,..., MALPRACTICE INSURANCE COMPANY IS COMMITTED SOLELY TO SERVING ALABAMA ATTORNEYS
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McELROY'S ALABAMA EVIDENCE HAS BEEN CITED OR QUOTED IN 1,330 APPELLATE OPINIONS.
ENOUGH SAID.
O RVER !'ORM McEln,,'s Alab<!"", Eri;I.IfCf, Pourtll F;ditWn Quantity
One' ;,Ilion
,,·rid•...:••
M eEhJ's A/alta ..... "oMrtll f:diM. It 569.00 Alabama resickml p;ly Ales Ial ($4.83)
Postage and handling ($S.OO __ h) TOI~ I
All ordas mU>l be I'lu :rAU). Allow 2-4 -as lor doll.<ry. 1.1•• d>o<:ks Plyoble II> Md-:"",.< Aw..- I!rIM"-l.
Mai.I ..... ...., <bod< 10: Samford Unl"'''''' , r.C gmbcrlalHl Sc_ of I.a ..
P.,.. Omc:. Ilo:< un IIlnt1lnghaID, AL 35119
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Moil book{.) 10:
IN
BRIEF Vol ...... 52, Numbrr 6
NOVEMBER 199 1
ON THE COVERt Aftt< 36 ,...rs on \he Iodoral bench, and I notIblo and di>ti,.,gui!.hod COrttr.'" f'nnk M. JoMoon, Jr, 0( MontgOmfoy takeI Hnior $WUS 01"* 73. Photo ctJoI'l~ 0171>11 Birmbtghom " -
INSIDE THIS ISSUEt
._... _._.308 Judg. mn • •'1. John ... " , Jr.: If~ 1M I/O;'" fIOl ItJ"S1h ••• ................. Talt, of P.."k JoluIlOll ...... ... ... 309 A Collu, ... ', " ."po.IM of FranJr Jolm_ B, J,mg. GmlIJ TjoI/al ...•..•..•..•...•.. _..... _._ ........ .. ........................................ _..•..•. .318
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Ad«dot •• f",,,, Judce Johm....·' "'i f•• Ruth
III Ruth .kJIrnJon. _______ .__ ._._._._.. __ .__________ ._____ ...32]
Q.... ' Io .. Ii A ••wn. with Ju.... Joh . ....
B1I Slep/Im I. Ii!oorc' .. ~.* .. _._._ .. __ ._ .. __ . __ . ___ . _______ . ____ ._._._. __ ._ ..328 F...... Job..- aDd tho Aodmi_ittnlio. of Cri..lul J....lln
I¥ BTJ!<m A $1_ _ .__ .______ .__ .____ .__ ._.___ ._._._._. __ -'" n.. lI....nI. of I'rofe •• kmall.... ... _._._. ____ .. _. __ .__ .__ .. __ .__ .___ ._. ___ ..:u7 Couolin, the .doulLawyor /lvChar/;. R_ ...............................................................................................................361
PrUident"$ Paili' ................................ 3()4 Eucutive Oirtttor's Report ............... 306 Bar Brie/s............................................ 314 ltgiJlativt Wnp·Up ...........................320 OiKiplinaf)likport ............................324 About ~ ' embers. Amon.g Firms .___ ..326 Buildina ~",,'J Courthowu _....332 Building Fund lionor RoII... .... _.. __ ..J35 CLf Oppor1unitiu •... ~~~~ ............. _..336 Young I.aw)otrf 5«tion.................... 3U
Opinions of the Ceneral
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Consul!.)n!'1 Comer .. ______ ....... __ ..366 C'-"fled NoIicn ............ _................ 368
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Counstl ..........................................346 1991·92 CommiUul & Tuk Forctl ............................ _...l5O Memoriils. .........................................356 Ridina tht Circ:uits .. __ ........... _.... __ ..345 I.oc.il Bar .·OCUI _................... _...... _..360
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PRESIDENT'S PAGE
i"'1 j.
t the beginning 01 the bar ),<,ar, I t hink it is impo.· tanl to outline some of the projeell thai you will be huring more about as Ihe ~ar progresses. \\Ihile
time and space will not penn i! m. to review all of our committee and task for« activities. I wanl to mention several ;mport.lnt areas.
Lawye r diseipline In my fir.;t article to you, I Quoted a lir.e from Robert frost's ~m that mentioned th. value of ueing yourulf as other
peOjlle see you. One area that I am afraid Our profes.sion is not seen in a very faViJrable light ;s the area of laW)leT discipline. Some background information in Ihis area might be apprOprLait. About 20 years ago. an Ameri<:an Bar Association committee (Clark Committee). formed to evaluate disciplinary
enforcement in the legal profession , pub· lished • roport. Th. Clark Committee report and recommendatioru led to many
changts in the process of lawyer d isci· pline (Mr tht 1Mt Z{I years. In 1989, the ABA appointed a second commission to evaluate d isciplinary enforcement (McKay Commission). Tht purposts of the McKay Commission were to study the progr.ss mad. since the Clark Committe.. had mad. it.! report, to conduct somt original research to ",·~I u Phillip E. ate the state of disciplinary enforcement in thi' country and to make its findings and recommendations known. In May of this year. the McKay Commission publi$h~d it.! draft repOrt. This repOrt was discussed at length at the Nation· al Conferenco of Bar President.! m«ting in Atlanta this PMt August. I understand that SOme revisions to the report are being made at this time and it will be presented to the ABA House of Delegat"'! for action at the ABA mid -winter meeting in [}alias. I won't attempt in this r.port to outline all of the findings and recommendations to the McKay Comm ission or give you an in-depth analysi, of any of the recommendations and findings. H(M'f\,·er, some of the findings md rerommendations are as follows: I. Changes in the legal profession O\'er the past years have produced a growing mistrust of secret, self-regulated syslems of lawyer discipline in the eyes of the public. 2. If judicial regulation of the legal profeuion is to be preserved, the system of regulation mwt withstand the charge of inherent conflict of inter.st and appearance of imprO!'riety. White lawyers have a legitimate role to pl.iy in an aPl'ropriat~ i)' structured disciplinary system, the management and con trol of the syst.m must rest with the Courts. 3(14 1 NOVI'mber 1991
3. Central intake md statewide jur isdiction are essential to .wid charges of cronyism md the famil;;,r criticism that the "fox is guarding the henhooue". 4. Non -lawyers must be given a significant rol. in the administration of the system. S. Secret proceedings are the gr •• t.st caoue of distrust, and disciplinary systems can no longer operate secretly. Absotute immun ity from suit should be given to persons who file com· plaints against l.iwyers. 6. Expediting processing of minor complaint.!, and summa· ry procedures and consent procedures should be alt(:M...,d to insure prompt disposition of complaints. 7. Mandatory reporting of trust account OVI' rdrafts and random audit.! of trust account.! should he required of all
''''''~ Some of the findings and recommenda· tion. of the McKay Commission art very controversi.ll. Other rerommendations of the Commiuion report are Ius controver5i.l1 and should be .. riowty considered t heli.". the purpose of lawyer disci· ptine is to proted the public. It is important that our disciptina ry procus not only accomplish this purpo .. , but atso be per«ived by the public as being fair and r.spo nsive. As profenionals, we must insure that our system '\IOids the criti. cisms of being too slow. too seer.t. too soft and too self- regulating. The system Auma, Jr, must be fair to lawyers and to the public aM be perceived M such. I ha.", appointed a ta.k fora chaired by former President Silt Scruggs to study the process of lawyer discipli"" in Alabama and make sud> recommendations as the ta.k foree deems appropriate regarding Our proceu. It is my hope lhat this task force will review aUavailahle data and materials and make reo:>mmen<iations to improve our procedure. I receive at least two calls per week from disgruntled client.! complaining about lawyer conduct. legal ethics or the disciplinary process. Whil.1 beli.". our system is a good one, I am al:;o convinced that it can be significantly improved.
Pro 80no Over the ~ars, lawyers donating their time to provide fre;, legalse",icu to the disadvantaged has been one of Our profes'ion's finest accomplishments. Many state bar associations have been required by their supreme courts to adOpt manda· tory pro bono programs. Our board of commissioners recommended a voluntary pro bono program for lawyers in this state beca",. the commission believed that such a program ,,"'Quid allow the bar to expand legal .. ,,·ice, to the poor in an organiud manner without mandating that lawyers do so.
THE ALABAMA I..A\WER
During the administ ration of Prnident Harold Albr itton. the \IOlunt«r laW)'t r pMgram w;!.!l established. Melinda Waters of MonLilomtry. a member of OUr bar. was hi red ;!.!I the coordi· nator of the pr'OIIram "nd his performt4 itdmirably in her fint ~r to Rei lhe program OTgIonL«d on .. w.tewidt Wis. This ~r.loc.it bar woci.otionl and individual ~r! will be con· IMted and uke<! 10 idopt programs and voluntarily doNIe profwioNlllmr 10 mUt our pro bono p«)jtd work. If neh 01 us doNte<! a small fraction of OUr work week to Ih. Ius fortunate. we will ha~ taken a gianl leap toward fulfilling one of Ihe highesl responsibilities of our profession. I have confidence in the member! of our slate bar in mttting thi, mott importtnt challense.
St.t. be, h •• dque rt.,.. ... pen.l_ In 1964, lhe uisting boor heitdoquarter! b\lildi"ll
WiS con · structed. This buidi"ll was dHigMd and built to KTW a SUI. N r corTlJlriKd of "PPfOIilNltly 2.000 liWYtr!. At Ihis wril ' ing. our bar Iw appro_ilNt.ly 9.600 member!. a ,taff of 2] people Ind In annUIII budget in •• c.u of a million and, half doll.rs. The I,wyers of Ihis .tate. th rouQh the N r commis· .ion. made I decision to upand bar headquarters. This
REAL ESTATE A'ITORNEYS LASER SOFIWARE A cOnllllete line or Real Eslate Closin g J' rograms includi ng IitI HUD's, Buyer & Seller Statements, Dis bursement Register, Checb'riting II( 1Je.eds, Mortgages, Noles, & AfTi da"it 5 • TItle Policies, Commitme nt s and Endo rsements III! FNMA and More One time da ta ent ry, nil calculations performed, hi g h quali ty printing of co mplete document , with da ta, ge nera ted o n plain paper. CALL FREE 800-673"762 1
building expanSion will be completed in tarly 1992. Quite frankly. support from OUr membership I1as been dil' IIppoinling. While some members ha~ given generously of liltir time and lheir mont)' 10 support lI'Iis effort. INny membe" have not ~opondtd al all. Our 8011 is to rai ... $3.500.000. AI thil writing. we Ir. apprOJ:inut.ly 52.000.000 short of ~~hiOi oor goool. I beliOY! iNt the t&-..')'I'n of this s~. gre .~ ;about our prof... ion and tilt proper administration 01 the programs of the Alabama State Rar 10 support the con · muct"", of a facility 10 house oor bar. [~ry 1<I"')'I'r should contribute al le.,t S300 10 insure Ihat adequate fundi art av~ilable to complete this projed. It il mo,t d.finitel~ an inwltment in the future of our proftssion. When you are in Montgomery. plelSt 80 by bar hradquar· Ius. I go'l help but beliOY! Il\;.t OY!ry bwytr in this 1~le will be prOUd of this fadlity MId would want to male. the rnodut contribulion we ir. rt<lUUlinglO tI\;.l he or silt might ftel a ])Jort of Ihis buildinl[. PltlSt contact mr aboul your thoughts ~gardi"ll an)'thing menlioned in thi' articl. or an)'thing tlst)'OU think 'Nt mighl do to improve our profusion. I look forw~rd to hearing from
.
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IS YOUR SECRETARY CERTIFIED? y ",,'vc ~. Lor.. iO"""LaJen' 1O ...1f r - o/I'""".nob
JOOd. ~uolifi<d people. Did )'OU ~ tho, thote ia. ","';fi",,·
rot 1."'I_....ti..? T!.. AIabo",. Asoocillion 01 Lo,.1 s..ae..ti.. (AALS) off. .. thot Ct<1ifltd Prof.... iaool Lop! s.c.. .. ry Enmi .. tiOll("I'LS") lioo ... aDlinltion
r(XItVt -.rioo ",bick"..,..,doeao<laOdard ...... _01 01
T!..
~ .. pi"",,, i. ,",",,"tin, f(X .... eu..,;..1ioft i... . . - ..........job okiIlo 10 <halioo CIO. be I"'rf<nM<l _ .mo.o~y "';ob Ieoo dTO<1 . AALS &i"'e ,..,... ... ~ aotroDJ r - .Iioa rOO' ,ho _ _ 01,.,... firm. AN.S "';11 be o/T"';og . PLS CnID WOO'bhop<><> F.t>< ... ,y IS. 1991 in 8 irmin,h.m. AI.bom. ror 'hou:> who.re in,~, .. ted in IIkin, ,hi, ... minati"" u _11 ..
J.....
for ........ wllO .re inl<m!<d in Im"..,..,n, thei. ,kitl, u .lepl ptOl'uo.ionol. F or i.r........... _ : It...... lI.ol~y. Ctrtir.ed PLS, Ourw:otd ... ......,.d, 1150 Fi..";01 0., ... SQS Nortlo 20 S_'. 8i""iqbo .... AI.. )5203, ............ (205) 324-6654. AtAllAMAASSOClA T10S OF UCALSECRETARIES
~
Ii)
sr.s N<mmber 1991 1305
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S REPORT Did ,OU klKlw tills? Membtrs of the AWwna State Bar Krw in numerous upruentalM GaIlK'!ita. Appointments lrt mlIdt. wually by the booord of cornmiuior.trs. purwant to "" ~ppropril.le statute or
b)'law g<weming the tntit~ involved. I thought I would share with you tht names ~nd positions which our m.mbus cur. rnlly hold ~ft.r turning .,unlty intl'(lductd legislation would call UpOn tho bar 10 ru.1TIe memo Mrs to another such group. the Ltgisiltive Comptnution Commiulon. I was imp ••1oKd with how
ott.n
OOT
members art a!l!rd 10 S.., ... in
v.t.rious rtpraotnutM roIu. NilionllUy, the Alab.i.ma Statt Bar has
Ihru d.cttd ",.mMrs 01 tht Amerian Bar Auocia\ion HOl,1I1 of nellgaln. ~
Coon of the Judicilly. Hugh A. Null. Oneont. (93) WiIlWn o. Scruggs. Jr .. fort I'aym (97) In addition 10 Bill Scruggs and Hugh Null. the bor elected u alternates judg•• on the Court 01 tht JudicLary J. Edward Thornton of Mobile and Norman Harri. ofOeCiltur. The bor elect.. tight 01 the 15 persons who compriSot the BoiIrd of Directors oftht Legal StMctl Corporation of AbUona. Currently R,,;ng lIto:r tlltir election by the ~rd of commissioners Ire: Cteitia J. CoLlinl. Mobile (92) Robtrt O. Srgall. Moolgomtry (92) Wilter E. McGowan. Tus~ (92) Bryant T. Whitmiu. Binn~ (92) Oliwr frtdtrick Wood. Helmilton (93) Scott K. HNtm. Dothan (94) AI VTftlloo. TusaIOO6ll(lU) J. MtCowin Williamson. Crttnvillt (94]
persons Krvt at thei r O\om exprll5l: Itons lnd may be reelected. Th. bo"d of commissioners ,Iocll thn. peuonl. Cu rrently , ..ving art Wade fl . Buley of Dothan. J. Jerry One membe r of the Al,bama S«uritiu Wood of Monlgomu )' and Ikn H. Harris. Com mili ion 15 elected b~ the board of J•. of Mobil •. ThtK arc not, h""""", •. the commiSJioners. Actually. the bor submit.. only Atabimlans in tht Houst. N. Let three nlIfT\t$ to tilt Cowmor pu.. u.ant to Cooper Jt~, IS ch~i r m~n of the ABA Section 8·6·51(A). Code. 1975, ilnd ht HoI.q,( !)tleptn while Cary C. HUC:QTIlImtS the member. CUrm1t~ wving "" by oIl lunUvil1e sits u a mtrn/x r of th.t the bir·, upreSotn\.llliw "' [' B. Publt$. lIegl_1eI T. " ABA BOlrd of Goyunors. William C. II[ oi Mobile whoSot appointmmt mends Knight upruents the Birmingham Bar to Odobu 31. 1993. Association. Due to Guy Huckaby', rumt election to the ~rd of geMmors, his lIOIition as • The bu commission .1so eltcU members to the ~Td oi ,\.IIle deleg,te WI' y~c~t~d .nd W.de Buley, " the m(l$t ItWttu of the Alabama La .. Foundation. Inc.. Those Sot",ing Sotnior AlahiITll S\.IIte &r delegate. ~. under ABA bylaws. by el~tion lire: into this Rite delt\PIte poIition on an interim ~, through IItn H. Helrris. Jr .. Mobile (94) August 1992. AI.blTIllI State RaT President Phil Ada"" was Lynn R. Jackson. Cillytoo (92) elteted 10 fill Baxley·, former position. Baxley Iw indicated Ilt R(»' J. Crawford. Birmingham (93) will Sotek election u .Iate delegate in his own right for th,t Hnry W. Camble. Jr .. StI!Tll (94 ) thu c·ytar term in an election among ABA members in Alabl· John Earle Chason. flay Mi nette (92) !TIl in the Wring of 1992. The terms of Harris and Wood end John B. Scott. Jr.• MonlJlOmtry (93) in Augwt 1992, while Baxley's elected term. currently filled by In ~dd jtion. the prtsidtnt. presldent-tlect and imrmdiilte Adams. upiul in 1993. past pmident of the Alw!TIl Stlllt Rar SotM. by virtue of their The ~ 01 lhe JudicW Article lUulltd in th.t nWIIWl· off,u. ment 01. Judicial [lII\uiry Commiss ..... tho Court of tho Judi. The Capital RopnHnbtion RUOUTCt Cent ... is the most clary and tilt Jlllliicial ComptlWlion Commillion. The two by recmt mtity to ",-hich its ~rd members IU to be eitdtd by _ute. must elta two pmons to SotM. on uch 01 thtSot bodies. lhe ~rd of commissiontn. CumnU)' KTYing ~re: ThoH turrmtly holding thtSot positions and the )'Un in whidl J.L Chestnut. Jr.• Sri"", (92) tIlti, turrmt ImTI$ r:>piu (notnl in paunthaa) .u "" follow$: Annt W. Mitchell. Binninglwn (92) Judklll 1111\Uiry COm... il .....: frank s.!lImes. til, Birmingham (92) William B. Helirston. Jr .. Birminglwn (95) Alben P. BrtI<-~r. Binninghim (92) J. Don f06ltr. foley (93) Jesse R. Brooks. Jr .. Huntsville (93) Judlclll COmptnntlon Commillion: Vanzet\.ll Penn McPherson. Montgomery (93) ChaTin R. Adai r. Jr .. Dadeville (95) Wi lliam POJeli Cobb. II , Mon~mtry (93) Broox C. Carrm. Jr.• Brewton (95) !)tnnis Balske. Montgome ry (94) ~ . . rYe two-yelI'
or
300 / Nowmber 1991
TIlE ALAIlA.." IA u\WYER
frvlk II. Mcf<ldtlen. MOfllgol'l'ltry I!M} Richard S. Minlry. Demopolis \!M) Exh iWt bn in the U.s. E~th JudkW Circuil ~ thTft IWTIfd dtlfgalti III its Judicial eonftrenol. 1htie prnons U1' ~ppninttd.1w /I thr«'jlUr term with och Incumbenl pruidtnl ol the sUte boTnaming one deleSite lind In /llltrnatt. Tht current delegates and alternate. are: Otlegatn : Wa~ O. Devf" aux. Mootgomery (92) John A. ()wflu. Tu=.100$00 193) Alt,.,....tu: Willum O. Melton. Ewrgrftll 192) BTOGlI C. HOIInti, Mobile 193) ASB Pruidmt Adams will name II dtlel/.lte and IIlltTnilte in Dectmbrr with lerTr4 In erpi~ in 1994. StrJia to tht I:w- and tht JlfOI'wlon.1S wtll as pr:octi« befort the U.s, DiJlrict and U.s. Circuit courts. II~ factors COIl.Iidertd in ~Iect in" lhe~ deltgalu. Thtse proons re«Ne lin in,itatioo to the EltYenth Circuit Judicial Con/ertr'l(f: IS ASB dtlegal .. and seN!' at no opense In the bat. PuffiWlt to J.Up"mo court rulQ, lhe bl.r commission el«ts lhoe IN.. UA/l'illttrf. the memben ollhoe OiKiplinary Commll_ . ion, the Olacipliury BoanIa and the M...... IOIl' COdtinuin, LtgaI E6ua.tlod Commiuw... With the t~ption 01 tho ho. Ul.miMri. the membtuhip of these bodies ii rest . icted to mombtn of the board of bar commissionen. Cumnl mernbcn ol these 'n)Up$II~:
OIIClpllnuy Commluion: Victor II. l..ntl. Jr" chairperson James R. Stal •• Montgomtry Jlmes E. !tlrt. Jr .. Br.wton Jmyton N. James. Birmingham Oi.dpUoary Rword" ParotI I: .... IIWn B. Matlhrws. Sr .. Ozark AJ. Coleman, Decatur Lynn R. Jackson. Clayton J. Muon Davis. Birmingham Jftry C. Porch, Russellville PrnwI fI: Riclllnllt Cill. Mont2Omtry John W. K.IIy, lit, Selma W"ncb O. Devfruux. Montgomtry J. RGbert r..lk. Pnottville Jen')l K. .St11TWl. J~T
Prmf!! III:
RGbert M. Hi]]. Jr., fIo~nce Jlmti S. Lloyd. Binnlng!wn Cithy S. Wright. Birmingham Geo~ W. Roy... JT.. liuntlville Wllyrnan C. Sherrer. Ontonl.'l P,mf!t N: Bowen H. Brassell. Pheni~ Cit~ Georg. HigginbGIlllm. Btssemtr R. Blakt Lazenby. Tal~ga Ceorgt p, ford. ~n Connod M. fowltr. Jr.. COIu~
Conlinuirl. LtiCIl E6uotion Comminion: Lynn R. Jackson. Clayton, ellli'1'fflOn JGhn Divid Knight. Cullman 1. MlIson Davis, Birmin~lIIm George W, Royer. J... li unuville Arthur f , Fil • . III, Anni$IOO John A. Russell. Ill. Aliaville Connod M. Fowl.r. Jr .. Columb~ Btnjamen T. Rtw.oe. Mnbik Samuel A. Rumon:. Jr.• BirmiOlllwn BoanI of Bar EDmiroef'J: Michlel D. Waten, Montaomery. cN.i~rson Mircus W. Reid. Ann;"ton Kenntlh O. Simon. Birmingham Ronald L. Davis. TuscalOO$a Ibndol ll M. Woodrow. Annis!on Divid P.IJ~. Mobil. T, ThGrnas C«lingham. Birmingham John C. Calame. Solrna Robtrt H. Roost. Mobile Andrew P. ~II. Binninatwn C. Mid..:! Stibon, l'usuiocu Lluno L. Crum. Montgomery AnM W. Milchtl1. Birminglllm If you Ir. inleru !ed in serving in any of these capacities. wrile 10 me or your bar commissioner. These an: all time·coo_ iuming positions.. but professionally rewarding. You can Set then: ~r. numerous arus OlIuide bar commlttff •• ~k IOTCQ and ~iona lor service ....... Te l"lUT talents can be utiliud in furtheTince 01 our public rt!p(lnSibility.11w: pH_ iOf\S OOItd hoerein ",,~t l"lU and)'OW' inlnat. Your input is encourJltd and ..... komfd. 1i.M I toId!W mon: than!W reaIl)' -*<110 a-.? II'IJIlt ~hndalOl')l
mt. .
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\~
THE AU\IJAMA LAWVER
P'o,IIOX _ _ TOOToERY. ~ :11,:/0 \205)21'7·79N
N()\I\'mbt. I991 / 307
JUDGE FRANK M. JOHNSON, JR.
When The Goin' Got Tough.
It lill
Odobtr 30.
199I~is Fro nkT3rd M.
b irthday-Jud8~
•
Johnson, Jr. took senior sta·
Ius on the EleVi!nth Circuil Court 0/ Appeals aft .. 36 yea ... on 1M fed· era l bench. This issue of The Alabama
UIwyer commemorates Judge Johnson ', distinguished and courageous tenure as
a jurist in Alabama during One of the .late's most difficult e.as.
Tinsley Yarboruugh and Robert F, Kenne dy. Jr .. as ",ell as forthcoming work.l by Jack Bass and Frank Sikora. Judge Johnson i. best known for a ... ries of courageous-ond, in their tim. , highly contrownial----<lecisions involv· ing human rights. Television inten; ....""r Bill Muyef!, in a 1980 interview with Judge Johnson, summariud thusio d.d sions in this way:
Prank Mini.!; Johruon, Jr. was born in 1918 in Winston Counly, a north Alal>a-
rna county whose citizen..... lmown for their r. •• e. independence and strong re.pect for individual Tigh~. H. married
Ruth Jenkin. of Haleyville in 1938. After at tending public schools in Winston County, the GulfCo.u\ Miliul'}' Academy in Mi... issippi and Masuy BlHineM Col.
iege in Birmingham. he took an LL,B. at the Uniwrsity 0/ Alabama in 1943. The rufter. Johnson saw c(}mbat in the infantry in f rance and Germ any during World War II. He "'as 'WOunded twice and decorated with the Purple Heart with oak leaf dw;ter. 8ronze Star and combat infantryman's medal. Upon his relurn 10 Alabama. John$On bfgan his legal career in general prac· lice with the firm of Curtis. Maddox & Johnson in Jasper in 1946. He was appointed United Stato:5 Attorney in the Northern Di,trict of Alabama in 1953, and came 10 Montgomery when he was named United States District Judge for ttt. Midd le Di strict of Alabama in 1955. John$On se rved as chid judge for the Middle District from 1966 to 19i9. In 1979. Judge John$On "'35 elevated to the United StattS Coort of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. When that circuit split in 1981. Judge Johnson was as.Iigned to the new Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, where he MS se~d until the prtsent. Judge Johnson is the redpient of honorary degrees from the UniVl'r,ity of Alabama. Yale Law School. Princtton Un iversity. the Un ivers ity of Notre Dame. SI. Michael's College. and Boston Uni'""nity. lie is the subject of 'f"eral biog rap hi• • , includ ing books by Dr, 30S / Nowmbf r 1991
J ...... F •• nk .. , John. on . J ••
"Fate pla«d fran k Mini. Johnson. Jr. in ttt. ne~ center of confrontation and change. To giw you an idea of his impact on the South and the nation during his 24 yea .. on the district bench, this is how he r",ponded to the chall enge. He declared segregated public transportation unconstitutional (Browd/!r tJ. Gayle 1956L He ordered the integration of publ ic parks (Gilmore tJ. Cily of Monl· gomerg , 1176 F.Supp. 210 (~I.O. Ala , 1961)1), interstate bus terminals (I.al-'is v. Greghound O>rporolion. 1199 F.Supp. 2\0 (M.D. Ala. 196111), restaurants and restrooms (U.S. tJ. Cilg of Montgomery 1962 ) and libraries and mu~ums (Cobb v. Mr:mtfll)lmry l.ibrwv Bwrd 1962). He required that blacks bf registered to vote (U.S. tJ. Atol>omo 1961), (Yeating a stan doni that was lat.. wrilten into the 1965 lIoting Rights Act. He was the first judge to apply the one man-<lne vote principle to state l e gislati~e apportionment
• •
(Reynolds v. Sims 19641. He aboli shed the poll tax. H ~ ordered Governor George \'Iallac~ to allow the Civil rights ma rch from Selma to Montgomery (Willioms v. Wal/oce, 1240 F.Supp. 100 (M ,D. All. 1965))1. He ordered the f,rst romprellensiVl' stat ....i de school desegre· gation (Lee tJ. Moron. Coontil Boord of Education, 1267 F.Supp. 458 (M.D. Ala. 1961) (three·judge oourt)l). and was the fi rst to app ly the equal protection clause of the Constitution to ,tate laws discriminating against women (I. nite II. Crook. 1966). He established the prtt<'<lent that pwple in mental institutions M"~ a con· stitutional right to t",atm.nt (Wgoll v. Stickney, 1344 F.Supp. 373 (M.D. Ala. 1972)11, a sweeping breakthrough in mental health law, Il is order to eliminate jungle conditions in Alabama prisons is the landmark in prison reform (/'ugh tJ. I.ock e , (406 F.Supp. 3t8 ( M.D. Ala. 19i6J1J." This issue of the LOWile , does not revisit thoit landmark dist r ict court dedsions, which are ",.. II.known and fr•. Quently discussed, except bri.ny in the inteTVi ....· with Judge John$On ronducted by Stephen Rowe. Instead, focus is on other sides of his li fe and ca~r tMt are It5S explored. Judge Gerald B. Tjonat, chief judge of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Ap~als, writes On the subject of Johnson's 12· year tenure on the federal circuil bench. Bryan Stewnson's article on Judge John. son', opinion, in the area of cr iminal justice explores a ... gmtnt of Johnsonian jur isprudence that is often overlooked. Portions from a recent interview with Ru1h John$On, Frank 10hn$On's wife of 53 )-'tars----a thoughtful and spirit<><l indi vidual in her mo.Tl right---add an"'" p<r· spective to events in Judge Johnson's career. Finally, a select ion of stories about Judge John$On e:teerpted from a book of anocdotes put together by his law d erk.l in 1985 ,how the judge known best to his colleagues and friends: a man not only of integrity and strength, but a1$O of prodigious good humor. _ THE A!.'JlAMA LAWYER
,
....
eJofmson
Following (lTUOrrNI UarplS from "Antics Imd Anecdotes", a roileclion ofhumorous lales about Judge Johnson It uw /1lIb/ished bg som<! ofJudge Joh>1Sf)f1:S law clerlrf ami pruenli!d in 19850/ a adrorolion nwrlri/Ig Ih~ 30th atmit'I!ntJrg of his sen'ice (J.f (1 fMerol judge. any ~ars ago, shortly after'
come 10 Mont· gome ry. Jud"t John.em h~ h~d
;und.;n I pre·trW conluerlCf, ....11.11 1M pl";,,li" lind defendant Ilwyl'rJ thought to be Iht Klliemont ~ 01 thti. mp«tivt uses. It btg;m ....ith Ih. plaintiff', I~f "ying wry Iorafully thot he "had a nice lillk plain. tiff'. lind II, belieYed lilt ju ry W<luld U5t$S damagts in the r.mge 01 575,000, which "'iSS V1'ry , '(U$iVl' in light 01 the
damage, . Judge Johnson's rtply wal.
' You abo have a nitt liul. judge. and if Ihe jury ilSide:
ga,~
fOu thai. h. would set it
- NO!l1J/ Smith. MOI1/{l(lmet1I
II
O
11,,,<GunlUS ne ~ my mo ••with memo,wlt Judg.
JOhn.on urn. aflu my Itnur. IS II.... clerk. whil, suvinll ;os In Ippoinled counK]. Tht doftndalli ... young INn. Iud pluded guilly 10 I r~lher Krious charge. The }'(lung lTIlIn uked if he could sptak with the ju~ge ~boul his Knlel\Ce. When Wf. appeared before Judge John.on. in chambers. a }'(lung gi rl carrying a Imall bab~ also came in. As usual. from Ihe pre·senlence rePilrt. Judge Johnson knew mQre about the def.ndant than the defendant kntw himself. Mtu lOme discullion. the defendant asked Judllt Joh ..... for probalion 10 hr could get I job and supporl his baby. The judllt tllm uked. "b that )'OU. baby the young lady hn with her?· The ddend~nt relponded that it WU, and Judge Jollmon Ihrn asked Ihr defendant if hr wl5lT1l1rrifd tQ Ihr )'OUng bdy. The dtfend.1ont replied that he was not, and Judge Johnson said. " Well. lell you whal. I am going to ronlinut }'(Iur .. nlencing for two weeki. and you can
corm b.Kk and bring )'OOr gi.lfriend to watch me Knd )'OU to the ponitentiary or an bring )'OUr wife tQ Witch me gM: )'OU prob.u.ion." A ~ry imporWll fNrria# ceremony WiLl P'l'rfo.med within two Wftks. and. true to hil word. Judllt JohnlOn ~ the defendanl probation. _ ~ B. Azm-. MootfllJf"W!l
I'rrI
rom United 1965~9.Stalu 1 ~~Hn assistanl Attorn.y in the SQuth.rn Di'trict of Alabal11.l. trying UKS boffor. Honorable l}an Thomas. United States district judge . In Mobile, attorneys could quution witnw and makt objections while louted II c<)tlns.el tabl •. In febn.,g,ry 1969. 1 transferred 10 the Middle District 0( A1a~fN. In Ma.ch. I tried my fiul criminal cast be/on Judge JohnlOn. The tas.e hadn't proceeded ~f)' 10ng bel'ou I ob.iKted (while I ~'a5 ..ated) to <lefnIM roo"",,)"s qurslion on cnw·e~mil1.l.tion. Judge JOOnson said, " I cin'l hur you, Mr. S.grtst." St ill .... t.d. I objected louder, and he said, "I . till can't hur )'OIl, Mr. Sea..,I." rru.· luted. I stQQd up and reputed m y objection. lIil rnPilnse: "Now, 1 can hu. )'00. Swtained.," I tried Ihe rest of the ~ on my f.el.
.J
- Bro...,mi !kgnst, Moo/(IOmer/I
I I
off~r. _II-~
probation lor hQ frequent bouts of indi· .i't. gution. was obKlWd at the Houlton County Cou"~ on~ aft~rn()()n II he PilPP'l'd into his mouth his USUlIi fi~ or Ji~ lfter-dinner antadd tablets, A young d.puty d~rk .. ked with concern why he needed SOl many !ible!l. The probit ion officer expl~ined Ihal he ha~ a nt rvow stomach. as did everyone elst In the federal '"
Court. About lhal time. 1M clerk 0( tM court entertillhe olfice and inquired. "Do.. Judge JQh.uo:m ha"" a MrvoUI .tomach, too?" "NQ." the prob.u.ion officer ",plied, "but hr'llI arrritr."
- Helen }Iqrrij udge JohnSOln has long been known alo a "no·nonnnse" judllt. 1 was an Aslilt.anl United State. Altome)' from 1954 10 1958 lin\! am the only present emplO}'ft of tht CQurt who was he re when JudGt JQhnson il.Kend.d the trial brl\Ch about 30 ~ars.ago. [tried a number of arses as Assistant United Statts Attorney and as I private p.lIctitioner beforf Jullilc JQhnson, lind I ha~ had only one Upl'rKl'ICt in which it could bot Slid that Judge Johnson lost his COI'I1jlO)sure on the bench. A moonshiner had t.aktn the IIMId in his own deft"",,1n a arsc wherein KYtrill Internal Rt\'tnue ~nlJ had testified that thty had IpprOKhed an acti~ .till and oburved the defendant and an unxoo'' '," person fire the Itill. stir the mash and go about lhe usual pro«Uf" of making moonshine. When tM .gent'! attempted 10 arrnt the two subjects, both tried to Au. tM ddendant unsuc· ctls/ully. At trUl, the dtfend.1ont ilUisted that hi: wu porfectly innocent of any intent to contributf in in)' Wiy hQ strvkts to the maklfli 01 ~ne, that he had brm huntifli with his COflII)inioo on a cold and mil)' day and that needing the supPilrl of IOmc liquid lu.tenance, hi. friend suggested that Ihry stop by altill and p"tllke Qf the by·product., The defendant denied hiving stirred the mash 0. fi red the cooker and insisted lhat his Qnly ~rtici~tion was to t.ake a smail drink in an tlfQrt to ward off the NOYtmbe. 1991 131)9
possible ravages of pneumonia. On cross-uamination, the prosecu· tor, !>.ing a hunter himself and possibly sympathetic to the n«d for liquid sus· tenance afler a long day of hunting in inclement w.. th.r, conduet.d mOre Or less a friendly conversation with the defendant in which it was acknowledged by all that it could!>."..ry nice to hunt with an old friend and stop for a much ·n.eded loddy after hours of uposure to wd and cold. It was conceded that the joys of partaking of such suste· nanee could br .nhanced considerably by sharing it with an old friend with whom the defendant had hunted many times. and the warmth of the occasion was e"oeded only by the chill of the prosecutor', nat quution concerning the identity of the ofd friend with whom tho ddendant had so often hunted and enjoyed the fmill; of Bacchus. At Ihis point. the d.fendant assured all that he did not know the name of his old friend with whom he had often hunted and drunk. The prosecutor. with some logic, .. minded the defen. dant that the jury wa. not fikrly to believe such a statement and insisted upon disdosu .. of the name of the old friend and joint perpet rator of the crime. By this time. it was obvious lhat the defendant was dep'ITting from the truth and that he would. in all likeli. hood. br con"';cted. An older and wi .. r proseculor would have abandoned his quest and dismissed the witne n in compl.u dishonor. H",,'e\'er, the kill was in .ight, and the prosecutor insist· ed upon disclosure of the name of the more agile moonshin.r. The def.ndant th.n turned to the judge and explained that while he really knew the name. it was a dirty word, and he could not dis· dose it in the p .... n« of a ll of the ladies in the courtroom. This bring the first tenn of court at which ladie. had .wr nrved on a jury in the Middle District of Alabama, the courl dutiful ly explained that there would br vile language used and that all ladiu in the courtroom exc.pt th<>St on tho jury wou ld have one minute to abandon tho court roo m so that such language would not off~nd them. Pol. lowing a short scurne, at which all in attendance simply mowd three inches for ..... ard in their !uts. the judge imtructed th. defendant that, in spite l 10 f NOVI'mbrr 1991
of the offensi,-e natur~ of the name of the other moonshiner, he must reveal the name to th e pro...:utor, Thereupon. the defendant. with a helpl .... hrug, answer~d. "His name was Peter: Whether Or not his lut name ..... as .wr disclosed is lost on record because of the uniform indication of mirth, and I can woll remember the high chair occupi.d by the judge. and .. ferred to as the bench. tum so that only Ih. back of the chair, rocking in rhythmic beat. was vi.ible to the courtroom. It often has bren said by experienced delenn counnl that if one can instill in his t,;al sOme humor to make the jurors feel good, they are far less likely to convict. Such ..... as the case h .... In spite of all of the ev idence .... inst th. defendant, the jury returned a .. rdict of "not guilty". and the defendant, with the ewrlasting reluctanco to offond a f.ma le juror by use of the name "Pet.r". was acquitted. -Judge RQ/);>rl Varner, MQIlIgomery
I
Ii
udg. Johnson's first .eeretary, Miss Hel.n Cosper. saw to it that ht was n."..r distu rbed during a confe renc • . Once, Mrs. Johnson called the office. askod to speak with her hu$band, an d was refused permission. So. sho calmly told ~lis! Cosper to send in a note. when the n•• t opportunity arose. to infonn tho judge that his houle was on fire. Th. judge now has a separale. unlisted telephone lin. into hi. private office SO Mrs. Johnson can call direct in th • ."..nl ofan emergency. One morning, not long ago, that phone rang. IMor. lilting Ih. recei"..r. the judge pronounced that it must be SOmeOne dialing th o wrong number. b.cause he had just spoken .....ith Mrs. Johnson and she .....as fine. I witn ....d the following ont·sided con"..rsation: "Hello." "Who?" "Betty ... Bettywno?" "She'. not h.... "She ran off with the cook: "That 's righI, the cook." " I don't know whue." "OK: Click. - Glen Dar{Jllshire
J
il'£T 'Ii . . . ~t .L
~·Ii~r
Mhich I memomle recollect occurrn! in New Orleans in the court· house whil. severol judg.s were wa iting for an el"'ator and complaining about the heaV)J workklad . Judge Johnson ent..od the .Ievator, turnod around and comm.nted. "Well, il Su r. beall; plowing." -Judge R. umkr An<krSQn, 11/
il Ii
fter becoming United States Attorney. the judge was cross· examining a witne5$ and was intent on showing h.. to be a woman of ill repute. To his preliminary question as to her place of ruidenCf. how."..r. she ans,,-em, "Aw, Mr. John· son, you kn(yw \"I'ry wldl .....h ... Iii"..: -Ano"lImous '" .........
play golf with a regular group. One of thl: Ill\'mbers of a four·
sOme-a fair golfe r-usually lakes up considerab le time on the first tee attempting to get strokes. If the others agr« on 1wI.>. he will insist on three, and so on. Not long ago. and the day before One of our scheduled games. J :sent my secr.· lary to Ihe probation office to get a King James \"I'rsion of the Bible. I wanted to COpy. to present my ·stroke·see king" friend, verse six . chapter '8, Book of PrO\>eros: "A fool's lips enter into contention and his mouth calleth for stroke. ..... rlier in the day, I had. as io my occasional pr.ldice. asked my court bailiff to drop by Jim Polsom's "'hiskey empori· um and get me a bottle 0( Jack Daniels. As it would and did happen. my seere· tary arrivt"d with the Bible at the same tilll\' the bailiff arrivtd with the whiskey. I heard one of them remark as they left my chambrrs. "' don'l klll1W what opinion the judge is wofki ng on. but I'll bet it'll br a OOozi •. " - Fhmlc M. Johnson. Jr. ot. to a law clerk: Glen, Go to People's Drugs lac ross street from court· how>: on Porsyth) and get: I. Neosin.phrine (12-hour typel, 2. SuerelS - for irrilated throat, and 3. Le"'; Chewing Tobacco (4 pkgs.) to irritate throat. - FMJ THE Al.'.BAMA lAWYER
---I'£~rpts from Opinions1- -Irt<ltr~1 Rules ~cision. G.au u. Procln' & CtJmbk Co., tiMed SUtes District Court. M.D. AIabIINJ
32 F.R.D. 199 (19631. as reprinWl in 6. 1963. II 53.
[I
Carl M. Miles. elol.. v. CilV u,U>lCii of Augusla. CAorr/ia. United Slates Court of Appeals. Eltwonth Circuit. Augutt 4,
O
Ii thi5 n January 8, 1963. the offici~1 court ~pOrltr for district filtd wilh. 1M tltrk of this courii efr'
tilied Imuc,ipt of Iht pr()(udmg. in this cue. Su~qutnt to the filil\ll oillle original certIfied tnnSCl'ipt by the court rtpOrttr. Iht dtftndlnls. now 1M lll!)tlk..... ktd this court 10 strike lnd eliminale nrUm portions thereof. Th. uact portions of the •• cord which this court i. asktd 10 strike ar .... follow.: p~ 24: ·~IR. CARRETT: Ha. tv.. ~ hi,"
•••
"MR. CARRElT: Ill. N.. tv.. tv.: Page 42:"Q IMR, GARREtT!: Ha, hi, tI.I. IlL'
•• •
"0 [M R. GARRElT]: lIa,!Ia . ha: ~ 74:"Q [MR. GARRETTJ: Ha. tv.: P"if 82: "MR. GARREtT: Ha. hL hi:
~ 105: "MR. GARRETT: Ib., m, tv. ....." JUROR: -Ha, hi. hIo:
In asking this Court to rdit the record lnd strike lhe lbooJe portions. the apptll ••• ltale "that l lthough Mr. Gamlt and the juror may haw: made some sound It IUCh. limu. that it wu ~ inadvtrtent manntrism. such U J penon cOI.Ighirli, eluring his throool or olhu",i" ;Rld,·ut.nlly m~king I sound." ~ ~II«. <;(Intend that tilt inclusion 0( tilt ~ port ions of tilt proc:etding mtrtly stM to clulle. unduly tht .ecord on appeal in this~. Tht p~i ntiff. no.,·tht appellant. f01'll\i11y objeclt 10 Jltt.i~ or eloa"lling tilt official lnnscript. Thost wOO koow the Honorablt JamtS Coomtt. Alton'lty at LII ..... wOO ...as. IKronIing to thor rKOrd. doing ~II 0( tilt "hl, Ioaing." """"Id htsltate long and dtllbel'llte striO\lsly beforo su~sling that Ilt Is not a highly comptl_nt prlKlitiontr 0( the law. This COI.Irt has long recognized and appreciated this "ceptional and oottl.ilnding abilily u a Iriallawyer. He ~ars hil IUCctf,S gTIKiQusly-both in and oul of lilt courtroom: Iv dtmonst""tts his profICiency in lilt art 0( trW work in a 1TWlntr pleasing both to tilt Coort~. most of thor time. to tilt jurors. As is gtneully true in the UM of successful trial lawyers. Mr. Carroll il a past nwttr In the art of lutlllesti"e psychology. fl is long Ind acti"t npericnc. in trial work enables him to pr;iIdic. with pmfidtncy his irt of !UggtI.Iing Ihrough the usc of auditory stimulation. lit undtniably dtmonst""tcd this art of using tilt h).'PnotOllin 0( laughter in the trial 0( this civillKtion. When this art is pTlKt;':.d u Mr. Curet! pra<ticu it. it il with finesse and without rtOcctin; a ~k of ro.ptet for tilt witness. for tilt oppo$ing counsel. or for the Court. The profICiency 0( Mr. CurtU in the UK of this is vividly dt""""tntcd by at lust one juror (~ lOS) joining hIm in his "lu.. hi. has." As 10 how effecti"" with thor jury this IppTOlKh 10 plainliftl ca$t (for d.oll'lllgH growing out of her hypersensitivity to Crest TOOIhpastel"'lIs to be. we will ntwo. know s ince Iht ""rdict was diT«tfd by the Court.
TlI£At.A3A.'tA LJ.WY£R
~ NftI1
tOr*,". July
'983.
PER CURIA.~I:
I ( - 11 1'intifiS Clfl .I>d Elaine Mil.l. owntrs and pfOmottrs of "Blac:kie the Talking Cal." broughl Ihis
P
su it in the Uniled Stalts DillriCl Courl fo r the South.rn Dlsl rlcl of Ceorgill. challenging the constitutionality of the Augusl.il. C«I'lIia. Bl,LlinUI Lictr\M Ordillill« ... Th. ~rtne .. hip betwHn Bilicki. lind lilt Miluci beQan ~hit auspiciously in II South ~ro1iRl rooming holIK • According 10 the deposition of Ca rl Milts: wen, a girl com. around with a bo~ of killens. and she asked us did we winl one. I Slid no. thit we did not want one. As I wu ....I.;n; _y from the bo:< of .illtru., a voice tpoke to "'" lind N;d. "'Tak. the bllltk killen." I took tilt bllKk killen. koowing nothing elK unusual or nothing fist 5tnnge about the black killen. When Illacki. was about r,''lI months old. I had him on my lap playing with him. tal king 10 him. saying "I 10Yt )'OIl". Tht vo;':. $pOke to me Nying.
7'1
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C. II (20SI 27N'93? N"",mbtr ]99113 11
"The cat is trying to talk to you." To me. the voice was the voice of God. ,'1r. Miles set out to fulfill hi. divination b)' d ..... loping a rigorous course of speech therapy. I would tab the sound, the cat would make. the voic. sounds he would make when he was trying to talk to me. and I W<Juld play those sounds back to him three or four hours a day. and I woutd let him watch my tips. and he just got to where he could do it. li1ad<ie', catechism 500Il began to ~ oIF. Acconling to Mr. Miles: He was talking when he ~ix months otd, but I could not prO'>'e it th.n. It was wh ... r could und ..stand him, but you call't understand him. It took me altogether a year and a half befo.. I had him talking real plain ..."he.. )IOU could understand him. Inofuctably. lilackie's talent. WHe tahn to the market_ place, and the rest is history. Black i. catapulted into public promin.nco when h. spo1<o:. for a fee, on radio and on television shows such as "Thars Incredible: Appellanl$ capitaliud on Blackie's linguistic skills through agree menu with agents in S<.>uth Carolina. North Carolina. and Ceorgia. The public's affection lor macki. WaS the catalyst for his success, and Blackie I~d his fan •. As the District Judge ob",.....,d in hi. published opinion. Blackie even pumd "I 10.... you" to him when he encounte,-w Blackie one day on the st!"ttl. Sadly, Blacki.·, catacll"'mic ri~ to fame cresttd and began to subside. The Miles family mo .... d temporarily to Augusta. Ceorgia. recei~ing "contributions" that Augusta pas.... by
The Alabama State Bar
lSI
• • • •
•
paid to hear Blaclci. talk. After receiving complaints from several of Augusta's ailurophobe •. the Augusta polict-<ibviously no ailurophil .. th.m"'l.... s--doWdly iruisted that appellants would have to pu rchase a business license. Eventual ly. on Ihreal of incarceralion, MI. and Mrs. Milu acceded to Ihe <kmands of the police and p/lid $50 for a busin. .. licen"' .... Upon review of appell ants' claim s. we agree with the distriCI court', detailed analysis ollhe Augusta ordinance. The as.sertion that lil.cki~·s .peaking engagem~nts do not constitule an "occupation" Or "business" within the meaning of the catchall provision of Ihe Augusta ordinance is wholly without merit. Although Ihe Miln family called .... h.t Ihe}' receivtd for Black;.', performances "CQntributioru". these elocutionary endeavors were entirely intended lor pecuniary enrichmenl and ~re indubitably commercial. ~'oreover. we refu", to require that Augusta d.fin. "bu.iness" in order to .void problems or ~aguenes •. The word has a common sense meaning Ihat Mr. Miles undoubtedly underslood .... This Court will not hear a claim that lilacllie', right to I..e speech has been infringed. First. although Blackie arguably posses",. a "ery unusual ability. he cannot be CQn.idered a "perwn" and is the..fore not protected by the Bill of Righls. Stcond. even if Blacki. had such a right .....e Ste no need for appellanlS to as.ert hi. right jus ler/ii. Blacki. can clearly .peale for himself .... APFIRMED. 710 P. 2d 1542 "Ith Cir. 1983). •
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Endorsed Insurance Programs
u n I~~IJII":"<:~ features ber.efits for both eligible members, spouses, children md employees. Available through Northwestern Natiooal Life Insurance COmpilllY . M .... o lI M ""I<:"" b'su .... l«:~ provides benefits for both eligible members, spouses. ,hildren and employ_ ees 10 52.00),000. Avllibble through Cootinental Casualty Company. ilOSF'T"L b l>,,-""nT pays daily benefits up to SOO days with a maximum of S300 per day. Acceptance GUBrillllecd to eligible members under age tI) who arc eithe r working or attending ",hool full·time. Available through Commercial Life Iusurance Company. i\ CCtOl'..""L DKAn. A.'D D1S'LEMBEJI.""'" h~t; .....-.o: provides rove. age for accidcntalloss of life, sight, speech, hearing or dismembenncnt. lk:ncfit amounts to S25O,OOO available. This is available through Commcrdal Life lruurancc Coolpany. DtSAnlUn' l'<co.mt features ~your Own Specialty" definition of disability as well as coverilge for partial disabililies. Benefits available to 80%0f your income in most Ciscs. Available through Commercial Life and its parent canpany UNUM. OFI'lCE O \"ERHHAU ExPl'..'<SE reimburse!; your eligible busine.. expenses. Available to eligible members under age 60 who arc engaged in full-time ~acuce and not on full'lime duty with any of the armed forces through Commercial Life and its p.ll:nt company UNUM. F,,'U LY
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ALABAMA STATE BAR
I Foraddtltonal mformaltOn contact: I WilHam K. Bass, Jr. I Insurance Specialists, Inc. I Suite 135 I 2970 Brandywine Roud I A llama, G eorgia 3034 1 I 1-404-458-880 1 I 1"800-241-7753 Toll Free Number I 1.800-458 -7~46 Fax N umber .
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1991
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THE ALABAMA UV."YER
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CHANGE OF ADDRESS Muse ch«k your lisllng in the cur· ~nl 1990-]991 Alabama Bar Directory al1~ complet~ tho form at right ONLY if there Ut iIIl)' cllilliu to your lilting. Out to clunges in 1Iw SUIU(( governing eltdi(ln 01 hi. commissioners. ~ now lr~ rl'quim! to U$C mrmMfl" office addfuses, unltss none is available or • member is prohibited from receiving JUte b.I.. mail lisllllhe office. Addition· lily. llot Alobmna Bar DirtdOty is com· piled for our mallin. lin and it is important to UK busi"... ~r..... fo;w Ihal .fason. IThul' chang.. WILL NOT ap~ar in the 199 1-1992 .dition 01 the dir«lory. nw: cut.off \btt for thor dir«. lOry Informli ti on wu S.pt.m~r L
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1991.1 NOTE: !f....e do no! know of a change in add..",. on cannot rNkt the I1«UAry dwrongn on OIJr rKOrds, SOl plase no(lly U$ "i\m your add,.,.. chmgr$. _
PLEASE HELP US . .. We have no way of
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nn: ALABA.'lA LAWVER
NO\'tITIbtr 1991 1 313
BAR BRIEFS us.. t ... Installed.s o;: .... lrpeFSOn
of ABA ...,;: llo n; Ha,.,ls elected to Executive Council The American 6,u Association Section of Gell~ral Practi~ ;nstalltd I-:3rl. 1'. tas· seter as duirpfrson at itJ; annual meeting in Atlanta. Lasseter was also etecltd to the HOOK of Delegates oIlhe ABA for three y.,ars. Lasseter is • graduate of Auburn Un;-
V«uity and Ihe University of Alabama School of Law. He is a partner in the firm of Pope. McClamry. Ki lpatrick &
Mor rison of Allanh and Columbu5. Georgia and Phenix City, Alabama, 11. is • nat;,.. of Cadsden. Alabama and i5 a member of the American Bar A.I~ia·
tion, Alabama State Bar, Alabama Trial
The NCBP is a voluntary. indepen dent organization of past. present .nd future presidenll; of state and local lou associations. It is managed by a 20rmmber ••• cutive council and support.d by due, of individuals .nd member bar as.sociations and meeting registration f.u. The NCBP's major activity i. pr .... nt_ ing-in conjunction with uch ABA annual and midyear meeting- l twoday educational progr.m on the is.suu affecting the organiud bar's public servic. and member service activities. Harris is a graduate of Davidson CoII.g. and the Univusity of Alabam. School of Law. He is a partner with the Mobile finn of Johnstone. Adams. Bai· ley. Gordon & Harris.
LaW)'t" Association. Cwrgia Stat. Ba ••
Georgi. Trial I.awyers, District of Columbia Ba r and lhe Association of Trial Lawy.,.. 01 Arne.;"". Also. former A1ahama State Bar Presi· dent &n H. Harris. Jr. of Mobile has been tImed to a IlIra-year leon 00 the Executil><: Council of the National Conferenct of Bar Presidenll;. The eltction took plact at the NCBp·s annual "",eting in August in Atlanta in conjunction with the annual "",eting of
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Coll. g. soliciting noml ... llons for award The American College 01 Trial LaW)' ... periodically grants an award for the instances of courageous advocacy by ""'mbers 01 the bar, whether or not Fel. laws 01 the College. The definition of the conditions of the award is as follows: The award of the College for "Coura· gecus Advocacy" ,h.lI be giwn for out· stand ing efforts by a lawy<'r. whether Or not a member of the College. on behalf
ALABAMA BAR DIRECTORY The 1991-92 Alabama Bar Directory will be mailed in December. Each member in good standing of the Alabama State Bar will receive one free copy. Addi tional copies are $15 each. Pl. . . . mall checks, made p.y.ble to Alabama Bar Directory, to P.O_ BOil 4156, Montgomery, AL 36101_
3 14 1 N~mber 1991
of a controversial cause or client where the represent.ti..., occurs in the face of actual Or possibl e disfavor or public unpopularity Or adverse treatment by the m. dia of the lawyer. client or cauS<'. The most recent recipient of tho award was Judge Robert J. Lewi •. Jr. of the Kansas Court of Appeals for his courageous d.r~nse. on a pro bono basis. of a defendant in a criminal case in which th.", was g",at public outrilSe about the alleged crime and Judge Lewis' representation of the ddendant. Matters nandled which resulted in the awards ranged from civil and adminis · trllti..., matte .. to) criminal case •. Nominations should include a resume o! the nominee. copies of any newspaper accounts of the matter handled b)' th. nominee. and letters of suppOrt from membtrs of bench and bar who u. knowledguble of t he matter. They should be S<'n! to: Sylvia H. Walholt Carlton. Fields, Ward. Emmanuel, Smith & Cull.r One Harbour PI"". r.O.Box 3239 Tampa . Florida 33601
Nominations open for Devitt award Nominations are also been solicited for the 1991 Dtvitt Distinguished Ser· vice to Justice Award. The awa rd was established to recognilt the dedicated public ~rvict: b)' members of the f.deral judiciary. All lederal judges 'ppointed under Article 1I1 of the Constitution are eligible recipients. Among the previow; winne" ~ Unitffi States Circuit Judge Frank M. Johnson. Jr. of Alabama. The honor includes an award of an in_ scri bed ClYstal obel~k and $IS.1lOO made available in the name of Judge f:dI..·ard J. Devitt. longtime Chief United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota. by West Publishing Company. 51. Paul, Minnesota. A comm ittee comprised 01 Judge lKIIilt. Justice John Paul $t"""ns of the
THE AL.4.BAMA LAWYER
U.s. Supre",.. Court, Ind Chid Judg~ Willivn J. UoIkM"I)'. Jr. d the Tfnth Cirruit Cour1 of """",,Is will ~1Kt the 1991 recipient. Nominations for the 1991 award mw;t be lubmiUtd by Dt«m!)er 31. 1991 to: Devitt DiltinQuisMd Service to Justice Award. P.O. Box 64810. St. P"ul. Min· nnOll !oS164-0810. Sec"I.~
of SI.t. ', IMIw
.cad.... Tht ntw m.li ling addrus for the Office of the Stcretary of SIII~ is P.O. Bo:.o 5616, Mo:.nlgomtry, Alabama 36 103 5616. wilh officu klut.-d It the Sterling Ctntre on CarmichKl ROlli. Just off the Ptrry IllII Ro,)d "il dl-8S In USI Mont·
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Lee-I 0.,1r R.f_nee ..... MeI Wnt Publi$hlng Company announc:u tht rtlUK of UgD/ tNtk Reltrenu . ..tlich pl"O'o'ida lOPP<OJ.imaltly 9,000 drf· initionl d 1~ga.1 words and ph~s. AI"" inclu ded are diction",), lilt injJ5 (>f 893 ways to rid writing of diches. redundan· cia. col!oquialisnu. vague phruu, and eMrly f(\1"TTll.ll&nguagt. Fo r additional infor mation. contiCt Wut It 1-800-328·9352.
Section'. . .f_nc:e flul_
.v.U.ble A . derence gu ide fo r lHorntys involvtd in antitrw;t and othe r litigation. ".,.". "'"liITUJI Eviderla lfundOOolr. is aVolilablt from the American &r h$ocialion·s Sectionol Antilrwt Yw. Si~ ~ 10Piq. ..~ ~rt$$ld in tho t-..ndbooIt: U.U5;ly Is.\uts Most Rtle.<lnt in Antitrust Cases. ceM.ing Is.\ues such as co·conspirato. stat~m~n\$ and prior , L1ottrntn\$ and t.stimony of a witnus; Reltv.lnct ISIUtS in lhe Anlitrust Con· tUI. wht r~ condud prolut~d by tht first Amendment is dis.cuued; Privi· Itgn. which indudn i diseunion of phYlieian·pati t nt pr iviltg. in t ht antit ru sl con te.t; the Privilege Against Self·lncrimination. rowring lImiL1otioru and "dvtnt infertnctl 01 privilegu; t:lptru, which cita liability;and marb. ~r as ipllots on which ~rU often tutify in Intilrust caxs; and a lummary of (()lIaltrlll Estop(l(l. The handbook is available from the ABA Order Fulfillment. 750 North !..iIke
Shore Drive. Chicago. Illinois 606 1L
Phone (312)988-5555.. Book out On worke ..' comp e l.lm. A ntw 258·page monograph il now "Volilab~ \0 guide lawyfl"l repre~nting tmp~n, empl~rs or i",u r... ,,·ho dul with worke ..· comp daims. Tht publisher is th~ Tort Ind Insunnce PfJCtke Stction of the ABA. The ar1icles are drawn lrom a re\:ent rIPs annual meeting and were wrilttn by lOme of the country', most promi· n.nlauthorities in the Iftli of labor law, occupational medicine Ind insur. ~
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Tht book is availabl. from riPs for $54.95 or for S49.95 for TIl'S membtl"l, plus S3.95 for handling. Mlil orde" to ABA Order Fulfillment 519. 750 North Lake Sho re Drivo. Chicago. Illinois 606] I.
Dlre-ctcwy published for people with ... IDS or HIV A C<lmp. ehensive listing 01 programs and organlutions providing fr~e legal servictlto PfOIIlt with AIDS or the HIV virus is _ilable. The J6B...page publica· tion was compiltd by the ABA·. AIDS Coordination Pro;ect. The directory is organized by stitt. and tlOCh lilling includes !lime, address. Itlellhont number and a brief description of the project. It allO has informa· tion on national and statt oFginiutions. The AIDS Coordin"tion Proj~ct is a Prot«t 01. tht AIIA·s AIDS Coordinating COmmitt« and tho Section ollndMdual Rights and Responsibilities. II coordi· nates tht ABA·. AIDS·relaltd activities and acu M a dearinghouu for nisting AIDS pfOllranu by IIIlbli.hing a quart ... · Iy newslttter and by pl'O"iding iltscrip· lioN d OI.isling prqjraml, ..,mpl. training mllerials, intake forms. funding proposals. eligibility llUi<ltlinn and ar1i· cit' about the AIDS cm;s. For mort information contact Michele Zavos. ABA AlOS Coordination Project. 1800 M Strett. NW, Washington. D.C20036, or phone (2(12) 33]·n48.
F......ppolnted ehel. o f . ubeom .... tt_ RichJ.rd A. F~. I partner with the Birmingham finn of Burr & Forman. was recently appointrd chairpmon (.II the ABA
SubcommittH on FranchiK Utiption. !NIdr by the Utiga.. lion 5m.ion 01 the ABA's Businw TorU CommiuH during the ABA Annual MHt· ing in Atlanta in August. frtt K ;, a graduate of Cumberlan d School oI.l..iIw.
The IPIlOintrnent _
Pointe. elected, 09le ....Ieeted to ~rd of .....5 Sam C. Pointer. Jr.. chid judge d the U,S. District (()ur1 for tht Northern Di$· trict of Alabama. rtcently was elected to tho Arntrican Jl)(];Qtun: Society Iloird ol Directors at the Socitty's i/VIuat mttting in Atlanta. and Birmingham attorney Richard 1'. 0,10. of the firm ol Schoel. Dglt. Benton. Gtnt~ & Centeno, was reelected to tnt board Pointer i, a gradualt of the Uniwrsity (.II Alabama School of!..ilw and New Yo.k University C~uate School oI l.aw. He II " member ci the American &. ~ia lion. Alabama Stat. Ibr and tht Birm· ingham Ibr Association. He is i 1990 reci~ienl of tnt Samuel Gates American College of Trial I.awyers Award and a 1988 recipien t of tht ~·nncis Rawlt American l..iIw Institutt· Ame.kan Ibr ~iation AWllrd. Ogle is a g~. ulte of the Un i· ~rsity of Alaba· ma SchO<lI of Law. and il a membtr of the Alabama Stat. Blr. the Bi rm · inghim Ib r As· socil lion , tht Alabama ~. tnst itutt and the Amtrican Tri. 1 Lawy trJ Assoc iation . Ogle Krved is president of lhe Birming. ham lb. ~ialion. founded in 1913. tho AJS is a!lltional independent organization of more than 20,000 ciliulIS working to imprwe the nation', justice system.
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cente nnl.1 meeting Members 01. tho ALabama Commission on Unifonn State I.iws "'f.t unong the 260 law profulOrs. judge. and lawytrs who participattd in the 100th annual mettlng of the National Conferenc~ of Commi,,;oner.; on Uniform Statt Laws held recently in florida.
Noo.'tmbt. 1991/ 3 ] 5
Founded in 1892, the ULe is the gl"OO1> of 1XIm· missioners IP pointed by nch sUte In draft proposals for uni form law. that are designed to solve probtems common to III .tates. (},." the yean. ULC effort> have "'suited in the Unifonn Commercial Code, Uniform Partnership Act. Uniform Controlled Substancu Act. Uniform Anatomical Cift Act and unifonn child custody and support codes. Past commissione rs have included Woodrow Wilson, U.S. Su p",me Court Jushce. Loui, D. frandeis and William F. Rehn quist, and profes· sor Roscoe Pound of Ha!"\\lrd. Current memo bers of Ihe Alabama commission are Charles M. Crook. Montgomery, Thomas L. Jones. Tuscaloosa; and George f . Maynard. Binningham.
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Huckaby joins board of gov_rso'ABA Clry C. Hucllaby. a partner in the Huntsvill e fi rm of Bradley. Arant. Ros e & White. rec ently became a member of the Board of Covernors of the American .......... Bar Association, Huckaby will 5tlW a th",e-year u,nn represenling DistriclS On the 33-member board_TM district encompasses Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. n-.. board "",ets r,,,,, time. yearly to oven.« administration and management of the 360.000·member ABA believW to be the lar gest Yoluntary membership professional ilSSOCialion in the world. Huckaby h;ls been acli"" in the ABA. starting with his membe .. hip on the 316 / November 1991
Standing COmmill« on Lawyers in the Armed Forces in 1971-73. He also served On the Task Force on Public Education. the Consortium on Legal Services and the Public. and the Standing Committee on Lawyers Public SeNice Responsibility. Huckaby has been a member of the House of Delegates, the policy -making body of the ABA. since 1982. and is a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation. He is a past chair of the ABA Standing Commil\ee on L.awyer Referral and Information & ... and of the Special Committee on Delivery of Legal SeNices. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the American Judicatur. Society and I fellow of the American College of Trial LaW)'ers. He has . Iso been acti"" in state-lt\-el activities, including stNing ~s president of the Alabama State Bar. He is a guduate of the Uni,.. rsity of Alabama and the Uni""rsity's School of Low
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William. receive. scholarshIp Lisa D. Williams of Mont gomery has been awarded the Cabanin, Johnston Scholanhip for 1991. Williams is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Curl i. William, WlII'and a 19S6 grad uate of Jeff.non nlyis High School. Sh e graduated summa cum laude from the University of Alabama in 1990. Williams att ends Yale Law School. The scholarshIp was establiShed by the Birmingham firm of Cabaniss. Johnston. Cardner. Dumas & O'Neal in 1987 to .ewl.d academic excettence. Th e $5.000 scholarship i. awarded annually for the second year of law scnool to an Alal>ama resident attending an ABA accredited law scnool, The Alabama Law foundation administers the scholarship. The four previOUS recipi ents of the scholarship were academically outstand ing students. Henl1' f . SherrOO. III. son of Florence attorney f loyd She rrod, se"",d ... law clerk 10 the Honorable Patrick E. Higginootham. U,S.fifth Circu it Court of Appals. upon his graduation from Vanderbilt School of Law. He
is currently an associate with a Dallas. Texas firm. Sheryll D. C.. hin, a Hunl>ville native. st"",d .. a law clerk to the Honorable Thurgood Marshlil. aSSOCiate justice. United States Supreme Court. after her graduation from HaNlrd Law School. She will be joining the Alabama firm of Sirote. Permutl when she completes her clerkship. Matthew II. Lembke recently grad""ted from the Unive rsity of Virginia Law Scnool and will se ...-e .. law clerk 10 the Honorable J. HaNi. Wilkins, Ill, U.S. fourth Circuit Court of Apptals. Sarah H. Cleveland. winner of the 199{) scholarship. is in her third year at Vale Law School.
West donate. building West Publishing Company recently announced its intenlion to donat e to Ramsey County IMinnesota) il> prestnt headquarters building located in dO"TI _ to"TI St. Paul. This <lonalion "'ill be the thi rd major donal ion 01 prope rly that West h;ls made in recent years for chari_ table and governmental pu rposes. In addition to the prestnt donation. West donated much ollhe property the Ordway Theater is on. and. more recently, West donated its former High Bridge plant to the City of St. Paul to be used as an incubation site for new businesses. The present donation , valued in excess of SI2 million. consists of West's head_ quarters buildi ng and the land it ,il> on. including 60 parking spaces. Student bar a.sociatlon named best In nation The Student Bar Association at Cumberland School of Law, Samford University. has been namtd best in 11K nation by the American Bar Association. The national award is presented annually to the association deem ed tops among those at 175 ABA-accredited law schools. Cumberland representatives accepted the award during a meeting of the ABA in Atlanta. Judges looked a\ ~ach organization's contributions to th e law .tudent l>od)o, communication with school administration and community seNice. Cumberland's community aclivities include work wit h the Alabama Center for Law and Civic Education and spon · sorship of a Law Explorers post of the THIe: AIABANA lAWYER
01 Amori .... and a Voluntftr Inco<nI' Tn A1Jisbnu d\lpttr. An SIIA·Sp:lruOm:llKture IotOO duro
Boy Scoots
ing 1990·91 included such sptahrs u former U.S. Supreme Court nominn Robert flork iIlld fonner Circuit Court 01 Aweats Judg. John C. Go<.!boId. La"" o.y USA 162 COfI,"M1mor.t• • • t","l. The 1992 theme oll.low Day USA commemomes the conHnuinQ importance the rule of law plays in Amtriu iIlld honors thoot around the world Currtnlly eng.J$d in the democratic stnog· Qle ,.,.. justiu. Tht ptlrpOSt of I.Iw Day USA, cele· brated annually on May l. is 10 '"""""'" a "s!'tc ial day of c.l.bralion by t he American people in appreciation of thei r liberties and to provide an ocu· sion lor "dedication to the idul. of .quality and ju.t ic. under Laws." l..1ow Day USA wu utlblilhed by United SUtu Pruidential PrOclam.iilion in 1958 and rWfirontd by i Joint R.sotu_ tion 01 COng ...." in 1961. The American Bar Association. II the national sponsor of Law Day USA. pre~res Ii detailed pLanninQ lIuidt to lUist individ ..... l. and organizations conduct· illl I.Iw ~ pfOl/rlims. In addition.. the AlIA makes lI"iillible many prornotiof\ll lind .ducationallinformational matni· als. ranging from buttons and balloons to leaflets. brochures. booklets, speech texts and mock trial scripb. For more ink>rmation.. write I.Iw Day USA. Ameriun Blr ASloclliion. 8th Floor. 750 North uke Shore Drive. Chicago, lIIinois 60611, or phone (3 12) 988·61J.t. The 1992 planning Quide will be available in late January.
lOr I.Iw iI!ld Cme Eduation lind Binningham Iilmmahr I.. Wade BlloCk hlo-.: bHn awarded an W.S88 iunt by the United Statu Commiuion On t h~ Bicente nnial of the Conltitution. The grant wit! fund five videotapes on Alabllmians who hive pillyed major roIu In defining rillhts prot«ted by Iht U.s. Constitution.. Gunt funds will a~ Ix uud to prepare tuchil\ll materials for tilt Bicentennial of the Bill of Rights in Ot.ember of this }'taT. The Alabama Center /or Law and Civic Eduution it a non·profit resource and tnininQ ctnttT for Law·re~ted edu· ation ,n Alabima. funded primarily by the ~ State Otpao1mtnt 01 Educltion. th. Alabanu I.Iw Foundation and the U.S. Ot~rtment 01 Juttice. Its proirams include t tatewide ttacher training in such a","1 as corutitutional Law. drug eduation and juvenile delinquency pr~ntion. and the coordina' lion 01 spedal projects. includini the Tt«nt ..,il to ~ by U.s. A1tOTno)' Gtntral Richud Thornburgh. Black is the former director of the Alabama Filmmake .. Co-op, a 1982 Alabama ArtsofAw,rd ent. andCO\'frnor·s a reelpi.nl three"dpiNEA regior\ll fellowships. ACLCE ~~$Ors /or the Bill 01 Rights videollp" inc1u d. hi$IOry professors Wayne Flynt. Forrest MacDonald and Jeff Norrell; journalism profeUGr Jack Bau; educators Linda Felton. Linda Jones and Jim KilGore; law professors Charlu Colt and Mlrtha Mo rGan; Allibama Public Television producer Sandra Polizos; Bill Pe"i$. dirtctor. Centn for the Study of Southtm Cui· tUft; and Alice Kni ..em. of the Alabama IRpartment of Archi-.:s and Hi$to· ry. UAR proiusor David Sink i$ direct· inll teIChtr training workshops related to the Bill of Rights Bicentennial with support from Iht A~twna Humanitiu
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ACLCIE
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Alabama celebrates the Bicentennial of the Bill of Rights in a ntW documen. tary vidto " riu. The Alabama Center
Subjects "lected for 11M' in the uriu include the \Val/ace ~. Jalr...,t school prayer Cln. Virginia ou , ,' s involvt· ment in the movemtnt to repul the poll WI. tilt de"greption 01 the Binn· ina:ham schools. and tilt 11#a1l 1l. Slidrlt, ca... dnlina with CiTe for th mtntally ill. A fifth videoQpe will pro. vide an OYtrvi"",· rtlltina the .. CUt$ to the Bill of Rightt and other constitutional amendments. •
1ql ;01lIl _ 10 r.IicIioiJt Dot. IIi>!lII &.r;o.n!y .. ~ GiIIfI Supoo!o cnis-
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NOYtmbtr 1991 / 3 17
A COLLEAGUE'S
F
PERSPECTIVE OF
ill JJ ® [8]
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By JUDGE GERALD TJOFLAT
1 ~1 1
ummiog up Fr~nk Johnron's judicial career and his contribution to the cause of just,ce
in our circuil - in fact. throughout the nation _ is a formidable task. a formidable task indeed. Much has already been wriuen about his quart .. of
he began to take charge. Rather . his personality - that is. the she.r force of it - qui.tly took over. And the court. and the peopl. of the si x .Iat.s of Our circuit. were the beneficiaries.
of the fifth Circuit. we needed a spokesman of impeccable cred entials. who~ mOlive. in pre~nting our ",-, •. could not be questioned. Frank Johnson was the obvious choice. so we formed a
His leadtrship first manifested itstlf in the spring of ]980, when it becam~ apparent to us that a court 0126 judges. the one Congress had given us. simply could not function efficienlly the way a court ,hould. The solution? The circuit had to be split into two circuits; we would petition the Congress to do 50. without delay. Splitting th. Fifth Circuit, however. "'"Quld not be an easy task. Many in the civil right.>; community felt that. if the circuit were split. the clock would be turned back and the advancements they had made wou ld be lost. Consequently. they would oppose. with n'el)' resource available. any attempt to divide the cir· cuit. We had to allay thei r fears if we we.. to succeed in the Congress. To do this. to convince the civil right.>; commu_ nity and the Congr~ss that .plitting Ihe circuit was necessary if we were to COntinue to administer justice in the sLlte.
commillee and made him the chair. Within two month •. he had .teered a bill through the Senate . The groundwork for this was laid in the proceedings before the Stnat. Judiciary Committee. Judge Johnson obtaintd the committee', unan· imous endorsement. (11 is pure myth that he obtained the endorsement by intimidating the committee members by glaring at them over hi. half glasse •. as if they ...... r. trial la"'Y"rs appearing before him in the district court.) It took frank a lillie longer to work his magic in the House ; the bitt didn't ..ach the Houst floor until Stpttmber 1980. One. there. howev ... it pal.ed wi t h flying colors. The President promptly signed the measure into I.w. and. effective October 1. 1981. the Eleventh Circuit and the new Fifth Cir_ cuit ....... bom. The efficiency the division of the old Fifth Circuit has wrought has been
a ~ntul)' of seT'II,. on the district court. I would. themore, be guilty of rank plagiarism if r were evon to c(>mment on that stTVict. For. I was not there in Montgomel)'
while he was confronting a docket of some of th. mosl difficult. emotion~n """. a I,ial judge has <M" had to face. n was.. to use the spOrt> announc_
ers' favorite expression when the game is on the line and the going gets lough.
"gut->:ht(Ck time": it was gut..:h«k lime 24 hours a day. seven da;~ a ~ek, year in and year nut. Thos. who wu. there -
his staff. the lawyers and liti-
gants. the press, and, of course, Ruth John.son - ""periencod it all firsthand, and so 1 leave the telling to them. I focu~. in~te3d, on ~'rank Johnson. the circuit ju dg~ . th~ man my collugues and I nave come to know over the \Wt d~n j'\'ars. Frank Mini. Johnson. Jr. joined our court July 12. 1979. when it ""'"' the old Fifth Circuit. The court numbered 15 jud ~ es then. but we were soon to ~come a court of 26, Congress having added II new judgeships in a bill p:usci earl i.. in the year. Coilll/ from the trial bench. where he fu nctioned alone ruled the roost. if you will- to the appellate bench. whe re he would be functioning in thret-judge panels or with the whole court en 60nc, wn, understandably. Quite a transi lion for f ranK Johnson. As all of uS who have !!<In. from the district court to the court of appeals have learned il"s a new world ther •. The transition didn't la.t long. though; as lOOn as he got stilled down and became familiar with "the territory".
318 / November 1991
THE AIABA.~1A lAWYER
utonishing. This dfkitncy is dtmOfl ' stQble in I numbor 01 only cite heu the '1lottom Ii ..... ". During the Wt court the 12 judges 01 the E~nth C ir~uit Court of Apptal. ha,.., decided more ~I - 150 pe..:tnt mo,e - than tht 26 judges of the old !'ifih Ci rcuit decided when Ihe circu il w~s divided. And. whlt il mort impo,,"n!. our do<k. .t is cu".nt. Frank Johnson's value to ou, court. as 0U1 institution. cannot possibly be 'Mr' ... ttil. 'Jh( cOll$liIuti .....1 scho!f,rs and others in the aadentic community ....iIo doily mOnitor. digest lind criticiu our work. which. in the mllin. consisll of ou' writlen opinion •. h~v •. jn com· menting on Judge Johnson's opinions. mad. this quilt dear, Whal hl$ pro· duc«llhcu (>piniOns. and, thuS. luch acc!f,im. is " question I will wdrtss In the JjIiItt that remiins. Frllnk JOOfl$OFl brings miny sltilll to the IaIk 01 decilion'miking: they lire ..... 1I·kJtoo,.·n. Ite Iw I quick. 1In11lytical mind and. u 1w been widely noted. Is .... 1'}' inquisil i.... : h. is constantly KlIrch . ;n8 fo' the truth. Added to thi.;. a wide · ,angin, knowledge of the .ubstanti.... Ilw - constilution,,1 law. in put · iculu_ and. ,iwn 25 yean on the trial bmc:h. a profound knowl~ of proct· dunl rulH. In Iohort. he Iw III of lhe tools one nmlI to b,uil """'... I ..... to itl uwntilol .Iermnt•• to KplI,att Ihe .... heat from the clliff. "'him he doH ilS quickly as anyone I h.we encountered. Frank abo has an untanny knack of disamins the real motivation. behind" dispute. the plI'lies'. or thei, IlIwyen·. hioJdrn ~fIIIM. This should not be "",. prUin&- For yelIrs he has nwIr il a virtu· al hobby 10 study hUmin nIIturt . ...11y peoplt bthavt IS thty do. in lIli sorts d
""'ys. [
yell'.
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Jitwotiom. This is ~tcltd in his stOf}>lellin" ",hith. 01 couru. is It,en.dory. Ind in the miny difftc:ult ,ermdie. he I\id to fashion IS I district judge. in. lor elCllmple. the sdlooI deseQrtQltion cutS and the controversiH irwolving the toll· ditions of the prisons and mtntal iru;tilu· I;om in Aiaba"". To fashion , tmtdi •• in thes.e case •. mCIrtOvtr. 10 ha .... the remediu obe)~. "11,,h they ..... re. he had to know the people d ~rTIl who. he I\id long SotnKd ...... '" Intuiliwly IIw lIbiding. All of thts.e sltills and insights do not. h~r. in my mind. account for the ~nd""rk decisions Frllnk Joonson Iw made, as a di>trict judse and as a m<mbe, of this court. In other wo,ds. ",hilt hi •• kills and insii/hls have given him tht ability to fashi on thtu d.ci~ions, they ha .... not mandated them. [\ took something in addition: the mill's cha,· /IoCIer. Frink Johnson hiS f,equenlly b<:en dtscribtd as .to:el·.... illtd and uncompro. mising !or. in sorm qworters. just p~;n stubborn). To be sure. he is thlt. bul th ... is fa, more. He1w, lS" "",tie, of
his upbrin,ing. an innale itrut of right and wrona. of fundlrmntll valuu, of what tht F.... mtr:s had in mind "'hen they tnshri ..... d the words "due process of Ilw". and the courage to adhe re to his beliefs. reQlrdleSJ of the public outcry Or the .dvUle pusonll conse qu onces such Idh ... nco may b,inj[. Thue trall5 have been. and .... ill conlin· ue to be. the WIt qUQ non of his decision-rTIlkina;. The deCision Ihe court relchu in II ClIO is I group decision; thus. to ClIFTY Iht day. Ihe opinion,writer must pe,' suade a collngue to join him. Judge Johnson is I pul muler in the art of ""rswo,ion _ in particula,. btcauit of his humanity. his sen.itivity and h i' mi"",lous nn", of humor. fie is the per/tel ~ntltmill. the ""rfecl collt~ue. And. now ht lnvu the courl . 10 lISSurm "s.enior SIiIIUS". Though he will be Sltting ",ilh us on lS$ignmt11t from tim. to t ime. he "'ill finally get the chance \ 0 do IOrl1t of his favoritt things. which he has I\id to put uide for fIT \00 long. We ...ish him Go<bpetd. •
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TIlE ~BAMA UWYER
Noo... mbtr 1991 / 3 19
LEGISLATIVE
WRAP-Up
By ROBERT L McCURLEY. JR. Alablomll LJiw Institute Annual M . .tlng The law Institute held its annual m..,ting in conjunction with the Alaba· ma State Bar Meeting in Orang. Beach ,
The following person~ were elected as office.. for the 199 1·92 year: President: Jim Campbtll. Anniston Vic.·presid~nt' Yttta Samford, Opelika Executive Committe.:
Grorge Maynard. Birmingham Rick Manley. Demopolis Oakley Melton, Jr., Montgomery
Ryan deCraff.nried . Jr .. Tuscaloosa E.'- Hornsby. Montgormry Frank Ellis. Columbiana
President Jim Campl>ell, who i, alW speaker pro tern of the Alabama House of Representatives. assumed the presidency aftu having serwd eight l"ars as vice-prtsi dent. Campbell can look forward to tho completion of the following rtvisions that are in var ious stage. of completion: Probate Procedure Rul .. of Evidence Businm COrpOration Act Article 2A of the UCC-Leases Article 4A of the UCC-Funds Transfers Article 8 of the UCC.S.curitie, Limited Liability Companies
Oakley Melton. Jr. retired as president of the Law [rutitule having urwd from
1984 10 199] and was only the third president since the Law Institute was founded. The othe r presidents we re Hugh O. Merrill of Anniston (1%9-78) and finis E. SI. John. II! of Cullman (1978·84). Dur ing Melton's eight )Iila'S as presiden!. 16 major revision' "'ere completed and passed by the legislature. iocluding: Noo-profit CorpOration Act. Eminent [)oma;n Code , Uniform Cuardianship and Protective Proceedings Act. Alabama Securities Act. Adoption Code, and Uniform Condominium Act. The Alabama Supreme Cou rt alw adopted new Rules of Crimi nal Procedure.
Legls •• tlv. R.f....nce
Sentlc. Director Jerry L. Bassett has been appointed
A •• ppol1lonment With the official count of the 1990 census being receiv.d by the State on February 6, 1991. the Legislature must reapportion both itself and the Congressional diltricts prior to the ne~t election for tht ..spedi".., offic... It is expected that Cov.mor Guy Hunt wil l the Alabama ugislaturt back into session during late October Or early November to redistrict Alabama', seven C{lng .... i{lnal districts. The Permanent Legislati".., Committee on Reapportionment has held 16 public hearings aCrOSS the staie taking ttstim{lny as to Cangr ... i{lnal .. apportionment. The Reapporti{lnment Committee has held six meetings and recei"..,d 24 plans.
can
320 I November 1991
Once the Legisl<lture and the govern{lr ha".., agreed On a reapportionment plan, this plan must be reviewed by the Justice Department, who has 60 <iii;" t{l act If additional questions art asked by the Justice Departm~nt, the State h.u an addit ional 6(1 days to respond. At any time. the plan ma~ be challenged in a federal coort Sin"" legislators Go f1Qt run f{lr offico again until 1994. the Legislature has until then t{l reaJll)Q11ion itself. The Reapporti{lnment Committee is co-<:haired by Representative Jim Camp_ bell of Annist{ln and Sen ator Ryan deGraffenried {If Tuscaloosa. The Legislati".., Reapportionmen t C{lmmiltee is composed of 22 l~gisl at{lr5. They ha".., em plQYed Da'lid BOl'd of MonlgOnter;' as wunsel t{l the wmmiUe •. He was the attorney representing the State in the 19SO reapportionment plan_
direct{lr {If the Legislative Reference Service , ~ffective October 1991. Ba.sett COnteS t{l Alabama from California. having served the last 25 ~ars in the Legislati\'e Council Buroau. and was currently principal deputy legislati".., COunse l for the Calif{l Tnia I.egislature. Bassett has a law degree from the Uni verSity of Californ ia, Be rke ley and a bachel{lr's degree from the Uni"..,rsity of WiSC{lnsin. Madil{ln. He has been a membe r {If the State Bar of California since 1966. He and h is wife , Andrea. ha".., two children. •
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THE AU6AMA IJIWYER
ANECDOTES from
Judge
Johnsons Wife,
Ruth
On Their First Date 1 must tlavt bftn -I~rs $H, I hOpe I was 15. [might havt stilt bttn 14 - he asked me 10 go 10 l~ l1lO'.'ies ;and. of course. I t\lIJ to aik my mama - no te~phones - 50 I ukt'd my mama, ~ v.. Io>Y' is tiltre In)'body elM 19oi"lll? But Mama~. lll\otSl rtllKUntly. HI: Iud his cbddy's cu, but il wu Itill dllyliSht IInd1 ~ wen 011 the """y to the Proncfl.S Theil ••. lind ~ klod no inuntion of 1I0inil to the Pr;lI(uJ Theatre. AI lhool tt~r ~ I .Irudy """ lumtd SIlt.. terfuge. All the teenagers hung DIll at a place called lhe Overhod 1I';d~. II was 1I bridllt that was arched oYf, the ",ilroad (ra(iu at a ctrt.l.in place. and thaI'. just whtr. )'OIl wtnl 1(\ park. /<law this is when we .... rt; il _ gelting dlorlc Iboul this lime. FnM's Qther Iud RCOOd thoughts ~ hii Q • • A he get in 1000ch with Frank', . ""sin. his mott,.,', siJlers son. EIMrt Williams. and told him tNl he Iud to I1avt his at and to go to !hi. Princess Theatre and find FM and teU him thaI he IIffiitd his ell'. t:lbtrt. knowing what evtrybody does, didn't tvtn go to the
Prill«SS Thutn - he cmot S(rlIig/l1 to 1m Overhud Bridge. YOU jlUt sat and Ltlk.d. but no parents would hive given pt.miuion (or tIlti • • id. 10 I'r'ftl like lhal.1 llul lilt withoul 1u\I. lng lOme adull with them. Elbe .1 d.OVI: up oul Ihere. I H~I didn't ~n paU$t going II)' the Prirocm Thatre. So. tlul tnded my ~". my fin.! \ble.
On Attendance at Trials • •• I luve nevtr betn in ~ COIlrtroom , , ,
1 luvt nevt. hurd I C~ ... 1 did. al OOt lime, wlnl to go Ind I ta5ually told Frank Joon1011 I W<>S going to the COIlrthousf, that I wa.nted to he.r thai a$f:. He s..id. "Ruth, the COIlrtroom i$ not lor spfCbtof$. Il'f. vtry Knous businw betwftn two cootmding fac:lions. and i( )'00 W!re li\ling in the coortroom. )'00 would be dislrxting my attention and othrr'f attention f....., wharf going on and the)deseM ~rything lhil Iht)- luvt coming 10 them. eitllt. 51""." So. when IIIQI llut lecture, I ~r W!n\.
NO'o'mIlx. 1991 / 321
On Marriage IWle told our parents, and my sisters ~r~ "ery unhappy about it. But. my moth .. alwa)'$loved Frank. and Mrs. Johnson was crazy about me. So. we didn·t have any Iproblemsl. frank·s father $/old he thought ,,~ ought to wait. you know. but, his mother didn·t seem to think that wa.o; all that imp<.>rtant, so we li'ed in Birmingham from January. probably five months. He wa.o; working at the time and going to school at Ma.o;.sey. Bul. when he went in and aliked hi. - h. Wali k.eping books for !lOme imuranco: company - and he a.o;ked for a raise "b«ause he wa.o; married ... and they $/oid ... Ithatllhje couldn·t be married and have this job becaus< the responsibi];ty was too much for a married penon. He wasn ·t making that much money. [butllt)hey fired him. So. not only did he not get the ra ise. he lost his job.
On Frank Johnson's Enlisbnent in the Infantry in WW /I He chose the infantry. No. I didn·t worry about him at all: I definiuly didn't worry about it. It ne-.er o«urred me that 1lI1)Ithing could happen to him. He was the strongest person I had ever knoI."!l in my life and still is. lilt "'ali such a shock Iwhen frank Johnson got wounded). I got a telegram ... [flrom the War Department. "We deeply regret to inform you that your husband wa.o; wounded at such and such a place." Well. I jusl went all to pie«s. you know. I follO\O.ed him through military information I got my hands on through my offiu. After about an hour. 1 called his family and told them. And. by that time . he was already out of the hospital. I guus. He I"'a.o; wounded the first timel out on night patrol and. a sniper shot [himl in the rear and in his legs. He ",a.o; cra",ling. IH)e stilt has scrap metal in him that they didn·t get out . You know. you reCOWr from that. It wa.o;n·1 all that serious com· pared to other wounds. They ""nt him back to the front after he had thr •• or four "eeks off. It ",a.o; a bomb explosion and it was a conco.wion that shattered one of his kidneys. And they sent me stuff - it ",a.o; a watch that just wa.o; all to pieces - just messy stuff like that. He was too serious then to patch up at a camp hospital. He was in frarn:e. in northern France. and thO)' sent him back to Eng· land and he Wali in the hospital there for several months.
On the District Court Judgeship Thi. was alw<l.)'$ in his mind Ito seek a judgeship]. He wa.:; a Republican, and got involved with the politics of the Republi· can Party of Alabama. which wa.o;n"t a big organization. as you know. It Wali very .mall. And. his father having been a real worker in the Republican Party. and I gueloi5 innutntial - any· way his friends were ... [S)e<:, he wa.o; in a good position to get some kind 01 an appointment there. and he wanted the f,rst judge.hip. but he was just too doggone young and ine~peri eneed . and 50 they told him to take this 00 •. Then. when the next one was open they·d work to\O.·ard it. the organization. And 3l!l! I November 1991
they did. they came back to him. I think it wa.o; about 95 percent of the Republicans in Alabama supported his nomifllltion ... Itlo be a lederal judge. I don·t think he had any opposition then. The ,·acancy occurred in Montgomery. That is where Judge Keflllmer died. And this caused a little problem becauso: some of the ne",er Republicans. the ones that had <orne into the party. the disenchanted Democrat. 01 the tim •. thought it should go to. Montgomery per!lOn and not a north Alabama unknown. T.B. Hill here was a contender. and Red Blount sup· ported him. and it just didn·t carry as much weight as the backing that frank got from the Republkans. [WI . had no idea [about the civil rights cases that would come up immediately). He thought that he would have ordinary cast •. and he had been in Birmingham and had gotten valuable experience from Judge [Seyboum l Lynne. who is an outstanding trial judge. fIe learned right the ... how to judge. H. and I .",.• )'$ $/oy that Judge Lynne is his mentor. For two years. he had this e ~perience in Judge L}"!lne·s court and when he came here there was no organi>ation. Judge Ken· namer Wali old. and Iher. had been no litigation going on. The la"yers just didn·t ... ",me 01 them told me that there Wali just no point in trying to get a case in court. So, it all had to be done from the bottom up.
On the Montgomery Bus Bogcott [AlII of my neighbors carried their maids back and forth and picked up the elItrali. Did you see [the m<.l\Iie] "The Long Walk Horne"? That happened right acTOSS the street from me. Oh . everybody carried everybody·s maid. Even though. the whole communiI;' seeffiW to be against the bus i:>oy<;Qlt. they we",n·t. they "~re not. The ... "~re a lot of people. And. it wa.o; not just limited to the M"",,~ll IAr'B] people. either. ~l"",,·ell wives. Tha!"s what they·d say - oh. those old MaKWell wives. But. it was not "'. People were not going to do without their space for their children. and people to dean up the house and cook the lood . They just wanted everything they had always had. They wanted to play golf and bridge and do all those things. And. r guess, at that time they were gi,·i ng it a lot of thought that the ... ""as a lot of injustiu. too. to having to go and . it at the back of the bus. But. their immediate n ...1s wore not being met and this is what u..y objected to. more than the right of the blacks.
On the Civil Rights Movement You just don·t rea\iu those things Ithat the Johnsons would find themselves in the middle of the civil rights movement) . f·or the past few years. I had been giving th is a lot of thought about the blacks. and it wa.o; ",methlng some-,..·here that was just ba.o;ic.ally "Toog with the 'ystem. Not enough for me to get oul and protest and carry a sign around - just to think about. 11 was in 1ll}' mind. t ""as not a member of any civil Tights organization nor did I participate in any of il. I was just kind of a il)."5tander. Well. you know. even if I had wanted to. r wasn·t in the polition ,,·ith Frank Sitting on those casts.
THE AUISA/o\,\ I..\.WYER
On Leaving the Baptist Church Let mc Itll )"'lu whal Frank lold Iht /bpiisl deacon who ClImc. II WlI! Visitalion Day. Ht is slilll1 mcmbtr mlhe Ibptist Church. fiTS! Baptist Church lin Montgomtryl. And, he .aid. "The rnson I left tho Baptist Church Iwlu that during allth;s timt til" my family and I "",n golnQ through this. I looktd llrourld arid 1 did 001 find one suwort.. in thlll church. Not one person iUJ!POrtod my pofition." And. lilt ducon agreed with him. Oul Oul ..-as trut. Frank told him. "I don~ think INot I brlonll in a g"""" thot ..-as KI 0JII)0Sed to what I stood for." 1 ~ quoting him now. Bui. my vitw of bring then in the first pla.ct - I WlInled John. I\)' jthe Johnson·s son] to have a nligious mckllround. 1 just lhought it was important for him to br 5ubjfCIw to Sunday school. Ind all that goes along with it and chureh. And. tho n he could reitct it Iat.. if lit WlInled to. !luI. if lit hadn·t experi· enced it lit ......,.,Idn·t hav!: anything to base II 00. My rwon lor 001 attmc!in. is this: When the fl"ffilom ri<,!. tn ame to Mont gomory. lilt &ptist deacons MId I.~..s linked II""" .00 stood in fronl of the church 00 Sunday mom· ing 10 keep tlltm out. My )"'lung I0Il asked why they wue doing thil. J loid him and he wu 'l'ry up$d. Ht W<I."./nus Joo..l's f\ltl')-body. Morna. In ·Sunbrams' we ling tht song-'red and )"tllow. black and whitt. Ihey are preciow in his sight. J~us loves the little children of the world: So. why do they want to k.ep IIn)'Wi' out?" I >aid. "Son. 1 don't Nove an answer to thai. I don·t know." And. that WH that.
On Martin Luther King 1 thought he was /I nwwlow $pUIct •. 011 yes. I heud his HrrnonI: t newr "l'nt to the church. I told you I never ilSSOdated _ 1 didn·t m«t /II\)' of tlltR ptOple ptTSOl\llIIy. I gw him on tilt television. 1 rn.ve II COf!)' of his "D..am" sermon that I rtad ovtr the int ..com al my schoolIHouston Hills Junio. I!i Sh School. then a p.edomlnantly black school in Montgome~ where Mrs. Johnson tauQht in the 196Ol11. I think lhal lit wu a tremendow innutne. on the bLKk people. H. WH a lu.k •. After his dtath. they uid everything is goilllllo ao back the way it ...... bttaUH ..... don"!: No... /I It~r. And. f.ankly. I don·t think they h.l.\l' wme up ..·ith " rul ludtr sin« \Mn. He WH thai stn::ong and that good. IAII Houston Hills. I uked 00 Martin Luther Killll Day. if they had any program plannw for lilt itu<ltnts? They looI<ed at tach othu and looked at me _ 010. Someone. on. of Ihe black ttllchers. sa id. "We couldn·t afford to do tNoI. we would 10M our jobs." And. I asked the prinei~1 if lhe mindtd if I rud tNot 5P«ch fNt . the inttrcom. J don·1 know whether anyone knew that it was me or not. I knew if tilt lulhorit~ came by Out they would find OUI tNot it WH me who did il. ThoH: children IlHdtd to hel' lNoI. It isa "oIIOfIdorful opeech.
On Robert and Helen Vance I rermmbrr how he enjoyed r.'trythinQ. H. rnjO}-l'd btinQ with pwpl •. talkinQ. He and F.ank Johnson ~re such good THE Al.A8AMA lAWYER
frimds. W. they would ..... il. notes touch other when they were hellri"ll uses _ OOIhinQ to do wilh the caw. W. they talked on lhe ttltphone I lot. H. wI.! so enthusiastk aboul KI mall)' difftnnl thing.. not jusl hi' work. He "'u" good per· KIn. too. and his wi fe was a dOlt (riend ormine. She "'U , .... ry much like I "'u. Slit didn"! go 10 court and she stayed away from il _ the "ct~1 working.. You know. JOrTIt wi .... think INot their hu~nds IlHd them on lilt front row o( tilt courl.oom. They .ully ful tlul way and the, think lhat they a.e doillll their duty. I nrvtr felt th.il way. arid Uelen Vanco never ftlt thai WlIy. So, we hid .. lot in common. 180b VlOnce]lOrId Frank ....... cloM friends and, 011. he liked to cook. Make the biggest mcu in lhe kitclltn. An4 he liked to 0111. He knew .... ry .Utiu.,nl in thi. stalt. r guus. or probably in Ihe circuil. fte liked 10 go to Miami . Nea.ly "lithe judges did not li ke to go to Miami. but Bob Vanct did. Ht ......,.,Id go all the wlOy to Key 1'0.11, or almo:!t all tile way, 10" r.,tauranlthal he knew llboul. (Con /mINd on ~ 325)
NOTICE FALL PROMOTION BEGINS FOR ALABA· MA STATE BAR LEXlS· MEMBERSHIP GROUP PROGRAM
Have a Iib<ary on '/O'JI' deBk as easy as 12 3 The Alabama State Ba!"! LEXIS· Membership
Group tS o1!ering special ioceou~es to new sub· sc.ibers thls lall The prog.am gives sole prachhon(!n; and s.man linns al10rdable 3Cce!$ to !he lEXlS· computen.l:ed teg.al research ser· voce trom !heir own homes and oIfoces. New members oIlhe po-DgrBm WIll recewe tree \laning, free lEXIS· soItware and LEXIS·/NEXIS Legal Research ASSistant Software. and tWO months unlimIted Uge altha servIces at a redllCed proce FCII" thoSe attorneys who 00 root have PCs WIth modemS. dedoeated LEXIS· equopmenll$ available at no cha.ge New members rTlU$t $Ign on to the lEXIS· service before December 31 , 1991 FQf l'TIOfe inkl!mallOn. I'ICluding procll'1g. contact Danoelle Domoco at 1·8QO.J56..654B.
bar·'
No\l'mbrr 1991 1323
DISCIPLINARY REPORT 01..-,......1 SyIKJoug;a ~r MkbHl W~e t.u. ...... ~ bttn dis· 110m<! from tht prxtice 0( Iu effect;".., il1UTlftliattly lor mis~P\lropNl;ng 1m funds of. dient in violation of 1M Rules of I>iKipli~J)I
ProcWU1'I!. tASB No. 89.a27)
Su.~".lon • • Tu",~IO<»a laW)'<'T
Hgllh D<>n Waldrop was tempOrarily suspended from the practice of law ,ff«live April 20. 1990. Thtrufttr. Wlld rop wu found guilty by the Disciplinary B,o,rd of the AJaborTlll Stale Bar of , numbtr of chllrQu of ac:«pting feu from d~nb and th..."ft.., not providi"ll the ;t,grftd-to Itgll KMctS. in violation of DR 6·101 IA) oIlht COOt tJI Profus/ollQ/ RtspotlSi6ilil/l. willfully negltctln/ll 1'I!J.IlTIillfr entruJki.l to him, DR 7·101(.0\)( I) and (2): mUng to _k tht Lawfu.I objrcliYQ of his cliont and biting to ....ny OUII COOITKt of employment mitred into with I dient for profusioNl Krvi~s; and DR \·IOZ(A}(6). mg.llling in cooduct thai ~f$fly on hi. filne$.s to p~ti«~. Wal· drop w<U Ihtuupon or.seud suSj>tndtd from the prxtict of law ror I period of lhrtt }'eIIrs, said suspension \0 run up \0 and through April 21), 1993. (ASB Nos. 89-22. 89-304, 89-527,
...,nKlll
89·639.89·654.89 ·655.90-67.90-244 .90-245.90·255.90· 256.90·263. and 90·321) • Birmingham ~ttornqo RoINrt M.<Kl. Noni ... Jr. was sus· pended by ttlt Supremt Court of Alabarru. {rom lhe pndice of
Low lor ~ period of two )'drs. efl"Ktiw Augwt 22. 1991. Norris suspem.ion was ~ upon findings of ttlt Oisdplif\llry Boud of ttlt ~ SQte IN. thil Norris Nd {,iltd 10 IItli""r 10 the OffICe of C.IlI'ral Counstl oflht Al.o.bIma Stitt INr II CO\ll' or ffilOrding of an l<Mrtisemtnt In Ilimely fashion. tngagfl! In conduct thai adverstly nHtded on his fitnns to practict law. and ",Ikited or cauud to bt solicited on his behalf proftssionaltmplO}'mtnt from /I pro.lptcti>le client. when II signif_ icant motive for his doing so was his ptCuniary gJin. (ASB No. 87-424) • In in order dated August 21. 1991. lhe Supnme Court of Alabama suspmded Mobik auOl"!lI')I Joh .. A. Courtney lor /I period of sill (6) months. Slid su:sptnJion 10 00vrnr .tf«tiYr onAugusi 27. 1991. The ilUSptm.ion was ~ upon tm Oioci· p/ilUry Board's finding that Courtnry hid tngaged in conduct involving disllolll'sly. fnud. d«til, misrtprUtnlition, ~nd willful misconduct, lind, furt/ltr. thai he hid tr>gaitd in conduct th.ot wTlVly r.n«t.d on hil fitlll'ss to prKtict Low. These violations ~rt bistd upon Courtney'l having made se.ual ad,"ancts toward /I 'tmili. tiitnt, lind th. fact that Courtney had p,"",ioosly betn dikiplined by the bar for simi· lar misconduct (ASH No. 90·382) Th, aixxw nlf~ ..mced al/Of"neV should no/ be confused wilh Mobil, aI/ameli John P. Courtnell. III, who is not 1Jtin(} disciplined. • On Augu.t 13. 1991. Selma lawyer J .",u p . trl ck Ch u M •• was publicly censur.d /0. willfully neglecting II
NOTICE
NOTICE
MIl...... L, .... J _
............... t.t • ••• Ord..- to 'how e . u. .. e,F 1 1·22
DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
J_-.
NOOce IS herllby g .... 10 Mm .... L,"" am,,· wIloGa ilISl known IlOalell Ia 620 Croekvlew Dr",e . Pelham. AIabaml35126-1160. tnat his I\IIfI"IO has been certIfied to the Olscipl.nary Comml$6IOI1 lot , .. """"PIi-
!"ley.
... Im CI." Flnch.r, whose whereabouts ara unknown, must answer the Alabama Stata Bar'S formal disciplinary charges within 28 days Of November IS. t99l. Of. the<eafler. the cha.ges conlalflllCi IhefIlll1 shall be deamed admitted end approprieta dISCipline shaD be ~ against him in ASB Nos. 89·166. 89·177 and 89·235 betore the DISCIplinary Boa.d of Ihe Alabama State Bar Donelhis the2S1h dayof~. 1991 .
ance woth the C.... Seco..wity Fund RllIe _""",,,IS d the Alabama Stale BIIIr .,..;t IhIII . . . ._ ORDER TO SHOWCAUSE tIM .... _
lteroof. an apISIlwn
(s»
order"", Iwn 10 sI"<Iw. _1Udy c..,. tn:m .... date d.my d!he order. """V l"1li SI"IOuId noI De ~ tn:m he pracuce d _ SaId order ~ Deen er"IIefed
August 9. 1991. !he attorney NIl umd DecemDer 15. 199110 sI"<Iw causoe ~~ AlaJ:>.lm,t SUt.
10 19 Soof11
Bar
~ Staa.
Moorgamer)'. Af.tbarN 36 104
324 / NCMmbt. 1991
Tilt; ALABAMA LAWYER
Itg;olINUtr erolTUJted 10 him. 1I violalion 0( DR 6-]OI!A); 0( failing \(I seek lhe ~wful ob;mivnol hi. d~rollhrough ru· sOl1llbly aVlilable muros ptnnilled by ]lIW arod Ihe dilti. plim!)' rulu. 1I violalion of OR 7·101(A)( I ); Ind of prejudic· ing or dalNging his client durirog the course of the profn· siolul relali onlhi p. a violation of Di sciplinHY Rule 7·]0l(A)(J). Cheshire. on December 22. 19&8. fd.d in Ihe Uro iled Statu District Court for the Soulhern District of Alabama an employrntnt dilCriminalion .uil on be~lr of hil client .. sainst Coodyear Tire & Rubb", Company. On July 31. ]989. Ihis ~W$uit was dismissed without prejudice for fllilure to ob~in servi« of process ag.J;inst Cood~.... There· ;ofter. lhe clierot paid to Chuhire &n ;o(\ditiolllli sum for filing Ius lind uptnses to refile the suit. Chuhire "'iled 10 file .uit ilnd Ihe Ibluto!), period for filing upired. (ASH No. 91·
481. • On JUrlt 7. ]991. Mobile IlWytr Vadu AI Pual n , loa
Anecdote. from Ruth .John son
(Ccmlinued from page 323)
On Going to School at Alabama State University My II_hingl cer1if.alt Nd ~psed Ind I hid to rtrItW it pl.lc~ I could do I~t wu Auburn. 11 wu belort AUM wu htrt. $0, I ~nl to Alabama Slal •. I "'~nt in and uked 10 entn the gmuale school 10 get enoush hour$ to set my c..tifiate. r alwlYS enMd liOinQ: to lChool. r al\o,"YS onMd claSKI, I was taking Ihe library inltrmediate COursl! and. 101 of othfr Iluff, I went down and look somt black history cours· to, 'Starch for Identity' and electivel. After I had to fulf.!1 my requirermnu for my certificate] just ~nt ahead ,nd got my ITIIIIltr"1 degru. The sludenU, l1\lIinly the onn in my duses, Ihe older school Irlchnl. we .. wry friendly_ The younger people resented me. One young girl linl on. of th. bl"ck Iludy toorselluidj. "You don', belong he ... This is" bl.lck Sludiu course." I Nid, "Young 1Idy. I paid my tuilion and I'll COl'llf if II want 101." They didn't undentand il. II wu" good upec. ritn«. The dOlal
On Judge Johnson's Characteristics as a Judge I'd haw to tell )'Ou as a person, 100, because Ihis best char·
was publicly reprinwlIkd lor ~ng 1,,;1«110 deposillhe funds 0( his cI,tnt ,roln idtnllflllble insured deposito!)' 1....1 iCtount. 01 failing to ufehep Ihe monln of Ihe client entrusled 10 him lor pooymerot 10 the ditnt'l credilors. 0( falling to maintain complete rtcordl 01 all fund.. of hi. clierot which Cime into his polSusion, of failing to rtnder aro ,ppropriate account to hi. clitnt regarding her monies, and by misappropriating tht funds of hil client, by failing promplly 10 pooy over monty collected II)' him for hi. dient or appropriating 10 his 0WTl use clienl fund.. enlrustod to his k«ping. (ASB No_88-402) Tran. f er to Disablltty Stetu . • Ooth&n ~ I'm IIkn.fn Tal u_, J r . tills vnLunlMily lruuftrrtd 10 diW/ility .tatus pursl.llll1t 10 Rule 27, Rules of Oisciplil1llry Pro«dure (Interim). t/ftcti~ AUJlUII 6, 1991. (Ruk V(tI 91-04)
act.riltics as a judg~ and a penonl overlap. It is his .t .. ngth. He i. tho stronseSI man I'~ ever known, and I think you would lIIre. wilh mo. I'm not 1.lle lng .boUI mu.cles. I'm ~Ileing about detennil1lltion and wilipOlO.'er ,nd .tubbo~ss lind ~rything thai goes t08ether to mah up strength. And lIttention 10 JIIl~. He Iw 10 hlovt I~I dtlfnnil1lllion 10 be 1I good judge. He tills 10 hlovt the self-<onfiden« 10 do lhe but he an COfrlt up with 10 _ke lhe riCht dtciJion. And. he ~ il. And. I "nd no ont else Nve ~r Of ~r could innu· tn« that. I koo..> INt he f.els strongly about a lot oflhe things t~t .. ,he il proud 0(. lot 0( lhe Ihings he'l dorIt t~t help pt<>pit, and I know INI he tills hurt for people, 100.1 don'lthink il would ~r gel in the wa,y of. decilion.
On Judge Johnson's Most Important Accomplishments IY}ou know ~ lived logelher Ihrough all 0( this. I don't koo..> t~1 I could uy iny 0rIt Ihing Iwu his greatesl accom· plishrntnt}. I justilopt tNlllllhe It rUUk he ~nl through with the mtn~1 health cut. tNI il tills berltfitt«lth. frltntally ill u much ill think it Iw.. Thai tills given frIt 1I lot of ulisfllClion. And, I'm sure that the prisons "'~'"' in Itrrible condition when those cutS elIfrIt up. These Ire things thol you elIn see. ] think the most impoTUnl thing is Ihal each cut INI was presented to him, he loolc il individually, and didn't look right nOr left nor forward nor backward. but decided thaI particular case according 10 whal he Ihought was constilutiol1lllly a wry good df(i. ion. r don'tlhink thert was any question thallhis is ",hal he's done. • NtMmbe. 1991 1325
ABOUT MEMBERS, AMONG FIRMS ABOUT MEMBERS J . Mlcha . 1 Willi. . ., 5 r. lJ1nounc •• lho "",,"nil 01 hi. offICe 10 2400 FmIo:rick
liNd. Opelika, Alabama 36801
(ntaT
tho
u.. County Ju,(ic. Coni..). The nuiling
addrul r.mlin. 1',0. Box 1068. Auburn. AlwIN 36831. Phoot (205)705-0'l00. 1I .... er M. S .. lt her",... anoounc •• tho ..!oation III his off"," to &nlc for SoY;nllS Buiklina. 1919 Morri. Awn ..... Sui.t IS$&, IIinnm,ham. AIoIwnI 35203. I'hono (205) 322-0012. 322-0017. h lrld.. CeIMo 5 _1'1, IonntrIy with tho 6nn 01 Scrua> & .lordm. onnounca tho '''OQ1ion of .... off"" to n.. .....orld AraIdt. Mlorktl Str'ffi, Sc«uboto, ~ 35766. Phont (205) 259-3582. Lu ter L. MelRI, •• InnQun<tf th. •• Iocation 0( hb oIfi« \0 IIIO·S ShtIIOTl 8 .. ch ROlId. Sar.lan d. AI.blma 36511. Phor.o (205) 679·819'9. "...... 1.. NI II S.. Uh. Jr., !... "",rly on ... i.lanl Unitd Silt.. AlIornl Y for tho
No,lhorn OiJl.kt of AI.ba.m., hu bun awoinltdOO$ an _is\anl ll"Ut<l Stalu AUanNl' for Ill,. £aall ra DI.l rlct . f Te DII... n , IOJ " 'nt Summer Str•• t, GIftniMIIt. Trn.~ 'Sf H Jn4l. Phont (6 15)
639-'159. Po MII.1o MeNalo onnounca tho opminQ 01 hi. offiCI II JOO North B<1I Stmt, Suitt L Doth~n, Alab<oma. Th. mailing addreu;' P.O. 110:< 5612. Ootlwl. AIaba"", 36302. I'Ilor.t (205)793·2629.
AMONG FIRMS It ..... ,. Vi .... announcn that •• Mt'! H . .... and wl~ "".. KI.. , havr bKomt wocialn 01 tl>t firm. wilh olfom at 1900 lRnid Buildi"" P.O. Box ]0006. llirminctwn. AIWm& lS202-0008.. I'horIo (205) 324-4000.. DUI . .. ,. ..., ... . . annouroru II>t rtloeallon of lu omc •• 10 Th. MulOy lluilding.. 29(1211t Slrett North. Suit. 600. Oirmif>ilwn. Abb&mo 35203. I'horIo (205) Z51,2823.
MIU ... H• ..,1I10" , Sn l... " OdolD Chrluophy C. HUlDe,
~noun cu I~I
326 /
NO'>~mbtr
1991
III hal l>ecomo a momb .. of Iho firm. T.... H. Kat. hu ~.ociattd ",-ith lilt firm Vld Bill J . B... _1I hu ~ di'feior 01 odminimation with tho fi.m. Officol ar. louted in MGbil . and Mont· lI"",ery. Alab.lma and WlI$hington. D.C. lI obert H. W. III . .. . fr. .. k C. G. I· I. .. OJ!, J ••, L. V.. U .. " SI.~ ler. J . .. Chorl" H~I, La ...... .. c. Du m.., III. C. H"",., 1'1...1... , V.mon L. W. Il •• II , J . .. .. L, B I. ch.. II. MI, h. • • 1 C. Quill... , DuW B. "",oittoan. La..., B. CIIIII • •• II, 8.1111 , C, H...h , I II, and H.t. .. C. .rl. F.I I• • ..,nouna tholonnll ,on 00 ' ·...10.. , SIa~k •• W.I", ""......... .. a..1Ju.. EU&a·
K.,
H.,.....
I.
"" I " C..... 'II. BI I II., . C. Eil io B . .... I, 111 , D•• B. W. lol. n , S . .... c l M. Hili . Willi .... H. Jr., An .. O B. Sto ... . VI .. c" ..1 It, w d· I..., lIu ... 1I W. Ad . ... . and Emil,
Bouloul<ol " O, lu hy announces the 01111 ome .. 10 Th. f in.ncial C.nter. 505 North ZQ\h SI ... I. Suilo 1675. Birm;nQhlIm. Aiab.lmll15ZlJ3. Phont (205) 322· 16011 . Ch err" GI.. n . , T .... r , P "I... , Lockett" DI. . annOUncu th.t D. .. SI........... , Iormrr ~ry 01 SI.>I. and AUomoy ..,,11or tht State of ~ hu ~ ..... mbe. of tht firm. Abo. J. a....., .o.ltO" hu btcome an &IIOCial<. Bo th will ~ .. el,e. in tho fi.m·1 Mobil. lor.ltd II 401 Church Street. P.O. D,"_, 1129. 36633. Phon. (205) 432· 3700.1ht firm . 1so ~ oIIic.. in Birming . hlIm and Oolhln. Al.bl",a and Jackson. Milfiuippi. P ierce , Ca rr " Alfo rd .nnounc .. "",d...,. C, ClauNn hal joined tilt form. Officn are loclttd al ILIO Monllim •• Drive. Mobl lt, Allblm. 36609. Ph ono (2(l5) 344-5151. rtlo<~tlQn
ec..
".,.r, off".
S id •• Bo ndi have joined 11$ aSiociot es. and L . ...... u Du ...... J r. will h. of C"OU1IJ#i IQ lilt n.m. Off"es I .. !ocaltd.1 Finoncial C.nte •. 505 20th SI.ttI North, Suile SOO, 8irminaham. Alabo. ..... 35203. I'horIo (205) 251,9600. Beule,-. Wllaea, Atk .., M.....IMb... J •• I. . . . . J •• u .nnoune.. thol J , Ca le Port I• . for ..... law clerk 10 MonljfO .... ry Counly Circuil Judg. J.,..p/I D. Phtlpt. nI w. D..u.1 M.IIea, IlL rom.... ~ elm 10 ~ Sup ....... Court Jus· tice Henry B. Stc-gall. n. ~vt ~ UfOciaiN with lilt finn. OIIic" a .. IOCOIN .1 207 Montaomery Sireet. 10th FlooT. B.1I Buildintl. P.O. Bo~ 4160. Monlgom~ry. Ala~ma 36103·4 160. Phone (205) 269-
"".
H...... M. Mil .. ..,nounc. tht formation 01 Sl""k...... " ,IUL... with olflCOS loe.t.d II 1125 Pin.ncial Conlor. 505 North 2Q\h SI«'.I, lIirmingham. Abh.tm.o 35203. Phone (205)252.2889.
Ttto.ao a. EIllOII, J • . and J . Tho ..... Bu rt.1I .nnounc. the ....,-get oIlheir practices.nd lilt IOnNItion of Lo ... . . . V...."7, EIUoU .. B"rt-. -no- s. Halt, Ionntfly with Central IIanaIw-.. of Ihe Soulh, Inc., bu become ....oci.l.d with Ihe Ii . .... Olher .noeiatu •• e I. a l,o. B ~ltt t n . J •. and 111 .1•• • • w. w .. I• . om«1 I •• Iocaled al 1230 Puk Pllte Tow ... 2001 Puk PIIt •. Birming· h~m. AI.bama 35203. Phon. 12051251_ 2531. III . ~ . . . J , S toc kham , III and
Miller, H•• lltooo, S. ld.r " OcIo .. iIIU"IOUncu tht OCItning 01 • Binnineham olf..: •• !ocaltd &t CoIonl.ll Bank BuiJd,ni1928 Finl Ave .. ue No rth. Suilo 1501. Birmineham. Abblml 35205. I'horIo (205) 325· 1530. Tht firm 1150 lnn<>unc .. Ih.al Ed,a . C. Genii. , III will b< lilt lIirm· inKhom parln • • in <nidonct and Jill G... " . hu become II$soci3ltd wilh Ih. fi . m·1 Mobil. olfo.e. Wa llac. II. B........ , Jr. Vld Rich ... III . K...... u, Jr. announc. lilt formalion of B...... " Ke ........ Off"u .«' Ioaled .1 1323 Br~d SlrUI. P.O. BOll 3556, PhoniJ Cil)l. Abbama J6868 lS56 Phone (2(15) 293-2Z22.
1l •• I .... . II t l " '''", " Bil u .... noutICU 0 chan# 01 tho firm ........ 10 xa.. r...... ,. Roth l".r. that RoItn1 1'1, RIt~ht' boc ...... lIockhold • • effective }~uary I. ]991. and thol 1'1 . ... N. Ckam· .. I... hao ~ associated wilh II>t firm. Offic.. a •• locat.d It 2740 hlrl3 R<»od. Third ~1oor, MOT1lgomery. Alabama 36106. Phone (205)244. ] Ill.
TH .: ALABAMA LAWYER
EIIL.II " Ellioll Innoun, ... tll.t EII".nI L. ,",cRI,bI. Jr, Iw bKO<'I'>t. member ol tM firm, and tho NmI of tho firm Iw be.n <hangtd to Elliott. Elliott .I ." 'cAI,hI. Offie.. will remain at Third A•• nut. Rlanton 8uildinQ, 2nd Floor. J~r, AW!.vruo 3$(12·0830. Phon< (205f 221·9333. Eann ,",lIclll~1I .nnwnen that T . Ene ro ... u . fo""'" InI cl.rIc to Judlje H. IWIdolI Thomas. Iw bKomo ...oo.ted "'ith tM firm. ome.. ar<! located at Shelby Modical 8u ildi",- 644 Second Str •• t tolE, Suit. 11)4, P.O. Box 939, ~or. Abba..... 35007.1'hont (205)663-96968 ........ " Co)' .nnounen tht rtl\'l(M.l ol its ollie ... to 602 South Hull Stntt. MontQomcry. Alabama 36 104. Phont 12051264·8118. Cda '"'. Carter Iw withdrawn from tht firm of Cartu. H.II • 8~e ..... .,.. 8 ...... T. S.lth Iw becomt I partner. and 1M finn will MW lit k.-.. ;IS Hall S~ .. Smith. includln. mtmbtts .. B ... u H.II .nd en, C. Silener. Officu." Iocaled It 316 N. Oat.. SI_t, p,O, no~ 1748. Dothan. Alab.m. 36302. Phon< (2<l51793-3610. Willi •• C. W.... h.r' .nd SUph • ... Ie "'laa.b!..I "'enl.~.rf announce tho ",,""'III ollheir ollie.. III'IIItr tho NmI ol W.... h . rr " W•••• iI.rr. Offien .r. Iocaled 11303 Will ...... Awnur. Suile 512. Huntsville. Abba ..... 3580\. H.rrla. Enn., Be., .. ,",orrl • • n· nounce. Ihe change ol tl>< firm """'" 10 Htorr la. E•••• , 8u" ,",.rrl . . . II ....... with ollie.. to rtmain II IliJloric 2007 Buildi.... 2007 Third A......... North. Birmintthao>. Abbama l5203. PIlon. (205) 328·2366. Th. fi,m .Iso .nnounc.. lhat Su .... Ao .... h.u become. parlner in Ih. fi r m. and thai La"nllu T. IUn,. Iormtr d.rk to (O"""r Chlff JUlIi« CoCo Torbtrt , Jr .• nd 10 Chid JII"ico E.C . H• ........,.. J . .. Iw bocorno MOociaIed with tho finn. Ca~ K. Cnee ONIOUrICtIlhat Sinen J , Sh.w hao keom. a m.mbtr of the fi r m •• nd tho firm', nlme h .. be.n ehanQed 10 C • .ce .. Shaw. Offieu are locll.d ilt 100 Jeffenon Sl ru' South. Suil. 300. H"nuvill •. Alab.m. 3580 1. I'hont (205) 5:U.0491. EoIwanI M. R. .e ... Jr., formtr dtputy ... i'tllli to !'resident Owh ond """,,,Iiw usiJlIM to Whit. flou," Chief of Staff
THE AU.RAMA lAWYER
John Sionu ..... Iw joined lht Washington. D.C. olfoco ol Bald... 8In...... Roger> ;1 I Qradual. olin. Uniwrlity ol Ahl>""", School ol Uw and a 1985l1dmiu•• '0 ,I>< Alw ..... SI>t. Bar. B.>lth.li lIinQ.ham also hal offIctS;n Monlgomtry and HUtlt..illc.
....
~
Th . .....e .. II.1 B... k .... Tra.t C•• ,.n, .nnwnc•• thai RI~h ••• J , VoluUu. Ir" /omoorly ';(t.prtsidtnt and usocialt 'o"nul with Chau Hom. MortlWl' Corporation. Iw become associ· I ted with tho Prudcnl~1 Bank U vice·pres· idtnt iln<! .... i.lanl lIe ..... 1 counul. Hi. ..... ilinQ iddr... io 1M Prudential Rank and TI'UJI Company. Two Concourse Parlc· w.y, Suile SIlO. Atllnll. Georgil 3G328· 6]07. PI>OO< (40.1) 55]·6879. B]ann... hlp .. 1I0~lnlOn annoonctJ Ihat DInah P. Abocl.. lias become a mtmbtrollht firm and tho firm""""' .... b.. n chanlled to 81.nken.hl" Ao.I,,· ..a " RhoH.. with olfoc:u to ......... 1\ PM! Side Squa~, HuntJvillt. Alabama 35801. I'hont (205) 536-7474. W.Uace, Brook " 8~ .. innounce,
m
lhil '"'lc~ .. 1 J, B","t has joined lho: firm U plrl ner, .nd Willi •• W. 8roon, vi<:.·pruidtnl anol gen.ral OO.m· .. I ol Harbert Corpo",tion, Iw becom. of rounullo the firm. Tho firm Iw chang.d iJJ lUI"'" 10 W.llul , Jonla n, Aatll ff. 8 1"" ., 8 .... cll. Oflieu a .. Iocaled at 2000 SouthB ridgt P.rkwlY. SIIilt 525. Oi r minlham, AI.b.m. 35209. Pho". l205) 870·0555. Wood.1I " Maddol ilnnwnc.. th.1 VI ... I,,1a ,. HolIJda,y Iw bKomc associ· aled with the firm. The firm', add" .. i. 3821 I.ormo Ro;od. Suito 101 Chast Com· mtre. Park. Birminghwn, Alabama 352«_ Phone l205f 733·9455. NoJj . . D ~ ........ announCe. th.1 T."1 M. C'O.... Iw,oined lho: firm as In associ.le. Ofroc.. are located .1 2125 Morris A"enue, BirminQham. Alahama 35203.1't>ont (ZOS) 25f}.WlO. AQ. . .I RUM IllnourocU lholt 0., T. ROIl .... Iw ~ III _iato ollht firm. Officu "" located in Mobile. AIabo· "'" and N.... Ortnnl Ind Billon Roug ••
Loui,iana.
•
LANDTECH86 Real Estate Settlement System For
LRser or Mil/fix Prin/ers
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N<Mmbtr 1991 / 327
QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS_
_
WITH JUDGE FRANK JOHNSON By STEPHl:."N J. ROWE The following ;nterview with Jud8~ Johnson was conducted on August 2,
'990. A tal has been made althe impor' of Winston County as 0 mqjor influence on JlQur charader ond judicial i"d~pendence. HOOJ important would goo sag Winston Cwnlg oclualil/ u'OS /0 I/our dewloprmml?
Q: lance
{n the (!Hi{ freedom riders case. : IIOU enjoined Ihe riders from dem<m5/roting because of lhe po.s.sibililll of further violence. Also. in the 1969 ruse of Scott ~. AlaiHlma Slate Booro of EdUCGtion, IIOU refused to Otwtum lhe suspensirm of 39 sludlmts roy civil dis· obedilmO!. /n both ruses, llOU, in efffft. ruled agairnt protllSlers in cit'iI di.robe· dimO! cases.
Q
Thai true. That's a wrong A., assumptIon. iS~'t
A
I wouldn't think that Winston
: County, just b«ause it's Winston County, had anything to do wi t h my development Or anything that 1\.., don. Or an,1hing 1 think. I think the fact that it WOl.I a small, lightly populated rural. type area may have. In any rural area.
like Winston County is. you get to know people p"llQnally. and you l•• m early to judge people on the basis of the;, indi-
vidual characteri sties and not judge peor pie as members of a class or on the basis
of their economic status or the;, social status. In that regard. I think growing up in Winston County had a lot to do with my develOpment.
. Q A.
Do llOU hu"," anll porUculur fOnd • rmimOTW; ofgrowing up there?
Of course, many. many. Mo$l of • them have to do with working, plowing, cle~ning up barra. cutting and piling hay. A lot o(them ha ..... to do with the g.ography, the riVtr. and the wal ..· falls. 328 1 November 1991
Mil question is. what ure 1I0u, : views On the "milS ofci"il dirobedilmO! and when. if e""y. is il justified under Ihe law?
Q
Well. lei me tell you the basis for : the temporary injunction. that were entered in the c.ues that you just made reference to. There was violence. There was disruption in the communi· ties. disruption in the state because of the freedom riders. Becau .. of the aUempted Selma march. a lawsuit was fi led. I didn't just step in IinJlhne c.ues, You had a complaint filed asking for .. lief. If the disruption ""as continuing at that time. 1 felt that it wasn't fair to the court or fair to the part in on either side to allow them to me a com· plaint ilSking for reHef and continue to dilrupt to Q\)l;Iin it on their own. If they wanted relid from the court. thty could sit back and give the court a reasonable opportunity to take the evidence and
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determine what their rights ",.. re . and if they had rightl. to declare them ~nd enforce them. So I f~1t lik•. and it ",as my basic philosophy. and still is. that you cannot continue your disruption and come to court and ask for relief. You're Going to ha ..... 10 ,top it and givt the court a reasonable oppOrtunity to take the evidence. find out "'hat the legal qUfStions .re. and make. declara· tion as to the right.! of the various par· ties. Now. <ii'll disobedience can range from making speeches on the corner outside a courthou.. to disrupt ing Highway 80 from ~Ima to ~tontgome!)' or disrupting riding a Greyhound bus from BirminGham 10 Montgomery or from Montgomery to Mobile. I do not believe-and ne,.. r have- that partie, ha,... right to engage in civil disobedience that will have the effect of disrupting other people's right to live without being disrupted when the courts are reasonably available. Now. you can apply that concept to what went On in China and find it mighl not be applicable. But. in Alabama it was. The courts "'.. re here. the federal courts ",.. re h.... they ",,,,e av.i l.ble. a nd if you were entitled to relief. thty'd give it to y<lU. You don't have any right to engage in cil'il disobe· dience that's disrupti,.. of other people', lives under tho.. circumstances.
Q.
One of !Iou, biographers wrote . Ihal One of lIour goals was 10 mainlain Alabama's herita~ ond uniqueness through lIour judicial dtciTHE A1AIlA.'1A u\WYER
siMs, llow much 01 tJ roruitkrotion IZQS thot tmd h()ID $U«aSlu1 do ,ou f«ll/Oll
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[Th",,[ wun't Iny C(lnsid..ation : in my xtion as I judgt, You decide lawsuiU on Ihe bui, of Ihe facIO in a case,}'OU decide lhe l eg~1 issues thaI ore ~roperly pruented, ~n~ itS tht controlling and binding authority requirts. You don't do il juSl 10 make Alabama look beller Or kerp illrom looking worse, So. it '""n no consider~lion. Nont. If you look Ihal into considt,Uion in an 1.IIem;>l. 10 make Alab.lama look belttr or kttp it lrom looIcillJl worse, Imn, if}'OU didn't lih ,\I,blma, you could lab xtion lhit would be designed to make II look "'OrH, One's no! any worst lhin tho OIIv, insolar as deviating from }'OUr judicial autho"ly Ind obligalion. The premiH '" thai question imllliu tha.t I ",as ;nvol"ed in pOli lics, ",hich is n(}1 lrue. NO'W, that doun't mun lhal ded· ,iollS didn 'l have $Ome political ramif!· cations. They Ilways 00. Rut. thaI ",un'l the purpose lhil I entered the findings or lhe injunction or whaltwr il "'itS tha.1 was appropriate in a QI~n Cise. The image 01 Allbiml had nolhing 10 do "ith it. and it,houldn'l haw. Looking INIck, do ¥I)U consid"r : ,ourM!lf irllIHz '50s, '6OJ ami '7fJs 10 Irol~ betn judiciollJlliberul or am· _'ive or _thing ,,/#?
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figure myself to be judicially A : independent. Not Iibe,,1. N(}t con· ..,rvaliw. N(}t radical. I dtcided cases On the buis of "'hal I thoughl binding authorily WIS, and if thtre ",a,n't .ny binding aulhorily, on the bnis of my inttrpreillton 01 tm bw and tlv hisll)ry 01 the st.ltutt "';thout regard II) whether it"~ IIO<lIJIlo be socially accepIabIe or SOCiilly ulUcceptable. And, that's Ihe
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TIlE AL.A1lAMA I...\WY£R
~ judgH t.w.! tl) be. You canoot br a judge if you're going to dtcidt caHS WIth the ~ration in)'Ollr mind"", til", IiOtng 10 be ICCtptable by the pwplt or IS il ootr 11>1.1 CUloot be J ronsidtr. alion. Th,n Ihe renon 1 nrve. haw agrud lhit eltcting Slalt judges "'U a good concept, And, IItarly all )'OIIr st.lte judge, would agru Ihal it's not a good concept. I've talked to $tveral af Ihem .. , ,
g
Ift 1M Monlg<JmefJI bus ~, 1M : majoritl/ opiftiQ" bl/ Jud!J(' Rit~
JIOU ulm/kd 1M Suprrmi!
Court.
B NHm d«iJion. In a _ , II/IIilIallJ """ ONled. llhul is IIw proper roht oF ~ rourts in laking this tIlT'" attJdion!
The un of the word "nt'nded " : Mld}'OU. phrut"new bw w.u crt" ued" in bOlh wrong. Lo",er courl judges in the lederallyslem NW a duty ;and '" obligation to fl)llow lhe la"'. , ,. Supreme Cl)urt d«ilions in the federal system art bind ing on al l I<)lo,'er court judg<s. The CCKlrt 01 appeals judges, di... Iriel COUrts, magistratu. twl)'Ol1t in lhe fode,,] judiciary system. Judjte Lynllt_1 NW I lot 01 ,tsptCI for J . Lynnein that CIH dissenl«l b«IUH he said Ihe Supremo Court Ndn't spocif!c.olly <Mrrul«l PIa&, I'. F~. Well. the Supreme Court had in Cl)n~pt ~r· rul«l Pi_¥ v. Fngwon. They had <M.ruled any public inilltulion thil dis· criminated I)n the buis of race. Why should we h,ve u t back and lei tht Montgotnel')' bus system ;and the Alabama bus syslem continue to discriminate on the basis t)/ race when lhat concepl had bun ,'try dtf!nitiwly decided by Ihe Supremo C()Urt of the United Slates? I think you're Ib.landoning your duty if }'OU say, ""tH. I Ihlnk }'OU're right, bul rm going to deny relitf ind Itt)'Oll filr, potition lor certionri to the Supreme Court 01 the Untlt<I Stat.. and Itt thom decide this SjlKir.c issue as to """'tm, the COft«pt ipplJed in Btou-n is appliat· ble 10 public IranSPOrtalion. Judges shouldn't do tNI. So, we didn>t make ""'" liw, Some judges hiw • different concept. Judge Lynn., for exampl •. I tried cases before him when I was a lawytr, I pro..,cuted wh.n I W3$ a U.S.
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Altorney. lnd he 's I great judg., but Ihu's i positll)n thit I don't t hink judges should tike. I never hive. Of COUTH, Judge RiV1'1 OobYiou,ly felt the samr ""'-y. The Supreme Court '" oot..,1 up II) decide e~ry u$t, eve ry issue. They're set up tl) give lOme guiding principles 10 the lower courts to apply speci fically. Thai'S what th ey did in Broom and thai's ",hat we did in the bus dtsegrtg.ltion case. Wool kind 0I,1rf!$S did 1M twJC· : lion 10 IhtM d«i.Iiotu impo5l! on JIOU and JIOOr fmnill/? 111101 kind of dart· JI"r' do ,ou Ihirlk ,ou '""' in?
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You don't ever know thit. You A : jusl SJ>OCullt. on it, II wu aliUle "",de. Ivre in Montaomery beau..,,,~
hid the Monlgomer'Jl Alh~1'I~1' lnd the A/abQmu .Iourrwl (hit "'tre ""'ntd by a lamily referred II) as the "HudlOn lam;· Iy". They were wry reactionary a:; far .. Ihe civi l rights movemeni wu co ncerned. T he~ editorialized on me at lust once i ",uk, vel)' ~dwrst ly and V1'ry critki] of me. Thit "",kes il hard· fT fl)r your fimily. It stirs up wwr.., fultngs in people ",ho don't thin k fl)r Ih.mHl""., bul ju,l belin"l' whal they ruel in the PiPO'. You don'l n"l'r koow what lhe dangtr is. ""'" Uniled St.lln M....ohll s.erviu provided SOmr prolec tion 1\ my home 1\ niQht. Pirticulu]y when I "'as ofl in courl. My mother's howe "'as bombtd. Sh. liwd about si~ blocks fmm ,,'here my wif. and son and I lived. I don'l think thert's any ques· tion but lhal her house ... as chosen for thai bombing tilher by trmr, th in king it ..... mine, btciuse they were lislN in the telephone book, or becluse th.y found thil there .... re marshals al my house. and they just did tN.t for intimidalillJl purposes, But)'Oll atn'l tell what tho dangtrs ""tft. Wt're in the same sil' Wllion now .. far as this Jud~ Vane. murda' is concerned. All )'01.1 CUI do:. is spocuLlte. All the judits on Ihis court, 1m aclive judsts, rtceiwd tItltlh threat letttrs mail«l the same day lhat bomb ,,-as mailed, ",rilltn on Ihe same Iype· "Titer .. lhe bomb w.. add.essed ",;Ih. So, you dl)n't know, , , , Il"s worH on some judges Ihan it i. Gn olhers. You NCl\'embtr 19911 329
don't not. gtt atc'UStomcd (If Kdirml· ~ to it Bul, you an't lei il slow you .sa..1l 0. ilop you (rom working or a.· rying oul you. rf8ular schedule bcciu>f th.ty'w Kcomplishtd a lubstlntial part of thoti. mi$Sion if you allow thotm 10 do that.
Q l.mow
Ihal/lou and Judfll! l?i1J<!$ : sol on Ht'lmllthrne.judge panel. logethe r, and in On' boo/( I've read, JIOU'nl quoted as rrferring 10 him as lhe "rtto/ hero of I~ South", If t/wt is on acc:ura/t quo/It, wh/l do /IOU Sllj//ha/ and whal arw _ of/lOUT "If"""jes of JudgtRivnJ
JUd,f Ri~s .oil a ,rul pr. son. ' We wen perional/riends. Our wue friends. I IIad a Irtmtndous rupeci (or him, IIf'S the only judge who evu came to this building who but "'" 10 work in the morning. ! got here lbaut 7:00 and he'd at ' eady b. her. most of th. morn ings. He WiU much OIM. that I .oil. Twenty·sew n 0 . 28 yUri. Bul, he studied, He didn'l &hoot from the hip, II. was sul:>jt<:t~ to ~ c.itkiJm and pm.,nal discriminalion lhan ! wu bcciUH hot lhoughl I lot about his church and the social dubs and omn', dubs that hot bdongnlto. He .oil ostrKiuil Irom IhooH. They ntn cI\mgflIlhei. WHkly lunellton mtding wilhout "lIin, him whue Ihey'd changed it to, PlOI'le WlMJld not sit on th ume row in his p.tsbyleriln chu , ch here in Montgomery. And. he had to lu~ th. church. So, that hurt him, hurt his wift, because they we .. sodally actiw. 1 w;un'1. My wife w;un·1. I'd rither be out in a fishing boot than do:rwn hen at one of theH white glOVl:' ann~1 \11.11<;". I don't lik. thai .ort of stuff. And, it's pretty hard to discrimi· NIle iglinst IOIT"ItO<>t who lion his own discriminati .... so. hot wu l...bjKtnl to mou discrimiNllion than I was.. It hurt him more bcciUH hot wu ~ry KflSitiw to it. And, hot still dtcidtd aH:O like he saw thotm in most inslMl«.S. I diwntrd ~inst him Ind Judgt Vll'mr in a cou· pie 01 taHS. They we re both Iaken to tilt Supretm Court of the Unittd Slates. The Supreme Court adopted n1l' dissent and that got his ~ttention, lie wouldn't
A ,.;.,.u
330 f November 199]
Jptak 10 me for thru or four months "''Mn wt'd m«t lit our ars aflu hot was revtTHd in ont thost caHI. But, wt wtre good fritnds. And, hot wu , hotro beuuu nothinll dd .... d him from doing whal M thought his job rtquirnl him 10 do. When I gy job, I'm inelud· ing his OlIth of office. rhere is WI old pic/ure of you and : Gowmor Wol/(1U Jtandi"g with IIQur u.'h~1 I" /lour laU! ,chool dal/s. What UXlI /lour rela/ionship with him then. alld do fIOU ft.yr I« him noUJ?
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CltI, I hawn't Walbct A : ,inc/t! wu indu cted inlo tht Abbanv Acadtmy of Honor wt h.ld Iftn
Gtorgt
and
1M ~rtmony up hot.,. in lhot apitol. H~ Clime in lite. tht ctnmony had just stilrt~d. That's thit last time I'rt Hen him and the fint time I'd sun him since he ame to my house one nighl ~nd wanted mt 10 giw him a short un· tence.
Q:
In the Bullock Countll case?
A
~rs
right. Bullock anod Barbour.
: II Ithe inductionl w;u ten or 12 years ilgo Jt least. TNt's th. wi tim. I'~ H.n him. Wit were fri~nds in law
>ehool. But, lhere wtrm'l but 25 or 30 01 uS in IlIw school, So evtryone wa~ fritnds, W, IIad II)mt philOSOphical dilf... nculhotn. In undt'1loo~te school, we were both in a debating cours • . Speech, w. dfbiot«i Franklin R~I t'. philosophy as I~r;u i>Iltting the Al~barn;o Pow~r Company out of business up in the Tennenu V~lIe~ ~nd putting the subs id ized · by· t he· ftdt fa I· gov_ rn menl TVA in thtr •. And, [ took 10 strong pOSi· tion 'illinsl il. I. thought it ""n 11 bad connpt, Public enterpriH ""as what this .... tion "'II loundtd on. He w;U for il. Out. ! guw.. ",'t kind of M!Ched aftt! woe got out 0( that,
tOo hod a/nuke uperimce as 0 : trial ItlWJI"itr' and as a trial judge, /IOU hove the reputation of hao'mg been a grooltrl(1/ judge, 1I11a1 (fuaHtia do /IOU thi,,/( m(1ke (1 good trial judge and olso a good triol l(1UlI""?
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woulil you consider thot recogni· : lion of thot necessity to sludy and work hard 10 Irlil~ T kll'S tht most import.lnl one, You ha~ , lot judges who crlwl on the bfnch wi!hool ItUdying ihtir usu. A lot olla~ri who go in Ihit court room without knowing what the controlling pr inciplt~ 01 th~ liOW lOr. or, ertn in t.i~I, interviewing thlt;. witnuHS and making an ~pplica· tion of the testimony to the cont,o\\;ng principlu of the law. You tiln'! docid. a cast, you tan't try I tiI5It, unltss you know 1111 thai. You ciln't do il in iOn intel1igtnt Inil dlccti~ milnn ... So, the bottom lint;s hard work. I don't know any;ob thai you an do ~d do il "''til and do it tfftdr.'tly ""ithout hard work. Whelhtr you're I JU.gtOn or an internisl or a trial liOwytr or l triill judgt or an a~lllIte b~r or opprlIllte judge. All of it's ilill work.
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Q.' e...er
Who'J Ih' /xuttriO//04'yer you SIlW?
You ' ~ have to go to a Clt~ gory : belo.e nWcini 10 decision. You'rt gOI In outstanding group 01 civil dtfense lawyers. Civil plaintiffs lawytrs. Criminal ddenn. Criminal prowcutoo. Awfllllit IlIwyori. So. you ,,",'t to go to II ateQOTY to determine lhal. RIfely notr will you find a ilI'.ooy!'r who's In e~Pfrt in civil work and crim· inal wor~ and t.ial work and apPfllate work, Somtlimu, but not often, Rod· erick Beddow in llirmingham w;u on_ of the finut ci rminal dtfen" 1~W)'ers 1 u.r t ri ed CUts with. I prosecuted thlt" Dial boys OVI:'r here for Ila"ery; it w;u the liSl sla~ry case that wa, eve r ProMcuttd in the St.lte of Allbarm .... He til"'" down lor my inwstiture and rmde a talk "'hen t ""IS Jworn in, in 1955, and he mtntiontd that cue. Said. "I can It II you he WllJ J good pTOHCulor bKlUH anybody who btal$ mt in a courtroom i, iI domntd good prosecutor.- So. you hart to IiO to tat· egori~s. You r father 's 10en Rowe) I grut. grut civil la~r. ! doubt he'd be a Vtry good criminal liOwyer, He could be if he sPfdaliud ;n it but he hasn'1.
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Ti lE AU\RAMA lAWYER
Whol about in the civil rights the IOll'lIen /IOU saw "'hen 1I0U On the b~r"h in Ihe civil rlghtl cosn?
Q"''''It
: C'Q$t!$,
You h.lo~ I ~W)'tr who wu ";th : tilt Dtpar\mml 01 JU$li~. H. ~nt in ill m assistant attomty !itnmol in tho civil righu division duri ng the lauer part of tho E:isenhoYo'u administration. H. btwnt tho he.od 01 tilt ,MI rights divi· $ion. His rwnr is John Dou. lit's one of the lints( civil .ithlS lawyers J'~ ew. 5«11. Now, IIIi)'Ix iff not Iii. to priv,att iowytn 10 COITlpaN thrm to IIwytrs who ~ the pOlw.r and tho authori!)' and tilt ruources that the federal government hu. So. with pr;vat.lawytrs. "''f:II, thtrt'S _ra1 of them I O!IppOinttd two \awyo:rs \0 rtpI'tHfll 5OI'Ilr prisonm in tilt mtt pri$on ao.e. Ono <I them was an a-boN citric of min. Robert Segall. He still ~kes hert. The atilt. one that I appOint.d "'as • professor named TlI;'lor at the Univtrsity of Alabloml ~ ..., School. TIlry did I gRcatjob in that caK. Truman llobbs. he', on the dUlrict btncII. lit was I iood bwyor, but he c1idnllw>dk my cMI riglllS as.es. Chuck M~n was I IIOOd cMI rig/>ts Lowytr. lie btgan doing that in 8irminghlm and tho" h. wu OS\l'lICiRdlo the point he felt like he !'lad to luvt when he took i public position and ~ 10 _ of thoR soc~1 clubs in Binningham OIPinst thr Iodm. political and community leaders in Birmingham, ..'ho let in IItmosphere gtt cruted that wwld allow I'tOplt to come in lind bomb that churoh and kill thoK blad children. He moYed to Atlanta • . . hoI's in privat. plXtiu now malting II
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",,,,led
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AU0mey5 " La .... Otrts
1<lt of!llOnt}' in Woshington lit a law firm that rtpresents oorporations lilee Sears. R~buck . Ile wu /I grut ci vil rights
...,...
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What do VOU havII W Q : studer!ts and VOUng lawgers as to
whottheir ambitkJns and goals 5hoold
'"
A weu.goab
ii ' s 1I1wllyS good 10 hive ' ambi l ions lind 80001s. but IImbi· woo't llet it. You ha,,. tions ald 10 ha.... the ddtrmin.otion ind the prr· sillenet to g.1 qualified and 8tt in II position whtre you're .Iigibl.and qu.l.l· ifled to ptrform the position that your ambition tells you you Wint. That's the route you ha .... to ukt. You Qn't just NY 1 Walt to ~ i United SIIItu FNotn.1 Judge lind goof off in law school lind god 0« in your IIIw prKliet. You can't do it. Thit "",n't gt! it . I don't Ollrt whit your politicil power is. !t still won't gel It.
queslicrl is: Is _ of gaur • bit _ Q : M/l1o$1
il hw IMt of flOOr
btotherJ 00I11w berrch. and if so. INS il a rom"",,,1 001 hisjudici<J1 t"-! Judge Tjonat is chid judge now. : II. WIIS just a d"uit judge li ke I 11m now. At that time. he C,U nt up to /4onlifotntry to go fIShing wilh me one Sooturdoy al'kmoon. He hid b«n lit our Ilotne btforr. My wife and I _re Jilting in thr dfn with Ntb. our Doberman _ he thinks he ""TIS that house and has II riQht to protect it, /I duty. T1Iat"s bfW in him. So. Judge Tjonat WIlt to the back
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• Pa~ • Legal Secretaries
Law Temps
~ Legal Specializing In ~ Temporaries
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Buildlna One. SUIle
100
Il!rmlngh:om, AL 3'2044
for
8m Blanto n . Diteaor (10l988-mO
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door. lind it wa", 't locked. Ht ju.t opened It and stuck his I,g In and yelled (or me. lie QIIs me "old ~r" ;rnd I QII him "old cool . ..... W.·re .... ry cloot fritnds. And. whon h. yelled like that. th ..e wn no wily 1 could but thll t Doberman to him. and he got bad there lind got him by the leg. So, 1 put the dog out lind gave Judge Tjotliit 50"'" antibi. otics I liad lin d doctored him, and wt tlliked II few m in utes. H, uid. "Why don 't you let old Neb bKk in lit re; I WVII to gtt IICqUiinltd witllllim." So, I bl"O\lllht him ~ in on the ~osh mel sal him on the couch with me. Neb Solt there IIrnllooIced II Ilim for ten or IS minutes Ind then he rtla.ed. I Itt him get up, lnd he _nt over ~nd smell.d iround Judge Tjon~t"s feu lind legs ind laid down by him. r said, ~'fll, JiIIY, what do you think!'" And lit .w. "hkt the leash o/fT' 1 took the leash off. mel he laid by him btQust ..,. had let him in and he NW t1~t he wasn't any danlltr. In a few minutes 1 said. "You've just dri .... n from JlICksomrilit. 50 why don't _ 80 to the kitchen and ti~ II drink?" lie Nid. "I'd like to how one." and we started to the brukfllSt rOOm. Judge Tjofllll hIlS I habit, ..-tltn he Walts 10 tell you some· thing. of putting hi.1w>d on your head, and he said. "Hey. old codger. Itt me tell you: /Ind, when he did, Neb got him in the rtU end. H. had to 80 ~k tn the IIntiblotic $/live llgiin. So. that's II true version of what happened. ThIIt's kind of ridicuiow. about the spKUlation tblot it had somtthing to do with judicial phi. lnso~hy. That Dobtrman's S"'ir!. but he's not that smart. and h"1 not inter· uted in judicill philoso!lhY. _
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FREDERI C'"' & I\ SSOC IATES I ~·V V.ST I G"TO H S '\)1; 1) eO S SU I .T A~TS
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November 1991 133 1
BUILDING ALABAMA'S COURTHOUSES ST. CLAIR COUNTY COURTHOUSES Bg SAMUEL A. RUMORE, JR.
The (o/lowing conli"ue~ Q hi~IOr!l of Alabamo's coun/v courlhoustsIh,,;. origins and some of Ihe /Hopi", It'Iio crmlribuled 10 Iheir grou:lh. Til", AI...... L.u." , r plans /0 run On" CQm'/IIS story in Mdt issue Q/ the magazine. If /IOU hatH! 0"11 photographs of ear/y OT present courthouses, pll!IlSit forI1X1ro them 10: Samuel A. Rumore, Jr.. Miglionico & Rumore. 1230 Brown Morx TotWr. Birmi'lghom. Alabama
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St. Clal, County
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t. Clair County was cr~ted by the Alabama Territorial
Legislature on November 20. 1818 with land taken from the northun part of Shelby Coun. ty. The county was named for Ceneral Arthur 51. Clair, although it is not dear why ,ince S(. Clair', career was check.
erN at but. Arthur SI. Clair was born in Scotland in 1736. He ","'ed as an officer in the Briti.h Army and .. w duty in Canada during the French and Indian War. He married a woman from I:loston in 1760. a niec( of th~ governor of Mas· ..chusetts. and dtcided to .tay in America. With an inherited fortune from hi. wife'. family and his own mil itary ser· vice claimi. he purchased over 4.000 aCres in western Pennsylvania. becoming the largut resident landowner in that part ofthe.tat•. With the outbreak of the Revolution· ary Wu. 51. Clair suppOrted his new country. He served under Washington as a brigadier general in Ihe battles of Trenton and Princdon. In 1777, he was promoted 10 major genual and ordered to defend Fori Ticonderoga.
332 1 Nowmber 1991
When Ihe fort was approached by British forcn. 51. Clair evacuated the pOsition without a flghl. in apparent disregard of orde ... Even though he was exonerated by a court martial in 1778, he was not ~Io .. d 10 commmd in the Colonial Anny . After tM war. 51. Clair entered politic. and seTVed as a d.legate to the Conti· nental Cong ...... In 1787. he was named pr •• ident of that body. Later in 1787. he was appointed governor of the n.wly ,ruted Northwest Territory. He abo 5eTVed .. military commander of the region. 51. Clair led an e~pedition that was surprised and defeated by an Indian force on N",.. m],.,r 4. 1791. Although he was again exone rated. this time by a congressional committH. St. Clair resigned from the army. He continued 10 serv~ ... gOVl'mor of the territory. SI. Clair objected to legislation that would change the go~rnment in the Nortm..·.st Territory. His political OPt»
nents sought to create the stat. of Ohio from the territory. He dectared that the congressional .nabling act concernin~ Ohio was a nullily. President Jdf~rwn di$.lgre.d and removed him from office in 1802. 51. Clair retired to hi. estate io western Pennsytvania. Howwer. because h. had lost money th rough loan. 10 friends. had co-signed notes that were not paid. and was not rrimburs~d by Congress for expen... that h. incurred as gowmor. 51. Clair lost his entire fortune. He lioed in p""erty unt il his death on August 31. 1818. Shortly after he died. the Alabama legislature created 51. Clair County. possibly because some of his former soldiers tiwd in thai are ... The first court in 51. Ctair County w•• held at the home and trading pOst of Alexander Bro",·n. which was located appro~imately four and one·hatf mit .. south of present-day Ashville. Th e first cas•. in ""hich Brown himsetf was the
namtd dtfend.!.nt, wH hard on D«tm, ber 7, 1818, loel Ch .. ndlu hlld sued .... Ie>lllndtr Brown for S10,OOO dut to II trnpus, b\lt the c~ wH quickly dismi.,..d upon p.lymt'nt of $13.56 in court costs by deftnd .. nt Brown. Brown 's homt was Ioaltd in " pili« CIOlltd "Old Town', Jometimu ulled ' C.taub " btcllun It wu nu r to Indi.n Chid Cabul,,', villagt. In November t822, Philip Coleman acquired 30 acrn of land In St. Clair County from the United Stalu Go\-em. menl. He had the Land platted into lots and Stt nidt I cenull IqUiTt for a courthouse, Tilt town wu first CIOlItd St. CLairwilit. On OcUlMr 8. 1823, Colt· sold the 30 ilCTU for S10,OOO to r~ commissioners who W1'«' Ippointtd 10 ertell courthou$e and j;l.il in thor county. II 10Q tOUrtl\c:louK w;as constructtd thtre in 182~. Tht llimt of St. CLairs· ville wu iOOfl ch,t.netd to "-'hvillt in honor 01 John .uh. ont 01 the pionur settlers 01 tht ira. Ash and hil family had lIrri~ in 51. CLair County in 1818. They _ro travtl. ing through on llItir way_sl when one of the childrtn felt from Ihtir wagon. fn.cturtd IItr skull .nd ditd. ,uh dodd· .d 10 stay in tht lrt.. and OOmtsteid lilt lInd. He Wil iKli~ in Ioclll and 5tlltt poIitica OYtr the )'firs until his duth in
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The log courthoust lit Ashville wlS intendtd to bt only I lempo~ sex 01 justin and _ «N\IItructtd south 01 tho town iQuart. This log buildine Ind I possible succtuor log slructure served the county for clost to 2(1 )Urs. During th,,1 pf riod of limt, tho cou rt .qua .. rlnlllintd VilCant and wlS used IS a vii· lage erttn and metting plan. By 1840, it becamt apparent Ihat a
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brQtr courthoust _ nwkd. TIlt leg. isbtuft ~ an act (In D«tmbtr U, 100 which ~thoriud .. special tal for i new courlhouse. In 18U. the con· struction on the '«'ltnt courlhou5t al Ashville began. Lillluon Ynbrou8h construcltd the building. His family Itdger reveals Ihat bricks for the con· !truction were hindnllldt on tho .itt , and Iht Laying of brick COmmtnctd on October 23. 1844. TIlt courthou5t con· llIintd 155,1)40 bricks ",hich cost $2.5(1 p~r thouJlnd. By June 4. 1845. the cou rthouse WllS compltltd Ind piY' ments sellltd in full. This origil\lOl brick courthouse "'"IS i two-stor')' 5qu.irt building. II ~ i btll 100000~r Ind two larQt chimnt)'S. It con· sisttd 01 four officts dowrullirs Ind i larQt courtroom upstairs. In 1886, • two·stor')' wing wH addtd 10 tach tnd 01 tht building, further ~dditions lind ren· OVitionl have \lktn place ov.. the )'urs. Also, the boundary lin~s of SI. CllIi, County h.I~ chanQtd ovtr 11M: In 1836. a portion of the county was lISIiQrltd to tho ntW Ch.rokt~ County. ar>d .. portion W1'nt to the ntW OtKalb County. In 1866, .. notlltr section was u:s.ed to emott Booint County, bltr a1kd EIQWih County. On Dt cembe r 17, 1868. Inothtr chanQe WII m .. d. by 1I Ipecific aCI "",leh rud : "lit it ona.cttd by tilt Central AssmIbIy of Alibilmll thit Ih. boundu)' lint btt....ttn lilt «IUntiu of Etowah and 51. Clair be changed so as 10 include Thomas
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M. Springflrld • I citiun 01 St. C~ir.It opptIrs from tht rKOrd tNt i 108;sbtOT, H.J. Springfield, rtsidtd 00 his brother', farm. 5prinQfitid WlI5 eltcttil from St, Cbir Count)' bIlt tilt farm lat.r di5(o,.. er.d to be o.'fr th~ count)' line in Elowah County. So. instead of dtnyinQ Springfield his s~at bt<:ault he did not "sidt in tho county from .... hich ht was t ltcttd, the Llgislalure officially plKtd the Springfield farm in 5t. CLair County, API'lIr.ntly. Inntxation ' - W<'Ill not ovtrly rtstricti~ during tilt Recon· struction [r.. in AbbalN.
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'"-II City Poll City in soullltm 51. CLair County WlI5 o,ieillllily tlUblishtd in 1887, lind named lor ~rQt H. Pell 01 New Yor1t, tht origillil promoter of the I'tll City Iron Ind LlInd Company. TIlt area saw hard timel follO'><oing the Pank of 11$93. but soon tho 100000·n pr~ptrtd with new industrits. The population grew. and. thus. I probltm wu c«,ated. 51. CllIi, Counly i. roullhly dividtd inlO two stcllonl by Backbone ~Ioun · tiin. When tht county w.. oriei .... 11y Hlablislltd. ~r')' few residents lived in lilt 1m tNl would btcomt Pell City. As the populition QrtW, il btQ,rnt incrtliJ· inilly Ipp.lrtnt 10 IIll rtsidtnl5 on tht I(luthnn side of Backbont Mountain that Ihty nttdtd mOrt convenient lItCUI to Illtir courthouse. If. Irip wu requirtd to the county selt from Pell City, i rtsident ~ 10 tra",,1 by rail to Birmingham, switch trains to venture north to Whitnty. and then go by fOOl or NOYtmbtr 1991 / 333
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' ide to Ashville. A l""son e<olltd for jul)' duty had to slart Iwo.or Ihree day. ahead in order to assure timely arrival. To solw this problem. th e Con.titu· tional Conwntion of 1901 passed an ordinance. Number 390. which estab· li.hed a branch courthouse in SI. Clai, County. and divided the county into two judicial districts. four tOl<11S vied for the designation of branch county seat. They were Pelf City, Eden , Coal City, and Ri,·erside. A heated campaign was waged by ..ch town, but in the election of January 6. 1902. Pell Cily won by about a WO·\IOte majority. On JanuaT)' 22, 1902, the county pur· chased a site fo, a cou,thouse in rell City. Probate Judge W.S , fO!1Tlan bor· rowed funds for the construction of the build ing. The lolal co.t of the court· house and jail ",as S9.038.12. The archi· tects for this building IWr. W. Cham· berlain and Compa ny, ",ho ",ne paid S3ZI.84 for their services. The conlrac· tor was Roberl P. Manley. The county accepted this building On March 13.
"OJ Two yea .. after the construction of the courthoun in Pen City and the commencement of cou.t .e,,;ons there. a group in the northern part of the county took action to ow:rtum the Iwo· court system. In 1905. the rell City Circuit Court "'as abolished. HOI<·· ever. in the next election for the Ltgi •. lature . two loca l candidates for Ihe House and Senate campaigned on a platform to , tinstate the Southern Judicial Division at Pelf City. Th ..e candidat.. won their officu. and in 1907. a new local act r.·established the two divisions and put Ihe Pell City court back in business. The old cou,thouse served rell City lor over 50 years. but wilh continued gro-.1h. a new building became necu· sal)'. Martin J. Li~ of Birmingham was architect for the new rell Cily court· hou •• . R.P. Hendenon and h is son. HOI<'t11 P. Henderson 01 rell City. ~re contractors. The .tructure was built of reinforced concrete am! has an . xte. ;or veneer of limestone and granile. The bui lding cost approximately $625.000 and was dedicated March 3. 1956. Th. courthouse in Ashville was expanded or ,emodeled in 1911. ]934.
1964. and 1982. In t964. the court· house was enlarged and repaired. Horace M. Weaver was archilect and Daw.on Construction Company was builde,. In 1982,lurther additions and alter.tions we,. comple ted. Pool •. Pardue, Morrison and Associates were architects. and Ralph Williams Con· .truction Company was contractor. Th. courthouse at Ashville i. an example of the Greek Revival style. The fronl and rear entranc •• hav" a classic portico with four Auted Doric columns. The front pediment contains a town clock. Above the doorway is a go,'e , · no,'s balcony. In 1978. a car Ctasiltd into the court · hou.e at Ashville and demolished the front steps. The g,anite for th.se st.~ had been quarried in Lithonia. Georgia owr 100 yea .. before. Coincidentally, the U.S. Cusloms House in Gulfporl, Mininippi had recently undergone a renovation. Its or iginal steps were quar· ried from the !.ame stone al approxi· mately the same time. These old ste~ had been removed in the renovation. Game, Stone Company of Bi,mingham was comminioned to repair the Ash· villt courthou •• steps. The company was able to obtain Ihe Gulfport stone, and. thus. replac~ the hi.toric .Ieps at Ashville with compalible sleps having a history of thei r 01<11. Many attempts have been made over th e yea" 10 do away with the dual courthouses in SI. Clair County. A highway now crosses Rac~bone Moun · tain. and the courthou.u are leiS than 20 minutu apart. Ashville ,emain. the historic county seat while Pell City has mo.e bu.inesses and population. Cer· tainly One courthouse would be more economical than two. but neithe, area wishes to lo.e its courthouse. Un len the VOle .. of SI. Clair County demand a change. two courthouses will probably remain in the county well inlo the futu... •
The author thanks Circuit Judge H. Edwin Hol/ada!!. retired presiding judge of the 30th Judicial Circuit a/ Pell Citl!. {or his help in obtaining information {or this orlicle. Tm: ALABAMA LAWYER
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I..".. """"'" 0uI!Y.1tI Carolyn L. Vunun
THE ALABAMA LAWYER
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OPPORTUNITIES The (oJ/ou:ing programs /ult'" been approved by the Aloi>uma /'fond%rv Continuing Ugil/ Education Commission (or CLE credit. For ;momwlion regarding o/her- available appro!Jf1d programs, rontact Diane Weldon. ailminis/raliw ossis/an/ rOT programs. a/ (205) 269· ]SIS, ami 0 complete Cu: calendar will be tmliled /0 I/OIL
NOVEMBER 14 Thu.sda V
Trlall.."u Hinningham Alabama Har Institute for elf.: Cl'I!d,~s: 6.0 (205) 34IH230
N", Rule. of Prof.ul_1 COndllct Huntsville. Marriott (vidw replay) Cumb<>rland Institut. for CLE Credits: 6.0 I Cost: $90 (205) 870·2865 f'lunily 1.11" Ull.IIation In .. ' .... m. ... abil.
National Business Institute Credits: 6.0 I Cost: SIM (7 IS) 635-8525
Cred" '; ]J.O (2115) 348-9066
14-16 Vehk"Jar Ton. Atlanta. Ritz-Carlton Hot.]
Alabama Trial Lawyers Associatioo Credi/$; JJ.O (205) 2624974
15 FridaY Trialwun MOlllgomel)' Alabama Har Institulo for
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emlils: nO (20S) 348·6230 Euellence In Adtooeaq Birmingham
Cumberland Institute for eLf.: Credits: 6,(} ' Cost: 5140 (205) 870·2865
21 Thursday
Nt .. Al . ...... Rulu of PTofullo.... r Conduct Montgomery
Alabama Bar Institute for CI,[ Credits: 12.0 (20S) 348-6230 UnllUllredlllnderilUllred Molorlll Co>'trll,e Huntsvill~. Marriott (vidw replay) Cumberl~nd
Instilut. for CLE Cmiits: 3.0 I Cost: $90 (20S) 870-2865 336 / N",..mber 1991
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Birmingham Alabama Bar Institute for CLE Credits: 6.0 (205) 348-6230 Ne" Abbll ..... Rille, of Profe..lon ..1 Condllel Mobile Alabama Bar Institute for CLE Credits: 12.0 (205) 348-6230 Trlall"nlcllce Updale Huntsville. Hilton Alabama Trial LaW)ll'tS A$$Ix:iation (205) 262-4974 .... lemaIlYeDI.pllte Rnolllllon Nt,ollallon Birmingham Cumb<>rland Institute for CLE Credits: rw I Cost: S125 (205) 870·2865
Complyln, "Ith the Mulcan, "Ith DlsablliUel Ad
MonlgomeT)' NaHonal Business Institute Credits: 6.0 I Cost: SlO8 (715) 835-8525
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Rectnt Deyelop ... t nlt P.rt'«U
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Famlb< 1.11" UtlaaUon In A1alNuna Montgomery National Bwiness Institut. Credits: 6.0 I Cost: SI08 (715) 835-8525
DECEMBER 3T......day Nnf AI ........a Ruin of Prole..lona'! Conduel
Sheffield (video ~Iay) Alabama Bar Institute for CLE Credits: 12.0 (205) 348,6230
National Bwiness Institute Credit..- 6.0 I Co>I: $108 (715) 635·8525
Dothan (video rep lay) Alabama Bar Institute for CLE Credits: 12.0 (205) 348-6230
22 Friday
TlUC~loo$a, Bryant Confertnct Center University of Alahlma
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4 Wednesday N", AI ........a Rill .. 01 PTofeo,I"".1 Condllct
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Comply/n, "Ith the Am.rlc .. n. with DI ... bllltJeo ""I
Mobile Cumb<>rland Institute for CLE Credils: 12.0 I Cost: $200 (205) 870·2865 6 Friday N.,oti.tion Birmingham ALlbama Bar Institute for CLE Credils' 6_0 (205) 348·6230 Annll.1 TrI.1 Practice Up"'l e
MontgomeT)'. Riverfront Inn ALlbama Trial Law;'ers A$$Ix:iation (205) 262-4974 I.IIt.or .nd Employment 1.11"
Birmingham Cumb<>rland Institute (or CLE Credits: 6.0 f Cost: S125 (205) 870·2865 THE AlABAMA lAWYER
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U"I" ... rd!l.1nderin.u .... Moloml Coft...,e lIinninjNm !vidro repLiy) Cumbtrbnd Institute for ClE eM/it$.' 3.fJ I C05t: S90 1205) 87(l..2865 9 Mond8, Ba "kru,ley Binningholm lvi~ro replay) Cumberland lI\$titut~ (or CLE (2051870·2865 10 Tu ••d., Avoid' " . th e Lt,.1 M.lpractlce Trap: A CLE Sem i" . .. fO"r Al.boo .... Allomeyo Mobi~. RMMew PLiu Hotel Atlomty$ InwrJllC~ MulUilI of Alibimll. Inc. CTl'dits.· 3. 0 I (half-day M:minar) (205) 980-0009 11 W.d_ed., New AI.iI. m. Rulu of Prof. .. lo". 1 Co"duel Hunuvilte Alabama Bar Inltltute for CU:
Credils: 12.0
.4.1......... Upclate M()I1lgGmrry
AWwTu. &r Institute for ct.£ Crtdit$.·6.fJ 1205)34S-62JO E.I.ta Pla .." , ,,. Binninglwn Alabama &r 1I\$litut~ for CLf:
Cm/its: 6.0 1205) 348·6230 Ge"era' Practice Semi" ... Dot~n, Ramada Inn AlItwn. T';"'I r.,,"'l'trS Association (205) 262-4974 U" I" ... reW..Mrl... u .... "Olori" C_... ~ MonlllOmt"ry. Rivtrfronllnn Cumbtrllnd Instilule lor CLE
A",,'dJ,,' the Lt,.1 M.lpractice Trap: A CLE Se .. I". .. for .4.I.N •• Allomeyo llinn,nghim. Boutwtll Auditorium AllomtyS Insul'/lll« MutUill of Abbimll. Inc. CredilJ: 60S I Uull-day Kminarl (205) 980·(1(109 12 Thu,.d., Now Al.lIam. Ruleo of Profu.lon.1 Conduct
Rnl Eal.le lIirmingham Cumbtrl~nd
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Cmiil$: 6.0 I Cost: S108 (71S18JS..&S25 17 Tu • ..s., Now Al.boo .... Ru lto of PTofe..lo".1 Co"duct Tu5C.1I00u (vidt(l "play) AI.bima Bar tmtilule for CLE
BirminQ~m
Credill: 12.0
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(205) 348·6230
Bar Inltitute lor CLF.
18Wed.....s., Th"el,t I"HI I" Tort LltI,a , lon Tusaloou (video ~p(ay) Alab.oma Bar 'I\$t itute for CLE Cm/iIJ: 6.fJ I Cosl; S ilO (205) 348·6230 AII .. I" ',' rallo" of the E.lale I.. Al.boo ..... HuntJvil~
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(715) 83S-3525
eM/it$.' 3.fJ I Cor.t: 190 (205)870·2865
(205) 870·2865
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AII ... I" I.trallo" of the Eal.le In Al ......... lIinningNm Natiorwol Businus Institute eM/iU: 6.fJ I Cost: SI08 (715) 83S-852S
19 Thur..s., AI....... Upd.t. Uunuville Alabama Bar Instilute klr CLf.
Credils: 6.0 (205) 348·6230
' .. >0 RK."I OrHlop.enb I .. U Binni"iham Curl'lbtrland Institute for cu: CMliIJ: 12.0 / ~1: $200 (205) 870·2865 20 Frld., Alalia... Upclale Birmingh3m AI.homa Bar Inlmute for CLE Credits: 6.0 (205) 348·6230
Credits.·ll.O (205) 348.QJO Al. N ..... Upd.te Mobile AlWma &, tmtltute IorClE
CmJ!"IJ:6.Q (205) 34S-62JO AII",I"llInUon of the Eot.te /" .4.I.b. ....
Mobil. NMio .... 1 BUlintss
Institut~
Unl" .ureW"de,.;'"um MOlorl" c........ ~,llolicliy Inn (vidH> rrplay) Cumberland Imtilute for CLE Cmil"t$.· 3.0 I Cost;. 190 (2051810-2865 Ne" Rliito o f PTof...lon.1
COnduco' Dothan. 1I0lio:iay Inn (video repl.y) Cumberland ]I\$titute (0' CLE
Credits: 6.0 I Colt: Sloa
Credits: 6.0 I Coil: S90
(7151835·8525
(205) 870·2865
THE AIAIIAMA l.-\WYER
TrI.ll.. u.I TUJQ!oo$.I (vidro rtpliyJ Abbama &r Institute /or CLE
Crtdits.: 6.0 (205) 34S-62JO o.c.mHr 28· J.nU8ry 4. 1M2 RK.nl OrHlop••" to I" the La" Cresleu Bull" Colol'/ldo Alabama Bar InSlilute for CLf. (205)348·6230
•
NOVtmbt,1991/337
EMPHASIS AND INTEGRITY:
FRANK JOHNSON and the Administration of Criminal Justice By BRYAN A. STEVENSON
liNI
"h"_
M. of 37, Jh" •.. II'"ok I~ ~ bfc3mr the nation's )'Oun,ut ftd.nl judet .. 1955. he _ pOised to idiudiatt somt 01 the ~ iIIId rMII dnmItk Itg.)l strug· gIn of tho ~tnlury. M ..., !lOW stt;lS • ..".y from full-
Sf"",,.
lime judicial he 10.1_ brhind II ItIPCl' of ciyil and constitutional jurisprude nce thai i.
unpa ral lt ltd amon, silting f.deal
cimJit ct;M.lrt judgft. Undoubtfdly. he will tw rqp.rdrd by hiJ. tory H one 01 tht domir'Wl\ judidal figures of tilt civil rights tn, II judge whost legit rulings ha~ funcb.mmWly altert<! opport"niti" lor ~n ~ minori_ tin in fliuation. fmplO)'lTlt:llt. YOti"ll iUld otlw:r forums 01 sociopoliticlol Hllrusion.' AmonC othn
memorable Kh~mtnU. he wu the principal a.chlled in rdorming Alabilrm', ~I.riorlting correctio",,1 illSlilulionJ in Ih. 1970s.' lind h. instituted l!esperllttly nuded improvements in mental hulth QT. and I~al,,",nt alll<ll. fadli. tits in Alabam;a.· Throughout his tenun: on the bench. Judge Johnson has unceuingly personi· fitd his belirf lhal "judiciil iICli~ism in the defense of liberty ;,. not a thl'nt. ... Yrt. for trur stucltnts of 1M law, ;an tqu.l.liy .ignificanl contribution to law and socidy and tqUally memouble ~~cl of Judge }ohnlO<!'S eJluordi...ry jWicial gner has betn hit work in u.., admin_ istution of crimirW justice during his Imure with thr EI~nlh Circuil Courl of Appols and tM fo rmer Fifth Circuit Court of Appu,1s. Tho: dewl .......... nt and historic: impitmentation of civil rights during the lut sewnl deCIdu .... a..s atltnded by intense po)itiClI Slruggle and lo growing !\IIliQIII.1 COOKiOllSlltu ilbou\ the burnens of racial , eoonomic and gender-ba..std bia..s. How~r. unlike civil rights, there wn no ma..ssi,-e weill rTl(IWmenl lo usher tM evolution of crimi ...1 law and proudure into a morr defensible relationship with societal problttnll and issl.ltl. In the crimiNI ~ oontut, thr judiciary
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EMPHASIS
AND
~ been. in IUlIny imbn" ... the only institution with the authority and perspectiw \0 balance fOCi.ly', legitimate need
for order and safety with basic constitutional principles and humn right!. Judg. Johnson's rulings in the criminal aru . _al not only a rKOgnition 01 t1u1 role but 100. pion...ing 1Iision of 1M judicii!'~"s uniqut obligltioru to :tehie-Jt tqwolily. bimw -"'" I htighttnN duty 01 "".., in tho criminal justi« ",11m. TNt vision ~ I...d a li,nilianl impact on CORJlilu liooW adjudication of aiminlllll\llllen In this region. With KOmI of criminal opinions \0 his cffillt. il is impossi · blr to completely SliMY tvm a subset 01 Judge Johnson's con· tributions 10 tho criminal ~ are. in this short article. IIown" tr,
in both larg. and small ways, il is tuy \0 see 1M! Judse
Johnson', work has had a defining innuence on the evolution and interpretation 01 crimil\llilaw allll procffiur•. Frank Johnson', written criminal uu (lpinion •••"nla jurist who .,m ly philosophiud whi le rlIiking judicill p,o· IlOWI«mtnU. Ilf ... the. prrlnnd to ritoroWlY ~pply constitu· tioNl ~ with lIftCilIion and dtUlil to the betJ of. p;orticuJ,r cue. 'I'd, Judge Johnson wu atrfl'l\ely IttmtiYe to the consti· tut ional idea that In .dYe,u,ill ,yitem of criminal justice M'fVt5 the tn,lth .finding function only when the insUtutional compOnents of the system porform their Usks carefully and consdentlously. Some of Judge Jol'lluoo's opinions on the right to counM'1 and the prosecutori,l function provide a brief glimp" 01 his contributions in the dfVflopment of this con·
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RIGHT TO COUNSEL
PUNpS the sill£l<=......,.t .igniflWlt dtvoe:lopmmt in criminal procedure du ring the last 30 yurs was the United Statts SUprtme Court ', decision in Gideon~, Wainwright,' which required that .tat.s provide l'wytTi to poOr Pl'ople unable to afford legal reprtM'ntatioo in criminal matters, On the founda · tion Crt~ted by the Suprtme Court's nrlitr decision in Powtfl D. AkJI:Jama,' Gidron. offfred 111 of the trarui01'TTlativ< POUibili. tits tNt the Court's major civil righu d«isions henlded. VfI, lillt 8tTw:rI D, Board 01 tAJua/tio<r' and other rf!IoO'WAed consti · tutioNl d«islons, it wu Id\ to ~r CO\lIU to giYt mt:aning and ~ to the right to ~I. Jud~ Johnson pla~ a .ignifiant role in sculpting the pre· ciM' meaning of the right to cour1M'1 in criminal cases. He has stated that "Illi ko good monl philO$Of!hy, Qood logal thinking is not di5(owry; it is . mphasis." As a circuit court judge he has Ipplled this leQaI philOSOphy by "emphasizinQ" that the
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TIlE AU.R.\MA LAWVER
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INTEGRITY
right to COUr1M'1 must be mnninQlul. AI; he sUited in ~~. K"",p' , ·I~I vital corollary to the Silth Amend"",n!'. lIu.lnn· Itt to criminal defend.lnu of the right to assistance of counsel il the requirement of eH«liw usiltan,e of counsel: Tuclrer. 724 F.2d 11892. In addressinQ the r~ht to <:OUnsf1 in criminal 1:tiU, Judge Johnson IRmmered out the parameters of tfft(. tiv! ad\'oaocy in tht criminal .rt~ with tht ltind 01 specifIcity tlRt tentnted meaningful $WIllards for practitiontrs. For aamplt, in Mylar D. Ahlbama,- the jurist held tl'lll • la~r's "failure to file I brief in , nonfrivolous appell f~lIl ~Iow the sundard of competef1C)' npected and required of COUr1M'1 in criminal Cl5U and therefore <:OIISIilutes intfftdivt assistance:" Alabama appellate court. subM'qutn!ly follO\<'td Judge Johnson's lead and now require that e\'try lawyl'r repre· M'nting ~n indi~nt criminal defendant 00 dirtct appul in this ILite must file an appellate brief. Ex parte Dunn.~ By recocnilil\ll tl'lll I constitutioNl right tlRt is not prot«tN or enfor«d is 01 no ""lot. J . Johnson sought to ensure iNt the rillflt to <;O\IRStI for indigmt ddendanU muningfully lided In In ""'tFSlrill system 01 criminal jwlia. Judge Johnson has noted that. "[01"" 01 ti>t most important, if not the most important. duties of the courts is to secur. the integrity of the relationship of private citiun.s to the gOvtrn· ment."U In fulfi1tinQ this duty, lit has always r«OIIniud thaI a judge', constitutional pronouncements must ffftct mtaninQ. ful JOlutiom. tn the civil righu cootext, it wu Judge Johnson's belitf tNt "Ialfter d«idina; that under the bets of <I case the Constitution rrwodatcs that the liti""tJ art entitled to rtlid, i j~ cannot discha* his oath 01 oKlCe wiihlut Ofting to it that rditf is proYided. ... In reviewing the implementation 01 the right to counM'l. JudQe Johnson has bHn fIlu.llly mindful of enfordng IT\fan · inllful legll assistance to poor people accu .. d of criminal offt r1M's. Judg. Johnson', opinioru havt challtngtd the crimi· nal defer1M' b.:or for tho indiQent to rcwgniZf the impOrUince 01 leaming substantiv! criminal law,Jft' t.g.• Harrison D. Jona. d the nted to conduct I thorough defeRSt in\'tSIiQation in the Pftl)intion 011 criminal trill. Itt t.g., Futch D. ~ iWId promptN Iooo'tr courts and the bn to rt<I:I(niK ~ the right to dt~r1M' ttIUTIM'l must mean the right to a trut ~tt and lid. _ t.g.. Omnirlghcm D, Zant."
PROSECUTORIAL FUNCTION Before taking the bench in 1955, Frank Johnson M'fvtd U the U,S, AltOfOe)' lor the Northern District 01 Abbamo. Ho carne to the judiciuy with '" lIlPftCistion for the burdens and bmtfiu 01 rtpresenting the iO"fmment in criminal prw«U\ioN.. Ue nonetheless insisted that anyone serving u the rtprntntativ! 01 the sI.Ite or fM...:tllOvtmmenl Itrictly adhere to their cooJt itutionat obligation to be fl.i., iWId to b< mindful of the specilol role.nd intemt of the prosecutor that is not necuu.riiy "that il $h.o.1I ..... in a CM<', but that justice shall be done ...."" Judge Johnson', written opinions demonstrate grf~t rupect Nowmbtr 1991 1339
EMPHASIS
AND
for tht imporun« of the rolt prOHCUton pllY in tht ( ,imino.] juRi« $)'SlIm. His Itpl opinions ~rt ~rtic:ul...1y attmtiw 10 ttll' nptCbtion that tht inttgrity of the prwecutori."ll function not boo compromised by imfll'Cl)e' conduct. In rrvitwinll proK' tutorial misconduct claims. Judge JohNOR would oI\.n idmli· fy impro~ ' pros((utori.1 conduct tYOn wht •• it did nOI arroounllo ~l'Jibl. trror.- 11. dt..,1y recoeniud the COfT«. tiw rol. iudau ClIn ~ in improYinll the a<,\minislr.otion 01 (rimiml jll$l.l«. H. wU plIrticuLuly "igillnl in rtguilling tht emotional n,n .... Illiot 50 o/Un compromiscd conslito.rtior\¥llauthority in the impl.mrnlation of civil rightJ. "A prosecutor rmy not make m IopIlOI IO the jury lIIal is dirttltd 10 ~ion or IIRju· dice TlIthtr than \0 rusoo ind in undotrsUnding of ltv low," CunrriTIgfIQm~. Z#r!/.- "R• .uon ind an unlkl1t.1ndina of the IJw" drarly haw bHn tht only muru by which Judge Johnson bl'llevH that lilt a4minisll'lltioo of crimil\llt jusliu ClIn Ix ton· stitutionally JTIlIOiIItd. His wtll·known rfrm.ks to in all.whitt jury JummonW 10 tty tilt C~ 01 Klarurmn (tIlrged with vi0lating \h. civi l rillhU of Viola Liuzza by murdering ht., are just om txample 0( hi' belief that the "concrete embodimenl of the ComtitutiOll" de pen~s O<l judgu, juriu and proucutors to "make a I'l'QIII' r and an unbi&$ed ap~licatlon of [the lawl in any given instance,"" Ju~ge Johnson', efforts on the allP'l'l1ate bench to frarm the pr~utorial function ~ned hi. dominant concern that crim· inaltrials be conducted in a ITIlInMr "in which the jury ru"he, its verdict based only on the evidence subjected to lhe crucible of the adwrs.o.rial pn)Ceu." 0, ~, 'III
Itoo.u
CI.E REMINDER 199 1 CLE Transcripts Will Be Mailed
On Or About
DECEMBER i. 1991
All CLE Credits Must Be Earned By
DECEMBER 31 . 1991 All CLE Transcripts Must Be Rece iyed By
.lANUARY 31,1992 340 I November 1991
INTEGRITY
ANT IDI SC RI mNATION LAW I N T H E C RI MI NAL J US TIC E CONTEXT Something must be uid in t\~n a ~rtial rtvitw of Ju. .Iohnson'slOIOrk in the criminal jtuticr.rd about his persisItnl efforts to limit the .ff«ts of race, arndtr;and c1us bias in the administTltion of criminal justice, The evolulion of antidiscrimination low has cOmt much more slowly in lhe crimirW jUltict cootUi than in other ilftll of public ildmini$' tntion. II is O<liy in the lui frvt. )Un tN.1 the United Statu Supreme Court has ~d~ in I maningful way racially dis· criminatory lIM of peremptory challenges in criminal proem!· inQs," Less than 12 }'tIrs ago. the Court wu slill QnpplinQ with the constitutionality of s)'SIem:.>tic S\:hemu of underrep· T._Iing wonvn from juriu" Judge Johnson's perspKti", on the enforcemeni of antidiscriminatiO<l law clufly influenced these changes as ,,~n as the geRel'll1 oo~lopment of equal proteclion analysis in the criminal COnlext. Judge Johruon began addrusing systelTllltic race lind gender discrimination in jury selection as a district court judar in the Middle District of Alabama udy in hil ca reer on the bench, Mitchell u' JohnSOll,B fu", u, Ellbtmla'" and While .', CtOOk" demonstrattd his resoh'£ to implement the ~emillldl of tht equal protection clluse 10 ~hit\~ I ~presentati", jury system in Alabama that was f~pfesentative of the enlire community and that pOSStSUd the "integrity' that conltitution.tl norml require, He continued, morrowr, to rtcOtIniu discriminatory practice5 in the Idminittl'lltion of "imiNI jUltia: as ill lIppel· late judge by condemning innd jury foreperson ucluslOfl on the twit of 1'lIC' or gender,- overturning convictioN obtained thl'OUlh discriminatory use of penmptory strikn in jury seltction,- iOO by lIddreuing evidenn of _i,lIy di$Criminatory sentencing schemes.In the ,,;"il rigllts conl6l, Judge Johnson's commitment to nlief ind remedy ""as ~II understood, u he upQintd: Judges are ,,,,intd in the law, They in not penololists, psy<:hiatris~ public ~mini5tritors. or e~UQI' ton.. ind in most cases. do not ,,'ISh to usUrn! such mlu, Fi«d with dtfiUlts by I/O"'mment officials, ~r, II judge dots not hive the OIltion of dtd~ri", th.ot litigants hi,y riglll! without remedies. The judgt lw no altemalM but to take I more ~tM role in formulating awl'OJlriate nlief, • At the Eleventh Circuit, Judge Johnson was IOmetimu unable to COIWina hit colleaguu to rtcognize the applicability of antidiscrimination delTlllnW; in the criminal justin contul. New rhetorical visions eme rged dUfing hi' tenure I t the Eltvtnth Circuit that not only chall enged his idu about for_ mulating appropriate nlief but tvtn questioned the very iden · tification of antidiscrimi""tion righl! in the criminal justice Iyst.m. THE A~BAMA LAWYER
EMPHASIS Por
e~mple.
AND
in McCleske!l v. Knnp. Ihe Elewnlh Circuit
"'.. ashd to review the denial of habeas relief to a Georgia death rOW prj"", •• who argued thal imposition of the death
penalty in Georgi. wa. racially biased in violation of the Eighth and Fourlunlh amendment.\. ~ ""tition.. presented statistical oviden« that defendants convicted of homicide in
Georgi. are four and a third time. mort likely to receive a death 5I'ntenCf if the victim is white than if the victim is black. The 1m bane court rej«led McCleskt}"s claim which was alw rejected by • narrowly divided Supreme Court.In dissent. Judge Johouon challenged the majority's Tt.ltriclive"';ew of the Eighth Amendment's applir.thility 10 discrimination cI.inu in sentencing.
INTEGRITY .
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The central coocems of the Eighth Amendment deal mor. with deci'ionmaking processes and groupS of c.aKS than with individual ~isions or casu, " . With· out this systemic perspectiw. review of sentencing woutd be elCtremei» limited. for tho wry idea of arbi · trary and capricious sentencing takes On its fullut meaning in a comparative contm.... This empllasis 00 the ootOOrrl« produced by the entire $}'Stem 'Prings frnm the State's special duty to insure fairness with regard to something as serious as a death ..,ntene•.. , . In sum. the Supreme Court's systemic and objective perspectiw in the review and control of death sentencing indicates that a pattern of death sentenc· ing sk""'ed by race alone will suppOrt a claim of arbi_ trary and capricious sentencing in violation of the Eighth Amendment. ]citatioos omitted] The majori· ty's holding on this issue conflicls with ewry other constitutional limit on the death penalty. After today, in this Circuit arbitrariness based on race will be more difficult to eradicate than any other sort of arb;· trarine .. in the sentencing system. McCledrey. 753 at gW-911.
The cootinuing debate over the relationship of antidiscrimi· I'IIItion righls and conctms to criminal just ice topia;, • .g.. use of peremptory strikes . sentencing dispariti" based on rae •• discriminatory • •• rcise of prosecutorial discretion, may b. where Jud~ Johnson's perspectiw, shaped by his unpilralled experience in civil righli enforcement, may be most notably mio.sed . Nonetheless. his legacy will undoubtedly shape these and other issues in the continuing efforts to make the dispen. sation of criminal justict equitable and fair. • Endno t e.
ALABAMA BAR DIRECTORY The 1991 -92 Alabama Bar Directory wi ll be mailed in December. Each member in good standing of the Alabama State Bar will receive one free copy. Add itional copies are $15 each, PI _ _ ..... II cheek . , ..... O' ....
,ab.. to
.. , ............ aw.ctooy, 10 P.O. 110. 41M, Mont.,om." AL 38101.
N~mberl99I / 34 1
THE CRAFlY SIDE OF JUDGE FRANK JOHNSON
DeMOft. " . U"!I hi. woodworltlng s kill. 10 .Juctge T l<>nat
342 I NOVI'mber 1991
THE.lliI.BAMA I.'.WYER
~rl 991 / 343
YOUNG LAWYERS' SECTION By HEITfi 8. NORMAN, president Prof •••IOftjIII"", now - why w. c_'t w.1t In ln~ publjc'$ e~. our profession il not the shining ~nd noble ailing that "'" WO\lId H"" to envWon. ~rha"" you haw nperienctd 1I leg.ll ji be. diQ Or othtr insult which has bun a;II'wtd verbilly or in some writtm lut x.oot oor ~ IndmI. ~r jokQ and otm i...ulb .... kgion and ho\", Ixm MlWld lor a Ion« time. Before you yY that peTNps I ilm I little 100 smsilive, let me stak tNt in spite d my ClIfICtm, t do lPP"'ci;ote a tood mttdot. or witty epitodf about !Ill' prof~ion. H"....ewr. lilt di5reputt which the !tgal pnr feuion has endured has bun far mort se<olhi11ll t/wl ,my other. In m.lll}' instanu$, il got$ put the pOint 0( gmt~ ribbill# _ it
judiciary should work in partnership 10 impTO\'e pNlfessiona]· ism, Sirong efroru of the AlTItrican Bar Associalion iII1d many stllie lin d local bus 10 encouuge ~reat .. profenionllii sm amOr'IfI bwyors >houkl be redoubled." \11th this responsibility in mind. the young '-')'«S' Divilion of the A8r\. dt\Itloptd II '-yrr's I'Itdgt d Pn:IO$$ionaIism \hal _~ in 19!IO by the AlIA's House 01 DeIegMts to be_I to all Wit mel IoaI bars. The IIIotdit consists 0112 preapts to help 0Jmbi01 the incrusirIII ~ 01 unprofasionll oonduc t . which llthough nOI necessarily unethical. artainly is not SIlIl\lOMd to typi · fY lilt prot'wiorL These 12 preapU are Id out in the .ningbox. Abiding by this pledge will not be easy. is dut ructive. In flct. I fttl Illal II hlJ bKcnlr dfltetrioos to our judiclil p~ bul if uch of us. IS II younQ IlIwytr , by dim inishinQ rupeel for our jud icial malin II p....onal commitmmt to IoIIow IheM' pUUpU, I Mlim: _ an btcome instiluliom.. the nucltus d I posiliYt fof« ..ilhin our Why dOff Iht i~ of ~rs luff••? Ont ...~ is OUr role in tht judicW pr0SIlIle bar 1"'1 an help instililheM: impor. Wl. 1M S«(II1d ruson is that I« haw lost t~n l not ions in futuro bwyeu and 1I rnusu ... 0( civility and roIltgialily In oor encourage IhaJe oow pncticing to abi<k profusion lind failed to transmit tlhic<ol and by them, We, the young lawyers of Alaba· profusional val ... , from (KIt gtr.tl'lltion d 1m. Clln help restore the lusler to this greal proft»ion which has srown fainler prOI'a&ion&ls 10 lilt nat. As In a<,Mxlltt, the la.wytf Irgun on. and llI,nler iU lhe i<kals 01 profusiONIism b«omt clouded. I uk e~h you", sKIt oj a dispute in 1I1Y'ltm built on tht KaH" • • M........ " pn)p05ilion tNt if Ml propositions OIU PI'tlawyer \0 make this commitment and acnpt the LalO')'rl's ~ d Proks.sion. 5mttd ~ty and if'iUibIy, tht t!Util n o;:ornct iU'oIWer ..ill ~u.tlly ~~ alism, (~nut ~,I Iu. uncompliat«i a§ tho C(lr'af>t ""'Y be. $OfTI< often fail to gnsp youth ,Judicial Progr.m il.l ~rofundil» and re~ to a.c~ il.l importanCe to tho judicial proc~loS. Indeed. those who Quott Shakespeare's lillts For ""arly ten )'tars. lhe Youlh ludicial Program has Men spoken by Dick tho Butcher in the second part of the play. Hen'll one 01 tilt YlS's primary projte", The program is designed 10 vr (XI four. sane two). "Tho first thinQ _ do. Itt'. kill all the Si\'e high school studenl.lln opportunity to learn. firsthand. 1Iwym.," u an ~thet. rdI«t two things. first. they haw not IIboot the judici.oJ J)'stem by participating in mock trills. Young relld the plllY. Stcond. lhey do not umknand, a§ Dick tht La-..')'rrs woric with indMduallums 10 help tum members pre. I\uWIeT did. tNt bwytB ~ the buIwarIc of.w order. 1'o1\h. pare Iheir case lor lrili. ElIch yur, leams rep1'Qmti"ll hieh schools from m.any dtits around the slate traftl 10 Mont · OUI ~rs to fosttr ncwMoImt dispuu mo!ution lIIld to lISiUre the prot«lion of indMdual fmdoms lIIld liberties, an orderly IIQrntry 10 participale ,n .. SIlItewidt mode lrial competition. sociny is _ know it would disinltgr1le. Our democratic instilu· Young Alabama la~rs ei\'e literally hundreds 01 hours 01 tions would (rumblt. and ..... , il$ ciliztll$. would be SIlbjm to lhe their lilTlt worki ng ... ilh these high 5<:Il001 studenl.l to prepare Ihei r Clot for Irial. Euruti.e Committee member Charlie whinu 01 1M IltI'SOll wielding tho biggesl stick Or a totalitarian form of governmenl suppressing freedom of e~prusion an d Anderson 01 Montgomery has ,"'ired the Youlh ludicill Proother precious liberties. Anarchy would reign. Yet, the i~ of gram for several yt<ors, Sin« his lenure a§ chair. the program ~rs still JUfft.... Iw witllU5td study gr",,1h UTIOr'III participating hiCh Khoo/ In 1989. 1M American Bar Associlliion's Tuk f'ortt on Outst~" mel AIaI:>aml )'OIUIt lawym.. The Pf08ratn is optratN in COOperation with the MontgOmtry YMCA ,,'hid! worb to ruch to the Public submiltt<i its report lIddrwing the wand shared by I!IlII1Y of the public's ptruplion of ta..')'«S lIIld the supply an """It Iilison for STOUPS from high schools Of YMCAs IttlI J)'strm. One of the report's RYtm findi"", mel recomrnen· wishing to participale. Charlie ""'lI'I<s to tniUre that each )'OUIh do1ior'I$ ac!dmsing tho proI~'J image prOblem ..;u thot: bwyor "'5I)'OUTlg Ii'o.yrr lIdvisor from thot oily. "Individual lawyers haw an obligalion 10 adhere 10 tho high II you are interaiN in working with the YOO!h ludieill J'ro. gram or .tartinQ such a program in your area. cootact Charlie stalllbr<h oIlhe pNlf.",ion and <;()Ilvty reJptct for thos.e stan· dard$ in court. 10 dient and lhe communily, The bar and the Anderson at (2ll5) 832-4202. • 344 1 NOvtml:>er 1991
TIlE ALABAMA LAWYER
LAWYER'S PLEDGE OF PROFESSIONALISM I will remember that the practice 01 law is I" s! and foremost a profession, and I will subordinate busi· ness concerns to proless;onalism concerns
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I will encourage respect for the law and our legal system through my words and aClioo$.
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I will resolve matters expedIti ously and without unnecessary expense ,
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I WIll resolve dIsputes th rough negotiatIOn lYtlenever possible
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3. I will remember my responslbihues to serve as an off icer of the COUll and protector of individual rights
I w,1I keep my clients well·infolmed and In mak,ng the dec isions that allect them.
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I w,1I contrnue to expand my knowledge of the law.
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10 I will ach ieve and maintain proficiency in my p rac·
I will contribll1e tIme and resources to pub liC service, publ ic educatIon, and Charitab le and pro bono activities in my commun ity
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I WJII work with the other partic ipants ,n the legal system. including judges. opposing counsel and lhose whose practices ale dillerent from mine 10 make ou r legal system mo re access ible and responSIve
RIDING THE CIRCUITS RUSSELL COUNTY BAR ASSOCIATION On )uly 26, 1991, Ihe following officers were elected:
'nv~ved
tice
I I I will be courteous to those with whom I come ,nto contact during the course Of my wo<k. t 2 I will hono r the SPill! and mte nL as wel l as Ihe reqUirements, of the appl icab le rules or code of professional conduct for my jurisdiction. and will encourage others to do the same
The Alabama WillS Library
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PRESIDENT Susan Prather. Phenix City VICE-PRESIDENT Patrick Loftin. Phenix Ci ty SECRETARY· TREASURER John Byron Hollis. Pheni~ City THE AL.a.BAMA L.a.WYER
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OPINIONS OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL Office sharing or partnership?
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cusud KVefal situations in which lawyo •• n~ hol ding thfmSflvn oul n i Taw partnership,
when. in fact. they,,, only shari ng offiu SIlK. In IOIl"Ot fashion. This pTa<:Ike iI i vioIootion of ~ Rults 0( Profts· siorW Conduct beau.., il iI mil;~iding 10 tilt public. Ruk 7.1 (a) SI.Itt:l: ~r WIt not rnak( or cause 10 be mille i r. Of" mislQdin( a.rununi.
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346 f NOI'tmber 1991
" THE AUI.IIAMA LAWYER
THE REWARDS OF PROFESSIONALISM An interview with Harold G. Clarke, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Georgia E:di!or s note: This or/ide original/v oppwred in 1M June 1990 is$ue IJf the Derolur-OtJ{Qlb Bar Quarterlll published I>v the f)eca/ur·DeKolb Bar As.wda. lion in Coorgia. 1/ is reprinted, in (KITt. " 'ilh the permission oIlhal publication.
WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM? I think we have all struggled with the idea ofcoming up with a definition of professionalism . . . . It seems to me
that the most troublesome thing is distinguishing between professionalism on one hand and ethics on the other hand. What {have felt from the very beginning is that ethics as we !mow them within the legal profession really are no/ ethics as some philosopher might know. They are really more the rules of lawyering-a code of professional
responsibility . . . . Professionalism differs from legal ethics in the sense that ethics is a minimum standard required of lawyers while professionalism is a higher slandard expecled of aI/lawyers. Professionalism imposes no official saneliollS. It offers no official reward. }'I?I, sanctions and rewards exist unofficially. Who faces a greater sanction than lost respect? ~Vho faces a greater reward than the satisfaction ofdoing right for right's oum sake? T H~:
ALABANA LAWYER
WHY IS PROFESSIONALIS M
IMPORTANT? The whole idea of profess;o!l~lism is doing tho ... thing, which ar~ ex~ct~d of ~ ~rson who has a professional call· ing. A big PII" of it, of cOUNoe. is public "Tvk~. If 1a"'l"''' fail to meet tM man· date of doing those things which the ~ople exp«t of them and fail in their mandate of doing those things which the I}·stem t):.~cts of them. then there is a pouibili ty that the exdusiVl' fran. chi.. to practice law may b< takon from them. It only exists b<eause peOple ~r· eeiVl' it to be in their best inte,..,t. Ha, ,omdhing gone wrong that makos it n«ewry to mandlle studying professionalism? I am not Sure that lawyers are ~ny worse to<.lay than they we,.. 40 y<'ars "110 when I fi"t cam. to the bar. I am nol sur. that la~rs were any worse then than they were at tM beginning of this century. 1 think we tlave always had our failini<'. and jwt bec.aUOl' we are trying to do better docs nOI mean we are nOw doing worse than we did at an nrher time. Certain ly. ther. arr thinss that need to be improved. but the re have always been thinss n.edins improve· ment. The effo" that we·r. making is one that nwls to be mad<: earlier and cer\.lin. Iy will need to be made in the future. Georgia is a Itade. in the profeuion· alism m""ement. What brought about the emphas is on profeuionalism? I am proud that we art seen as a leader in this connection. I think that there ~re good people in the profession in this stat. who rt<:osniu that we can do beU~r lhan wt are doing, ewn though what we are doing is not all bad. I think tho ... fol ks in the practice ~nd on the Nowmb<r 1991 / 347
btnch hi", rttOilniud lhit W! oughl 10 mak~ I det.rmined .rrort to conlin ..... 11y imp...,..., I don'l know lhil lhen is M1y OM Ihin, thlt Will ~id to somtbody one morning tN.1 wt IIftd In bt mnrt prokssioml; il is just • wOOIe bunch of thin", thilitd Wi In lhit ccnclWiicn.
D OES P ROF"'SSIONAUSl11 ADDRESS TII"' I SSIJE OF HARDBAll LlTICATION? Yo. it don add. t", the queslions of hardb;llliitigalion, Rambo tactics and all of tN.1 sort of Ihing. In my view, "'hik there are iruuncq whore you may gain sorrot acmntagt by hinibaJllJdics, CMr tho long hiul, in looking ~ the big pic-
ture. you don't ,..in vtry oflen. Umg ~r>enct ill a ~r and In! )'nil ill I j~ hlIvt lIughl rm thaI once you CRlIe" poluiul,on bttwttn )'OIl and lho oppofing o;oonMl and tho (lpflOSing jIlI'tie •• IItt possibility of settlement and ....:>rki!llllhin", out just becomes more and more diffi<:ult. And, so by doing this, you oftttllilTlt:$ Ire perfonning" disservi« 10 your clitnl btause you are not abl. to ~t your cli.nr. probltm .... Ived. Benjamin Funklin ~id somtlhing 10 Ihis eITtel, "Ali lhings you ha~ the right to do are not but tn bt don.", . , . All rights Ihat ynu miQh l b •• nt itled to oughl not to bt ilUisled on if it doesn't do Iny good for you or your client. The .. uo IhOst who lometimn just insist on it bK.Iust it ClIUKS troubl. for
For 50 yea~ attorneys, mongage lenders, builders and rea ltors hal'e called on us to hel p dose on Iheir rea l estale transactions-commercial or residential, Some say it's because we're prompt. Others say it's
~use we're deperHlable. b lost, however, say i'5 because ....ith 50 years in ,he business, we know what we're doing. If you're in need of ,i,k insuraoce in ,he ~;\;t 50 y.ars 0( so, call us. \V.ll be her\".
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Ih. op!>Ontn t r.ther Ihln doing Iny good for them, Thaft bad. Thafs not wh.i.t wt oughl to do. I T SE6MS TflAT COORTESY A.'1iD Co.lOION SENSE H AVE A LoT TO Do W,TH P ROFHSSIONAUS,tf. Wt nuShl to I~ply nil . efforts u Llwytrs and judges ..... ilh common stnSt, and thue is nothinS "'rong with bting rourtWUI. I think!l«J!lt. can diff.. and can N ualOU$ in their advocacy without Ning obno~iOU$ and ",ilhout Ning disrourtfOUSlnd uncivil. ... [t 5HffiS to """ that the SIlirit 01 the Cliling to tho law practict nH<b to gtt mort Ittttllion. w~ oudlt not • _ . IJInOrl! lho letter of tho law and tho leU ... 01 othia. but " .. nttd also 8M: M.tttltiQn 10 lilt loj'Iiril thirs bthind it. and mll'~ thlt is!WIrt 01 what proftssiomlism iI. I>bybt onct you\.. got the sIIW.h adhtrtnct 10 all tho rules - the standards and tho cCKk of ~roftnional ftSI)(Ir4ibility - thtn the nut thing is to not only adhtre to them ttdmkally but to try to li~ up to the rtl,sons behind them in" more philosophical "'ay. I s TlfE [ ,tfPI/ASIS ON P ROFESSIONAUS,tf AN e~'roRT TO I MPROVE O UR P UBUC "fACe? Our tffnrt /Iboo.It P<QIwionaIism is not I public rtlations tIJort. Wure not doing this just to lid the pnose 01 our fellow lhuman btincl, What " .. Ire rully looking lor is . _. tilt kind 01 satisfaction that ¥OO got for doing right for righI's "",., :I.lkt. 11 you do it to gttl btt~r PR ifl\3$. thon I Ihink you Ire doormd to failur. from the brginninQ. So. my thinking is that professionalism ought to involvt a commit~nt to IOlving problems, a commitment to publi~ servioe, a commi t· ment to the public intuest and a commitmtnt to bti!lll good human btings. H AS P UBUC P £RC£PTION OF THe L ECAL P ROFESSION CHANCED? J 1m not MIre W! Ire that much wont lhan W! W!rt in lnollttr en. My natdoor ntighbor is I doctor, and 1 like 10 tell him tho old joice tN.t wIltn Ll.....).. rs were writing Ihe Declaration of Indtpendence and lhe ConstilUlicn. doctOT$ "'ere putting I«chn on Gwrge Wa5h_ inglon to solve his mediCl1 problems And, of <ouru, tht dnclor donn'\ lik.
TIlt: Al.ARAMA i4\WYER
for me tQ tell those stories and, Qf course, J get a laugh out of it, But the thing that COncerru me now is, .. that was 200 years ago, and what are peQple going to be s./Iying 200 ~rs from now? Are the)' going to be saying that when doctors were finding a cure for cancer and a cu.. for AIDS and other thing. of that sort, that lawyers spent thei r time propounding unnecessary interrogatories, filing frivQlous mQtions and padding their tim«huts? Where would we h."" been 200 years ago if Thomas Jefferson in 1776 had been back at Mon · ticello propounding interrogatori"ll, or if in 1787 Jame! Madi...,n had sta)'t'd home and prepared various motions rather than going on to be the architect of the Constitution? IVItat I hope for the profWion is that wt.'11 do those things necessary to be rtspoosible members of the CQmmunity, to mab a good living for oursetves and at the same time recogni~e that the legal profession is a service effort. Not just service in the sense that it doesn't produce a concrete product, but in the sense that it's got to serve the interests of society. HAS LAw BeCO,"IE Too MUCH OF A B USINESS AND Too LITTLE A PHOFESSfON?
Law may be too much business today. It may be, hOlWe\'er, that the economic ... lities of the 1990s and coming 2000.; require this tQ b. '0. What! think lawyers who are inttrested in profession · alism n«d to do is to find a way to accomodate the economic .. aliLies .nd eco· nomic demands of modern law practice with the good ...,Iid professionalism atti· tudes that involve alilhe things "''e have ~n talking about. The .. certainly must be wajlS that a lawyer can ..ep his or her head above the tcOnOmic waters and still perform public .. .vi"". J just don't think that making a good Living and acting as a professional are incompatible factors. Are there diffe .. nt standards Qr exp"· tatlons of professionalism d.'pending on where and with wl10m one practices? \\'ho can be a prQfwional. who can't be a professional - whether it's a rrutt., of a ...,Ie pTllCtitiooer or thousand ·mem· ber law firm. or ...,mewhe.. in betwten. a big eli)' Or a linle city - I don't think that matters, I think that rully when YQIl boil it down, it's mo .. of an attitudiTHE AlABAMA
~\\IYER
nal thing than anything else, .. 1 think professionalism can blO$$Om in any kind of law office. Certainly, if you a~ talking about many, many hours of pro bono work. maybe a large law firm with a 101 of backup support can afford to do more of that. But my uperience of having bun in a small law firm in a small tov.-n is that you do an awful lot of public .. r· vi"" in that environment. 1t'1 a different ~ort of pro bonQ wQrk because you do what comes in the door. and somtime, you recognize that folks can't pay \'e11' much, but you do it an)M'a)' heQusethat is what the comm unii)' demands of you. I s STRAIGI/T HOURLY BlUING CONSISTENT WITI/ PROFESSIONAUSM?
A lot of people say that one of the greatest problems with professionalism in the pruent day law practice is the business of bill ing hours. That may be ...,. Maybe it would be good if,,~ could go back to what I was taught )'taT5 ago in the old "four factor billing process". What you wou ld do is bill based on four factors: first, the results achieved, then the time s~nl. then the compl.. ity of the problem and, finally, the ability of the dient to pay. That was a nice way to do busineu in a different era, I think. however, that "'0 have c~..., far down the road that the idea of saying we are going to junk the billing systems of today is an unrealistic proposition, The whole idea of billing by the hour or by time is one that may go beyond profe.· sion.Hsm ....The dient doesn't cart ,,'hether you are spending tv."O hours or four hours, ",hat the dient cares about is r"llult achie\~d, So. I really think that maybe th . marketplace is going to answer those problems down the road. We IGeorgia1 now have mandatory CLE, specifically in .thia, trial practice and nOw profesSionalism. IOLTA is mandatory. Is this degrtt of regulation re~uired because we as individuals have not done sufficiently well? The impo . tant thing we nted to remember is that "''e are unique among all other regulated .ctivities in this ,tate in the sense that we are sell·regulated. That is vitatty importanl. lVe are not subject to the IGtorgial regulation by, for ins\.ance, the state legislature , Our regulation comes from within the prQ_
fession. and only after thoughtful members of the profession conclude that the .. ar. the kind. of regulations that they ought to impose upon thernsd""-l. Self· regulation is another thing that i, at risk once }"Ou lose your professional charaderislia. Onco you become just part of the com mercial mainstream, then I don't think you aro entitled to solf·regu lation , From that point on, your regulation comes from without .. ther than from within. EARLIER You Mt.'NTlO.VEl) TifF; POSSIBLE Loss OF TIlE LEGAL FRANCJIIS/,·. Is EXTENSfVE REGULATION AN EFFORT TO AVOID TilE Loss OF TIlE FRAA'ClIfSE?
That's right. we have the exdusi\'e franchise to practice law. When 1 say "'e, 1 am ,peaking of lhose in the legal profession. There is nothing in the Constitution thai assures that franchise. Ir • only there heQuse the ~opl e perceive it to be in their interest. And, once people look at it and say. "No, it's nQt in my interest : then we could just wake up ant morning and see the franchise gon •• So, if you want to look at it from a purely selfi,h point of view, pro/t.ssionalism is in the interest of t he public, but l.wyers bett.. believe it's in their own setf· interest a. well. if th ey want to mainta in the franchise to practice and the right of .. If.regulation. WI/AT IS YOUR GOAL FOR PROFESSIONALISM?
I think that the strongest goa l that anyone could ha\" wQuld be a goal of awakening to the responsib ilities that go with the profession, the duties that tIO with it , and the good feeling of s./Itisfac· tion that com .. from fu lfilling those responsibilities and duties so that when you get through a week's Dractice you can not only look at 1M bottom l i ~ on your P <Ii L statement and say that ,t was a good week, but you can look at your per...,n.1 activity P <Ii L statement and s./Iy that I did the right thinS during that week and I solved ...,me problems and I did right for my di.nt and I did right for Ihe sjlStem as an officer of the court and ! did right for the public as one who is tallt<! to a profession which has got to serve the public interest. • NO\'ember 1991 1349
1991-92 COMMITTEES AND TASK FORCES Committee an Ao;ce.s to
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CIt.l IRPERSOK: J. IlCE-C1W Rl'ERSO ~:
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,"-INyer CflA IRrt;II.'lON I.KD EDITOR:
Robtn /I. Huifolotr. ~t)' \ lC E ·CllAiRPERSO ~ A.~1I A.'iSO(: IAn; F.DITOIt: So.>WI Stliroc' DoP"", Moot"""""" IlOAJIO OF BAR Co.'1lo1ISSIDSERS LIAISON:
S.muci ll. Pu"""., II .. Bi~ STAff LIAISON AA'O MA.~CI SC EDITOR: !oI>rjOaI L Murphy
Mt:MBERS: C'';I! C, Comwtll. MonltOMtt)' f orrut S. ..., ... Mobilt And ..... P. C.unpbcll. Birminlfwn W. sw. .. I!o m< ~ JI. Al<1W>oltr Cily M;c...l ll Moll>, B,rmi"""", Miduot l l.. _ rI>. c.ds4om J. Cl iff Hutd. Mon'lOO'I<ry 11111..." C. Ell.,.,. M¢<I,-t)' 11111..." J. tm.I<.wood. Tu><urnbii JI'II...,. I.. lu!I>t, .._ .. AI.. I.. HoII>fo<d. Mon',.......,. l.«onHd .... M>n<i";. li""tsYili. ....... T. ROil .... o;rmi~m J. E. S>\<IyoI. Jr. En, .."""
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1.""- o..ia, 1Ir"..........
I'OIJNC I.o\IITI:R5· SEcrtOS REPIIEs.t:II'TATI\'E: ....... J . ........ IIi~
STAFF UArso.>;:
_a "'-
"""'" Hon.
ChorIto 1'Iiu.-..,.,.,.".
John 1 _ CoItmon. /r. "'""i"""",,, Joftn C. hI",,.,b...,. Bi .... """",
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~ 101. 1I"hittML Jr, ~.,W~,' Edward ................ /OIottItorno1)" Ctort< B. t\urlo., llirmlnlJ'-
Ioxatclln !he iIeliit of 8irminwm', Rest3uram and Entenalnmtnl"bisllkt.
T.... Foro;:. on "Inority P.rtlclp.llllOft . nd Opportunity
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"'k/lMl M",'·alr. Mobilt L".""", ~ l.fton Sr>rirCI
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Task Force on Profession.lism CHAlIll'D5Ol1: WilliMII O. Sene&>. Jr. F\.1'oynr l'lCE'(;HAlRP£llS()f;. ~.
H.ortlty. C..-o.
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Prof.sslon.1 Economics and T.chnology Committee CIIAlRPEIlSOS: S. F,1ton loIikhtl L IoIobiIo !lOAJI1) CW IWI COMI'II SSIOi\£ilS WJSOl<: u..,. 50 ..... I40IIilc 1'Ot'lie LAII'Yt1lS' st:CTIOi'I ~EI'I!£S£l>TAm'E: o.- I!._~
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Mon-..,.
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Sup ...me Court LI.lson Committee Willi> .. O. h" I't.I'oynr STAfF WJSOS: R•• iooW T. Humor 1'I0I1l-E1tS: c..., C. llu<1<>by. HuniMllo JohnAo-.. T......
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Iohnllidwd-.. - . . . . . . r--.C. ShWt'. I' . ..............
DMoIdB.Wri,. Jr. _ l I t
THE AUIIAMA U\\\'YER
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....... Co,..., ''''.........Oi ..
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•
N<MmMr 1991 / 355
• M·E·M·O·R·I·A·L·S • J,\,\I£S L EE CALDWELL Whueal. bmu Ltt Cald ...·.11 dtparted this lift in HuntS\;lIe. Alaba· tnIO July 23. 199];and Whtreas. James Lte Cald .... ell had been a member of this associalion since the ,'ear 1937: anJ Whtru •. ht WlS a gradu. t e of Iluntsvilit High School (1932) and Ihe Un;\"i:rsity of Alabama School of I.aw (1937): and Wh~r..... ht ....~s a mtmbn- of tM law finn of Griffin'" ford from 1937 10 1956 except for lhe lime he served as an officer in the Unitc~ Sut.. Navy in th. South Pacific during World War 11; and \\'htrt.... he ...·as a parlntr in lhe finn of Ford. CaIdl'l~II. ford &: Pay"t. Hun tsville. Alabama from tht ,'ear 195710 1966:anJ Where .... he ,..,tirt<! from the active practice of I~w in lhe yeu 1966 but "''<IS 01 ~I wilh the firm of Ford. Ca!dI'I~II. Ford '" l'a},,", unhl August I. 1988; and Whereas. JamtS l.u Caldl'l"i:l1 Ml\-..d on the Board of Dirtctors of first American Federal Savings and Loan Associali(}n of lIuntsvill. and Wa5 aClive in real utate development in Hunts-iii •.•'!adiSOl\ County. Alabama;
...
\\"htre.... James LH CaIdl'l~II ..l \.. d
ARBtmtl'QT. WILLIA.'1 B. Narion Adrm)too: 1930 DiM: August 2~. 1991
BROOKS. RAJ.PI! LEE "'",i.JIIJII AdmiIlOO: 1977 Died; ~tay 23. 1991
as a mrmber of the CIty of Iluntsville Bo .. rd of Education Irom 19H to 1952 and ...'a5 its presidont /or two )'tars; .. 00 Whereas, Jamn Lte Caldwtn .... as preceded in dealh by his wift. ~table 110)'11 Caldw.lI . and il 5urvi""d b)' two daughters. ~larcio Lanier C.ld ...,.11 Latham and Lucy Lte Cald .... ell Troupe. and by fiv. grandchild.~n;
...
Whereas. James Ltt Cahh... ll ....as a ".Iuod and ,..,.podod friend and ......, a dislinguished cilizen of Ihis commu· nilI'. and il is in g,ateful memory and lpprtci,lion for all of his contribu· tlom to his lel101<1' man. to his pro!es· lion and to this asIIXiation that this ruolution is adopIt<I. 1l0jlJ If. Lillle.lr.. l>rnid,ml 1I",1I5l"iIie-Nadisoll CO/mill/Jar A<socialiOll Ifunl5l"ilfe. Ala""m"
R,\L!'U B ROOKS The memlxrs of the CJlhounlCle· burnt liar Association mourn the 10$.5 of Ralph Brooks. who died May 23. 1991. lIe ....as 39 ;..m old, RJlph ......, born in (allN:>un (ounl,' and allended public schools in Jack· I-Ono"lt. Allbama, Ht rtcei,'~d h,s undngraduat. dtgr.e from Jack·
CALDWELL. JA.'1':S LH jh",lst'ille Admit/oo: 1937 DiOO;Jui}'23. ]991 GROOMS. liARl.AS IIOIlART Birmi"uham Admit/ed: 1926 Dioo; August 23. 1991 HA\\'I(ISS. Gr:oRGE COI'£LA.\;O
""""',
sollVilie Stale Uni"",r.ily ~ru1 graduated from Ihe Univ ... ily of Alabama &hool of l.w.' in 1977. t:nttnng pne· tiee Ihal um. yur. R~lph ",,,,ktd bnefly for Roger Killian in Fort l'ayn •. lh.n became coumel with Alabama Legal ServiCes CorpOration in Gadsden. AlabatnlO. In 1978. Ralph and h .. twon broth· or, RIndI'. began privat. practi.. in Anniston. Alabama. Tho legal commu· nily of tho Se'~nth JudICial C'rcuit .oon cam. to xn(}w that a worthy advocate and gentleman had joined iu ranks. Ralph Brooks possessed lhost rare qualitie. of knowled~o and ...,1 thai made him admire<.! by all who sought hi. counstl or deftnded against his efforts on behalf of clients. The ability to undfcrstand and defint t'ltn the most compltx It~ll iSsu", and lhen wo rk toward ach ieving a succeMful resolution on lxhalf of hi. ditnl. was a trait thai Ralph P(}s · Msud and 10 .... hich most of uS Can only aspire. Anai}1ical and insightful. Ralph freely shared his legal taltnts "'i1h time of the bench md bar .... 1N:> often sought his ,·i",,~. Ralph Brooks will he misnd and always remem·
~'"
ThomrIs e. Dick. f'lwi!knl CalhounlCldJunH! Bur AJsociJlion
"'miSlon. A/abamtJ
HORSSBr. JOSEPII At.u:S ~
Admit/ed: 1962 D4'(/, Sept~mber 20, 1991 WIl.l.lA.'1S. R,\LI'1l IlOC,:R
TuscalOOStl Admilled: 1952 f)kd; May 19. 1991
Admilled: 1942 Died; August 9. 1991
356 1 NO'-'tmber ]99]
niE AU8AMA lAWYER
Pro Bono Publico Service In Alabama
I\'1
hal is the differen<e bet~wn d~ad do!! in the hIghway and a dud la....,.er there? 1 There are skid marks in front of the <log. What do you a
ha,,,,
when
~(}U
see two
la~rs
up to
their necks in sand? A shortage
of sand. I! ,urns that m<.>re "ft en
than
Nt,
before in OUr hi.-
tOlY attorneys are the subj«t of ridiculous, tasteless
"jok.." such as the... W. are frequently compared to sharks, lab rats. skunks, and oven toxic wast. dumps. The quips and quot", about Ia....,.ers seem rar more vi<iorn; than those
about other professionals. Clearly a gap exists between the actual professional conduct 0( attorneys and the public perception that attorneys rail far short of their profusional responsibilities. Educating tilt public about our longstanding commitment 10 p. o bono publioo work can help br; ~ this gap. We all know of
many instances in which attomeys have represented indigent client'! and non-p.m.t corporations without exptdation of rom · .,."",tion. M<l5t attome)" gi''t tirelessly of their time and skilll assisting local bar associations and the Alabama State Bar with public servke effOrll. For all of this, we can. and should. be proud. H"""""r. mispererptioru still oxist. More must be done to provide the publ ic with information about the good Wl>rk done by attorneys. Though not it.. primary purposi'. the Volunteer La~ ... Pr0gram of the Alabama State Bar can aid efforll to enhance the image of our profession. Through org.mited pro bono project.. ,ponsored by local bar associations . statistics on .ttomey hours donated to help indigent clients and the economic value of those hou... can be generated. Actual. though anonymous, case studies of clients serwd through pro bono programs will be
THt: AIABA."IA lAWYER
prepared. With such fact.. and human interest stories upon which to draw. we can more effecti~ly communi · cate that tho law is a caring profu· sion . and that tawyers. true to our tthical responsibilities. are promoting a fair system 01 justice lor all Alabamians regardless of their financial ci rcum· stances. In this and luture issues of The Alabama LoU/geT. information ...ill be sha.red about pro bono project, undertaken by Alabama attorneys. Image enllane.· ment is certainly not their rtMOll lor participating in these programs; rathu, those tawye ... 1I<.>p( to holp thoir local communities and society in general by ensuring equal <>cco.. to juslice for all cili~ens. Howe~r, rendering pro bono .. r"ic .. often errat., the addi· tional benefit of holping 10 imprO'Vt the much maligned imag<: of the legal profession all a whole. If your local bar ;w.oriation h.u sponw1'cl, or iJ planning to Sf"JOSOr, a project designed to help the poor in your communi. ty. you should contact the Volunteer Lawyers Program at the Alabama State Bar Headquarters, P.O. Bo~ 671. Montgomery. 3610 l. or call lho director of the Volunteer La ....ye ... Program in Montgomery at 269·9242 o. 269· 1515.
Birmingtlam Ba, A• • ociation
Ii"".
With. membership dedicated to changing the of indio gent citi~eru in tho Birmingham area. the Young LaW)'trs' Sec· tion of tho Birmingham Bar A!Yxialion h.u unckrtaken 3 num· ber of pro bono projecu during the pa.lt few years. Firr Station 86 in Birmingham i, tho city's oldest rrrnaining station. It currently serves as th~ "l'irrhouse Mission ~nd Sh~lter" lor ar~a homeless sponsored by the Cooperatiw
ckM..,t""..,
November 1991 / 35 7
Downtown Mini5tries 01 Binningtwn. In 1987. tM Young Lawyers beclomt intu· uted in ..... orking ..... ith this shelter ~nd began their "Se rvice to the Uomel,u Project" ..... hich continues today.
mum wagQ to tht partid~ owrilead costs {which ~R currently un.dtrwritten by 1 YLS attorneyl. ~nd finally 10 the Fi rehouse Mi nion an\! Shelter itStlf. Approximately .ight men havt participat·
,,_ . . _ '_.Ion m."..... "'" _"
_"IG " 8011p, _ .... U'>Ir<I_ 1 _ ' - - . _ _ ....... _ _ _ tilly Yi.lt a ..... ' _ MI.. ..... _ _ . ...... III.............
On .. monthly basis. awrmimately ]5 attomtyS \IQ to tM !hello:r to prepare ~r.d Hrw an ~ning meal for tM homtltlJ personl thue. These mu.ls. which lTe entinly unde ......;tt.n by the Young L.,...,..,rs, I'" Hrwd to an:wefl# 0160 pt()pIe uch month. In 1989. thue Ittorntys begin 10 aplare ways through which they could havt I rn(\fT dil'Kt. pofitivt tfl'Kt on the livta of the homeless ptroons ~t lhe 1IIt1. ttt. The -fishing lure Project " ..... as deV(loped by the la.....yers to prOYide ~n OppOrtunity klr tht.e ir.dividuall to learn I skill which could both help them earn montylnd improve th.ir HII·UIUm. Techniqutl of lu re-making lnd tylnQ "'OR WIght to partidpanU in the project by I Young I.a...,..,rs mtmbtr. filhing ]uru irt !>OW made by men from tht w]tt< and $Old to ",tailors for mIorket· ing to the gtmnl public. Proceeds from the uln go toward payment of mini-
358 I Nowmbtr 1991
ed in and btnefitttd from the fishing lAo", PrOjK\. Through working at Ihe sheltu. it elm. 10 the lttenlion of the Young uW)'enthil I large number of the homtltss individuals there Iwd not complntd high school. Contribulions from section mnnbtrs ~R so:'KlQhl to ~ lish i sdloIarship fund 10 lid t~ indi'Jiduals "ilh complnil\ll their tdUQlion Ihrough Ihe G,E.D. program. Approximately $2.00(1 was (\onattd for this pur· pose. Expendituru from this fund are also mack to prOYid~ homel~lo$ ~f$Q/\S with tnrollmtnt feu oft~n need.d for .ntry into prokuionlol subsbnc. ohUS/1
""""' ......... Tht Young uwyers regululy ph'"
events "'hoch ha~ 1M iddilional pUf1lOse of prOYidin8 Ihe Ihtlter with much needtd pe~1 ite"" fo<- the indio vidual, there. 11$ the "enlry f•• " to.uch ~ party. each auorney brings one needed
sociil
it~m.1Uch '" a I1tW loo\hbru$h or ruQr. Thf donated lle"".re then deliV(rtd 10 the sMlter. Thtllt effort.. by t~ Young L.,wyel1 01 lJirmingham Ire havil\ll a pofili~. V(ry visible Impact 00 the 1r.'tS of llWly destl· lute intlMdUIIs. NatioNl 'I.IItntion was reantiy focused on this project to hflp the hoornolelo$ when the Young u...,..,rs Itdion was xlecttd lIS , rtcipiml of the 1990·1991 Single Project Award of Ach~nl given by the Yoong i.aw)'tl1 Division oIthe American I:l.lr Associition. AlthouQh Ihi' ont project requ ires much limt and devotion on the part 01 Ihe Young tawyers. Ihey neV(rthtlns gi~ gtmrousiy of thernseJo.'tS 10 _1ll1 othtr worthy projeds, """ of whif;h i. known as S.E.E.O~ or "Saving the EnviFOIlmtnl Each D.loy". This prognm III publif;·privlot. partnorship in ""hich dis· lbled ~d unemployed Pl'1"SOn$ work as staff 10 provide recycling ,e",icn for offien in the Birmingham un. It il a ftdtrally chartered. non-profit organiZol· lion which educites and emplO)"s citiztn5 WIth disallilities. The: S.E.E.O. m:ycling sbff pbc., lilt· till Wille containers in participaling offien for the use of indiyidulls empioyfd in that oKla. Whitt paper to Ix .«y(:led is then plactd in this con· liin .. by office employees. S.EKO. Wil,ke" r.gularly visit thest offic" to removt lilt full container. Ind replac. them with empty one.. They then tnnspOTIlhe paper 10 lhe recyclil\ll cenler klr shredding. S.E.E.O. is paid by lhe I'«)'ding Cfllter lor lhe paper ~ proceeds 1ft uHd to ckfray Optlllting C(IIts ind I'll' ~B' llliries. The YlS members helped organin this proQram in lJinningham by "",tad· ins 52 area law firms and soliciting tlltir participation in the projec\. M3ttrials ~bout S.E.E.D. ~n then forwarded by Ihf lltomtyslo inltr.sled firlJl$. This unique project nol only helps provide tmplO)"mtnt OppOrtuniliH for ciliuru with dislbililits. but 100 htlfJ5 the mtlre Binnln~m community by crtatlllg I cltiner ttwironmtnt Ihrough rtc)'Clil\ll office wut. ar.d by conservil\ll precious rnourcu. In August of this year. the Young
THE i\l.AIWolA ,-,WYER
ALABAMA STATE BAR VOLUNTEER LAWYERS PROGRAM '
~
Lawyus sponsored eight inner-city youths to play basMtball in the "HoopIt-Up Program" sponsored by Pepsi and Pizza Hut to benefit Children's Hospital. These youths could not olht",,; .. ha"e i\ffordtd the entry fets needed to partici-
pate. Additionally. a team of four Young Lawyer>
"'OJ;
sponwred by the .ection
from money raised t hrough annu. l fundraise .... One such annual fund •• in. is the "Rae< to the Courthow;e" corSPQn$Ored by the Young \.awyU5 and th. YMCA. This year's event will be held on October 26th and proceeds will be used to benefit a W()rthy charitable oTgan;""tion. Mone)' from last year's race was given \0 Camp Co<b)i. a day camp held for underpri";"
leged Children. For the pasl three ytars , the Young Lawyers
ha"" held a spring fundraise. \0
support tilt Binningham Young Lawyers Epilepsy Library housed in tile office. of the Alabama Council on Epilepsy. Inc .. in Birmingham. Members of the Yoong Lawyers section .ell lic keh lor an
evening of mw;ic and h'ors d'otwres at a downtown tocation. Law firms are solicited as sponsors for the .",.ning and local merchants donate items to be given as doorprizes. This year's prizes indud. ed , among olher ilems. dinners al area rutaurants and vacalion packages. Fund> raised have bttn used to purchase bookl!. media tapes. research materiab, and olher publicalions for the Epilepsy l.ibra!)', which may be used by allomeys. physicians. clients. or an}'One interested in epil.psy. Thi, very del",. group of young allor_ neys finds time to sponsor a -Spea ke .. Bureau" through which civic groups. churcoo. schools, or othor profes.siO/\/lI organizations may find ~ualified speakers lor nwetings. The E.ecutive Commilte;: of the Young La"'l'<'rs also netolly $300 to fund a program. created by a local circuit judge. " 'hich takes troubled youth in the Birmingham area to visit the local jail in order to help them understand more fully the COn!e<lue"""" of their delions. Add itional projects in the
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planning stages include the production of a video about substance abuse 10 be used in junior and senior high schools and a ·One for the Road" pr og ram designed to show the effects of drinking on individuals. It is truly remarkable that these fine attorneys h.,., accomplished so much for the benefit of their community by donating a portion of their lime. money and expert ise to aid those 1«5 lortu!\llte than themselves. Each of these lawytrs is a ·professional" in the truest. mosl noble sense of that "'ord and each i. setting an outstanding example for others to 101-
In the Septem/Jer issue of the Alabama WWVIff Ms. OIiw Willis IWS incorrectly ilknlified in the articM .....Iilled ' Access To JusJice: An Overview of Pro lkmo Pro--
jects inAiaIJama·. Ms. It'illis 'rornxttitle is PAl Coordinator of the Tuscaloosa Rf'!JiQnal om",. 4ga/ &roice QJrporationofAiabama.
Court Records Researched - One Day Service P ick-up a nd
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Assodates
P.O. Box 850S17. Mobik. Alabama 36685.()S17 ( 205 )~ t- S l68
1-800- 239_3992
5612 Lee Road 66 Auburn. Alabama 36830 Ellis Milchell
THE Al.AIlAMA LAWYER
(205) 826-3098 November 1WI f 359
LOCAL BAR
Focus
The lirst foor months of this 1i$CII1 )"Ur. \)e8inn'nll April I, 1991 , 419 new casu Ill"" ilready been Optntd ind 329 casts /oaJ1 ban Ihroug/ltJlJ/ Alabama. clO$td it in i""l"1I!f: cost of $55 p< r case buN on the progrllm's 1991 -92 budget. The Mobil. a.r .....ocl.Uon American Bar Auociation conIn 1985, Ben Kilborn, the pruliders a cost of S2(}() per Cllt (dent of the Mo/Iil. liar Associadosed cOSI effective for pro lion, ulctd Jodg. Herndon Inge. bono ittomeys. Jr. to .~uh.ad a commit! .. to The prOllrim hu bern 'uccessful Ma.use il his two IN;n establish a pro bono prognrn. o bject ivu. According to the From 1985 to 1988. 250 alto rneys _TO rocruited. The.. \..... 1980 cen.us. 70,000 peOple in no ilaff IV3ilable at thai tim. to Mob il. County Ii~ at Or below coordinate the program and prothe federal ~rty l~l. Their 'lid. support t o par t icipuing legal nuds in civil mailers lltorntyl, ot~r Itwl tht tUtUinvol"" lr\IIinly f;.mily 1_. con· liw di rector of th. luocCalion. sumer-and debt- rtlited mat· BlIrbilTlI Rhodu. This limittd lhe urs. inc o me maintenllnce. housing problems, and cerUin form 01 ""rtid~tion 10 lOUOrmys who could COm. into th. ~,..I other hulth related mitteu. The program has u its top Strvlcu Mfict 10 intt rvitw objective to provide quality clients Ont afternoon ~r ~ur. ALiornrys ..... T•• x~ct.d to take legil Sfrvice it no charge to whU ....u tun lilt)' wert given indigent clitnl$ who soek !rgll and , lIS I rtsult . pl/titipation rtprutnulion Uld who are tli<kclinm. In 1988, tilt: Mobile Boor lib\( for the program·s KMU. Association', Pro Bono CommitThe second objutive i. to ,.. , under the ltadership of iTv;n make it u usy &I pos.siblt for Grodsky, sough t lht ulistane. of attorneys 10 j}artlcipatt. ~bl Ihe Ame ri can Bar Auociiltion on pnlctice insurinee is provid.d w~ys to improve the pr08r~m by tht pro8ram for uch c;ue ... ...., A. 1k00w~', " .... d . ~1 •••• t <Of I ... 1IIoItl. . . .. KCepttd through the pro bono lind insure its uisten«. The ABA A_IfII'- _ Alflto. .... s'. e - t c_ ... _ puformtd II study lind INIde ur- lie. _~, Kom .... ' . . . ...,,,,1 "". . ..... ~, office. In addilion . attorneys 1IIoItl.... pro _ ......._ art now given a vuitty of WlIyo IlI'n recommendAtio ns. One of tht~ wuto hirt a roor<linator ~t they con chooM to particil"te. lea$l p,art time. They Cln come in to the pro bono offici once a year to interview clients and ,ceept only Through the joint effoTU of Sam Stockman. pru ident of the MBA. and Bill McOermott , tilt n ...... ly·elect.d president thou CiUl within their area of up<rtise. Attorneyo can 1110 for 1989. and wi th tilt strolli support from tilt Ext<:uti"" have CUts anigned directly to their office or assist in Commill«.lI grant OIJlI)liation was prutnttd 10 IOLTA for sc .... ning clients for elillibilily. Some lIttOrmyl ~ volun· funds 10 hi .. a p,arttime f;OO1"d' nalor. I«rtd to KTVt iI allvisof$ or menlOQ on pro bono cuts. The grant OIlIIlicotion wu"ppl"OYCd md in Au ..... t 1989, a EViluatiOl1 forms ire also sont oot ptrioclially to clients p,art ·time roordinator. Tonny Algood. wiS hired. An office and Attorneys to monitor lhe deli""ry of services by the sUff and to seek suggutions on how to improve the program. (or the pro bono program was opened wilh 56 volunteer attorneys. In June 1991), th rough "n IOLTA grant. Algood Rtcruit ing is continuing. and more and more attorneys WllS hired full ti,,",. Today tilt staff consists of Algood and" are rtililing thit it is much eiller to m.. tlheir ethiQI obli· Mertuf)'. Bdh Findltr, pr(Widtd by legll StMeH. ptions to providt pro bono seMen through UI o<ga.niud There i .. now 192 volunt .. r attomt)'lo lIdivtly I"rlidl"lprqjram whu~ lheir efforU a .. $Upporttd iI ~ll lIS OIJlI)rn;:i. illi in the prognm. Ourilli the program·, IiS(.lI )'tar (April ittd. 1990 through Much 31. 1991). the office opened 907 casu The program expects 10 continue 10 grow with the strong ind closed 704 cons, representing approximately 1.258.2 support from the leadership of the MBA and iu volunteer allornt}'s. • volunteer attorn~ hours. The cost per case closed was S66.
This future oIlh, s/Qle brlr's CommiUN
Sm;ia. and Aclicilin u:iII highlight
L«al Bar programs of
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360 / NOvtmbtr 1991
_orI,..
COUR
ING THE LAWVER By CHARLEY REESE
(The following .ppur. d in the Augu,! 7. 1991 edition '" til< O><um..,IiUl! Chronid~. It wU .ugg.,l.d for publicllion in TM A.iG/UJma Lou'lI"' b~ the Tuk FOf« on ProI"'''''''li,,,,-1
I Ii
,t.t. ba,',
n a column about lawyer· bashing. I Mid if }IOU gi.... m. some lime I wilt think of some good things to l<I)' about I.wyus. w.n. I h.ven'l thoughto( any. but I found some. Before we get into them. though. here's the main point for the day. One of our problems is that 'lften ...'" spend $0 much time "".. lIing on what is. wt forget about whal could N.
However. no situation presently uisting will rerna;n the same. much kss ha$ to .. mII;n the same. Existing laws can be repealed Or amended. b isling insli!utioru can be abolished or altered. Gener. ally acctpted behavior <!an become unacceptable behavior (see cigarelte smoking for an example). Human progress, ... well .. most reli-
gions. rests on the assumption that human beings can change their ways. That being true. the first step toward change is to hold QfI10 ideall and 10 riC· ogni!e Ihal ideals are nol impossible dreams but attainable goal •. The ideal law~r i, ducribtd in the prison mtmoirs of. AI.xand .. Steph.ns. a lawyer. a U.S. CQflgressman and the ~ice· president of the ConfMeraC)'. Stephen, actually lived up to theu ideals. He was SO well · liked that when the Southern .tate •• eceded, a move Stephens had opposed. he was the only departing Southerner that the Northern congressmen wanted to honor with. farewell dinn.r. He rt"",intd a pe.-.oMI friend of
THE AlABAMA LAWYER
Ab .. ham Lincoln. One of Steph . n, · .Iaves who chou 10 stay with him after emancipation said of him that Stephens was kinder to dog, than mo. t people wtr. to ""OIlI •.
"No pursuit in life is more honorable or useful than that of the law, when Followed as it should be." Impri.oned like all Confederate official. after 11,. Wolr, Stephen, said this of lawyt'rs in his prison diari es: "No pursuit in life i. more honorable or useful than that or the law. when followed a. it shou ld be. None requires mort rigidly a .tout adherence to alllh< pr«ept. and principle. of morality. Or tho JlO.'S'ssion and practice of the high. est and noblest virtues lhat .Itvale and adom human nalure. "Nol .wn the offie. of the holy mini,. ter OpI'ns up such a wide field for ,imply doing good to on.'s 1.110w man. The la"¥'r·, province i, to aid in the admin· istra t ion of ju.tice. 10 aui.1 the oppresud. to uphold the weak. to con· tend against the Itrong, to deftnd the
right. to expose the wrong, the fond out dKeit. and to run down vice and crime, or.1I grades .• hades and characters. "A good la,,¥,T i. ever a peacemaker. The tangled web of most pri""te contra.ersies can be bett er unra.elled and straightened by bringing th e parlies together in private conference than by carrying them inlo court. But wilh that intense regard for truth. for right and justice. does the lawyer inwstigate f~ts and pore wer his books. preparing him_ stlf for such ~ions. "In the Ttmplt of Justice. h< glori •• in the fact that everything is weighed in htr SCIlla. Rl'aSOn and ..... isdom are hi, necessary ...... apon •. The ""'ttrials to b\' han. died are human acts colored with human passions. prejudices. infirmities .....'hat a field here for exhibition of the noblut virtues in expOSing knavery. fraud. vii · lainy and falsehood of every sort and of .ecuring to honesty, right and truth. their just reward. "He ,it. as it were in the marketplace and on the highwa~s: not a day passes in which he may not and should not dispenu with a lil>l'ral hand the Chri.tian charities of his counsel in the suc· cour of the needy. the destitute. the ..... ronged. th. widow and the orphan. There should be nothing mean Or low about him. He should have no ambition but to serve his f.lI"", man and to do good. In doing the greatest possibl e good to others. he achieves the greatest good for himself." Believ e it Or nol. Ihe .. are such ia,,¥,fS loday and there could be more. Don·t let the cynics control your mind. The first slep low.rrd achif\ling anything i.to b\'lieve it'. possible. • November 1991 1361
RECENT DECISIONS By DAVID B. BYRNE, JR. and IVILBlJR G. SILBERMAN
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Arlfan. .. v. s.nd<trs ov.rt.......ct CoJihnw u.AawW, 89-169O._US _ (May 30. 1991), "by poIi«, "ithoul
• .warch ""maot. open a cklscd evnwnu Iound in I ~r if thty ha\'t probable Cil_ lO btliM: the container holds crirn'nlol mdm«? The Sup«me Court. in I lix· to4hrtt Ikcision. mswmd)lft. In an opinion authortd by Just.,. Blilckmun. th. Supremo Court over· turmd a 13'~lIT-old decision thai had requirtd warnnb for .wei> _rches.. i~. Arki11lS<lS II. Samun • • 42 U.S. 7S3. In (l\l\'rtuming th. "closed c.on\,)'""r" doc· trine of Arka"SO$ v. Sonders. Justic. Blackmun r\Oltd: "The Fourth Amend ·
ment dots not COfflI'ltI stpa.ral. treatment for In lutomobile HiTCh that t xtends only to. <;Gnui ..., .... thin tilt whiclt."
E..... ncH punl-.hme"t be,oncI ...Idell........1... judk:g,1
wamlng
Burnl
I).
United Slatts, 89·7260.
_U.5_(Ju ... 13. 1991) Must a ftdtral judge give. triminlol ddtndant .dvllnct wuning bdon imposing a prison Knlona stiffer than thai all.d for by the F~Tal :Wntencing Guidelinn? The Su preme C!}urt said}'ts in a fivt-\o.f()llr decisi!}n. Congrns, in enac:tinQ u.. guidelints. did nol intend to give judgu t ho authority 10 lIt~rt from Ihrm without giving dtfendanu and pro5tcutors an opportunity to be hurd, Justi(:e Iobr, wll, writing for the nujority, r•...ontd that, • , , , Both Jidts au entitled to ftaJOOabIt notice lhatla i",,*1 is conlentp~ling such a Nlint." Fifth .. , Sixth Amendment
Right to Coun... McNtil u, Wisconsin, 90·5319, __ US __ (June 13, 199 1), Maya >"ltenliaJ delendanl rtllrUtnled by a la~r in one
362 ' N<mmbt-r ]991
crimim,1 '"U ever be quutioned by poIia,oout IIIOthrr crime without tht lawye r prt$tnl ? The Supreme Court answered ytS by a six.to-thrtt vote, Jwli~ Seilia, wriling lor the majori. ty, held thai a criminal suspect who requested a lawyt r', holp during an lIrraignmenl huring had inv.;ok.d his Sixth Ammdme1/l right, nOl hi. Finh Amendment riflh/ 10 such help. (emph,,;s ours). Justice Sulill rei· .....d ihIot the Sixth Ammdment righl 10 I lawye r, unlike the Fift h Amend· omnt right to one, i, offenu·,pecir", Ihrreby Illowing law enforctmont offian to qutslion in lICCUStd wilh regard 10 a compltltly ~"'t. offenK outsidt the presence of his IPIIOinted C(IU!l5tI.
Search without warra nl of public con",ewa_a no.ida .... 8o&1ick. 89·1717. __ U.S. __{June 20. 199U. Can law tnlorc.menl offi«n. a<:li"ll withoul ''''''rranl. board bu5ts and uk any Pl'Knger to connnt to I lurch? The Supremo Court. voting $i1 to thrtt, said yes. TIM: Supreom Court. I.d by Justice Slondn OllY O·Connor. Slid poliu do not ~ II wvnnt or e>'tn II SUSpicion of crimiml activity to WI pubtic Inns· po rta l ion puunQus to submit to 5tllrchtJ bt-ause such tncounttn are nol 5ti~urn gO'Jtrned by Ihe Fourth Amendment. Juslice O'Connor critically observed. " No .. i.ure Q-rcu ... , . so long as the officers do not convey. menage that compliince with their requesl il required." Jwtice Manhall. in one of hi. r.nal dis.stntinJi Opinions, said, "Offi«rs who conduci luspicionlu, dragnet·sty]e SIO'ttJlS put PUWRiers to the (:holct 01 cooperating or of niti", Iheir buses ...... pouibly ooRi siranded in unfamiliir loaotions, This is no choi« It lOU." Justices lllackmun lind Ste>'t1lS joined in the Marshall di$Sotnt. In this "'riler', o~inion. Flarida u. Boslick comes dangerously clost 10 eroding thr ' reasonable suspicion .tandard" rtQuirtd even lor a Terry type ,1"1'.
Rule 5 appearanee-!. 48 hour. too much to an? Riwrsirk Coun1v u. MclAughlin. 89· 1817. _U.S _ _ {May ]4. ]991). Ca.n persons arrt$ted by POlko without war· ranis routinely be jailed lor up 10 '8 hou., btlo.. receiving a probable caUS!: huring (Rule S. Federal RultsofCrimi· nil Procedure)! The Suprtme Court answered ytS in, '",,·tOo-four decision. J uslice O'Connor, ",riting for Iht majority. held that.· ... tn our vi .... the Fourth Amendment permil5 a r.""",able postpc:mment, .. "toile the police ~ with the e>'tf)'d.y probltms of proceuil\lllUSllKU throoih ill o" .,rIy bur. dened criminlll just ice syslem." The Court rUl-On.d Ihlll " '8·l>ou r delay. ....'hich is to include wttk.nds and hoIi. dloys. is not unreasonable. Justku SClllia. Rlack mun. Marshall and Stevens disunted. Surprisingly. Jull;ce Selllii'S dissent sa ;~ that such hellrings should newr be mort ihIon 24 floutS ,rt.. I swpect is Irrtsttd. "Iltrufttr. I law-abiding citi. nn ....·ron'fully lrusttd mOIl)' be compelltd to _it Ihr grace 01, Dickensian bureaucntic nuochine lIS it chums its C)'C1e tOr up 10 \-...) days _ nt\Itr ona gi'-'tn the O\lPOrtunily 10 show I judge that the .. is absolutely no reason 10 hold him. thaI i misWc. has bttn made."
VICllm Impaclln capIta' .antancln. pha.a /\If'''' u. T"'ma!dl. 90-5721. __ U.S. _ _ (June 199]). Maya capital Stnt.ncing jury talce into ilCcount evidence of the murder victim's ChalXt.. or thr crime', ;m~ct on Ihe victim". I.. mily? The Supreme Court inswend ytS by II ''''-Io.thrre vote. The Court·, dttision overturn«! \-...) relati'-'tly rtCtnl precedtnl5: Booth /I• Marvltllld. 482 U.S. 496 (1987) and South Cttro/illa ". Galhm, 490 U.S. 805 ( 198"!Ij. The Court rusontd that '\icbmimpa<:t ai<knc. is ,imply anothrr form or method 01 informin, the Uu!)'1 about the specir.c harm cawed by the crime in Qu estion". Ch ief J UltiCO Rehnqui,t nl~: AlABA.~
LAWYER
tabeled the Coorfs disc;mled preced."ls "'unworkable Or JIOOrly reasonro".
aaf.on extended f'pwe1"$ v. Ohio. 89·5011, __ U.S. __ (April l. 1991). In Powrn v. Ohio. the Suprtme Court held that a white defendant could object to nee-based exdlLlion of black jurors, whdher the ddendant and the ju rors wert of the same race. In &1S01" I<ent!riy. 476 us. 79 (1986). the Sup reme CGurt held that a state denies a black defendant equal protec· tion of law when it puis him to lrial be· fore a jury from which membe ... of hi' awn race have been pu!'fl(lSel~ excluded.. In PO~"ers v. OhiQ. a seven -Io-Iwo decision. the Supreme Court ntended &IS011 and explicitt~ held that a crimi · nal defendant may object to race·based exclusions of jurors ",·hether the d.fen· dant and Ihe excluded jurors share the Iolme r""e. The Court reasoned that the Equal Protecti on Claun prohibits a prosecutor from using the State', peremptory chall enges to exclude oth· erwise qualir.ed and unbiased persons from the petit jury solely by reason of their race. Justice Kenned» w.nt on to stale that Ohio's contention that racia.] identity between the objecting dden . dant and the excluded jurors d"", not conslitute a relevant precondition for a Bolso" challenge and. in fact. WGuid contravene the substantive guarantee, of the Equal Protection Clause and the polk)' underlying federal statu!OT)' law.
__ -"""'...... _ -.....,.-
Finally, the "bottom line" reasoning of the Court focused on the fact that the discriminatory use of peremptory chal · lenges cau,., a defendant cogni~able injury because racial discrimination in j ury nlection casts doubt on Ihe integrity of the judicial process and places the fairness of th. cri minal proceeding in doubt. SUPREME COURT OF ALABAMA
...-
Alabafne adopt. P o _ .... thereby extending
OhIo,
OWf''' v. Stilif'. 25 ABR 4947 (July 12, 1991). Th e Alabama Suprem e Court issued the writ of certiorari to review the court of criminal appeals' dtcision that Owen. who is white. lacked standing to cont .. t the Stat , ', use of its peremptory strikes to eliminatt black ~ni", persons from the trial juT)'. While ~n', case was on certiorari, the United States Supremo Court decided Pouwsv. Ohio. __ U.S. ~ III S.Ct 1364 (1991). In Pr:x«rs, tht Court held that a white c riminal def~ndant hu standing under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourtttnth Amendment to challenge the prosecution's use 01 per-
emptory strikes ofblack ""nire persons. With the supremo court's holding in awn, supra. and Ex porte Bird {Ms. 891061. June 14. 19911 _ So.2d _ (Ala. 1991), the Alabama Supremo Court adopts the underlying rationale that neial discrimination in jury selection casts a cloud on the inlegrity of the judicial proct SS and places the fairness of any criminal proceeding in doubt.
Ve n _ _ is._ risl"9 to con· s titutional di .... n.lon TuM! and l-ongmire v. Slille. 25 MIll 4759 (Jun< 28, 1991). In an opinion ",Tit· ten by Justice Ingram. the Alabama Supremo Court underscores the impor· tance of venue in the trial of criminal cases. Although the ,upreme court failed to re~rse wngmire's conviction. the court clearly rejected the St..lle·s argu· ment under Rule 45 th.lt the defendant's venue lOOlion mlLll include a showing <i prejudice before he is entitled to """,rsal. In ans"'er to the State's contention. Justice Ingram critically noted: CGntrary to the Stat. ·s argument, if the move constitute d a change of v.nu •. Rule 45 would not bar thi' appul. Ru l. 45. A.R.Ap p.P .. provides that "{nJo judgment may be ....... ,.....d or sel uide. nor new trial granted in any ... criminal case .... unless ... il should appea r that the error com ·
ALABAMA BAR DIRECTORY
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The 1991-92 Alabama Bar Directory will be mailed in December. Each member in good standing
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n lE ALABAMA 1..A\VVER
Nwember 1991 / 363
plained of has probably injuriOUJly lIffected sub.tllntial , ighls of the par· tiu." AllI.R.App.P. 45 (emphuiJ .upplied). T1wt right ~ 1M IrinJ in lite piQa ~ the ~ f1fXUTrfti is a suMtan· liol rotu/;/uliona! righl. Wt~n II drimdint objects \0 the change oI ....n .... and the court upon itJ own motion proceeds to thmge .... nuf. t~ mlull is a «<rIlIin. nol prob<oble. injury to the ""fendant's wbslllntlal right to be tried in the coun· ty or dislrict where Ih, offenJe was lIlleged t o have been committed. (emphasis added). BANKRUPTCY E . ....... lon_ U....... nl pt.n Mf1IrI#r. dba ~inNring II. Furm ~"';CfS. 2 1 D.C.D. 1525. (71h Cir. luly 16. 1991). Purd ... University ~uired plIrticiplltion in itJ rtti..,mtnl pllIn. the TelIChefS Insunona: and Annu· it y Anaellltion of AmericalCoUege Retirtment and Equity Fund. u.. same plan which pITNidu funding for over • half million employeu in .ome 3.000 CQllegu ind unive" itiH. The plan con· tained an an t i·ass iQn ment proviJion which did not .. 11ow annuit~1> to obtain ~y oIher (unlls befa.... tirement. ~d ~y _ignmenl would be void, Also. it contained a provision tNt to tho utml permitted by I,.,... plIyments would not be wb;«t to cl>.ims d lII'I)' "tditor. Th' debtor listed on hi. Chapter 7
Credil
bankruptcy pdition ipp ' o~imat.ly $280.000 due him from tt.. plan. n.. &nkruptcy Court ruled that the .. ti ..· ment plan WIJ properly of the binkruptcy utale. Upon appul. the Dis· trict Court held tNt Congrus intended 10 achille only ~ndlhrift trusts UJl((.er applicable non·bink ruplcy I.w. Bolh the debtor lind TIAA conlmdtd tNt the deblor could nOl ..",h the funds until retirement. Ihe pen .ion should be excluded (rom Ihe binkruplcy eSlate. The Seventh Circuil. in reviewing oth.. jurisdictionl .• Iated thaI courts are split on determining standards war' ranting Ihe uclusion of a rdirement piJ.n from I ~nkruplCY ulate. It quottd the EI_nth Circuit~' olin .... J.khstrahl. 75(j f.2d 148S. 1499 and the Fifth Circuit ClIK dIn rr Golf. 706 f.2d 574. 585. haldin, thll t541(c )(2) of the Bankruptcy Code appliu only 10 ' the type d lnut lhal tnodilioNtly has con· tai""d rttt. klioru; on usiQnmtnl> ~d not 10 trusts involving emp\oyft ben,fits'. bul that olher courts have held lhal the plln only r~quirt. c,,",racteristics of spendthrift truSI> und .. slate law 10 be exem pt. The plan. need not be limited 10 traditional spendthriftlrusts but ITI/IY ipply 10 pension funds uhibiting the (hlI raderiltics of " spendthrift lrust. ~ ~nth Circuit. in splitting with the fifth and Elewnth circuits, dKided tm! lhe plan nttd not ...... t the tradit ional spendth rift trust nquirrments, and thUJ lhat the $280 000 in the retiremenl plan "'as uempt. lind could be retaintd by the dtbtor.
.
PM-TIIII CapIlli UtIgIIon Rtsoun:e
........... ,. '
MIT/C AT/ON P ROC RAM Offutns 10 .ppolnl«l ",,,,,ori: "," . ul""/" ,, ".:l&l h"rill8 " .,i.t,,"," opnuolty ph_M in~'lig"'iQ" "atH.t err,," " di6~'Y , fT.'egie.
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DIK h. " . ollnt . ... 1 . nd pe... IU•• o n non-dIK h . rg.. . bl . t . d . r. ' t.x •• In rf! Vl.1Cm1 L ~rls. Cenlr.1 Dis· lricllll"lune 14, 1991 (21 a.C.D. 15151. In this cut ,flu sdtii"ll wilh the IRS on i tu ""ficiency. subHqu.nt to filing a Chapter 7 petition. the debtor filed an acMfSiry procteding ijlainst the Unittd
SLltts to delermlnt dischargeabilily to tuu and penallies. Th, Bankruptcy Court rultd thil although Iht LlI was not diJChuguble. the in ter nt and penaltiU. bUfd upOn t523(.) of Iht Bankruptcy Code ....'ert dischirgeablt. The IRS argued lhat under Code Section 523(.)(7). then musl be a penalty aris· ing from a disclu.rgWIlt tax which arose from an occurrence more Ihlln th ..e ytart before tht filing o( Iht p"tition. Tht argumtnt was thit despite the ll5f of the word 'or" between subsections (A) and IB) the legillative hiltory indic.lled t hat t he intenl "'IS to .. qui" a dilc,,",rgWIle LlI incurred ITIOre than til ... ~lIn before the petition ....as filtd. The district judge. in relying on the Tenth and Elfwnth ci"uit,. 'Iated that the statule means what it QyJ.irld the .. is no nted to refer to leglsl>.tive history. The penalty and inl"~ art discha~. ablt. ~ Eleventh Circuit cast men· tiontd il lhil din rr Bums. 887 f.2d 1541(1989).
Inl. . . .t on pa,n)1I t •• pe ...lt, tor corpor. tlon'. t. !lur.
p.,
tn..t fvnd t •••• Brad!'11 u. U.S .. 936 f .2d 707 (2nd Cir.). Thil Is lInother cue involving
to
inlerflt. but Ihi. concerns inteffSt on the withholding LlI penalty. The corporU ion fiiled 10 p,ay the payroll tn. B.idlfl/. as ~ oI'foa:r 01 the corpor.ltion. rra:Md lIUtUmcnt from the IRS. The corporation filed Chapin II ind !IIid the principlllimouni 01 the tuts. The IRS Ihm proceeded against Bridley for plIymrnl 01 intt ..st. The Court held tmt _n thouiIh the filing olthe Chapter II prevmted intereil thereafter (rom being usened , gain sl the corporation. the individuals were nevertheless liable (or the inl..ell as the penally is indepen· dent of lin emplayer's liabi lity for the intuu\. Such liability is stpl. atr and distinct from the tmpioytr's liability for trust fund WeI.
0 1';"/ "'PPQrt
A nonprom dlwt.ion of
AI.. " .. "... Pri . .... Project Funded by AI"""",,, L"w Fou ndotian, JOLTA Fun d 410 S. rerry Street Montgomery. Al 3610' (2051264· 7416
364 1 November 1991
PLEASE HELP US ••• We have no way 01 knowtng when one 01 OUt membershIp is deceased
unless we are nol,f,ed Do not wall lor someone e lse to do 11 ; If you kf'OW 01100 dealh 01 one of OUI members, p lease lei us
know
THE AlABAMA LAWYER
Chapte, 11---.b-.d felth filing In .Ing" . . . .t c . . .; dlsgo~ ment 01 .tto"",y's I_s I" ~ Humbl, PIau, joint ~nture, 936 F.2<l8l4 15th Cir, 1991). The dtbtor divided 80 plr(tU of unimprowd .. ~1 tSiate. ldding strteu. (urbs lnd Niic utilities only. No OIlier improvtmenu were nv(\e. A Chipter II ~tition "'as filed, lnd thue were Iwo unncured non.insider credilor' owed leu Ihan $7.000. A bankrupt(y judge dismi ••• d for lack of good faith. The appellate COlIn, ..lying upon LiI1/, Creek, 779 F ,~d at lOn, lnd the Eltwnth Circuit au of /" ~ Natural Land Corp" 825 .'.2<.1 2%, 297 firm, held lhil tilt principii ..ason for filing tilt au was la .. I~ tertiin insiden of their ~noNol gworlntefS, which is not a legilimale c»ncem of (:hopk. II. Aba in doing so, lilt coun stated lhil cGunsel silGuld be disinterested, thit counsel In this ast "'U oot di.interested. and thai tht S40,()OO paid to the attorneys muU be 1Ii$l2Orged.
Ellcu..ole neg lect In
debtor's 1.llure to tl ....ly file lAS proof of cl.lm In ThomaJ WiIIlom DaviJ, 936 F.2d 771 (4th Cir. 1991), This C:lst invoMd Bankruptcy rult$ 3004, 80J and 9006(bJ. Rule 3004 providu thit a debtor must file proo( 01 clloim in behioif cI a credit'" within XI dIoyIlfI" the npi"'tion 01 the dudli ... sel by Rule JOO2(eJ, which i. the 9O-d.!.y ~riod from tilt initial 341 cmllton' medina. Rule 3004 is mitigated by Rule 9006(bllllowing for an enLIr~mtnl klr lilt timt iimiUtion if il can be shown thiol lilt failure to file was the r.5ult of -UCU5a.bl. neglect". Ru le 8013 , taltS that I determinat ion of ucu5a.ble neglect inY<ll~s finding. of fact which. unleu clurly erroneous. shoutd oot be set iQid •. In the insUnl Close, the debtors claimed thit it wu ~k nt1I1fCl btaust the &nkrupt. q Court did not notify thtm 01 the wt· urt 01 lilt IRS to file proof 01 claim by the dtadll .... Tht Fourth Circuit, in holding thiol thne wu no UCII"ble nt gltct. .... ill Ihut was no duly on the part of the clerk 10 so nolify the lIebtor IS the doblor hid full aCCfU to court filing$, and, thw, there was 00 abuse of discrelion by the court • TIlE ALABAMA IJIWYEII
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Consultant's Corner The (oJlrxdng is <I review of ami rommrnlary on 011 office au/omalion i$Sue thol has current ;mw,llme(' /0 the /"fI'l/ commW1i1!J. PrqKlred by 1m office out<>ml1lion ronsullimt 10 the slate ber, Paul &rnslein• ..-hose views an! ",,/ ,reressaril!ll~ of the Sialt bar. Th~ is the 21s1 article in Our ·Coru;u{l<ml's Coron" series_ We «wid like /0 hear from /IOU, both in cri· tique of the orlide writ/en and for suggeslioru of tOpiC!; for future or/icles.
Sole p.ectitlo,... checkup Sole practice is growing in Alabama
and elsewhere... Wl'11 The reasons vary from disillusionment with fi,m practice to a del;;re for independence to a luling that wle practice enables one to truly practice law that help. p«>ple. ThaI said. w le practice is no Ioore immune from
the «onomic prenure of the marketpl~ than any other form of practice. In fact. $Ole practice can be VEry ""Ine. a· ble. and it. practitioners generally have a lot Ius staying 1X>Wi" than their larit'r brethren, Acheckup may be in ord ... How am I doing? This is the most fre ·
Quently heard question from the solos I have encountered. Th e answer I give them is ~ry blunt. "If you break e"en the fi"t )'<'ar. you are successful." The statement it'nerates a look of increduli· ty. follo><~d by a look ofrelie/. Where em 11 This is not as trivial 11,\ it sounds. II calls for a rather profound an. lysis of nne's current legal practice. H involves such is.ues as markd analysis; ·Whal is in demand in my seNko area?·. market focus: ' What do I ha~ to offerl" .• nd marhl niche' ·What can I offer that
others cannot offer 11,\ wt'm" One must distinguish immediately betv.'een urban and rural practitioners. Urb.n practi. tioners in the '90s must specialize for long·tum succes$. The rural pr<ICtitioner. on the other hand. must generali~e (within limits) to augur success. Th. suburban practitioner, like Ihe le rm itself. is a hybrid. The suburban practi. tioner in the suburb of a minor urban arta can probably conlinue 10 general · i~e. The practilioner in the suburb 01 a major urban area had beller gi~ strong coruid..ation to specializing.
Financial Indicator. Solos. jusl like Iheir big finn acquain· tanct..'!, had better watch two indicalors closely: ulilization and realization. Uti · lilation is the r.tio of hours bil l,d to hours worked. 11 meaSureS how eflec· li~ly you u.., your avai1~le time. Ileal · iution is the ratio of effecti,·, billing rate to staled billing rate. errecti,.. r.te being defined 11,\ the ratio of income pro· duced di"ide<! by hou,.. actually ....-orked on a ca..,. It meaSureS how e{ficiently jIQU mana* ma\ters.
Timekeeping
Richard Wilson & Associates Registe red Profess ional Court Reporters 17 Mildred Streel MOntgomt'ry. Alabama 36104
264-6433 366 1 NO'Wmber 1991
I (almosl) weep when I hear solo. tell me they do not nted to keep detailed time records because they usually Quote on a nat or contingent fee basis. The mOSI precious commodiry a lawyer has is time. In facl. il is his Or her only ·r...... matui.I ", How in the world are you going to a•• es. your progrus (before income tax time) if you do not your inventory (of time)? A solo's upon .... within a few parameters. are Yirtually fi xed. The only variable is income. You mUlt account for every tenth of.n hour of attendance time if
"'"""*
you are e~r going to get . handle on where your time goe •. ·Leakage". the 1051 01 time to unknown faclors, should be the bane of """'1' solo. I ha~ never encount...d a succusful solo ..... ho did nOI kee p scrupulously detai led tim. records.
Bu . tna •• deve lopment The key to solo busineu dl'1l(lopmenl is rderrals. A brid anredote may illustrate Ihis. In conferring with a very .ucc..sful sole practitioner (in anolher Slate). I had asked his secretary to arrange motel accomodations for me. She put me up in a very nice major chain motel nearby. On checking in. the desk clerk noted who had made the reservation and immedi.tely inaugurat· ed a teslimonialto this "Sreat" la,")'", how effect;\'\' he had been, how compas' sionate. etc. I teased the solo the next day aboul his use oI·runne,..·. He bri.· tied a bit until 1 told him about the clienl (whom he could not remember) who ..... 11,\ singing his praise. to anyone who ....-ould listen. When n.w clients <orne to you. as k h"'" the» came to kn"'" of you. If it W1l,\ a rderral. remember 10 wrile a Ihank· you not' to tn . person who recom· mended you. If you are a generalisl. remember to h.w a mod .. t brochure a"ailable li.ling all the ..,r"ices you are competent to per/onn.
Conclu.lon The ·thumb rules' for sucaufui sole practice are ~ry nearly Ihe same rules that apply to mega·ftnns: • Assess your strength, and market position: • Keep ti me!; • Monilor jlQUr critical ratio.: and
TIlE ALABAMA lAWYER
iF.,.Reque~
for Consulting Services
Office Automation Consulting Program SC HEDULE OF FEES, TtRMS ,\N O CONDITION S
,,. ,.,.,
Finn Site'
Dun tion" I dial' 2 dol'S 3~"
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Over 10
'N~mbtr ofl>wytn <)til)'
Avg.
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S 500,00
$1.000.00 SI.soo.OO 12,000.00 52,500.00
""''''''''1
CoJtlll1~r
$500.00 $400.00 =00 5307.00 1277.00 S25O.00
(••dudinA of "DuraliM ..It.. to tM pbnMd ""-pr<mi" lime .1'1<1 doe. not inctud< time .""nl by tho C«\Sult.1nl in hit own ofIi<t wIIi1, p"l". ing dotumtnt.1(ion and , t<omm<fl!b,11QCU..
REQUEST FOR CONSULTING SERVICES OFFICE AtrrO;\lATlON CONSULTINC PROGRAM SponOOrH by A1abIo ..... Slote B.a. THE I'1 l1M
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Address
City
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Title panolfg.lls _ _ secrd.ori.. OIhen Otr.cninolher'iliu?' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __
ITS PRACTln Practice Arus ~")
LUig.,tion Keai Estate
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Marit ime Collections
COrpOrate EMate Planning
Tu
Hanking
Numbtr 01 cJitnts handled ;wmUllty
Number of J1\lIUtn prtKntly . n_ _ _ _ _ __
Numbu of rmtt ... lwldlrd aMUIlly
110'0II often do you bill?
EQUJ PMENT
Word proceuing equipment any) ============================== Dk. .tion equipment a,,":,~,================================ Dala p.<)«ssing equipment (if(ifany) _
CO(!)' eqUIpment (ihny) (if _ T.kp~~ui~nl
_ ____________________ _______________
P ROCRAM
"01 mophwsdtsirfd
Admin. Audll
Prdured lirrc
UI Wit:
01' N«tIs Analysis (2) Wit:
Mail this request for service to the Alab.11T1l1 Slale Bar for schedulinQ. &:nd to the ~U.ntion of Margaret Ik>one . extcutiw. ;wi.tant. AlabalTlll State IJ.ar. P.O. IlolC 671. MonlllOmery. Alab.11T1l1 36101. NO'o'tmber 1991 / 367
CLASSIFIED NOTICES
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Fo. S.I., AFTR 1·52, AFTR 2e1 , ·53, Tn Court IP'''' Looseleaf) 35·83, EllA Boo Ta. Cour, M$ITIC '-52, J Tax 197065 L •• ve m . . . . . . .1 (205) 677·
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Fo. a.I. : Seve up 10 60 p."cenl bUyIng law books Coli La. fed ld. fed Sup , Sup CI Rpt< _fed R..... Dec, RegIon., Reportell , Repone •• Bnd Statulel NUs,ac,,,,,, gum..... teed Need c.sI>? US 'fO'# ",.oeeded bo04<l. Phone ',800-325-$012-
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Fo. S.,., Alabama Reports and Southern R,port ... Ihat Include all Alabama cua. through pall 01 1969 Phone (20513<'5-3 •• ' .
Fo. S.'., AI, Cooe 1975 • 1989 W • .IOIW&..... Prac:IOCfI III'Id Forms. so. vol •.• 1962 PP. Alabama D,gest . 1990 PP. CJS + 1981 pp .. Am Jur 2d • 1965 PP. WOlds Ind Ptw_ • 1966 pp .• Ala Repo<l. one Ilvough So Rep one 1hfOugI'I3oI5 2<1. AlII. Rep con"'IW>!I So 2<1 3-46 througn 554 9 (I'. comp"" Ala re!XIIII) Conla ..1 H.T. Fllzpal.I .... . " ••• 2112 C a mpba ll Road . Monllom •• " Alabama :MIlll. Phon. 12051 265-11380. Fo. '.1" Sa .. e 50 percent on your tawbook8, Call National law Resource. A"",,;ca', largest lawbOOlc dealer Hull"
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inV<l'll!Ol1ft Low prices. Excellent '1'>8 li. ty Your . .1.. laction absolute~ gua,anteed Also. ':'11 A.... ric.·. largest law· bOOIc llealar wnen \OJ WIllI to sell 'fOJl
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FOR SALE
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able lor S5 (rncludll postage) Mall c h ." .. 10 P . O . 8o. '71 , Monl · 10m • • , . AI.b.ma 31101. P ... p.'.... nl ..q ..I • • d. Fo. Sal" ..... MmII Report'" System (all AIa~ .ppeI~te cases); Alabema Code; ..... bama Orgesl, A~~ Sl>ep.. dl. Am Jor 2<1. USCA. US Sopr""", Ccutt Reports (ell Ed and l Ed_ 2<:t); Omnrl •• 1&IeCOpoef model G36. MinoIta ~
modal EP 550l WIth ten-bon eoI-
late< C"nlael Ch .. e" Hoi"', P. O. lIOI 154. Mobil •• Alabama 36601 . Phon. ,205) 432-0131.
POSITIONS OFFERED POllUon Oll • •• d: Mld·sized law hrm with g,nl,,1 CIVI l praCllce seeks associate attorney Wllh ~ero 10 Ih,ee yea'i' upellence lor Monlgomory oHice S.nd ..... m . a nd .a la., . a .... I.amant. 10 La. Firm, P .O. au 210324 , Mo ntIO...." . AI • • • .... :MI121.o324 .
PO IIUon Ott ••• d , Small IIrm (less
than Ian) wlln btI."'eSi pllcllce !\as ......,..,. MId Ie..- 411Or111y
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.nd Hlate MaUSfS AU ,nqullles """'",,"nal Send .. It. 10: Managing P.l1n.., P.O • • 0. 18611, 81...,lng. h.m, AI.bama 35201.
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Po .ltlo n On. , . d , Attorney jobs. "allonal Or lederal le"a l employmenl ,aport. Hignly r&gl'~ monthly detailed lisung 01 t\undrlds 01 altorney and law· relaled lOOt With IIIe U S. Governmenl and olha, publlC/P".Bt. employars in Wastw>gton. OC, Ihroughout the U S .nd abroad $32·3 mOnlhs; $55·6 monthl .... ' - pcbs eeet> , _ Pubbshad IIIr'ICI 1979 F. 6 • •• 1 A. port., 1010 Vermont ...... n ..., HW , . 408· AB , Wa . hl .. ,ton, D. C . 20005 . Ptto_ (202) 38;),,3311. Vi....-.c. SERVICES 5 . ... 1" .. Atlanta. Georg .. co·coun1111. Do yQ<.l nud I Georgia lawyor as co-coo.msellor plSlnllll't personal i"lury
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Clilse11 hII .. IS \'1I,r,' "per"""'" and Ilmrl my p<BCtIClil to personal "'""y and worken' compensatIon. C.II Aonald L. HIII .y, 1'10'1) 325·4<100. No r"P'''' 'MIII/IO(l " m"Ie abour the qual,ty 01 Ifle legal 8IfWceS 10 be piJlfc..-med or /he e~perIJU 01 IIlI periormIng suctr
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S . .. le" lra!hc eng,neer consul· t, .. Va-perl .. nn ... Graduate, reg'" tered, prol,,,,on,1 .ng,ne.. Forty ,..,,' IXPI"lnc. Hlghwa, and C,I, roadway dftogn. ~."ic control din :11. cny .onlng W.It. 0. c.n 10. ..... m •• I •••. " .ck W. Ch.mO· n••• 421 • • n. h .... 1 0.1 .... Monl· 1 0m..,. AI.Oa m a 3atot. Phon. (2OS) 212·2353.
S . ... lc .. Lagal rl5IA'ch help Expe· ",nced 'llorney. membe' 01 Alabama State Ba, "nca 1977 Access 10 state IIIw hbratY WESTLAW,,,,,,labie Prompt deadllnl "archn We do UCC·I HarChet S35/hout Sa.ah Ka th.yn , . ... . .. . 112 "00 • • a .. lldinl . Mont,om • • y .... laOama 3610'1 . Phon. 12051 277 ·713 7 . No rept. ""'a,1Ot> IS Made a/;>oultlll quality of 1III/aQaJ _ 10 IJe penomlfJd 0I1fle e>rptIfflM d tfJa pat1rNmIng &uc:fI
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S.... II:.. Exam",auCln 01 quostrooed documents Handw""ng,lypew"t>ng and relalld e,..".,.nalront. Internatronal~ court.quahtl8d upert wllneSs D,plo' mate. Americ,n So.rd 01 Foten"", Documenl bam,ners Member: Amellcan SocNlIy 01 OuHtronecl Document ExamInell. lhe Int.,nallonal AssoclaHon IOf IdeohtlCaloon. tile ell"sh ForenSIC Sc~ enee SecNIt\' end !hi Nat>lnlll Assocoehon 01 C"mlnal Delense tawye .. Reurld CI'INII ~ E~. USA CI laborator'" Ha .. . M,.. Gldlo .. , 211 .....'monl Orl • • • A .."u"., Gao." la 30101. Pho ... ' _ I 8604H7 . S .... Ic:.. ean,!oad torense docI.menI e ............. es. M S, g'aQuale 01 un"",· OIIy.based rHldem IChOOI "' documer1l
..amrnarton Published nat/lnternat Se.enleen yea,.' 1".1 upelleoce in Il ate and le(leral courts of Alabama
FO'>le,y, alte,natoons and document autt>entlClly e xaminatloos in flO[l,cflm;· nal matlers. AmerICan Academy Foren· SiC Sci&rlCes, Ame'lCan Boald Forensic Document Ex""""".... American Soc iety Questioned Document Exammels L.me. Mill • • , P.O. Bo][ 55405, Blrmlnghem, .. I.b.me 35255. Phon. 12051 988-4158. S ..... lc.: Expe<t witness. POlice veh l· cle Ope,al<OnS (emergency ,esponse, pursuits, neg li gent ope,alloo) Twenty years' .. xp,,,,ence in law enforcement, collega teaChIng. police Iia ining. Col· lege dean and comlfied paIice academy ;nS!lucter (emergency vehic le ope,a· trons). Plalnllft and OOlense .. xpenence D •. Tom a • •k . r , 1631 F a irway
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tice experiS HCAI Wil l eva luate your cases gletis lor menl and causal lon Clinical reps WIll come 10 your oll ice gratos If your case has no mem 0' II causaUon IS poor. we will also PIOVtde a b ... wfillen 'epart Slal affidaVits super· rushed. Piease see dIsplay ad on page 320. H • • lth c ••• "udllo •• , Inc. , P.O. Bo][ 22007, 51. P . U • • bur" Florid • . Phon. 18131 $ 79·8054. F.K 573· 1333.
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ExarnnFB I superv'sory SpeC ial 9QenI_ FB I certIfied as document exam ine, arid forenSIc chemist. AmerICan Academy 01 ForensIC Science member. Document e' am ln"r wah Charlotte PD Would work your cases dUfI"g oft·duly hours Ch •• I•• E. Pe ... ou", 940$ Ha ...., Ol. n Drive , Ch",IoU., North C. roU".. 26269. Pt.one (704) 598.2803. •
er 01 q<.>eStroned docl.merl1s.
S • • "lc . , $ecu"tres e. pert w,lness W,II re"iew laCI$ to delermlne S<J ltab,hly. churning, e.ces",,,e charges. etc Experl WI(nfiS expe'reroce In both pia,"· ~fl aOO defendant "''''''ted cases Reg· istered Inveslment adVisor and member 01 the Alabama SUlie Ba, Resume ava il·
SW, Jecks onwill., .. I. ... 36265. Phon. 12051782-5335. S.rvlc. , Medical, dental ma lprac· D.I~ .,
able upon 'eqlJest W.lt. M.L. 8.on· ".', P.O. Bo_ 1310, Monlgoma .y,
I lfms. CPAs, co ll ecl lon aganCles, and others CItywIde. statew,de. NllionwlOO $ 15 ret"eval lee for Etowah. Marshall and Che,<)kee counloes $35 stalewlda 545 all Olhars RUSh ne xt·day servlea ava ilable at small add lliona l lee State lICensed Pt.ona 1·800-732.0175.
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p.OVIDB TOUR, ____________________________________ ___ !
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(1991) available for research and wnllng ani stance while pUIsulng LL M Also. on MQ(10ays. availab le in Blfmlngham for in-house OO<IOs. ESpeCia lly inte,est· ed In en""onmentai Issues. $35{hour. Ihree·hour minImum D. Wlillem Rook., (2051 979·Ut9. NO repra· sen/allO(! is made about the qua/,W 01 lila /&gal serVJces /0 be ptJrlormed or lhe 8 Kpatll.8 01 lhe lawyflr parlorm,ng such_Vices
Ret~ed
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S • • wlc., Solon '. Oocum . nl R. hie"e l s • • ~lc. Lega l document seMCe SpeCisllling ;" retneval 01 deeds. W1l1s. ballknJptcy Cl8ims, mortgages, etc Service prOVIded for altorneys, parale· gals. lend Ing institutions. brokerage
THE AlABAMA U\WYt:R
No"emNr 1991/369
II
II, . YiUI •• 0, Col " c.p"Ll. H.~r<l, K.. b. ~ C •• 1>. O. S.. 2069 !'tontq ...... y If.. 301~-2069
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