus, Utzon also shows the adoption of the Sydney Opera House’s shell roof in relation to such studies14.

FIG 2.5

FIG 2.6

FIG 2.7

FIG 2.8

FIG 2.9

FIG 2.10

13 Baudrillard, Jean, Douglas Crimp, Kenneth Frampton, Jurgen Habrmas, Fredric Jameson, Krauss Rosalind, Craig Owens, Edward Said, and Gregory Ulmer. “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance.“ The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Edited by Hal Foster. New York: New Press, 1983.

14 Utzon, Jörn. Platforms and Plateaus: Ideas of a Danish Architect. 1962.

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GENERIC KNOWLEDGE LOGISTICS

FIG 2.11 Single-story Flow

FIG 2.12 Multi-story Flow

Early phases of facility layout design seek to generate the maximum number of solutions possible, then proceed to clarify the best solution out of iteration and enhanced specificity.

Single-flow diagrams above reveal relationships between elements, start-to-finish relationships. multi-story relationships of three stories utilize conveyor material in flow15.

FIG 2.13 Modeling Layout Iterations

FIG 2.14 Calculating Departmental Space Requirements

Using a CRAFT design process, flow data and cost data are used to coordinate departmental space requirements. Upon more design specifications, a model is reviewed with the owner.

15 Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis. Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

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TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE RELIGION

FIG 2.15

FIG 2.16

Several Native American tribes tell a narrative of a “Distant” or “Mythical Age” when the “First House” was created as a container for their emerging culture16. Many would link the creation of the world itself to the creation of the house.

This idea that the house was a model of the universe was suggested by native groups such as the Eskimo, the Navajo, the Hopi, the Delaware, and the Blackfeet. Origin myths were sometimes recited as construction would begin, as a way to collect properly collect building materials, good construction techniques, and bless the finished building.

The “Shaking Tent” was a setting for divination performed by a specially trained shaman17.

The tent was traditionally constructed by the Chippewa using three birch and spruce uprights, along with two birth and spruce horizontal rings.

As the shaman enters, he is understood to be at the center of the world, where the horizontal world of the humans may interact with the vertical world of mythological beings.

16 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

17 Ibid.

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THE FUNCTION OF ORNAMENT - FARSHID MOUSSAVI / MICHAEL KUBO

FIG 2.17 MIT Simmons Hall / Steven Holl

FIG 2.18 MIT Simmons Hall / Steven Holl

Construction / Scaleless - The Simmons Hall dormitory at MIT produces a scaleless effect, “exploiting” the size of the windows to conceal the position of floor plates. A typical room is defined by a 3x3 matrix of openings, rather than typical single window. This makes it difficult to perceive a point of reference for every floor.

FIG 2.19 Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa

FIG 2.20 Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa

Program / Aggregated - The Nakagin Capsule Tower produces an aggregated effect, by stacking programs along a central tower. The new composition is read as highly dynamic as orientations of capsules also change.

18 Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.

19 Ibid.

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FIG 2.21 The Seagram Building / Mies Van der Rohe

FIG 2.22 The Seagram Building / Mies Van der Rohe

Construction / Vertical - The Seagram Building by Mies Van der Rohe uses a series of attached, vertical I-beams, “prioritizing” the vertical lines of the building over the horizontal floor plates. These I-beams “express” the concealed structural beams beneath the facade.

FIG 2.23 Iglesia del Cristo Obrero / Eladio Dieste

FIG 2.24 Iglesia del Cristo Obrero / Eladio Dieste

Construction / Undulated - The Iglesia del Cristo Obrero by Eladio Dieste creates an undulated effect through the structural rationale and brick tectonics.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

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Case Studies

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INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE - UNITED PARCEL SERVICE (UPS) SHIPPING AND MAILING FIG 3.1

The UPS Shipping and Mailing facilities operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. With over 500 employees, the ANC UPS facility exists as UPS’s Alaska Hub, not only connecting to airports in the Alaskan region, but also connecting to worldwide hubs, such as Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Louisville.

INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE OF CONSTRUCTION

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SHELL

INFRASTRUCTURE

PROGRAM

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INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE - UNITED PARCEL SERVICE (UPS) SHIPPING AND MAILING FIG 3.1

The UPS Shipping and Mailing facilities operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. With over 500 employees, the ANC UPS facility exists as UPS’s Alaska Hub, not only connecting to airports in the Alaskan region, but also connecting to worldwide hubs, such as Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Louisville.

LOADING

SORTING + LOADING

SORTING

UNLOADING + SORTING

UNLOADING

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SORTING NEXUS

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TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE - HAIDA HOUSES FIG 3.2

The Haida Plank houses used a series of beams for construction. This six-beam is more common than its counterpart, the two-beam house. Upon entering these houses, entrances were adorned with animals, producing the effect of entering an animals mouth or stomach upon entering the house.22

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TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF CONSTRUCTION

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TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE - KASHIM CEREMONIAL GATHERING FIG 3.3

The Kashim houses were for ceremonial gatherings, including religious ceremonies as well as theatrical performances.23 22 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton.

Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

23 Ibid.

FIG 3.4

THE IDEAL COSMIC HOUSE

FIG 3.5

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Proposition

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GOD IS BACK IN THE WORKPLACE Pressures of capitalism, production, and globalization create logistics architectures, simulation-driven planning, and performance-based design – often producing highlyrobust environments devoid of humane existence. This project advocates for integration of traditional ecosystem economics, concepts of socio-political relations, and spiritual & epistemological values with the same highly-resilient, technologically versatile, powerful systems that exist in the steadfast, politically powerful late capitalism.

This project is realized as a series of non-denominational places of worship in highly industrialized spaces, able to be used by people of all spiritual beliefs systems. Each space is conceived of within interstitial spaces between logistics infrastructures of a FedEx Distribution center. Features include elements of nature, procession, and ornamentation. Employees enter each space through a delayed procession until they enter the hearth where the space. The hearth of the place of worship will provide opportunities for sacriďŹ ce, meditation, and prayer. The act of sequence, procession, and pilgrimage is critical to spiritual growth in religion, and each space takes the user on a journey to begin their spiritual process. Ornamentation preserves culture through the production of effects. It gets people invested in a place and allows them to consider what is sacred. The inclusion of elements of nature is critical because it aligns humans with elements made from our creators.

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MODEL C - EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

MODEL S - EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

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ORNAMENTATION PRESERVES BEAUTY AND CULTURE THROUGH PRODUCTION OF EFFECTS. Farshid Moussavi argues in The Function of Ornament that the role of ornamentation exists in the production of effects . Such effects revealed are reflections of cultural values and often beauty. As a spiritual act, the production of beauty is understood as a divine gift; one worth preserving and eternally being in the presence of.

In this project borrows ornamentation or other graphics of culture and geometrically transforms them for the production of a new ornamentation. This new ornamentation is included as elements for expression of new effects and beautification.

PROCESSION CHARACTERIZES THE JOURNEY TOWARDS ENLIGHTENMENT. The act of sequence, procession, and pilgrimage exists across all spiritual belief systems, Including Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Ifá. Procession is both a literal and allegorical representation of growth in life and spiritual wellness. Procession is not meant to be easy, but is meant to also sacrifice time and energy for enlightenment. Thus, Procession and sequence is also a mode of resistance to time in spiritual growth.

In this project, primary elements of procession are the spaces which inhabitants crawl through to arrive at the primary place of worship. Their interiors are felt, meant to help acoustically isolate the space, embossed with ornamentation used in the primary space of meditation.

ELEMENTS OF NATURE ALLOW US TO APPRECIATE OTHER PRODUCTS OF DIVINE CREATION. Elements of nature are capable of producing divine sensations or effects. Ancient mythology across the world have deities of bodies of water, fire, and natural elements alike. Water is perceived to have cleansing properties across major world religions, ` Hinduism. While fire (especially in the form of a candle or flame) in Christianity is associated with reverence of the Holy Spirit, ancient mythology around the world also possesses deities of fire with varying associated meanings. Inclusion of elements of nature allows us to appreciate its sacred meanings.

In this project, elements of nature are included in Model C as both candle light and in the form of a meditative bath. Model S primary element of nature is included as a fire meditation experience. As users inhabit the project, elements of nature allow users to be in the same presence as their divine origins.

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ORNAMENTATION - MODEL S

ORNAMENTATION - MODEL C

PROCESSION - MODEL C

MEDITATION WITH NATURE - MODEL C

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MODEL S EXTERIOR VIEW

MODEL C EXTERIOR VIEW

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INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE - UNITED PARCEL SERVICE (UPS) SHIPPING AND MAILING

FREE SPACE

Interjected into the “Free Space” of a typical FedEx distribution center floor plan, places of worship subvert industrial contexts, allowing new spiritual experiences into these mundane environments.

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MODEL C EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

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Infrastructure

Structure

Air

Water

Waste

Electricity

Worship

Altar

Meditative Bath

Ornament

Procession

Shell

Industrial Envelope

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MODEL C ORNAMENTATION

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ỌDÙN MEJI de IFÁ ALTERED Ornamentation

Ifá, Southwest Nigeria

Sixteen Ọdùn Meji of Ifá Eji Ogbe Oyeku

Ogunda

Irosun

Ogunda

Osa

Iwori

Ika

Owonrin

Osa

Odi

Irosun Owonrin Obara Okanran

Oturupon Otura

Irete

Oshe

Ofun

scale rotate add subtract

Obara

Okanran

Eji Ogbe

Oyeku

Iwori

Odi

Ika

Oturupon

Otura

Irete

Oshe

Ofun

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MODEL C 3D-PRINTED MODEL PHOTOS

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MODEL C PERSPECTIVE SECTION

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MODEL S EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

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Structure

Infrastructure

Air

Electricity Gas

Worship

Ornament Fire Meditation

Procession

Industrial Envelope

Shell

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MODEL S ORNAMENTATION

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JESUS OUR SAVIOR ALTERED Ornamentation Christianity, Jerusalem

Stained Glass Window split mirror rotate

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MODEL S PERSPECTIVE PLAN

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Final Review and Discussion

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TIME AS RESISTANCE One could argue that, with the inclusion of these new places of worship, this will encourage Distribution Center operators to keep employees longer in the workplace, citing that these new sites serve as amenities and thus compensate as time off. The project, then, would do nothing to offset labor exploitation, but accelerate its presence in the workplace.

One could also argue, however, that these places become a new sanctuary for the worker, as a discreet hiding place. They places would then become an effective method of resistance against capitalists forces of increased labor in such sites.

Critic Yael Erel of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute commented that Model C presents an intense resistance to time because of the ritual of a meditative bath being such a time-consuming exercise. This requires that one would have to undress themselves, ďŹ ll a bathtub, meditate for an ambiguous, preferential amount of time, and then exit the bathtub and drain the bathtub.

This concept of time as resistance is powerful and not unfounded. CP Time (Colored People’s Time) is a cultural occurrence that occurs in African American Communities which operate on a different time-scale than dominant American

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cultural scheduling and timing practices. While this occurrence is often dismissed a “black people always being late”, it is also critiqued and understood as a resistance to pervading American capitalist systems where time is money, and money is time24.

Such a system, which has enslaved Black Americans upon arrival through Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, has not historically served in the best of the Black Population’s interest, and is thus worthy of being a subject of resistance.

This concept of time as resistance is also seen occurring in China as Xinjiang Time. While the rest of the Republic of China operates on what is known as Beijing Time, Xinjiang (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, XUAR) is an ethnically divisive, westernmost region and exists two hours behind Beijing time, shared with neighboring nations Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Within Xinjiang, two dominating ethnic groups include the Uyghurs people (recognized as an ethnic minority within China), and the Han people (largest ethnic group in china, making up about 18% of the global population). Division between these two groups exists where the Han people using a different time than the rest the provincial region, and use Beijing Time (two hours ahead), while the Uyghurs people use Xinjiang Time25. This causes a lot of confusion, where local television stations or officials will even use both time zones when referring to scheduling. The

24 Onli, Meg. Foreword to: “Imperium in Imperio: A Study of the Negro Race Problem. A Novel” Produced in Conjunction with the exhibition series: Colored People’s Time: Mundane Futures, Quotidian Pasts, and Banal Presents. University of Pennsylvania.

Janruary 1, 2019.

25 Demick, Barbara. “Clocks Square off in China’s Far West.” Los Angeles Times (blog), March 31, 2009.

Accessed July 01, 2019. https://www. latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009mar-31-fg-china-timezone31-story. html.

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use of Beijing Time has been critiqued as a mode of resistance to territorial efforts which tie the Xinjiang region temporally with neighboring nations.

Resistance to working in industrial contexts through an inclusive model of spiritual meditation was the primary effort of this project, and the project has enticed critics as an effective, desirable initiative. Moving forward, this project should continue to explore the ways in which architectural efforts may promote different kinds of resistance (mechanical, temporal, special, programmatic, or other).

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Image Citations & Bibliography

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IMAGE CITATIONS FIG 1.1 “Imperial Castle of Nuremberg.” Digital image. December 23, 2011. http://www.kaiserburg-nuernberg.de/bilder/burg/panorama700. jpg.

FIG 1.2 “Princeton Aerial View.” Digital image. Four Engineering Scholars among Princeton’s First Presidential Postdoctoral Research Fellows.

April 9, 2019. https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2019/04/09/ four-engineering-scholars-among-princeton-s-first-presidential-postdoctoral-research.

FIG 1.3 Pinho, Kirk. “Detroit.” Digital image. March 26, 2017. https://www. crainsdetroit.com/assets/PDF/CD109508318.PDF. FIG 1.4 “Anchorage.” Digital image. Anchorage: To Stay or to Skip? May 6, 2019. https://www.alaskacollection.com/Alaska/media/Images/Stories/2018/11/MBN-Anchorage-Skyline.jpg?ext=.jpg.

FIG 1.5 Schultz, Jeff. “FedEX Facility Acnhorage Alaska.” Digital image.

FED EX. February 14, 2016. https://www.schultzphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alaska-corporate-assignment-photography-fedex-006.jpg.

FIG 1.6 Schultz, Jeff. “FedEX Facility Acnhorage Alaska.” Digital image.

FED EX. February 14, 2016. https://www.schultzphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/AA5D_MG_8556.jpg FIG 1.7 “Automated Terminal at the Port of Rotterdam”. Port of Rotterdam, Rotterdam. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/styles/ por_is_content_image/public/mv2_apmt2.jpg?itok=pI1SGv7W. FIG 1.8 “Louisville International Airport”. Louisville, KY. http://soulofamerica.com/soagalleries/louisv/trans/Louisville_airport.jpg.

FIG 1.9 “Inside UPS’s Highly-automated Worldport”. Aerosavy, Louisville, KY. https://i1.wp.com/aerosavvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ Image02-1200.jpg.

FIG 1.10 Dawson, Tim. “Denali Fault: Alaska Pipeline.” Digital image.

November 10, 2002. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/denali-fault-alaska-pipeline.

FIG 1.11 “Alaskan Oil Rig.” Digital image. October 6, 2010. http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/assets/media/Yost at KLU.jpg.

FIG 2.1 “Centre Pompidou.” Digital image. Kasimir Malevitch : Retour Sur L’exposition Hommage De 1978. January 12, 2014. https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/867/files/2014/11/9.-M5050_X0031_ MUS_19780801_005_P-300x199.jpg.

FIG 2.2, FIG 2.3, FIG 2.4 Archizoom Associates, “No-Stop City. Residential Parkings. Climatic Universal Sistem” Domus 496, March 1971.

FIG 2.5 Utzon, Jörn. . “Sketch 11.” Digital image Platforms and Plateaus: Ideas of a Danish Architect. 1962.

FIG 2.6 Utzon, Jörn. . “Sketch 12.” Digital image Platforms and Plateaus: Ideas of a Danish Architect. 1962.

FIG 2.7, FIG 2.8 “Bagsværd Church Interior.” Digital image. AD Classics: Bagsværd Church / Jørn Utzon. September 12, 2011. https://www. archdaily.com/160390/ad-classics-bagsvaerd-church-jorn-utzon?ad_ medium=gallery.

FIG 2.9 “Bagsværd Church Elevation.” Digital image. AD Classics: Bagsværd Church / Jørn Utzon. September 12, 2011. https://www. archdaily.com/160390/ad-classics-bagsvaerd-church-jorn-utzon?ad_ medium=gallery.

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FIG 2.10 “Bagsværd Church Section.” Digital image. AD Classics: Bagsværd Church / Jørn Utzon. September 12, 2011. https://www. archdaily.com/160390/ad-classics-bagsvaerd-church-jorn-utzon?ad_ medium=gallery.

FIG 2.11 Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis. “Single Story Flow” Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach.

Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

FIG 2.12 Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis.

“Multi-Story Flow” Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

FIG 2.13 Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis. “Physical Model” Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach.

Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

FIG 2.14 Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis. “Calculating Departmental Space Requirements” Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

FIG 2.15 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. “Model House” Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

FIG 2.16 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. “Shaking Tent” Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

FIG 2.17, FIG 2.18 Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. “MIT Simmons Hall/Steven Holl.” The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.

FIG 2.19, FIG 2.20 Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. “Nakagin Capsule Tower/Kisho Kurokawa.” The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.

FIG 2.21, FIG 2.22 Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. “The Seagram Building.” The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.

FIG 2.23, FIG 2.24 Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. “Iglesia del Cristo Obrero/Eladio Dieste.” The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.

FIG 3.1 Google Maps. (n.d.). Anchorage International Airport, Anchorage, United States. Map data ©2019 Google. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Tver,+Tver+Oblast,+Russia/@56.8595547,35.7493885,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x46b687ab1d6c94f3:0xf42b3a95f433bc9c!8m2!3d56.8587214!

4d35.9175965. Screenshot by author.

FIG 3.2 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. “Plank House” Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

FIG 3.3 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. “Kashim House” Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

FIG 3.4 Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. “Cross Section through Kashim House” Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Aureli, Pier Vittorio. The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.

Baudrillard, Jean, Douglas Crimp, Kenneth Frampton, Jurgen Habrmas, Fredric Jameson, Krauss Rosalind, Craig Owens, Edward Said, and Gregory Ulmer. “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance.” The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Edited by Hal Foster. New York: New Press, 1983.

Cochran, Patricia, Orville H. Huntington, et.al “Indigenous Frameworks for Observing and Responding to Climate Change in Alaska.” Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States, March 26, 2013, 49-59. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05266-3_5.

Demick, Barbara. “Clocks Square off in China’s Far West.” Los Angeles Times (blog), March 31, 2009. Accessed July 01, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/ archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-31-fg-china-timezone31-story.html.

Francis, Richard L., John A. White, and Leon F. McGinnis. Facility Layout and Location an Analytical Approach. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1992.

Kol, Zuhal. “The Space of a 48-hour Time Frame: FedEx Delivery Infrastructure.” Openact. Architecture (blog), April 22, 2014. Accessed July 01, 2019. https://openact.eu/filter/works/DELIVERY-INFRASTRUCTURE. Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, Jennifer Sigler, and Hans Werlemann. “Bigness, or the Problem of Large.” Small, Medium, Large, Extra-large: Office for Metropolitan Architecture. New York, NY: Monacelli Press, 1998.

Moussavi, Farshid, and Michael Kubo. The Function of Ornament. Barcelona: Actar, 2008.Maasvlakte 2: Five years of operation. (2018, July 10). Retrieved September 7, 2018, from https://www.portofrotterdam. com/en/news-and-press-releases/maasvlakte-2-five-years-of-operation Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Nakamura, Tracey, and NOAA. “Sea Ice.” Arctic Program. December 01, 2017. Accessed December 06, 2018. https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2017/ArtMID/7798/ArticleID/699/Sea-Ice. Onli, Meg. Foreword to: “Imperium in Imperio: A Study of the Negro Race Problem. A Novel” Produced in Conjunction with the exhibition series: Colored People’s Time: Mundane Futures, Quotidian Pasts, and Banal Presents. University of Pennsylvania. Janruary 1, 2019.

“Partnership with UPS Enabled Toshiba to Speed up Laptop Repair Service.” Business Today. November 30, 2011. Accessed September 14, 2018. https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/innovation-toshiba-ups/story/20185.html.

Prokop, Darren. “The Logistics of Air Cargo Co-mingling at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport.” Journal of Air Transport Management 8, no. 2 (2002): 109-14. doi:10.1016/s0969-6997(01)00035-7.

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U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2001: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4475, 5394, and S. 2720, an Act Making Appropriations for the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and for Other Purposes. H. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

Utzon, Jรถrn. Platforms and Plateaus: Ideas of a Danish Architect. 1962

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Al-Jalil Gault Rensselaer School of Architecture Graduation May 18, 2019 Critic Stefano Passeri Assessment Committeeman Rhett Russo