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.,'" $76.95 The now Second Edition i8 re!:lI)(mlliv6 to the acuLe need of the practitioner to keep abreast of recent- Iawl and caaes 811 wellslI fo'ederallncome Tax considerations.

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The new Second F,dition ret.ainIJ the Cha rtlcler of the fil1lt edit,ion in itIJ emphasi8, and , due to the advent of lOft forml, treata t he C<l natitutlonality of ltatutellim iting damages.

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President's Page use thb oPIJOrtunity to further share with Illy fellow lawyers SQml: of my goals and ideals. In my initial Pmsi· denl'S P.1Se, I Joined n'ly voi ce with so many others (including Ottr recent past bM prl'Sident's) in decrying the percei....oo m:nrl away from profession.llism . For the l},lSt two deCild c~ or so, Alabama and the natio!1 hM cxperienCl.-d lin ileeder'lting trend to...md specialization and fragmen. I"lioll of the I>racticing bJr. Speclalizmlon is prob.'1bly a logically neceSs.lry resu lt of our increa singly more compIiC<lt~ society, Spe<;iillization of lega l tasks i. not my concern or worry; my ilPprehension is thilt the process of spedJliza[ion h"$ inert'il~I...d <lIld entrenched a wholly unhealthy ~ttitude of di ... lsivclless .11\\01111. lawye~. There is il CAINE time and plJc~ for ad\lOCacy on behalf of a client, of one'5 political and legal beliefs .111d of on e'~ own self·interest. HOWCIlCr, I Questioll wh ether leaders and "opinion m~kef5" wi thin the bar are instillin g in our younger IllWYluS lhe nobler Ideals of the pro(e~si on or th e overriding necessity of thinking about thl) bolT a ~ an effee;;. ti\'C single entity, r:]ther than as some kind of fC<luired social org1lnl;(atlol1. My hill.hest hope {or my tenure as your bilf prc$ident Is thM this rei'r will be viewed l(lIef as a w,lterslu·.'(1 in il1tr;lb,1( relaliom. \oVe CJn reverse thi s trend toward rancorous di ... ision and fi nd ilrea5 of common concern where the bar, working as a whole. C.1n n1,1ke II posiTi\IC difference in our profe~ ~ ion and In the lives of all of our 5["te's citizens. In_ di ... ldunllaw\(.!!'!; and ~u bgrou l~ Of The t,.1r (oorpor'lte CO(JIl ' sell, governrncnt lawyers, 1)laintiffs' Iilwyers, In~urilnc:e defense firm " cIC.) still call pursue thei r IMt ku lar interests without setting Jslde the higher Interest of Willy of Ihe

profe~5ion .

With the help of the 5wff ill the SI"le bar head<jUMlerS ilnd all the 5cIOt.>Ss committee voluntccf'i, 1 holX' to accom· 1)11 5h the I1lying of fQundmion s for bener cooperation wi thin the bar and (or genlnll. the bar more ,le;;tively in·

volved In thl' public Issul's of the d<lY. As I)ubllc profession. acting with one lI()ice, we Ciln nud should be a posJrlve influence in socieTY's Jtlempts to ilmelioriltl) problems such as illiteracy, l-'duc.1Tion funding, drllg lise "no the crime it engenders. prison overcrowding. court delay, mc, A fragrT'lcn tOO bm, comI)riscd of lawyers unwilling to COOIX!rate even "mong them selves, wlllll0t be able to influence the cruclol! public i ss u~ of our d"Y. I uSt;lthis forum to I)rilise the work of two lilwyers who embody the spiriT of profcssiOfllllbm il nd service we all should miYC! to Omulilte. I.I~is W. Page, Jr" of Birmingham has sacrificed untold hundreds of hours over the pitSt ~l>vt!rdl years working on the propmed revi sions of ollr ethics rules, The (lnal report and rl"Comm endation of the Permanent Code Commi ssion was I)roba bly more detailed and carefully drafted th;1I1 any othN such stOlte bar report in th e COllnTry. In the ~pirit of consensus, l.ewls worked overtime to f(,.>draft COml)romi se PfOllOSals. By the time lhls ",'ge gocs to p~s.lhe Alabilmil Supreme COWl may have tolkcn final ac ti on on th!': 1)(0. po!ied rul e5 of profession,,1 conduct. But no mall!':f th!': ou t· come, and whether you person"lIy approve of the proposilb, we illl should be grJteful for I"wyers such as l ewis who give- SCI much of Their !imc to ~ lIch import(lnt l)rOjecl5. Another IlubHc·spirited lawyer who deSt;lrYes our appreelMloll Is Bert S. Net1lc~, 11()<.... of Birmingham. About three YCJ(S of study alld dr.lf!l!lg l'C(e!\Ily came TO fruition when the bOJrd of bJr commissioners aPl)rO\lCd the (cPO!! and fj'(ommend,ltions of the Tilsk Force on Possible Restru cturing of Alabama's AJ)I}CUate Courts. As chairperson of thi s T il~k force, Bert hild to consider literJlly dozens of plans and suggestions from around the country to dc!ermine what !o recommend (or AI"bam~'S courts. Mmt of us I)robabl y are not sensi tive- 10 a growing problem dt the tOP of our iudicial system: our nine Justices (forced to Slllit into tWO p<lnels 10 m;lnage the caseloadJ must contend with il

(Cominucd on f];.lge

288

290J

November 1989

Executive Director's T

he Alab.lmil Stille 8M headquar-

Americ.m University; Victor MJnucl Or-

ter's HbrOlry rc~mbled a United Nation's conference room Augu st

donez, Iilwyer and vice-detln, legal and

11, 1989. We hosted a group of legal )(;1101<lr5 (rom Nicaragua along wITh their

Unitlld $1;1105 Slale Dl!1)orlmcnl slmult.,路 nCOuS InU.!rI>rctcrs. The trill1sla tion micro-

phones ilnd rL'CcivcfS l>IJccd on the lJblc gave one the feeling of a Hue interna-

tional conference. The United Statl5lnformation Agency (USIA) sponsored the visi! of our gU~l) In conjunction w ith the Academy for Educational Deveiopment . Our guestS

were Minerva Argcnlina Gutierrez Arguello, director, Cenl ral American Un lVtlfslty LOlw $(11001; Sonia Munoz,

leg'" "dvisor and professor, Celltrat

Social iences Faculty, Centr,ll American University; imd O rl ando Centeno, teacher, Calasanz HiSh School. They were accoillpanied by Inlcrpre1tJrs Consuelo Barr'l!lca and Mario Montenegro. This groUI), in addhion 10 visi ting Montgomery where the stop WilS 10 highlight st.11e-level judicial and leglsl<1live OIctivity in iI sta te Cal)ilil!, visited Washington, DC; Nrw York: New Haven, Connl!Ctku t: the Amelican Bar Association headquarters in Chicago; and the National Judicial College in Reno. They examined local effortS at crime control In Riverside, CJlifoml~, and concluded their one-mon th visit at Tulane Unlver-

NIc,IrJgu<1II legal

The

AI/laama

Lawyer

Report

5choltlf~

HAMNER

visit and sltldy the st.1lC aM hcadcluarl(ors.

289

Report sily in New OrleilnS with a COllllMrillivc

law study. The p!.Irposc of the meeting with the bolr was 10 discuss Ihc cerllfic.lIion of

lawyers, profcs,ioflal standards, the bM el(amlnmlon process ,md Olher issues pertinent to t\)('orKJnlzdllon of tile legal 1)(0(c5510n .

iller had 1m: oPI:IOr!unity 10 review our w8i~I"lllon and examination 1>(0-

cess, as well a5 our profL'Sslonal r(osponslbmty a(tivilles. While dcsc:ribl n~ their visi! 10 the American Bill Assod;uion

hcad<luilflers.u superficial duc to many

CLE REMINDER 1989 CLE Transc ripts Will Be Mailed The First Week In December

All CLE Credits Mu st Be Earned By December 31, 1989

All CLE Transc ri pts Mu st Be Rece ived By January 31, 1990

~rM)nl1cl

beins in Honolulu at the ABA Annual Meeting, our visitors wrote thilt our !K'sslon ,)rovldt'(/ them with " a much deamr impmssioll of Ihl~ role of bar (IS, sodations In sc:nlng st;mdllrds for rhe leg<ll profession." They ,larllculilrly appreciated the copies of old bar CKamlnalions. They likewi)C CJC p ress~ nnlal~ ment ilt the sim larilles between the Alabilmil ,100 Nicarilguil systems. Since the 1979 Nicilrtlguiln r(.>volution. W estern dem()(r,lcies have been critical of the i1hility of the Simdinist,l ·k-d government to end civil conOlet and to fuWII pl~Kl.'5 to rcOO Id Nicaragua as a mix~ ec:onomy and I!!.t.lblish n pluralist poUtic.ll ~ystem . Recent events have ra ised hope!> for an end 10 th e ;arm~ struggle and restorat ion of opportunities for a democratic sy' tem. Building resilient leg.ll insti tutions ilnd devcloping well tr.lined judici" II)l'fsonncJ ale viewed as essential elemenlS of any democr.1!ic future in Nicar,l gU;l. Th e l)rojecl design ;Ilco q)orared among Its communication goals the ellpOSlire of partlcipants!O U .S. leglll prin _ ciples imd their hiStori c and contempo rary (lpptiC<1!ions to the democrati c proce~~ (If the Mtionnl, stilt e ilnd local l('Vels, thmugh nrst·himd cxposure to the operation of thv leg,ll, judicial and pen,)1 )y)tenu; the pl~c t lce of legal c<luCatiOIl In the U.S.; and thcopportunlty 10 learn aboul milestones III U .S. leg.1Vconsti tutional h j~tory ilnd how our past mlghl "pply to Nicar.gua's future. I was 1)leao;ed that AlaballlJ 's court system ,1M ' !.ltl' l)ir were selected as show· ca"C'S in Ihis interna1ional relations effort.

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290

President's Page (ComilluC(i (ram pasc 288)

i1lmQSl 1,700 ~(Iprcme court mings I)(,f yew. a burden tha' pr{'IICnt ~ the courl from giving truly cQIII'Kial, In..dl..'Pth "'. [C'Illlon to the difficult and iml>or!.!nl l~s uCi which reqUire great ~ tudy ,lJId CMC. (T~ oldjor recommcndro Lh,lrlgCi would reduce the ~ Ul>reme court from nine 10 5eVCn i u Slj ~. increilse Ihe ~Il t' of tlx- courts of 'lIll)(,JI .1nd make the ~U I)remc court l>fi m~nly .1 court of discretionary "(cr' " jUfI:;(ti(liQn.) Space d()(!~ not allaw the menlion of all the Alilb<lnla [,lWyers who )lnlllllrly have served our b.u. A lawyer who epitomizes this group alld lIIum.lleS the coOI)Cr.ltivc spirit of ,('!'vice Is Rohrrt l. Pons, gener.l l coun-cl of the University of Allll.ulnlil Systems, Rol)IJrl i ~ mllling ..1!1 cnormou~ i1moullt of effort into revitali z· Ingour t,sk Force 011 Bench imd (J,lr J.(c-l,1lioJ'l~. JU St ,IS the prilcti<;i ng bM hilS been splilliering inlo subgrotlp\, judgc~ alld 1,)Wyers seem to hilY(' grown illXIr!. You will be rcad i ng more here and ebe· where about progre,s in thi s area. There .He obviously m,lI'll" <1f{'.lS of common concerns relating to both the bench and bllr, and Robert's committee i~ wt)rklng 1101rd to open addition al avenues fOf cooper,lIion between ludllCS and lawyc...,. As a Slep low<l!'d pulling Ihe bar I>.Ick together and focusing energies on canWvcli~ ende,lV()f<>, ~ bM l('Jdershlp coo· ference W,lS held in M ontgomery in I.lte Augu st. Kei th Normiln 'l nd Of,me

Weldon dll~cl'\lll the crl-dit (or milking Ihb il louccc~~ful eveilt . and whllt I hope will be the (jr~ t of !I),lny ':lImual confer('Ilce~. App(o~ l !llalely 15 loca l bi$ presi(h.' llt~ .mended, along With abou t 4S lOllllllittl'C ilnd I.l ~k force leaders. In pl t·n.lry !.Csslon~, we heard from ~ral 'llC.lkcrs who I.'dUc,ltl-d U ) 011 our stilte b.1r\ hbtOly, n urcn! olgolnization, t'IIUryd.$, funOion ) .100 ol1golng projects. ~ <lisa spent time geuing to kll(Jw each other and formuilltlng l)bns for Indlvld· ual commi ttees as well <ISpossibilities fOf' inler-commiltee cooperJtion. ThJnks to the h.1(d wOfk of the folks at slate bar he,ul<luarlef'i, we now h(JVC in plilce marc cflt'Clivc proct'(iures for year·lo-year (on tinulty of CommhtL'C work. ilnd s pt... Clk goals ;lIld dcadlin.s for commiu(.'CS Me being formulatoo and refined. L.1Stly, I urge you all 10 m<l!'k your c;t lendJrs for Frld.\)" February 2, 199D. On th,ll dale in Oirminghllm. th ere will hi' il combillo1liOIl mid·willier bar mcct· InK .lIld celebration of the bicentennial of the Bin of Right\. DiI'ftinn: m;ti vilies will be at the civle celller: commi ttees will meet In the morning; a luncheon will he Orlc!!) 10 all bar Ill('lllbi-rs; and profe~~rs A. E. Dick Howard Jnd Dan Meildor of the University of Virgiliia School of I.llW will offer mld res~ on the Bill of Righls during the afternoon. A ~1>l'(.I'II I!·venin8 tlt the civic center will indutll' .1 reception and banquet fcaturIIlg United States Supreme (burt Justice Anthony Kennedy. Join us In 81rmingham 101 a fun .1Ild interesting ....ay to celebr,lte ,Ind contempl.lte .1 major even t in our le8011 hi ~lory. • N(JvCm/)c, 1989

Task Force Update Justice Anthony Kennedy 'lnd proresSOI'5 Oick Howard ~Ild Dan Meador will join forces In Birminj!lnam Fridil)'. February 2, 1990. as tnc Alabolma State Bar, the

Birmlngh,ul'I Bat Assocl,lIion, Cumbe,land School of Law ,lnd the Uni'w(!f'!>ity of Alabama School rJ law present a celebration of the Biceotcnni.,1 of the Bill of Rights. The February 2 program is PM! of illhrcc-dilY celebr,;tion and is the re-

5uh of 1>lanning

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a Iilsk force of the

Alabama 5''''e Ba!. The ta sk force hopes Ihilt the first two days of the celebration will be of pM!icUlllf intereSt :md Ilcccssibility to I ....... students, high school student s ;md members of the public. The third day should

be of pal licular interest bJr, as the celebr'ltion W ill be

cOfl"lbined with the Celebration Oldivit je!l. Recently, there hOlSbeen ol greOl! deal of interl'S! in reillvI':!niltins the mid-winter ffil'Cling. and Ihe Bicenl€!nnial Celebralion wa s deeml'tl an o cellenl wily for Comm ittCC m(~lings. continuing !.'duc..• tion and social aclivi!lcs 10 be combirll'd. In the morning, stilte b.lr committees will meet from appro~lnlil!cly 10 a.m. unlil 11;50 in I,,", of/ices throllghoul downlO'-'ln Birmingham . The afternoon celebriltion program begins ill noon, wilh a lunChl',!On ,II the Birmingham -Jcf(c~on Civic Center. The two afternoon s pe<lke~ arc both dl sllllgulshcd scholms with ties to AI.,b<lm<lIhey were both I""... clerks 10 U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo l . Black.

10 members of the

combined with the mid· winter mee ti ng d the AI<loami! St<l1C 6 ;11.

pro(essor~ ~ 1)C(!ch .

P.lrtlclp;!nts In the celcbrillion also may wanl 10 ;-rllelld the dedlCOl tlon of Ihe Hugo Black rolundll <lnd bU5t in the new federal courthouse In Birmingham. The dedication ceremony will take place laler thai aflernoon. The nnale of thl'! lJicentennial Ccilluratlon beKin50lt 6:30 I).m., with a reCeptlOll for JU~li ce Kenl\edy at the BIfm i ng ha,n -I efferson Civic Celller followed by .1 banquet beginning at 7; )0 p.m. lustice ~n nedy will be the afterdinner sl>eaker. and as the author althO' nlOSt ~ cent first amendmenl case, hiS remarks arc sure to be o! Imerest. Tickets (Of the luncheon and ban(luet will be sold separ.1tely and are <MIilablc Ihrough Ihe st;-rIQ b",. Thl) task fo rce Is endeavori ng to kl'CP costs 10 allornl'YS as low a ~ possible. Pr0-rcgimOlllon will be requlr.... d , and brochures will be mailed

BICENTENNIAL OF THE Bill OF RIGHTS

The celebration I.:cKin~ in TuscaloQS<l 01' the l!'\ICnlng of January 31, 1990. when Justice Kenfledy arrives at the University of "Iaboma Sc hool of lilW. The morning of Thursday, February 2. lustlce Ken nI..'dy will speJk to members of the fJ cuhy, inviwel guests, law studCfl t ~ olld the publ ic. tie will arrive In 8ltmll\gham In time for a Ilrrlcheon al Cumber· land School of law. Thm orternoon, he will be on the Silmford University CiUllo pus, addressing the 1;1W fOl CUlty and SIUdents, as well ilS invited guests. "PI)roximillely 1,500 of those irwiled guests will be high school lo ludcnls from the many SyStems In the 6lrn'lngham area. followIng his addrcss students will havt:!.l rMe opportunity for a questlon.and-answer session wi th the Justice. On Friday, Februilry 2, the "1,lb.lrnOl St,lte Bilr M id-Wirtcr ml'Cting will be

The Alabama LaIVy('t

rentl y Ihe "lmes Monroe professor and din..'ctor of the Graduate Program (Or ludgcs at the UniverSity of Virginia School of law. The afternoon session wil ildiourn at appro)tlnl<lIely 3:30 p.n1., fol1owing a qUCSliofh lnd.answcr session . This ~ sion should allow audience ,1IIorneys to raise other Bill of Rishts concerns and will not be limited 10 the conl('I'Il d each

Their pfesefl t<ltlons are desigl1cd to liPpeal 10 the scholarly and the pr;-rctical , Ihe hiSlorian and Ihe modernist, Ihe civil al10rlll'Y ,lI1d th~ criminal allornl_ 'YProfessor Dick Howard Is Ihe White Burkett Mill~r Profl!$sor of law and Public "ffalrs at the Unil.'Crsity of Virginia School of Law and Is a well -known historian and scholar on constitutronallaw and jurisprudence. The second speilker is Professor Dilnicl J. Meildor. II former dean of the Univers Iy of Alabama School of l.iJw. Professcr Me!oldor is CUt-

r.oon. T'l ~k force members Include ThonlOlS N. Carruthers, Ir., chOliq>erson; Alva C. Caine; Chilrles D. Cole; J. MJson DOlVi ~, Jr.; Fourn ier J. GJle. III; Charles W. Gamble; N . Gunter Guy; Reginilld T. H.lm~r; Dean Nathaniel Hansforo; Vanzella I"I!nn McPherson; Keith 8. Norman; Jud~ Sam C. Poinlcr, Jr.; Judge C. l ynwood Smith, Jr.; and Dean Parh.1m H. William s. Jr.

•

291

letter to the Editor like other sl.,lcs, Ala!;.1ma fa(l'S;'In acule problem in obtaini ng cou nsel

for the dcfcn ~ of (.lpili'l1 cases. The fo llowing thou ght-provoking commcnlary was conl.li ned in a leller se n! 10 the Aclion C roup on Post· Conviction Capilal Representation.

Members, Action Gmut) on Post· ConviClio,\ C.~pi l 'll RC!pr~~cnto1\ion Bo.lrd of Directors, AI"bilnl<l CapitOlI Resource Center, Inc.

RE: Civil T'ial Lawyers in

D~i1lh

Penillty

Cil 5e~

A~ yuv mitlhl h<lW rCild in the newspa l~r. Illy client Michaul Lind~C!y was ex·

ccuwd 011 M<lY 26. That, alonK with the c:'leculion of Ill)' eller)! WilYI1C Ril1cr hI 1987 (the last Illan executed In AlilDarna), pul~ Ole in the unique Jnd unenviable role of hJVil1g rcprescntt'<l, ill the time of c~ec~il jon, 50 I>creen l of all the I>copie exL'Cutoo In AIIIOiln1i1 in the 1(I~t 2) )'!Jill'S, II fllct l tio not plan to lis! in M<lrlind"lc· Ilubbel!. C()n~iderinK my personill hb· lory.! It i~ remarkable. After a Memorial Day weekend of rest, (ishing imd sklirlg. I nll1 moving on In my life, never 10 lilKe .mOlher de,lIh l)Cnilliy c,, \e ('''VCn if they disbilr me for my refusal (!here are 105 on death row Ihere, I III ink, ,md one or lwo more from Mobile alone arc cOllVlcted QVl"ry Wl.~k, it ~e(>ms, hut there arc lOIS more lawyers than that). like those who ;ervetl both in WWII ;lIlt! Korea, I figure I'I'C done my duty, and the next W,lr can be fought by somebody clsc.

Before I Inove on in my life, thOllgh, I owe il to those 105 or more ci ... il Iriill lawyers who will be dr.. fred in Ihe nf!KI I\VO yeilrSor SQ, to no wh,u I c.1n 10 pass on my lessons 10 somebody, so Iheir role will be ell~il"!r, :lI1d for IIH1t limited pur· pose I ~cnd Ihh leller. I couldn'lthink of i1nybody to send it 10 olher Ihan Ihe bar's T.bk Force 011 IJost·CorlVlclioll Capilal Representa tion, ;md Ihe bo.. rd Il1emlJf:!rs anti cKecutiV(! director of the Alilbamil Capilal Rellre--en1<lliOIl Re~urce Center, Inc., the orBanthill AltHm Br(!wer ,'l1d the rilsk force klck,,'(llnrl,) lifc to work oilihis ~ tuff.

Ilere Me rny lessons: I. AIl jloirlling civil Irial I.,wyers in death penall y c" ses is " bad mist.lke-I hil\!(! belil"VCd thi s "I I (l iong. ilnd I believe il more strongly nO'W th"n ever. Those of yuu who hilvc been on Ihis project frOIll thl! SIMt know th:l t I hilw never mild", a secret of it. l est you thil1k I h:l\f(! ket)t my mOulh ~hut whel1 I sh()uld n()1 h~\fC, I should add Ih"l In the last IWO months I hi1vc filed mot ion s~ nd mandJtl1U5 1)C1i· tion s Jnd <lppeals in fI\I{i di((erenl courts (three different one5 in the Eleventh Cir_ cuit .~Ionc) b"s~ ()11 feder.ll ilnd ~ta ltl st <ltute ~ which I bdk'\ll..'il (.md still bl'lieve, th()ugh the Ju(jgc~ don't) 10 require the " pt>ohltm~nl of lawyt!rs with thri..'i! years' (iederJI) or five yc.1fS' (st<l1e) crlmln,,1 experience. My strong opinion Is th.l1 the public nl'Cds to hire some death penalty public dl:'fcn(!ers.I 'thcy burn out, thell replil ce them, or pay rhem enough 10 kl'ep Ihem. Obviously, Ihls 15 not likely in the shQrt run, JI least unlil 105 or more middleaged cI ... 1I IrI,ll lawyers gct gal ...,mized by the experience I !la\'(' had, "I which point the politics of It may chJnge, The rest of this lel1l>r proceeds on Ihe i1ssumption

th"l ordinolrY ci"'illriaIIJwyer~ will con· tinue 10 be i1ppoint(,od in dC01lh lX'nahy I\ilbc.. ~ ca ses. 2, Your 0PllOllerl t-YOUr opponent will be Ed C,lrIICS of the Attorney GC!rlerat's offlLe. He is very, very bright. he has ,1 llilfrow specifllty, (lild he knows il cold. He could be"t "nybody In Ihe country on thi s subject (he is also, in my eXlfflri. en c~, entirely fair and ethical). On your fi/"':ot solo flight YOII will not IlK'Ct il Ger· 111 00 n f.1rmh,)rld, you will rlll'<'t the Red Baron . Good luck. ], What your opponent kn ows th:lt you do not know-Thele .1fe four Jppll· c01bJe bodies of I<!w thM your 0ppollent OInd the federill judges know perfectly ,md you do nOI know 011 ,111, ilnd yoU will never know a~ well i1~ your judges or your oPI)Onelli. Th\..'Y <lrC! (I) gcner;!1 ~ub. . SIJlltillC cri minal law ,md crlrll inal pm. . cedufc I1eedcd for the Ilon·death isslles !Brady, Mas.la/t, Salld~ !rorll, ClC.), (2) rhe operation ilnd conslitutiollill Q\lCriay of the Alab.1mtJ deillh pen;)ity ~taMe, (3) the rules (Jf "Jlmcedufill dcf,lUit" and Ihe w,ty!o 10 W!t MQund it (Inc! to ~I(lp Iil\Y)'l'f'; (rorn gcolling MOLInd It, .~nd (4) the doc· trines of ".!bu~e of Ihl' writ.'" To SOIne C;o!:tcnt in Ihl.' "(Irigin;1l hl!bt:i1~" Cil5e you will have time to do adequ.lle restltlrch 10 try to CJtch up, but your lack of deplh will clc,uly hutl ,11 Or,ll Mgu· ment in the Eleventh Ci rcuit. Whew ~ur iBnor" nce will cle~rly hurt you Is In "Ihe subsequent hill)(>,lS Cil~C:' dl scu ~scd nCxt. 4. The "Subsequent H,lbe,l s C01SC'L You ;lIld 0111 ci ... iI rriJI "1'.\l'fCr~ will say, "I pl;1I1 to gil/(! it Illy I)('~I Sh(ll <11 fil'lot, ilnd not file those I:lst-minute <lPI)Cais like those GO(lIes~ conlillic cI ... 1I rlght ~ 1m...· yi'rs." SurC', so did I. Whal h,lppens Is Ih.1t afler you have filed ,lnd li tigated your firsl h.ll)(!.lS cor· pus case, Ihere will be ~o me new de~Jopmen t in Ihl' 100w in the supreme Cburl or in ~o ll1e oth(,r I;irl;uit which, 011 thl.' merit ~, would emitle you 10 relief. 'r\:)u m;~ learn about It on your own, or more likely some "dealh PCI1.1ity eXllCrt" wii! tell you .,boul il nlJYi.lc the \vcck 00·

No"'cmix'r 1989

fom the CKl!cution. (Or, you nMy 00 unlucky like I was, .md get .,ppoinHxl 'or the fi r'!or tunc a'ter rhe fi rs t habeas, .1nd only the week before the CKCCUlion). My CKperience is 'hal a second h;li>eas case i~ Slml)ly a normal ;lIld l'Kpoctable PMI of the p rotei) 'or a good lilWyer. JuSt as a spring ba~s fisherman who docs not get his lure c.lugh, In t'le Sluml)S and bushes Is nOI casting In the rlSht place.;, so too the habeas l.lWyer who does not sct in· volved in il subsequent hilbeas case may not be servl ngl1SeffecliYCly as IXlSSlble. A 5ubSt.'<juenl t-abeas case (wilh an out~ tilnding l!'I/!(urion warrant ilnd d;lIe) Is 10 iI 'ir~ t habeas cast' liS"SPiICC Moun· tilln" is 10 riding 10 church wi th your fl1ther. In both my cases It Involvt'Cl tl1k· Ing J brand nlW Issue- cold and wi th ill>· solutely no time lor prcpilfilllon- frol11 Ihe district COUrt through the cour! of ilP' 1>c,ll s 10 Ihe U.S. Supreme Court in less than Ihree and .. h,llf dayo;, Ihe days im· medlatcly preceding Ihe execution. Spic· ing up ,he prOCesi are Ihe uncKI>cctoo C.,115from the AP. UPI, the locall)ICSSaJ\d ,he lelevlsion and radio s,.lt lons, Ihe AClU, Amnesly International In london, women In M.llne who Wilnt to make sure you re.lll y believe your dient is innocent and thaI you are \\IOrking hard enough (lnd- the m o~1 fu n yct- funCfal homes. Here is where ~ur lack of depth Will kIll you, on tht' dow lnes of "procedural b.·u." ..~uccess l vc habeas" and "abuse of the writ," the com mOil bal1lef)eldlo of )uccesslvc hobeas. In addition, since you will be Solng cold on a nlW case In\lOl .... IllS an unfamiliar area, your lac:k of d~pt h will hvr!. You will 5tx·nd all of your i!vililable limt] I)hysically moving l>apCfIo 10 all(1 from incrcaslngly high cour ts, onc each day (If you Me lucky). You will be bat· ,llng with unf.lmlliar precep, ~, ond C\lCf)'body else Involved- Ihe judg~ and your oppo nent- will knOlY Ihe rules cold. AI the end, Ihe court will enter an order saying thilt your failum 10 hilllC either kllllWn ilOOUt or ~'n to have anlic· lpolled Ihal nI..'W dtwlopmcfll in Ihe U!I· fam iliar Mea of dedlh I>cnalty 1_ makes your fil ing the C.lSl! Han abuse of the wrir." There'ore you lose, and your client die). ThaI day. usually within hours.

AI leasI, Ihat is whal hal)l>enL'(l '0 me In both C.1Ses, and i, will likely hapl:rcn to mosl of you . 4. What can he dom' Il) help civil trial I.,wyers in death pC!n.lity cases-Just from s(.'Cmg what I needed, I have a pret· ty good idea what can be done 10 help ci vil triall.1Wyers in death penalty habeas c orpu~ c.l ses. ,1 . Review of record to spot i5§Ul'!iThe fi rst thins thaI is neccled Is il revit'W of the f{!(ord by someoody who kna.v~ what he/she i ~ doing, ! imply to Sl>ot the i ~~\l e~. Whil t was not raiSlo.'d hI St.lte court by the trial or appellate 111Wycr oflCn is even more irnl>ort.lnl Ihan whal l'/,lS r.l iscd, and only an experienced dealh penalty hand can spot thaI. Anybody who Ihinks il middle-agl'<l civil Iriallawyer can do th:1I is just wrong. Somebod y (no' me) net.-d ~ 10 I}rovide .1 11 l'Kperiem:;ed death P£.'llahy hand al Itll' oulsel 10 read Ihe whole record and tQ spot and list the issl.les 10 be followed up by the civil trial lawyer. As far as I know, nobody is doing that.

b. Nlwslellcr-EKpc<:ling mlddle-olged ciVIl trial lawyers to be able .o keep up With death penalty developments is a serious mistake. Somebody (not nld needs to COnll)ile and ~nd il ncwslf!uer eYery two weeks or month 10 point out hot new death cascs and hot new de.llh

I My I)ractlce is entirely civil. t never \IOlullIcered for such cases. When 1IPpointed, I politely resisled al)pointrTIenr. 1(10 nOI consider it the dUly of civil Irlill law~rs In big firms to handle such casco;, any more Ihim it is the personal duty of metropolitan dermatologiStS to fill ,he gill> of obstetrics in rur,,1 count ies (oolh are public probler"nS requ iting public solul lons). Almost alone among "death penalty lawyers:' I don'l even CMe much whelher we have the cJeo1th penalty or not U generally fil\lOr it because mad dogs

i s~ ues. This is Ihe only way 10 help iM>id the "llbuse of the writ" trap. tf nobody Will undertake such a task, a! a minimum sonlebody ought 10 suggest lhat the lawyer's firm subSCribe for one year to the Criminaf Law RepoflCf, or wha tever elsc passes in the trade as a n(.wsleller. Eycn better, bur more labor intensive, would be for somebody to maintain a CUHent listing of the issuC!S In each pend· Ing death case, with bullet memos 10 all l11Wyers Involved in a p.lf.icular issue.

c, Abuse of 'he writ advice-Somebody needs 10 tell Ihe appointed lawyer th.u there Is ;1 high (though unquan· tinilble) proui!billty thai ht'bhi! will be in· \IOlvcd In II subsequent habeas case on ShOfl notice based 011 SOlile Il(OW de· veIOI)!lle!l1, and Ihal a high I)rlori ty duro Ingthe orislnlll habeas phase should be mastering Ihe "llbuse of Ihe writ" and "successive habc.1S" imd procedural bar issues and, particularly, l~ry IOOI)hole .111d L'KCepllon and ground in IhC!m. fhi s ( annOt be learned In ,ht' last minut<', when C\ICfY second counts Just 10 get the P.lpel\\l()rk on the last federal EKpress plane '0 Allanra, Or the las. fax to the supreme court delk's ofnce.l Good luck to you if you iI"e nCKI, I am not. \\!ry truly yours, Dayid A. Hagwell.

Mobile, Alab.lma

ought 10 die, bur t hallC occasional qualms thm Jesus might nOI agree wi th Ihill, and I am supposed to consider C\f(.'fY now and thetl what he might do ,,"d Ify 10 do roughly Ihe same). I Just to leI you kna.v Ihe ru sh, I actually faKed a hi\ndwriUen note (a "supplemental brief" I guess) to the U.S. SUI)reme COUft while my stay motion W.1Spendlng ..15:30 COT {6:)O wi1h an CKccution SCI thaI i..·...tming. The motion to stay was denied one minule later. Thcfe is no time (or resea rt:h then . •

EOn

293

The following amendments to the Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure have been adopted by the Alabama Supreme Court: Appendix A Alabama Rules of Allpc llal e IJroccdurc Rule 11 (a)(3)

Ih lle 11(0'1)(3), Alauarna Rules of Allpdlrllc Procedu re "(3) Record on Appeal - The clerk shall <lssemblc the record on <'!)IX'"I, COl\sisting of rhe clerk'. record and the reporter's tranSCript, within 7 days (1 week) from tht:! di'l tt'! of the rcportcr'$ Ir,lnscript is file(! in the trial clerk's office, unless the lime is shor lerlCd Or extended by an order

entered pursuant to sulxllvision (c) of this ru le, Within the time fixed <1bovc, the clerk shall file a certificate of completion of the record on <ll>l>cal with the

elmk of the appelliltc courl, ilnd shall si mult<lncousl), serve copies of the cerl i. neale of cor'nplclion 011 each party to the aplleal. The eNlllie,lle of COrlltllmion shall stale that the record on appeal is assembled ilnd shall state the date the certific.1te wa s fo rwJfded to the clerk of the OIppellillO court. Se~ Form 6 for certifica1e of completion. "The record on appeal sh.lll be bound m the I"ft side, ~nd separilted into volumes not to exccc<1 200 Ilages each. All clasps {!Ild swples used to bind th e record on aplX'a l shall be coverN! by till>C ~ as to prevent any Injury to those hilndling the record, and any other fastener that may cause injury shall lik{wlsi! be covered with tape. ''The clerk shall make the rt.."Cord on appeal nvallilble to the p!lrties (or prcp<tr.,tion of briefs aod the apJX!ndll<. If a pMty ~o orders, the clerk of the trial court shall supply photocopies of the record

294

On i1llp路eal lll)On payment of the cost of ph010copying to the clerk. 'I\t the time of fillnS and service of his brief, apJX!lIC(! shall also give 110tlce of the filing of such brief to the derk of the td,,1 court, Sec Ru c 31(a), "The clerk of the trial court shall file the f(,"COrd on ilPPCill with the derk of the apl:ltl'lIate court within 14 dayS (2 wC(!k s) .lfter the filing of appt!lIec'~ brief in the olppelliltc court or itS due date therein, or at such earlier tlnle as the parties may agree, or the appcllme court may order. See Form 10, ''The filing of the ceflifica te of completion of the record on ilPI~<l 1 is effectuated when it is rcccivt-'d in the office of the clerk of the ;Ippdl~ t e court, el<cept that It shall be deemed flied 011 the day of mailing If certified or regi stered mail is ll t lll~cd hI the Ir<J rlSrl1ltta1, "(Amended eff. October 6, 1986; September II , 1989,)"

A1>1)cndill: B

Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 11(b) Rule l1(b ), Alil Oilmil Rules of AI>peUate Procedure "(bl Mechanics of Completion and Trnn s mi5~ion of Record-Crimi nal, The Court reporter shall prepMc and file with the clerk of the trial r::ourt all original and three photocopies of the proCI'L>ding~ (Ill lener路slze p<1!)er within 56 days (8 weeks) from the date of the notice of aPJX!al, unless the time is shortened or extend(.'(1 IJy an order enter<..-d plJrsuant to subdivision (c) of thi s rule. If authorized in

wri ting by the clerk of the court of crimhlnllll>l>cal s, the COurt reporter may deliver three carbon copies instead of three photocopies in 11 pMticu lilf case, The courl reporter shall serve upon the aHorm,,,), for the <lppcll,lnt, the Attorney General, di stri t t ilttorncy, <Ind the clerk of the appdl<1le court, .1 notice Ihal the tran script of proceedlngl h;'ls been filed wi th the clelk of the trial COurl. Sec Forrll 13, The clerk of the trial court shall assemble, number, completc and bind the tr;m serlpl of the proceedings with 11 photocopy of the papers, documents, written ch arges, exhibit" ele. on file in his office on leller-size paper SO thaI then~ is 11 numbering ~Yllem for lhe enti re record 0" al)JX!a1. "In addition thereto. the clerk of the trial COUlt shall also prepafe three certified copies of the record on appe.,1 <lnd Shill I tr~n S n1it one or S-.lid certified copies to Ihe Attorney Ceneral, another cerlified copy to the defendant. or his IIttorn<..'Y, atld retaitll hCl)thcr (Crtified phot(}col)')' In hi s office. See Form 14. '1\11 clasl)Salld stal)les used 10 bhld the tran script or the record on appeal shall be covered by tilpe so ill to prevent ilny injllry to those handllng the transcript or the record on appeal and <lny other fa )tener thilt may (a u ~e injury shall likewi se be covered with tape. "The clerk of the trlill court shall file the record on appeal with the clerk of Ihe <lppellate coun within 7 days (1 week) from the date of Ihe filing of the reporler's Iranscript in the clerk's office unless the time is shortened or e~ten(i(.>d by an order entered pursuanl to subdivision (el of this rule. The clerk of the trial court

Novenr/x!r 1989

shilll also me with the record on ;1PI)(!;11 a ccrrlflc.ltC of completion of the record on alllJeill, and Sh.ll1 ~unu h ilncou s ly 5{'1V(' COI)ie<s of the ct'rllflc.lte of conmlction on the defendant, or his anorney, and the Anornt.'Y General of Alab.lma, The cerriflc.lte of comlJlellon shall slale that the r ord on ,'ppeal haS been forwoIrdctl to the clerk of the appcll;ull COOl1 Jnd shJII stalC thr date Solid ccrtlficate Wil S fOrw.lrded to rhe clerk of the ap1>eIlJte court, "The filing of the rt.'Cord on appeal in the office of the clerk of the appellatc ( ourl I ~ effec; tlJ,l tt'tl when It i~ recclved ill the office of Ihl' clerk of the ilppcll:l1e COUlt, exCeptthill It ~h' l l l be dC('lIled fli ed on the dme of mailing If cert ifi ed or reS1~le(lld maills ul lllzed In the tl.llbmllla1. The clerk of the " ppeIlJt!' court shall notify the defendant, or his anomcy, Jlld the Altornl.'Y GCllelill, of Ihe dille thill the record on appt!.l l w.n fillod In the illlpcllill/,! courl. "The clerk of the trial courl sh.111 In· dude in the record on al)Pcal , Md each

certified COl))' thereof, ~ n index of the elllire reco rd, including an index of [he documents. papCB. ch~rgesand exhibits til('rein conlaint!d and an IndCJt ol documefllSand exhlbib Incapable of being Il!gluly or olherwlse l)hOIOCOpled, "(Amended elf. January 16, 1977; <k. lober 6. 1986; Septembcr 11, 1989.lH

fillod. One copy of the briel shall be ser'X!d on counsel for t~acn p<1fty seP.lr.lIely rc l)resentcd, or if the l>.lr[y does not have counsel, upon the P.lrty I>eoon· ally, In c.Jscs Involving indigent parties, Ihe clerk of the court may permit flling of il lesser nUlllber of co pi~ "IAmcndt.>d eff. /\ugusl 29, t989.IH

Appendix A

Appendbc 8 Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure Rul e 32(a)(2)

Alabama Rul es of Appellate Procedure Rule 31(b) "( bl Numberof Copies 10 Be Filed and Ser'vCd, Copies oflhe brief Shill I be filed with the clerk of the approprlme il l)pcllme court as fo IIOY. s: SUllf(JlllC Courl! Ten (10J coplc~ Court of Criminal Appeals: Five (5) (;opies Court of Civil Appc'Jls: Three (31 COpll!~

TIIII clerk of [he appropriate olPI>cllilte court In a parti cular ( ase may direct oJ l;uger or lesser nUlllber of briefs [0 be

~ul e J2(a)(21, AI,luanlol Rules of Apllellate Procedure "(2) Briefs and [he i1llp<lndix mily be produced by [YI)CWrltcr or any duplica[Ing or cOfJYln8 process which produces J cleM black Image on whi te PJper. Car· bon copies of briefs ilnd the appendix Illily not be loubmilll>d wilhou t l>crllliSslon of Ihe court, except In behalf of 1><1rlics all~ [0 proceed in form~ IMU' peris. TYpewritten briefs shall be on while pJl>cr, 6 y, x 11 Inches (Jett er-size), wilh

NOTICE 1989·90 OCCUPATIONAL LICENSE/SPECIAL MEMBERSHIP DUES WERE DUE October 1, 1989 This is u reminder th;ll all , 988-89 Alabama attorneys' occlrpational licen se and special memberships EX PIRED September 30, 1989, Section s 40· 12· 49 , 34-3-17 and 34-3-18, Code of A/aballlJ, 1975, as amended, set forth the stalutory reqllirements for licensing and membership in the A labama State Bar. Licenses or specia l membership dues are p,'Y<lbl e between O ctober 1 and O ctober 31, wit hout pena lly. These dues include a $ 15 annual subscripti o n to Til e Alabama Lawyer. The occupati onal li cense (for those engaged in the act ive practice of law <tnd not exempt (rom licensing by virtue of a positio n held, Le., judgeships, attorneys gene ral, U.S. attorneys, di strict attorneys, etc.) should be purchased from the pro bate judge o r revenue commi ss ioner in Ihe city or town in wh ich the lawyer has hi s or her principal office, The co st of thi s license is $ 150 plu s the nominal county iss uance fee~. Special membership dues (for those not engaged in thc acti ve practice of law but desiri ng to maintai n an acli ve membership status) should be remi tted directly to the Alabama State Bar in the amoun t of $75. The special membership docs not entitle you 10 practice law. If you have any questi o ns regarding membership status or dues payment, please contaci Alice 10 Hendrix at (205) 269-15 15 or 1·800·39 2-5660 (in-state WArS).

The Alilbama tJwyer

295

a milrgin of 1 Vi inches and typcwriUen on one side of th e pilper only. The typewriting shal l be double sp.1ced except for citations and quoted m3terial, which may be Sh\g!c-sp llccd . The brief shall be bound on thc lefl si de of the page, find pagination shall appear in the lower right corner of th e page. The appendix shall be bound in a IIOlume having pages not exceeding 8 ~ x t4 inche~ (le8[11-$i;:e) and tyJ)!..'CI ma tt er nOI exceeding 6 Y1 M 12 Inches, with double spacing between each line of ted. IJIr\dll'lg of such legal size appendix shall be at the top of the pilgC, wtrh pilge numbers In th e lower right corner. All clasps and staples used t(.l bind a br ief or an apl>cndix shall be CO'.'ered by wpe S() ilS to prevent 3ny Injury to those handling the bri ef, and any other fastCI'lCr thlll may cauSe injury shall likewise be cCM!red with tape. Callies of Ihe reporter's tr,l nscrll)t and other papo.!rs reproduced In ~ uch a manner may be Inserted in the appendix. "(Amcndt"d eff. AugUSt 29, 1989.)"

Appendix C Alabama Ru les Procedure Rul e 32(a)(3)

Appellate

"The CQ'ller of the brief of the appello rlt be blue; that the appellee, roo; that of Ihe irllervenor or amicus curiae, green; that of any reply brief, gray. Th e cover of the appendix, if separa tel y I)rinted , should be white. The front covers of Ihe briefs <lnd of the aPI>endlx, if separately l)rintL.od, Sh.111 cont"in: (1) th C! name of the t:;:ourt and the l\UlnbN of the case; (2) the title of th e case (Rul e 12(a)); (31 the n,ltUle of the proceeding In Ihe court (C!.g., appeal; petl tl or\ for certiorari ) arid Ihe name of the court. agency or OOJrd bclO'N; (4) the title of Ihe document (e.g., Brief fo r Appellant, Al>IlCndix); and (5) the 11<1me ilnd ilddreSS of counsel rl:!prcS(lnting thC! party on whose behalf the docum(!nt 15 ntlod." "{Amended C!ff. August 29. 1989.}" ~halt

Proposed Rules for District Court, 13th Judicial Circuit, Mobile County, Alabama We, the undersignt>d judges, propose the fo Uowlnll local rules governing certain civil procedures in th e Oi strici Cou ri of Mobile County: I. Pre-tri~ 1 discovery as provided in rule ~ 33 (dc) & 34 (dc) as modified by Ru le 26 (de) ARCf> shall be limited to interrog<ltories or rcqucSlS for admission. The IOta! of interroga tor ies and requests (or admission. If admissions an~ reQuested, sh all not exceed IS Includlnll SUbol)arlS or sub-headings. II. 01\ all pleadings. including post-judgment proceedings, th l! attorl'ley must InClude the follOWing: a. Name o( attorney; b. Mailing address; c. S!reet or building address; arId d. Telephone number. Proposed thiS the ath dily of September 1989. Dominick ,. M atr.1ng.l PreSiding Distri ct Judge Nicholas K(!iUni:y, Jurlge lionel l. Llydcn, Judge M ichael E. M cMaken, ludge

296

Comment to Amcndnlcnt to Rule 32(<l)(3} Effeclive August 29. 1989 "The Ar.lgust 29. 1989. amC!ndmcntto RulC! 32(a}(3) provided th at the colors of uriefs set ou t in Ihis pJragraph would 1;lQ 11\ar\datory. Th e rule had prC'Jiously provided that the colors were mandatory If the briefs were 'prod\Jt:;:(;l(i 17; Ct'lmnlNclal "rinting or dUlllication; uut rC(lulroo those colors in other situmiol'ls if those cQlors were 'available.'"

A jlJlendi x A Rul es of Procedure Rule 32(a)(2)

Alabama

Appclla1c

Rule 32(aX2), Alabil ma Appellate Protedur(>

Rules of

"(2) Briefs Jild th e appcndl); 11lay be produced 17; tYPL"",ri t!!r or IIny duplicating o r copying proccss which produces a clear black image on while I>'ll)er. Car-

Copies are ava il ab le of

the

Continuing Legal Ed ucation program materi als from the

1989 annual meetin g. Thi s book contain s the material s {rom each of th e section educational program s and Updale '89.

Price: $25 Incl uding I>ostage and hJndlins

Send reqLlesl and check payabl e 10:

The Alabama State Bar P.O . Box 671 M o ntgomery, AL 36 101 November 1989

bon elmilo'S of briefs ilnd Ihe apl>cndix may not be submitted without pcrmissian of Ihe court, exCCI>! In behalf of Pilrlies allt>NCd 10 prOCood in forma IlaUIJeris. TYPlWr,u('n briefs shall be on white p<lper, 8 l? x 11 inches (Ietter·slze), w,th a milrgin 0( 1 l? Irches and IYPlWritten I)n onc sidc of the l>"llJer only. The typewriting sh;lIl be double sl>"lced except for citations and quotl'(/ m<1lerl;lI, which nlay be single-spaced , The brid shilll be bound on the lef! side of the IhlgC, and IXlSlnmioll shall a~ar In the l<l'oYet ,ight corner of the I)age. The appendix shall be bound in II volume having page~ not exceeding 6 l? x 11 inches (leller·size) ,mrl Iyped mailer not cxcct'<llng 6 Ylx9 inches, with double spacing betwcl'n ellch line ul tex!. Binding of such lel1er size ,lppcndix shall bcon the left side of the 11..lgC, with 1h,ge numUcrs 111 the lONer right corner. All clasps and stal>lcs used to bind a brief or ,111 aplJendix 5h,,11 be C()l,ll!red l7r 1,1pe SO .lS to prCVCnt any Injury to those h;mdl1ng the brief, and any other (,wener Ihat nlay CilU~ Injury shall I,kewise be C(M!red wi th t" pc. Copies 0( the reporter's trano;cripl ;md other Il<lperl reproduced In ~uc h a m,mner may be in· scrted in the aPllt.'lldix. "(Amended elf. August 29, 1989; March 1, 1990. )"

Appendix B

AI" b" ma Rules of Appe lla te Procedure Rule 32(b) Rule 32{b), Alabarll<l Rules of AI>I>cIIJte Procedure "(b) Form of Other P,1pers. Al11>lIcatlons for reheilring shllil be Ilroduced in il mllnner prlo'Scribed by sulxlivislon (a). Mo· tion~ and other papers may be I>roduccd in like manner, or they may 00 tYPlJwrit. l(on upon Ol>aquc, unglazed paper 8 Yl x 11 inches In Site. Lines of tYI)(.'Wril1en tcxt shall be double-sllacro. Consecutive sheets shall be al1,lched at the top left corner. Carbon copies may be used for filing elnd service of motions If they arc leg,ble. "(Amended elf.

M~rch

The Alabama lawyer

1, 1990.1"

Comment to Amendment ~ 32(01)(2) Jnd (bJ E((cctivc Melrch 1, 1990

Rule

"The March I. 1990 amendments to Rule J2{a)(2) and (b) proYided (or a change in paper size, substituting '8 l? x 11 inches' in place of '8 Ylx 14 inches' .100 substituting rciercnC($ to 'Ieller·size' p<lpcr for those prior references to 'legal size' p.lpt"!!', tmd chllnging the dimensions 0( typed matter in the briefs and appen· dices (ronl '6 VI ", 12 inches' to '6 VI x 9 Inches.'" Appendix C

Alaba ma Rules of Appe llate Procedure R~l l c 39(d)

Rule 39(d), Alabama RulL'S of Alljlellate Prll(loodurl! " (d) form o( Petition. The petition shall be on letter·size p.lper Ancl shall contain;

"(11 The style 0( the ca~ ;Ihe same as In the COurl of appeals), the name of the 1>clltioner, the circuit court (rom which the cause Is on ,l l>pe,ll. and the name of the COUrt of appeals to wh ch the petitron for certiorari is directed; "(2) The date of the decision soughlto be re\liewcd and the date 0( lhe order O'Y'Crruling the al>pllcatlon for rehearing; and "(3) A concise statement of the grounds, Icll l}-(S), suprJ, on which the petition is based. ' ~ eOI'i of the opinion o( the court of amxmls shall be attached to the petition JS ;1Il e~h l bi t . "(Amended err. M;uch 1, 1990,)" Comment to Amendment to Rule 39(d) Effective March 1, 1990 "The March 1, 1990, amendment to Rule 39(d) substituted the term 'Iener-si;re paper' fOf the term 'legal-sill.' Pilper' In the fitst scntence 01 that section :' •

The Alabama Supreme Court has adopted the following rule to the Alabama Rules of Judicial Administration: Rule 36. Paper Size of Documents Filed with Court "A ll pl eadings, mOl ions, briefs, deposi ti ons, discovery requests and responses thereto, and if practi cal , all other docum ents filed in any clerk's offi ce in any proceeding olh r than tra ffic cases, sha ll be filed 0 11 paper B V2X 11 inches in size." Comment "This rule is not In tended to prevent the filing of exhib its such as tables, charts, plats, photographs, and other materials that ca nnot be reasonably reproduced on 6 \IS: '" 11 inch paper." Rule 36 shall

be effective March 1, 1990.

297

About Members, Among Firms ABOUT MEMBERS Harold I. Apolinsky, of the BirrnillSham firm of Sirole & PermuU, recently was ~I ected vice-dl(lirperson of the Regi on,l l Liaison MI.'elings Comminee for the t l X x.ocli on of Ihe Ameri c;lI1 Bar Asso<:latlon . TIl{! Regional COr)lmlnce

coordinates and assists with bm liaison meetings with IRS personnel across the COUI111)'.

•

Earle F. 1..1sseW of Pope, Kellogg, McGlilmary, Kilpat rick & Morrison of All lm ld IIrld Columbus, G{!()tgla, wa s elected vlce-chairpcoon of the 17,()()(). member Section of General Pr,l eti, e of the Arnerie.l n Bar Associmion ill the

annual meeting of the AIlA held in l-Ionol(llu, HO,lwail. He i$ a mcmber of

Ihe CL'Orgia, Alabama and DislriCl of Columbiil Imrs.

•

The firm of W.l ltcr Gregory WMd nrlnOUI1Ces the rolocalion of his offices to 305 A NMh Lanier Avenue, Lanett, Alalxlma 36863, Phone (205) 6426008.

•

Stephanie K, Alexander wi thdrew from the wiv<Jte pr<lctice of liM' July 15, 1989, and i; employed as J career liM' clerk wi th the Honorabl e Gordon D, K.lhn, chief Unit(..od States Barlkruptcy Judge for thl! Southern Distri ct of Ala· bama. Her new mailing address is Unitro Stales Bankruptcy Court, 201 SI. louis Street, Mobile, Alab(lma 36602,

•

Carney H. Dobbs, CPCU, fln rloum;es th~t after over 35 years wilh StOlte Farm tnsufilnce he Is retirinB as a divisional claim superlntcrld(!nt. Dobbs' address is 4009 lillie Brallch Road, Birmingham, Alabama 35243. Phollc (205) 967-2765.

•

David Robin son announces the opening of his office al 204 5, Dalevitle Avenue, Daleville, Alabama. The mailinH (locress is P.O. Box 6. Dall"o'lIle,

300

Alabama 36322. Phone (205) 5988500.

•

lindil L NobltS, brmerly of CarhOll. Fields, W,ud, Emmanuel, Smith & Cutler, P,A" PcnS<ll:ol;!, Florid;!, ilnnOiJnCes th e formariOIl of linda L. Nobles, P,A" with offices ,II 180 North l>alafox SIrt..'Ct. Pen$tn:ola, Fll)lidil 32501. Phone (904) 432·1089.

•

The Ameri can BOMeI of Crimin.ll L-lWyers announoo) Ihill T, Jefferson Deen, III, of Mobile has been elected as a fellow in thl;! American 1l0<1I'd of Crimillal Law)1!fS.

•

The AmeriCiln BOilrd of Criminal LilWyers ilnnounces Ihal Donald E. l-toll of Florence ill50 has been elected a~ il fellow in the Am erican Bo.ud of Crimln<rl '-"!Wyers. a group of criminal at10rM:ys from IhrOllghoutthc Uniled Stales, Canada and the Philippilles.

•

Michael S. Lusk, former assistallt district ~ tto rney for Calhoun and Cleburne counties. ilnnOllnces Ihe op-ening of his office for The practice of law. locall.>d at Suite 407, Aln Soulh Bank Building. 931 NClbie STreet. Anniston, Alilb.1llla 36201. Phol,e (20S) 23;tSl0S.

•

le(fery A. Foshee, formerly genera l counsel 10 the Alab-lma Slate Board of Educalion, announces the opening of his offi ce (or the pr.tCtice of 1<tW ilt 900 South Pcrry Streel, MOntgomury, Alabama 36104. Phone (20S) 265-1960.

AMONG FIRMS The (jrm of Mclnnish, Bright & Chilmbless, P,c. Ilnnounces 1hm K(lthy Perry Brasfi eld, formerly law clerk to Judges GrecnhiI'N, Bright nnd Millcr, hilSbecome associated with the firm . O(fices arc locatL>d at 540 South I~rry 5treel, MOlltgomery. Alabama 36104. Phone (lOS) 263.()OOJ.

•

I',

Tanner, Cuin, Ely, lMY & Neiswender, P,C. nnnounces a change in thei r m... ilJng addr(.'S5 to P.O. Box 032206, Tuscaloosa, Al abam ... 35403. The nrm offlcc rcm<llns al Suite 700, Capitol I'ark Center, 2711 University Boul evard , Tuscaloosa, Al abilma 35401. Phone (205) 349-4300.

•

I. Cecil Gardn er announces his withdrawal from Lmlof 8, Gnr'dner, PC Middlebrooks & Fleming, P.C. an· nounces Ihal J. Cecil Gardner has become a member of the firm, and the firm mrme has Ix~ n chilnged to Gilrdncr, Middlebrooks & Fleming.. Poe. Offi ce~ are loc,lled OIl the 16th Floor, SouthTrust Bank Building. Ml)bile, Alabama 36652. I'hone (205) 433-8100.

•

William .E. Friel, II, ilnd M(lrk l . C<lint.'S <lnnounce the relocalion of their office 10 1\1 7 22nd Strwt, South, BirmIngham, Alabama 35205. Phone (205) 939-0000,

•

Janll'S S. Lloyd, R, larry Bradford, Gray, III, alld I. Allen lames Schreiber announce the formmloll of (llmrtncrship under the firm name of Lloyd, Bradford, Schreiber & Gray, p.C. Offices are locilted ill One Peri meter Park, S, Suite 410, Birmingham, Alabama 35243. Phone (205) 9678622.

•

The Mobile firm of PilllllJn & Pillman .:tnnounces John Gregory Carwic has bcconll! an ;'l5Sociale wilh the firm. The nrm also a rlll0un ce ~ th e opellinH of its EnterprlS<', Al abama, office.

•

Harris, Caddell 8< Shanks. P.C. iln. Ilounces th e consolidati on of It5 of. flc('s, t!ff(.>cti w Au gUSt 14, 1989, al 21 4 Johnstoll St., SE, P.O. Box 2688. Deca· tur, Al abama 35602-2666, Phone (205) 340-8000.

•

November 1989

'" ell

•

The Orm 01 10hn510n, Barton, Proc· tor, Swedl,,", & Naff i1nnOUnCM that William D. Ionl'S, 111, has become a J}.Htllcr with tht,! firm , <and Ih'll Jilmes G, Undcrholnl and William K, H,m· cock h;rvc become asrociiltc<I with Ihe finn , Olli ces are locilwd at 1100 Park Place lower, iJirmingham, Ala· bamn 3520l Phont,! (205) 322-0616.

loel M. N OIll ~ annoonc("; the fl." loc.1tion of his o(flce IQ 125 Y\t'St Main Slreet, The CrOSSings, Fourth Floor, Dothiln, Alabama 36301, Md mailin8 address of P,O, Box 6713, Dothnn, AI{I. Iwno 36302. Phone (205) 793·6493, r ic "Iro nllnounces that loseph I, Gallo has become associated with his firm .

•

The Orm 01 wilson & King an· nounce) the relocation of their Jnsper ofllce to 315 V\lest ]9th Street, JiI ~ l>er, Alab.lmJ 35502·1488. Phone (205) 221-4640.

•

Yeolroul, Myers 8< Trilylor, P.C., announces th31 C. Jeffery Ash and l'hilUp Ted COI(IUell have become associ{ll(..'d with the firm. Offices are 10c.lted at 2700 SouthTrust Tower, Blrm· ingham, AlaOJma 35203. Phone (205) 326·6111.

•

B"lc;h & 8ingham ,1nnounces thaI Frimk I. 8rown and Will Hill T.1nker$lLoy hOM:lloined the Orm as associ ates.. Birmingham offices <Ire locatlXf i1t 700 Financial Center, Blrminghilm, Ala· bama 35203. Phone (205) 251·8100.

•

Tobin K. Clark,lormerly with Sirole & Pcrmult in Huntwille, hilS joined tnc lcg.ll dcpartrnt!nt of American AirIim.'S, Inc., MD 2E30, P,O, Box 619616, Dallas/fort Worth Airport, Texas 75261·9616.

Harry P. long and John W. Norton of lonK & Norlon announce the relocation of their offices to Suite 2A, Security Bank Building. 10 West 11th Street, Anniston, A!;.bililla 36201. Phone (205) 237-3266.

•

The firm of Webb, Cruml)ton, Mc· Gregor, Sasser, Davis & Alley an· nounces that Michael M. Eley has IJe. come a l),lItner of the firm as of July I, 19B9, and Daryl L Masters. Grt." . ory O. Crosslin, I. Mark GrC(!r and Carol yn Mcfatridge hAVe become associated with the firm. Offices arc 10c.. tt>(i ill One COmmerce Street, Sul!e 700, f~O. Bojj, 238, Montgomery, Ala· boma 36101-0238. Phone (205) 634· 3176.

•

The firm of Cherry, Givcm, Tolrver & Aldridge announ(C'i th.ll Robert E. Burn "!VI II, 1.0 ., M.D" Thomas N. Nickle$, I,D., M,O.; Rodn ..,. O. 0 0r.lnd, ,.0., M.D., Ktvin I, Hawkins;

and lois R. Beasley, I.D" R.N., have become members of tht' firm with of· fiees located hI Birmingham at 21()().A SouthBridge PalkWoly, Suite 570, Birm· ingham, Alnb.1ma 35209, I>hone (205) 87().1555, and in Doth,ln at 125 Wt.ost Main Street, Poo. Box 927, 00th.1n. Ala· bama 36301, phone (205) 793·1555,

•

The firm of Scholl & Scholl an· nounces the relocation of its law 01· fi ce-;, formerly at 12 Office Pillk Circle, Suite 200, in Birmingham, Ala· bama, to Its new offices locat~ al '4 Office Park Circle, Suite 315, 8irmlng. ham, Alabama 35223, PIlone (205) 871·6004, The firm "Iso ;Ulnounces that Stephen M. Middleton IMIS associated with the firm cfft'(tlvc August 15, 1989,

•

Roy Wesley Miller and Bruce Alan

Gardner, fo rmer Madison COJnly assis1<Int district .1ttOm(oy$. ;announce the form.lTion of a 1)(ll1nershil> fOf the gen· eral practice of law. Offices are 10C.lt~ at 221 East Side Square, Suite IB, Huntsville, Alabama 35801. Phone (205) 533·4004.

•

W.lyne l. Williams and Cr,lig L. Williams ,lnnounce the forma tion of a p.lflnership to be kllONn as WilliamS 8< Willi<lms, 600 Lurleen W.lllace Boulevard, S, Courthouse "Iala, Suite 140, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401. PhOf'le (205) )45-7600. •

Vn/69VJlurLtfn'b

ww .

COMPUTERIZED LITIGATION SUPPORT SERVICE Document Control · Bales Stamping · Copying Keyword Searches · Reports · Deposition Summaries 1933 Montgomery Highway, Suite 101 Birmingham, Alabama 35209

(205) 930·9666

301

1989-90 SECTION OFFICERS Administrative Law Section

B<llch & Bingham P.o. Bo~ 306 Birmingh:.m , AL 35201 (205) 251·8 100

Chairperson At L. Vreeland p.o, Box 2716

TUSC.1Ioosa, AL 35403 (205) 345·3440

S~e rctary

Chairperson-elect M, Fr;Ulk Caskey Capouano, Wampold, Prestwood & S;mrone

P.O.

Bo~

1910

Treasurer Robert B. Rubin Sirote, Pcrm utt P.o. I.!o~ 55727 Birmingham, AL 35255 (20S) 933-7111

Montgomery, AL 36102

(205) 264·6401 Sccrew ryfTreJsurcr Gcorge E. Hutchinson SIc. E·3?, 2368 Fairlane Drive Montgomery. A~ 36116 (205) 270-9606

Business Torts and Antitrust Section

Directors Margare! S. Chi lders

Alabama Health Planning Agency 121 6th Street- North Montgomery Montgorm!ry, Al 36104

(20S) 261-4103 Alvin T. Prc$t'Mlod COlpoua rlO, W;nnl)Old,

Pre~twood

Sansom! r,o. Box 1910 MOl11gomcry, Al 36 102

(205) 264·6401 lohl\ ThoffitiS MOQrcsmith SIC. 202, Four Metropl f!X Drive Birmingham, Al 35209 (20S) 871-3437 UOInkrupt cy ilnd Commerciill Law

Section Chilirl:terso n E. Terry Brown Copeland, Franco, Screws & Gil l P.O. Bo~ 347 Montgomery, AL 36101 (205) 834·1160

Vice.chairperson Romaine S. Scotl, III

302

Triwb M. UI...>(lsole, Jr, U.S. Bankrull tcy AdminiStrator's Office 259 W. Rid gc);r,o;1l Drive Mobile, AL 36606 (205) 694-4133

Ch"irpcrson Linda A. Friedman Bmdlcy, Arant, Rose & White 1400 Park Pillec Tower Birmingham, AL 35203 (205) 252·4500 Vicl.....c h almcr~OI1 Jonathan H. W,' llcr I-Iaskell, Slaughter & Young 600 AmSoulh·Sorlat Bldg. Birmingham, AL 35203 (2051 251-1000 Secretary I.ee H. Zell Berkowitz, l efkovits. 150m & Kushner 1100 Fin~nc:ia l Center Bi rmingham. AL 35203 (2051 326-0 460 Treasurer

C"101 H. Stewart Burr & f:Ornl"n 3000 SouthTrust Tower Birmingham. AL 35203 (205) 25 1·3000 Newsletter Edimr Lee E. Bains. Jr. Maynard, Cooper, Frierson & Ga le 1200 W,lIlS Bldg.

Bi rmin gh'Hll. AL 35203 (205) 252-2889 Coq>Ofilti on, Banking & Business Section

I.."1W

Chalrperso rl Cunis W, Jones Drummond Company. tn c:.

1'.0.

Box 10246

Uirmingh<Jm, AI. 35202 (205) 945-6509 Crl ntirtal Law Section Cllo1irperson Thomas Jeffcrson Deen. 111 Cll1rk, Dr')en & COr)t!llInd p.o. Box 2705 Mobile. AL 36652 (205) 433·5860 Environmental Law Section Chaiq>crson R. Cr.lig Kneise l A1torncy General's Office 11 South Union Street Montgomery, AL 36130 (205) 261.]406 Ch.:r j rt>crson-clt~ t J. Ross ForrlHl rl, III Burr & Forman 3000 SouthTru st Tower Birmingham, AL 35203 (205) 251·3000 Vi cc-chnIrl>NSOrl Neil C. Johnston Hand. Arelldnll, 8edsole, GrenllCs & Johnston P.O. Uo~ 123 Mobile, AL 36601 (205) 432-5511 Trc<lsurcr Jilmcs Goodwyn. Jr. Alnb"ma Dept of Conserv<lti on 64 N. Union Street M ontgOrllcry, Al 36130 (205) 261·3165

November 1989

S~rf!I'lrY

Robert R. Reid, )f, Bradley, AWll, Rose & White 1400 Park Place Tower Birmingh,1m, Al 35203 (20S) 252·4500

Membership Subcommittee Ch,lirperson Ronald W. Farley Alabama Dept. of Environment,,1 MlInagemenl

At.large & Chairperson of Bench/Bar Rel,ltion ~ CommiUoo Amy Slayden 407 Franklin Strcet. S.E. Ilul11svllle, AL 35801 12051 533-1178 "'·Largc &- ChairperSOn of Spt.'(ializa. lion Commltree

1i'51 Dickinson Dri...e

Williilm K, Bell i..lmmons, Bell &- Sn«:'(l 132 Holmes Avenue, N,W. l-h,lIltsville, Al 35801

Montgomery, Al 36130

(205) 5))·2410

(205) 271.7855

Progril!l1 Chairperson Neil C. John Ston 1-I,1nd, Arendall , Bedso(e, GreilVCS & JohnSton

1'.0. Box 123 Mohi lc, Al 36601 (20S) 432·55 11 legi slative Aff,llrs T. Bruce McGowin H,U1d, ArendOlIl, Blodsole, Greaves & Johnston P.O. Box 123 Mobile, Al 36601 (205) 432-55 11

N ·l'lfge & Chaimerson of Lcgisla1ivc

Commil1ce Lois Brasfield ,\Iap<rma Dept. of I h,man Resources 64 North Union SIfC<'1 Montgomery, Al 36130 (205) 26 1·5622

At·largc

Randy Nichols Burns & Mackey P.o. Box 1583 Mobile, AL 36633 (2051 432-06 12 Herndon Inge, Jr, Inge, McMillan, Adam s, Coley &

l.cdyard Family

L1W

Section

Ch.lirperSOn Jerrilcc P. Sutlle,1 n 112G South Side S<luarc Hunlsville, AL 35801 (2051 536·9900 Chai q>erson·elect & Treasurer J, Michael Manasco Minor, Manasco & Wise P,o. Box S022 Montgomery, AL 36103 (20S) 263·2333 Secretilry/New.;letter EdllOr & CLE Event Chalq)Cr>on

J. Ronilld Boyd Boyd, 1\lt(' & FerJ'\ilmbucq 2801 University Blvd., Ste. 302 Birmingham, AL 3S233 (205) 930-9000 Immediate P,UI Chairperson &

Mcnlbf!rship Chairperson G. Richard Fcrnanlbuc(1 Boyd, Pate & Fcrnambucq 2801 University BIIIeI., Stc. 302 Birmingham, Al ]5233 (2051 93Q.9OO0

I~O.

Box 2345 Mobile, Al 3&&52 (2051 4)3·6506

William R. Blanchard 505 Perry Street Montgomery, AI. 3E>104 (205) 2&9·9691

1..1bor law St.'Clion Chairperson j . Patrick logan Burr & Forman

3000 SouthTrll st TO\'o'er Birmingham, AL 35203 (2051 251·3000 Vice-chilirperson

lOt) R. Whiltley, Jr. COOI>er, Mitch, Crawford, Kuykl"ndall & Whiltley SIC. 201, 409 North 21st Strct!1 Birmingham, AL 35203 (205) 328·9576

S4.>crctilrylTreasulCr John Richard C.urigan

B'llch & Bingham p.o. Box 306 Bir mingham, Al 35201 12051 25 1·8 100 litig,llio n SN'lio n

Chairperson John p, Scott, Jr. Balch & Bingham 1).0. 60x ]06 Bllmlnghanl, Al 35201 (2051 251·8 100 Chalrpcoon-elecl Broox G. l'lo lmes Armbrcchl, Jack~n , OeMouy, Crf..l\'o'l!, Holmes &- Rccycs p.o. Box 290 Mobile, AL 36601 (205) 432·6751

011, Gas and Mlner'll 1..1"" Secl ion

Chai rpe rson David E. 11udgf!ns

Arrllbrecht,

Ja c k~n ,

OeMouy, Crowe,

Holme'S & Reevcs P.o. Box 290 Mobile, AL 36601 (205) 432·6751 Vicc<halrperson Oil & Gas Section Stephen W. Still $onat, Inc. P.O. Box 256] Birmingham, AL 35202·2563 (2051 325-1102

Vlce-chil ifl)eMn liard MinC!ral Socllon I IMold D. Rice, Jr. Jim W,llle! Resources, Inc. r.o. Box C·79 Birmingham, Al 35283 (205) 254·7481

Scc(CtMy Dabney Br,lgg Foshee Armbrt.'c ht, Jackson, DeMouy, Crowe, Ho lmes & Reeves P.O. Box 290 Mobilf!, AL 36601 (205) 432·6751 Treasurer James J. SledgC! Rosen, Harwood, Cook & Sledge I~o. Box 2i'2i' Tuscaloos.'1, Al 35403 12051 345-5440

303

Real Property, !>rob,lIe and Trust Law Section

C.. bani ss.

John~'on.

Cardn!.'r. Dumas

& O'Neal 1900 First National,Southern Natural Bldg. Birmingham, AL 35203 (20S) 252·8800

ChlliqlCrson Charles R. Smi lh Morris, Smit h, Siniard, Cloud & Fees 300 Clinton Sireet, W. l'l unt~ville, AI. 35801

Vicc·eha i fl>CfSon I lcnry I L Hutchinson

(205) 534·0065 Vi ce-<:h.. lrperson Charles A.J. He~IIIJf'i, Jr, Ilradlf.'Y, Ar,lnl, Rose & While 1400 P.lfk Plilce Tower Blrmlngh.llll, AL 35203 (205) 252-4500

Capell, Howard, Knabe & Cobbs P.O. Bo~ 2069 M on tgomery, AL 36197 (205) 2<11·8070 Scc:; rel <uyrrn~a $ urcr

Sccrel"ryfTrc,lsurcr Romal Tlc S. SCOtt, III Balch & Binghan1 1',0. Box 306 Birmingh.. m, Al 35201 (205) 25 1·8 100

Reese Mu rray, III

AmSouth Bank 1',0.

Bo~

11426

Birmingham, At. 35202 (20S) 326·5386

T,uacion Section

YOUlIK UlwyerS' Sect ion

Chaiq>erson

Prt':'sidenl jOlnlt':'S II. Anderson

Roy J. Cr,lwford

Beers, Anderson. J ill:k~ on & Smith Bo~ 1988 MOl11!!0tl1Cry, AL 36102 (205) 834·53 11

1'.0.

Prcsldcnl-cICCI W. Percy 8adhllm, III Maynard, Cooper, Frierson & Gille 12th Floor, Watts Bldg, Birmingham, AL 35203

(205) 252·2889

Secretary Keilh B. Norman Alilbama Stille (Jilr P.o.. Box 67 1 Montgomery. AL 36101

(205) 269·1515 Treasurer Sidney W. Jack ~on, 111 Jackson & Taylor

P.O, Bo~ 894 Mobile, AL 36601 (2051 433·3131

•

,-----------------------------------------------, i ALABAMA STATE BAR SECTION MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION I To join one or more sections, complete this form and anach separate checks payable to each section

I you wish to jOin.

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Seclion

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Remember: Attach a separate check for each section.

Admlnl strallve Law "0 Bankruptcy and Commercial l aw Businl!s~ Torts and Antitrust Law COfplration, Banking & Business Law 11 0 C' iminal Law 10 EnvliunmOntal lllw Family Law

'IS 'IS

'20

'" m

~abor ~aw

I I I I I

11 0

~~ 0l1tlg~tjon 11, Gas and Minerai Law

'IS

Real Property. Probatl! & Trust Law '10 Taxation $10 Young Lawyers' 10

If pf3(llCins Ifl$lhun 5 YI1.

If practicing 5 or more yrs,

Mail to: Sections Alabama State Bar P.O. Box 671 Montgomery, AL 36101

TOTAL

~------------------------------------------------

304

No~ember

1989

Bar Briefs Huckaby elected Alaba",a Stal e

Delegate to A BA Gary C. Huckaby, a pMlner in the HUnisviUe Orm of Br.ldlcy, Mant, I(ose & While and Immedlatc past president of thc Aillbllma St,lte Bar, has been elecred AI<lb..lma Stale Delegare to the American Bar Assodlltion House o( Dcleg:lIes.

Forte on Public Educatioo about the Law alld the St;'lnding Committee on law-yers in the Armed Forces. He Is a Fellow of the American Bar foundation. Huckaby also is a PiS! president of the HunbviUl.'-Madison (OUIlty Bll r Associ. ",Ion . He has served on the Board of 8ar CommissiOners of the Alabama Stille Bilr, and a$ chairperson of the Filrrah L.'lW S()(;iety, He Is a member of the Bomd of Directors of the Alilbarntl Law School Foundallon (lnd of the council of the AlII' bama law Institute, imd serves on rhe Board of Dirl.'CIOrs of Ine American Judi. ca ture Society. t-tuckaby was graduated from the Unl· ~rslty of Alab..lnla in Tuscaloosa with 11 bachelor of ans degrt!e In 1960. and from the University'SSchool of law In 1962.

shes within the Slate-Birmingham, Mobile and Opelika. The ABA also will prf;Wide II wide vJriety of frcc law-related edUCiuion nmtcrlals and on-going t('(hnical assistance to help educate tead lers and lawyers In these three cities on how to teach law-related ed ucill ion 10 srudents. The ABA will work closely with the 5t;'1tC thlr, the AI<lb<lIllD Dcpolrlnlenl of EdUCation and lhe IOCDI b.1f .Issoc/ations and school boards In 8Irmll'ghl"", Mobile and Opellktl \o C!itabllsh on.golng law-related educmion I)rograms and promote Iaw-rela1l.'d educ,ltlon (or students throughout the state. Committee chalfl>erson is Chris Chrisl of BIrmlnghilm and vice-chair. person is Michael ()dom of Mobile, •

Alabama Sial e Bil r reilcheS 01.11 10

schools

As state delegilte, t tuck;lIly heads the Alab"",,, conlingCllIto Ihe AOA's House of Delegates, Its 1>olIey-maklng body. I-Ie will serve a Ihrce-year term as stilte delegmc. Huckaby has been a member of the house since 1982, u,'tll,,<M' representing the stille bar. He also is II member of the ABA Standing Committee on Lawyers Publie Service Respon ~ Ibiliry, and is il I'><lst chilirperson of both the Standing Commll1ee OO IJlwyer Referr,ll.Uld InfOlmarion Service alld the SI>ed al Commit· tl:C on Delivery of leg.l l Servic(!S. He is a I:laSl member of the Comortium on legal Services and the Pllblic, the Task

The Alabama State Bar recently was selected by Ihe American Bar Assocla· lion's Special Commillff' on Youth Education for Citizenship lor participation In their Bar·School P.lrtnership Program. This program seeks to Il'omote the teach· ing of lilw-related education to both elementary and secondary 5I:hool studenlS. Law-rehlt(''(1 (,>ducation incorporates Inter· .Icllve tCllchi ng methods iJnd involvt.'ment of outside resource leaders In the classroom. H helps rnotlv;'Ite students of allle\ICls and abilities, and teaches them ci tlzen5hip skiUs nec~ry for Ix!coming invol\l(.'(!, respon sible citizens In their schools and communities. Under thi$ progmm, the Alabama State Bar Is one of on ly 12 5tatl.'5 throughout the COuntry which will receive a mini· grant ol $900 for teacher and resource leader training w(Hkshol)S and (Of the PUrChDSC of materials in three selected

PiCfured ,lbove is Edwllfd /.1. ROgIHS, IT; Rogl!f$, auisfan! fO Prt!$I(km BU$h .!Inri II;s c/ll!!f of SUlf( lohn Sununu, aftencJed Harvdrd UniverSlfy and is a 1980 graduarc 01 Samford Un lversifY. He received his law degree In 1984 from the Un lver. sity of Alabama School of l,lW and Wil S admiffed fO the Alabama Slate Bar in

1985.

305

Underinsured Motorist ~

___'_0-

)06

- ""

November 1989

Coverage-an Update ...

.". ~

(- N) '-.....\' \

~__

1/ \~I"~ \JI\1\h'f

d'> ~ f; "

, •• '-..,

'e,

.~ "

'-!....:'

.~.------ ........

,~j

va \au

~',,:>,_ .,,_,.,~~j ~£t\~~~ ..

~I l '

by Ronilid C. Davenport

'While many qUi!$lions remai n lobe answered, the Alabama Supreme Court

has released SCY'Cfal opinlolls since thill

itD ,

\'\1. l ~

I wrote an article which ilPPCiHt.·d in the September 1988 Issue of The 11101-

article was wrinen which provide some

bama LaW)'('f entitled, "Undcrlnsurcd Motorist Cover;lge-Where Old It Come Froml Where Is II GOingr' That article

The purpose of '" ISarticle IS to pick up where the September 1986 ;mide left off

discussed al l of the I\labama cases which

ilnd discuss those underinsurcd motorist

Ihen existed on underinsured motorist COIoICrage. The article concluded wi th the

ca~ which hil'\le been decided during the past yea r.

Slacking In the case of TrilVf!ler$ Insurance Com· pany, Inc. v. /ones, 529 So.2d 324 {Ala. 19881. Ihc AliiOOrl'la 5uprerM COUll, In tIr\ oph)lon authored by Justice Maddo~ ,

NOT

• ',-

! I I

following PilragraJ)h: "Allhough underlnsured motorist C(lYCriJgC! IS b<!8 nnlns to t.lkc shape, there remain many Issues coocernlng ,ts application. InsurancC! coml>anlet plalntrffs' attorneys and defense attornL')1 w!ll continue to ~8onlle and JOOSt over these il.SU4..'s lor the oex\ coupic 01 )Call until the Alaooma S\II>rel1'IC Coun can reroll'll the (luestlons Irl'oOly. Ing Subr08<1tlon. settlement and trial 01 lhl~ new afca o! inSUriJflCC cOYllr"se.

1~ \

-----

held thal a passenger can Slack up to Ihrt.oe uninSured motorist coverages on the ownL'f"s policy If the co.erages for the addition al vehicles Me conta ined within

Ronald C. Davenport i$ /I parlner In Ihe firm of RushtOlt, StJkC!ly, ,ohnSton & G.,r· reu , P.A, In MOIl/Bomery. H e Is the /lU· !ltor vf A labama Automobilc In~uriln ce law, which hilS hccn published rcccllIly by The Hilffison Company, He received his unc/ergrad!J,11e degfCC from Hurtling. don Col/cgc and law dCBree from Ihc University of Alabama School of t<Jw.

307

the same contrilC!. The court'S dC!cision turned on the 1984 amendment to the uninsured motorist st~tul<!. III thc ar't'lCr'ld· men t, the Legisla t ure adopted §32-7·23(c), Code of Alabama, 1975, which provides as follows: ''The recovery by nn Ins ured IXlf5Qn

PLEASE NOTE: The Alabama State Bar's two FAX numbers are:

under the uninsured prOYislons of ,lJ)Y one comract of ilutomobl tc Insurance sh;.11 1x: !ir'l'1l1(;"<l to lhe prlmMY coYCr;lgc plus such iKldltlonal coverage as may be pmYlded for addillOll~1 whick'S, hul not to CXCl'(.-d two additional c~rJI!~

Main office

wilhln such conlract."

269·1501

(e mJlh3 ~1$

added),

The court held Ih,)t the plilin meeting of the amendment extended slacking o( uninsured motorist (ovcrilse to illl persons who "re InS\Jrc<.!s, whether they ilre named insureds or not, and enlltll..-'S them to "--'(~r the primary c~rag~ plus such i1ddil i(lnlll coverages as may 00 Ilrovided WI) to two a(!dilior'l.11 vcnitles. In order for 11 pllssengCr 10 stack, the addllloMI coverage must be within the same con· Ir.let of Insurance. In the case of SWIC Farm M{lIu,,/ Automobile InsuIJ/lce (ompilny v, Fox, 541

Center for Professional Responsibility

834·2780

fROM COOK & ASSOCIATES COmp", t~eae tow florl·smoke r aMuG! ro.t 8~ tor flon · oocre.,tflg grllldlld premiu m tl fll:

....." .." ."

1210000

11500,000

51,000,000

187. 80 117. 80

3211.00 348. 00 31111 .00

450 .00

202.80 221.00 212. .50 317.80 842 .10

In.oo 1,510.00

Justice Jones follows:

diS~n tcd

:mtl slIld as

"In rnv oplllion. Ihe Legislalure could not have Imended to ere.lle n '~u ssla n roulette' g.lrTIC 0( chance. The operative effect of the St,Hutt (lin be: carried out with somC' deglOO of (onsis tenCy (If1(i predictabilily only illhe ~IJ t ul e treat, ,.11 like COVCfillll'S bctWCl'n Ihe same P.1rlllJ'l (th e in>u rer ond th e insurt'<il.ls one con tract of Insur,mce. O thctwl :\e, !rOphislicatl.'<f Insurer'S la nd I n£ured~, ilS wull), in consi dering each application for C(M;' ~lIe, mu)t 110 Ihrough the menIal exerc ise of deciding wherhcr 10 Ij.o sue ~I",rale policies 10 C()\f'Cr each ve-

REAL ESTATE ATTORNEYS LASER SOFTWARE

AFFORDABLE TERM LIFE INSURANCE _

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So.2d !070 (AI". 1969), the C;;our1 again looked al the (;mguage of §32-7-23(c) and held IhM there wilS rlO IIr'11lt orl the number of uninsured motorist pol ides 3n illsured might stack If each of the policies wa s Issued under a sepMa te contrilct The court held Ihat the I)hrases U;my one co nlrilct" ,md "within suc h contrdCt" referred 10 one conlract or I)olicy of inSurance. Therefore. the slacking limlta· liOrl comained In §32-7-23(cJ does nOl apply if the contracts arc Issued under separilte 1>olIcies.

A complete linc of Real Estate Closin g (j)

400 ,00 •• 0.00 700.00 1,031.00

asO.OO 140.00 810. 00

including HUD's, Buyer & Seller Stutcmcnts,

(tl

Dis burse ment Register, C hcckwrillng Deeds, Mortgages, Notes, & Amduyils

1,OolO.00 1,UP,PO

(tl

Title

1,700.00 3,000.00

8,040.00

SOO.OO

2,1eo.oo

umo as mlliM lour years younger. All coverage provided by compllnin r, lt(1

Rtu\/lwable 10 age 100. Female rales

"A +" by A.t.I . Bes t Co. For a wr,nan quOI/Ulon end policy deaCflpllofl Bend )'Our dllte at blrtn and amOlln1 0 1 eOverago dul,ed to:

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COOK & ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 850517 MOBILE, ALABAMA 36685-0517 (205) 341·5168 ... _

iiiiii;;i~ iii lvo~r

308

' ..., ... Q"",ldl<l

ConUollrl1 -

Joo; __

III'

,.,.,10/1 .. ~I r.

Dll ptay S>"lcml, tnt., ISO N.W. 3rd 1\Yf..

Okec~hoo«,

1'1.. J.oI9n

November 1989

hide own(:d by the Insured, and Ihu ~ avoid the risk of ~tacklng unln ~Ull-d motO,IMcoYerilJ;CS as to pas~nllers (.u In Travt'len~ bUI al lhe Solrll(! lime, assume the ,, ~k of SlotCklng. Wllhoo t limitallO'iS. such c<M!fagclOf OIller Insureds for each Insurro vehicle las In the Instant c.. ~I."

Subroga tion The Courl has ~rcly limited ,he ability of InSurance companies to protect their subrogation rights In undcrlnsured motorist situations, Th e (jrst hint of the court's direction came In the case of HMdy v. ProSfessilic Insurance Comp.1ny,

531 So.2d 665 (Ala. 1966). Hardy had a policy wilh Pros rcssillll insuran ce Company which provi d ed u n insured (und~ rl ns url_'(I )

motorist cO\lCrag~ to hef.

I'tardy was Injuf'l'tl by Brown, an undcdnsured motodst, al Ihe time of the acdden!. Hardy received I)aymem from USF&G, Brown's lil1billty carrier, and exeCUted a release (eliCl/ing Brown from <lll fur th er cl aims iHislng oul of the automobile acciclent. The tria l court found that l'lardl"'s claim against PrOgress i ~ on her undetlnsured motorists' coverage was barred by her releasc from

The Alabam", Supreme Courl, in an opin ion written by Justice Houston,

rCV(!rSCd on the grounds 1I1al the re was inadC<luate documentation 10 support the trial court's action. H(MICIICr, the AlalXlrI)a Sul)reme Court, in dicLJ, wen! on 10 discuss undcrinsuroo molori ~I CO\Ierilgc <tocl subrogation in general. tn doing so, il cired the following language from P/OSIl!$$I~ Cd S. In$. Co. II. Kraayf'r'I/Jrink, 370 N.E.2d 455 (Minn. Ct. AI)P. 1985), with approval:

BlJSINESS VALlJATIONS employee lIoek o\\lJltl'lhip plaru acqulJ it lonJ/di VUllfUftl llOekhol<kf dispulu d iv<ma • ehrit.bl~ ,Ifu ellatu • mllUl,ible UlelJ COntIlCt :

Mitchell Kaye. CFA. ASA 800 888· KA YE (5293)

"The general rule Ii thai a scnlelllCnl and release of ~n I.n(/erinsured tOlr·

feasor Wi ll nO! ar.rlomJl1C,1l1y preclude f(!C(M!ry 0( urodi!rinstJred benclits. (cilalions omined). When an in~urt.'d party ha~ slYen his undctin Su l~nce carrier notice 01 a lematlYl! settlement prior 10 rclea~. and the Insufilnce carrier has 1he OP1}()r1unily to Plotl'(l itSsubro!.!a· 11011 rlgh ls by J).'lYins Ihe underlnsur·

ance benefits before the Insur,lnce car· ricr makt-s payment to ils insull.'d. how-

(l\II!1,

subro8'ltiO'i rightS do nOI

arlse.~

Member American Society of Appraisers Past President·Atlanta Chapter

The Institute of Chartered Financial AnalysIS

•

Court Testimony and

The d icla of Hardy became law in the

I.R.S. Experience

liability of the lorlfeasor.

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309

.(!cent case of Aulo-Own(!rs Insurdl'lce Compilny If. Hudson, 23 A8R 2721. Hud· son was in-..ulved in an automobile aedden/ wllh an underlnsurcd motorist. The plahlflff tIrld Aulo-OwncfS slipulatl'l:l that the accldent wa~ caused bV Fll1klcii'S Uhf;! underinsured n'()toristl negligence and Ihal the plaintiff, Hudson, suffered Inluries in the amount of at least $70.000, Finklea'S Insurance policy with State Farm had limits of $50,000; thu~, Finklea WtlS considered underinsun..'I:l. The 1>laintiff WtlS Insured by AutoOwner~ hlsur,lnce Comp.lIly at !he time of the Ilcclden/ with un insured/underi nsurcd motorist c(M!'age of $20.000 per person. Hudson notified Auto-Owners thilt he W.lS ncgQlialinlS a settlemenl with State Farm, wh(l rcby Stillc hrm would 1><1Y him Its $SO,OOO coverage in return for a wri tten release of Statc Farm and State Farm's ItlSUrcd. AUIO-Owners rCI>ticd with a letter wh ich wamro Ilud .. son that if he e~ecu led a release, he would be forfeiting his righl 10 the $20,000 uilderin;ur('I:i motori$! ca.erage, i\ulC>Own!.'r!i did say th ill it would give

permis~ro n

for Hudson 10 Ihlgale. Despite AutO-Owners' w.uning, Hudson released SlOne Farm and its insureds. Auto-Owners then tefused to Ilay Hudson the $20,000 un~crln surcd motoriSt bcndlb. Aulo-Qwners m!.'O a declaratory Judg· nlcnt and Hudson counterclaimed for the 520,000 in ulldcrinsured motorist coverage, The tri;ll court held thaI AiJloOwners had to pay Hudson his $20,000 in underi nsured benefits. Aulo-Owners IIPpeil led. The AlabamOl Suptemc Court affirmed the judg1l1erll agalr\~t Au to-Owners and held as follows: "When the tonf.. asor'~ IrJbrlrty InSUl"I!r ha~ oflered 10 pi/)' the mil~imum dit, 1I.11)i1lty Ilmlt~ ,n(l It Is undl~l)Ut(.'(l that the damagl'$ c(Ceed that amount dnd, further, ('Xceed the amoun t of un· derl nSU'l>(1 Cll'.'Crdl!l! av.III,lbll'. the Ill' .urt.'t! should Si~ its underinsured motOrlS! insurance(tllrler "otlc~d tllis dfered ~tlernent .,nd t"(1 under;n. ~ured motOfi~1 carne, shoold consent 10 1Iw Sc"'tllement ~nd forego ~ny right of svblosatrOrl for ,my ull(lerinsuf\.'(!

ALABAMA LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY GEORGE D. SCHRADER

BIBLIOGRAPHER A Comprehensive Bibliography of Alabama Law Books

Author/ritle Index Over 325 Entries Subject Index Over 425 Entries Includes 1989 Addendum Prior to Nov. 30, 1989 (dellvety In Dec. 7989) Alter Dec. 1, 1989

$18,50 (Tax & PostaQe included) $25.00 (Tax & PostaQe Included)

Maks Check Payable 10 Barrister Press. Mall Ol'der to :

JPS/BP

molorl~1

cCM.'rage II

md'(

$ub-equt'1'lt-

pay to its Insu~ Ihe .lmount Off('.e<j by tlw tOftfcilsor'S Insurer ~nd pre~rve liS .llInt 01 ",brog,,· 1'1' I"'Y, or

('I~I!

tion ,~

The court did not address the (Iuestion of whether the S<1me holding WOllld ilPPIy when it is nm undisputed that the damal!~ exCel.>d Ihe amounl of undcrin .. sored coverage availOlble. It certainly ap.. pc;:rr5, however, that the supreme court would probably make the s,l me ruling In that fa ct situation. Justice MaddolC, joined by justice Steag.lll, au thored .1 dissen t which 811ve <In clCcelient history of underlnsured nlOtorlst C~ra8c and a SUM.')' d the 1;1W in other Jurisdictions. JUSt cc Maddox, in dl~scnting. suggested th.l! the following gener,ll rules should apply: "The Injul"\!d I-I<llty. or hi; counsel , )hould give 110l!ce of hl~ or her claim to !II(' un<lcrlnsured motorlsllrlsurilllCe cillfler as r.oon as It aPIJC~f» thiltthoc IllWf\.'t!·S dilnhl!:tt"\ l."ICfI"'d the tOllf(lolW) 1I.11)11Ity Irmils. If thocft' Is no queslioo "bout liability. ~nd thoc 1141)IIIty cmier ....ants 10 pay rts policy Ilmll1 and gct

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T he Alabama A.wxi(ltion ot'l.egal Sccrerories oITers rhe Certified Prof(lssionlll Lcgll.l Sccrt:tmy Examinlltion ("PLS'") for legal secrtrnrl~ which provides 9 standard measuremenr of profC55lonalisru, knowledj,<e and skill,

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LEGAL SECRETARI ES

Auburn UnIversity al Montgomery 7300 unIversity Drive Monlgomery, Alabama 36 11 7-3596

310

NovClI1ut'r 1989

a releasc, Ihe proposcd sclllemcn! shoulu be ~lIlIrni !l t'(i 10 Ihe wldc/in, ., ur~ nlmorlSl lnsur,lnce c,mlf/, If the insured dl!sirm Ihal Ill(! undl!rinsuled mOlorisl insur.-m cc carrier w.liw ilS subfOg.ltion right', Ihe in ~uJ'l.'tI or his or her counsel should requeo;l , Ifl w(llln~ Ihill such a walwr be IIllII!n JmllhJllhc un· Uerill~UJ'l.'tI1110IOri ~1 c~rrlcr .1t\J'I."C nOi IO I,woke ,IS ,1 d t>lense nrly release Of ;Illy C(lV(!n>lm 1101 to ~ue. The underlnsured mOlori SI c>lflie~s deci sion 10 wailll! or 1101 10 waive II:; suhrogalion rillhU or 10 con:iCn l or nOI 10 confot'nl 10 II SCI. llemenl by liS 11SUrt.'Ci wllh lhe lort fca~or ~hould d«Jltlnd uj)()n wh«lhcr the facts shO"'t-d 11\;11 ItS InsuIL-d w~s 'It... K3l1y enlhlcd 10 le1..oYel damages' un. der Ihe pfOY b lolU 01 §32-7.2J. and whelher, as a practica l con s lder~lion , Ihe lighl 01 sub/ogmio'l hn ~ v.llu«, AU llr'g(lllallorlS should be co nduclL'Ci In gQOd fallh, and any f{!le>l'iC~ or C(M!IlanlS nOI 10 sue should be dr,lfll'Ci 10 mcellhe JPprO'V~1 of ool h Ihe to,tle ••• sor'~ 1I,lbllhy cmier ,mel Ihe carrlel of the underin surt.'!:l mOlori st C(M'ralle.11 Ihey ( .ann()l .atl'Cl.', dnd ~ uch di <i.1 I!J'I.'tlmcnl pIC~I:IlI ~ ~ lustidable conlroversy, Ihen Ihe in,urcd I).l lty ~hould sue to h,1I/t! hi s or her ieg;11 rlghls delermlnt"li .~ (crla tion ~

Concerning the fa c h of l-Iu(/~on, JUMi(:l! M ilddox proposed the following: "I would hold that !i1« reh.' •• ~e t I l.ld~o n Cl<;('CutLod W.1 5 subll'<l !o Aulo-Own~~' subro8~t,on "8I1 ts. Thi5 wou ld be an equll>lhll.' rl!~lIh , iX'C<ru)C Ihe rclc,u e C~L'Cull!(t by Ihp plollrlliff In (.war of lile IOI I(e~loOrs ~Pt'CJfiCitll y f{!serl"t'<.i to the plaintiff Ihe IIKhllO rt"C(M'r thl.' benefits payable under Iht' lerms of the Al.lloOWlierS

1)Olley."

Bad faith In the ca se of

Sanford Y. Uberty Mu-

11I<1/lnsufilIlCC Company, 536 5o.2d 941 (AI .... 1988). Ihe c ourt reversed th e tria l CO~IIt'S gmnring of the d efendan t's m o tion

10 di smi ss th e p l alnl iff's Ion claims for bad fa ith refu sal 10 IJay an unin sured morori st cl aim irnd Iml fni ln rcfUS<l 1 to In-

Ve~ l iBale the c laim. The (ri;:. 1 courl had r{'l1~ upon thl! cases of Quick v. 5 t,l te Farm Mulu,,/ Aurol71obile In$lIr.l nce

Comp.:ltly, 429 SO.2d 1033 IAla, (983); Bower) Y. Sl.J te F,lrm Mu'ua/lnsurance COnl/.l<lOY, 460 50.2d 128a (Ala, 1984);

,md kIna C,15Uilily & Surel y, Inc. \( 8f!8H), 5 25 So.2e1 1)50 (AI,l. 1988). M ;my cOllsidcr'(od [hI'! dl'!ci~ion in S,mf{Jrd to Iw a reversal of these earlier cascs. l-i(1.VCYCr, the m iliorily of Ihe COli n dellied tha I It W.1S Il.'\Iersi ng i[self but suggested Ihm the tri,l l court simply m isread Its three earlier T he emir!, in a per CUI;.lm decision,

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omil1t"lil.

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lind iI 'b,1d faith' claim In ollwr IWOII<1I1Y inwrilnc\! contcxlS, JU 5 tj cc~ Milddox ilnd StCilHil1 1 disscmed: "Our opinions in Quick v, SMle Farm MUI , AtilO, Ins. Co., 429 So.3d 103) (A lII. 19"3), Bo.w:fS v. SIIIIC film} MUI. AUlo. Ins. Co., 460 So.2d 1288 (Ala. 19"4), ilt1d kina C~S. & Sur, Co. II;

8e881, 525

So.~d

1350 (AI." 1966), art

direcl aUlhqrll), fqr holdrng Ih.11 'there can be no brt'ach of an uninsured rnmorisr COntr;KI , .Ind d1crc/0f'(l110 bad fallh, luuil the Injured provc) Ihm he is IC,IIol Uy entitlE.'<.! to recover damn!!e~ from lin uninsurtod or undminsured mOloriSI: Quid, 429 So.2d ~I 1035. In Ihe InSIJflI cne, UabiitlY ,!Ill.! the al11OUl11 cJ damages has 110t been dCler. rIlil1t-d, al1d JlI~inti(f aill-gcd no f,ltlSin<lIC,lllnll Ihm hll In~un!r mlght1Jc 1i~hl(i Wilhoul such celermln.ulon ;'

Conflict of laws-Best v. AutoOwners Insurance Company. 540 So,2d 1381 (Ala . 1981)) In June 1985, Best was Irwolvcd In an automobile accident in Blount Coun ty, AlabMna, BcSI W.1S, JI all times relevant 10 thi s case, a residenl of Soulh Carolina. Hi s vehicle Wil S prinCil)(Iti y g(lr{lged in SOll1h CMolin;r, (lnd he ;rnd his !tOn were retllrning 10 Iheir home In South Carolina afl tfr i1 vi sil with SCSI'S son'~ fiOlnccc. BeSI and his son were seriou sly In· jured, A SCUlcmcllt was rca ched w ith Ihe responsible d river, and his Insurance company paid the lim i ts of Ihe driver's liobility policy, Allhe lime of Ihe accident, Best W .I) covered by a policy of InsurJnce issued by Au to·Owners in South Carolina, The

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,1pplicatlon for Ihe po licy wil Scomphm:!(/ in Sollih CMoli na and expre ssly did nOI inctude coverJgc for undcrinsured mo· 10riSt bodily insurance dJmJge. Au loOWl1iln; never rl:J Cl:Jlved ij premium (or underinsured molorlSI CCNCr;rge. The iSSlle before thc court W.1Swhether the COnlri1ctu~1 oblig<lliOIl> of the pJrtles ......cre g<M!rncd by the policy, which WJS Issued in Soulh Carolina, or were gO\'Crn· cd by the law of Ihe StOlle of A 1 ~bi1m(l. Best conlcnd(.'{i Ihtll his policy creilted underinsured mOloris t cQ\erase be(ause Ihere was tl clause which silid, In esS(!f)ce, thlll w hen he oper(llcd his OIulOmobile In anolher slale the IJoliey would meet Ihe (cqulremer)[S of any financial responsibil ily law of Ihal slate. The Ala· bamJ Suprcme Court I>ointed out that Alilbamil is nOI ,1 compulso ry InS\lfilncc Slale. BeSI voluntilrily elecled nOI to ob1.. ln underin~un.>d mOlori;,1 (;~r{l"1'! in South Ca rolina and cou ld not now receive such coverage in Alabama, w h ich has 110 compulsory ir,suranCC requiremen! .

Timeliness

wilhdra'A'JI

under·

insurance carrier in the case of Ex Parle Edgar, 543 So.2d 682 (Ala. 1989), the court held Ihat tl n underinsuw nce carri er cannot make lIS withdrawal from a c.)se Condilional. Deiln was Involvcc1 In tin ,Iulamabile Jccidell1 January 14, 1987, On January 21, 1968, shc filed tl complJln t J8Jinst her liability insun,l nce carrier, ALFA. ALFA wa s se~>d with a compltlht January 22, 1988. Dean sl.l b~eq llenlly <rmended hcr complaint FebruJry 1, 1988, stal ing iI dilim against AlFA far underinSlired motorist benefits. She amended her COr11plaint Jt the same lime 10 name Ed gM as a defendan l , alle ging tho I he nCl:\ligently or will1lonly cau sed Ihe ac· cl dent. ALFA WilS ~1"'A"..·d w ith thc tlmcnd· ment February 3, 1988, and fited J motion to dismiss the comp laint February 7, 1988. AL FA amended liS motion to dismiss Feb ruary 25, t988. A llern,lIivcly, it moved, pursu ant 10 Rules 42(b) ilnd !B(c) of the Alabilma Rules of Civil Proccdl,lre, to have Dean's claim ag.llnsl II fOf insur,l n<.:e <.:ovcr(lgc resolved In a separate Irlal. On May 2, 1988, ALFA filed a motion St."Cking to exercise ils OI)liOr'l 1101 10 Pilrtic:ipate in the trial of Oearl's claims

November 1989

ilS,linSI Edgar. ALFA laler ann:mded Ihls mOllon AuguSI 29, 1968. In Ihe ;,mend· menl, II slilled Ihill It was reservhlll Us right 10 Intervene in 1he case at a later dll1e. Dean filed an objecllon 10 Ihe court's 'lilowing AI.FA to wilhdrilw from the case, staling that there was no au· thority to groWl hs motion 10 pdfliclpdte In dlscovcry ane 10 resclVC Ihe righl 10 join Ihe 1I11g.11ion Jt some fulure dale. The lrial court denied AlFA's requested wilhdraw<ll on September 27. 1988, Still· ing th.l1 il was doinll so I>e(tlllsc ALFA had falltod to m.lkc a limely eleclion. ALFA then petitioned the Alab<1Il1il Suo preme Court (or il writ of mandamus, a~kin8 for :In order dlrccting the Irlal caul! to allow it to exercise Its OI)llon to wilhdrJw from the case. (The writ of mandJlllus also addre~5tod another Issue which docs not concern Uilinsured motorist coverage). The AIJbama Supreme Court ack· nowledged tha t Lowe v. N.1Ilorlwidc III· SlIr.lrlCC Comp.:1rJy, 521 So.2d 1309 (Ala. 1988), provides a liability in~urer wilh Ihe absolule righlloclecl not to particip<lle in the trial of its insured's claim i1g.linst :m undefll1sun..od motorist, provldl.'d Ihe elecllon Is Ilmel)·. The COurt went on to note Ihat although iln Insurer may elect to wi thdraw \/Cry cMly In Ihe case, as ALFA did In Ihls C.1se, Lowe does not require th;lt it do «), The insurer has Ihe option to wllhdrilW (rom the C.1SC within any reasonable time after service of process. Whmher the insurer's mOlion to wllhdr.M' is timely made Is IcfllO Ihe discrelion of the Irial courl. Tilt- courl stated thill It bcl1CVC(1 " Ihllt It would nOl be unre;lsonable (or Ihe Insurer to par· ticilMte In the case for a length of lime su ffi cien t to enable It to mllke .1 meiln. ingful dctcrmlnmlon as to wh(Jlh(Jr it would be ill Its best interest to with· dr.tw." The COurt noted tha t in this instance, AlFA wanted out of the casc, bUI only If It could monitor the progrNSlon of the case through the dl scovety process and 1;ller intervene if II desired to do so. The supreme court held that the trial court had no aUlhOfllY to grantlhe motion as 1)()SIUr(!(! by AlFA. The petition for writ of mandamus Wd denil.'tI. Justice Jones concurred specially, not· Ing 111.11 Ihe OI)lnIOIl 01 the supreme court did not preclude AlFA from withdrawIng as ,1 P.lrty to the Iitig.1Tlon C\'Cn as of

The AI"bam,l L.twyer

the date o( Ihe supre'l1C cou rt'~ ol)inion, provided il no longer Insists upon the conditions al1ilched 10 Its previous with. drawJI .lItempl. Ju~lice Jones further st<l1cd his opinion tn.lt the discretion of Ihe Irial covrt, wilh respe(;1 10 Ihe l iml.... Ii ness of the underinsured Cilrrier's wi th· drirwal. should be liberally exercised In f.wor of allOWing the insurCt a rt"aSOrlilble lime within which to conduct the necesSOlI)' discovery and exercise an Informed discrctlOll concerning staying In the lilig,ll ion or withor,lwing from the tilig.ltion.

Conclusion While the Alabama Supreme Court hilS resolYCd seYeral of Ihe puzzling issues involving underinsured motorist CQYI!r.lge, thiS area of AI~b.lm{l liM' remains in ils adolt.'SO!nce. II is the faslest growing body of Civil law in Alabama al Ihe ptCSCnl time, ;lnd undoubtedly il will conlinue to take form in the nlOfl1hs and years to come, •

31J

1989-90 Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Commission James R. Scale, chairperson 207 Montgomc~ SI.. 51l'. 1250 Montgomery, Al )6104 2(JS·aS7J )ohl) DJvrd Knish!

214 Downtown Plillil CuitnlilJl, AI. 15055 739-4347

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Chilrl~

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P.O. Box 193 I hll1l w ille, Al 35804

Keith B. Norman, director of progrJms

AI.1bam,1 Stille Bill 1>.0. IJOk 67 1 M0I1I!10mery. AL

36101

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•

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BASIC PROBATE IN !\LAHAMA H un'~villc

Inc,

Dothan AIJbama a,l( In ~tilulC for Cl[ rt'dilS: 6.0

(715) 835·8 525

81,l~lncs\ In5\11ule, Co~t : $98

6.0 (715) 835·8525 TR IAL SK ILLS

(205) 348-6230

L.lwycr~

FORECLOSURE AND REPOSSESSION C(cdlt~:

CI('dih: (j,0

Huntwil ic AI,lll,lI11,1 Tri<ll

thursday

M obile N,llion,ll

TRIAL PRACTICE UPDATE BASIC I'RORATE IN ALAHAMA Birmingham Nilliofllli I3U SIO CloS IrUlhutc, Inc.

8.8

PROSECUTION & DEFENSE Of A I.ENDER UAIIIUTY LAWSUIT AII.lIlta Ameri c.ln law Inslitule-Americiln Bi'I( A~socia'ion

(21S) 243-1/iOO

(800) 424-272 5

8 6

wednesday

l'ERSONNELllABOR REL,\TlONS Adml r,lI Scmm(>~, Mobile Cumbt.'rlill'ld Instilule for ClE Credits: 6.0 Cost: S95 (lOS) 870-2865

friday

LABOR LAW INSTIT UTE SIlt'r;'!lon Century Centl'f !-lOIN, Allanl.1 Institute for ContlnulIlg LeKal Educil' lion of GeorglJ Cos t: $l1 S

(<10<1) 5<12·2522

TRIAL SKillS BirminghJm Alau..lma Bar In ~ li[url' for ClE

Cr(!(lits: 6.0

1 friday

(20S) 348·6230

BAStC PRO OATE IN ALABAMA

TRAPS AND PITFAllS OF CIVIL PROCEDURE (video relllay)

Montgomery N;Uion,.1 Bu ~ jnc\f> irl'llililC, Inc.

Cn.'dil): 6.0 (7IS) 635-6525

Co"l: 598

Tile AI.lb.lma Lawyer

Doth an

AJ"bilnm Bar Ills1illlic for (LE Credib: 6.0 (205) ]48·6230

117

de opportunities ANNUAL TRI AL PRACTICE UIIOATE MO!11gomcry AI,lb,l nlil Tri,ll lolwycl'> A,,~o("i,ltion

(205) .162-4974

TRIAL SKII.LS Mohlle

FO RECLOSURE AN D REPOSSESS ION Montgonwry N.ll ion,)! au<winl'~~ Crt'd't~:

6.0

Jn~lIture,

Co~t :

Inc.

S98

(7 15) 8]5.6525

PERSONNE L/LAHO R RELATI ONS II Mbl'r1 C{'nll'r, Blrmlngh .. m Cuml~rI .lrl{1 hl~IIIUU! for eLE

('redlh: 6.0

Cost: $95

friday

AI,II),101,1 OM Insli:Uh.' for CI.E CrNlh~: 6.0

(20S) ]48·62]0 EVIDENCE FO R TH E TRIAL LAWY ER J;lck<,Qll,

C()Ii~eUln RamJ<ia Inn, MI\.i'i~ipp i

Tht'

Univm~ity of MI~~I .. \l p pl Conllnu-

inK l£Kal Credits: 6,0

Educ~ r( ()n

(205) 070-28&5

(60n 982-6590

11-12

TRIA L PRACTICE UPDATE Annl~ ton

NATURAL GAS LAW W:·~ h n. OJII~~ Soulh\vc~lefll

1J.'1I.11 FourldilliO!1 11.2 (214) (190-2 H7

CI('dil~:

12-15 SECU RITI ES REGU LATION D il lld~ SoIJlh\\o't.·~1l'rn Legal

Weqin,

rOundallon

Crcdlb: 22.0 (2 14) 690·2),7

A~\I)(,j,ltion

thursday

TRIAL SK illS

ADVANCED TlWSTS R.lm<ld,l CiVIC Center, Bi rmingham Cuml.>C'rI'lnd In~Wut<.' (or elE Cr('flih: 6.0 Co~r : $95

H Jlberl Celller, 8lmllllKh.lln Cumbert.mft IMllnJll' for CLE Credih~ 6.0 COS I ~ $95 (205) 870·2865

monday

20-27 ANNUA L WI NTEK SEMI NA K The Sojourrll'r 11m, J,Kk~OIl Hole

Credib: 11.0

(vidM replay) TU\CJloosa Alilbama B.u InSlilUIl' for CI E Crlodit~~ 6.0 (205) 348-62]0

(205J IPO-286S

tuesday

MEDICINE FOR LAWY ERS (video

14-15 BA NKR UPTCY AND REORGAN IZATI ON

TRAPS AN D PITFAL LS OF (lVIL PROCED URE (video relll,l y)

Pr,1t lhhlR L,IIY Im lhutC

Cosl: $450

MnrriOll Orl;1I1do WOrld Ccnlcr, C d,llldo A~socl<l t i o rl o( Tri ill L,lw~rs of AlllcriCil (600) 424·2725

(cl)lay) AI,I",101il BM Institule for CI E Crlodlh: 6.0 (205) 348·6230

H olidilY Inll-Unlon, 5an Fr.lncj~co

21-25 MIDWI NTEK CO NVE NTI ON

TII'><..I1005,)

318

Wynfrcy HOlel. Blrmlngh.lm Alab.lma Triill LJWYl'r~ ANx:i,1110n (205) 262-4974

TRIAL STRATEGIES AN I) ISSUES

(20S) H70-286S

(1 12) 765-5700

18-20 MIDWI NTER CONFERENCE

CIVIL PROCED URE

6.0 (205) 348-6230

Credits: 12.0

ESTATE PLANN ING Fonr;l inl)l"ilU Iliiton 11011.'1, Mi,ll'ni M iam i 1"IW Cl'nll'r Credlh: 21. 1 (]OS) 284. 4762

Cumilt.'rI,md ""111ul(' (or Cl E

MOJII!:lol11cry AI,lhalll.l Im[l lute for (I.E Crt'di t ~:

AlabJma TriJI lJ\\yt'I'< (20S) 262·4974

15-19

TU\C,lloo~,1

Alnb;IJll<1 Bal Irlsl ilulC for (LE Crl'(li l \~ 6.(1

(105) ]'18-62]0

NoV('mbc, 1989

-Alabama Supreme CourtNotice to Attorneys and Their Staff Your ,1Ucntion Is dirt'Cll'd to St'V{'ral pro. \li~ion~ of lhp apptlliiltll rules, which will hell) in pro<:e5$ing your "'lPeal:

Briefs-number of COI)ies, color of

coverS, etc,: Regul;lr "I)peals-om origin.ll ;md four ildditiollill ("opll!~ arc rllquirt~d "hef ~ubmi\~lon, your offtCI" will be notifi..odl. Rule 32, "RAp, 1)(0vid(~ for Ihe following color of C()Y(!"'; 10 bt! U!>l'ti on l)(Icf~. If JVJllablecopic~ {i f

i1ppcilaf)tlbluc. Jppeli('e/red, Inler· 'lenor or Jmlcus curlal'l'lvecn, replyl gray. (The rules do not Indicille a color for the C(M'r 01 rch(>aring bm..f~. but while is SUggl",!ed.) (Certificate of $CIviCI.' should conlilln n,II11(', addre~), phonc number and pJrty rcprc)Cnwd for illl 0;(>,""-'<1 .)

Pelilion for ",il of cerliOrMi-Jn original .1nd clShl copies of the peti. Tion ;ltld SlIlJI>ortinH brief. No color for covers is reqllilC(!, but j( ,my colored cq.oer is uo;('(l- llCtirioncrlbluc, rt"ipondent/r{,'(1.

I'clition for writ of mandamus-.m ()riHlnal o1!ld Illne copies of rh e perition ilnd supportln8 brief. (Cel lirie.lle of M!rvice sholJld conlilin IMme. address, phone numb('r and IMrly rellrest'ntl'(1 for .111 'it'rvec!.)

l'erilion for Ilcrmiislon to appcalori81nal ilnd nil'll' copies of the petition and suPPClrtin8 brief. (Certi. ficate of service should conlilin name, "ddn..'S~, (l11d phone numl)(!r and poUly represented for (III ~erVl'd.l

,Ill

Docket fees: SIOO-Regular i1ppeal SO-Petition for writ of cerliOMri to COUll of ciyll ,lPJX!Jls (No dockel fee is required on criminal certs.) SO-Pel Ilion (or wril of mand,lmus 50-Pel ilion for perrlllssion 10 appe"l (If DClilion for pcrmi~ sion 10 appeal is granl1..>d. ,1n ;Iddilional 550 is due.J Extension of time for filin g briefs on appeal: One seven-<iay extension of l ime, as provlde<llJt Rule J I(d ), ARAP, may be Wantt.'(1 fo r Ihe appcll(lnr's brief, the i1PI)ClI!W's bri~f tlnd the tlppellanl'S n!J)Jy brief. Reque~t for {,'X ttmslon will be IIral1led over Ihe telephone; howL~r, tht'! exlension mUll be confirmed lil writing to this of/Icc, staling the exact d.1!e your brief is due, and 3 copy or the confi rmmion (eller ~nt to opposing coun'iCl. for exlcnsion~, 1)leilse

call Sharon MeLli in, Rebecca Norris, Diane Dl.'nl1ls or Louise Llvlng~ton .

filin g: P.lpelS Shllil be deemed filed on rhl;l day of mailing" ct'(liflcd, registered, or CXPIC'H mail of the Un/led 51.1/('5 1"05/,11 Service Is ulll1zcd . Rule 2S(a). ARAP.

Not ice 10 Ihc trial cl.uk when appellee brief is fil ed: Ru Ie 3I1a), "RAP. Il'<juife'i Ihill Ihe appellee give notice 01 the filing of apIX'Uce'S brief to tnll cle,k 01 Ihe trial COUtt . Con1pllal'lce with Ihls rule is nC(e5s..1ry in order for Ihe td,.1 clelk to know when to forwJfd the record on apl>e,.1 10 the appellate court. Scc:ond copy of record on appe')l or ilPI)endix: Rule 30, ARAP. r(!<Iulres thllilhe parties file either an appendix or a sec· ond COl"" of the ,ecOId on appeal. This rul e O1U)1 ile compiled wi th before a case can be submitted to the court for (I decision. If you pilln 10 (lse the second copy of the record on "P' P(';I/, you should mdke 8rtilnfjemenls with the c/t·rk of Itw circuil court /0 pholocoPY the record for you lx-fOfl! file orlSlnai record all appcilJ is sent 10 th is office.

•

319

Building Alabama's Courthouses by SiUlluel A. Rum ore, Jr.

The following continu,-'S it

hi ~I Qry

The first county seat "",15 establi shed )ite called Hou ~ lo n . One ~mlrce iIItributes the Ilame to S;ml Houston of T(,)(o)5. Allothel clalm~ th,u the town wa s n.lllled for J local fJmily. County leaders <'()()n conc1udl'{! !hilt the l!}(CiI\iOIl witStOO i~ol(l1l'd and they m(M.'(ilhe calmty S(!,lt, whi ch tl1l.>y continued 10 c,, 11"Houston." Ihrl,."e mile~ ~outh ~hortly .lIter the coun ty n,lmc <:h,Ulije. "New" I'fou ston was icx,lt('(i 011 1110re IC\lCllollC Jnd was mOfl,) ,rcce~ ~ ible thall the former town site. 'rhe courthouse, like il~ prcd<'Cessor, W,l ~ made of heWll 108~, b(lt W~lS l.uger ,me! h;'1d two ~torie~. No trace rcm"in 5of Ihl s c;O~nthOlJ<;e. ill thuugh the origill11 I log jJiI ,1t;1

Qf Alii'

barna's county courthoures- thcir ori· gins and some of Ihe IlCUlltc who co nIribult:d 10 their growth. Thf! AhlbanM Lotwycr plans 10 run one count y's story in each issue of th e maglu:irIC. If you have Jny photollfJph s of earl y o r pres· ent courthouses, ,>Icase forwiUd them 10: S;'lmucl A. Rumore, Jr. Mlgllonlco & Rumore

1230 Brown M;lrX Tovver 6lrminl:lhilm, AI,lbilmil JS20J

~11 ) t (ju~ton ~t ill ~t,md~.

Winston Cmln ly The people of Wjn~ton Coun ty hl'lvC J

proud <.Jnd LJlliquc hcririlgc. At the lime of the Alilb<lmil Secl!~~ion Convention In 16&1. they votl'C'i to rem,l ill IOYJI to the ft.'(Itlral glM!rrln'lCl11. After Alabama left tilt! Union, a mcctlng W,l S held 10 discuss whether Win ston Coun ty ~hould setcdc rrom AI<lbaIl101. Though no fo rmal action was 'akell, the county forever rl:l'tei vtid the sobriquet "Fmc STaTe of Winston ," (Th i~ story is the 5ubjl.'Ct of an "l1Ilu,,1 outdoor theatrical productiorl entitled "The Incident ;11 LoonL>y's T,lvcm ," performed ncar Double Springs.) Will ston County is located In the rural hill coull try 01 nonhwest Alabama, Because 01 the hili), the county wa~ primarily compo sed of sma!! IMms r'lther than largc planta1ion., ilnd slilVl:l OWf1er~hip w,)s rilre. These IMmers had little in com· mon wi th the Black !lelt plan l cr~ to the 50uth . Polith;.fIlly th~ were Jacksonians ,1I1d belll'VCd that 110 st,lte could legally ~eccdc. Basicallv. they desired 10 be left "lone alld remain neutral. However, .. fter ,1 con~ c ription i1Ct WolS I)aSS(!(! in 1862, Con fl~di!r"te recruiters C,1me into rhe county ~cekin8 Ilew mill· I<lry re<:ruit~ Mimy ~ungl)len of mllll,Try

320

agc were forced into '('rvic;!.:. Thll~c who rclu~ were t.1ken pri~ner or even shot on the spo1. Som!.: 11t.'flto the ca'J(."S and hills 01 the s(Jrroundln8 terri tory. Some met at Niltural UridKI.' (still ,J 10c;'1II,111d· mark) to !.:~capc to f~d er,'l lilIes. Mally Win stnni;JnS volun tctrcd to ~crvc in the Union Army. [ ver sirlce lhilt tim!.), Win· ~ton County has remained il predomi. n.~ntly Republlc;'1n !}()!itical ~tronghold . Wlnstol1 County W<1S cr(.'~ted j'cbru ary 1.l, 1850, out of territory t.lken prlnhlrlly lrom Walker County I t ~ original name wa' Hancock County for John Hancock of Revolu tionary W.1r and )iHnature fJIllt'. The county name was chonged JanUilry 22, 1858, to honor John A. Win~Ion , gr)Wrnor 01 AIJb;'1mJ from 1853 tQ 1857. Winston, who was born in Madisoll COlliHY in t8 12, is considered the fir)t n;'1tlve.born Alilbilmian tl) haw become gQV('mor, cvcn th ough ill the time of his birth M"di~on COUllty WilS p,1ft of the Mississippi T!.)rritQry. Winston wa s iln independent le,lcler wl'lO gained the title of "\!Cto gowrnor" bccau"C of his numerous di s"lw~c lllent s with the Legi5laturc. His legacy as gO\ICrnor clearly reflccts the in· tense Irldel)endencc of the h11l COur1try Winston Cmlnty dt7.cnry, mak.lng hi ~ n.1mc an i11}jJroPril11~ choice.

[)ue to its oppo<;ition 10 the Conleder· ,It(' C,IIJ~e. a bill wa s Introduced in the ~t<J t e Senate in 1862 to ~boH sh Winston County. The boundaries r:J th!.) ildjoining counties would be ext('nded to take in .111 01 the territory of Wil'~ton. Thi ~ bill p,l~ sed by i1 \l(ltl' of 21 to 1. A similar re~olulion wa s IlrOI:H)sed in the I·touse, but Win5ton CQUllty wa~ SPMl'd dlssolu· tiol1 by ,1 vote there of 43 to 26. In later ~,l r~ the legi ~ l,lture did relllovc J por·

Sam(wl

A Rumore. Ir. , Is ,1 gfildu<lte of

rhe Uniyersiry 0; Norre D;mJe Ilnd rhl! Univers ity of Alabama 5cl:001 of I.mv. /'Ie served as founding chairper)on of the AIIl b.:Jmll Stdle BM's Famil'y LilW Section il lld is III pr.lcfice III Birmillgham wilh rile firm of Mislionico &- Rtmrorc.

November 1989

In 1929 SubSlilnlial remodeling exp;mded thi s co urt hou~e. Additions were nkldc to Ihe front MKl rear portlo/lS 01 the build ing. These new wings were also constructed oIlocally quarrlC(! s...rldStone .. nel reinforced wi th concrete. The archi. I~t ural firm for the pmlec! was Warren, Knigh t & Davis of Birmingham, and the contractor was Burdick & V\bodruff. The cost W,lS S70,OOO. A one-story ildditlon wa s made 10 the l!ilSl('rn ~ide of Ihe building in the 1950s. fillirlg In the area bC'tween the 1929 w /llgs.A lail wing was added 10 the reaf in 1962, And in the 1980... a St'Cond·story ....'Coden (lddi tion was added to Ihe 1950's construction. Thl' Winston County COur,house is a good exam pi/'! of Ihe Ncoci Oi ssical R{.'Yiv.11 stylI! of archhcclure. The Struelurc contJlns II cI"'sslc,l l l>oo lrncnl wllh II four·columnl'd portico, ,l nd the columns <lfe TU SCJn . The milln courthouse sec tion cont,lins iI clock towcr with a ClII>OI,l topped by a fin i .. 1. This building Wil ~ nilmtod 10 the Nillional Regi ster of I liSlOric PlilCCS AugUSI 27, 1987. •

WimlOf! Coun ly Courlhou5e lion of WinSlon COlmlY I,lnd. Cullm,ln Couney wa~ cre,lIl'(l in 1877 OUI of por· lions of 81ounl, Morgiln ilnc! WinSlon counli('S. Atlef Ihe (rcallon of Culim;'ln CounlY, I lou~lon w,} s no longer (cnlrJlly loc,lIed III W.n~lon . In 1884, Ihe lCgisl,llure cillied for d counly o;eJ t el('(:lion. The IX"OIJiI> ~rt· 10 dt'(lde if Ihey wJll/ed Iheir courlhouse d Hous ton or rh e gt'OWillJh ic,ll ccnlcr of Ihe county. As lISUJI lil Ihe~e e!Loellon., "cenler" won. The lOUllly (olllnlissioncf', Ihen cho~c a she .11 Ihe "douhle s prl n H~" of CleM Cfl,<,k, J 10nHlln)(' cJmping grour)d. Thouijh Ihb ~ite W,lS one ;)nd.1 hJlf mltc~ we~ t of the f;'k.1CI cen ter of Ihe councy, Ihe ..cleuloll WiI ~ 'Ipproved . Str('eh ilnd lOIs wcre Iilld out surround ing 111(' c;ourthouo;e ~ite, Jnd Ill(' town ht'CilllU' Doubh' S pnng~. lht' fir~t (Ou rthou~e l-lUllt In Double Spr jn8~ burned !.ugu~t S, 1891. A I1l'W one W,)S conSlructed on the §;.Imc sile In 1894. It WilS buill of locilliy (IUJrrll'd !>.l ndqone. Andr('W Jilck'\()ll Illglc~, Ihe leglslJtor who h.l(l propo~'(ilhe public ek'Clion (or .1 cer' rilliy 1()C".l1ed counly '>I.'.lt, w.1S the (onlr,lctor. The loullhou<;c C~I SI2,444. In 19'1 ;IJ\ ,mnl'X W,b .Kldl'(i

Don't Risk A Valuation Penalty. Introduce Your Clients to Business Valuation Services. H. Davis Ill , PhD. MAl, SRPA, ASA, prcsidcm of Business V;1luation Setvkes lnc. , is the onlydesignated ASA Business Val • uation appmiser in Altlbnmn . Business Valuation Sctv1cCS provides consulmtion by the hour. appr;llsal reportS (lnd cxpen ll'StilllOllY in cases of : o Bankruptcy proceedings o Estate planni ng o Mcq,rcrs or acquisitions o Esn.l[e sertlelTlCnt o BUY-licll agrccmcnts o Mariml dissolutions o Dissident stockholder suits o Rccapimlizacions

John

o Employcestockowncrship plans

o,macl }ohn H. Davis

III, PhD, MA1,SRPA, ASA

4 Office Park Circle . Suile 304 • Binningham, Alabama 35223

P.e. Box 7633A • Binningham, Alabama 35253 (205)870-10/6

(or S4,OOO. The A/Jl.wma Ldwyer

321

An 1ntroduction to Federal Administrative Law Part I: The Exercise of Administrative Power and Judicial Review _.•--_ •. _._. -_."""J\!sr 5-p-I \ by WilliJm L. And ret n

Ut~CLE

-h-)---,_

•

l22

N(JvcmiJcl 1989

iP,lrt one of a tWO-p.1r1 series; the )(.'Cond Jl'tlde will ilppc~r In the ,anuMY 1990 Aliloall1a Lawyer)

This cen tury h~s witnessed the rise of ,In enormous federal burcaucracy. Th~ impact of th is bure;Jucracy on contem· l)()rJry life and afiairs is stilggering, From the !)rovislon of social $(.'Curity benefits to the di stribution of highwilY funds to the regul ation of Jir and ...... ter pollution, the wesence of the federal government Is felt .It vlrluJUy every concciVilblel~1 of American society, It would IX' no C!Xaggcralion, Ihere1ore, 10 say thai our nalion is i1dministfalivc ~ 1.lle, More~r, the mosl salient fCiliurc of Ihal adminl· WiltlVC SIOlIe lic~ in the shl.'cr number, power and dlvcrsily of federal administri\ti'ltl agencies. Tht' .1dmlnistr.lllvc stale, hOWl"ot.'r, (hd not suddenly blossom forih during 20th century. Its roots arc much older. As eadyas 178'), Congress P;lSSed IWO stoll· ules which pJi"lced significJnt admin'str.l· tive rc~ponsibiljly in the hands of federal ,'gcnclcs.! N~rth(!k'Ss. lhe ac:lmlnlstr.ltiYe branch o( the fi.'deral gCM.!rnmcot grew slowly until the pdce of Industrialization begM to quicken during the laller hidf of the 191h century.) AS the need 10 tontrol monopolies, prOl<.>(t public he,llth and rcgulate tr.1dc 8rcw-, Congr(!ss Ir\crc.lsl ngly turned 10 ildmlnlstratlve bodies to which It could dcleg..1te authQf· ity to care for the day.to-day details of gCM!rning, Thus. the first modern admin· IstrittlYe agency, the tmerslate Commerce Commission, wilscreated In t887. Building ul)On thil( model, Congrcss broaden· ed It~ rCBuliltory ovcrsight during Ihe early 20lh century to Include food ,lnd drugs, shlPlling, unfilir compctition Md nascent Industrie~ such as radio. The New Deal led to iltrcmendous ex· l).ln510n of regulatory power ilt the fe(!. {'rill level . Rcguliltion WilSextf.'nded 10 the s(''(urltit.'S markets, labor rclillions, trUl;king /lI\d the airlines. The 1960s ill\d 1970s, furlhermore. $.lW ;mother leap In regul., tory activity, Ihis timc fOCU Sing pri· m.lfily on el"l'Vironmf!ntal protection, coosumer $.'lfety and wcial 'N\llfa~. As a re-

Inc

Tlte Alllb..1ma LJwyer

)uh of illl d these deoelopments, lhe role of fcdcr,,1 administralive agenc!cs loom~ largl'! today in the articul ..tioo and implcl11enl;l1lOI\ of public policy in the United Stiltes, Leg.. 1 theory, however, w..s rather slow in rCSllOnding to the risc of Ihe ildministrilliYC st;Jte. It was not unlilthe Admln1S!r;lIlve !'rocedure Act (APA) of 1946' thllt a uniform sct of leg.. 1prlnClpl€h. was adopl('(t for appli(.1lion 10 federa l agen. cle~. The APA has becomc the founda· tion on which the field of ft.oderallldmin. Istrilti\IC law stands. From th.. t b.l~ic foun· dillion, Congress ;md the (cde"ll couns havc conlinued to struggle With the question of how to control the 'V.1St and perva· sive ,luthomy plilr;ed in the hands of ex· ecutive branch agcncies. This Jrtkle Is tht.! flrst In il two.p..lfl ~eries on federal "dmlnistrilti\l\llilw thil t Is designed <lS a I>rirl'er for the generill practitioner, r .lf! t In this series will focus upon Ihe exercise of rulem.lldng and adjudicatory power i7( federal agencies and the standards used by the federaljudid· My in revil..wing administrative decision· m.,klng. PMt II. in turn, will discuss the threshold problems inyolY(.'(i in obtain· Ing judicial rcview of agency ,letlon.

I. The exercise of administrati ve power A. The distinction between rulemak. Ing and adjudication The tOllllf}nlionili w~y to In1roduce the methods by which agencies OlCt Is 10 distil1gul)h i"ldministr.1ti ve rulemaklng (rom ild;udiCation. Rul em~k i n~ is often de-

qu"si.legi s liltl ~ actloo since It ft.'SCmbles the manner In which a legIslJture enaCb a st"IUIC!. Rulcmaklngs arc aln\locl .,1 developing policy stand.,rds "l1d 110rms for future ,l pplicJtion, The procedures for rulemllklng therefore <lre designed to solrcit gener~1 filcts i1nd a broad range of opinion, Administrative adjudication, on the otner h.1nd, is commonly termed quasl·judidil due to liS df· finl ty for judicial process.. M;udications often Invol'Vt' il determination of whether ,1 party <lcwd In .lecord<lncc wi th an exist· In~ legal norm and, therefo~, Me typical. Iy retrosl>CCtiyc in nature and .1CCU5<ltOry in fI;wor.

scflbcd as

1, Under the Constitution Two eMly SUI)I{'mc Court dlocisions in· dlcate, iltleast in J gener.ll Wir(, when an .1gel\Cy may use quasi.lcglSIJtlvc procedures or mu ~t use quasl-<ldjudica tivc procl'dUfl'S. In Londoner v. Denver:" a city ilgency ordered the p.1Ving of a street and asSe<iscd the C~I 10 the neighboring landowners. Sincc some of the lots were irregul.lf in s ha~, the 'Igency wa s not .Ible to consistently al>ply a ~implc rule rel;)tlng co~t to front.footage, The allency, h()W(.ovcr, relied upon 11 qUJsl.legisltlti'ltl model 10 <lPJlortion the COSh and thus gave the larldowncrs noticl.' and an opportun ity to comment only in writing. Their request for i"In ordl hearing wa s dl.'nit.>d.' Without much dnillysi~, the Court held thJt Ihe refu sal to gr;1I11 an oral hCMl ng consti tuted i"I viol.,tion of due process.• R.,ther th.,n relying ul)()n (IU<lsl.lcg!sJatiW! J)fOCooures, Ihe situation dem<lt1dcd quasl.adjudicitivc prOCC-

Wit/iilm L And'(:en currently serve) as profC$$or of law ,It th!) Uniwmity of AIIlbllnlll School of Ulw where hc sped]l. II.f!S In envirOllfllenlJllmv and Ildmlnl5' trJIIW! law. He received his under· 8'Jdwle ~ in 1975 (rom the College of \I\boSler lJnd his law dcgree ;/1 1977 from the Columbia University School of Lillv, Prior 10 ioi"ing the I"W "lcu/ty at the University of A/JI);JIIM In 1983, ProfeHor Anc/rt.oen was iHMs/ant rcslonal counsel (Or the U.S. EnvironmCnt.11 Protcclion Ascncy in At/ant.l,

32J

dur(!S that would afford th~ I.lnd()wlle~ an OllllOt1unily lor 0/011 arKume!1I and th~ WeSCn1<llion o( evidenct.', On the other hi,lnd, 8/·Mef.ll1ic: Invest·

1Il!'1lt Co, v. 51<11<: BO.1fd of 1i(/(I,1Iization1 IIwollXXl iln order by .1 Shuc llBcnCy th.l1 IncrC3!>t.>U thc wtlue of alltilStl blc I)ropcr-

IV in Derwcr by 40 percent. Al though the "geney g.~ the taxpayers no oPPof1unity to be he,ud and the order clearly d('prill'(.'(l the til~PJycrs of property through increased 1,1)(':ltlon , the Court found nt'l C(JnStitutioni11 infirmity, J ll ~ti(,e Iioimes dislirlgu ishc.od Inndorler by Silyhl8 !hill In tll.ltlnstJn(c ,\ rcl" tl 'o<!ly ~m ,,11 group of pe~m was hwol\«l, who ....'Cri' afft'Ctcd In Individually unique W"fi.1 The ilgency, therefore, WilS actu,llly en· 8<18(.'(1 in adiudiciltory J(.1ion judging die. ferelll l>cr<.Ons on the oosis of divcrgen1 ,Ind disput('(l filCl~. By COl11r,1$I, Bi· Meld/lit:: t::onceltll'Ci a Kener,,1 rule thOlI 1I1)Plied to till I~ndownt.'r\ In th e S~nie way. Thus, Ihe agency WJS nlJking a poliC'fOrlCrllcd decis.ion which WolS morc legisl.l1lve In chilMcter. 2. Under th e M miniSl r.ltive Procedure Act 13uilding ulX'ln this cO!lstilutlonal dis· tinction, administratiV(' action under the AdminiSlratl....c Proced ure ,4,c1' is ch arac· tcri.wd as either rulemak lng or adJudica' lion. The object of rul<.'ffi<lking. of C(lur~, is Ihe establishmen t of Siandards for fu ture .1pplic,ltion r.lthcr lh;1I1 the L'V,llua· liOIl a Pilfticu1ilf perS(lI1'~ Iltlst tOr)duct or eligibility for a Ikense or l>erm" . Con· SCqucllIly, thc is!tu~ In a ru lem,'~ing do not gcnmally ((11;IIC 10 speclOc evidentiMY (olCl), but focus upon policy-type conclusions wh ich are drawn from a wide v,1(iCty of sourc€S. MJudit::ation, on thc olher hand, usuilily in'.'OlY<!S il factual· Iy-oriented detcrminllllOIl as to whether ,1 Ihl rty'S IltlSI conduc t Wil ~ lawful or whelher a party is entitled to il perm II or license.

8. Ru! cmaking under the Administra· tive Procedure Act I. In(ormal rulcmaklng irlfo!'mal JUI(>t'lilkhlgls lite IllOSt com· mOil w,W in which I'cgulJ!ions are promulg,lle<! ill the fedcr,ll level. Inform;11 rulemaking. also known a~ notke-andcommen t rulemaking, re(luires an .l!lency ttl pubH,h a notke of prollOsed

324

rulem'lking In the Federal Regi ster sening (orlh, ,"Ief alia, the term s or Substance of the l)roPOS.ll.'~ FollOWing Ihls noti ce, the .lgency must ugilt! interested persons .M Oppot1urllty to 1>~r1l cJ l)Jttl ln the rulenl.1klng through submission of written d.lla, vi(!'M, or arguments with or wi thmll OPllOf1Unity for o r,' I I)r~n t a t ion.u" An agency is under no oblig<llion to hold or.ll heMings with rqs.1rd to an informtll rulem,lking, although, In Its discretion, an agency r\'lily decide to do so. Arttlr considerlllg the relevan! materi ill pre~fl!ed by the pllbllc, Ihe Jgency muSI l>ub1ish bolh the flrill rule and "01 con· cise gener"l statemen t" 01 Ihe rule's b..lSis .lOd I)Urpose which is generJlly referred 1O.1S il preamble." In many instances, the (jiMI rule h then SUblCCI to judiciill revi('w, Most preambles, In recen t YCim, haV(' been much more detailed Ihan the word s "concise generJI st'ltcment" would ~ ug gesl. Thi s has ocrurrcd because the feder,ll court s durins the 1970s beg,ln 10 dt.'n1<1fld il reil!tOncd clilborMion of iln ~lgcn(.y'~ thinking to aid the judiciary in r(.'Vil'Wing complicdtcd rulemJk inKs." Furllwrn1ore, the preamble also musl re· ~po lld to well·supported, material argu· ments made by Ihe publiC during the comment period.'" lhus, the courlS Ciln determine whether Jn agency Is truly cOllsldering the commen ts milde by the public. Informal rules pmMulg.1tcd pursuanlto notiCl'-alid-conln1elll procedures arc sub~tiln! lvc IllW, blndlngon ilgcndes, courts alid priv.lte Ih1rl ies." HO\vevcr, an Jgency nlay ildol)t lntcrpretivc rule~, I>rocedural rules and general s'atements of policy wiThout S<ll isfying Ihe rettuiremcnTS of Ilotice-;md-commenl rul emaldng,l. Such rule~, though, do not h,rvc th e force of 1;1\'1 ilnd aw nOt birlding.lr

nOllce, hOWl.'\lCf. !he requirement for public: com men! I ~ repl~ced wrth prOcedures which are nearly Identicoll 10 thOse ca lled fOr In 01 formill ildjudlcil. tlon.lo Thu s, the Jsency, mUSt hold an evidcJl tiilry heafins where tilt! I>ilrties hJVC the right to pre1en t oMI and documentary evidence Jnd cros s· ex;unine witnesse~,11 Unlike most formal adJudlt::iltrons, hOW£!YCr, the agency may decrde 10 receive all Or part 01 the evidence hI wr!uen form ilS long olSJ Ihlrty would !lot be prejudiced.1I AI the con. clusion o/ th e he3flng. the agency mu~t base liS findings Jnd conclusions solely upon the evidentiilry Il'cord producc.<d durin!! Ihe course of Ihe proct'«ling!' Formal rulemilkmg !!cnmally involves bro.ld, compli(.:rl{<d qUCSlion~ of IlO1icy which will <,(Iect subStilntial numbers of people, Formal tdill· type procedures, however, <Ire b£:ucr deslgrlcd to resolve fac!uill disl)Ules belween a kw I)MlieS rather than 10 promulgil te rutes. Hence, formal rulemJkin8~ typically grind on V(!ry slowly with dozens of p."ties pre!oCntin!! wi l n~~s ilnd dOlen~ of pilrti~ conducting t::ross-examIllJ ti on, The re(lulremel1t of formal (lIlemaking. thus, often will result in 01 proc('(lura l morass and, evcn tl);.llly, the abandonment or rcI,l~ltlon o( a reglilil tory program, l'(!rhaP5 a~ a re<'lClion 10 These difficultiCt;, the presumption in ru emakin8 case fil\'Or~ the use of informdl I)(ocedures. Form,11 rulcn'ltlklng. therefore, Is trl8!lered ~o!cly by a statutory provbloll that (11 rcfers to il heMing and 12) rccl t e~ Ihe words "on the record" or somc CqUiVol· tent thaI deilr!y reYe.ll the intent o( Congrcss to require (ormal procedUres.I.

C. AdjudicoltiOfl under the Admlnlslr,l ' tive Procedure ACI

1. Formal " djudiciltion 2. Formal rulcmakhlg Under The APA, in(ormill rulemaking l)rocl'(lures al",ly TOall substan ti ve rules unle\s;1rule is "rc(tUlrcd by lttature to be mild\! on the 1'c.'Cord Jfter ol)ponunl lY lor iln agellcy hellring:' 11 An llgency, there· for(>, must use forn\.ll rulemaking procedures when ils enabling stil tule so r('(lui(("i. Formal rulemaklng begins thc same w;!V as informill rull..'f"laking-with public notice of the proposed rule." Alter

The AI'A requires the u'c of formal ad· judit::alion only in cases d an "adjudiciltlon required by slJlUle to be determined on the r(.-'C;ord ilfter opportu nity for an " Mcney hearrng.uH Affccted l>eoons must bc KiV('n notice o f the heolring. which in. cludes: (1) Ihe time, pillce and nJturc of the he,lrlng. (21 the le&11 illIthority for Ihe he,lflng. ilnd (3) the matter~ of IJW <lnd filct IlSSCrted." following notice, the opposing parlies are givcll a chance to reSl)ond by wbmiuing legal argume!1I5 ;md \ liItemenb of folctP

Novem/)cr 1989

Formill oldiudic~tlons ,)fC prl'~ldl'Cl O\'er

by tne .18enl,;Y, one or more mcmbcr\ of the body that comprises the ilgencV, or all A(/rultliStr,nivtl L.,w Judge (AUI.'- hI nlOSl cases, hoo\."..cr. the presidrng officer is olll AU. Although ALh Me il!\ency em· 1)loyee~, they I>OS.t.'SS d great de,'! of in· dCI:lCndence. Their compensa tion is Oxro. not by the Jsency. but by the Q(fice of Iler!JOnnei Manlgcment. Independt"nt of Jgency rc<:ommendatlons." Furlhe(· more, All s coin be dis il11ined only (or "sood CJuse~ by the Merit Systems Protl'elion Soi\rd.IO AU~ Me .'~~iKnl!d to Cil$(!( in rOl,uion olnd m.IY nOI perform nuti(!S which ilfC incollll);ltible with their iudlclill rl'SI>onsibilitles.1l Fhlal'y, Aljs may not be supcr/i$Cd by an ilgerlcy officl.ll who h.I);1I1 invt'stlg.l1Ive or 1)(OSeClIlOriill role. 1i A p,uty 10 a fonnal ;rdjudlcillion mlly appear in per~on or IhfOUJ.jh counscl H ,'nd m,IY pre~en l or,ll or documcnl.lry evidence.'· A PJrty rllay Jlse cfOS~· cx.1mim! oPPoSing wi t ne~ses 10 the exlent required "for" (ull and (" Ir disclosure of thl' f'lctS."" Alls Me not reo (Wlrtorj, In most In~ldncc~, to ildhcre to Ihe s,l me rules of evidence which ilpply In feder,tl coun~ The APA, in f,ICt, direcls an Allto rt.'Cei'o'C "!Jlny oro'll or documcn· tJry l ..... idencc'· as long ,l~ il is not "irrcleVJrl1. irilnMll!Iiiri or unduly I'Cpetllious:'1II follawing Ihe e\idenli,lIY heMing. the AU gener.llly i~~ues an Inili,,1 deci~lon, which cOfIt.lins Ih(l ~findHlgs and conclu· Sions. ,md the re,lson~ Of bil~is thercior, on ,111 the m;!tellal issues of (.)CI, raw or discrelion l)resented on the 'l'COfd."I1 Th(o initial dcci~ion bccome~ the final dcci~ion of thl' agency unle~s an a111X!al Is taken to the agl'llcy.JI On appeal, Ihe Jgcn(v has the power to undcrtiike ele novo review of 11m Al,I's initial dl'Ci~i {)n ."

2. In((,rm !11 ildjudica lion tnform;!1 ,)dJud ICMlon (or inform,,1 ac. tlon) dcscribei all agency dccbions not encomp.l~~cd by fulclllolklnK or fornlill adJudiciltlon. II oflen indudcs the I)rocessinK of al>pllc;I!lons .lnd clalnl~, tCSIS •lnd inspeclions. advice, Jnd shnilJr rou· tme decision~. In faCI, the va SI bulk of federill decl~ionm,'krng can be lermed informil1 .I(!judic.,llon . Que 10 Ihe wide variety of Informal admlnlwall'o'C dl'Cistons. Ihe APA cst.lblhhcs no procedur;rl The Aliloollla Lawyer

(,,,,newark for in(orm."II adjudlc.llion, The procedures gCM!rnlnglnforrlloll adJudica· tion, therefol'(', will be lhose, if any, estal). Irshed by statu te or I:ri the agency, re(luin,'(117,o the ConStitution or imposed bv the judidilry. D. Agency discretion in choosing procedur.ll mode

M.lny <lgencies oflen confront ,1 choice bet'N(!(!n adoplrnK iI substanti'o'C rule through Informal rulemaking or announcing a general principle of law through (orl11ell adjudication. Such iI lholce only will arise. of course, when .In "gun<..'y i~ vested with the St.1 tutory authority 10 both promullj.lt!} sllbst"lllillC rules and adjudic;lte c.1~e~ deil!!ng wi th Ihe S.l rll C subj(>(;t mailer. White the federa! courts h;we ex· p rl.)~~l'tl iI strOllg preferencc for Ihe ru!u· milking model when it comes to the creMioll of l,lW, Ihl.'Y recognize Ihat nOI ~ry neW" princil)le of law Ciln be C.1S! In the form of a fC8uIJ !ion. M;lny 1)101). lems, for examl)lc. CM"l1ot 00 .,nlicipJtlorj until presentro In the contex t of a re,,1

C.l!tC. Or an olgency may not ha'll! h"d enough experience with a problem to eSl abli~h .1 rigid rule prior to thl' adjudlC.ltiOn of a concrele conlfOYCrsy. Consequenlly. Inc f<..>deral courts have nOl jm· 1><>Sed ,lOY Inflexible rl!Quirement Ihat .1geneles es t"bllsh generill ru les of litW M)lely through rulem.lking.· o In ~hof!, ,tgt'nCies have dlSC1'CtlQ(l 10 announce II new principle by me;lns of ru lemaking or to announce and "PI)ly a new plinci. pIe via adjudication."'

II. lud icia l review

or administrative

decision s A, Q uest ions of raw and poricy The APA clCMly ~t.I !C~ 11ld1 a r<..'Viewin8 court sha ll <k'Cide all rel ('V~llt quesl ions of I{\W.·· Thus, If an agency's stJtulOI)' Intcrtlrctation i~ I ncon~lste"l wilh the lanlluage of 11 \ t ~ t ute, as view-cd In light of ib leglsloltlve hislory .11ld its purlmscs. .1 court mu~t gillC effecl to the int!}nt o( Congress.41 IIOY.'CVCr, if;1I1 agency's inter· pretation of J ~ tatule it adrrinisters does

The Alabama Wills Library h\

\ II OIl1l'~"" ( ·il1l1pllll·1 :\C[\\(ll"-

The plUgfllms I~l mull;plc-l."'hoicc and OI""r aoc.1l11f)' dIleut"emt. l"i11-in-lhe-bhUlk que'l;on~. MIl\! Ihen eom· l.ibnrie5 for I nlH Vlvo~ 1'ruSI _ IlOIie ladored OOeUt1'<:IIIi1 In n"nulc~. The (493 II, Ihlll)' SIIIe. (49311 ). Condo WIII~ I.Ibrary (Cal, 4930) p~pare~ ~im ' Salu (4I1l5). ' om' I Nu l t:stli tt Conl rll cls (49)7). Omce I ,ell~ N ldu~ pie and complex w.b pr(widinll fOf' a;ePll' (49JII). Store Lu~e Rldel"!l (4939). I1Ite dI5po~illon~ of per.ollal drctl~ Net t.usu (4\l401. I. tmlled and reolly. Clsh IIt;quc.,I.I. ut\nu ONLY I' ur l" cr~ " II'~ (4946). S~PII ',le5. tile IImnung and e~ef'('ilie n l lon Allref 1tl~ n U (49lll. of powers of appolnlmenl. Ihl sl"e5~ S~te.~ (4947). alld cre d il equivalency I ru S I~ Shu rdruldcn Allr~crncn ts wilh QTIl' l)roYI ~liJ~s. tll:lrl. 30-day (4948). "rc "va il.blc ror tnl dcducllon IfUSIS. chnrhn. money back AI~bo m a al $l(}O ul:lI. bte re ma inder lrUII.~. and U pd o le ~ arc frec Ihe fl rSI guarantoo 0 1 Olhcr disposilions. ·the n:"tl. yc ar. $10 per di~k tliefcafter. Ilary CSIDle 1110y lit; tl.y idctl ;nlo sal ls' acllon IIlM or comp~ llble cOmpuleri. equal or unequol .~h_~ wi.h cltCh Sp«lfy ~ 1f4" or 3 1/2" d i,~. C.II )hure behl!l !llyen 10 one or more IJcrni ce WiU larn~. (1100) 221-2972 IIt;llCficiarrn OIIIr1llhl. or In D YOrrely for inform~lion 011 t~ IIId OIher of IruSIS. Trusis mDy '-' Icrmlnalcd prolfllm. for Alabllm.ll. or partially dlsrrlbLled II ~pet.fic lIJu, Of' m3Y laSI (0' the 11fc of.he IIt;ncrreiary. Ahcrnolc ~t\d \uC(enor ~celslor-legal. bencl"iclafles mly bt spec.fletl. 1l1e prO,' 1111 aiM! prcpat"c~ tivlnll wllt 62 While 51, dcclirDlionJ, IK'wcr~ of III(lrney. Ne ... Yorl.:. NY 10013 (800)22 1·2972 r.mily !fee affidav.tl. h.CI ~Un1 ' FAX(212 )O l,'111 morru. ueculion chcdll'I~. mnrl

$200

Inc .

325

not cOfl1radk t the statute's I,lnguilge or fruWa le I t ~ puq)()S(', Ihe role of a rt,'Vicwins courl is limited . The agency's construction will he upoeld if il ls ~ufficiC'nlly reaSt.mable, evt:.'f'I if it is nOllhc most re ... • wnable intelpr.:tJtion In the eyes 01 the COUIt.H The .11llOUIl1 o( deference shown to an agency'~ InterpretatIon increases in cases where an ageney lowrpret.,tion was m~e contemporilncously WIth the SIi.l1Ut("S P.US<1ge, h.ls bt.,<,n consistently ildhcred 10, 0/ In'lOIvt!~ qucstions o( scientIfic or IC(hnical cxpcr tisC'.'\ The SUI)Wme Courl lecently atticu· lat(!(1 aIle ratlOnille for thi s princil)le of deference. In cases where a Sliltutc I~ )lIent or ambiguous wi th re~pectlo '1 1},11· licular issue, the COUlt bclil'w$ thOll Congress ha~ delegdll.'d to Ihe :ulnrinlstr,rtlvc ,Igency, lillhcr than Ihe COUIIS, th e t.1SI.: of filii nK the 8illi. Thu s, the agency llIU~t Illi'lke ,I 1)OIicy choice, and Ihe Icdcral court~ h,lVC a duty to respec t Ihe legitlIH.1te and rearonable policy choices made by ,1n ... gency.·.

O. Quest ions of f;l( t and Ihe e.~ercise

or discretion

t. De novo revicw

De novo review of .,geney findings 01 folCIIO dClermine whether Ihey ,lie "unw.1Ifanle<!" is au thoriled by 5 U.S.C. §706(2)(F} in too limited slll,,'lion~. Such Independent IOOlc,;11 factfioding I~ c,1Ik>d for (I) when i11l olChOIi h adluclkillOry and Ihe agenCY'$ procl"<.iurcs fOr factfindlng Me in.uleCluOltC, or (21 when !lCW issues ilIe rilbC<l In ,I I)roceedlng to enforce nonadludlcatory 3c tlon.4' 2. Subst;! nti;!1 l'Yidenee Reviewing courlS will cXilmine an agency's f,lC tual findings lmder till) ~ub.. St;'ln!i;'ll evidence test wlll'ntlver the agency .1cwd Pllrsuanl 10 5cetlon s 556 and 557 of Ihe M·A.~· It i~, therdorc, OIl). plied 10 11ll' rt.'Vil'W of fornl,ll /Ulc!llaklngs and formal adjudica tions." The Supremo COur t has dcfllled subManlia1 evidence as "",orc than a Olert;! scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reolsonablc mind might aeCel)t as adCC:lulile 10 support a condu~ion .H'" The CO\II\ laler amplifit;!d thl~ definition by holding that a rwil'Wing l()Urt may dett.'f· mine whether evidence IS subst.1ntial ollly olfter eXJmining " whatever in the record f.l lrly defr.1cts from iI~ weight.HI '

326

A toUII. therefore. mU~1 consider the record as a whole. lakhlg into .1C(Ounl not only the evidence which SUPPOf1S the agency's finding. but illlY evidence Ihal conflictS with it. Consi ~tent wilh 'he Iiber.11 rules of widcoct! III ag~ncy proc~ing~, hear>ay evidence is deemed sufficient to consti· tute substantial eviccrlCC ,'IS long as the hears.lY is 01.1 type relle<! upon by rcol· son,lbly prudent pc'SOns in conducl1llg their {M'n aff,'irs.U

], Th e ...rb it r;lryfc... pridous test In situations whert' an agency took ac· tion through inform~1 ru lem.. king or InfUln1.11 ;!dludlc.11!On, the AI'A require~ 11 reviewing COUf! to Ii idc wht'thcr the ;!gellCY'S factlJal ded~iQn Wi1~ ,lrbltrilry, CJpriciou~, or an abuse of dlscretlon." Thi s ~Wnd;1f(1 of r('YCW is, theoretically :u Il;'a~t, Ih~ mo~t defcj'cnll~1 form of Il'Vil'W. Acco rd ing to the Supremc Courl, ,I (Ourl nlust cOrlsid('r whether Ihe decl· ~ lon WJS based on tl: "con~ider.ltion oflhe rCICY.1Ilt fac· lOIS and whethl.,.-therc h,lS been a t;h~.Ir crror of jLXlgmcnl .... AI· though thiS in<luiry Into the fitels I~ to be searching .1nd careful, Ihe ul·

Are You A La wye r Opposed To Abortion? ALAW · LIFE NEEDS YOU. Please Get In T ouc h and

J oin Ou r Effor ts to Protec t the Rights of the Unborn .

*** ALAW· LIFE 0\10_. L.<Iwytn

f~'

Un",,", C1o1ltj,on. II,,,.

r. o. 1301

130695 81nnlngham , Alabama 35:l13

Birmi ngha m: Dec:ot ur: Mobil.:

870-1821 351·1911 432·2700

tlm,ne SlJndilrd of rl'VCW Is a nar.. ra.v one. The COu rl is not empowured to substitutc Its judgmenl fOf Ihat of Ihe agency ... :'10 In apl)lying Ihls standard. the " (ocal 1)OInt for Judlcl.11 review' Is the admini. Wall\lt! rt.'Cord th31 WolS created al the ... gency kwl.\\ Therefore, the validi ty of Ihe agcocy') determinalion rests ~ll,lly on the admlnistr.lliYe record which is ... Iready In existence." C. ~I;lfd look rev iew Jod informal rul emaklnH in an l!f,l o( high lechnology During Ihe 1970~, Infornlal notlctsmd· comment rulcmaklng evolved into a highly vbiblll .. nel signlfic ... nt force in the ",hnlllblr,IlI\IC ploce~). A hOSI of n(,'W stalu tc~. Illnny of which if'M)IY(.'(i environrIlCIll.,1 or conSumer proteltion. wcrc cnacwd thill l)((·dit:;:'lt{,.'tl lhelr tegula tory sclll'mc( Ilpon .1 plelilor.1of Slalld ~tds t o be l"ililbllshl'<l lhrough Inlornl~1 rulemak· Ing prIXl'(iums. Tho!oC rulemakings are often (lullC complicated, scientificilily and tcchnically, and likely inYOI~ signlfIc... nt ecOllomlc and ..oci..ll lmp.lcts. Rl'-acting to this dcvelopment, the fed!.'!rOlI cour ts have f,l ~hloned a I gorous form of rCYICW th.ll is commonly rdcned to as ,1 h.ud look.t7 The OfrgiM 0( this hJ'd look review m,1)' be traced to Cifrlens fO Preserve OIl('I(on P.II/.., Inc. v. Itl/pe,1oI which c,lllcc:1 fOI JudiCial review under the ar"Itf.lry and C<lt)rlcious teSt th.l1would be " n,lfr{M''' and yet "se.lIchlng."'· While elaoor,lting upon the nature of thiS test. Ihe D.C. circuit hOls stall'ti that, although Ihe SI<Hldard Is " highly deferential" to Olgcncy finHings. It docs not require a cowl to "rubbersmmp the agency dcci· )Ion;ou Thu s, e"pecl .. lly in highly tochnical CJSCS, J reviewing court mUSt probe deeply into Ihe admini SI't1tiVC wcord to dlKcrn whether tht' "genlY hM excr· cl:-eel its discretion in reasonable f... shion. rhl s heightened type of scru tiny Is not intended 10 .IHow Ihe COUll 10 SUPI)lanl tht' ilgency's lechnlcal e~perti'i(', but merely to olll{M' the court to understand whether the ... gency h ... s based its dectsioo upoo J conslderiltion ollht! Il'I(oWrl\ ('letors.·· In order to pt.'fform thi s ta sk, the COUfts hdVC requirlld agenci~ to articulate the grounds for an In/orn",1 rulemaking (in November 1989

the preamble} In fJr more det,)11 than had been required be'ore 1970." The courts b.1sically want an agency to clCplilin the reolwn S why it chose one COUnie of action OYt'r another. the f.1Cb thilt choice Is based upon, a'ld the conslderol tions the agency (ound persuaSI\f('." In addition, the courts h.we held that ilsencles possess an oblig.ltion to respond 10 sig' nlficant comments made during tne public comment period.'· Potential challt!llg~rs 10 agency informal ru lemaklng h,W{' a concomit.lnl obligation In the courl~' ... iew. They must re.l[fze tnJt the success o( ol)Cn ilnd pJrticilkltOlY procedures depends upon them as well JS upon the agencies, Consequently, the courts ha\IC requ ired ChOlIjensers 10 ll1ake 5ubstanlial and good faith use of the opportunities to comIllen!. Therefore, teChnlClII, f,'Cl uOlI or IlOlIcy con ccms should be r.1ised duri ng the comillent 1)('(100 , If they :l((! not rilised .1t tll<ll Ilm{', rNiewlng courts will gi\IC the com pl.1lnlng ptIrty r.lther Ilnllted latitude to r;Ji~ those Issues during the course of subsequent Judicial review," The hartl look doctrine hilS 01150 appe.lr('d In the cOlllext of dereKulalion. In MOlOr \t!hicle M.lnuf.,C1urt,US Ms'n v. SIJte (;Jrm Mutu;JI Automobile ImUfancc Co..'" the SUPfl~mc Courl held that the Department of Tlilnsportiltion had not supplit'd ,1 5u fficit'lltly reJsoned analysis for rescinding a rule which required the installation of P.l~SI\IC restrain t sy:>lems In all automobiles. In the d{.'cision, the Court ~ulllmarbtcd the h.IIlJ look doctrine In the following (,lshlon: ''The SCOI>C of rt...... lcw under the 'Jrbltrary and Capricious' standard Is narrow and a court is nOI to substitute its judgm~nt fo r that of the agency. NeYCrtllC'le~s, the ilgcncy mu~t cK.lminc Ihe mll-'Vanl datil ilnd M1iculate a s.~tllf~ctory (!Xplanlll ion for Its action ir1ciudlng il 'r,ltlonal connection between the (ac ts (ound and the choice made: , , , Normally, Jil ascncy rule would be arbitrilry and capricious if Ihe agency has relied on factors which Cong(('S~ has not Illtendt.<d it 10 coosid{'r, ('ntire y f.1iled to consider In Important aspect of the problem, of(eroo an t'xplanation (or Its decision that run s counter to the (..... Idl!nce before tht! agency, or is SO implausible that il could not be

The Alabama Lawyer

ascribed to a difference in ... iew or the product of Hgency expertise."" Thu), the judiclilry may I>e s~n 110t only as a mcchanlsm which guards ag.linst the unJulhorized expansion of regulatory power, but also as a bulwark ag.l1nst the unjustified dilution or elimination 'Of regUIJIOry st3nd3rds.

Conclusion The nnal article in Ihis series will "d-

dress lhe ....)flous thl'CShold quCStions that con front I)'lflies s~k ln8 Judicial review of agency action such as ob taining Jurisdiction, sta tutory preclusion 01 review, standing ilnd timing. •

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Dr_ Michael S_ Morse

Dr, Th.ddeul A . R.oppel

(20S) 826 -6610

327

Dram Shop Liability 0)' Kenneth I. Me ndelsohn

I. History In Ihc 19th century, l)lIlrOrlS of English l;lVtlrn$ often would order drinks by Ihe

"dr.1m;' which was a unit of mCilS\lrl!men!. This is Sirllilar 10 people today who mlly order whi skey by the "shot." Consequently, Engli.h 'jJ~rn s wefC referrc.<J to ti S "dram Sh(lps:'

Under Ihe English C(Jmmon Inw, Uquor liability essenti ally cJid IrOI exist. A lavern (MIner could nOlIx! held liable if an inlmcicill<.>d 1).11ron inJured another person. 1 Mosher Uquor LlttbililY Law, S2.0112J. In 1876, Alabama adopted Ihis com-

mon law approach "nd held Ihal a claim For IlcgligCI1CC could not be maintained against Jnyone for Ihi! negligerll dispcnsemcnt of .1lcohol. KIllg v. I-Ienkie. 80 Ala. 505 (l876). Consisten t with the common law ,uld Ihe other cases being decided In the Uni ted States, King wa s based upon th~ concept thm the consumption of alcohol, and not the S(!rV-

326

ing of alcohol, W,lS tflC proximilte cause of the Intoxication. In the late 19th century, public drunkenness wa s bccoml~8 a problem, The prohibition movement began and many Slilies enacted "dram shop" statutes designed to discoumge the consumption of illcohol. The protection of th ose injured by IntoxiCilti.!d pe~ons was only a minor concern. 1 Mosher Liquor L/;rIJlllry 1.•1W, §2.01[2j. In 1907 and 1909 AI<lbanl1"l I!naclC(l stJtutes thm allC>\l'lCd privJte causes of aclion (or Ihe illegal dlsbursemenl of alcoholic beverages. These statutes, n()\.\l cod ifi(.>c:J as Alab<Jma Code §6-5-70 and Sr.-S-71, also ~re intended to enforce prohibition. Webb v. Frencit, 152 So. 21 5 (Ala . 1934). Tht"'y sl'tOw('d "a poliey On the pan of the law-making body to dis· courage the illegal sale of alcoholic beY· erages." Phillips v. Dmick, 54 So.2d 320

(Ala.Civ.App. 1951). ArId they were In· tended to "suppress the C\'lIs of intemperance." M,lrlin v, \I\{ll/S, 508 So.2d 1136 (Ala . \987). Lawyer~ and Ihe IJublic often refer to both statures as the Dram Shop Act. Actually, there ,Ire tWO sep.1rate statules, arId each r'nust be considered separately. Seclion 6.S.70, known as Ihe Civil Damages Act, esSCrltlally pfovldes tha t a 1),1rent or guardian of a minor chi ld may bring 3 C(luse of action againstsomC<Jne wh o unlawfully provides (Ilcoholic /)(.'V£!rages to the minor child. Section 6-5-71, known as th ~ Dram Shop Act, allows certain third persons who have be<!n injured by an IntOxiCated person to bring suit against Ihe one who furnished Ihe al· cohlc beverages contrary to the provisions of law, Unlit Ihe 19805, few ca$Cs were (iI(.'(1 under Ihese statutes. The dramati c in.;:rcase in alcohol-related mOlor vehicle accidents, coupled with the Increa sed public awart"'nt"'ss arId dlstaSle for drinkIng and drilling, led to a dramatic in· crease In the number of filings (Indor these sta tutes and undet common law theories of negligence. Tfle recent {k'(;isions have elimin(ltcd some of the I;:onfusion related to Ihis ilre~ of law. Unfor· h)l1(1tcly, there still remain mlmy (Iuestion s pertaining to these types of ca ses. rhis artide will al1cmpt to ((''\Ilcw the hiStory of this Mca of law, clarify the previou sly uncertain areas, and identify those areas that still pose questions to the pr,lcliCing al1orney,

II , Commo n law negligence In King v. Henkle, tIO Ala. 505 (1876), the Alabama Supreme Courl held Ihat there was no common law cause of ac· tlon for negligently dispensing alcohol, Irl 1979, the Alabama Supreme Cou rt reviewed Ihls Issue and again chose to fol· low the King decision, DeLoach v. Mayer fle<:rric S(lpp ly Company, 378 So.2d 733 (Alii. 1979).11'1 doing so, tfle courl noted that th e majority of juri ~dict ions :rlso had wfused to recognize such a common law cause of act!on. In 1984, the Alabama Supreme Court distinguished those cases Jnd fCCogni1.ed a common law C(luse 01 (lctlon for the negligcnl sale of alcohol to a person who wa s visibly intoxicilled. Buchanan v. Merger EnlCrpriS{JS, Inc., 463 So.2d 121 (Ala. 1984). The Court noted thilt the November 1989

Dr,lM Shop Act req uires Ih01 t Ihc furnishmg of alcohol be "con trMY to the provi. siOrlS of law." The courl delcrml ned Ih;'ll Ihc DrJrn Shop Act did nOl ,lpply, under Ihe (,leIs oI l h,lt (il5e, because Ihe Al a· bama lcgi~lalurc in.ld vcrlCnlly had repeillc.-U Ihe SI.llutory l)roYision prohibit. Ing Ihe So,le of alcoholic I>cverages to a visibly into)(icalcd Pillron. Subsequent. ly,lhe AlaOOm" Alcoholic 8~rage Can· trol Board proMulgated Regulati on 2Q-X·6-.o2 making II unlawful 10 serve al· cohollo individuals ~i1cl ing in il milnnCr ilS 10 apl>CM 10 00 I nt o)(ic<11cc:1.~ Nlwr· th eless. 111 Ihe lilllt! Iho c.. u ~e of action aro~, there was no prohibi tion aKilinst the sale of illcoholic beverages to adult intm\icalcc:l palrons and Ihe Dr.lln Shop Act could not ,1Pllly. The supreme COurl noted Ih,1I the limes hild ( h;:1I18l'(l d r.JSllc01 l1y ~incc th e Kln8 decision. As iln C~il ml)le, Ihe (OLlrt pointcd OUllh01t, "du ring KI'nH'~ day most I>copie walked 01 rode In horsed r,lwn cilrriage'S, bUI today, lounge 1).11rOnS typi cilily d rive mOlOr vehicles:' Id. al 125. In a very tho rough and wcll,re'l soned Ol)inion, the court b.lsed Its decision on lhe concept 01 ~forcsccablllty~ and st<Jted the following~ "The ulllm~te lC\t 0( lhe e \ i~lence 01 a duly to ust! due colle Is lound In lhe fo~'t'abilily Ih4t hMm miIY rt'~uh II (.lit I, n()I el(I!t(I'lCt1 , ' , . Common t'l<. pefiena! dl~ille$ Ih~1 when ~ pelWn is imbibing alcoholic bcYeragt-'S lhat 1)C1'SQrI re;lCIIC~ a level of toxicily aile, wluch conlinued Imbibn18 will rendCI him unable 10 operate.1Il .lul0n101" le ~fely.~ Id, HI 126. The COWl found Ihal 11 W,lS rc,l!;on01ule 10 conclude, undCf the facls of l his casc, Ihat at some point rlu rln 8 the day, the defendant'~ cnmlCly(.'C should have foreseen that the c ustom er wa s becoming "so in· lo)(ie(llcd Ihilt to conI ill lie serving h im il leoh!)1 would crem e lm unrCil ~on ilbltl risk of Iwm 10 third persons," Ic/, A~ 10 Ihe pro_lmolle C.lI.lSC Issue, Ihe COUff stillcd ~ "11'1 SiluJtlOIl\ SU{h jl~ Ihe Ollt ,11 b,lr, where liquor Is sold unde, a Ikel'l)C 1o, Ofl'premises cOfl~umption 10 one who I~ic) the )Cller know, or should kl'low will 1"ler .lltemlA 10 drive, If CCUfh cling SleMllolSlly 10 Ihe nlylh Ih~1 Ihe tOfllintil'd !ielllngol alcohol 10 oJ vi~bly lnloxiC.lled p"lro, c~nnOI be the IIIOX' In"te cause oIlhf third I),lrly\ Injuroes. they ,lie wearing bllllder. when il comes 10 ~'ng the om'n.J1Y COllIS(!

"The modern view arid j)rob~bly the "'''IOrily view, In caStS Involving 9 II, (luDf vo'nclor's "ablh ty to third IlI!r'SOns is Ihal furnishing 01 inloxicants mav be ttlC 1)ll)llIm"le cavS(' d lhe Inlu"'')5," Id •11 126. In Putn,lm v. Crorrnvcll, 475 5o.2d 524 (Ala. 1985) Ihe Alilbama Supreme Court expanded the holding in Buchanan and found thaI a Com mOo law ca use of ac· tiOrl could be maintOl lned against a liquor licensee for Ihe diwlbJtion of illcoholic i>ever,lges by its empl~. AI ttl(' time' thi s C,lUse of action arose, it WilS only iI· le8<11 for a liquor " licensee" to sell ill· coholic bevcra8l'S 10 il mi nor. The Cotlc did not ~pt;!Cifkally l)rQVide that 11 was iI· leg.ll for <III ~genl 01th(> licensee to mllke th e slIle. The Legi slature su b~(lliently ;amended Ihe !;tw, 51>cclflcOllly makln8 it OIllawful for illly IIccllSee 10 directly Of by his agents provide ilk-oholic Ix....~f<lgl'S to ~ minor. Alabama COOe, §28·)A.25 (a)(3).

In Ihill Cil~, Ihe Ir 111 Court gr,mttod \um m.uy judgml!nt on the ground s lhat the sale was made by an employee of the IlcenSt.'C arId rIot by the licensee Itself. The trial court concluded Ihillihere WOlS no "s..lle" conlrary 10 the provi sions of law, Md, Ihus, the dfilm \hop stil tule did nOI apply. The Alabama Supreme Courl r~rsed Ihe Irial cou rt . In doing so. h adoptl-d Ihe common L1W doctrine of respondeat SOllerlor ilnd held the defen· d.mt liable for the unlawful act by Its agen t within the line and scope of his employmen t, In 1987, the Alabilfllil SUllreme Court reviewed the BuchanJn and Puln,lm dl'cislons in 1"I.1, eI v. Rhcxle s, /Iammonc/s 8. Beck, Inc, 5 11 So.2d 159 (Ala. 1987). Thl! court held th:11 Ihe plain tiff did nOI ha\/(! il cli rl'(l common I""", cause of ill"

lion aK01inst a server o( iI!coholic beYerJge~ "under the f,lcts of Ihis case.~ Id. at 164. The supreme court rejcct(!(/ Ihe pl'1Intlff'5 contenllon IhJt Buchanall "ere,lIed a new cause of action (or negli • gent dispensing of alcoholic beverJges by a licensed vendoe lei. ilt 165. On the S<lmc day, Ihe supreme court decided the case of MM;n v, W,lIU, 508 So.2d 1136 tAla. 1987). In Ihal case, the court, wllhout goln81nto 000111, also held thaI a common law cause of action d id nOI "lie in Ihi ~ C,15(':' Some ,11l0rnl'YS Ihcorile Ihatthe w.ud ,md M,lrtin cases abolished the common law C.l use or act ion. Certainly, WIfQ ,mel Martin indic.1te Ihal if a comm on lolW (,lUse of ilCtiOrl e)(15t5, h Otlly exlslS In Ihe narrow exceplions ((eil ted by Buchanan and Purnam. On Ihe other l1ilnd, in W,ud and In M,ltOn the supreme coun specifi. ca lly providl'(l lhat Ihere WilS no com· mon law ColUS(! of action "under Ihe filets of those ( ,1se5." (Iistorica lly, lhi ~ languilge by Ihe supreme COUfl indic<IIes th;!t it hilS nOI foreclo~cd Ihe l)OSslbliity of ~uch il cause of action In a propt!r case. Accord· Ingly, It is Ihls writer's opir1iOrl Ihat under the apprOI)r!ilte set of fJcts, Ihe supreme court will ultimiltely recognize a com· moo law cause of JClion for (he r.egligen l distribution of alcohol. To do otherwise would be conlrary 10 Ihe 3nnovnced public polley of the state and Ihal is 10 discourage dfUnl-en d fl ving. More ImportJrllly, Ihe Buchanan and PutnJm C,lses stJnd for the prol)OSition Ih01l Ihere Is it common law C,lUS(! of IiC· lion wllt.'Ill~r there is a hiatLls in the 11IW. A~ ~ taled by Ihe SUI)reme court in bolh ca~cs:

"lC'lIislmlllC-Crt'auxl princil~cs 01 dldm ~h()" liability. not fully in1ple,nenled by

Kenneth J. Mende/sohn is 11 member of thr) M ontgomery firm of Bt·a$lt"/. Wi/jOn, Allell, Menckiso/Ill & Jemison, P.e. He ,ecelv«J an undergraduare degree from Wdshingron & We University in 1975 lind a law degrCl' from the University of Afa· b.:Jma School of t..1W In 1980, I Ie served t1S a l,lw clerk (or U.S. District COUft Judse Truman Hobbs. f98(NJ1, and as ilj. sis/ani d,s/ncf illtorney for MOnl80mery

COUnl y; 1981-83.

01 evems.

The Alabama Lawy<-r

329

Ihe ilCb themsetws, Citn ~f'flectO.ltNl

by iI common law n!'glll!t!l1Cr actlon.M It most be niltt.'<I thilt OpOI1 rt?Yit.'Wof .111 of the dram !.hop relaled ca~es, the supr~rne cou rt 11<Is hesl taled 10 adopt 11 common 1M approach in 118ht of the fJct Ihllllhc majority of jurisdlcTion~. thus fM, alroo h.'M;! refuo;cd to rt'Cogni1c such ,1 cause of actlon_ There IS.l grOWing trend among the Jurisdictions adopTing common law negligence. II the minority of jurisdictions even tually shifts to become Ihe majority, then the AlabJma Supreme Court likcly wil l follO\"lhe 111.ljoriTY ;lIld adopl a !;ommon law G IUS(! of action,

III. SlillUlo r y law The Dram Shop AcT, as follows:

S6-S-71, I)rovides

"(.1) [\!Iiry wif~, (Ilil e!, p,lIenl or olhcr 1X'l'$()n who Sh,'ll be iniur.-'(Ilrl person, pHlIlCny or lTlI!~ns 01 SUllIlOfl by any intoxlcalt.'d pelWfl or In con~.·qutmce 01 the int~lcatioo of .my fI(.'f'S()fl ~h.)11 h.1Ye ~ righl 01 Olo(lion ~~in't .lrly per. wn who }holl, 11)' selllnll. IIlvmg or OIherwise disposinll 01 to ~nothcr, conIrJry 10 the plOYl~jon~ of IdW, "f'IY U· qUOf5 or bevcr~ge~, c~u'l(> Ihe Imoxlcil' liOn of such IX'fSOn for ,111 d~rllilllei ~c· tuolUy soslalllCd, as well olS~e01plary d"nlll!!t'!>. (lll UPon Iht;> dt;o:alh of.,oy P.lrty, Ihe ac· lion Of righl 01 acHoo wilt SOf\lIVll to Of ollJdln ~t his Oit'Cutor or lIdminhtrillOl, !cl The lhlrly Inlured, or his 1eg.11 reprcscnt.tllV(', 0I;l« ,O/nOll'nce ,1 jOint or sep.lril1e action allaln~1 Ihe person Inlo~icillt'd or Ihe person who fur. III)h(.'(Ilh(> IIqvor, and all ~u~h clnlm$ wa llllC by elvl IICIlon In any COOn h...... Inll jUIl§<iictlOIl Ihereoi'," Th(' CIVIl D<imagt'S '\(1, S6-5-70, pl'()o Vloo ,h follows: M[.ther I);Uenl of .l minor, gUolrdiiWl or a llersofl ~ldndin8 In 10(:0 pill'\!n~~ to lhe minor hdYing neither fJlher nor 1ll00her ~h.,U have .1 riSht of Hctlon '8<,ilISI Mly l)Coon who unlawfully sell. or IUfI1i.h~ ~phl t uous Uquoll 10 such minor ,inti may rt.'CtM!r ~uch dilmlJges liSthe jury nl;ly as~~, l)fcYkIed lhe p.!tSOn seillnll or furnl ~h· 108 liquor 10 the minor h.ld knowledge 0( Of WoIS chargellble With nOlice or knowledge of ttlch mlnOllty. Only one ilCllon mi'ry 00 commenced for eilCh 01len!iC under thi s I-CCtlon ,M

A s C."I be seen, cac h sta tute re(Iulrcs .1" Illegal distribution of alcohol. Speci. fl cally, Ihe DrJm 51'101) Act requires Ihal the akohol be sold or otherwise dispo~ or "contrary 10 the l)fO\Iislons of I,-,w." The Civil O,'01l1g05 Acl allllw'S a SUII to be filcd against any perSOn who "un-

330

Iilwfully" sells or fumi5hes <lIcoholie Ix"lerolges. lltle 26 of the AI.,b"ma Code rtgulal('S 111IoICkating liquor, malt bevcrJges .lnd wine, The vlolatlom of a provi sion orn· tic 26 dearly would be lin unlawful dis· tnl>ution or alcoholic beveragcs within the meaning of the Dlilm ShOI) Ac;t ,md Civil Damages Act. Secllon 28-)-49 grallts to the Alabama Alcoholic 8i"ver.lge COrllrol 80Jrd the authority 10 promulg.lte rult'S and regula. tlons. Such rules <lnd regulllliOIlShave the full force and effeCT of l(tw, Accordingly, the vloliltlon of ilnysueh rule or regul,,lion would support ~ Cittl'ie of .)(Tion under the Dram Shop AcT and the Civil D.1magl!s Acl. The most frequently used l)fOYlsioo un. der the Code and the Regulallons rcl;)tCS 10 furni shing alcoholic bt'\!Crages 10 visibly iflto~icaled individuills. Rlli e 20-X·6·.Q2(4) prQVldes as folloYl$: "No OI\·pwmlse Ilct'nsee may!r("IW d IlCrsofI any ,,!cohot c ht~'dgc If ~och pe~on is .KIIOII in 'lich ,I 01."10('1 ,l'i to ••,,,*,11 to I.JIl InIOltlC.lled " A vlolJtion of this ru le will SUPIX)rI il dram shop cla im. WJrc/ v, Rho(/{'j, H.lm· monds, & Beck. Illc. 511 So,2d 159 (Aill. 1987). Another frequently ukod viol.lIion relates to minors. A/.lbamiJ Code §28·3A-25(aJ()) nl.lkh It unlawful for Jny licenscc, ei ther directly or by Its enlpl~, to (umish .1!coholic bever.lges 10 01 minor, Similarly, Kule 20-X-6-. 10 m(lkcs il UlllilWful for (lny person It) furn ish 111COllOlic 1x."Ier"gcs toa minor. Accordingly, the forni shing 0( ~lcohoric Ix.....erages by an'!One to a minol would be Hcontrary to Ihe provisions of law" and, thu~, support a cause of action under the Dr,lm Shop Act. As 01 th is date, there have been no decisions by the AlarnUl1il Supreme Coun relating to other violittions under Olher sections of the Code or the Regulation s. It $(.>ems cI~ar Ihatthe violaTion of any other regulation thill prolClI11.1Iely cau)eS an irlJury also will SUI)port a dram shop cI.lim. For ex.lmple, Regul;lIion 20·X· 6·, 14 placed a limlt.ltion on "hilPllY hour" 5(1les. I'rior to t11s rcgul.lIlon, mllny 0..1«; offer "two-foro(}fle" or "thQ-'(.... for-oneM drink~ doring cerl.1i~ hours of till! day, The Alcoholic ~rilge Con trol Bo.lrd Ilfomulg.ut.od Ihh rul e pursuilnt to Its "re~ponsibitlty to prorllote a lelllper.lIICe, to s uppre~~ the evils 01 IntC!I1I)crilnCe, and

10 regulate Jnd conlrol t1e distribution .lnd drinklnS" of ,'kohol C bl'vNages. If .1 licensee SCI'\lt'S alcoholic beveragcs COntr;)ry to thi s rule line! .1 ,)atron becOlm's intoxic.lllod .lIId ~u b~C(lliently is InvolVl.'(J In an aulomoblle collisiOn, this wfltcr Is cOrlVlnced thai the innoct'nt inJured party would h,W(' ,1 valid C.1U)e of action under the Dram Shop Act agJl1'15t the provider 01 alcohol. The Sl'l)reme court .llso h.1S not ad· dre\~~ Ihe quCStiOrl .1S 10 whether the violJ l lon ~ of any olher 1.lws could also suppar! n CilUse of aCIion , In I)afticular, many municipalities acr()l.S Ihe \ t"'e hiM! ci ty (odes whic h, amonll olher Ihin s~, regulate lhe 'lale of akoholic beveragcs IVllhllllheir muniCil1.1hty. lHal CUllrt~ r0utinely recogni1!! violatlof\\ of these mu· nicipal code~ il ~ being ~.lb "COni rail' to the pmvl ~i(l!lS of Inw" under Ihe DrilO1 Shop Act . This writer Is convinced Ihal If the i ~~ue i~ ever IneselllL'(1 10 the ~u preme court, it will hold Ihal ~UCh.1 1,'10l.uion C.ln be the b.lSis 01 .1 drilm shop dJlm, The Civil Dilm.'g("; Actl'lOt only alla.vs a claim ag,'in~T onc who M:'JI ~ spirituous li(lliors to O1lnors bu t also agJln st one who "fufflj~hes" silirituous liquor, The lerm " furnish" recenlly w..1 S rL'VI("W('(! by the SUI)reme court in I.iIYfIlon. In Ihal c..be, .111 adult purchasc.>d ~wlllC coolers" from ,1 convcnience store on thlt.'t! occasions on Ihe nighl of the incldellt. On the third occasion, it minor, who W.IS with Ihe adult, wen t inll) the store, [)urll1g1he flr~tlwtl occil s ion~, the millor reillilined inlhe automobile. The aduh leslified that ~he shaJ'('([ Ihe wine coolers thill she purlhascd on the filstlWO occasion§. There w;t S no evidence, or redsonolbie Infer· cn ee, to indicate thai the minor consumed ;10'1 of till,) wine coolers pur. ( h~ ~('(1 on the third vi sit, The minor was ddvlnK !he V(?hlc;lc with th e adult and ca u'\C<l .1 one·vehlcle colli sion, Thl' I),uents 01 the minor brought sui t t.I.lnning that although lhe "~1 1(''' wa~ to Ihe "dolt, Ille defendant Old "furnlsh~ the wine coote", to the minor child. TIt{' ttl.11 court found thM thl're w.IS no " furn ish· inK" within thl' Civil O.I"aBC~ Act ilnd dirl'ctcd iI verdi ct In f,wor of the defcnd,lIIt. In ,']ffirmlng the tri.ll court's necislon, the supreme court ~"'t(.'(1 .l~ follows; "v.\> Inl(" I"(,lllw word 'Iumi\ht.~' Jnd 'fUfnlYunll'ln §(,.s.70 10 l~k'J1d h.dJlhry

November J 989

uoder §6-S.70 to ,1 $elle. or fvrnlshel of ~plrltllOUS liqUOl, who, from the t~

t.lllty of the clrrumSt.lnccs, mu~t rea· sonably Infe, rh,lt Ihe t)ef)OO to whom tho ~pl rlluoos l.quo, I~ sold Of fu ,· nisht.d will perm 1a mrnor to conSUITlfl some of the ~t)i"tuou~ IiquOC Id. at 492 . The cou rt found thillthere could be no liability on thc flf~ t tWQ Purchilses be· cause the minor was in the vehicle. With rc<;pect to the third $.tl e, there was no evi· dence thm any r:J those wi ne CO(Ile ll wefe shared with the minor. The court stated, however, .. f the re had been cvi· d<''flCe thil t (the de(codanO sold spirituous licluor to {the adult! and Ihat (the adult) shared it wIth (the minor), It \o\IQuld have been Clro, for the trial court to d irect a verdict:' As to dam.1ges. unde r th e Civil Dam· ages Act, a parent has the right to rL'Covcr "such damages as the Jury Illay a s~cs s." This languilgc is identiCill to that used In the Wrongful Dl!ath ~tillute which has consistently been interpreted as provid. ing lor l)unitiYC damages. In it dr.Jm shop casc, the 1)lahlllff ISCfl titied to rocover ~an dilmagcs .lctuall y sustained, as well as exemplary d:llllages:' This section has n~r been directly addressed. but clear· Iy ind icil1es thill the plilintlff Is entitled to recover both eOnl l)Cns.110ry and punl· live damages.

IV. Prol)Cr p lai n tiffs The re hM been consicler,' ble confu· sion as to who maY bring a CilUse of action under either section. Fortunately, the SUllreme court r(.'(ently eliminated 5Of1lC of the cOllfu~l on . !t Is now settled that the Into:dcilll.-'d l)Crso n does 110t ha\IC a cause of action under §6·5·71 ag,1 lnst lUlyone who un· 1,1Wfu ll y serves him i1kohollc bevcrilges. W."d II. RhQclc$. I-/'lmmonds & Beck. Inc., 511 So.2d 159(Alil. 1987). Thi s illso would Uc tr ue in the case of ,1 minor. Map/el II. Chinf!$(! Pal,lce, Inc., 388 So.2d 120 (Ala. 1980). Thus, ilhhough it Is Illegal to serve alcoholic beverages to ,1 minor, Ihe mlnordoes not have a c.lus4l of action ul1 der §(,.S-71 for any rnjurlcs th,ll he or she mOly Susl,lln i!5 a result of the sille or furnishing of the illcoholic b<.ovcrage). In addl tl on, Ihe mInor docs not h,''.IC .1 CJU5C of action u'1der §6-5·70. M" ple! II. Chinese Pollace, Inc.. 388 So.2d 120

The Alabam'l L/lwyer

(Ala. 1980). That ~tat u te specifically granb a cause of actIon to the minor's l).lrents., guardian or other l)Coon who mily be Sl<lndll18 in the rela tionship of a p;1rent when no l>a ren t Is all\IC. In il case where a minor Is furn ished al cohol and d ies as J I)roxim"te consequen ce, the parent is the prope r I)any to bring Ihe lawsuit. Sec. Laymon II. iJrde/· dock, 23 ABR 1487 (ALl. (989). Accord· ing to the Maples dec ision, the cI.,im I~ broug ht pUI5Uanl to §6.5.70 ,lnd not under the wrongfu l death stiltute. It generall y has been aCl;el)ted by the bench and bar that an Innocent person Injured by arl Intox icated patron of a bar h.1S a cause of action against the provide r of alcoholic bever.lgcs. The SUllfenle court e li mina ted any confusion In l'\I,lrd II. Rhocle$. l'lammond~ & Beck, Inc., 511 So.2d 159 (Ala. 1987). In w.lfcl, the )u· prClllc court spt!dncally he ld that the PMty " 'jured by a d rurik who hnd beCOllle Intoxi cated as n r!!sull of ;In un lilWful s.l le of alcoholrc ~r"ges has a C,lUse o f .1Cllon ag.1inst the serwr of alcohol. DetermIning who else can sue under the dram shop cases poses much mofe confu sion. As ea rly a~ 1934. the Alabama Suprem e Court noted in !<\to/) v. French. 152 So.2d l iS (Ala. 1934) that constru etiOl1 of th is statute w,H c-drcrileiy difn ClllI. Justice Joncs noted In a §cpariue opinion ill Map/C5 thnt confusion Is cil ust'(l by the nllt words of the stat ute--!'every WIfe, child, l).lren1. or other I>crson , •• :' JustIce JOne~ recognized th.lt Ihe terms wife. child and I)arent .rc words of rela· tlonsh lp. !Jut qU CStioned to whom lhe persons wcrc !'Clated. The SUllremc Court has' 5e1>arated these parties Into t'NO classes. The fil5l class rcl ates 10 "every wife, child [lIndl pare III." The second cliM rela tes to "other pc rso nJs]," With res pect 10 the nrst class. th e Map /cs dt'( ision sugge) t ~ that the terms "wife. c hild .rnd P.1re nt" r~fcr to those that st.1nd In a rdationshi l) With the per· son to whom the liquor Is sold, glvcn or furnished. In \¥.Jrd, however, the court conclud· ed that "Ihe 1909 l.egisl.1tU!'C must have intcndtod thilt wife, child, {.lndJ p.'JfC01 rcfcr to those I)f tht' party iniurtod In I>cr· SOil by thl:! in toxic.l!ed person:' 5 11 50.2d lit 164. It Is nOI clear whcth~r Wtrd OIICr· ruled Mimics o n th is IXlitlt or whether It m('rely ex tended the appllcat iorl of lhe

terms "wife, P.lrcnt, .md child:' At least arguably. if an indi vidual OOcomes I nt~· ie.l ted In a ba r, contr;rry to the law, MId such indillidual is ill'oOlved in a ooc-vehi· ele collision, the dependant SllOuse and children ~hould have a ri ght of action .lgaln5t Ihc IIcensc~ who unr~wfuJty fur· nished the alcoholic bc:Ncrill\cs. There ap11C,115 to be n di ~iJ8 ,.ee lllent amollg the circuit judgcs as 10 whe ther such a ~pou se or child would have {\ cause of "etion under these circumsta nces and this (IUCSlion will ultimately have to be resolved by the Alao.lm.l Supreme Court. Wilh fcslX!Ct to the Sl'(ond clas~, the "otner person." the " Ia bam.r Supreme COlrrt held that "Ihis category of pltt! n· tdfs includes IInyone who is proxmt.'ll~ Iy ;o/un-'d in person, I)ropelly or means of ~ uppor! by ilny intoxicilled person or Itl the Consequence of Ihe Intoxica tion of .llly perron." (elllI1h.bis add(.-'d). W:ml II. Rhodes, H.lmmolJd~ &. /Jeek. IIlC., 511 So.2d ilt 164, The COUlt noted that "th is c.Hegory of 1)laintiffs is as broad as proof of I)roximate cau ~ will permit." Id. Quoting frOnt the old case of Brooks II. Cook. ~4 Mieh . 61 7, 7 NW 216 (1880), the ~u lirt!me Court rt'(ogni7Nl thaI even a credito r of an I ntoxic~ted person who h.l~ been unlilWfully furnished alcoholic Ix.'vcrage5 may r,,11 wilhin the "olher" per· son cMegory. A ~ StMe<1 <lI)Ollc, this writer believes th.lt family member~ of ,111 Intoxicated I)l<rson filII wllhrn the fil5l class of prot('(ted persons in the Oram Shop Act, If not, such pel'M)tlS should fall within the second cI,l SS of "otller 1)CfM)'1S.~ Certa in· 1'1', if a creditor h.l5 a cause of action fOr financia l harm 10 him as a resu lt of a drunk d ri ver's being hljured o r killed Ix.OCil use of an IIIC8<ll sale by a liquor li cl!n~ee, then it widow an d child also ~ hould hillle iI (ilu ~e of netlon lor the flniln ci.l l dam~ge ~ to them under the ~'me ~i1uil t io" .

The wrongful dC.l th of iln irrdivldu.ll in a dram shop context also hil~ ca uSt!d confu~ion. The sta tulC 8'YCS ,1 Cil u!ie of ,'ction 10 a person who "shall be Inju red in person." It does not SpeclflC.llly PIO' Vide a cause of action fOf Oe,'lh. Many JII()(rll'yS crrOrll'Ously concliHled Ihat this language only .,llows a claim for pcr<;Qnill injuries ill\d nOl for deillh. Although there Is some cOll fu ~io ll .IS 10 Ihe technical c.J use of action, there is no doubt lhnt it dC,)th cl,lim is proper In 331

Ihe dr,lln shop/civil damJg('~ conIC>:t. Thc confU5ion merely he-; in wnelhellll(' claim is 10 be broughl under Ihe Wrongful De.llh Sl.lluleS, lhe Dram Shop I'o.cl or the Civil D.lmages Act ~r.l1 reCCrl! ca~ clearly P'()\,'(! Ih,lI 11 de.nh cI., im Cilll be r'r'i ilirll,)lned. See c.g. L1Ckcy v. l1e,lilh America, LP., 51'1 So.2d 8 63 (Alil 1987); fJee501l v, Scolcs C.ldl//(Ic Corp., 506 So.2d 999 (A I,l . 1987). In "ddir,on, Ihe very n.'cenl l.,ymOil ca!>(! allowed the part"nh of ,) mino r child to bring a dealh claim. Whelher Ihe C.1U!t('~ of action In Ihcse cases were un. der Ihe Wrongful Dc.uh Ac t, Ihe Dram 511011 Acl or Ihe Civil Damages Acl is 1101 c!£>ilr, The case<; prove, hOWf.wr, Ihill a c1.11m for death may be mainl.lined. The main purpose behind the Dr,lIn Shop Acl and Clvll O.'mage~ Acl was 10 conlrollhe diSltlbution of "lcohollc beYcr"ges. Cerlalnly, Ihe law could not recognlzc such an anomaly that would allow.l person 10 rt-,(oYer d;.lm,' ges if 11(> was Injured bUI "'Quid nOl allow his ('St;Ue 10 t'CCCNCf ti.lmages if he w.n killed under the s,lme ~t Ql f.u;t$. Fr.,nkly, it jl l)pears Ihat mOSI meml>ers of Ihe bar and the In.rl COurlS<WOund Ihc Slate rC(ogrli.'l:e a de,11h action In the dram shop COntC)(t, This wllter flmlly l)eli(>veS that if Ihe issue Is ('N(!r pre.emed dircctl y to Ihe supreme court , the COUlt will clearly illiow such il Cil liSC of ilction.

V. Socia l host lia bilily As of this dilte, the Alabilma Supreme COUfI hil ~ refuo;e(i 10 recognize ,1 CilU'ie 01 acllon a&<11n51 a sociill host for dlspt'flloIng .. !cohoUc lx'Vt!riltlL>$ 10 .. n adult. II IllUSt bc notoo that thcre aft.' no COOl! provisions or rcgul~tlons that make it UleSo,1 for .l sodill hosl to "8 1~" alcoholic beYerilges to .. visibly intoxic.1ted adult. Therefore, Ihe furnishing of alcoholic bt'YCrages under s\lc h circumSMnccs is not "contrary to the provisions of law" and cannot ~u~ rt ,1 drilm shOll d<lim, 8(.'('son v. Scok>~ Cadillac Corp., 506 $o.2d 999 (Ala. 1987). hI 8('('5011, ~n ellllllO'y'('1.' 0( Scoles C.ld.Uac bec,llllC highly illlOMicated al a comll.1ny Il.uty. After le;wing the Il.uty thc employl"C was illYOlved in alWO<.H collision which rL'$uit(.'(1 in the dl'.llhs of Ihe p.. ~scng(!r of hb car .. nd the drl\lt!r of Ihe otllt'r Cilr. rhe ~Upfl!m~ COUll notcd th.11lhe emplQy('C was not chM8ed to illtend the PMty and nOI chargoo for the alcohoUc bcYt-.,.agcs. Accordingly, the 332

coun notM that there was no ":o.1Ie" ilnd (o\lI1d th,lt Ihe Ora'll ShOll Acl did not aPllly. The ~uprcme court's ruling. hCM'l..'V('r, ~hourd nOI be deerrl(.,<1 to proYlde imrTllllllty to !oOcial hO,I~ in the ,ld ult SiIU.ltiOIl. First It appcilt~ Ih.)t Ihc court') r,ltionale for rc(using to recognize a com. mon l(lw ciluse of <letlon agilinSI a social hm t j~ the (,lCt th.11 111051 ruri sd iClion ~ hilYC not recognil(-'d thi ~ C.1US(' of action. If orhN jurisdlclion. ~ t Mt acU!ptlnlJ Ihb C.ruse of .ldion, thi! n the Alabanla Supr('me Court m;ly well follow. SecOlld, Ihe social hml mu_t keep In mine/that .f he charges for !heJ!coholic lx'VCril8~, ~uch conduct may oe dCC'm('(/ J "~lle." It " unlawful fOf any person to sell al<:oholic ocwrilS<"> v.ithOut;1 Iken'>!.!. Alab.lma Code §28·3J\.2S(a)(t5!. Thus, Ihc "~., Ic" of alcoholi c bcvcr.lges by a socl.,r h<ht withou t a Ilc(,l\~ would be unl"...... lul and could subject him to the Dram ShOll

"'.

Th(' Alilbilnl.l Code h.1S deflnoo "Si1lc~ "any tran~fer of fi<luor, wille or beer lor a conSlrleriitlon, "nd any gift in con· nL'Ction With, or as a pall 01, a tran~fer of prOperty other than liquor, wine Or I.Iccr for consumption." Alalhlm,l Coele §28-)-1{25). In 5moyer v. BirlllinSi1alll Are,1 Ch.lmlwr of Commerce, 517 5o.2d 565 (Ala . 1987), the chamber of com· merce hos~ cd iI reccption , One of Ihe membef'l ~Iun teef(.:d to )1.'11 drink t ick(!!~ .11 the rl'Ception. In re turn, he W<lS prQvi<k'tl with free dll nl.:~. The ll1en\ l~r lefl the party and was inYOlved In fin automobile collision wllh the Illalntiff. The plain!iff sought to t>old the Ch,ll1l1)('r 01 commerce liable in thc dram shop ac· lion, comending thaI the Chilm1Jcr of commerce had unlawfully '\old" .. 1coholic 1x..-...crdSL'S 1Cl the commiltt'C member. The AI,lbilmfl SUilrt.'l11e COUll fourlel IhJI there WJS 110 cO,lside,.ltion and, thu~, no sale, In dOlrs so, the COUI! S!.l!OO Ihe following: .1 )

"In ordI<r 10 conSlI I ~le consideration for promiSl.'. ttlel(! mJsl 1liMl oc«'fl .111 act, a lorcbcafance, •• <k:tlUnent, or a d~ ~ruction 01 a 1('jJJlllghl, or a It.'Ium pIOmlSl.', b..lrgarn for and 8'lot"n In ClIChdnge (or Ihl' IlfOrni!.ti ..•. Th(- cvidellce Is undilpult'tllhJt lhe (commilwe membe,) volunleered his ~rvlcM 10 lhe Chamber of Commerce wi thout ~g.1ld to whel hcr :rlcohotlc bcverJgb would he setv....d 10 him ... The ("VIdence est.lbUshes Ithe Ctlmmlltril member] it

hold 00 Inwnllon of I'OIUrl1cer;ng hiS In exch.lr181' 101 .llcoholrc beverase-;: Ihl'refOft· !here \o;d\ 00 !.lIe of akohohc bcvcr.lg~ . ..M rd. 111 537_ Thl ~ opmion, hlJWC\lCr suggests th". if the i nto~ic;lled eml>l~ had hought the ,lIcohol then the SOcii11 hosllcmplCly(:r would h;wc bl...n liable to the jllni nt!ff under the Dr.lfll Sho p stalute. A social hOSI, hO'NC~r, can be held liable for furni shing nlcoholic beveragcs to a minor. Mtlrtln v. WaU l, 506 50.20 1136 (Ala. 198n. In MiJrlm, Ih~ Hunl~vd le J¥Cl'~ SI)()n~I('(1 a I),lrly for high <,(:hool \llJdl.'nt~_ Whilt! at the l),llly, !.t."Cr,11 of tht' stooenb bL'C,lme highly in10xic,1IOO. After le.wing the Ilarty one of the ~ tudents drove his (ar Into the oncOllling Ir,lffic .lnd killed Ihe driver of iI vehicle .lod ~t"l('rely Injurl'(l her lWO dilughlers. The f.lmily flll,(1 suit ilgninst lilt' Jilyt.:ee ~ "nel o t her~. The Alabama Supreme COUft rl'\l('riit'd sumJllary )udgm~rll on bcllillf of the JaycC<'S .1I)d held th.ll It could be 1I.1bl(' under Ihe Dram Shop Act. hI doing \0, the COurt rlOtoo that the ABC BO.Hd Regulalions make il unl;r.v(ul for any person to give alcoholic bevefages (0 J minor. Thu~, the dlsposihon of alcohol to Ihe minor In this Cil5e W.15 "contrary to the proYi ~ions of law" .1nd " ~t .1lutory drJm )hop d.llm could be malnlaltll'd. ~"""c:es

VI. ConclusJon According 10 the Nmlonal Ilighway TrafllL S,lfely Admlnhtralion, 2).6)2 pe0ple died in the Unrll'd StJtC'S In .llcohol. rel.lted Iraffic accidents I~st yt.'ar. In addi!Ion. ilppro~imJlel y one 1)('1)011 <l min~lte was injured In such cr.she'\. Many of !hC"(! inluries .lnd dcath~ wt!fl! c.,uS(.od by the unlilWfu I ~"II-' of "koholic 1x'\'('1Jges. Such st"ggering )r,' ! bII C~ strongl y suggest Ih.ll more ti'lw~uits will be fill'd In the fU lu m. The Dr.lIll Shop Acl Jnd Civil Damages Ac:1were enac!ed In the ently 1900s. \tory few C,lS{'S wt'IC brought under those ~ta(ule\, hov.'('VCr, unlil tilt' 1 960~. The m.llonly o( tlw ~u pfeme (ourl deci ~ions on thL'Se ca!t('~ have ococn d<.'Cidcd wllhIII the li'lsl rr~ yCar~. These cases hil\le elrmlnntcd some o( the confusion but Ihefc still rel\\ain ~ confusion within (he l;rw. There are il Significant num1Jcr of cases curren tly pending 1Jcfofl,lt he td;!1 cout1~ of th i~ ~ t,1le il'< well ,l ~ the j,uprcme court, ,lnd It is ho Jl('d most of the problem ilreilS ultimalely will be cI,uifk>d .• November /989

Recent Decisions by John M. Milling, Jr" and David B, Byrn e, Jr.

Recent Decisions of the Alabama Court of Crimina l Appea ls

Preiudicial comments by the prosecutor-denial of fair trial Gille<;ple v. ~IJ/(', 3 Dlv. 24 (Augu~1 25, 1989)- Judge 8c:r.ven, writing fOf a unanimous "I.lb.:mla COUrl of Cmll· inal AI~als, rt"'JCl'Kod and remanded Ihe conviction of Gille~pie for sexual .1bu!tC In a ) t nging opinion .

Cillesl)ie ....as chargLod by !>C1l.lfatc Indictments .... Ith four Instances of firsl degree sexual.lbuse and One In~t ance of n"'t dl'gIL'C sodol11Y. The lury found the defend,lIlt guilty on three of the first dCgfNl sexuill ahu'i(' offenses. Gillespie r.llsed.l single Is~ue on his

tornf,.'Y are to see Ih,1I hlstice Is done and 10 Sl"e Ihat the SI.lle's case was properly prC!Sented 10 Ihe COurl ,md lury as made by the evidence. Judge Bowen crlll,," ly focused the Issue with Ihe (ollowing words: "VVe are of Ihc op Ilion th.lllhe cumula tiYl! effect of thc IL'pealed qucStiOI\S and InshlUations by the prosecutor created In the minds of the jurors the im· pression thai Gillespie had en· Ipgoo in other acts of sexual miscon(h,l(t:'

In this case, the prosecutor did I)ot

have evidence of such misconduct which fllrlher eKdCelb<1ted the I)roblem fa t ed by Ihe appellale COUIt. The

law is clear th.l! dufll18 J trial of a pcr· son fOf the IIlIeged commission for a pMtitul"f Clime, evidence oi his doing another act, which itself i ~ a (rime. Is nOt admissible if the only proo.ltive value is to ~ how his bad character, inclina tion or propensity 10 COMmit Ihe type of cl lmc fOf which he Is being tried. C. C,lmble, McElrOy'S ~ /a/.>.lma Evidence, §69.01(1I (Jd Ed. 19771. ludge Bowen concluded thm the only conceivable pur,lOSC for the prOSt.' (utor's questions and Insinu<l' tions was to "prejudice accu'led by suggesting Ihm hc was marc likely 10 be guihy of the crimels] chalged ." Allell v. SWIC, 478 5o.2d 326, 330 (Ala.Crim .App. 1985). in this rcgard, Judge Bowen obser\lcd;

tnc

appeal, contending th,1I he W;lS denied.1 fair tfilll bCC,lUSC of the mis· conduct of thl.' n'osc<:u!Qr throughout Ihe Iriill.

The court of crlminill illmeals

re-

wIslod Gillespie's conviction because of (I) the proo;ccutor') repcat{od ques· tion~

;md inlll.cndo Implying thoU Gil·

le~pie

l1.1d (ommittlocl other acts of sexual misconduct Mld (2) the pmjudicial questions prollOunded to GU· lespie during crOSH'liolmln,l110n con· cernlng the Ku KluJ( Kl<ln. Judge 80Wt.'fI ob~M..'(! that the prl· m.lty dutl(') oi the office of dhtlict at·

The A/,loama lawyer

Jolin M. Milling. Jr., is a member of Ihe firm of Hili, Hill, Carter, Fran, Cole & Black In

, He

David B. Bvme, /r" Is a 8radu.l1e of the University of A/aoo ma, whert' he rcceivoo both his Ilndersradllate and law degrees. He is a member of the Montgomery nrm 01 Robison & fklser and covers the Cllmlnal portion of the

decisions.

JJ3

demnec has a leasehold Interest In con· demnt.>d land Jnd the interest in\.Qlves In ~n t¢rpri se or business din,>(tly Of inti· mately connected with that particulM IlIr\d, the iesS(oc is en titled to prCSC!\I evi· dence of the market value 01 his Interest at the time o( the condemn ation; tha t value is properly con sidered part of the v,l lue of the land. In determining the v,~ lue of the l eil~ehold interest, the COllrt set out seven f~ ctol1i which can be cOl1sidercd: (!) The length or the urlc~plred tNm of rhe lease; 121 The (Jir m~rkel value, If al\y, of Ihe une~plred re rm of the ICJse; (ll tn the context of the ca se at b..l r, the quantity and Quali ty of the remJin. il1gcool and Its fair market value per unit; (4 ) In the conte~t of this case, income derived by the leasehulder from the prollCfly; (S} The highest and best use of the property; (6) The utility, if ;lIlY, of any portion of the land in which the Icaseholdcr has an interest rl,llll<.lining <.Ift()r the condemnation; (7) Any other actuill damilt\cs sustaim.>d by thc leaseholder.

COntracts , •. exculpatory pre-raCe re lease void as it re lates to wa nton conduct Barnes v. Blrmingh'lm International Racewa y, Inc., 22 ABR 2766 (Jul\e 16, 1989). Barnes entcred a stock car race at Birmingham tnlernational R.1CCWay (StR). Prior to the race, Barnes SlgllCd .1 prc-race rclca~e whi ch released BIR and others from all liability for damilge ilnd injury while pJrUcil)3ting in the r<l ..e. Barnes was in\.Qlved in all acddent during Ihe race .. nd SlIcd aiR and othcr's allc-glng negligence and wantonness. The trial court 8r;1I1 tOO dcfcf1danIS' Illotions for Suf1\rr\ar'Y Judgment b.lsro on Ihe e)(cul, pa tory Il re·race release on aUlhority of

)bullg v, C;IY 01 GCldsden, 482 SO.2d 11 56 (AI.,. 1985). Barnes ill>l>caled. The supreme court affirmed the $ummtrry judglllent as to the negligence COlli\! bu t r(''VCrsed a ~ to the wan ton counl. Th e supreme cOurt r{>Cognlzed Ihat )'bung held th;l1 pre·race releases excul· patlng one (or liability of negligence and wJrltOr\ conduct hJve been upheld in Alabama as VJlld ami not void as again st public !>olicy, The supreme court, hr)I.Yever, noted thai 'rbung is the only case in Ihe United St ilte~ upho lding pre-rilce rcle'.lse-; for wanton and willful cOI\duc\.

hr Alabrrma, willfulr~ess Or w,lrr t Or~r\ess Imports premedi tation or knowledge and consciousness thaI the injury is likely 10 res\Jir, while negligence irM;llYCS inadver· tent action. After looking <II the issue again, the ~ u prellle C(lurt expre~sly ~r ruk-d thaI {)Orrion of YoulIg Ih.1I holds that pre-race relea se~ arc v,l lid arId r\OI aga inst public policy as they relate to wanton or willful conduct, They are valid as to negligen t conduct.

COr\l r,lcts , ,. ambiguitics not a l w JYS conslrued aga inst drafter \4t>$I(mr Sling ,1 n(/ Cdb lf'< COrr1p.1rly,

Inc., elc. v. Hamillon, etc., 23 ABR 2428 26, 1989), t-lJmllton entered inlO a stock s,l le agreement wilh Weslern which CQnt{lilled an indemnity agreement. Aller the sa le, '.l dispute arose, <111(1 Western was sued. During thi s su it, a disI,vte (lrosl.! <.IS to the me~ninK of thl.! inderlmily provi si on, and Hamilton filed thi s dedar,llory Judgment action. The Iriol COurt fOur)d that th e ir\dcr\\r\!ty provision was .1mblguous and that although bOl h 1,,1rl ies entered II\to the Cont!'act with aelvice of counsel, the agreement wa s drafted by th e "urchJser, and, Iherefore, the ambiguity must be resolved in fil\lOr 01 the H,lmiirons. The purc hascl1i illJllCillcd ilnd arKUl-'d tlw thl.! 81Hleml rule rcgarding ar\\bigul1ics has an cxception wh ere sophist lc,lIed persons rewe· SCl\led by legal counsel ore ir\WI~, The purchasers urged the court 10 adopi the (Mily

e~ceptlon,

The Alabama State Bar's two FAX numbers are: Main office- 269-1501 Center for Professional Responsibility-834-2780

336

On appeal the supremc court found the logic of the e~ccpt ion pers uasive and 5 1~tcd th~ t w here both tmti es 10 il conIract i1re sophistica1t.>d business person s advised by counsel ilnd thc contr"ct is a Ilroduct of Ilcgotlatlons at arr\\S Icngth between the parties, thele 15 no reason to automa tically construe ambigui ties In the contract against the drafter.

Domestic relations .. . English v. English overruled E~ IMrte

B<lylis$ IRe:

8a~lis$

v. B<lyI/5S),

2) ABR 2560 Uune 9, 1989). Mr. iJnd Mrs. Bayliss dlvorcetl when Pal rick, thcir son, was 12 yea~ old. When Pa tri ck wa~ 18, his mother petilloned the court to modify the jUdglllCIH of divorce asklnglhc courl to require the non·custodial fJther to contribute to Patrick's college educa tion a(rer P,1trick all,lincd hi ~ maj(lrity. Since

November 1989

Patrick was neither menially or physically di5.lbled, Ihe trial court and the Court of civil Jppeals, re lying on English v, English, 510 50,2d 272 (AIJ,Civ, App, 19871. denied rhc mother's pctl tion, En· g/Wl held that a p<lfenll ~ under no Icg,,1 obliglltion to l'tlucatc ,I wn or dllughter after he or she au:rins m.,jority unless the child is physically or mentally disabled or rhey have "greed to do so, On certiorJri, lhe supreme court over· ruled F.ngUsh and held thai a trial court In ;J p roceed ing for d i s~o lution of m.l r· riage or.1 modification of II divorce IudS' nlerl! may aw.lrd sums of monl:!Y oul of properly and Income of ehher or bolh I)Ments for the post.mioorhy educalion of ,1 child of thm di ssol~ maniag£>, when ilpplicalion is made therefor before the chitd attains the age of m.ljorlty, In doing so, the COUf! sh,'11 consider the fin.mci.!l resource5of the p.1fcnISand the child and the chilo's commi tment to iln(l JI>litude for the educi1!ion. The court also may consider the stand,lfd 01 living the child would have enjoyro If the marriage h;!d 110t been dis~o lvcd ,

Torts , , , court rejects 14· yCi'Ir age limililtion sl aled in Cenlral of Ceorgia Lyle v, Bouler. 23 ABR 2787 (June 16, 1989). Appellan t was 16 years old when he entered apt:~ell!.'C·s prol)Crty wi thout J)Crmlsslon, He ~t to the edge of II clift pit and climbed on to a ledge, The ledge collap~ , and he fell and Injured him· ~e lf. He flied suit, and the court entered summary iudgment for the defendant on authority of Cen/fill of Grotgia R,R, v. Robbins, 209 Ala. 6, 95 So. 367 (1923), which held Ihat children (M!r 14 arc "presumed to be ca pable of the exercl~ of judgment and discretion," r he child 011>pea led, and the supreme court r~r~ . The supreme court noted thm It recen t· Iy adopted §339 of the R{'s/'IIemell/ (Sec· ond) of Torts (1965~ which docs away with the 14-ye.1f age presumption. Sub. section (e) and the (ommen1IO §339 1'10vide guidance in determining when a child assumes rcsl>onsibillty fOr his In· juries. Most jurisdlctiorlS have held rhil l a child beyond the age of 14 nlay recover for injuries SUSlilircd when trespassing on the land of anO'her, Recovery will be les~ likely M the age of the chrld in. creaSl'S, .1nd age i, an impotlimt f,lClor. Elemen ts that merit examination are:

(1) the Intelligence of the child; (2) the cap;lcity of the child to under. stand the potential danger of the hazard; (3) the child's actual knowledge of the dangN; (4) the child'!> dbllity to exercise discretion; (5) the educational eve! of the child; (6) the maturity of the child; f71the ,1ge of the child ,

Worker's compensation , ..

U25·5·11, ·52, ·53 a nd ·59 discussed l.owm,ln v, PIedmont ExecutIve Shirt Manufacturing Compmy and lI.uI, 23 ABR 2542 (June 2, 1989). Lowmtln hurt her lMCk while workin g for Piedmont and nlcd a worker's compenS<1Ilon claim, I-IM, a C<rCIllI>ioycc, w as supposed to process her claim, Wh Ie In the hospit.ll, Lowman was visited by I'tart, ;"Ind Hart threatened her ,lnd said worker's com· pensation wa s not 80ingto pay the bill. lowm;Jn SUl>d Piedmont and Hllrt fOr fr,Juri and outrage. The Iri;!1 COurt granted defendan ts' motIons for summary judg· mellt, and Lowm.ln ;Jppcaled , The supreme court affirmed In I)'HI and reve~ in l)<Irt, The supreme court found Ihal there w.lS no evidence to SIIPI)ort the tort of outrast! and affirm\.'(1 the rrial court. The court, hOWC\.1!r, found thiU !herc W,!S evi· dent;e to Support the Inrentionlll frJud claim, Therefore, the court h;!d to con· ~ider whether the excillsive remedy provisions 01 the Alabama Worker's Com· pensation Act bar her tort claim for intentional (r;"lud, The court held thill the inten tion,11 {r;lud claim in rhe handling of the worker's compellsMlon clillm w" s not b;!m.'(1 and ~ I art!d rhatlh(J exclusive reml'(ly provisions only al>ply 10 limit the lI;!bllity of an emplO)<'r or Its Insurer to the statu torily prescribed claim (or jobrelated Injuries. If the claim Is not com. penSllble because it is outside the CoYer. agc of the act, then the exclusive remedy I>rovisions " re alw illilPI)licabll,l. Thl,l suprcme court also sMwd that mere delay In pllymen t 01 workt! r'~ t;ompensation benefits Is not ac tiorloole as a scpJrJte lOft , The court also addressed Ihe stan. dard of proof for Ihis intentional fraud claim, tn view o( the exclusive remedy provisron, the plaintiff must m"ke a

stronger shOWing than tha t required by the "substantial evidence rule:' tn reg.lrd to a ffilud claim ag.1inst an employer, a co-employee or an emplO',ICr's Insurer, the plni" ti" mU$1 presen t (.'vidence rhar would qualify as cle'lf and convinci ng proof of fraud .

Recent Deci sions of the Supreme Court of A labama O th er ac ts' evidence-impact of rem ol eness o n relevance Tomlin v, Sf.ll{', 24 ABR 2154 (May 5, (989)-The Alabama Supreme Court grJntcd certiorari to determine whether the Irial court erred in all<M ing rhe St.1le to Introduce evidence of prior felony conviction~ lone for l)Qssession and one for sale nf rmlfijuana), bOlh of whi ch oc· CUfflod ten yeOlfS 1Jef0re the charged offense, Tomlin was charged wi th unlawful p0ssession of marijuana. Prim to trial, the defend.ln1 flied .l motion ;n limine for an order instfIJcting the district {ltlorney to refmin from making .lny dirt.'Ct or Indirect reference to his prior convictions. Spec. ific.llly, the motinn in limine sough t to suppress the (ollowing prior crimes of the defendant; (a) August 1974-possesslon of mariJu.lna; (b) JanuMY 19i'5-possession of marijuana; Ie) Aprl 1975- possession of nl;lrijuana; (d) MOlY 1977-sille or milfiluanil, The Aj)rll 1975 and May 1977 convictions were admilllod Into t!\iidence. In addition, thl:' Stare, in both its opening Slatl'fTICnts and as iI l>art of its case-in-chlef, presented evidence to the Jury of the defendant'S prior crimes,

Richard Wilson & Associates Registered Profess io nal Co urt Reporters 17 Mildred Street M o n tgomery, Alabam" 36104

264-6433 337

jusl ice jone~, wriling for a UlloJnimous court, re\lel'jt.'ti. Ju ~l i cc Jones focused Ihe j S~Ul! i1 ~ fnll{)'o\"O: ", , , While we tigre<! Ih,11 Ihe general rule againsl admisslblilly of prior offen ses has Its eXCel)tions and Ih<ll one such exception is the rule Ihat, if relevanl, evidence of prior offensc ; i$ i1dmi~~ iblc 10 show Inlent alld gui lly knowledge, we cOrl clude Ihal the chillienged l'Vldt"!nce III ~li s caS(! d~~ nut ni~1 Ihe tesl of relevancy whi ch Is a prerequisite to ildmlsslbility urlder each of the excepl ions. Ell p<tr!e KilloU8h, 436 So,2d 333 (Ala, 19 82). See .1 Iso, C. Gamble, McElroy's AI,lb.lnl,l F. viden c e §69.01 (3d Ed. 1977}." U ltlrlliltely, Ihe supreme court cond uded thai Ihe wife's uS(! of the evid('nce WilS 10 prove propensllY of the defe lldanl 10 commi t the charged offense. Justice jones noted thJI propensity evidence Is inildmissible: "The only I)ossible inference th,lt Coin I)('! dr,lw'1 from ~\Ic h evidence Is thnl Ihls dt"!fcmda rll W,IS nlore likely 10 commi t the o ffen se charged Ihiln mighl othel'Wlse hrwc been the case. This impermissible pWI)Qse is lhe very re.l~on for the rule prohlbiling s(lch ('vidence."

OUl- under the influcnc;c-

what does il mea nl EJI. p.ll'IC Buckn cr, 24 AI1R 2820 (June (989)- Buck ne' was convicted for drill-

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Ing under rile Influcil ce o f alcohol. He al>l)Calcd his convlcrlon to th e COUri o f criminal ,1ppeal s whi ch affirmed Ihe judgment wi thout ~ n opinion . The AI,,· bilm,l 5UI)reme Court grilnled o : rl iQrari ,lI1d ultimiltely reversed and remanded the ca Se. At Idal , Buckner vigorously defended b.lscd upon I)roof that he W,)S nOI "under the influence" at the lime he was SlOpped by HUI1ISvilie city police. FollOWing his .ureSI, B(lckner wa, I rMl~llOr1ud 10 lhe city jilil. No brC!lth..ltiu: r wa s given. Specificillly, uudnel objected to the trial c()url '~ in~lru<!l i ()n Ill lhe jury in lX!rtlnenl part a ~ follow~ : " If you delt"!fmirl(! Ihal the defen· dant W.1 S under the Influence of alcohol, Ihen Ihe degree of Into)(l· cmion is immilterial. ,1nd it i ~ not n(:CcsSilfY Ih;:r1lhp dugree of inl0xil;alion mUSt be so ,Idllilnced or Ihe influence of alcohol be 50 ad\/,II1C«l ,I~ to inter'ere wilh Ih« prop. er opera tion of Ihe vehicle ...."

(k.fine " under th e influence of alcohol." The c(Jurl of crlmhl.ll apl>cals had pre· vlou sly held that (1 1)C~n Is guilty of vialallOrl §32-5J\..191(a)(2) If he drives a V('. hlcle under th e influence of alcohol reo gilrdk'Ss of th e degree of th<ll infi(len(e. See Pil e," v. Ci!y of Monlyonlt'ry; 455 So.2d 180, 185 IAliI .Crilll .App. 1984). Thh oll irlion b cxt(,rTlcly Sigllifi c.ll)1 bccJu ~c It uverrule~ the holding of P.lC(~, The supreme court crili cally noted th.lt Ihe AlabJm<l courlS have SOlid Ihat pMJ8 r~ph ~ (illl l) ilnd (1I}{2) Qf §32-5;\-191 define the S;)nle o ffense, bUltheir JPplic.llion C.1n le,ld 10 oPl)()\ite resull ~ under th!;! Silme f<lCb. The CQur1'S analySis concludl>d Ihal the L.eKi ~ lalurc inlended to (>fohlbll a person from drl vh18 il veh icle ollly i"l ft cr cO n~ Ul1iirli! such an amoul" of .Ilcohol a ~ wtJuld imlMlr hi!> ~ b ll i lY 10 dlivc safely. Thu\, Ihe prosecution's blll'd en is to prove \halthe defendJn! W,l ~ under the inflU{'llce of " leohol to the ('Xlenlth;11 it (l ffce ted his ;!bilrlY looper;!t!! hi ~ vehicle in " s,l fe manner.

Ex pJrte LaFlore reaffirmed The AlabJmil Sup'cm c Court fcvcrscd , holding that Ihe trial court erred in in· ~ trU(Iing Ihe jury Ih,,1 Ihe dcsree of the influence of i1lcohol doe~ not hilve to be '<0 i1dVOIIlCl'l:l 01$ to in'erfere with the prill> er (Jperiltion of thc vehiclt"!. AlaballM's DUI statu tc 1)(Qvides thaI "il 1>Cr')orl shall not (hive or be III actual I)hysical control of any vehi cl e while: (I) There is 0,10 !)(!rcent or lllore by weisht of ,llcoholln his blood (2) Under the influen ce of ;,Icohol ... .~ The Supreme C(lLlrt of Ala hamil h.as held thaI subsection s II) and (21arc nOI !>Cpnratc offenses, bulMe lwt) lllet hod~ of !)rovlng th« s.1mc offcn5(!- drivi l' S ur"ldi:'r Ihe influence of alcohol. SeC' Sissoll v. 5 1,ltc, 528 So.2d 1159 (Ala, 1988), Thus, In 311empcing to prove that Buckner Wil~ guilty of drivins \mder thl) Inlllrcncc, Ihe proSCClllion could el/her prove Ihilt Bu c kner'~ blood alcohol conlen I wa s .10 pcr(:ent or more or that hc was " under the InHuence" of alcohol. Because rlO lest .....ilS administered to BuckrlN, Ihe pr"Osc<;ulioll had the bur{len of proving Ihal he wa s " under the in· fluen ce of alcoho l," SfJCtion 32-5J\.19 1(.1!(2) milkes II illcg.11 10 rlri\.1~ or be in i1Cluillj)hySicdl COrllrol of II ...chicle while under the Influence of .llcohol. 1·lowever. th e stOi tule does 110 1

5t.1 t(' v. Nt',1 1, 24 ABR 2809 (June 16, 1989}-The Supreme COUlt of Ali"lbama gr,l nlcd Neal's 1)Ct!tl on fo r certiorari 10 con sider the question of whelher he was enlitled 10 a jury Iria! on Ihe i ~~ lle o f his competency 10 sl;!nd lriill for C~pil'll murder. The S~rprenlC C(lIIf! 01 Alilbilmil, in ~ per curi,l m ol>i nion, i1 ffi rmed th e holding o f £11 pMC< LoIFlQro, 445 SO.2d 932 (Ala. 19B3), which held Ihat the crlmirl<1l1y Jccused , pUNJ<1n ! 10 Jh e AI.,· balllJ Constituti oil of 1901, Sc<;lion 11 , ,lncl Ihe procedure provided by §15·1&-21, Code o( A/,l /}.;lIJM (1975) is enlitlt'(l to a jury Iriill on the issue o f mental comp(j ten cy. In Ih opiniori reaffirmirl g Ihe I.ilf/ori:' decision, the Supreme Courl of AlaD.ltlla wa ~ c'lleful to I>oillt out \h a\ il was nOI voiding the tri.l l court's e~c rcise of its discretion 10 order the defend"nl commilled 10 ;! 510)1(:.' hospi tal I)UrSUi\nt 10 §15-16-22. The ~ uprem e coun simply held Ihilt the ~\mu\(lry di:;crcliQn i1ff(lrdl..'Ci the lria l COurllO M.'Ck i"l1")Sydli ~ l ric cX,lm· inalion of the accu sed could rlOl be subSlitured as an allcrrlatlVt"' dc tCrrlllnal ion in depri vinBlhe defcnd~n t's constitution. ill ri ght to il jury tfi JI on Ihe issue of COlli· pclency 10 ~I;lnd tri;,1. Sec 'llso. St'ibo/d v. Oi.lIlicl~, 337 F.Supp. 210 (M .O.Ala. 1972). •

Novcmlx.'r 1989

Legislative Wrap-up by Rober t L. M cCurley, Ir.

SUllreme Cou rt adopts Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure The AI.,bama Suprf!r'rle Court hllS <lPI)roved Ihc Rul es of Crimi nal Procedure with a schcd ull'tl cffcctivc dille of

Junll I, 1990. FinOiI cdl!orial work 011 the rules ;md c:cmmcnlOiry fol lowing each rul e is being comillctcd . A COpy of these crimin,,1 rules will be included in the Sou/hem Reporwr In December 1989 wiTh lime given (or response. These rul es me 11l(' ~ul t of a study by a commil1ce of the AI;lbanta law Institute jointl y appointed by the Alabama Supreme Coun, This stud y began in June 1974. In June 1977, af1(~r

five dr,llts, the commiul'C presented their Initial work 10 the supreme coun. Each person l)taclidng liM' in Alabama 1\1 that time was sen! a COml)lImcntary COl,.,. of th ese rules

by lho Mich ie Publishing Company. S ub ~l'quc ntl y, the court ..doptcd and plac(.'<1 In dfcct 14 rules, Afwr review by the court and 11 SUbSC(IUCnt rQvi(.'W by the dr<lft ing commillce, the proposed rules wcm revised furt her 1/'1 1983. The (ourt has adopted eight more rules for the present total of 22 ICnmor.uy Rules of Criminal Procedure, It is baSically this 1983 draft of the rules that the court 1'100 has adopted. The dr<lfting commillce has served under three chair· persons, the late Chades Tatter, a lJirmlngham attorney, Judge Robert E. Hodnene of Mobile and Judge Billy Burney of Mouilon , The followins is il synopsis of these ru les, the text of wh ich will be av,li lilb le ne ~t month In the SoulhC!rIl RC!porwr, Summary o f pending Alabama Rules of Criminal Pr<Kedure Rull' I. Scope, Purpose, Objectives and Construclion, Compullllion <1m! Enl.lrgement of Time, ~fin it ions, Ef· fl..'Clive Datt The scope of thl! rules is to gO\'Crn practice and p~ ce<lure in .,11 criminal procet.'(/Ings, OdiOilions are delin· eated for use throughout the rull'S. The effl.'Ctive date is June I, 1990. Rule 2. Commencement ilnd Prosecution of Crimin'll ProceedinllS

The Alilb..lm/l L"lwer

All criminal proc~lings shall be commenced (Itherby indictment or by complaint. Rule J. Arrest W,lrranl or Summons Upon Coml11l'ncemcnt of Criminal Proceeding; SC1Irch W.urants An arrest wMr,mt shllil comm'lIld Ihe defendant to be arrested and brought before the issuing judge or m,l sistrate Ilnd will Slate In the warrant the conditions of the defend· ;:mrs rdellsc whi ch will be on his (MIn rt.'(oKnizance or the amount of the bond. A summons will be In the SJme form .15 a warrant but It will command the defendant to report at a designat~ time and place within a reasonilble time (rom the date of issuance for photographinK and fingerprinting. Arrest warrants are 10 be scrved by armsting the defend· ant. A summons may be served as 111 clvll actions except nOl Ir,' I)ubllcallon. In <Iddition a summons may be served by rc~i s tcrcd mail. Arrest warr,lnts may be amende<lto remedy .. mere defect in form. The rule also enumerates who mily issue the search warr,lntS, the grounds, the contenh ,md who may I,'Xl;l( Uli.! them. Rule 4. Arrt.'S! ;lIld Initial Appearance A person arrested on a warrant shalt be relea5t.od on his own recosnizance or on an amount SCI in Rule 2 01 Ala· b.l ma Rules of JudIci al Admini strillion . The condl'ions of ~ Iease arc set forth on the wattJnt or If none Is set forth.

RObert L McQJrley. Jr , IS the

dlfOClOf 01 the Alabama Law Inslltu/e a/lho UnlvOrs',., 01 Alabama He reaHVed r.s uncH1tQredusle and law dBgf60S from the UnlvOtS/ly

339

[he defendant shall be taken before a nlagislrate without undue delay except In no event tess thJn 72 hours of arrest, A person ilfre5ted withOlu iI Wilrriln t shllll be tJken without undue dclJy beforc Ihe I1C:Ir(!St or most avai lable mii81~ tr,'lIe (or a prot»ble cause determination but In no even t later than 72 hours afler Ihe arrest uIlless the crrme is not a 1>.111· .l ble offense. N the inil i{ll ~ppe,lr.ln cc the magiSlrilte

5h.111: 1. ascNtaln !he dc(cndnnl's true I1Jrlle and address; inform .he defend.lllt of charges against him; J. inform lhe dc(end.mt of his righ t to counsel i1nd '0 rcmilin ~ilenr ; 4. dctermille thc con ditions of 1(." leilSt.': ilild S. if a fe lOl'IY, Inform Ihe dcfendJn t of his righ t to demand a preliminary hearing and, If demanded, set J .ime (or the hearing.

be l)rovidLod. Thi ~ rule doe, nOI r~Ulrt:' .1 public defcndl.'r but colch judicial cir· cuil must estilblish Ib own Sys tCIIl of ,lp-

polnlmen. of counsel. Once an iltlorney notlfies the cour. of his or hef representa.ion of ,I defend,lnt It cont inues until Ihe courl i1I1()Yo's tin' COltn~cI to wi thdr,lw. 11OY.1.'\I(.'f. the counsel may limit hi!. or her l>Cliod of employment. Tht' court Illay appoint .1 new attomcy for <In Irldigent on al)pe.ll If Iht' orlgil1JI attorney I~ ,lllo..."ed 10 withdraw. The juclI\C will ~el COIllI~n~a · lion for .he .1llPolmed COllno;cl. The courl may order ,1 dl>fcnd.lIltto p.IY In Ihe Sl.:rle all or ;r 1>'111 of Ihl' CO~I of hiS or her defense whcn .ht.' (ourt find~ the defend,lIIl has finan cial i'CM)urct'S.

Rule 5. Preliminar y H earhl!! A dcfeooJnt charged wi th II felony mily demaoo 11 preliminary hearing within 30 days of arrest. If demanded, a ",eliminary hcating shall be held within 21 d3yS un· less WJived or an indictment supervenes. Ei ther Polrt y 0 ' the cou rt m;IY sumlllOllS witnesses. The staW !l1u~1 IHesent evi· dence re lL'VJntlO est,lbllshlng probable C<lUSC. Cro)s eXdln inatlon is all~>d ilnd the defendanl filar Imroducc evidence. UIJOn 11 flndiflg oI l>rOOable C.1Use tne defcndllllt is neld in custody or released on condilions prmcribe<! by tne courl. The COIllI>lilint tnen mus' be prcscnted to tile next gfJnd jury. Evidence may be he.lIsay In w hole Of In Ih)fl, when i).l~ed on wrl ncn reports and documenlary (.'vldence, provided there I, a substanllrrl b.lsis for believing Ihal the evidence Is credible and olhelwise compclenl.

Rul e 7. Release A defend,)nl ch.vged wi .h ., bailable offense shall be released on his or h('( own recognizJnce before corwicllon un· less the court determines ~uch a releaS(' will not assure Ihe dcfend.lnl'\ .1ppear· .mcc or Ihilt Ihe dtofend,mt po ..... ~ .1 fl!.ll .lIld present danger to olher~ or Ihe public at large, Afler convictlon.1 pCl'!>on scntc!lc(..>d lor a .erm punishahle by death or In excess or 20 years shall 1101 be rele.l~ed. For term~ less thJn 20 yc.u". the r1efencl.1nl may be released on his or her (ToYn ll!<:otI· nilanCE'. or on condil ion) ,lIld bond SCI by the judge. The fule S(>I ~ fOr th rcqulremCIlIS fOI p(ofes~lonal bondsrncn . E.lch circui t judge nlu ~1 ob!ain .1 monthly lisl of <III prisoners bein!! held in Jdll. The judge must revlL'W Ihe con· dltlons of relCilse for all persons in jail for mQle than 90 diays. Proof llluSI be l>re.entL'CI specifYing the bre.,ch of ~ol1di t lon~ of reie,he .111d il he.Hillg must be held on a l>c!ltion 10 revoke Ihe relcase. Once conditions o f reIC.1~ Jre SCI 17,1 the cour! these condll ions COnlinllC dnd hond remJins in effe(t until <lmendecl by th(' ,odgc.

Rul e 6. Allorrll.'YS, Appoin tmenl of Counsel The defend,lnt has Ihe righlto counsel In all Cl iminJI procet.>dlngs. If J defend"nl cannot aHord an attorney one will

Rule 8. Sp e~ y Td~ 1 Insofar as j)racticolble, IrlJls of crimin;ll CJSC~ ~ha!1 h il~ l)fiOII ' y over civil cas..>S. There are no presdtx.'Ci "me limit~ for spt'l'Ciy trials.

An initial alJpear.lOce Is not required when the dclendiU1t ha~ been relca~ed from custody.

340

Rul e 9. Presence of D l'fend,lIll, Witn l'Sse ~ .. nd SPL'( t.:ltOI'l> The defendant has Ihe lI!!htto be present ,I' Iri.ll but with counsel the defend.lnt, by written consent, IllJy waive this ri!lhl provided il Is nOI a C.l))II.11 CilSl!. A d, .. ruplive defcndJnt Imy forfCl1 his or hw lighl 10 be prewnt unll l he Or she aWl"" 10 n..>lurn with llood behavror When e~pelll..od Ihe (k<fcndan t shall have Ihl' flKh •• o he,ll. ob~r"" or be illformed fir Ihe l)rCXL>(.-dlnK~. SIx.'(.I,Hors m.ly be ('xtiuded if lhL'Y l·tllpge In disorderly or dl~rUI)tiw con· dUll or con ..,ilOte a Ihfe~t.o .Ill' court or .lIlY l)JrliC<i. Takrng IlholOgr.. ph~ or l1l(Nie<. in the courtroom m,l)' 1)(' permitIlod by court rule. Rule 10. Ch,mge of Place of Tri ~ 1 D('fendJnb ill cil('ul t coun ai'{' cmilled 10 .1 cllolngc of pl.llC o( lriJlto Ihe near· l' ..1 lOUI"y frlOC from prl'judlcl' if it fair lIi,)1 cannot be h."ld for ~ny leJ'iOn or if 'here is .1 threat of mob vlolelll;t.'. The hurdI'll I~ on the (lefl·nd.n.lo shaY.< Ih.lI ,1 (,lir Jnd impartial 111,11 cuuld nOl be held in Ilw Ini 'Ial m un!)'. Rult! II . InComp t!lellcy anU Mcrllal Examinal lolls Rule 12. Selection of W nire: Gr . md lury ,Ind Petit lury P;l!1d ~ Venlrt' ..11<111 bt.' qualified on the open. ing d•..,., of the tClm. Eighleen grand IVlors mu~1 be drJwll by lot. 11.-lil Jurat<; mol)' be emp.lIlelcd in pJncts of 12 Jnd av,lrl,l bl" ror IIIJI without further olth or (IUalifk,}. lion ellcept with re~p(..'t;t '0 e,Kh parlicu· 1M caw. Cf.lIl(1 jury duli~ .111(1 IXlWCrs arc set forth ,IS wdl ih Ihe dullC~ of Ihe gr;lIld lury forcnl,lIl. No one I~ ,11l0l'.1'd in the Kr.lnd jury room durirlg delil)('rJ.ion ,lnel voting e~cep1 juror~. Dislrict ,IIIOtnl]'p"i, their Wlhle\'i('~ .In(l a grMld jury reporter or stenographer shall be .lllowed In Ihe grJnd Illry rOOIll while .he dbtri(l Jltor· nf'Y i~ prl'<,('llIing his or her evidence but no dl,felhe t:ounsd Is Jllowcd In the Ilr,md jury room. On WIIII(>1l 1110lion of Ihe dl strlct .11l0rncy, the court m~y granl IIllnlunl.y from pro!tt'Culion 10 'IIlY pros('Curing wltne~~.

Nov('mlx'f 1989

The concur~nc(' oi 12 juror; i~ nl.'(.'(It,.'(! 10 relUrn .m Indlclmen1. I\nyon(' Inear· eer,l!Iood who\c C,hC i( l)rt..'SCllfl'<l 10 11 Kr.md jury ,1110 i, "101 indk1l'd shalt I>c rl'llw.t..'(1 imnll'diilwly from cuslody, Gr.)nd jlHY prQeet'(!lnK~ mtl'{ be Ch.lllensed only on a wrlUl'n nlOtlon to dbmi ~~ by stating the grounds. Rule 13. ChilfllCS: Indiclmenl, Inforl11illi on .Hld Comillilini Charges may be comnll'nced by indictmenl, information or cOl11plainl. Off{'O~ ;md defendJlltS m,1Y ~ loint'l:l ,1nd con~lidlltcd for Iflal. llk(wi!.C th(..,. may IX' ~~red If ~uch lolnder h l)rejudid.11 10 ,1 defendilnl or Ih(' ~la t (' . Sl't' A.It.CrlrllY. Temporilry Rull! 15. Rule 14. I\rr., ignmcnl ... nc! Plc... s Plt..·i! 0;ug,1I1linK II rlOCOllnl1('(1. The eli$IriLI .1110rn('y. dd('nd,lIl1 ,1I1d dt'fl'n~{J cOLlIlscl m.1y re.lt..h ~ Ille.) ilgrcenlCI1I and pll'<,(!nllhe J/tfl OCll1enl ill OIX'1l court. The cout! mily ilccepl 01' rcicCI liI(' ilgreemcn!. In Ihe l"VCntlhe ,'grCCll1cnt Is nOI .Iceeplt'(ilhe ,)gre('menll\ in,ldmis~ibl(', Before aceepti ng il guilty 1)lc" thl' COM mu~t tl'iCl'rt.lin in Ihl! prc'iCnc(' 01 coun'iCl IIl.Illh(' deil'nd'lIl1 undef)l.lnd~ Iht..' con· ~ut'ncl~, Ihe n.lIUIC of till' chMKe. the m,lJld,ltolY minimum ~nll'nte, whether Ihe defend.lnt's sentence will lun con· -.e(Ul lvcly or concurrently If more thiln one guilty 1)11.'11 is ('(It(>ri.'d, dl'f(>ndant'~ righl 10 remilln ~ileln, and if the dl'fen. d,1Il1 walVl'~ ,1 right to JUry thNt' will h(' no further tri.ll. UpOil .)(t.el)hng d gUilty )le,1 Ih,ltlOurt mU~1 be ~,lll~ncd Ihl'l(' i\ iI (ilC1Uill bil~ls (01 the l)lea . Sl'(' A.R.Crllll. l~ TemlX>!.lty Rule 19, Rul e 15. Ilrcp,lrillion for Triil l The plc,,~ oJvili l"blc to ,1 defclld"m.ue pl{';)~ of {lJ guilty, \2Jnot gui lty, (3) nOI t:lllity IIV rl',h(J1l o( l1ll'rliJI (lI sc,l~e 01 (I(,iCCI. ,lIld (4} Ilot RulllY ;lIlel nOlllul lty of r(',I!<On of rnenl,11 Ctiseil'oC or deftoct. Set' A.R,Crlm .P, Telll l)()f,lry Rule 16. An aplJCJI n1,ly bc t.lkt'n by the \ 1,lIe 'rom il pre-tll,,1 r~l llIlg. '('t' I\.R.CfI!l1.P. TCnll)Orary Rull' 17. Rule 16. Discovery Di~CQ\ft'ry 1\ ,IIIOI\'(Id hy the defend,lIIT ,lIld Ihe ~ 1'lIC. Sec A,R.Crinl P. Tl'f1lporJry Rull' 18.

Kul e 17. Depositions (omitted by th e court)

Rule 22. Deliberal ions of Jury lhe iury may take wi th I' 10 lhe jury room J copy of thc forms of Ihe verdict. The courl may .11loY.' lurors 10 lilke ell' hibils to the jury 100m u l1 l~~ it is Inl pri'tCl ie.,1 or dangcrous. Jurors '"'IV have l.'Vi· denc;e and IcstimorlY rereild.

Rule 18. TriJJ by Jury: W,liver : Sel('( tion ,lIld Prel)iII.lt ion of Pe tit lurQrs Defelld,lnlS in all crim in.11eaSt.'S Shilll h.we Ihe right 10 tri,ll by jUry. A defend.,nl nlilY waive Ihls right wi th Ihe conwn t of lhe dimiel anomer and thc cour t. offenses Ofl811\ally Iri,lble in muni. tlp.ll 0( dlwici courh the defendill11 may demand ,I de novo jury IriJI on appeal 10 Ihe cirC\II' court. AllY timc before \l{'rclicl ,III P.IItlC!. m.!)' agree to 11 1~lry of I~~s th.lll 12 bul ln no C;,l,>\, Il'\s th.l n fiw )(!rson~. In OIl! cases the verdict muSI be unanimous, llrior to voir dire cx,lminallon each p.lrly shall be given J li~ 1 of nallles and ,lddre~~~ wi th biogr,ll)1i<al infornlilliol1 of eJch proSpeClive juror. Cl101l1enKl' to the venire I11USI be by Im.Hrial 1110tiol1 ilnd ill writing specifying file ts (111 which the ch allel1g(' i~ bolSl'<l. Vui, dire cx..l mill,III01 llI oIY I>c by Ihe tOUrl or wht!11 tht! court lX!rlllit~ by ill· IOmt<y.>. Tht! number of n.l !llCS on the Ibt ~h.lllilot be less IhJII 36 il) J C.ll)ll,ll CJ~, 24 In .1 non.cal)il,ll felony .1nd 18 in a mi"{JCl1le.ll1or case. The state ;lIld the de(t.'n~ sh,lll h;wc equ.ll ~rikes illternilllOg until 13 jurol" rem.lln. Acldlhon"l jurors .If(, .lddl'(! tl, the lisl whcil thC're .ut'! mul· Ilpl~ dl'fcndill1t!>. I\ltcrn,llC JUrorS rll.ly IX' alla.vcd bul ,1fe dl)chafgro when the Jt.ry retlrl'S to COilsldcl its \lerdiet.

Rull' 25. I'rocedurl' after Verd ici or Finding of Not Guilty l1y Hearon of Insanity When the defend.l n! is found not gui lty hy ICOlson of InS.1Illty or nOI guilty by rea· 'oQn of ment.ll d i sea~ Of defecllhe court nn it~ O\oYn motion or on motion of the dbtriet atlOflll..,. shall dcterm Ill! whether Ih(' defend'lIll shall be inwlufltarily (Olllmillro. This ru le parJllels Ala. Code §IS·16-4! and §§15·16-()Q 10 71, " The Cl imirl.11 P:.VChOlxlth Release Resllicrion Ac l.~

Rul e 19, Tria l The procedure (Of the Irial rcmaln) Cl>senl l.llly the Silme as Ihe I"esent procedure,

Rule 26. Judgment , Pfl>.Sentence Rel)Qrl , Pre·Sentence Hening. H"bitUill Felony Offender, Senlence S('('I\.R.Crim.l'. Tl'I11))Or.ur Ru)e~ 1·1 1.

ror

Rul e 20. Motion for Judgmenl of AC(IUitllll The mOliOil (or iudgment of ~cqui n.1 1 ~ub,ul11es thc motion for d irc<:tccl \/Cr. din, 111l' motion lor the ~Ifi rm;ltive charge and demurrer 10 the L'Vidence, Set' A.K.Crim.P. Temporary Rule 12. Rul e 2 1. Instruct ions 10 th e Jury: O bj('(ti Oll Allhe close of the evidence or .1t other liml'" ilS directed by the court either ""fty may fil(' wrillcn jury request~ See A.R.Crlm.P. Tl'mporilry Rule 14.

Rule 23. Verdict ~rdicts shalll>c uII'lIl imous. in wriling .1nd signro 11( Ihe fotemJn. Verdicts shall be rendered on each COUI1I or offense chililled Wi th respect ro e.lCh defendant. A guilty \l('rdiel musl specify the degree or if to a Il'ssl'f jncl~lded offense spe<;ify the offensc. The JUry still m~y be 1>oIItod before II b d i~h ar8ed . Rule 24, Post·trial Motions 1\ motion (or a ncw trial or motion in ,Hrl'st of Judgillent may be made wi th in JO days afwr pronO lin celllcn t o f 'l'n ICHee. Sec A.R.CrimY. TemlX>filfY RulC' 13.

Kule 27. l'rOO<1tion ,lI1d ProbOition Rl'V(Jc<1 l ion Prob,l tiUI1 mily contilln conditions and IClllil.IIIOlls. Prul.lOI tion ,)utonlilticall y 11.'(' m i na ll'~ UPOII C0ll1plel lol1 of the sen· It'ncc term. The probal lon officer may perilion Ihe COU/ltO revoke proOO tion. A rt'\'OC,1110n hCJ(lng muSI be ~eld within a re.TsonJble time afler service of 5Umll1on~ of fC\lOCMion.

Rul e 2H. li:etcnlion ,lnd DL'Slruc1 ion Rec ords and Evidence Rc<:ords Jre retJlnro accordll18 to the records retenrion 'iChedule.

)4 1

Rule 29. Correction of Clerical Mistakes CleriC.l1 mistakes in judgments, OIderS or other l)(IrtSof the I'(>(o(d may be cor· reeted by the tri;,J1 <:OU I1 .

Rulc 32. Post ·Co n~ ict lon Remedies Any person corwtetcd nlilY scck ,'PI)roprime relief on any of the enumerated grouoo~. ~ A.R.crim,P, Tempor;uy Rule

20. Rule 30. Appe.lls from Municip;II and District (/Jurt Appeals from municipal court judg' mcnts mUSt be nH'Ide within 14 dOl)'S to tlw circuit court 0 1 42 days to th e OIppel. latc court. Apoeal~ (rom district court judgments to the clrc:u it court muSt be brought wtlhin 14 days and to the Court of criminal aplM!als Within 42 day). Rule 3t. AI>I>('als Reference is made to the Rul('s of Ap. peilme Procedure,

Rule 33. Criminal Con teml>t DirC't"t contelllilt is misconduct com· milled by a persollin the aCluill pr(.'SCnce of the court. The court sha lilCll the IX'r~Orl uf the specific cOrlduct all which cOlltemptls based ,md "lIow him or her to present mitig.lting circum)t<lIlces. Can· tempt m,ly be elthe( civil or criminal con tempt.

Rule 34. Subpoenu The cI('rk 0( the court shall issue ~ub I)OenaS incl.uding 5ubpo('nJ duces

tl'Cum s. Subl>OenJ~ are sc/Vt'<l in ,1 similar manner a~ in civil cases. 5ee A.R.Crim.P. Temporary Rule 22. Rule 35. Form, Content " nd Ser~ ict' of Motions ,md R eqll ('S~ All nlCltlOIlS ~h all be In writing, ~tMe the relief >ought and sh'l ll be served on the other p.,tly. Or,ll motions made duro Ing Irlal need not be In writing. Ea!;h I},uty has sevcn d<lVS to respond, and thc nlOYirl8 1><lrty then hol~ three days to reply to an answer. Upon erltry of all order the clerk must furni sh all parties a copy. Rule 36. loc,ll Rules (omill(od)

•

Disciplinary Report Disbarment • The Supreme Court of Alabama entered an older july 17, 1989. disbarring Alabama lawyer Herbert P. MaSSie, effecti\(> May 19, 1989. 8y failure to file answer 10 (ormJI diSCiplinary ch.1rSes that were pending ag.linst him, Maule admitted that he eng.lgt'<l In conduct that adlierSely reflects on his fitness to practice lilW, that he failed to ohscl\I(' rlild comply with each clause and portion of the oath of omee of an al!orney, that he eng..lged In corlduct involving dishonesty, (r;lud, deceit, mis/'CPresentarion Of willful misconduct, and engaged In conduct prcjudlclallo !he administration o( justice. lASS Nos. 88-476 & 88-603J

,Ill

Public Censures • On July 19, 1989, Dothan lilWyer Urian W. Dowling was publicly censured for having engaged in conduct in'.1;llving misreprl'SCntation, and for hil\li ng mad'!.l false or misleading communlc"tion COrlslsting of a material misrepresent:ll l0n of fact t1bout himself, in viola tion of the C(xlc of l'rofcssiollItl Rc-spcJIlsibllllY of the AllIbllmll SlaW 8ar. Dowling wa s a candidate (or the office of HoustOrl County District judge In the 1966 election, {md caused to be distributed a certain cOlmpaign card bearing the words, in all capitallett el"5, "Judge 6rii.'ln Dowling for District Judge Houston County." Despite the \'lOrding on this C.lm, Dowling was not and newr had bct!O a district judge in Houston COllnty or any OthCr COunty in Alabama, and hlld not been a judge on any olher court in Alabama or In any other Slate, [AS6 No 66-3521 • On July 6, 1989, Birmingham lawyer Edward M. Coke was censured for unethical conduct In having (lccePlcd from " client $300 01:1Il ilgreed·upon f(.>c of $600 to ilssist the dient's prison.l nmillc wn In connection with disciplinary acIion that had been taken agalnstlh e $On while in IJrison. Coke took no

342

legal action on behalf of the client's son, and ~li1ed 10 deposit the partial fee to a trust account, but filther deposited It to a general ch«klng accounl. and used all or scme of it for his own benefit. IASB No. 86-504] • On Wednesday, July 19, 1989, Montgomery anorney ,"hn Huddlestoll received a public censure for ... iolatlon 0( DisCiplinary Rule !·102(A)(6) of the Coeic of Prole.slonal Respon. sibilllY· The DiSCiplinary Comm i ~510n fOlmd that Huddlestoll had, as a notary publiC;, falsely acknowledsed signillures on a deed of COll\lCy.'lllCe and that such conduct 11(1I'(,l"5ely reflected upon his (itness to practice l;w.o. ["S8 No. 68-774/ • On july 19, 1969, Jackson, Alab<l!lkl, lawyer JameS A. Tucker, Jr., was censured fol having Intentionally (ailed to seek the lawful objectives 0( a client through reasonably av,)ilable means. in violation 0( DR 7-10I(A)0), Code o( Pro/cssiorul ~ Spot1SiblUty of the Alabama Stilte Bar. Tucker was r<!\Jined to haoole the probating of a will and the 5Cttlement of an estate, but failed all(! neglected fOr marl'( months to hiNC the will proved before the probate COurt by the wl tne5SI..'S who hild signed It. IAS6 No, 6S-773)

Private Reprimands • On July 19, 1989, .'I lawyer WJS privately reprimanded for having engaged In cooouet lldllCrsely reflecting on his (itness to ptaCllce law, and having willfully neglectt.<d a legal l'II,)tter entrusted 10 him, Tne lilWyef agreed to defend C<!rt.lin clients In a civil suit in federal court, but faik>d to filt allY answer or other dcfensi~ pleading, r(.'Sulting In a default Judgment beins entered ilgillnst his client s. He did not communicate this fact to the cllel\ls for ove!' a year and ,1 h.,I(, O)t which point one of the clients IIlquired about the ~t atus o( the suit. The lilWycr th en paid the cli('n ts the sum of $40,000 in exchange for a release execuled by Ihem in fi'lvor of the lawyer and his firm , [ASS No. 88·647J

November 1989

• On July 19, 1969, a lawyer wa~ privalely reprimanded for conduct adversely reOeding on his (i1ness to pr.lctice law, In viol;uion of DR 1·102(A){6). The lawyer i8nored tnc bar's requestth.ll he provide a supplemental resl)()nsc 10 a complain! thm a client had Oled against him. 1,A.sS No. 68-729] • On \lVcdncsday, July 19, 1989, an Alabama altorm."" received a privJte reprimand for violation of Disciplinary Rules 5-lOI(A) and 5-106{AJ. It was dctermlm.>d th,lIthe 1lItOtncy, whil~ reprc~enttn8 ,1 I)any Injured In a slip ar)(1 (.111 case, enlercd In· to representation of a subrogated Insur.1rlee cJrrler, without the knowledge or consen! of the first ellent ilnd thiltlhe illlorney settled tht.! claims of both dienlS in an aggregille seulement withoul Ihe knowled81l or consen t of both client, lASS No. 87.266{Al] • On July 19, 1969, a lawyer was prl ..... tely reprimanded for havln8 cngaged In conduct adverst'!ly reflt'Cllng on his fit.'I{>SS 10 J}factlce IaN, in violatlor) of DR 1·102(A)(6). The lawyer f.lllcd to Inltlale garnishment proceedings on behalf of a clien t for whom he had agreed to take such Jetlon, and then fJiled to respond to the b;u's requ est th;u he provide .1 written rcsponSl.' to th e eonmlilinithilt his elien! filed ilSillnst him. IASa No. 67·184J • On July t9, 1989, a l<l'.Yyer was rcprimilnded for willful misconduct, In viol~tion of DR 1·1Q2(A)(4). During the course of a jury Idal, .md in ol)('n COurt, the lawyer challenged the opposing parly to go out Into the hallway with the lawyer; after the oPIx>slng P.lfty had used the wor(! "jerk" in rcfcrringto the l'l\yyer. As the OI)I>osiflg party WJS (ollowinsthe lawyer toward the door, the trial judge called outlhe lawyer's name. At that point, Ihe lawyer ~Iopped , th e oppoSinH I)arly bumped Into him, ilnd the 1.1wycr thcn gfilbbed the opposlnH I):\t\y "nd knocked or thn"...... him to Ilw floor, a!1d gOt on tal) o( him. IASB No. 87·294J • On July 19, 1989, a lawyer was privately reprimanded for publi~hirlS ildvt"'rliscmenb In rley,-Spapers without Including therein the dlsclilimer required under Teml)()r,lry DR 2·102(EI. IASB No. 88·682J

• On July 19, 1989, a lawyer wa~ privately reprimanded (or conduct adversely reftccllng Orl his ntrless to practice law. The lawyer WilS retJined ;md I)aid 10 initi.lIe a divorce ilctrOn for ;l client. but delayed in Initiating any ,Ktion on behalf of the client for OIn UnrCilSOnilbly long l>eriod of time. (ASB No. 87·575] • On July 19, 1969. an Alabarna IJwyer receiYCd ~n prlvJle re l}rimafld~ for violal ion~ of Olscll)linJry Rules '.102(A){4), 1·102 ;A)(6), 6·101{A). 7·10I(A)(3). 9·102(AI. 9·102(8)(11, 9·102(B1l3) and 9·102(BI(4). During the period Scplember 30. 1982. until eJdy 1983, when the lawyer bcc.lme a CirculI jud8e, Ihe l.lWyer f,llled 10 m.linlain .1 truSt account in hb private pftlctrce of law. He .11so f.lilt.>d to maintain any lx>oks or records concerning client~' funds or properly which c.l11le InlO his po~~ession durinS thill ~ame I>crled . As a direct resull thereof, there were St.'VCn ~epar.lle Inst.1nces wherein the illtornoy rt)celvcd clien ts' monies, and made deposits of said monic~ to non·tru~t ,ICCOUllIS rllillnla ined by the lawyer. In te~tjmony l>efore the Judicial Inquiry Commission, th e allOr·

ney adrnilled Ihilt he did nOI malntJln 01 trust.lccount, thilt he ~llled 10 malnlaln complcte records or books concerning clients' funds which came into his possession, and that in eer!.lin InstJncC\, he failed 10 promptly notify clients of receipl of their funds. fie further ildmilll..>d Ihat he failed 10 promplly p.IY to ccrtain dients funds received by him as their law~r. The lawyer WilS thereby fOund lIuilty of cngilgingln conduct irlVolvlng dishonesty, (raud, deceit, mlsrepresent.lllon or wit!. ful ml~condllct; of engaging In conducl that Jdvcflely reflects on his fitness to practlce law; of willfully neglecting lellal mil!. ters entruSled to him; o( I}(cjudlclng or damaging his dient dlirinSthe COUfSi.' of Ihe prof~sional reltlliomhlp; of fail ins 10 dcposil funds of a dient received by him in an Insurt.>d d~ pository trust ,lccount; of falling to promptly notify a dlent of the receipt of the clients' fund s; of faitrns 10 mainlaln com· plete rccords of all funds o( a cllenl coming Into his posses~ron; and, of misappropriating the funds of his dient, either by falling promptly to pay OYer money collcelcd by him (or his clien ts or by appropriating to his own use (unds entrusted 10 his keeping. [ASS No. 85·653J • On July 19, 1989, a Inwyer WilS I)rlvately rcprlm(lndl..>Q hJvlng engilged In conduct adversely rencctins on his fi t· Iless to practice law. The lilwyer WilS ret;rlnt.>d 10 represent a woman in Initlilling iI divorce action. and WilS a~ed by her 10 seck ilt{'mporary ft$trnining OrdN ag.llnst her husixlnd, and to obtain possession for her from the husband a cerlaln automobile that tilt· (:ourt had ,1W.lrded to her pendente Ute. The lawyer dela)'(.>d an unreasonJble period of lin'e in taking these acllons on !>Chalf of his client. lASS No. 67-329J fl)(

• On July 19, 1989, ~ lawyer was privately reprimanded (or condUCI ildversely rcflCCllnH on his ntness to practice law, ir'ltention;1 l1y f.llling lo seek the lawful objCCtlves of hi~ dient, failinsto carry out a COl1lfaCI fOr professional services ilnd pr~ iUl;lici ng his client durlnglhe course of the pro(cs,ionfll rela· t onshll) IDR 1·102IAI(6) ilnd DR 7·101{A)(1). (2) and (:3)]. The ldW)'t'r f.liled to close an estate by conset1l settlement fIS desired by the client and reviewed an agreement disposing o( estate .ls)Cts in a cursory m"nner, encouraging the client to exceule tl'le ilgrcement after deficiencies in ilthat 'NCre detrinlcntal to t'le client hOld been pointed oul to the lawyer by the cliem's JCcountant. When iI fel;! dispute arOSe, the lawye. made unseemly threats to the client in the event Htlg.ltion was necCSS<lry to colll..'Cl the fce, Including the Ihreatlo disclose client con· fldences. [ASB No. 88·6041 • On Friday, Scj)tember 15, 1989. all Alilballlilll1l0rncy received a privale reprimand for violation of DlscipliMry Rules 5·105(C) ilnd 5·106. The Disciplinilry Commission (ound that the allorney, while representing the pIJinti((s in" (ilUse of ac. t on, also undertook to represent il subrogated insurilnce Coilf' rlN; without Informing the principal clients, and entered into a selliement of tOe cause of ilCtion without the consenl of fill parties. The illlOfllCY also dooucted, without thtl consent of all parties. a con tingency fcc (rom the subrogated selliement. The Commission determined lhillthe allorncy undeltook mulli· pic rel)feSent.ltlon without proper disclosure and sClIlcd the milller withol!! Ihe knowing consent of lIli pMics reg<lrding the I),lrtlclpmion of each lle«;on or entity to the SCl1lcment. IASB No. 69·54J •

343

Opinions of the General Counsel QUESTION ONE:

AN SWER, QUESTION THR EE,

"Is It ClhiC!llIy l)()fmisSiblu for alilwycr to obtain coun cost and litigation eXI)(>rl!oC financing through tlw finanda l S"lr-

It is ethically permi ssible for a lawyer 10 pOlrlicil)ale in Ihe LCI pliln even though Lei P"Y5 a marketing roy<llty to ATLA. This is ba se d on the premise th,u the koes charged by LClto AnA member'S afC! not increMloQ to cover the rOYillty p:lid to ATlA. On thC! other hand, if a rlon-ATLA ni\'!mOOr could oblain the services of LCI cheaper because a roya lty did not h;w(: to be Pil id to ATlA then It would be Inlpropcr for the p<lrUcipa ting ATlA member to 1),155 the royalty charge to the client.

vices prim of L.lwycrs Capital. Inc. (lCI)l Lei Is a finanda l services plan thilt provides case financing and occounlil18 SCrvices to its members. All firm s pay a one-time Jllplical10n ft'e

10 estDblish il membership account. Thereafter, <In admin-

iSlr,ulve k-c 01$60 Is Pilie! to orxm and $60 10 close an individual case file. A5 expenses ilfC i1ccru~ (courl reporter;, C~· perlS, etc.) they are fin im c(O(j by forwarding Ihc wrvicc bill

10 LCl (or payment. Each month the firm rt.>(civcs <In account· ing of CMe flr1an clng expenses and payS o nly the monthly

DISCUSS ION:

interest. The client, of course, a8r~s to ultimately be rcspOrl·

The prohibi tiorl against iml)l!rmi ssible mJvllnCes in li ti8atlon Is rooted in the cOlllmon law prohlbilion s against chanmcrty i1nd m<lintenance. However, most courtS permi t v.ulous types of i1dvances despi te champerty and mainte· n<lnce, the "'Iionale being lhat advances are nOllikely In con· nection w ith non-meri torious claims and the condition gi .... ing rise to common law ru les no longer exists tsee ABA An. nOtat{.o Model Rules, Rule 1.a[c], Financi,,1 Assi stilllcc to Clien t, Page 96 [1964)). The Af.lbama Code of Prof(!sslonal Responsibility has lOX!>fcssly adopted thi s posl tiorl wi th respect to COul! COStSMrd CXI)Cn ses of li tigation as long as the cUent renl 3ins ultimately liable (DR 5·103 [6)). In the even t I)roposed Model Rule 1.a(el( t) is adopttXl by the Alilbama Slipreme Court, the prohibition against adv,m cements wmil d be further liberalized to jXlrmit thc ildv,lm;l;lment of litigilte c;:ourt C05ts "nd litig,,tlon expenses that af(! contingl;lnt o n the outcome of the litigation, In RO·a8·a8 It wa s held to be Ilroper for a klwycr 10 adVilnce litiSJtion costs and expenses to a client from his own fu nds or to fi nilnce the funding of these cXI>cnses wi th a finan· dal Insti tu ti on <lnd pass Ihe normal interest charges to the cliCn t ilS part of thl;l Iitig(1!ion expense. Th;lt op inion (llso q uoted with approvill prior opinions I>crmilting the I;h ••rging of Intcrest on pa st duc accounts, and the add ing of servi ce charges on fees arld advilncc cOSt of litigation. The limitations clled in RO-88 -88 appli cable to all of the various credit arr.... ngcments arc {I) thai the credit charge !lOt be unsurious; (2) th31 the client be fully Informed ilS to the terms of Ihe ilff11ngemenlS; <lnd, (3) thilt the cli ent agrccs to them in ildv"nce of the rendering of services or thc .. OV,lOCement of cost. In addition, if the iilWyer or law firm has a financla llntcrc st In the- lending institution Or w ill gain financi ally In any way from the credi t arrangement, then tha t fa ct must be mode known to the cHen!.

sible for the PilYmcnl of the Interest Incu rred. Payment of the pri ncip;.1 in each (0,lS!:l occurs upon settlement of the case or Ur)On (I negiltive dctcrminmion:'

QUESTION TWO: "Would It be ethically permi ssible for il groul) of lawyers to organize a compil!ly similar to LCI tlr\d finan ce client advances? As a hypothetical, a company would be organized ou tside of the parameters of the 1il'N firm, but would have shareholders who are members of the I"w firm. Thi s com· p<lny would then do th same type of fin<lncing .15 Le i for the law fintl .lIld fOf Otlll~ r selected lilW firms."

QUESTION THREE: "LClls endor>ed and marketed by the Alabam:1Trial Ur.v~rs Associ<ltion {ATLA) as <I service to Its members. For this support, Lei pays the ATLA a roy<lhy of $80 for each case fund · ed under the pl,m . Are there any ethic<ll improp rieties wi th thi S IIrrilngcmllnt!"

ANSWER, QUESTION ONE: It is nOllmproper for II lawyi!r to flnarlce court COSt illld litigation expenses and to receive accoun ting services through LCI as long as Ihe cHent is fuHy IrlfOrmed, agrees In advance to the Mf.lngement, and interest charged is nOI url suriouS. M d itionillly, ,1 l(lwyer or IJW nrm IhJt h<ls J financlallntercst In Lei mUSt disclose thou Interest to the I;lienl i.l rld must insure th .. t thc f1n .. ncial arrangcmcnr q are not only not unsurious, but art'! fair under Ihe drc:umStllnct:q.

ANSWER, Q UESTION TWO: It would be s ml1<1rly proper for a lawyer or group oflawyt'r'S to form an o'8<lni1.alioll ;!nd provide S!:lrvices similar to LCI as long as the condi tions in thl;! ,U1 i \ver 10 qllcstlon one arc met,

November! 989

The fd CI that lei or any other entity is organized fOr the sole pvrpose 01 finan· cing court cost ilnd litigation expense does not make it vnlike any Other flnilndal Instilution. If a client Is unable to l).ly court cost and litigation expense, it would seem to make lillie difference whether the fu nds are obtained from the lawyer or low firm, from a commercial b.mk, from Le i or any olher finandill ent ity. In addition to the limitations listed ahoYc, there is another important con sideration and that is l(r«lhy. The obligation of IOY.llty to a client by his or her lawyer is all encompassing. There should be no coml)Cting IOY.lltics In the professional

relMionshlp OOI'Ni.'i!n liIW'yer and cl ient. Consequently, in maklllil flnandal arrang<!fTlents for the advancement of court cost and litigation eKpense, the COSt af which ultimately W(l~lld be borne by the cl ient, loyalty would require the lawycr to seek, If notlhe best de.l l, at least a fair deal ullder the ci rcumstances. If the lawyer gl1ins financially from the credit arrangcment It is not enough 10 chllrgc ,I rate lhal Is not unsurious. The ralc 11150 must be fai r .md c;;ompetjtive under the circum stances prevailing at that time, Client loyalty, ilt least. would requ ire a complcte explanation to the client of all av.lilahle means by which courl COSI and litigation eXI>enses could be fi nanced .

There is nothing ethica lly Imperm issible In the payment of royalties by l O ta the ATLA as long as th is royalty is not I><'ISS«! on to the cl ient as an C);1)Cnse of litigation. II appears th" t LCi'l Income would be dcri'-«l from the alll)lication fees, opening and closing fCCS<lnd Intl'rc~t , The 1><1'fment of 1I11s Income, as il llfO. motional royalty, to ATLA and the accept· ,met! of less incomc by LCI Is nOl an ethical considerilliQn . H()'¥VCVCI, it would Ix! a factor in deternllning the (MlraU COSt of (lnolr'lch\g COurt COSt and Iiti So1tion expense in a p.lrticurar case ;md muSt be considered in determining wl"K'thcr such financing is fair and campctit vc under Ihe ci rcumst,lnces, IRQ·89·M & 751_

Memorials Daniel Cavin AUS1ill- Mobile MmlttC!d : 1986 Died: AugUSt 1, 1989

leigh Mallet Clark- Birmingham Adm itted : 1923 Dk'd: AugUSt II, 1989 Waller Charlc:s Hayden, Ir.-cr,lnlon Admitted : 1954 Died: lanuary I S, 1989

N icholas Kearney-Mobile Admilled: 1970 Died: September 28, 1989 lames OeViilse Mann-

Was hington, DC Adml1tcd : 1932 Died: Jvly 22, 1989 M oncure Camper O'Nea lBirmingham

Admilled: t946 Died: August 5, 1989

Ewe ll Cornelius Orme-Troy Admlned: 1925 Died: hlly 21, 1989 These notices are published immed l· ately after reports of death are re<:elved. Biographical Information not ilPpearing in this Issue will be published at a later date If loformation is accessible. We ask you to promptly report the deilth of an Alabama attorney to the Alabama State Bar, and we would appreciate your assist· ance In providing biographical lnformatlon for The ,Mabama Lawyer.

Claude Denson Pepper- Miami, Fl Admitted: 1924 Died: May 30, 1989 lames l..lwrence Pugh, Sr,-

Birm ingha m Admitted ; 1934 Died : May 11, 1989

Walle r D. Sow.l- Birmingha m AdOlined: 1955 Died : Augu st 19, 1989

ItIAtllllt J\

Il ,\\ I', II(

After ,I n il! nes~ of St'VCral weeks, Marion ,1Il0rnl'y Thaddeus I, Davis. Ir., died March 30, 1989, at Ihe age or 72. He was a native of Mari on and ,lIIended

345

Marlon Military IllStilutc <lurin8 1935-J6, where he Win ;lI1 ou tstanding cadet In both acad{!n1ic~ ,lIld alhletics, 1)laying 'm_ity foo tball and ha~eb;l l l. After gradu;ltiOI1, he IItlen(lcd the Univci"5ity of AI.1barn" where he rflcf.'lwd an undcrgradUill!) degree in educ.1llon in 1938, heing <ldmined to I'hl Delt,' K<tppa OOuc.ltion.ll honofiuy fra terni ty.

t-Ic served Ir'lthe Army Air Force from August 16, 1940, 10 Decemher I, 1945. He held rhe r,l nk of major In the 10th Air Force in India IAslatlc r .lcific 1hl'<lIrl'} and WilS l)romoted to lieutel).ll1t colonci 011 ~e l)a r" t ion, remaining with the Air Force Rl'5Crvc lmtil 1958. After the W,l r, he entered th e Uiliversi ty of Alab"m.1 School of lilw from which he gradU,1tLod ,mel W,15 admined to the Alnbanl<l St,l tC BM In 1948, He was presi dent of the l<lw ~chool during his Sl.!nior yeilr MId wa s a member of Phi Alpha Delt.l I.Jw Fraternity. In 1949, heclHcred prnctice 111 M<ldol) wi th O.K. Maron, Jr., in the fi rm of Masoll & D<lvis. The firm was dissolved on the denth of Mason Apri l 15, 1979. He continued hi s own practice, ;md had a wide i1nd v<Jfied pr~ctlce in Perry ;lnd adjoining cou nties representing rhe City of M;uion during his 40 years of practic/!. I-If' al!>O wa s dtlOrrlf:'y .1 rl(l i'I direCtor of the M ,lrlOII Bank & Tru st Company and represen ted Mo.1fion MllitMY Institu te. He was all ,1Cllve and loyal alumnus of M ;uion Military Institute, serving as a member of itS bo,ml of tru stees imd as 11 l><Istl)mSidct1t of its alumni <ls~odn t ion. I-te was a I)Jst president of the M;lfion Lion~ Club and for 40 ytJ<lIS W;l ~ a S\Jnd;rr School teacher in the M.1rion Unitt>d Methodist Church, <llso serving on Ib ,Idministrilrive hoMd . HI"! was .1r1 aetlve member of the st.1 te bM and.l loyal .111d ~up portivc nlumnus of the Univcr~ily of AI.lbarlll\ School of L.1W. I Ie Wll ~ m'lIfied to the former Mildred W,lllnon from Atlanra, G<''Qfgla, who survi\l\!S him alor,g with four children, CWO Th.1Udcus J. D.:lvi~, Ill , USA-Ret, of Clarksville, TeMcssee; Lucy D. Willis, of Cold.... bora, North Carolina: Mary Anna DilVi~,

of MemphIs, Tennessee; .lnd Dorothy D, Hol!lng),vorth, of joh rlstown, l'enn~ylv,l nia, A clo~+.J friend m(1 collt;'i1glJe, formCf St,UI.! bilr President Hugh W. Roberts of Tu!oCilloo~ll, 1~'ld tribute to TIMe! DilVi~ ,I~ a skl l lc<l I)racrltlor' er, a tenacious fi ghter fO l th e interest of ~Is clicrm .1Ild.l W.lll1l, delightful lind tfue friend to his colIc,'gues at the bill. Thc undersigned W,H his I<lw school cl.l~smi1tC whf)sl.! firm enjC¥-,<1,1 close a~ ~od atl on dllflng h i ~ entire practice, but p,l[ticulMly during the I.llter 'y'()MS. Tlwl Davis will be mb~cd by his clien t ~, his colleagues, his COntrnunlly, his church and his family, but all will be col1soled by the fJct that he lived life to its fullc~t .111d WJS eminen tly sllcce~~ (u l and proell/clive In all of his CIl{leilVOi"5. - Sam Earle H Q bb~ Selln;l, AI" " 'lnl .1

The st.lrt! bar lost one of its Illost r(,JlclWned trial law)'Crs with the dCi'lth I)f James Garrett M ay 8, 1989, nt the IIge of 75. Garrell began his le&l( C.lfeer In Mont).\omery In 1939 nfter receiving his urldcr~radll"te and law dcgree~ from rhe University (If Alabama. At his d eath he wa~ ,I !>Cnior partner In the Montgomery firm of RU Sh tOn, Stilkely, JohnSton & Gjlrrctt. He w.lS hc~t krIO",r) dS II skilil>d Cl)urtroom orator who was deft Irl the U$e of hUIllOr ,lS a tool to disarm ullsuo;;pccting oPl)(l~in8 parties <ll1d courhel. II, OrlC ca~I', tri('fl before Judge Fr,l nk M , John. ~Oll , hi ~ ~piri t l'(IIJUBhter led to natlon,11 rt.'Cognition in ,111 ,1I\icle which .1pP(·ared in N~'\V Yorh'f m~g,u:ine. tn ])rep.uing th e ,IPI>cII.1t1! r&t.m ls in the 1;,1,1;' the COurt rel>OrtCr W,I ~ pcqllcl<.t.>d abOlit how to ch.lfirc tcti a· in pl'intcd furm Gilrrctt\ re~pec t ed 11m]

JO\MI' W . (,ARIU II

(f\.'Clucnt Inughtcr. The reporter ultimately (Iccid ed thai every time that Garrett laughed it would be shown in the record as, "GJrrett: Ha I-Ia 1-1,,: FrOI11 thilt poin t on G,lfIett w.l~ .1ff"'CliQMwly knuwn In leg,ll circ:1es .1~ thl.! "1-1,1 Ila" lawyer. Ik'(ilu~ of hb cour troom sk i lis Gil rfelt W,IS f'lecwd to Illembership in th e American Coi!cge of Tri"llawytJr<;, His scrvic;c t(1 th(' 10(011 ,lnd ~ t.lt e It'gal communi ty Included membership in rh e AI"b,lm;1 StOlte Bar, Al1lerican OM Associatl<:m, A 1,1b,ll11.1 Dcfen~(' Lawyers' Associatron .1nd illlern;ltiun;ll AS$oci,lIi(m of lr1Sur,lrlCe Coun ~t' L H e Wol) ,\ Pil~t pf('~ider1t of the Munigolllcry Coun ty Bar Associa tion, lie i~ ~urvivW by hl~ wife, Margaret, and ~cven children, two of whom are altOrneys who practice in tile firm in which he wa, J member ,1t his d~i1lh . -

Hobert A. Huff.1 kN Mon l~ol1lcry, Alabama

November 1989

W"shlngton University, Wilshinglon, D.C., with bOlChelor 0( laws and juris doctor degrees. 1·le also was a gfilduillC of the FI..>dcral Bureau of InV\lstlg,uion i\Ladcmy in QuallTlco, Vlr8lnla.

\IIIUIN(, I

\lOlJIlIN\lJKI , IK

WIIEREAS. on the 6th ti..'Y of lvlV 1989, Stcrllng f, Stoudcnmirl', Jr., dep.uted thi ~ llfe in Mobile, AI,lo,lrnd: ,mel WIIEREAS, It is the deo;ire of the Mobil£' Bar A~sod.1tion to fLocogni:.:e Md ml'moriallzc his accomplishments and his record as an attorney; NOW, TH ERErORE, BE IT KNOWN that Stcrling r. Stoudcnmirl!, Jr., w,l~ OOfil in Sumler, South Carolll1a, M<1)I 20, 1915, where he Silent his formmivc yca~ Kraduating from Sumter High School. He graduated from Furman University, Gretnville, South C;uollna, with a bachelor of ilnS degree, and George

Ilc commenced The pr:1Cl icc of law 48 yc.m, llSO In W,lshlnglon, D.c., speclallzIngln Ir.Il1 ~I)Qrt,' lion Jaw. Whil\! In W.1sh_ Inglon, he wa s il special agent for thc FBI from 1943 through 194G. He lefl his pri. vate lilW praCllce in Washington In 1953, ,md m<M'd his famity 10 Mobile where he joinl..'<1 Waterman Sll'amshil) Corporation " 5,'~sist.,nt gCIll'ral counsel alld later bloc,l me gener.ll cOUl1sei and vice-president of that corpora tion. Aher retirlnij from his a ffHia~i on With W,ltllfl1l<1I1 in 1971 he enKllKed in Ihe privati.! ptacHce of taw here in Mobile until January 1t189, During his le&<11 career he was a memo ber of Ihe Mobile County 8M AS'iOCialion, the Alabama State 8M, Ihe South Carolma St,lte Bar and the DIstrict of Columbia State Bat. Fronl 1977 through 1979 he served as vice-chairpcrson and ch.lirpcrson of the Alabama Stilte Bar's Section of Adnlini stril!ive Law and WJS one of nine members on the Exccutive Comllllttcc "' SlIUIl"1~nta t ill the prel)aration of the Alabama Adminl striltivc Procedure Act adopted In to J<l:W In 1981. Sloudelllnirc W<l~ a member of the SoclclY of Formel SJl(!Cial Agents of the FBI .1nd was tnc charIer prl'Sldenl of the Mobile Cll.Iptcr of the A1ll.'f ican A~socia· tion of Retired Pt:!rsons during 1974 and

1975, serving Ihe local chapter of AARP as a board member during the years of 1977, 1978 and 1981. Other Org.llliz,'tiOns in which hc had mcmbcrsi1il) 'NCre the Milritime Bar Assoclntion of N()w York; Maritimc Admini strative !Jar Association, Washinglon, DC; Propeller Club of the Uniled SlilIes; the Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce; and the CounTry Club of Mobile. l ie allended Gr.lCe lutheran Church. BE IT FURTHER KNOWN Ihal Sterling F, Stoudenmire, Jr" Is SOrvlYCd 11)' his Wife, Belly S. Stoudenmire; two sons, William W. Sloudcnmire, a member of the Mobile BM Association, and Sterling F. Stoudenmire, III, " c()rtifil!(i public ~c· coun t<'lnt in Pcns,lcola UCilch, Florid1l; and two grandchildren, P,)ul" Scott Stoudenmire and S1el"I1I1g F, Stoudenmire, IV. NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by thp Mobile 6,lf Association in regular mCl.!lIng assembled, thaI Ihe life of Sterling F. SToudenmire, Jr., be recognized as one of a Ilromincill "nomey, distin. 8uished citi zen and ci vic lC;lder and Ihat hIs 1)1I55ing rCllre Stmts a gredt lo~s to his family, 10 the ICg.lll)rofesslon nl1d to Ihis C(lmm(IOity.

- William H. McDermott President, Mobile O"r AssociaTion

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Please Help Us ... VVe nave no way of knOWing when one of our membership Is deceased unless we nre nOl ified, Do not wai l for son1eonc else 10 do It; If you know oflhl! death of onc of our members. pleasc let us know. Memorial information muSI be in wri ting with name, return address and telephone Illlmbcr.

The Alolb.lm., L.lIvyer

347

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EXAM INATION OF QUESTIONED Documents: Handwriting, typewri ting and rclaK>d ex.l m lnatiOns. Intemaliol\i.llIy court-quali fied expert witness. Dil>IOll1me, Amerkar Board of forensi c Document Ex.lmlners. Member: Ameri· CJn Society or Qucstioned Document Ex..lminers, the Inlern"I ionlll Associillion for ldemific.,llon. the British forensic Science Society .. nd the Nmion .. 1 Associa tion of Criminal Deft"!lIse L<1Wyet'S. Retired Chief Document Ex.lminer, USA Cllaboratories. Hans Mayer Gidian, 218 Merr ymont Drive, Au gusta, G(.'Orsia 30907. Phone (404) 860·4267.

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