'~t Union Bank, Ire rrork hard to
earn your trust. " - Henry A. Leslie
l're$idcni and Chid [xecui;ve Ollice.
Union Balik WOI ks dO;;I~lv wit h m all\' ,\1;11 I<lIna atlOl1ll.'V!; in the <ldlllillist!;lt i()n oft nlsls ;lIld est;lles. Our invcstment c<ljJ;lllilities hal'C i l1<'masl~d dramatically in the past yeal' by the ,ulditlUll ur a state-of-t he-;u1 COlli pll1t:riZIJ{ i svSlem. t\S ,\Ial )allia 's I.ugesl in dl!pc n dt:1I1 bank, wc (:lJlltllll a II 0\ It' illl'Cstment p,ucessingwithinthe Tnl;; t lJep;u1nltmllu aS5 \1Jl! consl<l nt iltlelltion all( 1complete cUIlIi{iuntialit.v foryullrclicnts. \ \Ie inl~tc yOlll ' qucsi iOl1s al lOul UniU11 ilank's tn 1St sclvices. OUI'CXpClieI1Ct!d 11'\ISt ulliClJn,; \\'illllll gl;1(11I1 d iscuss .my business, Iii !alicia I 01' ad'llillistl,11 in ! aSI )(!(路t of the selviccs we p mvidt!.
60 COIlHlleIU! S11l~!1 :11; 1O.j 1205 12l-i5 -1>21l]
M0I11/-j1J1 nt!IY, 1\1<11 )<1111<1
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On tIM! coverWilliam Doyle Scruggs, Jr., of Ft. Payne, became the 110th president of the AI;tbama Sta~ Bar. An in1e<View wilh him will appear in t1>e November issU>e of the LlIwyer,
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Find OUT fT'IOfe <>bout the RirCketeeI ing Illfluenced arod Cooupl Organizations act. enacted to attack 11>e infihraTion of legiTimaTe businesses by organized crime,
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What a Civil Practitioner Needs to Know about the Defense of White- Avoidi ng Malpractice and Client collar Crime ...... ... ..... 250 COfl1)laints .. • . . ....... •• • 269
"Civil practilior>ef1; faced with a cri!"lnal Investigation should be _ ai'll that decisions made early in the InvestigaTion may be critical to the success 01' failul'll of a subseq....... t criminal defen~,"
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Postmuter. Send ...:Id~, change5 to The Alat.."N LlIwyer, P,O. SO>C 4 I 56, MonlflO/t'lery, Al 36101.
INS IDE THIS ISSUE ~nt's Page , ... . ,., Executi~ o;~s Report . LegislaTiY!! WrafMJp , ,., , ,., , ", Aboul Members, Among firms", Bar B~fs. ,.,.,., .... , .. "", Riding the Cir<;IJito;. , ,.",."", ClE OpportuniTies ,."." •. , .. , Opinions 01 the Genet'al Coonsel , DiscipHna'Y Report
236 238 240 243 246 24 7 264 267
268
Unlortuna",ly As$istant Genetal Coonsel Alex W, Jackson periodically has to glY!! This presentalion al the bar's Annual Meetings, Fortunately, 1>e1'll ~ is again in the hopes malpr1K.'lkt-Iawsuito; and eli.... , complaint5 can be decreased.
Alab.ama Wrongful Death , , , ,., " RecenT Decision", . . , '." . • ", Annual Meeting Photographs ,., " Young LlIwyers' Section .• , , .. , " Memorials ."., ..... , ... " " , Committees and T~k Fon:es ' Et Cetera Classified NOTices . . ",.,.",."
272 271 278 285 288
289 >0'
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President's Page this INr from promoIi ..... In a gener~1 wool my ~ and lormer ~ fWlion, the admini)cliMion 01 j...oc.. in dentsolthis INr, Bill Haimon and AlalNm;l. As oIfi~ 01 the court. ...e not Norborne Stone. ~y hoM! only hoM! the right, but are charged with WoI<ned me that this page presents 3 lhe duly, of improving Ihe delive<y 0( 1.11. wonderful oppOnunity lor the president 01 the Alabama Stale Sar to display his timate justice. Ignorance to e-ery 1;\W'fI,!I' in the state. I perwnally hoM! been ''''''y plea~ w ith the ;ntelli"",,~ operHninded and T.oki"ll advice 1II.!"""'IIy.-ll<flcMo. v.ell-<eOI5Oioed ccmmenlS I ~ ~ ing it was mNnt lor ~""SO', I ~ from AlaINma bwyets on all ~ 01 all liut lhe french 1;\W'fI,!I' and philosopher, Michel de Montaigne. in hl1 Esthis iswe.. The publk has been subjected ..,.... n<XOO in 1580 liut the mo.t acc;urate to a ba rrage of mislNdlng and someobseMtions and comments most ofIen limes lodicrous Sta lements from interesl ~ made by d-.ose igroorant of their wbgrouP' on both ends of the ~rum, and it is up 10 ~ 10 help the parties jecI: beca~ n:l ~ pe0c~ with final responsibility in this ple interpret and aller rather than ~ anelllO define the truth SO ultimale policy ~, beln, at least partially ~I i fied and rea11in, my ancestor H;lIIard decisions may be ~ on fact, not B. Black's 'WoIrning to say little and wrile SCRUGGS frighL less, I now repOrt . The .econd iWJe is "specialization.'" By vi rtue of an opinion of Alabama Supreme Court in It is worthwhile at the beginning of a new bar year 10 io:ientify the immediate areas of concern and put in place ;'Ilen IV, HC1>Ve1l vs. ;'1ab.Jm.'I State Bal. the b.v must prea crisis rnaroagement system Ior ....... t...e believe will be sent 10 the court a mNIlingful responSl!1 relaIi..., to pI"I"' the maio< areas 01 mcMmenl a~ing the profession. mini"ll I~ 10 ad-.ertise rhei. etpef1ise in certain specialties. NOH! heft! rmtlaw)ers fNIoI speciali~ in ~ There are lour immedioote probk>mslopportunities the INr famion they wish. and ~ h.Js _ been any rule must continue to deal with in the short run. against any form of specialization; the focus of the case The fir.!, the issue of "ron ..,form; is n~tional in scope, and !egi!.lation is at lhe threshold in COngress. the Alabama is the ""' '''rti sfng 01 a spec ialty or 01 lOme accomplis!r Legislatu re and the legislatures 01 most states. The views ment wggI.!Sting expertise or speciali zation . oIthl. bar are as di......se n the.SSU6. This is not a trade The immediate problem is that there is not a national association and, based on the decisions irwoiving othet or regional ~fy;"lI boord havi"ll the ~ and standins to CMiIy l{«fali$b" with the j'lO§Sible and traditional 1Nrs, r..lk " Sure Bat 01 Michipn. lOS N.W.1tI 201 (Mich. 19$11; Nrow v. Dow. 636 f. 2d 287 (I()It1 OL t980J; ",. e.ceptions 01 the admiralty. ""teflt and Ilade marl< prac· row ... Oow. 544 F. StIpp. 458 (O.c N.M. 1982); Romany tices. Unlikf!our comf3des. the physicians. who haw ...... v. Co/egjo DeJ\bopOOs De Puerto R~ 74 2 f, 2d 32 (hI loos examinati ons and boards such as the American Col. lege 0/ Surgeons, there a ... no true counterparts in the leCi •. 1984); P!!lltion of Ch<lm~n, S09 Atl. 2d 753 (N ,H. 1966); and Kerlet v. State Bar of Cali/omia, 226 Cal. Rp. gal profession and may ne.er be such. Surgery is wrgery 448 (1986), ""' an! prohibted from rTIC$ Ktivities having in louisiilflil or \ennonl. Standard fOOlminations in such a dired nvluence In the conlent or outcome of such fields as enaineering and medicine ~ t - ...i/orm appIialion in the UnilO!d SYtes. but both wbstanti..., L~. Tho! does noI mean. ~ the Alabarni and pro<:mIlfl,!S .... ry dr.wnatically from Slate 10 state. Stile Bar annClI be a ....... ide "" the dissemination oflacts about the complex Issues and certainly does not prohibit The u!limate choice may be Whelhe/tO abandon any
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am..nisins a specially 01' a~~ 01 ~ bo.lrd eQIT1;ru-
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tions a
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p.l>S ~ucren"ully
in
"'*' to ;od>eni~ a specialty in this ~(e.
The third Issue, law'jer ~rtising in gcoI!ral, is ~a<.:hing a c rossro.xjs. The United States SuP"""" Court, in cases directly il"Mllvins ~ ;odvertisins. BillE'S eI ~I. '" Slate 6.lr 01 Niron.o, 4)) U.s. )50 (1977); In k R.MJ., 455 U.s.. 191 0982); .... z.udeter v, OIfoce 01 D,sclp/,.ury Coo ..... , 01 the Supteme
COUrt 0/0/1>0, 4n U.s. _ 85 LEd . 2d 652, ~I~ in c~ il"l\oOl";ng 8CfJt!fic ad\Crtisin" is ed8ing do~r 10 an es§E'J1tlal. Iy ~n l iml l cd right of commer<;i,lI y Iree speech, Rules 1r"MJlving pre-pyblicatiOfl n:vi_ ,Iso are uno:Ier fire and having a chilling f'lfK1 Ofl free speech. In the lurull'! .... ""'V be I.W\OIble, conSliMiooaIIy, 10 review ~ ad-,ert'Slng moMe<ial prior 10 pubiiC3tiOfl, 01' to hM! a~ Wpo!fVision 01 the content oi id"'oCr. lisingl7; I~ e<o!pI;m.. the I.ct. .... then Oflly to pu nish ~ whole ad_. ti§E'J1>enIS are deceptil.'e. misle.xl ing or fitoCtu.lly incorrect. This is a poor resu ll from lhe mnd!X>im of the bar. the ~al public 0IrId the ~ who aoMr. I~ beause it offers 00 guidelines and
no
conlrol, eo;cept subsequenl isl!ment.
put!-
in bme and ftlon. is the creation oi a cap. ti\C insur~nce rompa~ owned 17; !he lawyers In AliObama.
Perhaps the Uniif!d Stales ~ Court will chisel a delinitioe marl< Ofl I~ advertising. I ~,short oi tOl.lI commercially fme speech. In the mea nlime,)OOr ba r mUSI come to grips with Ihis problem.
This obYlousty """"Id require substanlial Opil~llz~tiQfl in addition 10 higher iMi~ 1 prernium~ but the ""perience in other Slat~ has been conscanl policy ptOvisOons, birly uoibml underwrilirll!olartdatds and ~jvely reMOflabie premiums. E>en with the Clpti-.e Comp;i~, ~ wry IMge finns and finns engaged In seC'Urities and bond Y>OtIt SI,II might be at the mercy oi ....ant market trends. On balance then. it re.xlilyCln be seen .... h;rve four dfilgon, al the door, all of which h;M fili~ their heads within the I.ost 12 monlhs. A SI.Ibstlntial amount oi Y>OtIt alrNdy has been o:Ionoe u~ the Ie.ader\hlp oi Jim North Ofl all iou< oi thee areas, and CflUinly some 01' all 01 these problems rn<#f remain fO< my wc' cessor, Sen H..... is. The .peed and momentum at wh;dl1he5e pooblems are ~lopin8 requill'! our immediale allenliOfl and best efforts. but the other fine committee we>rl< and ~ of the bar mUSI not be negJected.
On a mud1 mtlfe mund.one and pra<:tj.. callel.'el, the fourth issue, malpractice insur"""" ~ lor ~ is in a mte 01 di....mt)I. COfTlINnies enter and withd.- from the m.1IkeI regularly, policy prtI'IIisions all'! ~~, _ I s all'! declined, c~ shrinks and Pll'!miums inc ...ase. The sole pra<:ti1>Ofler'i and small f,,·ms '-llreI'Iliumlevcls thai are shock· Ing while large forms and some special· iSIS cannot obtain compiele c<M!rage at ;ony price. It to a ~ problem 01 C05l and Slabilily in the market, ~ hM! been and ate conlinually Sludying three possible solutions. The firSl is to find a domestic company to write lhe policies di'l!C1ly, keeping premiums. CCM'f~ges ~nd the underwriting $t.and~ rds conStanl for sever~1 yea~ The _000 is to fi nd teinsuranceOfl the l0ndon market with a domestic compa~ handling underwriling and cI~ims. 81 .... ing ~ally the s.ame mbilirv and filled c"". The third possibi1irv, oifering the besI sol ........ albeit lithe highesl C05l
•
_Willi~m
D. ScfVl8\, Jr.
REALLY GOOD NEWS Here's a lender making 20 year loans with f iXED Inlerest rates. Not variable. FIX ED FOR 20 YEARS Commercia! - Inveslmentloans, 'irst mortgages.
Propertin; Office buildings, shopping centers, light Industrial. New construction, rehab. properties. or existing building$. B. nk..-.: We can provide Forward Commitmen~ up coyer your constructio;Hlloans. United
......
(205) 97\1-0367
to one year in
advance. lor pefmanent lo8ns 10
Comp'nin'" one-bIIIon doIIlIr, lIn.ndal company hted on AMEX. Andrew T, Gr'yt.., CCtM Southc;r'" Bldg. , SuM. 201 102$ Monlg<>mary Highway BIrmIngham, AL 3521'
Executive Director's Report This and That Almost loaded!
sis has noc been solV'l'd, unfonunately.
e're almost loadedl It hit<; been a long and personoel-inlen~Ye operation; Ilowever, the I>ior's IBM 36 computet becomes more usefUl e-eryday. WeanlidJ>3!e 00ing fully operational within the oe><t
No ,i ngle issue has <;OnSumed more bar leadership lime over the last six months than this. I feel as though I have spoken 10 most of you personallv in seeking 10 ooIve '(OUr problems. Inv~riably, the suggestion has been mao:Ie to fonn OUr own "cap/ive" or mUlual. .. like the doctors. Your board of commi"i"""", authorized a study of this action, and a cor.suiting firm with such experience will be engaged. The survey of the membeMip, seeking detililed data. is an essential part of the start-up effon. We m~1 have I'QUr coof...,uion in supplying the informalion SO proper ilCluarial and underwriling decisions can be made. This is going to require a financial commitmenl of e ach member. Capitalization in the amount of two and O<>ehalf 10 three million oollars will be requil>!d beIQre the first policy can be writ· ten. This effort requires a minimum oJ six
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A final request for personal data h",
been ~t lOappn:>.imately 1,0000/ OUr 6,OOO-pIus members who have 001 submitted their information fo<ln'l. The 1986-87 AlaN"'" Ba,Directory will be printed from romputer.generated ropy, and while we want to have a complele ti~ingo/ membe<s, the failure to submit personal data could ~It in your 001 being included. lawye< refeml recoros, admission applications, law student regiscrations, discipli ... 'Y /unoion records, mandatoJ)' elE recoo;!s..oo bar census dal;.l are now ~,ievable.
I am panicola'ly proud of the SIiIff iK;ceplallCe and training efforts to become computer literate. Mary lyn Pike stlpe<vi~ the inSlill1;11iOO, progr.!mming and loading 01 the syslem. and Ma'8"ret Boone was designated the systems 0perator and coon:Hnated staff training. Vivian f rocman 0,,","""" syslen> ope .... lions at the Center for PfOte.'iional Responsibility. We all should be grateful to them /or the 100 percent-p!us efforts they
....
Get captu....!
The professior>,:Illiabilily ,nsurance cri-
months, under the """ oJ an;u1Tl5lan<;eS. I hope when '(OU read this, a new endorsed E&O progt3m will be in place. A 100 I"'fC1'IlI re-insurance slip and fronting company has been acquired, and contractual details are beinS worked out as I w,ite. In §pile of our present difficulties.. I am aware of only two fi rms who have been unable 10 get ooverage. In each case prior or pending claims had an adver.;e impacl on the-seapplications. The avail· ability of covt'f;lge has been a primary concern; howevet, lhe premium quotes
HAMNER
have
no!
been
I~
desired in most
cases. Unlike a year ago, I believe things will gel bettef before getting W<lnEl. Q irlo;e o;hed<up Two fiml5 alreadv have used lhe 5er· vices of OUr oIfia! ronsultan~ Paul B0mstei n of Offi~ Technology ASSOCiates,
Inc., and they were pIeasal. Neither was a large firm; they were lhe """lIer firTn'l the Economics of Law Committee hoped 10 see benefited by the 5efVices. A requesI form for the consulling 5eMces is on page 1590fthis issue. 'ft>u may wish 10 review the in-<lep(h ""ide on this ser· vi~ in lhe May Alabama Lawyet. pages 141).147. A re you a 1MfTIber1
Alabamala""r"'f5 have held one of the highest I"'fC1'Iltages of state """".......il' in the American Bar Association. We ronsiSlentiv ranked in the top ten Slates.. We ranked 13th at the end of May 1966,
Sepklmber 1986
up from 11Ih a I"'ar ago. Ql.<>r one-half of IIle I~rs in lhe Uniled Slal~ belong 10 lhe ASA, and il rightfully claim' 10 be lhe voice of lhe legal profession in America. Benefils <:I membership are numerous. Insurance program s;l\dngl alone allow iQu 10 recoup \QUr annual membersh ip dues, and lhe publications are more "bread and buller'"..,rienled Ihan in the
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•.
fred Helm,ing <:I Mobile is our Ala· bama membership chairman and James Anderson <:I Montgomery is IIle Young Lawyers' membership chairman . If )Oil are not an aClil.'(! ASA member. (3p54 Alabama lawyers are), consider joining. I do nol agree wilh a ll IJOSilion, laken by IheASA; t.owe.er, I douOt many <:I us
MCLE News by Mary t yn Pike Assistanl Execulive Director MCU Commission G ary C. Huckaby of Hunt'iVilie is the newly.ele<;ted chairman of IIle MCLE Commission. New members are Lynn Robertson Jackson of Clayton .nd Richard H. Gill of ,;..<,ontgomery. Returning members are Phillip E. Adams of Opelika; Wade H. Sa . ley of Oothan; Francis H. Hare, Jr., of Birmingham; Ben H. Harris. Jr., of Mobile; John O""id Knighl 01 Cullman; ~nd H. Wayne l.o>-e 01 Annis~.
Importanl CLE rule and regulation c h,mges Ouring lhe laSI yea, the MClE Commission, board of bar commissioners and Supreme Court of Alabama h~ considered aoo appro.ol(l se-e<al changes in tile fUlesand regulations go-erningMClE in Alabama. See 47 Alabama Lawyer 114 (1986).
Tile mosl importanl changes ease the burden of QE reco<dkeeping and "'?Orting lor attorneys aod lheir secretaries. AlIhough lhe deadline for ane nding courses remains December 31, IhecJead.. line fOf filing repom <:I attendance has been ",,!ended to January 31 10 avoid the I"'ar-end rush and panic regarding the re-
TIte Alaha""" Lawyer
agree wilh every decision <:Ilhe groups to which we belong. I h~ appl ications ;wailable upon,.,.. que>1 al Ihe slate bar Ileadquaners. Besl ever? (Certainly II>e biggesl) Tile many compliments I recei...oo on lhe 19B6 Annual Meeting are g ratifying. The section leaderships sho<Jld be jU5li. fi.bly proud of IIleir "all..JiI'{ eflon; Ihe o-erfi<:>,." crtMl:ls IOId IIle stO<y <:I1heir excellent p<Ogramming. "Update '86" will be a lough acl to foil ......, and "I'opsie" Mille~s '86 encore was superior. The V\'i'nfrey and IIle Galleria were §<Jperl Pre-~iSlrants numbered 6051 ....... I"'r'S la reco<d) while 200 more registered during the COI"I\'eIllion-another record.
portS. A"f 3!1O<oey ~lin8 alter January 31 will be ""luired to pay a late ~I;ng fee
,,"SO 10 accomodate 1h<Y.;e anQmCyS who do not earn 12 ClE credits in a calendar year, the court has adopted a deficiency plan procedure. Individual and specific plans for attending approyed courses between January I and Mall,;h I may be ac<;efl!ed if filed with the commis~ion by January 31 and accompanied by a SSO late compliance fee. Anorneys not filing reJXIrts of compli_ ance or deficiency plans by January 31 will be certified to the disciplinary commission, and no ""ten~ion~ of tn... dead_ lines Can be given. Beginning January I, 19B7; sponsors 01 app<~ CLE coyrses will be required 10 report lhe anendance of Alabama atlorneys. N ot intended as a "policingH pnxedure, lhe ""luirement will give lhe MClE Commission the ability to gener· ate individUilllranscript, of courses al· lended al Ihe end of 1987. A.I:Iorneys mere ly .ign lhem if lhey are COtrect or' amend them if not. This reco<dkeeping burden has been shifted to the ~tate bar as a §e",ice 10 ilS members. Thefe will be no auditing or double-checking, and the commission will conlinve to operale on II>e honor s.,..tem. July Commission meeting The commission mel July 16 in Sirmingham and look IIle follow ing ac!ions: 1. Granted a wai""r of CLE require-
Mobi~ will bethe iocahon <:I1he 1987 annual meeting-July 15-18. 1987. We will relurn 10 IIle 'Nynfrey and Sirming· ham in July 1988; th<Y.;e dal~ will be July 20-23. Huntsville will host the 1989 cOOvet'lion.
Finally I h<Ml bem receiving moo! ""l"""" lor prospectil.'(! employees Ihan I have Candidates. Do not /orgel our placemenl services. If you would cons ider a career change, please send a current resume w ilh salary ranges,. goosra'*'ic con,Kiefations and area pr.K1ice preferences. All placements are handled in the strictesl confidence. • - Reginald T. Hamner
ment, to an anorney retired from Ihe practice 01 1..... due to physical disabil ity; 2. Awarded half<redil under Regulalion 4.1.12 for a seminar entit led "Effe<;. live Use <:I Paralegals;" and 3. Declined 10 accredil a seminar focused on geninS and keeping good clients. •
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0u"":p '. . ,_.... .....-.."" ...-
co.
Legislative Wrap-up by Robert l. McCurley, Ir.
Federall y Mandated Slate legi§lalion° AI each legislative session, uate legi,latures ~,e lold "you muSI pass this bi ll , II 15 requi,e.j by federalla ..... " MOtNWer, they ~re lold thai f~jlure I<.> enaa these "rna ... d.-.red" laws may teSlJll in the loss 01 federal funds. With " Cramm-Rudman" eulS alft'ady occufTing. staleS (;In ill .. Hood 10 lose additioNl fundi,,&- ~tJy, ~!he let;sla,ure!i pi.., lot the budgell,.. periods they must antid ..
,..Ie any funding cuts
~
","ke in~ decisions j'J 10
rf!Cl!'iving Seder..1 fun<ll.
In Otde< for UOIles 10 comply wilh federal mandates they must be aware the federal law exisl5. Present ly. there is single source identifying or compi ling It - mandated laws 100Ihe federal gove<nm!'l'll Ot the uates. In face, most agencies do nor even hi"'e a list 0/ the major federal statutes wllllin their own juri$diClion requiri"ll j./.;Ite K ' rIO
lion. In m;ony C~ a ilQle fln.c learm 01 a /Mer"t mol ... dole when a fe<\e<al agency notIfies a state tNt !he st31e is OUt of rnmpIiana WIth rhe federal law and the stale legislature mUSl pa» a St.;l1Ute or k- Iedenol fundina. federally maoo.ned SUII' IesiSlalion uwaUy apPNl'S in
one of iou, forms: (11
C<>mpu IS<>ly lqisl.'i"" cla uoeo in feder,1 >1<1''''6 ,
th..,.,
dlrK',ng I""" 10 oomply "ndo:< '"" of civil 0< criminal """hi"> ~,e, . tho [~ [mpIoyrnont 0W:>rI~
is it problem wi,h _ obscu,e fedefal la"" (e.,., .he Wholesome Pouhry Products A<:l of 1968~. The National Conreten<:e of Sla'e legisla,u'e> looked InlO the possibility 01 iden,ifying legislation rKjUitln8 SI.te !exisl.,u,,", 10 Lake ~ action. au. first ,houth. was 10 fequl~ the superinlenOenl 01 documents 10 send i copy 01 ilil public ~ 10 the sec ....... ry 01 state 01 ill SO lUte$. This option. 1Io.._t, was abandoned ~
"*
m MooI secl'Nly oi o/I"ocO$ do no! " - ..... oophtsric.-ion ~i>ed 10 _'y<'! fedrral lesiolo6oro; 121 "would be impoo.ilk "" .ny .tote oIf« 10 dllS«! ~ th,ee-l",~ to. ac1 or. WppI<ementol w ith. iegi,''''ive "rider" : and
_""""ion
ac1
m " " .nelfoc~. 10 hr<e e ach " ,,,., do .....tIM could boo
_ . - d>e
~.IIeveI ,
Next looted inlO was the possibility 01 providinl lor the identifiarion oIledet-ally mandate:! state Iegfslation in the legislati~ poocI!SS. Howeve'. ~ it bill bewmef itlitw. It does not recei~ the type 01 !<Jbslantive a~)')i~ ~ ~ty to iden1ify il as ~;fing .. ate Ktion. Billl receiVf! only a cursory """mination by the Congressionitl Resea..:h Service pursuant to tho! hSlate a r>d loc.3l COSl eSllmale A<:l 011981." P.L 97·106. requiring the Congressional 8udget
Act alI9721;
m
~ion ~_ which >WIy ~Iy 10 l'KipiMIS aI fedrrol Iunhtn", Nbon.II. _ioI 0< «GnOmIC poIioes 6.e.. ...... ..,....",...., p.-..ot. ond ngn. dilCriminolion '-'t
ar.....
U! L~ion I'lOl ~'''''8 complw..... buI itnpOSiros r.......,,,,1 .. nctions, <u<h as redu<:l1"" 0< <"Iimi ... ,,,,,, (Ii lYnds "" """"in PIOI'amt if tho Uate does no! oomply li.e .. [mergency ~Ii"'way E... ,tY C"" ....... 'ion Act aI 19141: 141 Portio! ~ lows eoubIiIho", ~ poIicie. boll petrnini"ll odmini", .. _ ,""""",biliry 10 be ~ 10 ItMl if they..- .... """"'Uy delefmined condiliotK or ........... (i.e.. w ...... Qu,ohryActall965. CM... Mt Act
....... 0 ....... al19701. Thii is not a !lIoole", for the lUtes when itO issue is highly publk;~ed ie_s,. the 55 mph §peed limi!); however. I,
".
---_..
RoOeIt L. McCurJe): J(. Is /he dtf9C/IJI 01 the ~ ..... In$/JIUIe III the ~ 01 ~. HfJ toceNed /tis
rNfIo MlS
from",. ~
Office 10 prep;!re fiK;l1 n<.>Ie5 lor bills which h.we ~n im~1 on ~1eI or Ioca~ ilies of more m..n 1200 million. Morp. .,.,.,., il would be more 8/"ocient 10 ideoIffy the legislalion it the pWlic law stage. u oppmed to the bill ~ since ~p PfOlimately 5 ~t 01 the bills become 1_. For _mpl~, the 9lIth Con11""5 introduced 12,201 bills and passed only 623 public I......s. We found there to be no coroespoOO. ins depository fo, actI in the federal system simll a, 10 a It,1te's "secretary 01 Slate""' offoce. Once J bill ~ both "'-es d C0ngress i1 goes to the ~pp!Qpfiate SellaI(' or Houw EnroilingclMc;~, no sublUnti ..... anilly$iJ is peOOnned by the Ieg;al counsels 31 Ihis Aller the presiderM signs the bill into \;IW, the origi"..1 goes 10 the !\3Iion.a1 ardli"", A «4't' goes to the suP"iftb.'n6. em d documen!$, who supplies slip I.:r.Ys 10 the various Jgeocies and depository libraries. AoiMher copv goes to me 1_ """ision council of the U.s. House of ~tati~ lor Inrorpcxation into the U.S. Code. Asaln, al thi s slage no substanti ..... analysis Is perlormed by any
scase.
oI theie
sible lor the I__s enlo.cemenl. Each entry COIltaim lhe following inlormation: (1) U)
01
oct ..... ,'" pllbl;.; I.... IUnber !.hi""" Sc.o<el Code ctwion
-
-,*wction~_
'1m' .ulic~ IJ /MlnIroducbon ro. cpmpJ... 00n_~br8obMcC~
,,,hod ., •
:sr..-~.s
14) <otiHine ~p!ion of ~
""'_ of
_1 ........Wotion
This compilation is published by the Nalional COIRlel oce d Stale legislatures and is available to all 50 SWei through lhe NCSl.'s "legi\onel" computer ~ystem. The inSliMe's study was conducted for lhe "'Iab.:lma legIslature and Nalion~1 Conference 01 5we l.egislalu~ A5siSlinS in This pIOjeelWI're Deborah Steel_ man. diredOr oI1he Whit~ House Offia.: 01 Intergo.emmeotal Aff~;rs; Gordon Martin. ns.isY~ 10 5en;I1Of HcMeI1 He'lin;..d 60b Goss. di~or, suee4OOer.l """,;';H, Narional Con~~ of SU"" legi!.latUleS. •
SAVE30·6~
• • •
USED LAW BOOKS
• • •
• W"I • la wy ... Coop . H."laon
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"''--Ben<:ler _ ~ .
Otheno WE BU Y _ SEll. _ TRADE:
Law Book Exchange P. O. 80>1 17073 Jack!lOn .. ille, fL32216
1·800-325·60 12
COLUMBUS CLAIMED THE NEW WORLD
orpnil~lions.
of eliminalion, the besl group to idenTify federal mandated leg· isIation is the ;aaenciH: the only plaa. ...mere subsIiooove ~I)sk is dooe. E"I!fy Iec\eQI 1_ IJOeIIO a lie:leral iIJ!E"IlCY kif
ference of State legisl;otuteS with lhe a.... ~nce d the While House Office on tnt~1 Albirs oonIXIed e<ocf1 fo.deral deparunenl and~. The depa_1S reponded wid! 12 01 them lisling 145 acrs oequiringaction on beh.all 01 the ~!e5. The vaSl lNljority d ~ rnand.Mes " - been requiJe:l since 1':172. Each 1(IO!t1CY kierolif.oo the ~te compli...-.ce requi1e"'e"ts 0I1t>e 1"""5 under their juriidiClion. and lhe resuhs ......... compiled in It>e following manner. The liIWS ...quiring $OITIe stal(' action are a,· .angOO according to the agency respon-
In".. 8 •.8 oIlhe
"""'-, ~ 01 s.-~_ WiI<IIirIJoon, flC
By p<O(e5S
i~wion and ~ with the ~I 01 Ju!.tic:e as the am all. Theageocles seemed 10 be the easiest pI~ 10 1radt 1"""5 ~iring Slate action. Using ~SJ starting point a 1':184 report enlilled "Regu latory Federalism: Policy. Process. ImpaCI and Reform; published by lhe Advitory Commission on Interg<M emmentalltelallons, lhe National Con-
<haec,oJ.
.c.m. ' - 1IIsI~ ....., wlliclo i< bftnt puI>
AND THOUGHT THAT WAS ENOUGH!
When It Comes To Legal Software You Be The Judge FlU;
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• A1pr..numeric: <lI>diF>g lot CIionts, Maners.
OTHER
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• FaldaIa .... ry wiIh ..... omatic duplication oj ~11ive , _ o Ability 10...o.w ALL (\lila input BEFORE ~"'" IiIeI. • Al)ilily 1O..,1er ......1 montr>t bmeslips BEFORE billing OUI monU,. • Oisbr\OlMll_n dil1ereol ty~ 01 j><OdUCl i.. _ _ liable time.
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a.ru won In """,,*,_ And - . - 1>01.
• Ability 10 Plr1idy bill o Ability 10 " ' uP _ _
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• .t.utom.6e.-..mng _ _
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• ConsoIidaIe MIeCIId NO .jo.. and .... peMM on IIle $ullement. • Write "PI_no IUIOmIol a Jly calculated !.orn ~ blM amount. • BIlla""" Forward or Open ilem pr_nllliion on i>l'SI~'" S\alemenll. • AutomalK;.oll.,. purgil delllil .cli>ity .It", it "lIS been b< lIed out. • Ab~il)' 10 iltOY billS 001 0/1l1li Truat Account. """ l'ICOnCi. the Accounl to the bank I talemen1. WANt.GEII~ ,un) Pfl'(AlfCJAl,
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HARDWARE AND SUPPORT
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apec,Iic computer Of operaUn\llyatem. • T " ..... mg and IUPJIOf1 . . . .tile by tt. people \01>0 _
No
lhe _ e. " • DEMONSTR ...TION SYSTEM ...VAlLABlE SO THAT I CA.N JUDGE fOR MYSELF? "
Approved By The American Bar Association
LAWPAK software is designed to run on the mM PC/XT and PC/AT. most DOS based micros and on all Data General multi-user systems.
For more information call or write: P.O. Box 23027 I Jackson. MS 39225-3027 I (601)-352-0934
, ,
,
About Members, Among Firms ABOUT MEMBERS lOOn W.
"""'eo', forme<lya member
of the firm of McFadden, Riley and
Parke<, j~ pleased to announce the opening 0/ his office for tne practice of liM'. Hi. address is 4332 B(}Ull!Vilm rail< South, Suite D, MObite, Alabama 36609. Phone (205) ] 41·1020.
•
Tommy Nail, fotme<ly assistant district atlorney 10, J~ County, ;. pleased to ann""n.ce the opening of
his office in association with Arthur P.rb. and Bill OaWSOfl, at Suim 210. Frank Nel50fl Building. Birmingham, Alabama 35203. Phone (205) 3249517.
•
Albert E. By.ne takes pleasure in announcing his retirement, effecti~ Juroe 30. 1%6, as vice p ....icent and trust officer of Fi,.,t Alabama Sank .f· ror 25 years of service and his entry into the private practice 01 law as a
sole pra<;litioner .1 his residence, 112 Camelot Apartrneots, Dothan. Alabama 36303. Phone (205) 7938267.
•
He nry O. Binford Is pleased to an· nounce the opening of his law Omte at 119 South 51. And~ St~, Dolt>an, Alabama 36301. Phone aDS)
7'9J..:nn. Mich~el
S.
•
Mc N~ir,
fo<me,ly of Noojin & McN~i,. PC. anl>O<lr>ees the opening of hi' n<!W offia. at 4300-8 Midmost Mobile, Alabama 36609. Phone (205) 34l-2814.
0""".
lt~ A.
•
Hurni m, of the Southern PtM.rty Law Center in Montgomery, is leaving his position 10 become the legal diA!<:tor of the Children's I)e.. le n.., Fund in W~shinglon. D.C. Ira's w;/e, Elizabeth Samuels, currently teaching at Auburn Uni""rsily at M.ootgomery and doing I_lance edilOfial ""rk, al", is a member of the
The Alabama Lawyer
Alabama State Har.
•
Da niel A. Pike announces the relocation of Daniel A. Pike, PC. 10 %2 Dauphin Street. Mobile, Alabama 36604. Phone (205) 432-2620.
•
Jani~
B.aket John. ton is pleased to announCe the opening of he, I"", office at 516 South Perry Street, Mont· gomery, Alabam a . Phone (205) 264-2325.
•
StlarOfl L Byrd anOOuoces the opening of het I"", office at 1()8..1,. South Side Square, Humwille, AI .... bama 35801. Phone (205) 534-8485.
• Powers
Joseph M. announces the opening of his n<!W office at 1053 Dauphin Street, Mobile, Alabama 36604. Phone (20S) 432-6966.
•
Douglas C. fr .... man is pJeased to annOUnCe the relocation of his office to 305 South Lawrence S1reel Montgomery, Alabama. Phone (205) 26S-733S.
•
William Ie Abell i, pleased to ..... nounce relocation of his office to 305 South Lawrence Slreet, Montgomery, Alabama . Phone (205) 265-7335.
1m.
•
. D... id G. Aack is pleased to a .... nounce the relocation of hi, office to 305 South Lawrence SIree1. Momgomery, Alabama. Phone (2051 26S-733S.
•
AMONG FIRMS Kellogg. Williams & L,.,..s. of Washington, D.c.. and Vienna, Virgin ia, is pl""sed to announce Clevel and Thornton, form ... ly trial attorney for the National Hi~ TraffIC Safety Administration and ~io< trial al1m-
fo< the Office of Gene<al Counsel. United Stares Depanment of Tfilnsporlalion, has become of roun.el to the firm. Offices are located at 1275 K Street, Nolthwesl, Walhinglon, DC 20005, and 246 Maple ""","ue, E..,I, Vienna, Virginia 22180. Phone (2021 898-0n2 in Washington and (7031 938-4875 in Vienna.
!'ley
•
The I"", firm of lamar & McDo .. m~n takes pleasure in announcing ROji W. Scholl, III , nas become a member of the firm, with offices al 100 Vest.1via Office Park, Suite 200, Birmingham. Alabama 35216. Phone (2051 82l-5968. fr~nk
•
Mc Right; T.K. Jackson, III; Paul D. Myrick; and William M. Moore are pleased 10 announce the formation of a f,rm under lhe name of McRight, J<Kkson, Myrick &~, Wiln offices at 1100 f irst Alabama Bank Building. PO Box 2846, Mobile. ~ 36652. Phone (2QS) 432-3444.
•
1'0«1. Cald~lI, 1'0«1 & Payne lakes pleasure in announcing D. Ed_rd Sta rnes, III; Joe W. Campbell; and Donna S. Pate have become partners in the firm, with offices al 218 Ra .... dolph ,owenue. Huntsville. Alabama 35801 .
•
D... id L. Hi rsch and Susan J. Wonlerson announce the formalion of Hi rsch, WatiefWn and AssociatK, PC, wilh offrces at 3045 Independence Dri"", Birmingham, Alabama, ~ing the 8irmingham, Montgomery and Huntsville are.,. The office of David L Hi rscn, Attorney-al-Law, pc, is Slill ma intaining its prK1ice at 1212 Ced.lr """"ue, Columbus. Geo'llia, and ....... ing lhe Columbus. Georgia, and Phenix City and Opelika, Alabama, are.~
•
,,,
Chrislopher E. ""'-~ ;ond 10M R. lockdl tate pleonure In ""nouncing the Iorm.Jtion 0/ thei. partnoer!hip. ~tf'l &, loci<e!l, pc, with o/Ike at 160 South Cedar St.-w, PO Drawer 1129. Mobile, Alab.ma 36631 Phone (lOS) 4)2·3700.
•
DMlnis N. Balsb and ~n v"n AIare pleased 10 ;announce the lor· fNlion o/;a par\nefShip unde< the linn name 0/ B;alsle ;and v"n AlrMn, with office at 410 SouIto Pl!rry Street, Suile 200, MOntgomery, Alabamil 161().(, Phone (205) 26~700.
IMn
•
McF;tdden, Riley &, P~.ker an· nounces a change 0/ the partnership name to Mcfadden, Riley &, lyon, with office at 718 DownIOwne. &au. lev.>rd, Mobile, Al3b.ama l6609.. Phone (205) 142·gm.
•
O."id B. C;arnes" Micr-i R. Wolmsley, W.II", I. Woid and C;arolyn C. Hyman announce the fwmation 0/ Ca.nes, Warnsl",., W.id &, Hy..... n, pc, with offices louted at 140 Sooth 9th Street. G;o:Isden, Alabama. The mailing~ o/the finn;' PO SOl< 12J.6, c..:kden, Alabami 35902. The OWl« of
•
~.I Cou~,
St;ale DepartlMnl of ~und.ory Educ;ation, is pI&lsed to announce Edward M. Gf.'Ofge. kHmcr1y assistant di· rf!CIQ< 0/ the Alab.ma Real ( state Commission. ha, joined as aSSOCiate counsel to the State Boord of Education.
•
B.lkh &, Binsfum ",ke5 pleiIW~ in ""noundng M. Rot.nd N.ochnYn.-lr., hM. joined the firm as a partne..;and Sleven G. McKinney and Sl~ F. Casey h;M, i>ecome panrMlf"l in lhe firm, Offices are located 31600 North 18th Street and Financial Cente., 505 Norm 20th SWeI. PO Box lO6. Birminghom, Alabama 35201; and The ~mer Building, 2 Dexter ~~, Court ~, P.O. Box 71\. MOnqpnery, Abbama 36101. Phone (20512518100 in Binninghom ,,-.d 814-t'JSOO in MOO,.,.".,
'"
•
The I;aw firm 0/ Nonn.on, f"rt~· patrie., W:Jod, Wrighl &, Willia .... i. pIea§ed 10 announce !he reIoation of it> offiC ... l0 1800 City Fede.;a! Burlding, Birmingham, Alabama 352Q), Phone (205) 326-664).
•
The firm ot H.nes and Cotton is ~.sed to announ(e O.niel O. Sparks hM. bec.0IIW! associ.ted with the firm. Offlc ... a~ located at 931 fr;lnk Nelson Building. Birmingham, Alabama l520)'3676. Phone (205) 324-9536.
•
Najj.r, Deoaburg. Meyerson, Za .. Llur, M~~ &, Boyd, PC, and D."id SC ....... m , PC. are pleased to an"""flC" their ~ for !he praclice 0I1;aw under the form name 01 N;ajja., Oenaburg. ~-. Z.rnur, Max,
Boyd
&,
SC ......."l, PC.
•
The I;aw firm 01 King ~nd King is plea.ed to ..,,,,,,,nee AlI~n M. T.ippe
and DiI\Iid A, Gufinl<eI h;M, i>ecome members of the ft.m. Offices are louted at The KinS f>tOH,ssional Building, 713 South 27th St~ Pfi 110><
10224, BirminghMn, A.labiorN 35202, 0224. Phone (205) 324-2701.
•
Judith S. Crittenden, Gltnd.l G, Coch •• n and Belle H. Stodd...d take pleasure in announcing their formalion of a p"rlnership fo,!he practice of law under the name 01 C.ittenden, Coch •• n &, StOOd",d. Offlc.s ~~ 10ated;at 1044 P.rI< Place lOwer, Birmingham. AbNma 35201 Phone (2051 )24-9494.
•
Webb, Crumpton & McG...,;or ",kef pltowre in annouoon8 Michael M. Eley has i>ecome <lSsociated with the r,nn in the seneral practice oil""". Officeu.e locoued 31166 Comrnoo:e SWel.P.O. Box 2J1\. MOntsomerY. Alabama 36101. Phone (lOS) 814-3176.
•
The lawftnnof ~&, F~, PC, is plea!oed to announce Clifford C. SNrpe has become <IS§OCialed with tne firm. Offices are located at 955 [)owntOWf>e' Boulev.lrd, Suite 111, Mobile, Alabama 36609. Phone (lOS) 344-1(6),
•
ALABAMA BAR INSTITUTE FOR CONTINUlNG LEGAL EDUCAnON
TRIAL EVIDENCE INSTITUTE Friday, September 19 through Sature v, September 20, 1986 Birmingham-Jefferson Civic Center 12.0 MeLE Credit Hours
In this seminar the faculty will discuss fifty of tlte most frequently recurring evidence problems in tlte Federal and Alnbama trial arenas. Courtroom strategy and tactics will also be discussed. For mort inforln.tion contact AStelE, P.O, Box Cl , TuacalooN., AL )5487·2889,
~
j. Allen Reynolds, Ill, is pleased to announce the formation of a pa rtner· *,ipJuly I, 1986, with j;unesC1~~ Evans,. Richard A. jones and Winston S, Evans, for tn.,. general pr.tctke of law under the fi rm name of Evani, Jones &. Reyoolds. Offices are located in the Metropo lit<ln Federal Building, Sixth FIOO1, 230 Fourth "-,,,,, North, Nashvi lle, Tennessee 37219, Phone 16t51 2S9..J68S.
• The law firm of \\bod & Parnell, PA, is pleased 10 announce lhe as.o.::i.· tion of Dan E. S<:hmaellng. formerly of Webb, Crumpton, McGregor, S<:hmaeling and Wilson, ;ond C.... rles L Anderson, former law clerk to Hon H. Randall Thoma" 15th Judicial Cir· cuit 01 Alabama. Offices are located al641 South Lavv rence Street, Mont· gomery, Alabama 36104. Phor.e (20S1 832-4202.
•
The law ~rm 01 Higgs &. Conchin is pleased 10 anroo\lnce Benne!! L Pugh ha, be<:ome ",.o.::iated with the firm, Offices are located at 40S f ran klin Street, Huntwille, Alab;oma 3S801. Phone (205) 531-3251.
•
Thcfirmol" Tanner & Gu'n, pc, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is pleased to af>.. fIO\.InCe the ",sociation oI T. Alan frio day and the firm's offict'S will be re located to 2711 University Boul"""rd, Tuscaloosa, effective September 30. 1986.
•
Capouano, Wampold & ~nSOM, PA, i, pleased to announce Alvin T. Prest ..«>d ha, be<:ome a~.o.:: iJled w ith the firm, and the firm name il Capoua no, Wampold, Prest ..«>d & San ......., PA. Offices are located at 350 Mam, Avenue, Montgomery, Al ahama 36104. Phone (205) 264·6401.
Gordon & lathum aonouoce Ihe change 01 the firm name to Gordon, Harriion & lathum, and take pleasure in announcing Jack H. Harri ... n ha, become a tliIrtner of tfle firm , Offices are Hxaled at 2301 City Federal Building. Birmingham, Alabama 35203. Phone (2051 251·7807.
•
W. Bank§ Herndon and Joseph l . Dean, Ir., formerly partners in Walker, Hil l, Mams, Umbach, Herndon & Dean, announce the Ionnation of a partnersh ip for tfle pracl;ce of law under the firm name 01 Herndon &. Dean. Offices are located at 457 South 100h St reet, p.o. Box 231, Opelik<o, Alabama 36803-0231. Phone (20S) 749-2222 ,
•
The law firm 01 Heapsand Ramsey is pleased to announce the ""ocation oI their offices to Suite 100. 2019 Thim ~nue North, 8irmingnam, Alabama 35203 Phone (2051 328-5496.
•
•
Four Alabama and Federal Trial Practice Form Books Available for Immediate Sh ipment ..
o
ALABAMA AND FEDERAL PLAINTIFF DISCOVERY FORMS
[] ALABAMA AND FEDERAL MOTION FORMS [] ALABAMA AND FEDERAL OR DER AND JUDGMENT f ORMS [] ALABAMA AND FEDERAL COMPLAINT FORMS
Powerful , yet simple to learn, easy 10 use and small enough 10 lit on any desk,
Biroingkao 205 32l -a S6~ lIo"tgo ... y 205 211_9388 ' •• c.l •••• 2as 1S2 _li18
The Alabama Lawyer
Part 01 _ series of lrlal practice form books by ROMrt h ll, .. Smith and Jo,n Mclnlyra. The price of8ach 01 these books Is $.59.ts plus post_lOe and handling . MADISON PUBLISHINO COMPANY, INC. 223 EAST SIDE SOUARE HUNTSVILLE , ALABAMA 35801
(205) 533-5040
~
Bar Briefs McGee c~ rj~i!O(ltl 10 ABA ('Ommi!1ee AI~b.Jma State 8., P~ident William O. Sc'U88S, Jf" chose In.. Honorable Vdl L. McGee to ,~"t the ~ato! bar on the Ame'k~n
8.1. Association',
Adviwry Comminee on 'It)lnk Akohol and Drull .o.oo.e.
ch,Id-..
I\OIthem district of Alabama, /lao; been chosen by food and ON8 .'dm,niwallon ComnllsJ.ioner Frank E. YoU"1I to oecei ... the Commi$-
sione(s Speoclar Citation. The citation is a per5OfI<I l <lW3rd 8~nled to ind ivid .... ls Of groups rhe commisslooet' wishes 10 Ilonor. Only len _rd5 ~ been lIi~ 10 ind,voduals n(II em~ by !he ~~ of Health and Human
..
~
"
01 which the
f~
is a
t.... commisoioneri elected Fiw new boI, commlssi0ne<5 were e lected recently.nd eight >eo
N_
elected 10 serw. The new commissionet'S are John Earle Chason of Bay Mine!!e (26th cln:uiO. lewis H. Ham_ of
"""'"
~ CUf~rly ~
a member 01 the pM'fnOI"s lHk f'ora; on Alcohol and Dru, AbuiE', and he ~ .., the Ini~ial choIirrn.1lll 01 the bof', timolar comminee and cominues .., choIlITT1an ftTIefi~u ..
P,ivell receives spe<:ial dLltion Caryl P. I'fi~!!. an assIS!im! United Slalet al10fney for the
,.,
I1oonoke (fifth cin:uiO. Phil ·ulrd of J;lwer {14th circUIt!. Richard H. Gill 01 MOnI~ (15th cimm) and Wilham W,lfson of flo ~ne !ninth cih:\liO. ChHon is a nol,,,, of &aklwin CQ\H\Iy MW:I a gr~tU1e of the Unj~1y 01 Alab.u,,", and its school 01 law. He has been with the firm of ChaSQn aoo Ch • ..,., ,ioce 1961 and a municipal judge
lor 16
Hamne<
is married 10 Carrol and lhey hoM.. Ihree
II.noe CN!oOIl.
~ars.
H.mMr was born In Camp H,II and gr.>dualed from the Un;~ty 01 AlabalN SChool 01 Law. He ~ u amstanl Sl~ff judge i>d\()Cate lot the IS! C;walry Division. United Sl:all!S Army. in Ko~a.
Hanmer has beo!n in private
praCllce since 1952. and from 1977-80, he ~ i>S a bilr commlssionet /or lhe film circuit. He is married 10 the forme< Manon Pinnell and they " - m.....
ch,Id-.. Loin! ~Yed an undefgr;odtoale degree from me Uni....n.oty 01 AIabarna ~ a law Qearee from Cumbedand SChool 01 taw. Hoe hM ~ i>S p<e$idem 01 the Alabama Anociat>on 01 SChool Board Attorneys, presidem of lhe WJlker CounlY Bar As§OCiation ar>d member of the Alabama S!ale Bar Board 01 Bar ElQmineo. He is a partner In the firm oIl..11ird & Wii<ey. He is IlWried 10 N¥q' Goodwyn lIIird, and they ....... !h""" children. Gill ~ a na1'~ MonIgomerian and a lI'iJdu.ue 01 v..nderbill Uni"of!f1.ity and the l/ni...."."ty 01 Villlin;a School 01 Law. He "";IS a ap4ain wim the U.s. Army from 1%S-67 and receiYed an Army ComrrH:"fld.lr>on Medal. Gi ll iOined rhe r,rm of Godbold,
Gil!
W.man
Hobbs ...:I Copeland (rov CopeLoond, f,aom, Xrew5 and Gilt! In 196i. He _ iI IoftlIOi' associ.lte ~I coonsoel t(l the U.s. H~ 01 Representallws' Comminee on the Judiciary for Impeachment 01 Pfesident Richard Ni>Olr'l and has seru!d on otllef cornmll1~ and ta~ forces. Gill Is the author 01 """".1 articles appe..,ing in I...... ,,,,, jews and Journals. He ,epresented the 15th ci'cu it in 1983. He 15 ma",ed to the lot""" Minnie Lee Richard~, and lhey t.a..oe one chIld. "",lion W<l5 oom in TU5QI~ ...:I grxluated from his!> ~hOOI In F1. P..,-ne. He is a waduate, with honors. of Auburn Unr.ersilV .nd the Unl~1V of Alab<vna School '" C>w. Since 1974. W;mon has been in pri .... te l)I"actice in Ft. P"YAe with the finn 01 W~r§On &< War§On. He is married to letha Jo Warson. Re-elecred cOf1,missi<)oen; a,e Edward P. Tu,ner. Sr., of Chalom lfim cir.:uit); l~nn R~,1WI1 ~I<wn oi Cl;orton (third cir.:uit); W.It .... P. Crownover oi Tuscaloosa W~th eln:ul!}; H. W.tyne I.owe oi Annislon (5e¥enth dr.:ult); NPkon Vinwn oi Hamilton (25th cifO.liO;
8,._ 11
ao..~ H. oi Phef'li~ CilV (261h cirt\llt); John David Knight oi Cull""", (32nd cifO.lll); M'd Phillip E. Ad.1ms. Jr., oi OpeIi,,", (17th circulO.
Board meeting .nd !ieminar fo r Ala bama Associatioo of Legal Secreta ries The Alabama Associarion of legal 5e(re1a,ies announces a semina, and board l11e<lting In Desrin. Flor ida, al the Sandestin Beach Hilton . This is the fim time the Msoclation has-.entu~ outside the stilte to conduct its COfM!fltion. The Annual ~I 5e"n1~. will encomp;!" one d;oy and will ~ held 0cI0ber 11. 1986. 1lwee spe.obn; will ~ such IOpics as grammar. time ma~mellt
and
~I ~rch;
the
board meet"'g of the associ~ion will be held the following day. A'"( P<lralesal. clerk, stl.ldeot, legal assistil nt or 1eg.>1 secre1ary Is invited 10 at1ent! this §emina •. To insure ac· commodationS, room ~rvations should be oeceiwd by the Sandestin hotel no l~eI than September JO. 1986. A Sfl«"i~J I~te oi SSO Pel night has been a,.anged for WitH with SU1f.¥iew b.akonles, wet b.an; and ~rige.~1OrS. There will be no charge lor child_ lU;inS with P<lrenlS..
Riding the Circuits Blount Coun ly Bar Assoc:i.Jtioo .... the a""",,1 b.a, meeting of the Blount County 8.>, Associ ... ion, the IoIlowing oif"ocen were ~~ for 198f...87: President: Hush A. Nash VICl! president: Michael A. Cri,well Secre1aryltreasurer: loh" Huthnance
These prices WIll ~in in rffed three d;oys prior to and th_ d;oys
after the semi_. Resi!.ll3lion for the §efYlinat i.... cluding lunch. is 520 for rnernben; andS2SIot~
Fo. further info<mation contact ~II City. Alab.amil. 01 Ann Haskew-Ga'I>e' at 326-4160, Bi,mingham, Alabama.
Jo>a Ary at 338-1926,.
lorberl nominated by Reagan AI~b.amil Sup~me Court Chirf 1Orbert, J,., WOOS Justice nomlnatro by President RNg;ln to _ on the fim board oi di~ of the Statl' JU!.li« Institute, a priVilte. noo-ptOfit corpor;rtion esublished by C"'WI'S'I to improrrooe the ;dmi.... i5lr.lbon 01 jusricl' in state OOUIIS. bbe<t, nomInated for a Moyea. term, was one oi nine the President §enl to rhe United States .Senate lor confirmaTion to tile In\t itute's l1·mem~. boan:l. Congress established tne i"'lilute as anon-profit COIl",'atlon to further im~r in the xlminlstration and operation of Stille couns and aswre IeiIdy ;KCe5S 10;1 fill. and rI"iK1i..., S"f'IeITI oi Justice. The non-proIit s.uoc· ture _ ~ to assu~ the I.... stitute's ;I ..dependence in beping with the ~';lrion oi IJO"I""S doctrine. •
c.c.
~
Walker County 8 . r Assoc:i.lrtion The ~Yalker Counly 8.>. AHOciation"s newly--elecled .... fw:er.; are: President: M.Mg;rret H. DaIM Vice president: Keni J. WiI$On Sec~ry: Richan:l E. Did Treawrer. Richan:l E. Fi~ es
•
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CERTIflliD COMMERCIAl INVESTMENT MEMBER
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C.vll pr.K1l1~ inclRSingly ,~ willl business dienl!, individu.ol
fK~
~nd «><porale. who ~ become the 00. Jects of (,iminal Inwstlgalions. Often such j~li!l"tions ~ be initialed t". some nor>-law en~1 agency, but _ !he ~fSOIS 10 a crimin;oj I... ~iption.
__________________________
WIth an ear tuned 10 whot might h.Jp. pen "down the road; civil pqctitiooefS r~ with weh an iM'eStigalion \hould
~t.alion
be iIWiIm that decisions rNde e.rly in the
that ""Jl"Cled in a typical civil case. 6eIore eJo:dmining SpeCific wggeslions and gtJiOelines. ~ i'I imporl;atl1 10 urdef· lUnd !he ~ Kope 01 what has come 10 be ~nown u "whjte<ollM crime.~
irM!Stigalion '""Y be (ritiul to the suec~s Of failum 01 a wb!oequent criminal defMse. Thol/glus included ~ an! 10 remind the civil jlQCIltionet!h;.t tepIe-
in a crimi~1 i~ig.11ion
Of
pn)SeCUlioo, at whal~ $tIge. "'QUires ~hat of a diffe<ent mind set than
What a Civil Practitioner Needs to Know About the Defense of White-Collar Crime try Willi.m N. Clark led in
What is white-col l.r c rime? $ocio!osis' Edw in H. Sulhedand coined the ph.ase "wtIi!e<OlI". crime" in 1939 in an addres'l 10 the ~ Socioiogiool Society. In his d~sk IreiIlise on the subject, he del1n«1 white-collar
, .ime as being a crime committed t.r a "perwn 01 ~Iity and high social $til,," in the COIJ~ 01 his profession."
SutheNroI, E., WHITE-COllAR CSUME, THE UNCUT VERSION, 7 (1981) (origi· nally publimoo in 19~9)
The Chamber of Commerce in Its ef· fort to def•.-.e w~ite-coll~r crime focused lesson the statusolthe~torolthe crime and more on the nat"", 01 the Qf. Ien!.e "While<Oll;u (ri","" m! illeg.ol XU
m.rxterized t.,-
",i~ decei~
COI"ICNlment-~nd a~
.Ind
no! dependent
upon the ~ppliationol physic.a11orce0f violenre or 1~rea1$ thereof." Solomon, The fconomill'$ PerlpectiVf! on Economic Crime 14 AM. CRtM. l. REV. (,.41. (,.41 (19m In hNri"8' be/oIe a ~ commi_, • whi1e-co1W crime was defined as n illegal act which is commit-
..w.
N.
'"
the conle>lt 01 an IXCUpaiion, it>-
0.01_.1w.x:h 0I1nKt, does no( rely on phvsic~llon:~ ~nd has
money, propety IXJ'o'e" as a primary pl." White<oIw Oime. The Problem .nd rhe federal ~
Of
lPOfI>l" Hearingf ~!he Subcommit. lee on Crime of the HOUle Commi/ll'e on the Judiciary. 95th Cong. 2d Sess.. VI (l978) SuthHl • ~ioIoaic~1 inle.e.1 in white-collar crime .IS uppeo' class crimi""Illy .....-ws the more ~I ~nition is important hen! only for mckgroooo purpose$. It is perhaps mo~ helpful to recognize thai while-collar crimes may be either occupalk.onal (~ici.ln .. bonk.
...r.
~ C<lfllraC1On,. ~ Of OIpni~
II
lI~bor
union., cOtpOfalions, elC.l. The chalacteriution 01 crime as "Ofpnlz"ional" has i""used '>Ieadily in the la!, len years. Nearly lW(H~ird. 01 me Fortuoo soo corporations ...e~ corMCted 01 some violation be1ween 1975 aoo 1976. Between 1910;100 1980, 115 01 the Fonuoo SOO ""'"' C(IfIVicRd 01 ill Ie.... ooe major crime Of paid civil peNhies for!erious ilfesal3C!ivitie. Clinard. Mar~I 8 .. CORPORATE ETHICS ANO
CRIME, 15 (1%1) ~ repor1 SIiIIes that from 1976 to 191'9, 574 rorpOIiItiom _ COf"IYicted 01 criminal oIfe"ses. 1 CORPORATE CRIMINAl LIABILITY, §
1:02 ill 4 (1984) In 1983 aloroe, there V>t'Ie 657 criminal convictions 01 mi1irary Contractors. 1 COR PORATE CRIMINAL U ....
BllrTY. iii {l965 cum . supp,} Departmerol 01 )usrice¥or:! ~ ... udies ' pIaad the .1 ..........1~ to I~ lew while<Olw crime ~t Kl to 20 billion dollirs lInd 174 to 231 billion dollars. fl'SP'!'C1iYely. Krame<, Ronald C, "Corpora1e Criminal Liabil ity'; CORPOAATIO NS AS CRIMINALS,. 17. 19 (E. Hochstedler ed.
"'"
The crimes for which ,hese corpor;o. tions h-. been convicted ro.er ~ bowd spectrum. A Ii ... 01 some Iede<al ¥or:! stale SUtutes which mav be c.;l1egorized a§ white-colla r oIfensei appears ~I Appet>dix l. The ieder.rl Tist Includes antitrus~ embezzlement, securities fraud, b;lnk. ruptcy fraud, false ad-..erti~n&. RICO (lob. SlrUCIion ol;ustKe, WI evasion mel mlI"f 0IhM. The /edeQ( ~t does no( h-. ~ monopoly on SUlutes ifMllv,ng white-collar crime.
~embet
1986
Alaooma h<os its own repertOire, although not SO frequently used. Offenses <:Omi,,!! witl>in !he Kope of the term white<oU~r ("me include ""ronion, copyin, iOd ""Ie of A!Corded !levic..... iofsery. t\eapti-.e busilll!SS prxtice. IaI-
silying business «<ords.
def.~vding §I!-
cu~ cnedir~ 'S~i"3 fal~
finandal
~atemems
and inte<ferins with judi<::i.' proc.eedi".s. As !he nr.omber of ;w;oil.>bleollernes ~ inc~, 50 " - the ~lable ... nc· .ions. On the fede;alle.el, criminal......::• •ions lor violal<)l$ 11M! jnc~ signifi. cantly in .he la~ dec.oo. The AnIitNSl Procedure and Penalrles,o,a 011974, 15 U.5.C. S J. Clt!atoo II separ.l1e one million
dollar penalty for cOrpor.l.e vio l••<m. II also changed the vlolalion from a misdemeanot 10 10 felony and authori~ed penalties for individuals 01 .h..,. I"'aos' imJJfisonmetlt or '100,000 fine. or both. The Fooeign Co<rupt P1accices Act. 15 u.s.c. § 18 If(d(l), also pro::Mdes lor lhe puniihmenl of inS(ilU'ional viol.1OI'S 17,a fine of up 10 one million dollars. Anotheo new Slalute of inlereSllO cor· por~le eo:«Ulives ;one! civil pr.w:Iilionefs is !he Criminll Fine and Enfon;enent ,o,a 0; ~. applying to offenses committed atte. Oea!o, obet 31. 1984. This statute peomits lhe triallvdge to Impose ioc<l!ased
fines on both Ind,viduals and corporalions dependin& on the n:.iSlm<:e 01 (",. tain IacIors. 111 U.sc. § 3622Ie.g.. pecuniary loss,. deIendan~s income IOnd eam~IV. iOd Ji~ of !heorg,aniz,arionl In !he CiISI! of II corporalion CQI'I'IicIed of a felony the fine irTtpOSed m~ ~ up to SSOO.(XlO. 1& USC. § 1621
ifts
How do prosecul0rs view while-
collar c,imel The reant inCA'!a~ in fines 01 corporate viol"011 may be fulther e>.pected to whet !he appetite of JJfOSI!OlIOl1 alrwdy faKin.ted I7,-lhe "big tropN(' impact 01 a wl>ite<oll'lr OOfI'I'icrion. Unfortunately, as pro!«UlOfS haYe become ~ int"'· ested in whlte-colla. ~1,lIion, the line between civil iOd criminol !iability ~ btu.. ne bluNl!d. ~ .moc..te ~Iph N . ~ been " Ie. in pro. moIing crimifNll sanctions lor t!3dition-
ally civil violations. Ge....nd Edelhertz, Oimi,..1 t.w and Consumer fraud: 1\ Sociologiell View, 11 AM. GUM. L REV. 989, 1002 0971)
The danger In socl> an appn.>aeh i~ lhal innocent acts may be millie 10 appear coiminal 17,- • c.eati"" JJfose<:utor who cl3im~ that tile acl wa~ done wilh crimioal intent tntenl tode4',.ud is typically 1he key to innocence or lIuilt in a whi~ colla. offenw.~, United Slates v; MIlS~ 444 f.2d 755 (SlI> CO •. 1971); Etr ~,.~. United SlateJ. 174 F.1d 754 (611) 0 •. 19491. A pe<$on charJled with a white-<:oIlar offeme is rarely "("U,hl In the act" in corodUCI which might later be cI~imed to be crimi",,1. C~rly, the lrM.'Sli .... •ion is generally iniliated monrh. and. sometimes "..ars, late... The irr.estigation l!>en may COIlllnue for an even 1000ller period 01 time dU.inll which the proseculion is gathering evidence ~od prep.lri~1I its case. By the lime ~n indictment is IeIUrned, the ~1,lIion i5 fully prepa~ and !he defendant ~ only" lew months 10 ~re "" trial . TI>us, ~....,. i1OdIn« given 17,- • civil ~i.ione< lor Mrf J_ 1""1 durin, this in""im period can ~ crilic,,!.
~ution
01 hank·relaled of· as an """mple of lhe exlended proces. Sa"" offICi.ls ~ been freq\ll!tll r.r· Ifli of prOW!CUIion iof offe, 'socs rebtinS 10 ~s. ~1S to offH:ef',.,..j dirtaOiS andornissions In bank records.~, e.g., United Sldtes" /v:hmson, 700 F.2d 953 (51h Cir. 19l1J1 iiolluendnglo;ln applic.lions); Unired 5lalrS \I. U""'"'. SBI F.2d 664 (7th Cir. 1978) (compensoolinS ba(... a~l; Uni!«l StaIrS v.1Vepps. 605 F.2d 101 \lrd Cir. 19791 (Io;In and reIoan to ~ fieerl. E'of'n I~rs advising hanks have been convicred 01 t>.onk oflienses. E-s., Unire<l SUres \I. ~ 750 F.2d 844 (lhh Co. 19lI5) \bank's counsel ronvicted iof misapplicaliool The alleged ~ is ofIen diSCCM!led during a bank audit. and Ihe hank'S coun!oCl ;~ conlacted. OK;" sion, such as whe1he1lhe han~ officer; who is lhe app;Irenl large! dlhe i~;" galion, lohould make .. Sl.1IemenI could lYle a significant. if not decisi-.., eIfecI on a SUbsequenl deOense. The hank In such a siluation onnot oct 1000011y wiihoul lear of prosecUl1on beta""" in purs.dns while<oU~ defendants. consp!rK)', 18 U.5..C. § ]71. has beoen a f¥,oorile ~icle iof ~~ II has long beoen !oCIlied thai a c0rporation may be Indicled for conspi~. ~, United Sidles v. SocohylllCU\lm Oil Ca, 110 U.s. 140. (1940). More _tly, the 1t.KIceIeeri"lllnA-.c«I ~ CorrupI Or· ganizarions AcI tRlCO} has gained wide use. 18 U.5.C. § 1020 a. seq. The 11th ClfUlil isone 01 ~a l (i!CuilS recogniz. in8 RICO COr\,plr.>ey lia~iliry. UnUed Slales v. urte( nl F.2d 1514 (111h Ck T.... fenses
5efVt!S
"'"
~ "nd pI'O!oCOliOrs obviously view whllfl<ollar crime iii exlremely serious business. Cive-n the SoCflouS consequences which may resul! f10rll a preliminary while<oIlar crime i.-.igatioto, !he role 01 a civil pr.:titioner advising a potential \3JgeI ~ be crilicallO the suo:. cess of anv subseQuent clelenSoC.
Whal do I do whe n a d ient is co .... t4Cted by a sta le or federal asenll R«ogni~inS the anilUded thole who
n.ne the SlalUIf!S ~nd ....,..., who er*'n:e
m
!hem, petNps !he fi~ loll'll !he civil prac. litioner should lake when a clienr is conIa<;ted t". " stale or Jetler~1 "lIenl (and then! Is ~ a 5dntilLl IN! a crimi,,",1 i.... \O!$Iigalion ~ "" inlOl-edl Is 10 stop mi""in,lil:e a civil pr'Klilooner. The FBI, police, IRS agenls, ~. ~re flO( \'OUr friends; lhey are single-mInded (perhaps righlly so). Wilh few ~;ons, their 80<11 i, not 10 elimiN"'.,our dient as a suspect. bu! ro gather ~ 10 prIM!: .~
The subsl~nl i~ offenSoC under investi. g.;Ilion il nol the only problem wilh which lhe I~ mulol "" concerned. Obstruction of jusric:e, 18 U.5..C. §§ 1503. ISI2. ~~ the~oI1ense as the /ocusdthe irMSIigalion if one is flO( careful. Section 1503 ofntle 18 poohihil5 COIruprly infiuencing. obstrUCling or impeding the "due adminisrlinion of justice" as it relares 10 srand jury or petit jury proaedi ...... The ormibus pmvislon 01 the .... Iute makes it jWIrticul~r1y da .... """'""" Section 1512 of l1tie 18 prohihitf, among ()(her things, engaging in 'misleading coOOUCllOW<Ird another person" with the inll'nl lO influence the Ie5lirnony 01 "Il'( penon ill .. n official proceedi .... or causins or indoons them 10 wilhhold Ieslirnony or dor:umenrs or concealing or deslroying documI,'nJl;. The SUCCes5 or fai lure of I.... effon is imm"lerial. Knishl \I. U"iuld Slales, ]10 f.2d lOS (Slh Cif. 19621
n- ~ be circvmsunce< in which a violalion can OC<:Ur where there has been no sul:Jp:oena. United S""es v. Faoo. man, 640 F.2d 20 (6th Cir. 1981) (wil1leSS .. ltemJ and defa<;ed records wim know~ ed(lle d sr.>nd jury in\oeI.gation) A nor>I~ who is himself a large! and ad. vises a wilness 10 I~ke the Fifrh Amendmenl m.y be guilty of OOsIruc!jon of jusli~~, UniredSraiC:5" Ciolfi. 493 f.2d 1111 (2d Cic. 1974H~1ed mre>rs cor .~ oed w.th wggesrlon til .. a wi1neS'; "tal:e the f1fdf). The tu.y Is whfdIer the advice i. rnotiv.noo t". some corrupl design, such as 10 pro(ect the person giving Ihe advice from criminal prosecuhon. CQn5equen1Iy," the ~rsr sign 01 a cri .... ina! irMStigalion 01 a civil cI~1 a ~ lohould ~ lhe kIIlowinB questions:
A. Who do I rep:e5ent-<orpor;Ition or emplovee? B. Whal illhe 80<11 01 my representation-to proIeCl the corporarion or an
""""'"'"
C. Should I ilMll"" _he1 omomeyl
The purpose 01 ~ing these question. is 10 determine woolher Ihere II a conma of inleres!. Both 100 corporation <IS an entity and Irs officers and em~ ~ "" r.rgers 01 an il1'R5ligaiion. [C S1801 the Code 01 Ptoiession.1l Responsibility dlhe AI.mama S"'le Bar pn:ovIde. in pan: A ~ M1J1io!ed Of rflOlnod t.( ..
coopoo ..ion or ";milo, Miry ".... "" .r~ 10 the Miry ond ,..,. 10 .. wrlhoIcIfr. diIeoot oIIi= ~ repmenta!i~. or ochet _ conf"O!<:led wilh lhe ",tity. E"",,, wirhou1lhr! codified ethical COI"tliderarion, ~ il obvious ~ in some
mig/"ot be antagonistic. Mosllikely there is an inherent conAia. II m.y "" in I.... best inlerest of I.... corporation forits employee 10 tell all, while IUCh 0penness 'WOUld amounl to a conleslion lor the individu.1I, Otr the .,;I.... ,ion ~ be ~. Separjje repre5£ntallon is IJIOO' erally the bener course. When lhe ilM$tig'lling agent calli 00 may wanl to lalk infont1ally under the prelexl that .... is simply lllternptinS to gaIher inlorm.olion. Before makins the deci";on to altow /I dienl to jWIrlidjWIte in such an Interrogarlon, the followins SI(~PS .hould be consider..d. A, Get al l of the 1.Kts from lhe diem ;and deient1ine whether sorne criminal .... IU'" ~ ' - beoen violated. B. If the inieMew is proposed by a foedera! agent or .. "-,I" taw en/on:emenl officer. contact lhe prosecUlor, establish 100 limits 01 the Inlerview and dcIent1ine whe1he1 immunity may be ""nted. C. Do not recornrnem m...1 lhe dienl p.ortidpale in an inlorrnal irlteMew without firsl being g,..,11!d format immunity if there i, /I remore pos.ibility 01 II eri.". inal charge. Before "lIreeins to the intervlew;and accepting a srant dlmrtl<.lnity. ceruin procedure must be /oIkowed. A bMf a· pia,,",lion is SoC( fonh I>ere..m.r. An aiter· ca5l'I
nati..., to the interview is lor the I~r to p rofler to the prosecutor the defense lawyet'~ undersland ing of the lacl$. lIthe informal interview i, byflolS.ro, lhe g<1I'Cmment may proceed to a grand jury. Whether to appear before the grand jury i~ anolher issue. At thiS point it is important to note Ihat a suspect does not h....., a righllo appear before a grand jury. See. United 5mes v. /';Ibian. 704 F.2d 1533. 1539 (11th Cir. 1983). H!.lWe\ICr, Ihe Uni1t-od Stales NtorneYs manu~1 does encourage that suspectS wr.o "-\lnt to testify be permi1!ed. What do I do il m y client re<;;elvcs
a grand jury
su~na?
A corporale Or !Jusiness dient who gets a subpoena toa grand jury muSt be treated in itial ly as il he or his corporation is guilty. The presumplion 0/ inflO. Cence is lor trial_ not for """Iualing whether criminal liability may ex ist , The follow ing questioos mould be ans_red before dec id ing how to respond 10 Ihe subpoena:
A. Who do I representl B. What is the goal of my representil'lionl C. 00 I need to i"""l.,., another anor_
"",
Those thr"", qvesfions should sound familiar. The nexl is new. D. ShookJ 1 m""", to qu.sh too sub-
"".,.,
Before answering this, ~ral othetli must be ans,,~red. 1. I, the ,~ lor "",ord~ lhe peF'lOfl or boIhl Only ""lu",1 peF'lOfl~ noI enti!i.... m.ke i""""" lhe Film .o.mendmenl pri.ilege against self· incrimination. Belli' v. United 5!.He<, 4t7 U.S, 85 It974) 2. I, lhe .ubpoo-na "",rb~ .od b<"den><>me? Rule 171d. rw.r~1 Ruin 0/ Crimi",1 i'n><;roure 1F.R-Cr.P.ll~1y v. ti1lle,olln. 569 f.ld 219 15th CiL 19781 Ifi'" Amend""'nrl: Unir~ 51.>'''' v. Dr,MIr•. • 14 U.s. n8 (1974) (Fourth Amendmen, protection not ..... il.ble); but _. 5il"",,,.,,,,,, Lumbet Co.. Inc. v. Uni!ed Sial .... 251 U.s. l85 ~9201 (.ubpoena duee. tK um-afle, indklmenl-lor use " triall (Foun" Ameodmenl- 8O""mmenl conducred iliell" l sea"'" 0/ ~orpOr.te oIfi~_ copit>d doc""""'iS-oetumed them and then ... bpoen.oed theml
The Alabama tawyet
1. t, the ... evide-n<:e 0/ p.oseculorial
n.",smen, or mi,"", 0/ the 'wemlln "" GlaMl Jury 1",," tisa1ior>, 565 f.2d lUI, )2().21 15th Cir. 197n The In"""Igalion must be in good f. ilh-the i",","igation must be e"du'i""ly ~rimi",,1 in il$lo<"",""'. United 51.>t ... v. Pmctot & Dmble, 356 U.s. fi17. 683 (1958) Art<>rney'l in the ~i,iI di, i,,,,,, of the lustke O\>partment a... prohib,ted from h... ing rooti"" to gland lu'Y .... leri~11or civil p!JtpCMS. United SI.>te< v, Sell> lngin«Iing. Inc.• 41;3 U,s, 418(198)) Sfto. Ru le (,Iel FR-Ct.P. 4. I. the wI>pocn. the resul' of an il_ lega l inte""'JJl ion 0/ wi", or oral c0mmunications/ Eighteen U.s.c. ~ 2515 prohibit< ""'" il lega lly obtained infor· mal"",.
..,ces.
The ans"",rs to lhese questions wi ll provide the ans_r, or allea'l guidance. as to whelher a molion to quash mould be filed. H~r, ~ot only the law
What do I do? jhoold be cons idered. bul also tactical and strategic consideralions. One con'iderati on is wheth"" the clienl is going 10 testify, for most serious. experienced "iminal pract ilioners the answerlO lhal is easy.~, conSider Ihe follow ing gu idelines. A. Inevitably lhere is lillie 10 gilin and much 10 lose, The g<Mlmment may decide to prosecute nol only lor the ~ub SL!tnli.,., offense under ilM'stigiltion bul also fo r perjury if the defend~nt test ifies. 18 §;1621. 1623 Unless a clear advantage CilO be determined by a llowing the cli"nllo testify. and the pro5eCU10< states in wriling lhal the client is not • target. the cl ient ,hould nol leslilyl B. The prosecUlor .ooutd be a,ked why the dienl ij being subpoenaed, i.e., a, a record k""'"", only, as a COfporate representoli.,.,.•s. wilnesslor lhe p rm-
u.s.c.
eculion, a\ a suspecl or as a target. If it is r"prE'Sented thai Ihe wilness is a suspect or. targel. the dien! <hould be ad-vi.ro not 10 lest ily. If the client is a mrporation. a decision mu>l be made about separale representalion before an officer Of empl""", should be advi.ro to test ify. Generally, il the proseculor is advi.ro Ihal lhe wilness will assert the Fifth Ameooment privilege. lhe witness w ill be excu.ro from appe.ring. C. Consider e><ploring with lhe prole-CUIO< lhe possibil ity of • granl of immunity. Remember. ~, Ihal a granl 01 immunity does not proted a witness from a perjury pIOICCulion. Uniled StateS v. Mandu;"no. 4 25 564 (19761
u.s.
1. Feder.o l ( 00<1>-"'" irnmuoiry. 18
u.s.c. HGOOI-600S
EIo>tore a Uni"'" St1Ie< anorney may obtain lIaIuIor)' immuoiry, he must ,ubmit. wrin"""1>plica'''''' 10 ,he di<lrict"""n .nd """" ,he .ppro.-;r l of lhe Deponment 0/ )u .. Ike. Do rIO! ac<:eJJl an infor"",1 granl 0/ irnm"n iry. 2. Sta,., "",,<1o-1he p.osecutor may agree to 1,• .,...,li .....1 immunity. Any agreemenl for immunity ohould be in wriling. What do I do if t he prosecutor will not fl'lea se the client lrom g rand iury subpoena , or il is de<:ided that lhe client w ill testify! Assuming Ihat afler extensive soulsearch ing it is decided the client will testify before a grand jury, he \houkJ be educaled about the """'rail proces, and purpose 0/ the grand jury. That education should i""lude as a minimum Ihe following: A. Describe 10 lhe client lhe methods employed by prosecUIO/'; in asking queslions, e.g .. leading questions. question. ba.ro on tape recordings or stalements 0/ othef'l and questions designed to place the witness on Ihe defenSi"" and in k.ar of crim inal proseculion. S. Review with th" client the im por_ lance 0/ nol only wh~t his anSwe.- mighl be but also Ihe manner in which he reo. Sj)Onds. (00 not te ll Ih" clie nt what to
..,.,
1. Ad.ise lhe di"", to tel l ,he tMh. 2. Elcpl.in the pn>secutor i. rIO! rhe dienr. iri..",.. ~te how ffit'ndly he o-r.he mighl .~r.
:\ MIse the dieflc as 10 the C<Ift5eo_ _ _ o("'""I~in ~ lO~i~,.;WIidam>nt~
choooes 10 1"'''''''' the ""'_ funheo; • I""'" will decK!., 7. fo<!he Ct$Ii", aI\OfT'IOy 0Ihet con-
10' ~"""t"l que\lion wltid1 M .... OUI to be • mioukc ~ be con>i<Ic-red bv the "..,..._ as • lie. On the """" I\;ond. whete. cIio'n1 .,..,. no! oeQIl ........ he _ "' ..... he_<» "" on • opecific dot¥ he un be .,y..
Slituliona l oblK1ion~ ~ be .... ",ed under lite r-tlnm Amendment. To ..>iSl the clienl in _in,the.~ pfflilep5. he >hoo.IId be Ii""" _ _ cMk ___ !he _niooL The dieflc muSI fully ~ hio quolified nght 10 s-.e !he ,ond jury "'""" 10 coniot with COIII><eI and be ...... nded
C. Mvise the clienllh.:ll if he lruly cartnot rernembet. 10 NY tNlt he c~nnoc .nd not allew hirmelf 10 be cl>t'rCed into some 0Iher answer. 0. Advise the d~ about lhe various
E. 00 IlOI allow lhe client 10 tesl ify before the gr.lond jury wilhoul having received • su~. If the .pp".r.ltw;e is noc compelled, theffl is likely no Fifth
legal privileges ;wail~ No effo<t is made he", to diKUSS in detail the ;wail.
F. The ~ ~Id acc:ompart)' the cllenl to the gr.and jury i n -.y instance \f the clienl is to lestily. Where only doc· uments .... to be delivered and lhere Is to be no actual appear-lOre before lhe gntnd iury. men. may be some .tvantage 10 havinll the dienl or. ,ep=""'t~ dt'!i_ the documentS without an
........... on~do,~_hedid noI ffl'Ibeuloo ..,mint (aswmi"l 0( cou""' 1M! he did noel.
able privileges; !he law in ihiure.l is r.lop'
-
Id ly de'veloping. When faced wilh • lI .. nd jury privil~ qut'Slion-rest'an:;h. A brifof discussion of lhe key privileges
...
"""'0''''.
1. 1""'" privt. . . . . ."" compuh.ary $CIHnc"""nMtOn--Co<. POtotiott<, fIC., Ole noI pnlOI'!(t. ed from the production 0( COfIlOI"I'" docu"""'t~ althouJlt • sole ptOpIieIOI I. wMn the oct of l>'Oduaion k "",i· """,Ial and oeIl-incrimlnatoty. Uni6!d SIMes " ~ i'9 L.£d.ld SSl (19&I): _ . Sf...., " thHtftI Siate1,. ~If> f.ld ' 59lS1h Cit I'J{,9I Sft ....... /Iy; Thitd
I.""'. .
_1s..r...yolWltie.CoILlr~
12 AM. CRIM L REV. 559 0'RI51. A
ctt<p<tra", offat _ I......... hi. prMIf1IO os to P'"f'ONII pa~ Sft, Wil"",
"United SlIt~ 221 Us. :Mil. 3801.115 (19111. 2. ","~IMonIptlvtl... Rto\Iiew .ond ~ the tCope 01 the pri\I~ lei! .. ~ ....... 10 COIpot",io"" l/piclIIn Co. v. Uni.ed SlI""i, 449 U.s.
s..e.
)Ill (1981).
J. l"5-,d>iatriSl.p.otMoni pri\liiege ~. M.tritol privilege s.. fi", and I~th Amendmom,>1 ' - a ..... ,d"",,,U ~Iy """,K!. little help, but $houId ~ ~ .................. ;s no basis for the _ _ ptjon Of .,......;on. Sft f.I/r " llnkjohn, 5tj9 F.ld (SIll O t 1978). 6. 50"'" .... 1... tdo, .... --W1>iJ... wit-
m
Ii""
~ noI " - . 10 " - hi, coon"" ~ In the gnM jury "'""", he ~ """. qu.ollf..,j tight '" le_ the grond iUIY "'""" 10 confo.t w;m counsel. Sft, UIWld SIatft" loUoo... ~ '15 us. st,.I 097'f»: but __ "..,.. "... 0I1Dwt)'; 71l f.ld f>16, f>,;tta tilth ""'
10 freely
.......,.
C. Be aware INII lhe tules of eviden<:e do not apply in lI"..,d jury proceedinll" See Un;ledStateS v. McKenzie. 678 f.2d 629 (5th Ck 1982); F.R.hid. 1101(d)(2).
ou- deciiions
1. lmInunized IeSIIftOI\' 01. " " ' cannot be """" ..... odenc:e for ",inIna on i""~ the wi""", In a Kt;lnd jury prOCeeding. Uniltd
....""
Stot.. v. Byrd. 7t.5 F,2d 1524 Ilhh Cir. 19651
2. In order 10....,;,t (Of'IIM\IlI b .... fu!.oI 10 _ _ • """""" bebe • .-:I jury on the """"" 01 ;WI illegal wi..., ~ .... wItnfts MUS! Y!' that the ",,1MIu1 .....,;11ance has ........ pbce. no! JUS! thai ~ "m.a(" """tokett plac:e. $H In ...,: 1J.o.ro.t. &eo f.ld 721 Olm Cit. 1981l,
loA witnoss_ properIyl ~ the fifth .... , .... tdo, .... ~ when he tU10Nbiy appo ...... "" .... 01 oeIf.lncriminalion - . though 110 cnmlnal ptOOea.ttion I< pondi", .ond !he m_ 01 poooeculion k _ III ...,: C............, eon. toi_ Ant~1tuSI l~tfMlon. (,20 f.ld 10M (SIll Cit. 19tO) 4. Communlc.otlons be1wec<t. cor· pora", gene,~ coyn""; .nd CO<j><>r.It~ be ptOI«Oed bv the ..• lomer<liefIc ptlvilel! .nd. 1ht>S, noI wbject 10 diod..ouoe beIon: • .-:I
_pIqeeo.,..,.
Ck mll. If .... ~~the
1lIIY. l/INIed SUIlOj " Up;oftn eo.. 449 U.s. )II) (1981.1 t - . ; wt- 1Ite..;t..
that ..... !he wi_ should rei..... 10 _ . II the pm<ecutot
.. mer than .nomey the privi""" wilt
WI"-
,,,
be .....1obIe. Sft, In...,: O .tId """
I.....II/ptlon. 7t.9 F.ld 1485 (lith Ck 19851_
.ft.,
On occ~sion, eithe, before or a gr.andjurysession the ~utor may requesl the dient 10 talte a lie detector test lor the purpose 01 moIYins conIliru be_ witnesses. Such • ~ r.loises llill ott- queslioos.
-os.. ~.
AtMndmenl proIe(Iion .
H.
noI
vke io , ; - .. a """""'" advioo<
What do I do if the prosecutor wants my dient to t~ke ~ polygraph (lie detector) test? Ills impotUnt 10 ~ize that poly. gr.aph tesl'i a", by no means inf~lIible. Whil .. the polygr.aph indullry claims 85 10 98 pen:enl accuracy, a review by the U.s. Congres~ Office: of 1echnology. as well as other r.ludies, rlM.'al that the rate prob;Ibly is much lower. Some studies would place the ",~.t (loser 10 50 per. «'nI. lC1einnunlz, 1r~1 by PoIyg!~ph, TRIAL 31 {SepteIlober 1985) Beiore male· In8 the decision 10 allow lhe tesc the 101lowing Ilep. should be t~ken: A. Interview the clienl looroughly ~I 10 all facts. B. Quellion the investigaror and pros. ~ror concernins the itM!Stigation. the cliHlI's allesed tOle and the purpose 01 the poI)'8Qph tell. Delennine wh.ot cor>cessions. if any GIn be made. I.e .• if the client pa»es, will the r.la~ 00' II'M'ffiment ~ art)' proSe<;utior>/ C. Assess the ~ 01 co ......."atioo W1'. SUs~
.
O. Assess your diem's penooality_· _
poI)W<Iph limil<lttloos. E. Consider. p"'llmlnary tell. F. ConsidCl' p.lrlldp.ltinll in prep.lring
the questions. You prob;Ibly should not; Iawyets tend to fr.>me I(lO technical queslions i""ilins equi\OCaiion. C. Let the client m<tke the final deci-
sion afIet ill thorough di~U»ion. H. I~ mat the ptlMCUror a:grees the ""ulls are IlOI admissible, except by as~ment.
Sometimes despile lhe best prelimi· nary manetNe<inll 01 e\'l'f\ lhe _ know~bIe civil practilioner !or criminal practitionerl the proseruror ;tdvises ttlltl there muSi be;lotl indictment. What comes ne.l t
-,'"
What do I do if the government or state prosecutor advises that my client is going to be indidecH Assuming all prior steps conceming scope of repreeot.nion and i~igation !\aYe been taken. consider the foll"",ing: A. Reql.'l'$t to talk with ti>e district at!O<"Jlo:y or the United States Momey if the CiOse is complex. If it is o;omewhat rootin~. an assistant is adequate. If a federal pJOSeCution. requesl a conference with the appropriate justice department di~ision.
B. Discuss with tl>e prosecutor the specific nature 01 tl>e charge and the clien(s alleged irMll..ement. C. Fully evaluate tl>e case. and determine the likely outcome. Consider seeking another opinion from ~ experienced in tl>e defense 01 white-collar off~~
D. Conlid...,. the possibility of a plea to a Iesse< charge I>; information rather than all"",in8 the maHer to proceed to an indictmen1 E. Consider OIher aiternati ...... to pro5eeution. e.8-. pret rial di""rsion. SUrrender 01 professional license and cooperation as a g<M!fT1ment witnels. All of this discussioo may lead I » where. H""""""r. it may serve to let the dient knaw that the Pf<>SeCution is serio ous and that fM!fl a white-collar execuIi"" CiOn be indiC!ed land someIimes c0nvicted). It may allO PfU'lide additional inlighl into the Pfosecution's theory. and consequently. an ~id to defen!oe preparation.
are irMllved. Decide whether to associate 5Ofl"IeOf\e else. B. 11 an indictment has been returned. nece>~ry malions must be foled and trial prep.Imtion must begin immediately. The criminal process naw f1"IOI>'eS r.lpidly in federal and state court$.
C. Remember that the indi vidual clien(s liberty and reputation. and pe<"hap' profe.sion. are al stake----not juSl an economic loss. An in"""'ting legal problem s0metimes preceding indictment or arising after indictment is Ihe relationship between pa ra llel civil and <:riminal pr0ceedings.
What do I do? What do I do if in the m idst of a civil
case my client appear.i to be the target of a c riminal investigatio n or is indided l This queSlion may arise most often in
cases irMll~ing sectJrities, ami-tfllst and regulation. The ci~il practitioner muSl recognize immedialely tl>e problems inherent in such a situation.
t.ll<
What do I do if my client is indicted? When al l el.., fail, and an indictmenl is returned. white-collar clients often become the locus of the news media. AI· though ><>me I~ counsel otOOrwi..,. tri als are ""I """ in the press Or on television . Thorough trial p<epilration and §killfu l trial ad~ arethe key. The latter subjects. ~r. are 100 broad for co.erage here. ~r.l1 remir>ders may be help/ul in the initial stages after indictment: A. Determine who )011 are goinS to represent if a COflXH'ltion and emplooyees
Tm. Alabama Lawyer
The federal Rules of Ci~il Procedure pro.tide for broad diS<:<:l'-"'ry which could be devastating in a criminal CiOse and contrary to constitutional protections. Administr.ll i"" sumrnoos may be u!;ell in d~il proceedings. See United States v. ftwell, 379 U.s. 48 (1%4). ~r. t:t...,. may not be used once a case has been referred lor criminal prosecution. Un;led States~. I..lSalie Natjonal Bank, 437 U.s. 296 (1978) As soon as counsel bee"""" aware of a possible criminal i"""'tiga-lion. he must prepare accoldingly. Some
genernl thoughts foil"",. (Caution: This area, like OIhers discussed here. easily could be the suhject 01 a sep<lr.lte arti_ cle, and an in-depth fI!\Iiew of the law should be made if the problem ari ...... ) A. The Filth Amendment may be in""'ed in a civil proceeding. See. leikowitz~.
Turley, 414 U.S. 70 (1973); Skr
cl>ower v. Board of Hi8focr fdUCIlion of the City of New Ibrk, 350 U.s. 551 (1956); UnjlPd SUle.~. Kotdel, 397 U.s. 1 (1970).
B. Consider seeking an order staying the <:riminal proseculion or enjoining discOl'efy. Rule 2, FOOeral Rules 01 Criminal Procedure (rules intended for JUSI determination of criminal proceeding); McNabb v. United Stales, 318 U.s. 332 (1943) (inherem supervilOry power O\o'er adminiSlfation of criminal justice); Rul~ 261b) (power to limil burden lOme dlS<:<:l'-"'ry); 'M-hling~. Columbja 8roa<.kasline Syslem, 608 f.2d 1084 (5th Cir. 1979) (court held Slay appropriate of ci~i l ;KIion while criminal case pending)
C. An alternati"" to a stay may be a motion that depositions be taken under seal 10 be opened only alter completion oIlhe criminal lrial. See. D'lppoIito v. A"""jcan Oil Co.. 2n f.Supp. 110 (S.D. N.Y. 1967) (ci~iI an ti-trust proceeding). O. Be conscious that answering inter_ roaatoriel or allowing a witness to be deposed will constitute a wa;""r 01 the Fifth Amendment privilege as to the .. me q<>estions in a subsequent criminal prosecution. Unjted Stales v.lVlrdel, 397 1 (1970)
u.s.
ramu,,1 civil and criminal proceedings may be seen more often as the crim inal law is made applicable to more areas once "",Iusi'llely the subject of ci~il enforcement. AI.." as this trend develop'. civil practitioners may beeome pl~ in the irr.oestigarion r.lther lhan juSl coaches. What do I do if I am subpoenaed to a grand jury to produce a cl ient's file o r my fee recomd Alt0""'l" incte1singly are being subpoenaed to appear before federal grnnd
juries to testify about tr.m...aioos with the ir clients_ A recenl N~tio,",1 Aswcialion of Cr iminal Oclense LIwyef sludy revealed thai wh ile prior 10 1980 soch subpoenas --ere ",,,,Iy used (Gerego. Rjsky Business: The Hazards 01 Being ~ C,im;",,1 Del"m" /..awyel. 1 Criminal Justice. 2 [Spring 19861. sin~e th"n they hiIW becom" commonpl<Ke. This subje<:t has produced healed argumCfltS loom defense anorrJeyS. for I'MI e>«:ellen1 discu"ions of the cur"""t law see. Rudolf. The Allorney Subpoena: '\bu A,.. Hereby Commanded 10 Beuay '\bur CU/'n~ I CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 15 (Spring 1986): Weiner. Federal CIanci fury Sub-p<>enas to Attorneys: A Propos,al For Reform. 2) MI. CR IM. L. REV. 95 (Summer 1985). See also, The AtIo,ney--CUenl Privile~ N A ProIe<:tioo 01 eJientlder>lily, 21 AM. CRIM. l. REV. 81 (1983). General guidance applicable to any at· torney subpoena is set (orTh below_ A. Advise the client of the (a~t of the subpoena. OR 4-101(B).k)(1) Suggest that
he should hiIW separale counsel 10 advise whether theatlorr......dieot privilege should be invoked. Consider gett ing sep;orare legal .xivice JOOrsell.
S. Consull with lhe prosecutor as 10 lhe of the subpoena_
pur~
Co 00 not produce anything without a wai""r or order, DR 4-101("'UCi How"",r, recognize thar the privilege will oot prole<:! documents transferTed to the lawyer if lhey would 001 h""" been privi. leged in the hands of the diem. Fisher v. United S~'tes. 425 U.S, 391. 400-05 (1976)
Do Seek an opportun ity 10 be heard by lhe court on )'lur assenion of the allO'· ney-cllent priv ilege, The 11th Circuil has held thallhe g"""rnment is not requireci to make a preliminary showing of relevance and necessity of Ihe information '>OOght in order 10 compe l. target's al· 10mey!O (omplywilh a subJX)ena,!n'" Grand fury investigalion. 769 F,2d 1485 (1l1h Cir. 1985); Re: Grand /ury Proceedings in Mauerof F1f:e(niIn, 708 F.2d 1571
ApP<I,emly rewgnizing the gr<IVity of 311orn...,. subpoenas. the justice depart· menl recently iSSued guidelines 10 irs United Slates al10rneys regarding subpoenas iS$ued 10 aUO'r>eyS fo, the pur· pose 01 obtaining fee informalion and requires lhe Iollowing: A. Any 8rand julY or trial subpoena to an attorney for inlormarion relaling 10 the representalion 01 a clienl mUSt be autilorized by lhe assistant auorney general. crim inal diviSion. 8. The subpoena mU$1 ~ non-privi. leged and relevant information. C. Rea>onabie attempts to obta in the informalioo from allernative sources mUSI be exhausted_ D. The gowmment must h""" reaSOn· able gmunds to believe the informatioo soughl is reasonably needed.
1985-86
license/Special Membership Notice
50-Year Certificate Recipients
1986-87 Occupational license or Special Membership Dues
Lee Bain.
ludge toe C. Bum. Ho,ry 8. Cohen
Ie"""" A. Cooper ...1be-r1 S, C.Olon Allred K. Hagedorn
ludge E. D.... id Haigler lames Q Haley
M, Hall. I'. NIChola, S. Hare
o...,;d
Edwin t~ H.tch lu le R. Herben William Ch.lrl.,. Hughes P.I""", Keith P.ul """"" Ke lly
r.ara Mae Hommond I(night """"" Nicholas i.;>nll"" "'-'n .....1 levine
'"
(11th Cir. 1983) H""""""" the Fourth Cir· cuit has. In Re: Special Grand JUlY No. 81·1 (Harvey), 676 F.2d 1005 (41h Cir,) withdtilwn on other 81O<Jnds, 697 f.2d 112 (41h Cir. 1982) len band
le><Ige lellair I. ",-,<Ill>um
"m
Due October 1, 1986
William P. MCGough
F. Mlr<hall Neilson Olen Hill Pate I. Howard
~rd ......
Jr.
Herben W. Pe!e<son 1<>1>" lorry Reynolds. Ir. P~ul William Seherf I""",
f. Seott
Elton 8ry\On Stephen,
R.1lph Bryonl Tale
Lee """"" Tyner !;Iizabelh Wilbank<
This is a reminder thaI all ""abama attorney occupationallicenses and special membefshi)'lSexpire September 30. 1986. Se<:tions 40-12-49, 34-3-17 and 34-3-18, Code of Alabama. 1975. set fonh the ,Ialulory requirements for licensing and membership In 100 Alabama Slale 8ar. Licenses Or special membership dues are payable between Oclobe, 1 and October 31, without peflillty. These dues include a S15 annual subscription to The Alabama I.!rwyer. If 100 have any questions reg;.rding JOOr proper membership swus o r dues payment, p lease contact Margate! Boone al (20S) 269--15 1S or 1·800-392·5660 (instate WATS).
Sim Wi lbank< frank .... WilkinlOtl, Ir.
September 1986
E. The need for the inform.Uion must outweigh the potenti~1 ad~ effects on the ~l!omey-<:liem relat ionship. JusTict' Deportment Guidel;n"" 38 CRIM. l. REP. 200t (\\)1. 38, No. t, OCT. 2, 19851
I~s discretion . II is not meant 10 CilSI disperJions generally or discourase the good rapport SO often deo.eloped bet",,*,n I~ and clients. but simply 10 cause the civil pracl itioner who begins repr....,nlation 01 a dient in a criminal
ilM'Stigalion to be aware of 50me 01 the potential pitfalls. It certainly is not meant to discourase vigorous representation. A final thought: Rep~nt your client zealOtlsly but only within the framework 01 the law. EG·l and EC7·J9
What can I do to avoid bei ng prosecuted r Just as the number of subpoenas has increased. SO h", the prosecution 01 at· to<neys. There is no mantle of immunity pJOlecting liI'W)'l'I"5. A civil practilioner who becomes irM>l.,.,.j in a criminal in"",Iigalion muSl be wary of clients, prosocu1<lr5 and law enl\:Hu-menl officers. Innocent actions may be lhe ,ubject of SCMir>y, particularly where some g<M!rn""",,,,I agency has been ad~ly affect· ed. Before beginningrep<eSentJtion of a client in a criminal i"""'ligation. the civil pr.tC1itioner shook! carefully consider the applicable rules oI!'Ihics relaling to fees. relationships with clients. etc. The following suggestions for con,idemtion may be helpful.
A. Read and uoderJt3od the .ules of !'Ihies.
6.. Re<;ognize your limitations. il any. C. Advise the clienlTO leliThe trulh if he is to be interviewed or to testify. and. in either <:aSl', always tell the whole truth.
D. Do not acct'p! fees from 5Omoone other than lhe clie'lt or his family without a clear. satisfacTOry ""planation. ECS-l and EC5-21. 5--22
E. Be aware that seemingly legitimate civil advice 10 a target in an i""",ligation Or to an indicted defendant may be considered br)t an ~zealous prosecutor as obstruction 01 justice. 18 USc. § 1503, or an attempt to ;JvOid the forieiture provi,ion. of RICO. 18 U.s.c. § 1963(c). F. Do not engage in business with clients. EC5--1, DR 4·104 G . Do not SOCialize w ith cliems, par· ticularly those who are subjects of i"""," tigation Or under indictment. H. As a rule, do not repres.ent more than one defendant. aoel never do '" without fully discto.ing all p<)Iential conAicts to the clients. ECs.-14 Ihrough .19. DR s.-105 The absolute ""lure of Ihe ~ing guidelin'" is subject, 01 cou ..... to the
The AI.IMma l.<Iwyer
APPEN DIX 1 Fede<aJ Statutes
23. Fa ilure 10 rote, 26 U.s.c. § n03 24. Conspiracy. 18 U.S.c. §
In
1. Restrainl of Trade, Sherman Act, 15 U.s.c. § I 2. Bank embezzlement 0< misappli. cation, 18 USC § 656 J. Ban~fUP(cy fraud, 18 u.S.C. § 152 4. 8ribery, 18 U.s.c. § 2011b) 5. COPl'right. 17 U.s.c. § 5061a) 6. Conflicts 01 interest, 18 U.s.c. §201·224 7. btortion. 18 U.S.c. § 1951 8. Environmental oIfen"", 33 u.s.c. is 401-407. 15 U.5.C. §§ 2601-2629 9. fal§e ad""rtising,. 15 U.s.c. § 45 In Fal§e claims, 18 u.s.c. § 287 II. Fraud 0< fal§e statements to g<M!rnmem agencies, 18 U.S.c. § 1001 12. Misrepresentation on loan appli~ lions, 18 U.s.c. § 1014 13. M.ail fraud. 18 U.s.c. § 1341 14. Wire f!"3ud. 18 u.s.c. § 1343 IS. RICO. 18 U.S.c. § 1961·1968 16. H ighw..,. f!"3ud, 18 U.S.c. § 1020 17. l.<Ibor bribery Or pay--off, 29 U.S.c. § 186(d) 18. Currency reponing,. 26 U.S.c. §6050111 19. Witness tampering,. 18 u.s.c. §1512 20. Obstruction 01 justice. 18 U.s.c. §1503 21. Secuririesoffenses, tSU.s.C.§78ff 22. Tax ev.asion. 26 U.s.c. § n01
Alat.ama Stat ut... I. Theft of property. Ala. Code. § 1:v..&-3 through ·5 2. Extonion, § lJA-8..13 through .15 3. CoPl'ing and sale 01 recorded devices, § lJ1>.8..8O through -84 4. Forgery. § 13A-9-2 through -4 S. Deceptive business practices, §131'.-9-41 6. false ad""nising,. § 131'.-9-42 7. Bait adverti.ing. § 131'.-9-43 8. Fal sifying bUS iness records. S 13A-9-4S Defrauding creditors, 131'.-9-46 Defrauding judgment cred ilors. SI3A-9-47 11. Issuing false financial statement. §13A-9-49 12. Re<;eiving deposits in failing finan· d al in$titutions, § 13A-9-SO 13. MisapplicaTion of pro peny. § 13A-9-S1 14. Bribery of public $ervanlS. § 13A-l0-61 15. tnterfeling with judicial pro· ceedings, § 13A-10-130 16. Securi~es. § 6-6-17
,.
,.
William N. Clark is a gl"ilduale of the United 5tat~ MiJitary Academy and the Unil'/;'rsiry of AI~bam.a Scl>ool of taw. He served as an offICer in the ill Army (rom 1963-68 and cutrently is a colonel in the Army Reserve. Clark is a pdrlllf!r in the Birmingham firm of ROOden, Mills & CJalk.
~""'
,
CODE OF ALABAMA Advance Annotation Service Available Separately
The Essential Reference for Alabama Lawyers The Code of Alabama, publish..d in C<lOJ"'ra · tion with ,h" Alabama Legi,I.,ive Cou11dl, i.
fully . nnotated and ind",'cd by The Michie Comp.ny'. prok-ssional staff of l.wyc,..,Jitors. It indudes roll.tcr. 1 ,dc,enc.. to American La,,· Reports, American Jurisprudence . and Corpus Juris &cundum, •• well a. complete crossref~renc~. The Code of Alabama i. supplem~n,<d annually.
nw Alabama Ad vanc ... Annotal'on Service , keyed to ,h. Code o f A labama, prov;d~. up"!<K1at. annotation. to Alarn.ma cases and fc-dc,al cases ari. ing in Alabama. Three cumula· live pomphlc!! arC pubU,hffi during the interim puhlica,ion of Cod ... supplemem •. T <>goth •• with ,h ... allnual ,upplement, ,he Ad· vance Annal . t;o n Service makes ,he Code of Alabama ,he most up-to-date statutory and c_ law reference in th ....ta tc.
be,,,·...,,,
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Oictation equipment (if any) Da1. Copt p«Xe5sing equipment lif any) Telephone equipment PROGRAM
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The Alabama La"'Y'"
'"
Civi RICO~ket_jng· ~uiremel11 which ",...,. limit ju§l how fat RICO a.n be a.rril!d,
by Jolin E. G~i.,.. ~nd s;'Jly So Reilly
fM!fI ~he<
In ~ 10 poNtng concem ~ the e.pano:!ing influence MId economic _ of orpnim:l crime, passM OrHoJni~ Crime Con!mI ~ of 1970. li!~ IX aI this act is the Racketeering InOuoenad and COfrupl Orgar\iutions M, or RICQ 18 U,$_C §§
me.
eons- "",d.""
m S 1962W: lJsin8
elf"rlng
"'I
p;I-"
01 ~
,cH"ilyl0~ i ~.n
inte_
In, O1'\I.bll\1> or O!>r"'te an
Originally ~ted 10 att.Ir: !hi! inlill .... lion 01 1egi1ilNle bulines!.eS by Of· g.>ni2ed en...... Ofdinary businessmen h.M! discoYeA!d they, 100, an be ~rsets aI its civil pnMsionl. In 5.P.R.L v. ImtelI Co.. Inc., lOS s.cL 3275 (198S), the United States Supreme Court quM:l<Iy arrested the anempls by ~ fede<;,1 coons to limit RICO's scope wilh ""peel !O t¥.o RICO issues-the rackelee<ing injury and prior ( riminal conviction requirements. ~ the S«ii"", court opened !he doo< 10 RICO's "pattern 01
m§
en~rprile;
1962(b/: "<qui,;ng Of ....inuinI",an 1 _ in",<;onbI>I a1on-.
-
pri ............ P"-" of ••cI.tlN' ;,"
01 S f962tc): "~or~
with .., "''''"'poi .... CO<><!u<t,nl 0< poor_ licipMinlln !he condUCt oIlhe enlt'r·
pol ..... aIIol" Ihrough • activily;
P"~ 01 .act·
ti .... ln8
14) t 1962k1l: Con'!>rocy 10 vIoWe....,. 01 lhe..tx-
lbd<eleering activily Un be ~ upon I numbft .. ~iate xts,. Of ,,;0.. wioos of c~n Wile and Iedet;II laws. Thee ~ include criminll ~tU1eS pro. hibi)in, suet. crimes;to; kidn.pping. II'<1000ion, drug smuggling. etc. H<7MM!t, it is 1M! ioclusion 04 w ire, mail and securi· ties ftaud in lhe predicille arts ,ivin, RICO its brood reach and pn::Niding led· ~I jurisdiction lot many claims which traditionally had been OKIjudic.ted in r.l31f! coum uoo... !he common I,... of to<t or contrxl. Seetion 1%4(0 of ~ICO proyides the risht 10 pu....., a priVilie civil action 10 any person who ~ injury 10 his "business Of propetty by reason of a vi()-
.......... .
.
Of " " " " " "
" " - ...,..;~ /rom •
1961-6&
5«/,,,,,,,
,
Sedi""',
SecTion 1962 01 RICO pn:ilibit5. po':I'_ KIn from engaging in lou. typeI of
The Scope of Coverage after Sedima 1'l1ion 01 Section 1962." NO! only 00es this section prcwide ~ cause of action lot dilmages. it also allows recco.ery 01 treble d~ma~ and auot~' lees. II is this
needs \0 be construed in light of Congress's PU'1'OSf,! in enKIing it" The court then Imposed two b.alTiers lor pt.imiffto OIIercome. First, the Se-
a'~t 01 RICO giving additional incenti...e \0 plainliff, 10 (~legQIi;ee ordinary commercia l disputes irS RICO claim .. Ahhoogh in/<equently ilMlked until the lall! 19;rQs, in the la~ si~ 0< ~ )"JlJcivil RICO~ be8l u~ in a wide "IVieIy 01 ~ ~irn.l deiend.vus no( reITIOIeIv conned«! with OOSOnized crime.
cand Circuit determined it was insuffidem fot pla imiff 10 only pt"IM.l he ""'I injured ~ the commi llion of the predi_ ale Kt5 1flemselws-he mu>! P«M! a '~ns inJurY.' or an inju!), caused ~ the type 01 ~lvilY whkh RICO w.tS designed to deter. Second, plaintiff mUU ~ de/encbnl had • prior criminal corMction lor the undedying prediate
~ ....
fedMol (Wrts ~~ swiftly and ~rongty 10 curb the "g;Irden ""rielY' dispuleS i"'Oivllll RICO c~m .. Some courts ~1 so fat a5 to requj", pl;!imifl to prow a link between defendam and Of&OInized crime. ~e.lf., w..rerman SS Corp< It. A\ond.lfe SIliPfolrcis, Inc., 527 ESupp 256 (E.D. La. 1981). In 1984, the United States Courtof ... p. peals for the Second Cin::uit ala'med a1 !he ·e.traoroi .... 'Y. if no! O<JI"'~ ~ \0 which RICO has been puI," an","pled \0 ~,icI RICO's bn»d civil sweep. In ~miI, 5.P.R.L v. Imre:. Co., Inc., 741 F.2d 482 12d OL 1934), the COOII seated "RICO ... ~IS " e1Mc ~ of a ~a!ule whose ambi8uous "'nguage
oIfto.,!ef,. In S«JirrY, S.P.R.L v. 1m"", Cn, Inc., lOS 5..Ct. 327S (19aSl. the United StiJ!eS Suptllfl1e Court, in ~ins the Second Circuifs oo.:ision, oo.:i~""ly pol an end 10 lhe rxkeleerlng injury and criminal
conviction re(luirement!. The COurt stated nolhlng In RICO's history or language wppol1ed lhe prereQUisite of a prior crimirul coMction or m.:IrldaIed !he arnorpt,ous mOOing requi-.ertl of • ~eeflng Injury. ~ the coun did noI i»tle "'" opefI i""iulOO 10 plainlilk who an j)fU'Ye no rno<e ihoIn !hey _ da<Nged by two or more acts 01 ..oelEei inJ. In~, the COUrt often.d • rtr!oN appn»Ch urdef which RICO""s civil prOIIisions an be limiled. Although ...;ecting the Second Circui(s opinion, the Sedim.l court te-rognized Iha~ "in ilS priVOlle ci~iI version. RICO is ewl~ing into something qui.e differenl from lhe original conce lllion of ils enactors." The court noIed -pri vate civil ac_ .ions "nOer lhe S1<lMe <lfe being booughl .1m<W ~y ogain~ [respec!ed businessesl. ",ther 1mn ogain~ the archetyp;Il, in.imidMing mo:.obsIe(" The court 1hM staled as foIlOWJ: The ~...oodil\lr(..-IO whicto civil RICO t..>s been put _ ... 10 be prj.. m.orily the iil$Ul. d the brNd!h d the ptftIiail o&n!eJ, in ~I¥ "'" in-
clusion d WI"', .-il """ ,,",urn;"" r.~. and the Ioil",., of ConS.,,"und the court> 10 doMIop • m..ningful (lH'IC~
oI·p;I!I<!.n.'
In a ~ looInoIe. the 5«Jim.l coun implied twoCtimirul actscommilted in conn«.ion wilh an enterprise may noI be wffocientl(l $alisly the panern e~ menl, ~n lhough .he le,ms of the ~al· ute ilsell require only 1WO ... ch x.s' .... INI'rf com_to<> hM! pointood OIA, the dotfini!i(il'O of a 'ponem d rack_ ' " actl ....... dillets fr<lm ""'other ptOIiWominJ 1961 in ..... ~_ .....
• p;IIIeroI .~ • • ~ two..as d IK"'"-i", activit(. • .. ...,. Nt ~ •_ _· two ""'" act$. Tho i~
iI ..........,.. two >CIS .,., _......,.. !hey IN'( ...,. be ~ FdffiI, in c_ _ pot\aroc1! two 01 anrthins do i'I(II
~~11y
bm
~~.'
The legisl.'i~ history, noted the coon. shows .hal "two i~laled acts of rxko.teering i!(1i~ity do 1101 constitute a paltern: but ,alher thaI:
1I]IIe ielii1r.l!ion 01 ~i""'~ buoinrs~ _ I t y reqtoi..,. """" 1hon ~ '~KlWilV' and ~ " ' _ 01
-.
conrinul"l actM!y 10 be ~ ~ iI !hi!. facto, of c:onIlnuiry pM rdotiot>!hip whicto CG"bio~ 10 ~ •
The coun ~150 cited the following sta.emern made by the SfXIII5oO' 01 the senate
bill,
mr.. ",m ·patte..... Itself ""lui,.,. the
..r..:...1", 01 ~ ,.,I.,ionship .... So, the,."",.,. proal 01 t-..o""" 0I1Kke!eet. in8 acti.I!)'. wi,houl _ . doO'l not
esublilh a p,luem • ...
ThII! court drPN ;\tIention 10 the definition
a pauern adopted In a separ.lle ponion 01 the United StiJtes Criminal Code en3CIed al the _
lime as RICO,
lQrimitwl conducI ........ ponem if il ltO,obr_ crimiNl om IN!. hM! the YI'M or ~Io, putl>OOeS.. ...... IH. pal' tidpan/$, vlao ..... or IIlt'Ifoodi d cornmloolon. or Q!h( . .. iM: .,., irooem:I.otood by d~"I ct.-o:..rillk """~,., IIOII~_
Thus, lhe Supreme Coort senl 001 a dear signal lkal lhe RICO pattern el .... menl should not be isnored or Il"I!aled in
'"
~
perl'ur>CIOIy m.onner ~nd, Indeed, in pari II.> ~mine if lhe requiSile pattern _ presef1t
Coorl decisions r.ince 5«jjm.o
have
~nded ~m.o
been m<M!d by the ~m.o coon's Itill'"
In ~ dissenling opinioo,Justice ~I ~rsued thai ~Ithough RICO "should be ~ad broadly and conSirved 1iI_~lIy 10 effecluate il' """'-'Ilial PIJ,poses" in criminal prosecution., lhe same principles do "'" necessarily apply to 111<1 Ac~s prlVolle civil pn::Nisionlo. TII<1 Justice ~~ RICO should be consuued in a rNtlMf con!oiSlenl wim it!! orogi"",1 I"'0poie '" er.ldic3le osanized crimenot in a 1NImeI' ....... ' " authorize priv;I!e civil Xlions brought ~inst respected busi~~ 10 tedress ordin<ory fraud and br-ta.ch IX Comracl ca~
Iem requiremenc which had oiten been
JUilice I'IlweII lhen poimed 001 the RICO requi~1 IX proof IX a paltern IX rao:keteerins "....,. be inle-rpreled nar, rowly to effect ill; origi"",1 Iesi~i>'e I"'r~;
Sto>on 196115) deli ....
"~ 01 ,a.c"-'ring aclivity" !I.lIe> thot wet> ",O~,n"rftlY l ~" ~ ""'" OCIS 01 ,ac~in. acliviry" ThIS Cont'~II' .... ith ~ d6in~ ion 0I"aci~ln8
a
ac-
tivity" In § 196101, ''',ning tho! wet> ac· tlvity • _ _" 3"1' 01. n.....trtor 01 at:1~ 1"" dofinilion 01 .r-....... ""Y thus Io&'caIIy be it .... ",.lIEd .. mNr'IIr'I8 ..... tho p 0.... 01 tho ...... acts;sonIy!he tq.o .... ~ """'" ;S refoe a "p.one:ri" 10 be pro..'d.
"",red
By construing pattem to focus on the manner in which the crime 'MIS 1Jl'f' petratl"ll. st;tted Ju.tice I'oMlJi, C()U rlS could IllOf1' successfu ll y limir RICO's !<Cope'O ilS in.ended l';II8e1-o.ganized crime Thut. ~m.o h;rs GlSI doWI on Nrlier dec~ which todd that prediate _ roeed not be related II.> ea.ch ~het through a common Khernf., plan or motl~ as loog as all the acts are done in tll<1 coOOoct IX the affairs IX lhe entE!<prise. See e.8.. United Sta res v, \M!ilsman, 624 F.2d 1\18, 1121-22 12d Cir.t ceft. denied, 449 871 (1980): United St.;tte5 v. E!liof, 571 f.ld 88Q 899 (5th Ol 1978), u:t. dPnied,. 439 Us. 951 (1979). These ~ found chat the HlII':'pri~ itSelf supplied the roeo:e»MY unifor ing link \)e!y.een.he ~icote _ IhaC may cOO101itute, pattem of , a.cketce<ing <>CIivity. ~11m.on, 624 f .2d ~t 1122: WioI, 571 F,2d at 899
u.s.
262
"'''"ll'' '" empNsize an ~ 01 the pai.
""",looked 'f'.he past-that IX continuity. The "conlinuity plus relation~ip" requi~t means flOC only!hitt the pral i. cate act, be related, but also th~tthe acts be part IX someconttnuous. as opposed to isolated. Criminal activity. AI. one ....ueme ~re t~ courts S<J8' gesling multiple f",udulo~m acts commit.ed in a r.ingle aIm,,,,,,1 Kherne or epi. sode do flOC sati~ the continuity ~i .... mI'O'Il oIl>o1D1'f1l, and rhul, CMl ~ c0nstitute a panern IX ,adeteering activity. These cou", require proof IX multipte criminal schemes in order to ><ttisly tll<1 panern requirement. 54!e e-lj., NOtihem Tru$! Bank/O·Hdre. NA v. Inf)'OO, Inc.. 615 f.5ttpp. 828 (N.D. III. 1985) l"Surely lhe continuoty inherent in the'erm preS<Jme5 repeated climi"",1 a.ctivlfy, flOC merely repeated Kti,. 10 c .... ry out the same crimi"",1 actIvity. It places a re~1 .train on the language 10 speak of a r.in-
gle fraudulent eHort. implemented by _al ffilUdulent a<:IS, as a 'poot1el'll 01 rKketce<i"ll activity;; Allmgloo "
CMpr'IlIer, 619 F.5upp. 474. 47;t18ICD. Cal, 19t1 5) lsepar.!te acts IX wire ftwd commoned in connection with the Sol",e crrminalj'ansaoion do IIOt constitute a Pilltern of 'acketeering activity: contlnu· ily IX fxke1_ing <>CI ivity requires that the predicate ~ O::O/f in dif1eren1 crimi"",! episodes). IV. the other extreme a:e those courts l@J«i;ntloutlXhandthenotion\hatmultiple Kbemes 'IIe I'rO!C<'!Osary 10 proooe , panl':'n. s..e e.lh Conan I'>cpeftoes, If>(. ". MdUef. Inc.., 619 F.5upp. 1167 1S.D. N.V 11701 (two aclS ariSing OUt of I"'" ' lme scf\em<: may constitu.e pan"", of rack ... teerln8 a.ctivity); T.dl Mic.o::omPtJ!C. Corp. v. \\NUll' 81m., 628 F,Supp 1089 (N.D. III. 1965) lpanee-n IX racketeering aclivity c;on be estabIjshed wilh respect to a single fraudulenl Kf>erlK'1; ,!eft ~ Sj'Slemj " 1vdK'r.~niels
MidL.nd Co.. 627 F.5ttpj). 5se ICo. III. 1986) (although I1IIlte .han a men! countIn8 IX ,a.ckcteering acts is nl'Cessary.• hls does '101 mean that a pattern cannot be established with respecI to a ,inglle fraudulent Khernf.).
to-
SomewhM!! between rwo posi. lions lie those courts which, while x· ceplin, !he p:oposilion \hat ~ pattern :my edit with,n 3 single c:iminal "'Ii. lOde, require some differenliation time I.~ among the pralic~tc a..:IS ,n order 10 satisfy the continuity prong of the I~lttern requirement. Some courts requifll the schernf. presenl a threal IX future ....:::ke1""";ng Xlivity.
for eample. in Superior Oil COt7lj»r1y " Ful,.,.." 785 F.2d 252 18th COl t9861, !he Eighth Circuil was pm5eIlIed WIth 3 ItICO claim in connection with a Ji"llie Kherne'O defraud. Although JflC08Ilizin8 mat a pattern maybe ~ In a r.inSic criminal scheme, the court nevertheless requited proof 01 a threat 01 continuing racketeering activities in the luture in combinatioo with ongoinl <>CIS IX rxke!""";ng. In Crahlm ". SlduJh«>r. 624 f.5upp. 222 IN.o. Iii" t9851. !he COUrl found lhe .lIeg.i1lioos IX the complaine ~aled a QIn<'! IX action under ItICO due 10 lhe ongoins nature IX an open-ended scheme 10 embezzle which included a number IX independently mol ivated cfimes. September 1986
O1her courts h1M': de\ermir"\ed a pattem c~n eoo:iS1 i[ the individual pred ic;lte offenses are separated in time and fo<m. In P4ul S. Mullin & N5OCiates, Inc. v, BaSSe-If, 632 ESIipp. 532, 541 to.DeL 19861. lhe cout! noted, because Ihe alleged predicate act! occurred <.Ner a short period of time, were made 10 tn.. !-ame poople and took substmtially tn.. $ame form. tn.. <>Cts were no! suffIciently d islinct in lime or ,ub,tiln<;e to comp<ise a pattem. And. as stated by the COOrt in Kredielbank. N,V. v. Joyce Morris, Inc.. No. 84-1903 (Q NJ. Jan. 9. 1986J: \Nhe", a single crimi ...1><1 is ...pe;m,d asainot a oocond viClim. 0< """",ted in • lime and ~O<" retn<M:<l from ttS ~r" CQII'WI'IiWort. the """ .as >rguably susI!I'Sl a design '" <:O<Jfigul3tOon. oM ~ ..,isly the ponern "'<lu i..........,!. BUI the repelition 0/ an ><1 lal<ett aga;Ml a single vietim Of"" 0/ vieti"" IoI lowinS do<ely on the heels of tile orisin.1 wrong, In """" cj",urmcribed circum<I.11'1CE'S, ... suggests no ""!>Onsion, no OIlgoO ng design. no conlinuity. weh a, _ lhe large! 01 Congress in RICO
The IIlh Cir<;u it join. lOOse COllrts """ jecting li"oe proposilion thai a panem of ,acketeering iICIivity can be e>lablished only upoo proof of a pallern of racketeering scllemes. In Bank of America v 10uche Ross & Company. 782 F.2d 966 (ilih Cir. 19861. the court held allegation, 01 predica1e acts which constitute distinct statutory viol.tion' • ....m il part oIti"oe $ame scheme Or transac1ion. are suffi. cient to withstand. mo1ion to di,miss. The bu<:he R<!5, coun did 001, hcJwe..er. igr.ore the continuity prong of Ihe pal. lem requirement, TheCOUrt d ied Sedima that to establish a pattern. "there mllSt be a showing 01 more than one racketeering activity and lhe threat 01 conlinuing...:tivity.• In addition. the coort noted the IoIl!M'ing pa'!-age should be used as an aid to interprel RICO', palle," requirement: lClriminal conduct~' a PO""'" if il "",br.tces crimi",,1 ><1, thaI h...., lhe ....... Of ,imila' P"'l"J'!"S. re$<J11$. PO'.kipon ... victims, Of method, 0/ commiWoo. Of O\he<wi~ ~'" inte,,,,lated try d i<1ingui,hing ct.aracte,i"iCJ and .re r>O! isolated ........ 1'<. Thus, the 10uche Ros~ coon focused on the manner in which the .lIeged
The Alabama Lawyer
criminal activity had been perpe1rated through an analysis 01 the relal ionship among lhe parties. the time f""ne 01 the predicale iICIS, Ihe number 01 predic'lle acts and the pu rpose 01 the fraudulent activity. The court held the complainl satisfied the panem requiromenl by alleging defeodanlS committed ni"" se-p.:lf1Ite <>CIS 01 mail .nd wire Ir~ud. irM)lving the $arne panie> !M'r a period oIthree years. lor the purpose 01 inducing plaintiff banks 10 e.teod credit to defend~nls A de<;ision recently handed down by the nortrem d iWict 01 Georgia under. scores the conlinUity requirement la id d!M'n by tn.. 11th Circuit. In She~elman v. }one" No. 84-472A (N.D. Ga. May 28. t986). a purchaser 01 bond, sold to Ii_ nance Ire deYelopmeot oIa retirement project filed suil again st participants in the bond issue .nd d....,lopment. al· leging. in",r al;", claim' for securi!ies fraud and violations 01 RiCa Although the court conceded pla inti// met his i.... itial burden 01 pleading IV>Q predicate acts, lhe coun dismissed plaintiff" RICO
-.
DETECTIVE INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE ~
M_n
CrIrnMII • o.:roo-tIc
.CM
• AIIOto'IeyO • _.... SUo ...
claims on tre grounds plaintiff did not demonstrale • threal 01 continUity: The predic"'~ aClS In It.iS COl'" did r>O! otC\J, ""'" lhe proIr.>CIed pe,;oo pre"'nt;n ~ R.>ss. M"""""r. the de-
fendants did
no! targ<'!
a small group
of i~ and whj«t I""m to frequent fraudulenl sol icitations. as po~ d a <ingle bond ~ing one a~ l.-ged ly mi,lead ing offici.1 <I.1temcnl ...... ~i....oo to lhouI.ands 01 i!M'SlOr>. P1ainti!f has not demonotrated .im ila' conduct on the pa~ 0/ deioond:ants in pa ... On !he bets .. a whole the cooll doeo not find lhe conlin uity and ""going design requ ired to demonWale a ponem.
KaT"",.
T""
At lea~ one important . Specl 01 the SlalUle rema ins wide open • ....,n though Sedim. may hiM! answered ..,me questions abovt RiCa The Sedima court. not appearing altogether h.PI"!' wilh lhe lorm in which RICO has evolved. cha llenged both lhe legislature and the courtS to d....,lop a meaningful concept 01 paltern. Whethe< such a concepi will unfold cannot be amwered now. as ye1.nother chap\ef in RICO's shot! oot confused history remains to be written. •
John f. Grenier received hi, law degree from Tulane Unive~i!y and hi' graduale degree in L",:al;"n from New \brk Unive~ity. He has been a member of the Birmingham linn of I.anSt', Simpson, Robin..,n & Somerville ,ince 1967. Sally S. Reilly. ~n aS50Ciate with LanSt'. Simpson. Robin..,n & Somerville, received her undergraduale and law degree, from o.,~ University.
Richard Wilson & Associates Regi stered Professional Court Reporters 132 Adam~ Ave nue Montgomery, Al a bama 36104
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23
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DU'
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21
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saturday
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120S) 346.6230
SJSlnonmen.t.>e~
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(20S) 34&')014
SOUTHERN CON FERENCE ON TORT REFORM Holid;ry Inn Medial Cen~ 6irm.ngh.om Cumberl.nd Institute lot CLE (lOS) 670-2865
4
thursday
""""
Cumberland Inslitute lor e lf
(205) 870-2665
thursday
TRIAL 1t.O\QCACY
ETHICS; A CUIOE TO TH E ALABAMA CODE O f PROfESSIONAt RESPONSI BILI TY Civic Center, MontgOmery AlaoolTl<l Bar lnstitule lor CLf 1205) l48-0230
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(lOS) 348-6230
18 thursday DU'
"""'"
InSlilure lor Clf (lOS) 8i"O-26fiS
Curnbe<l~nd
DU'
Huntsville Cumberl~nd
Inl.litule lor CLf 1205) 8i"O-26fiS
12
FORENSIC ("IDENa
".
11
17 wednesday
friday
£THICS, It. GUIDE TO THE ALABAMA
19
friday
DW
Mobile Curnberbnd InSliture lor Ctf
(lOS) Bi"O-286S
CODE OF ,.ROFESSIONAL
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•
Opinions of the General Counsel b y William H. Mo«ow, Jr.
QUESTION:
........ ic ... to he perf.,..med or the ~j~ of lhe la~r per_ forming such sen'ices' required in all aUo,,,,,,! adverli!oe'rne<lts Or only in thos.> d.scribing c .... I.in specific legal ....vic ...I"
AN SWER: Til<> dis.claimer is required on ly in auo.ney ad~rtisements
describing cenain specific legal
"'rvi~.
DISCUSSION: Prior to October 25, 1965, Dis.ciplinary Rule 2.102(A)(2)
provided: ·W " I~ 0< ..... firm >h.lll not use pm/es!.iooal calrl<, pro. !ess,o,,.1""noo""..,...". card~ office . jgns, lellerheMk, le~ ~
di....,ory li>trnl\', law li"'- ("SOl di....,"'Y li$lin8O. simi I" proOessiooa l noIic", ()( devices 0< th.t the Iollowing """" be u....t il!hey.re in d ignified loon:
"""""'P'fJ. """""
•••
121 " briel ~r.ion.ll ;>""""'r>C81><'nl caRl staling til new Of III oddres_ (41 chanil" 0/
or (21 chan!l"d ..."dation.
to.n..
firm """"'. (5) Of simil., ""''''''' petI.l;ning proiesl.ional o/f"", 01. """""" Dr I;Jw finn, w nich """ be "",iled 10 I~ .... ciie"".1om.er tii""", P''''o", ' /ri<1>d~ dod "'I.ti ...... II ""'II not
"-'Ie biosr>phical d." ~ 10 I.... ""tenl ",..onabl~
n.",,,,,,,,.,. '0 iden'ify ,he 1.1wye, or '0 ""J>I.in ,.... chong<! In hi. " ""'iation, but it ""'I' ,1;1t< t.... im.....,.;!i ••• pa>! posi,ion of the I""'l"'<. I. m;,y 81", t....... "..,..nd doles '" ~"" fo,m. in • con' inu,ns line of 'tlCe""ion. It , h,lI
I>()( " " . , ....
""'ure'" the practice """"pl " J><rmilted unde, OR l-lCl6." (parenth<'i;cal numbers odded)
Prior 10 J~nvary 26. 1%3, Disciplinary Rule 2-102 tAl (71 (f)
l"O"ided: "No adverti_n, shall be ""l;>Iished un"'" it con .. i n~ In !egil;>le prinl, the IoIlowing langua~. 'No """""",.. tion i. made abou, the qu.illily '" !egol s.er. ,ice> to be performed or the ""perti"" '" tt.. 1~ pe<. forming ,uch _ ...-
On January 26, 1983, Disciplina!)' Rule 2·102 tAl ~mended to l"O"ide:
m (f) w.ls
• ••
"(71 ••• I~ E"""PI in an ~i_t conta ining only th., infort=tion permined bot OR 2·102 IAI (2) .""""neing lhe fonn;tlton or clwlge 01 ""rt""""ip or M"",iation or chanSO' in loe... lion of t..... Mme." "'foeeo no adveni"""""" shall he ""I;>I,shed unle» il con ..i", in legible print, lhe IoIlowing language:
The Alabam.1 Lawyer
q... lity '" tt.. "'gol "",. ,ices to be pe<Iot.....,.;! or the expen;", of , .... 1 _ , perfor ...... ins 'tlCh """,;".,.,..On Oclobet 25, 1965, Ihe Sup"""", Court 01 Alahama ll'SCinded Disciplinary RuIe5 2-101 through 2·106 and adopIed Tempo .. ry Discipl inary Rule5 2·101 through 2-106. Tempo'ary DR 2·101 in pellin"", pall p,,,,,id,,,; 'NO ",,."'''''ntali,,,, is made abou"he
lhe disd~imer conlJined in Tempo<~ry 1-102(E}, ""meIy, 'NQ 'I'I'teSentalion is made about the qUJlitr of.he lega l HI ~
• •• ..... , _ , ",.11 not make or c. """ to be mode • 101"" or misleading communication about 111 rn., I........... or (2J ,he Jawyer-'. """'ices.' (em""""i' and """",tl>etic. 1 numbe"
....,
Prior to January 6. 198&, Temporary DR 2_102 (El ))I'O'Iided: ..... ny
• •• I""""" who ad"""i .... conce mlng legal """,ice< .hal l
comply wnh the following: lEI No communic "ion concerning, shal l be publi.ned or bro.><k.., unless i, contain-< ,n.. Iollowing languaSO' M an integr.>1 .00 ~inen, """ of the """""'.... lion: 'No _tation io mode ...,." the qual ity '" the "'sa l ... ",ice> to be per/ormed 0< tn.. ex""" i"" of ,he I""""" per· form ing such """ ices.- (emphasil oddedl On January 6. 1986, !he Supreme COOIl aI Alahama amended Temporary Discipl inary Ru le 2·102 (E) 10 read as follows: 'No communicaH"" concern,ng a l.......,...n ",,,,ices ",all 00 publi;hed or brnadcaSl un l",. i, """tai", in Iegible.ndJor atldible 1""8u"8" the IoI lowing: 'No ",,,,,,,,,,,,ta'ion is made .boot' .... qual ity of the leg;al """ic", '0 be per/ormed or lhe ex"""i"" d t.... I......,.,.. perlorming....:h !e"'Kes.- lemphasis
I...,.................,..,
""""
The ca",01 Me~rdno v..... laoom.1 Stale flat, 434 So. 2d 732 (1983) i"""I....ro a chal lenge '0 'he con~l i luliooali ty of DR 2-102 (1\) 17) (f) as it exis!ed subseqUf'Ilt'o Ja nuary 26, 1983. The held lhe disclaimer requi""""n, is con~'i1U'ional. The COYIl discus§l>d ,he cases of 8.tIeS v. State 8.tr of Ar;zona, 433 U.s. 350 a nd the case of In lhe Maller of KM.,., 455 U.S. 191. Considering ,00 disclaimer, Ihe cou" observed:
COIl"
• ••
"The appellant I""'l"'< in R.MJ. had been found gUi lty of violatintl - . 1 _>ins I"<"ioions of the Mi"""ri Canon • of Pf<lies,ional Res.pon.it>ility. inehxJ ing. tequi "'~t ,hat 1.....1"'/ ad""";""""",,, include. """,;food disclaime' of at,· lifoealion of ""perti"" Iollowing any liSling of """,Woe ~" ".. d pracrice . .... Ithough no ch. llenge was made '0 the ConslilU'i"".lily '" the d;scl. imet ""lui_~ ,he Co<m d Od no!<! lhat the {\a,.. decision ~ ,he """ 01 discl.i""" .... Qu i"""""" to pnJW<1 the public ftom mi,l<>adi ng 1 _ , ad""'i'ill$- The Court """'<l:
1:_ ;>< 10 price .d,.",i';n8 me 111;0''''1 Coo" $UlW'S'ed 1h.,\Ome "'8UIMiQn I'oQIJId ~ ~rmi>li", f<>f ~, ••• me ba, could ,..
didoimm '" ~ 10 100. 102 SO. at 9}6, n !.-Ed. 2d 01 qui'"
aoid fake ' - ' • ld .• 455 u.s. 01
n. n.
n .~m
odded)
In 'h" case of LI'O" ~nd Blalock v. "I~· So. 2d 1367 the court WoIS ailed upon 10 fUll! upon the cor>SlilUlionality of 011: 2·102 W en III prior to its ~mendml!m on loonuary 26. 1983 Uhe amendment of J~nuary 26. 19l1), mad" I\{) substanti~ change as to the pre<:; ... is'>Oe in either Me!tal\{) or LI'O" ~nd Blalocld. NIN St.I" 8.0" 451
~nd f",lock Ihe COUll ag.>in Bales v. Sr..I" 8.>, 01 Ar'~, supra. ~r,d In lile Mal"" of ftMJ.. lupra. The court also q""ted from the c~se of C~J Hudson Gill v. Public SMoke Commission 01 New 'lbtk. 447 U.s. 5S7
In 1)0'1
di~
M
1oI1ows:
•••
In ,uling thaI ,he discl"irne< provision is consti tulional the court observed:
10 the teSt which wal formulated in Cen!r~ 1 Hoo§Ol1 Gas v, Public Ser· vice commission"'; New 'Ibrl:, 447 U.s. SS7, ~ 100 s.c.. 2343, 2351, 6S LUI. 2d 141 11'9801 quoted in In,he Maller"'; R.MJ., 455 U.s. at 201.()4, 102 S.Ct. at 937-38: 'In comme,cial SpeeCh ca>eS, then, a 1ou'"'IliIrt a~lysis hH de-~. AI. the outseI, we must dete<mi .... wMher the e<pf1':Slion is prorected t.,. the filii Amendment. For comme..:ial spee<:h locorne within that pr0vision, il al least must concem l;)Wlul adiviry ;til(! no! bo. misleading. N"~I, _ uk wMher the ~ I!(l'o'emmentallnlerest is wbsr..nl;al. If bolh il1(tuiries yield posi!i~ an· s_rs, we must delermine whether the "'!Iul.lion di,...,tly ;odI.ance the pMmmental in-teret _,1e<!. and whether it is not rno<e e<ren5i~ than Is nec· essary 10 ..."'" Ihat inlerest.~
DIsciplinary Report Public Censure • Escambi~ County 1aw)eI Joseph Robly Tuc:~er _ publicly censured May 30, 1986. fa< h .... inS been found guilty oi willful neglect. He fail~ to file a b'ief w ith the court of crimi nal appeals for a eli"'" he w.os ~n';ng. in violation 01 OR 6.\oIW, Code 01 ProiessioNl ~Spornibility 01 the Ala~a Stale Ib~ lASS 85--615)
I IDEO TRUSURES
••• •...ili$.......".... ............. Ihor .....
""'""b... '..... .....,. ..
~01.., 1ht one """'"""" toeton. .... misht beI~ !!wI me "n<rmey Is. ~iotl!l 0< ~ lI",a'o:< e>perrlse In periorml"3 me~· .i<eo MMttlstd ....... attOrne\'$ who do "'" ......... Ise. Accood;nsJy. _ upheld ..... tJ;so;l;Jimer roeq..o_ In ~( . ...... brau$e 0I1ht 11M'< ~ ;". ....... in ~ the pojlIic loom be1"3 ",..1M. te\trk\iM~. me n'qiJI_ 01 ~,.I c.. •.-.:I R,M),
Th,.
bo!c.use
me dhda,mer I. dlrKrly te-
iat;,d ... tho! In""teIl, • .-.:1 .. no! ........ ..."""""" IhMt _ _ 10 _ lIwI
ov
~.'
IernpMio oddoedI
Numerous inquiries h...e been direct· ed 10 lhe Office of the Gl.'nffi\1 Counsel inquiring as to whether the discl;,imer is required in certain ~isemenlS. The discl.imer is required only in al10lney ~ deK.ibing r:ert.ilin specific I~I serviCe\. Thi s opinion m;or seM! 10 clarify Ihat poin!. •
Suspensions • Birmingham lawyer Charles T. I:I •• (lshaw wal suspended, effecti~Juoe 30, 1986. iorfailu~ rooomply with theMal>d;ltory Continuing I.t!pI Eduation requife'Oerlt of the AJ..ob;IIN State Ibr. • Huntwille lawyer lames M. Holmes was suspended, ef· leeri'" June 30, 1986, lor f.ailu~ to comply with the Mand.otory Continuing ~I Education requi_I of the Alaba .... Slate
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SMITH-ALSOBROOK & ASSOC. EXPERT WITNESS SERVICES
V'DEO Of :
DEPOSITIONS, ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION, COPIES MADE, All FORMATS Telephone: (205) 265·2999
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lI088'I D. s-nt. as.. J.o. " ts "' . .0._"" o,..a.. ..... _ 42051_'_
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with the AIOIbama SI<I!e 8;!. In each of the
e<fj!ors noIe:
Thi' iJ "
~in!
01. preser..
,.Ik>n given durin, !he A!;l/)ama Slale Bar's 1986 IllIOw/ Meeting in
8;.·
mi",.....m. by Aln
w. l«bon
Why botherl M.J lpractice lawsuit! and d hiC$ complaints Iwppen to "olher people." Thi . i. wrong. Malpoxliu lawsuits .!XI elMo complaints are be<:oming in. creasi ngly common and serious. Nearly 900 ethics com pl ~ints have Oeen filed
post lWO ye;l!1, and di~ipline has been imposed in 12·14 percent 01 those mattoo (0'00<'e than 100 ca§e5 each year). Tile growth rate In elhks complain t1 filed hM. in Il~ oIrhe last si x years, greatly exceWed the growth in the number 01 r.ew Lawye.s. MJ,lptaclice lolIWSUits .nd ~ies apinS! Al.Jb;om;l laW'{"B alw are increasi"" as are inkJ'~ .ales. LIwyen are quite willin, 10 sue 0Iher Iawyen,
and !he I~ 01 recovery seems to be rapidly incl'Nling. In a recent
~ar
(fi5Cil1 '84·'851_ know 01 27 recoveries 3g.Jinsr ... tabo".. lawyers, with one
cue being settled lor mo re than S1,000,000. ar>d the other 26 averaging a recovery 01 $5,200. These fjgur~ are
bad enough, bul IndinliOlls are that these numbers are on the increase. TheIl!: are p'/1!Oenlly e ight nlalp<<K:tio:e laW1uits on the docket of the Montgomery County Circuit Court. These SI~tiSlies poinl out one thing about the prac1iC<! oflaw-;t is bec0ming more rislcy every day.
Wha t is causing th is increaseJ As migh! be n~, nu..-ou§ c~U5ti
are in play. One obvious ause is the d,amatic growth in the legal profesion-Ihere are more lawyers 10 get in trouble and more willing (..... >cious1) 1000 some1hing about It, The public is more ......11", of the ,ighlto sue or complain , and society as /I whole seems to be more liligioul. Disciplinary mailers and judg-
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"'1$
~ Me moo! wKiely publicill!d. Thon, po,hIic -.._.-1 in(~ a<nss IO(OUm.-l diKlpil,.. ary .gencies I\a"<l! plal"ftl • P;II1.
moen"
Thee~I ~I\ave~_
t-t-I. bullMn! B lillie INI can be done by Ihe ~I pefmlan 10 '.,..." boo;:k Ihe Nnds 01 lime. ~ In ~ /TICKI 5ludi81vYe
!ohown !hac rhe po,hIicll)'
~Iencbnl 10 these ma"," ~ ;In """,.11 lavorolbie Impoc:c on Ihe public in IhaI II enco\I" -en Ihe ptfUpIiooo - . . it juIIQ in 1M world .... .., ifP pi( , . jan i J - . . . . 10 poIke itle¥. ~ iJ not much ~ 10 beliew! ~ ;on: WOI1l! IOcby !han In lhe "JOQd old doyJ." 8111, acnpting IM<II iJ lIllie ~ Of bif MfOd,;,tions c:.I do ~ Ihe " btI!<NI ~" 01 dlftn compI.inU. chen Ihe ~ m~ be on In.ddng Ihe "Inl~ GiIU'jft" 01 lhese complaints. Tow.ttl tt..c so;al various r.tudiet ha"<l! ~ conduclll!d by or on behalf 01 Mm boIr moclaIiom In an effor1 10 idoeomfy bod! hiw. risk I.~ and ehe tool CO~ of cliMl complaints. One wch Itudy was conducted by the ElhiCi Education Committee 01 the AI;tbama S\,)te fUr, usins diKipilnory dau doe..-eloped 0"<I!f ............ Y".... Recently the Amefi. c:.I liar A5IOOCIaIIon ~ rna ~In law discipii".,ry d;iu av.ilable coverinl neariy eve!'( dl,(lphnary juri~ictlon In !he United SUtet conH.ming in vlnually fMf'I Q~ 1M ~ de-elo¢d In
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BoItIIhe ABA;n:I the AbbMN MUd/e
soushIlO mnrify !how MN5 of practice
In which dient corn~lnlS _ _ common - ' tM type 01 oonduct dwl kod 10 !he cornpbints. Suffice I, 10 ~ I Iowyt'f iJ moo! • risk """- dNll". dlreedy with a dient in a ...- in ~ !hal dient ~ an inteMe '-rilly, fIn.m. c;.1 Of liberty 1nIemt. Unlortunile/y, boIh ~uditl ~IO WJw IhaII¥wyen, Of ill ~ _~ do en&"8" In illeP (Onduct and I "p>lfi. cane pel'Cetll4'! 01 dl!bionOd'" and . -
IJNIions _
IOnboMd 10 ~ COlt-
duct (nationwidIo, '1 peteent 01 dI!obI,· menlS and ' 3 pefUf1t 01 reslJlll.ltlonlln 191151. Thus, one c:onuibutins 1;;IC1Ot to client complal~l iJ 1l1e5a~1ous
""d.",.
In bod! ~udles the primary undetiylnB cause of diMI complalnlSls GENERAL NEGLECT. '"-'gol,tHess oIthe atl.'iI 01 ptiIC-
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NEGLECT 1Nds.1I odw:r mlKonduct ;n:I it also rhe """"'" one oIWme in thole dliiCipilnary malt"" In which dl~clpllne Il Im~ . Numbers two m th_ ;w, In order, fAILURE 10 COMMUNICATE and GENERAl MISREPRESENTATION TO CUENT. Numbm b..- ;n:I rrve alIO are reIaIed to each OIM<, pM\3ps "'" ~ to ~ fitS! dMee, and Ire MISAPl'ROPRlAnDN and COMMINOJNG. ~ MISIV i kOikWION .,.j COMMINCUNG cake on 1OI.w:thing 01 thech.vlcler ul the lrOOnious conduct ~iOnI!d earl .... in lhallhey Ire moo! In ~ form d a conKIout,. WIllful ml5ronduct. few peopIr, .,.j no di~JpI;1IIfy • Kie!, .... !JOing 10 twiN I ~ Jimply fotJCIIlhat it K iu""opeI 10 tIeOI • dlren(, funds. The«! K IInle to t... donf: by ~ Ieg3I prolenlon to identify and help l~wyet'I who will t.IOOp 10 theft. illu~ prior 10 their senlnsCllJ8ht. PeriwpJ bifscould Ind ~Id de"<I!Iop moo!, and beller, progr_ 10 identify and MIp lIIis small, sad group, bUI In actu~llty the numoo ollawyet$ who ""8"&e In such lot.ally OlItt;>&I!QUS conduct is relatl"<l!ly small, .,.j the Quse oIlM oonduct mwr Ihe full ~uum 01 the """- condition 110fT! druB addicuon to peed. NonetheJen, lhese people do exl~ In Al.b;".... and elsew~, and they great. Iy hMm lhenuelve, thei, ( liMes and all who;on: p<ovd ulthis pr Dftldon. 0;,0. plinary ....,ciel are dNl"" with this problem In the only bs/IIon open 10 them, the ltr>JlOWOOn ul swill and seYere wnctloM. If il Is poss;t)le 10 dl~rage any a-,.er frcwn ilifP conduct by-... ina 01 !he dire ~ then please ~ wanwd; if auFc. """ win be punished. On a _ po$iIM: noIe. 1Mn! is every reaiO:'l to belle"<!! tt.... the ~ common tool a.uses 01 client cornpIarnts, G£NERAl NEGLECT, fAILURE TO COMMUNICATE and GENERAl MtSREPRf. SENTATION TO QIEf'(f, can be ~.1t WIth byedUQlion and the liOOlllppll. tltlon ul common sense. II K not ~ wry 10 drllwl dl~lnction ~&II malpractice .,.j unethical conduct. ~ !he tool c.uses 01 uch .-ninsly apply ~t1WI the boIttl and the dl~lnction between the MO Is becomln81n( ...... ~lngly bl~fred. There are counlle~s factual lJCe GEN(RAl .I~iom 01
,.;en.oriof in which oonduct miw.t t... one Of the OIlier. bu1 not boIh. Sr.och
lCtI'a'ios are becoming II!S!J cornmon. If GENERAL NEGLKT. fAilUltf TO COMMUNICATE and GENERAL MIS. ItEPRESENTATION TOOlENT could be
eI,minatftI,
~
__
~H'
01 .11
dim! cornpbinb prObably _ would ~. AI.1b.o .... St.te Bir retNrch I,.. die.Ift thai _ I'~ develop Iwd worIc ~and are a ~ Of UwSUit wallins 10 I\appet\. Uwyen lib 10 ....u motII!)'. and _ ~ ....II X: O!'PI ~ and eor.-.lDt motII!)', ..tw:n they know Of ~Id know they cannot de/I_ as ~~ or promised. Some Iawyeos are SImply too hwI and. ytt. are ...aId lor any ~ 01_10 tum down.~dient. Uwye'>oIIrm
unde<lKIimale. 10 lhemwl~, ,he amount of lime and WOtk tNt a panlcuIi' rn.ottet mish! require. Before lhey know wI\at has Iwppetoed, they I\a"<l! more than ~ can do. They ,lSI) may diKo"<l!t that they I\ave wOl1«!d beyond lhe fee chatJed, or with moo! WOtk to Ill! done and a need tQ gener~te fflVefIOO lor the office. II this 50Unds familiar, lhen you au! I typical l~wyef and you I\a"<l! """ question on you. mind, 10 wil: How do I "void cli~1 complainlS
Indlor malp.-acl k .. LawsuilJl The Twelve Golden ltulH I. Place all client'l funds in. 1..... _ count. This K requr .... by !tie Cae» 01 ~I ~11fY 01 the A!. bama Stlle Bat !and ~ odw:r di!iCIpUnary jurisdicOOn) and alill) I, common sense. If iI dispule arises ""'" your risht 10 i pottion 01 the lunch held by you in ItIAC. !hen ~ funds should be held lnurct unhl the dispule K ~
........
dr.-.
1. When you di!bune lunds to 01' for • clWot. keep compleie reo;:ord!; .,.j .... thIn I tNSOnIIbIe time . . dHobuno". theM funck, fuOll'" an iICOOUIlI 10 the ( Irem. When !oIutlle ~sul motII!)' Of propeny are invol....ct, wrillfO dis-bulWlTOd>t ~t_~ i re ft!COfIlmeOOed. and the same mould be ~pWned 10 the .-oNbIe Wlhf.oction 01 the ( lien! IWlth rhe ~~Ion and the fact of the di~rsemen~ adnowledlPf!d by the drentl. II you, clltnl ~ an acoount· Ing lrom you relating to funds you haW!
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receivOO or disbu.sed lor him. the Code of Professiona' Responsibility requires that you furnish it to him . 3. K~p funds ~par ate and apart from those of the client. Commingling is 1"'''' hibited by the Code You should only place enough Q/ your O'Wn funds in YOU' d ients·/trust account to pay anticipated ~nk charges lor the opelation 01 the ac_ coun1. 4. Settle u ses only with the informed con"",' of your dienl. Expfain to the cl ient his opIions (if any) and why you do or do not recommend settlement. When possible and practical. do this in w.iting and hove the diem execule an acknowledgment 01 the e xplanation. An informed client is usually less suspicious and less likely to tufO on lhe lawyer at some laler date. but obviously lull di ... dosure will be r>101'e effective in some cases than in others and shou ld not be viewed as a panacea. 5. During tile IM'ndency 01 • matter, k~ Ihe client inlormed and. if possible. furnish copies 01 all pleoldings. <:\()ru. mem,. lellers. etc. A surprised dient is frequently an unnapw client. Gene.ally, dients ha"", 00 appreciation 01 the amount O. nature 01 wall< being performed lor them. Once again. this may not woll< in all cases, bul the potential benefits ou tweigh the potenti a l problems. r.. Stay out of 00';,- transactions with d ients, particu larly those in which your dients a .e also .elying on you, as lheir lawyer, to protect or oversee tMir interest,. The Code imposes tight gu idelines in Ihi' area, bul an e"",n bener practice is to altogether avoid such .elationships, 7. Avoi.d confliclS of interest- real, patential or perceived. The Code and the case law ollhis state deal at le ngth with conflicts 01 interest. Generally, if illeel, bad it is bad and should be avoided al all cost,. II, however, you are caught up in a "gray" area, seek advice before be.coming 100 involved. The mere lact that you are concerned that a conflict of interest exists mily be a sufficienl indication to tell you to stay out 01 a particular maUer. 8. Be realistic in ""alings with clients. and in panicula" when assesSing the mane", for ,uc~s o. when success is assured, the gr;lndeu. 01 that success. Put simply, do not le.ad cl ients into unrealistic expectations. The Alabama La"'Y("
9. Use wrill en employment contracts, particularly in Cases involving a contingene)' fee or the payment 01 costs.Ie>.pen. es ~ the client at certain specific times. Such a contrnct should deal frankly with lees and expense. and also should be specific possible as to the nalure 01 the employment.. the goals of the represenLiltion and the dur;otion 0( the same (lor e><ample. wililhe lawyer handle the appellate woll< and, if so, what aboul fees). This, of course. is not a practical approach to all matteI'S broughl to an aitomey, but, where possib le, such a contr3d can be a great benefit to both lawyer and client.
a.
a.
10. Keep 0pI'n the lines of communica· tion. Mos1 I~ cannot afford to speak with every dient every time the client calls, and most cannot set! each client who "drop.; by" w ithout an apo pointment. You each know how avail. able you are, or will be, to a panicula, client..nd it is up to you to communicate thalIa the client. If you do not generally accept telephone calls, you might advise that messages should be left with the secretary, and important call, will be returned as soon as possible. Or, you might sel aside a ponion of each day to return calls (say 11 •. m.--noon and/or 4:30 _ 5). Do not hide from your clients; if you have unpleasant news, deliv .... it as diplomatically as possible, but do it. 11 . Do not lie to your cl ient, the coun or other lawyers. Such conduct is strictly
prohibited by lhe Code and common sense. Few Ii", woll<, and few liars manage not to get caught
12. Last. but celUinly not least, do not take on ""'"' than you can do and do not neglect what you do take. Lawyers are urw:le< economic pressure and, 00 oc-
casion, have been known to t.ake cases they did not want (or cou ld n01 hand le), because a nice retainer was offered. The Code mandat", that a lawyer shall not willfully neglect a legal mailer enlrusted to him. The supteme cou rt of this state has inlerpreled the term "willfu) neglect" on several occa.ions, most recently in the 1984 case 0( Hay"", v. Alabama Stale 8ar, 447 So. 2d 675 (Ala. 1984). Quoting an earlie< Alabama case, lhe court ,tatro ; "The law IIO""rnlng the Iawyer<lienl ""ationr.hip may be <latro, in the.;on. "",t oIlhe iMlanl case and Dildpl;r-.ary Rule (,.lOlW, Code of ProIes,~1 ReSpof>';biUty.~. follows; Wheoover
• person c""""II<' I""""". advising him oI lhe 1<>Ct. concerning a legal claim, .nd Ihe lawyer _ to 'take
we"
the "'$e' aM !he",.ft... a•..,,.,. _1ha1 he is handlinglhecasuoo !hal il will be heard OJ a futu", d.te, • l.wyer<lient relationsh ip is PSI.IIli.ned; .nd the lawyel is guilty of willfu lly negleoing. legal mane, enIruSted 10 him il he tak ... no <>Cti"" "" ciien.·s 1><:41.11."
These 12 "golden Il.Iles" are intended to provide guidance to the lawyer 0;00. cernro about avoiding malpuctice law· suits and dient compfaints. Unfortunate. Iy. there i, no 51ep.by-siep primer"" the subject, and 8i""'n the almost unbeli"". able di\fef'Sity 01 dients and lawyers, one probably never will be d""eloped. A lawyer would do as well by simply obeying the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, and applying a linle dose of common serose to any situalions not otherwise covered. What"""" you do, 00 not drift into pat_ tern, 01 conduct ma~ing clients unhappy, the courts mold and the bar SU5picious. •
Alex W. J;r.ckson hal served !inee 1980
as an as,istant general coun>el fat the Alabama State Bar. He is a graduate of Ihe University of North Carolina in Cha pel Hill and the University of Alawma School of Low. 8efore joining Ihe bar stafF. he was in private praaice in Clanton with his brorlle" unde< the
name of Jackson & /Mkson.
..~, •
Alabama Wrongful Death Damages No Longer Taxable by Cr.;, So 8001>1"11 .lnd Christopher W. Weller As;l n!5Uk of .... IRS rulil1S ~ Rul. fI4. 103, 1984-2 C.B,I. Alab<oma bec~me the only SLate in which wrongfu l death dam;I~ """", fully ",,,,,bl,, for fWet;l1 Income iii> purpolft. This ruling.-rloI!d !hi! servKe's poevioos policy, embodied In Reooenue Ruling 7S-45. 1975-1 C.B. "7 and C.c.M. ]5961, th~ such ~ -.ere oot incllJdabl" in the ,ecipienrs
111055 Income. In ~ition 10 vi..,bt;ng the lOechnic.1 lflQUirement 01 uniformity of appIiaiion oIlede<al ta>c stalu!ef, the ruling ¥oOded ;In unjus,;foed and inequili\bly dilcriminatory hardShip u~ perwos al. ready suffering from the loss of a I~ one n !he result 01 a wrongful death.
1985. The JlJ.>b.JIN ~ published ;on anic:1e wril1l:'n I:r; o.vid M. V>boIdridge, "Income Wcarion <:I Wrong" ful Death Procf!eds in ,o,lahama." The ar· tlele ailed lor JeWfSOOI of the IRS's posi. tion rh;!t d<omages lot wrongful death in Ala~ .-e fullv w.oble 10 Ihe ~Ip ient bf ledetal ino:orne WI pulp(Mto. P;ority with ~ to beffiMld families has relumed 10 Alabama a5 the federal In
~
the northern diwie! 01 Abbllma _IV aHoroed welcome relief in the decision of Buno.d v. UfflIed diwiCi court 1<;..
SIiI~
No. C'VSS-l·)1)8·S(N.D.~. ~Ied J.l. rlM'f'Sing IRS
July 29, 1986. Lynne.
Revenue Ruling 84.108 1984·2 C.B. )2. In Buriotd, the plaintiff inSliMed a wrongful deaIh aaion agaimt!;he Unil.er$ity d Alabo ....... 8irmingham, allegins he.. huw...nd died OK a mult d MglilMl treatment at UIIB ~tal. The claim WiI~ ~nled out oi «)Un, and tile plaintiff re«i...d $62,203 Irom !he _lemO!fl!. This SUm _Included in her gross Inon her f98.4 IedeQI irKtlnW! laX Ietum. She subsequently filed an ~Ioeoded ~um lor 1964 on whkh ~he e>eluded from her S"'" in((}/llll her pooion of the
COtnII!
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wrongful death pnx-n, n!SUhinS in he.. claim foo refund in !;he ~ aI $19.961. Mer the ~.-monm r.utulOry period ebpsed, !;he plaintiff filed suit to IOO:.iIo'l'f the refund. The ,r,wilmet! oi rhe case concerned lhe Interpn!tarion of the I<!rm ".ny dam. ages rec:eiWld .. .on ;KcOIInt 01 pe<SOn;ll injuries" :IS set Iooth i<1 MCtion 104 taI (21 d !;he lntern;ll Reooenue Code. Section 104(;1)<2) prt.JI'ides "81"1»S income does no! include...(hl the amount oi any d.omges receio;ed (whether boy suit or agreemenr M1d wheche< itS lump ~ or OK periodic p;ovmenbl on acOOtJnt 01 pt'fKIn;II Injuries or sid<ness. •.." Judae So:vboum Lynne. !ei>ior judge for rhe federal district coun. r>Orthem disuiCl of Alabama, held that section 104(a)(2) of the tnrernall/eYeno.oe Code eoch.oded from sross inco,,", any dam'Sell, whether CQITlpensatory or punili ...., IeceM!d ~ofpMOn;ll injuryorsick· ness. In grant ing the plaintiff's mot ion lor summary judgment, Judge Lynne reao;oned th.or the langUOige aI section 104 W(2I .... no! facially ambigu<>U5. furtherrnc>te, "Ithough e<empCioos foom liI""tion .... subject to strict con.truction, IudSI' Lynne ~ that the legislatl .... hISlOlY. in addition 10 the plain langUOige oi the Sl;otute, rhotoughly sup. pooed the plaintiff'. _ion rtw the i... tenl 01 C~ _ kl e<emPi loom the addi li"".1 burden 01 1.""li"" any damages ...sullins from pei'SOflal injury or sickness and noI just CQmpensalO<)'
~"" AI~ the poemmenl i~Sled that tho: trtIe Nt..... 01 Alabarn.. puniIi .... damage _1Ck in wrongful dea1h SUiH ...as p,lniti .... and itS such wuid no! be tax eo<e mPl, Judge lynne slated lhal a straighl_ forwiIrd re~ins d the SIillul<! precluded any di'iCussioo 01 mi. iisue.. !blher, he .... intlined that wheche< rompeflsatclfy or p,lnitiw in natuA!, such damages i"IQOeIhe~ were e>o:empted loom /eder;ol ta""lion .
Addilionally, JudSl' Lynne rejectOO the 8(M!fnmen(s arsumenl that p,lnlti .... damages ~re not reco:i...d due to peown. al injury bec.ou~ they an'! based on the culp.ability of lhe defendanL Refus!ng 10 accep1 this legal ficllon, Judge lynne nQled whethet the damage ;M\Ird w.os b;lsed on culpoobility, punili .... damages ~iII an'! reco:iwd ;II a resull of the ;"jury or illness. He .easoned, "10 ronlend such proceeds ire receio;ed only bec.a~ of lhe lomeasor's wrongful condUCI and not because 01 a personal injury i. neither logical or realisric_" F;n;llIy,
tt.e wurt noted that ~1thoosh
Glenshaw am v. Cornmissi<:w>e<; )26 U.s. <426 0955), held IMI p<lniliw Odm. ages senerally an'! included in gross Income, lhe service's reliance on tMt decision
w.o~
mis-ptaced because ~
beause of pefSOniOI injuries ~A! apoessly eduded foom ta>OlOOn trv WI~
ute, unlike lhe ~nt ilruS1 damages coosldeied in GJMshaw. An appeal IQ the 11th Cin:uit Coort 01 Appeah is ~nlicip.arOO, ~nd il i. hoped the diMriCI wun's ruli. . will be upheld and Abb<rma will achte..e Ia. equality wilh the rest alllIe nation. •
Craig S. Bonnellil an associate oIlhe Bi.mingham firm 01 Sirote, I'e<mUII, fri<end. f.iedm.iln. Held & ApoIiruq. He ~ his t.rw deg.ee loom Clewilnd S!ille Un;..e,,;ty in 1979 ~nd hii LLM . in !iUdlion from II>fI University 01 Fltxida ;n /985.
Christopher W ~IH is a drird-yNr ' srudent: dl Curnb<!tl.ond School 01 Uw ~nd rhe preiefrl UlI'flO(eS edirot 01 The Cumberland Law Re-Oew.
Recent Decisions by john M. Millillf,. Jr"
....d 0iMd 8. Byrne Jr.
Recenl Decisions of lhe Supreme Court of Alabama-Civil
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Civil proc~ure . .. Rule 17(dl A.R.civ. P. permits Jppoinlment of onl y one guardi~n Mllilem
C/emMI" Tile Merc/",nu N~riotwl &onk 01 Mobi/o:>, 20 A8R 2113 (May 16, 1986.....clement ini.i~ted the proceMings by flIinS ~ deo:l"ratofy iud&men! Ktkln ~inSi )e!.siQ and f rances McD.1l and Me<ch.>nu N.tional 8<lnk, as'''Ill! the coun 10 decl"", tn.t Jessica was not the biological child of James McCall and, consequenlly. not a t.enefid"')' of certain /!"$t,l!/!"$ and truSlS- The coort appointed bur guardIans ad litem to "'present Jessica. Jessica and Frances, 1IoweYet. did not file an answer, and Clement flied a Rule 41(a) m (il A.R.Civ.P. notice of disrnisul which the coort denied. Clement t~ rompbint to add MelisWi McD.lI and requested a Rule lS ARC.... P. phrsiaol e>3Il"I seekilll!" blood leSIThe ~ -.t to tri,,1, and the coon declared JeHla .he biological child oIlhe 5enlo< 0I1he truSi md awarded .he /00, gu.ordians ad Utem $200,000. Clement raised 5e\er31 procedural is-
_"",oded ......
sues on ;oppI'>o1. First, she rNlntliined the coon ened in dcoyIng her Rule 41(a) (I) motM:>n ~ 'o'Olu ,uary dismissal. The wpreme (OUr! agreed with her and stat,.,] Rule 41 13) (1) affotd! the plaintiff an unqualIfied right 10 d ismissal bKause she filed the notitt 01 dismissal befon. Jes<ic.. 0< Frai1(~ filed an a . - 0< r.»Im lor summar,r judgme<11. Ne<t she ,,11eged the coon ened in bilii\JI to order- Melissa 10 submi. 10 a Rule lS blood 1e5I. The wpneme coon disagreed, stJt· ing the reoord ~aled tn.t Melissa added IOIeIy ~ disro.ery I"'r· _ poses iInd one can _ be joined ~ such I""~ ~,since Melissa was not a~, pany, a Rule 35
blood teSI w;t5 im~ because Rule 15 only appli~ 'O a - party'" or situation! where a pe.wn 15 under the c0ntrol 01 a (),)tty. Finally. the plaintiff assened the court ened in appointing guardians ad li/.em. The s.upreme coun agreed and SIiIted Wt Rule 17k!) A.R.Civ.P:. which ~'ibt!s the authority for the appointment cI pYrdians ad litem. does not poovide lot the appointment of """'" rh;tn one gu.ordian ad Ii","" the rule usinS the <ingular bnn in .11 phras.es where the Iem1 used.
".",M. Milling, _of
David 8. By",... /r., k • grot ..... '" cI the
01 Hill, ,.~
'5
Insur......: .... . the JO-d.ly notk.. proviliion mid
HOpkins v. L.1w)'et:I Title Ins. COtp., 20 ASR 2250 (M .... )0. (986)-Hop-
UnM;ors~ 01 Ala~tN, whom! "" ~.-ed both hk
kim pu.dWl!ftl a lor .m house in a ,.,0. diviilon which was ~ 10 fIoodi... HopI(lm sued !be CIty 01 Mobi~, ~ ins t tw.ope.,;aIion lot flood ~, ...:I lot the firM lime became ~re 01 a Iecorded ~Ie;lse agreemenl wherein lhe ~~ 01 the ",bdivislon 3Sreed to """Iwall ,ighls to ~I damases from !he <lty bec;luse of Aoodlns. ~rs Tille issued iii title policy which m.>de no mention of !be ~ rcle~ ~I, and H<:opIo:.ins sued ~ TII~claim;nslbe ......_~ _ WoK an encumbr.l~ on lhel. title and au!oed the ti.te 10 be ·unlll<ln..... able." ~rs nrle filed an anS....." allesins that Hopkins f~lied to pro.lde ;tdcqu~te notite of rhe 10" as requl~ I7i tho! title policy. Yw)ers Tille also denied the IeINse agr~t "'ItS an encumbrance. The Iri;oI ooun "'8ffled and ....wlled iii WIn!niIry jud~ The supmne coun dioagreed ;tnd Ie~. The title policy ~ !toM the 'nsui$! mw gi..., notice in Wl'irinS 01 ¥PI loss, and no suit Gin be brought until JO d"YS after the notite has been fumisOed . Tho! supreme roun found lhe summotls and complaint w.lS suffiCient noti(1! in wririn8 01 the loss and the 3CkYy limitation lot wit _ 'o'Oid I7i virtue d 56-2·1S, Ali. CodL> 1915This section prtI'I'ides ~ ar.,' iIIS'ft" IMflIIO limi' the lime lot llIin8 suillO iii period less man thai prescribed bv I.iw 15 ..aid. The title policy attempled 10 limit suit to )0 d"YS and therefore is ...::old . The supreme COUn also found.he Ielease agreement was an "encumlll";mce" upon the ptOpefTy and HopIilns "'ItS enli*<i1O """,,,,,,in ~ action lot ~ d lhe policy. Tort •••
"full ITM'''SU~ of d.JRW3et .ule" ;, limited to a!obestos aposu~ UieS Ameri(;Jn Muwaf Ubenr Inl. Co. v. Ph/flips, 20 A6R 22191May lO, 1986)Phillip:! worked lot Jo,oodale from 19n until NOIOember 1977, when she w.lS di· ~ as Min8 br.-~nosis. a Jun8 di,.. e~ aused
by t:o<p;>wre 10 COIIOn /iben.
8eaoIM 01 the byssinom d~5 she "'ItS rno.oed 10 .. ood"oeo pLant whM! ~ _ no conon !niIterials. She ~ ill thai planl unlilit tiCKed In Au,USI 1982 and subsequently Ieturned 10 the coo"n mill and "",.ked
once in September 1962. This w.IS the 1.'>1 day .he l'IOfIoed ~nd !he Ia.l day she wu aposed 10 canon r~ She filed tho, nesl1ttenl1nspection and co--emplotft suit In ~ 1981, and ~he deend;m1S filed motion1.lOr pa"i~I",m mary judgme."U seeking to limit the plaintiff. prnenlial l"l'Ca.oery to only .ho.e damages whkh {)fl:uned wllhln the penod of !imil;lllons Il.e.• the ~ ne." precedins the fiti"ll d Ihis ~iu. The trial (OIl" (lmied the 0efend.Jn1S' motions and held thM the "full measuoe oi d.Jmages rule" ~ in uu/es v. JoIons-M~""ille should be applied 10 all continuous ecposure CiI§e5" not ju~ asbestos cases. The supreme rourt disagreed and ~ . The supl"@lTM'(OIlnnoted N t the "ful l measure 01 da~ rule" _ the result 01 a s.,p.I.ri..e ~"'-. limited 10 OKbeslO§ eoposuoe ases. The (OIln ~50 noted it had previously If:jeded the '\Ii,.. ~ rule" I'f Implication the full mea",,,, of d.o~ rule) in a ooialion exposure case .... well as the full measuoe of dama8~ rule in a silicosis and tube<. culosis case. The (OIl" Slated it felt cOf>. §t.ained to follow the holdin .. of tl1e5e ronlin\lOll5 e.posure case and said the !TUller is poo:opeoly ~ lor the 1egi!1oIUre.
"nd
The wpremi'! 0'J<tfI SI3!ed the queWon
d whethe< mi. product was ~unreasoo
d.Jnaerous"
is not .sdresed In iii lhe produci _ m;ode to Good.,eaf. specma lions. per. Ionned the Job il was intended 10 do and the manufacturer ...... med Goocl)o!ar ollIS Inherent dangers, there was no breach 01 warranty rJ men:hanr.:ob;lity. ably
§~2·l14 ~ion . Si~
The Implied w.I.ranly mandated bv is ""'" d ....r•• ~i.1I Rtne15 and ",liabilIty, and iii potential righl d action is iIfooded only wheoe the UIeI" is Inlured bv ~ bread1 d m... w.lrranty. The UCC doH not impose ujXlOl the selle. .he bro;ode< obligation 10 W30ranl againSl ht.'illTh h;ua ..:J. in~nl In the U~ of the product when the warranty of com~r· d..1 r.U"lC5S has been met. Those Injured I7i tht LIM: of such ~ product must nnd thel. remedy OUlSide d the UCC _ . r.mty remedies. §~2-J 14
The supmne COUtI also sulO!d Shell's iheOI'y d bfe.,;:h 01 warQlltyd fitneSS b a panieula. pufJ'O'i" was without met.\. Since CocJdI.ea. set the speo:irocal!onJ for this ProdUCI. I. did not rely on "the setIer'. skill 01' jud,""",tto select "" furnllh ",ilable goods; ;nI ttoen.fore no duty on the ~n d Union Oil arose under this
section d the COOP.
ucc. ..
~ion H·)14 tlQll'l1" wo...... ly of commen:i.1 fil_ and ",itability Shell v, Union 0 11 Co., 20 ASR 2078 (May 9, 19861-Shell, an emplll'j'ee 01 Good~a., becalTM' III after coming in ronlaCl with a naphtha product. a known cardnojjen. The pnXIuct wall .uppiied I'f Union Oil and purchased I'f ~a. '-ed on ~r'I spedrlGltions. Union Oil _ned thM eoo;ler>W.oe inhal. ing rJ ~ 01' proIonsed ronlACl with skin ~ be hannful . Shell wed for bruch of w.I.ranly 01 merchantabilily. §1·2·11~121 It I- Ala. Code 1975. and bleach oI ...... 'ranly foI fotness foI a "","icular pu,~, §7.2.)IS, AI.a. Code 1915- I-\e mainlained th;o~ since the naphtha product QIMS atK."er II _ ·u~bly d.J.nserous" and thenofore 0JUk! not be "fit lot the ordi~ pu~ for whid> such soods are used .. Consequently, Shell argut.'d the product could not be "rnetdl.:lntable.." 80th the t.ial roun and the supreme roun disagreed .
Recenl Decisions of lhe Supreme Court or AJabama-CriminaJ In.dequ.le number of jurors. .. a ba~~ fo r severancel £>: P.Jne; Anthony Dale SpNks. 20 A8R 2099 !Mar 9, 1986l-ln SpNks. cer· tioRri was sranled 10 determine whtlI>er • lrial Judge tooId Older • -.oce d jointly Indi<:ted defendants immedi~ before lrial bec.use 01 an in"'ffocient number 01 jurcn. The Supreme Coun d Alabama, ipCakin8 through Justice AI· mon, answered no and rewrse<l. The IOlal roun ""tiered a ~.an(e of lhe uses on the day of the lria l, afte. It delermined thim 36 prospect •..., jufOl'5 _oe not po:tieTlt. See AIOIbarn.1 Rules d Ctlmi~1 Proced~. lSAIN. The IriaJ judge ;KI;ed o:ounseilOr bcIh deftondM1lS if !hey would roment 10 '>Iriking iI jury wi'" len !han 36 iui0f5. Speaks' l.......,er object«l and requested a conlinuance. Coun§el (u"her sr.:o~ed he had prep;ored lhe cose 10 be uied joinlly and SfMlI"an(e
would dlllmatkally change his trial stllll·
",.
The supreme coun rondu<fed Ihat Rule 1SA(d) did nor aUlhorize~rance under lhose circumstances.
Santobello right to withdraw a gui lty plea nta}I be tris.gered by indica tions as to sentence b. Pane Donald R. Ot:jnge', 20 ABR 2391 Uune 13. 19B6)-Otinger waS it>dicted O<l """ roun~ 01 assault in the firsl degree and one counl of assault in the seconddegree. He pleaded guilty to • 11 three charges. Defeose counsel, at the time the pleas were entered, testified it is the practice of Ihe cistriel attomey's office in Etowah County nor 10 engage in plea bargain ing. Ralher, I"""Y"" woo are considering the possibility of a gui lty ~ea lor their clients diloCuss lhe case with the trial judge 10 obtain "some 50n of indicalion as to whal to expect." Oringefs lawyer testified he discusseC the eha,&,,", wilh his dient and then told the judge about Otingefs prior record and sought SOme indical ion as to what
kind of senlence he could ""pect. The lawyer testified lhal 1m. judge indicaled he would consider a soolence If'(l(I"I four 10 ~ years, and Ihat the defendanl would be. #good candidate lor a splil sent(!f]ce." \Nhen Otinger"~ lawyer IOld him about 1m. judge'~ di5CU"ioo" Otinger liked the idea of a "splil !;enlence"' and agreed 10 plead guihy. H~r. 31 the senlencing hearing, lhe lrial judge learned 01 orher criminal COI"I'IIielioos /f'(l(I"I a pre-soolence iJl\eSli. galioo. in addilion 10 the prior record di .. closed by the defendanl'S lawyer. Themailer, lhe trial judge senlenced the defer>. danllO len years on each charge with the sentences 10 fUn concurrenlly. Otinger 1T\Oo'ed, unw<:cessiully, /", permi"ioo 10 withdraw his guilty plea . The court of criminal apPeals affirme-d. The supreme court. through Just ice Houslon. re>'ersed. The roun m.ld Ihal lhe trial judge's "indicalion"' th"llhe delendant would receio;e a s~it 5eIltence w ilh probalion was a malerial inducement to his plea 01 guil!)'. The coun lur· Ih ... reasoned Ihat once tm. trial judge
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determined m. would oot !;entence him in accordaoce with his earlier di5CU .. sioo" the delendant should h;r..e been a/.. Iooded the opponunity to wilhdraw his plea. The law is dear thaI wm.n the lrial judge de<;ides nor 10 (arry out an agreement reached ~ the prose.:utOl and ce/ense counsel. lhe accuseC must be .floroed the opportunity 10 withdraw hisOl her guilty plea on motion prompt ly made. The law is no! differenl where the trial judge deals directly w ith cefense counsel and gives hi s ~.ndicalion" as 10 an expe<:led senlence.
Re<:ent De<:isions of the Supreme of th e United States
C ourt
Confrontation . . . the inter~ocking confession probl em ~ v. Illinois, 54 U.5.L.w. 4SSS Oune 1, 1986)-lee and a co-de/endant were charged with commi"ing a double mur· der; they were tried jointly in an tllino is coun in a bel"lCh trial in which neither defeodanlleSlified. The tria l judge fouoo
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Lee guilty 0/ bolh murders. In finding Lee guilty, Ifle Iri~1 jooge expressly ",lied on pOOion. o/!he co-defend~n(s conIession OOtJined t.; Ifle police 311he lime 0/ ar· ~,.
The Sup ......... COUI1gr;.nted Cf'fIiorari 10 delermine whe!her the reliance t.; the lrial joo8" on lhe co-defendanl'. confession viol~led lee's rights as secured t.; lhe con/roniaiion dau~ 0/ the Sixlh Amendmenl as applied ro Ihe stales Ihrough the 14th Amendment. Justice Brennan. wrilinB for lhe majority, re-ersed lhe conviction. The Supreme COUI1 reasoned Ihal Ihe trial court"s reliance uJlOO Ihe co-defendam's confession as ",b<;tanti-..e evidcoce violaled her rish1s under the confrontation clau~. The righl of cross-examina. tion is included in an accused's right to confront the wilness again>! him; the ~ghlto confront and cros-...examine witnesses is primarily a functional right pro. moting reliability in criminal trials. The Iruth-finding function of Ihe confrontalion clause is uniquely threatened when an accomplice's confess ion is introduced <lgainst a defendant wirhoultlle benefit 0/ cros~mination. Such a c0nfession is classic hearsay, subject to al l the dansers of inaccuracy which charae· teri;re hearsay generally, and the <KCOmplice may haYe a strong motivation to implicate the defendant and e>:.onefiIte him~If or mitigate punishment. Significantly, Justice Brennan held that accomplices' confessions incrim inating their C<)-<jefendant a", I'f""SUmptiwly unreliable. The court found the co-defendanrs confesSion in the present ca)e did not bear sufficient independenl "indida of rel iability" withi n the meaning of Ohio ~. Raben!. 448 U.S. 56, 66. 10 rebut tile pr.-wmplion of ",liability. Vol unta ri ness of a confession . . . a jury question Crane ~. Kentucky. 54 U.s.low. 4598 Oune 9, 1986J-May a SIJte forbid a defendant from trying to impeach his c0nfession wilh evidence of coercion afler a trial judge already has ruled that the confession was wluntaryl The Supreme Court unanim<ll.l5ly s.>id noand~. Crane. a 16-year-old minor. was arrest· ed in 1981 and charged with tak ing pal1 in a holdup. After his arresl, Crane con· fessed toa host 01 other c~ mes, bullater
'"
conlended the confession had been involuntary. The lrial judge rejected that argument. At t~al. Crane .ought to introduce testimony describing the lef1glh oIlhe in· terrogation ar.d Ihe manner in which il was COr.duCled. In anemphng 10 inlroduce such testimony, the defendanl hoped to show thai his confession, which was lhe ~incipal component 01 the state's case. was UfMOnhy 01 belief. Tfle Ir;al coun ruled Ihe leslimony pertained §Dlely 10 lhe 01 volunta riness and was, therefore. inadmissible. The .... ideoce should ha-.e been admit· ted. Justice O·Conr.o~s opinion held. In Jl!aching its conclUSion, the Su~ CouI1 hekl the exclusion of the testimony aboUllhe circumstance of Crane'sconlession deprived him oIhis fundamental constitutional rights under the due process clau)e aline 141h Amendment or his rights under !he Sixlh "'mendment 10 rompohory process and a fair oppol1unity to presenl a defense.
i"""
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Evidef1ce about the "",nner in which a confession is secured. in addition 10 bearing on its voluntariness, often bears on irs credibility, a maner exclusi-ely lor the jury 10 assess. The phy.ical and psychological ert\lironmef1t that yielded a confession is not only re llNilnt to lhe legal question 0/ voluntar iness. bul al§D can be of substant ial rellNilnce 10 Ihe ul. timate factua l i"ue of the defendant's gUilt or innocence, especially in a Case li~e Crane wheJl! there appa rently was no physical .... ide nce to link the defendant to the crime The Eighth "'mendment baM Ihe death penalty UI>Ofl an inSoOne pri§Dner In 1974, Ford wa, collViCled of murder and senlenced to death. The rea>rd of Irial does nol suggest Ford _ incompetent at the lime of the offense, at trial or al S<:!ntencing. H~. subsequently, Ford began 10 manifest changes in behavior indicaling a menial d i§Drder. His mental cor.dition led 10 e>:tef1si-e separale examinaliom t.; two psychiatrists al the request 0/ his defense counsel. One of the psychiatrists concluded Ihal Ford was not compel""l to suffer execution. Like 26 other states, Florida prohibits execution of lhe insane. Accordingly, counS<:! l lhen irM;>ked the Florida statute 8""I:ming tfle determination of a condemned prisooe~s competency. FoII ...... ing the Sialutory p<OCedures, the state appointed three psychiatrists woo logether inlerviewed lhe defendant for 30 minutes in Ihe presence of eight other people, including 100 defendan!"s counsel. the Slate·s anomeys and cenain correctional offiCials. The 8""I:rr.o~s order directed thai lhe anorneys should not panicipate in lhe e><rmination in any adversarial manner. Each p5)Chiatrist filed a separale report with the ~mor, 10 whom the statule de~tes the final decisions. The reports on Ford reached conflict ing d iagnoses, but ><.ere in accord on the queslion of lhe defendanl'S competency. Ford·s lawyer lhen all<lmpled 10 submit to lhe ~mor other written materials, including lhe reports 01 the two l'SychiaIriSIS who previously had exam ioed tfle defendant. The g<>'>'emor"s office ~used to inlorm counse l whelhe r Ihe submission """,Id be considered. TheJl!after, the gc..-emor .ubseqUer\lly sigoed the dealh Seprember 1986
warrant witOOot explanation Or stalemenlo Ullimalely, FonI's I~ med a Ilabeas corpus proceeding in fed"",1 d ist riC1 COlIrI seeking an evidenliaty hearing. The di\UiC1 «)Uri denied the petition will>out a hearing and lhe 11th Circuit affirmed, The Supreme Court, ~a~ing through Justice Marshall, ~ and remanded. In concluding that the Eighth Amend.ment prohibits a stale lrom inflicting the dealh perI<Ilty upon a prisoner who is i.... sane, Mr. Just ice Marshall traced lhe reasons at common law for not condoning the execution oIloe insane. The juslice reasoned such an e>«<Ution has questionable retributive ""lue and linte deter_ rence ""Iue and simply offends huma .... ity. 'Whether lhe aim is 10 prolect tnc condemned from fea ' and pain wi(l"oul comfort of und~tand ing, or 10 prol«t lhe dignity of >ociety itself lrom the ba,· barity of exaC1ing mindless vengeance, lhe rest riC1ion fonds enforcement in the Eighth Amendment." Juslice Marshall, joined l>t JustiCes Brennan, 813dmun and St""""s. found the Florida ~tutory procedures for deter· mining a condemned prisoner's sanity provides an inac\equale aSSUrance of accuracy as requi.w in Townrend v. Saln, 3n U,s. 293. Specifically, the jUSli<:es Ioond the florida procedures were fI.......oo in their fail· ure 10 include Inc prisoner in Ihe Uutn. seekinS process, in its failure to permit counsel to challenl!" or impeach the state-appointed psych iatrisl's "!liniom and, finally, in lhe alxlication of the ulti. mate decision solely to the ""tensi"" branch of goYCfnment. fair Irial. . . ...-Ira security in II>e courtroorn Holbrook v. flynn, 54 U,S.LW 4315 IMarch 26, 1986)-Holbrook and others were indicted for armed robbery and because 01 the nature of ll>e crime, were held withoul ha il. When the trial was about to begin, four uniformed state troopers were seated in the fronl row 10 supplement the cuslomary security
"'"a
The delen<!anrs I~ objeC1ed to the troopers' presence. The objeclion was ~rruled l>t the trial judge primarily on the bonis of voir dire responses made duro ins the seleerion of the jury 10 the effect that the troopen' presence -..:>UkI not af-
TIte .... ,awm~ Lawyer
feer lheir abil ity to give Holbrook a lair trial.
Holbrook ""'5 CQIlViC1ed; the Rt-.ode Island SupremeCourt affirmed. Theteafter, the defendant brought II- ""bea! corpu, proceeding in federal district «)Urt which also rejeered his C(I(Itentions regard ing the troopers' Pf"SCOCC at trial. The United States COUrl 01 Appeals~, holding the trial judI!" had failed to consider whether lhe particular circumstances of the defendant's trial had ca lled fo, the troopers' presence and that the trial judI!" had imprope<ly relied on lhe juran' vojr djre responses to rehul any suggestion 01 prejudke to the defendant. The Supreme Court 01 Ihe Un iled Slates reverwd the COlIrt 01 appeals and upheld the COll\liC1ion. Justice Marshall delivered the "!linion for a unanimous court and held that the deployment 01 uniformed law enforce-
men\ officers in a courtroom during a criminal trial for reasons 01 \eCurity;s not SO inherently prejudicia l as 10 requi re justification l>t an essential Slate interest. The court reasonoo !<lch • presence neOO not be inte,prelOO as a sign the defendant is particularly dangerous o r cul pable. Jurors may juSl as easily belieo.e lhe guards were there to p"""""t oulside disruplions Or eruption s 01 vio lence in lhe courtroom. Reason, pritlCiple and human experience counsel a!!<linSl a presumption that any use of ide ntifiable guards in a courtroom is inherently prejudicial. Significant ly, Ihe Supreme Court in Holbrook fashioned yet another "brisht line" test, i.e.,"w~ acourtroom ar· rangement is cha llenged as inherently prejudicial, the question is not whelher lhe jurors articu~led a consciousness of some prejudicial eHect but rather whether lhere was unacceptable risk of prejudice." •
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Boone ~nd ~Ie Sklnr>er looI<ed almas! C/Ve1WlleImed by ,,,.,. huge Wtnoul i:H !he
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5 .. . ....Ibtn H . P'ilr"",II, Manlil. present;ns 'SI>ow and Tell: Effective Closing
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The flru ~ing 01 rile oo.vly.formed U!l8ol1ion Section WoIS chaired b짜 L Tennen! !ft, Hunuv!lle, wir/l ...
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cr(M'(/ 8olr~!O I>e.J, rite Rell Prvpetty, P/Obare ;Jnd Trus! taw on real propefty linancing uanSoJcrions, rrnxkrared by Ralph ..... Ftanco. chal.""," Ileft). proB'~m
7 AI !he ~urw:heoo IJIoody M~ry par路 ty, IJlrmlngoom bal el<eCuH.-e lJelh Car-
mkhael
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$rorv~lIing.
by /.1mt'l' C
8 Kay Scruus- N. ~ Coopel and~_ lie une Nonh ;lISQ $h~rM a sWIy Of lwo as ...
lJendl and Bar luochwn, Birming-
ham Bal Ptt1K1fnI 1/od(oric!c BEddow, Ir., ....lcom芦l Stile
9 ... /Oe
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HouslDtl.
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bar tTIt.'fIIbM 10 1M host cily.
The ""n/uuplcy and Commercl.1l taw Sec!ioIl heard a piesentl!ion on developinB Chapler 11 pI;I,,! for small-Io mediumsired deb!ors.
12 I'reJKlfnI /.1""'" L Nonh (righ!J ,.cselilN ;I tnPmI!nfO cI 1M SUIe 10 /uoclleon speaker ~ R. CRvis,. asS/Stln! di/eC!Of cllM FBI.
ubot taw Sec!ioIl membeI, heard a !;Ilk by A B,.nd \.\111!On. Bilmingham, on !he !he PoO/ving/aw cI ~ beneftU.
'"
lu~i<;e /.Inie L. 5/Jore$ broughr PraClW:e and Pr0cedure SeClion membeo' up to dare on recM[ ;lio"'"", appell,lIe ro<lrl dÂŤ;.ilions.
18 CI<.qoing \btII1g ~ Section Pte>Ikm~ t. 8",nn;," "",de closing ..... mark$ as incoming Plf!sidoor Claire;\. Black
den[
17 ~Regula[ion of CroundWiller-lbur Orinklng W.ller of 10mOIlOw" "'"I [he wbjea fot the EI'Nironmental Law Section~ prt'St'nta[ioo by EIlO., ADEM .nd LEAF repll'~m,lIives.
(le~!
'"'.
contempla[ed rhe challenge al>e.ld 01
.....,...,
B,"
f.i[/lfu/ ~[~TM .nd !he F...nk HoIlifrelds 01
8r~ns
21
furgeI!ing !hal M ","Inl running
. .in. PIf!sident North chilrmed "fu!~ b.or member f inis SI. John, V. ;OS M". NOIIh ;oined ill
""
~
fun.
~r986
22
""lIy IImt ~nn W. Mj/""" In-
JU"'rICli' Spec~lillS, ItIC., ~nd /987 Presiden!~Ie<:1
Ben H. Harri! of Mobile
paused for 100
(~me", . . .
23 . , . as
did ASB !!<Iff O)(In5e1 ... lelI
/;Iduon, wile M~f)' ~nd ()IJIgOing c0mmissioner John 8. Scon ~nd wile Bettie
•
24 R«epfjoo guests admired lhe (,uil andc~ ~t.1lion
Thurntoy night.
01 Montgomel)<
26 Fri~ moming. pall Presidents (OOuom row, lerr to rigill) Hom5l7r, CI~tk. Roberts, (lop row; left ro lighl) Hairslon, Gar· re{r, 8~ Brown, TIpler. ~, SlOne and Ni>d>man gathered for rheit annwl bl&lld.osr.
""$I
27 PresidetH Bibb AllM's /.are ~"jv~1 jolt· nered an individwl shol,
28
/'Jesidenl-el«t Sctt.fiI: welcomed ~Imosr
29
yers' Seaion, /;Imf>S H. Mmer, elf (Nirman (tighl).
AmOng !he informati.e speakers _S ProleuOf f"Iov4rd ~Ith..oll 01 8ir· mingham.
30 Commilliontr SpDU5e 10mill)' /KkK>ll enioYed rhe SpDU5e5' 8tutICh as rhe lone male allendee.
31 former Nt (irsl lady toui5e Allen models a swearer which pmved 10 be a
7(l() pa1-
lkipan!5 ro 'Vpd..re '86: SpOnsored by the lbuns I.Jw.
"tOiIting"
S~5.
'"
Cl)mlfll'nlo1lO1 ~ tmdqlJOlr dtoscrtbel h/jjh gshions~! rhe Spoc._. SlUnch.
ASS~ ~CQU~AIec
W /K"1son ~ "'~ on ;woidirrg nwlpndia and cI.er>I OOII"lpIoImu.
33
YIS Presidenl ,,.If(' A. SI~k mocIera~ the oihemoon IE"S-
Jion 01 the 5emillolr.
~ J'J,oI:y"", ~tSI.wve
de'IeIop. R..u .... nw'W" I,m Um~1I 01 AnII'WlI"I mMU _rli~bv
36 S,rmlngham .!I"'~ MIChael L fd...-..rds ~ on JeCUulit'S low;
38 Mt.er dinr>er. she played ~ Gershwin med~ her rid_innlnS
per~na
In rhe J!.Olewlde conres!.
40 Chka80 Bar AS5ocialion members btooghttheir t"ilmou, "Chri5/ftlil5 5piril5' road ,how ro Birmingham with Gary s,, 'p"'s rehearsal of "Putling On !he Fritz~ ..
43 'Pavin' Roads Agajn<!.... Phil Cirrin', ctfM"d-plNser as
I
Phil.I./-I.! Don ..a.hue-Julian Frdzill alld Chloe Arlan', /.akeoff
Wiley Nelson
45 Presidenl NOItn and Pr/OSi(/em..,lecl
46 ... when Senalor fuger fkdford, /r.,
xr"88S ioined in the 'Inn" .. 1commi!lee kick·off breakfa'i on Sa!Urday morning ...
01 Ru,sellvi!/e KCePled hi' /arher~ certifieate of appreciation far cllairing the Erhie, Education Committee.
48 ... and Tony Cicdo, ...-11<> accepted
49
hi, "1i.>ny" iI5 ld5k Force on lmvyer Publk Relations cllilirmln.
The Alabaml Lawyer
At the annual met'(ing. ASB f"",u· riV(' DirecIDr Hamner won the door prize, bur in,isted Illat I>e draw anolhels winning numbe •.
47 Among thl' other chairmetl recog· nized were Henry Henzel 01 11M! In'Ulilnet' Prosrams Commillee (he also received a 19B6 Award of Merit) . ..
50
P.llricl< V~ of Hrml5vil!e received
rhe IMtlre. P. Gewin CLf award, preS<!nled "" directOr SII'ven C fmens on behalf of AB/CLf.
51 CongreSJm.on ,nd AS8 membef Richird C SIIeII7t m;ode brif! Ifmariu 10 Ie!/ew members. In plJrSul! 01 ,
Senar..
u.s.
seaL
Receiving SO-yNr ~ber5hip ai"'"'" Judge ~IClI;r M~JhOOrn 01 Mineue .00 ...
.. : " ~~''''!' Neilson 01 8irmin~ lis! 01 OIlier so.,w, members
rif~r~
~m. (See
s.y
on
1mme6~U! PiS! Pmideru \Y.I~er It BY;1Il pIel'I>!ed. SlellmB pl.que 10 /om and Il>lrie Lme NOirn /hankins mMlIor rooj, ~rd work.IKI service 10 lhe AS8.
~
2.S6 01 mi! k.$ueJ
54
55 John B. ScOlI 01 MOIIrson>ery •.•
57 R«eivi/lfl the AI.b.unoo SU!e 8.1;s /Iw;Jfd aI Mer,! _ Gory C Hucbby 01 Humswile •.•
56 ••. and JuSfIce Gorman HOWIOII 01 ful'lUl.l_ .mons 1M (amI« Cl')mmi~ SfOIIefS ~ ... ,1iI a med.ollOOll lor rhftt ~Ice.
spec,,'
58 .. . alKl Robert L Pons 01 TUJ(;lIoos.i.
".
Pres>denf Wilham a ScruBI' petfotmed MI filS! o/f,ci.li duty I7t COtI'Je<>inB!he posl<OOvenliOll board 01 COIIlm/ssionM' meefinB'
59
Young Lawyers' Section
5
Y""l"
i~
this i~ the beginningol lhe
bar year and this column is the
meanS by which Young Law-
Soe<;tion members are addressed,
it seem. appJOptiale
identify the lawyers comprising OUf section. The YLS is !he larget se<;1ion oi the Alabama Stale 8ar. with membership numi:le<ing appm, imately 2,000 of to
Ihe total 8,100 Alabama Slate Bar
members. Membership in the Slate organiza-
tion (Alabama State Bar/Young Lawyers' Se<:!ionJ. as opposed to Ihe n.... rional organization (American Bar A r socialion/Young laW'("'" Divisionl, is
automati<:. To become a member of our YlS, one mu,r be a member in g<XId stand ing of the Alabam a Stale Bar and must rlOt be over the age of 36 or mu,11IQI have been a member of the Alabama Stale Bar 10< more than three years. No othe.. aclion on
the part of a lawyer is necessary to become a member of the VlS. Phasing OUt 01 the 'itS occurs ill the eod of the annual n"Iee1ing afle' the member !UrnS 16 orm, t-n a member mlhe Alabama State 8ar for three years.
Although the YLS constitution and
,'x
by-law, conrain rarher eloqvenlly ,tated purposes and objectives 01 the section, !here isone 'deal permeating throughoot-5efVice. Service '0 e",h other as "young lawyers:· oo,h individually and through close lel.t ionships wilh local VLS affoliam.; service to the SIale bar and the ... merican 8ar "'ssoci.rioni'Young lawy<>rs' Divi,ion by acrive membership and devotion
TM ""abama wwyer
of lime, ta lents and enthusiasm; and, moreover, service to ,he community Ihrough public service endeavorsalilhese refie<:1the philosophy of the section to wengri-.en and promole lhe honor of the proles,ion. The real wor!< of Ihe ytS ;s done through its ,tate offocers and commit· and panicipa,ion by our .rate delegatI'S at the na!ionallevel of the "'BAlYlD. The nanteS, addresses and telephone numl>ets of olficers and Exe.:ulive Committee chairmen 101· low. wi,h a short descriplion 01 the wor!< done by each committee .... rrer reading the list, please call these chairmeo to become a member of a committee. There will be adequate opportuni,ies lor panidpation, and you will find that becoming involved in YLS acrivilies is one 01 It... warding experiences a young lawyer can have.
,ees
mos, ....
Public Relalions Committee: Thi. comminee seeks to improve lhe profession', image by publicizing public service ""ivilies 01 the VLS (arranging new conferences in connection with public 5efVice ""ivilies, producing public service announcements lor use by affiliates. etc.). Mr. James T. Sasser. chairman Wood & Parnell P.O. Box 4189 Montgomeoy .... t 36103 832-4202 C rants Commi ttee: Assistance is ,iveo by thi' committee in !;eCUring
Cla ir e A. Black YLS Presi~nl
funding from charitable im,i!Ution" public and private entilies and other individuals to fund YLS programs. Mr. Petcy Badham, chairman Maynard, Cooper, Frierwn &. Cale 12th floor WattS Bldg. 3rd "'ve. N. & 201h St. Birm ingham, ... t 35203 25 2-2889 ... nnual Semina. on the Gull Committee> The YtS ... nnual Seminar on lhe Gulf, attracting more 'han 200 panicipants yearly, is produced by the wor!< of two comm illees. (1) ... "ang ...... enls Commitree: This commillee assi," in !;eCUring fadli,ies, planning social events and handling other miscellaneous del~ils involved wi,h the seminar. M,. Preston Boll. chairman Hand, Arend~II, Bedo;ole, Greaves & Johnston P.O. Box 123 Mobile, ... t 36601 432·5511
CaiooO·RearofHand, Arend.n. Bedso le, Greaves & Johnston in Mobile ha~ serve<:l for several years as ,his commin",,', chai.man. He has done an excelleot job, and some WIlth
AI~b.1rn;o 1leipet5 art! ~ !O conI'nue !lIk comm'!l~~ work. III SpNI<et "nd Pros"'''' C"""",II __ 1Of:No ... be Included in !he PfOCJ3rlI and!he SOK:Uri"ll 01 ~ <Ill" lIMe work oI!!ws cortllmnee.
on kIl'nlifying, an"lyoung .nd .acli"ll upon ~8I'11icanl cunent i~ affecIinS lIMe legal ~~.
n... .....,;...
MI, H. TIIom.os ~in. Jf., cNI""",,
Iild<KJrI, III, cha,rman Ne!tll!f, 8.1.t- " IM1ecky
Ham, Wynn. Newell" Newton l'OO Fedl'<al 8U1ldlns 8lrmlnstwrn, AllS203 328-5130
P.O. IIox 2987 Mob,le. AL 36652 H2-11786
"nd ,""uth
Mr. SIdney W
B.!r Ad ... I$Sions Comnlitlee: The !Y.O anare pr0duced by 11115 comminee. nu~1 <KIml~siolll Cetl:'mOfll~
M ... UUr.l erum. ch<Il"""n H,II. ~hll. Drier, fr.lnco. Cole & 8i.Kk P.O. IIox 116 Montpnery. At If>195
".,.,.
Oiwos!er ~I f\s";slancl' Comrninee; This comm;1Il'I! PfO'o'id@s k!g.tl ;)1615WICl' to ";dims 01 natulal di",,~ers. Mr. EdWJrd A, DeM, chairman "'.nlbrecht. J~k!.on. DeMouy. Cf<M'I!. Holmes & ReeYes p.o. IIox 290 Mobole. Al 36601 4l2-6i'51
Semor II., Allminist"'livl' li.oi§Ofl C_ mill __ The "1e,,1beo1 oIlhis commluee ~,,~ in !he flow 01 ,nIonNllOI'I and coopornllon beI"een Ihe YLS and lIMe AI~ b.1rn;o Sco>tl' 6.l, staff Mr. Ronald foI'f!tl.nd, cha,rman Am~.n1 AtIOlney eene.al 250 hlmlnillrat 'l>e 8uildl1l8 MO<'018omerv. Al 3(1)0 261.;>300 Child AdV()(.ocy Commillee: [ffom !O encourage ..olunt~. ~Ialion. t«hnlC~1 assoS!MKe In ~, of lepl edUCo1!ion fl\i1eri.lIs "nd programs kif child ad..oc..cy .re coordil\aled by III,s commlnee. M~
11 P~.idc 1iI.1is, cN(""'" Hams" Hitns. '" 200 Soo.nh l.aY~e St1Ht MonJSOmt'fY, Al 361().! 26S-0251 Issues Af{ectlns !hl' ~I Profession Comnllu ce: This commi l1ee will focus
".
0""
COIlSti"rlion Bicl'flll'nni.ll Commi"ee ~islalu~ Judicial P'!III'''nl COnlmlu«: E~II yea. througllout v.l';OUS clites. tile illS, In conjunction wllh the YMCA. prodtJ<:~ a mock trial compemion lor hish I'C,hooI ~udenl5, wilh a culmtnatins compelilion in Mont· 8O'11C!If In late sprif18. TII" ~ar, in . .lotion. !he YLS will join in celC'bntllng Ihe bir;ft,-..i.ll of Ihe Coosttll.tlion br poodoafIB a pea,. w;th an iill~ as! ent,tled, "T'-e's T....... Right Hen: in RI_Ory: The pIirys will bI! IdI in NCh cfly In wtud! a mock trial Cornpclllton Is held. N.!heMotI¥"I .... ya>mpel,tion. ~ will be a ~1I-kn(M'n Iopeaker wOO will deliver a public oitddress tying in wilh tile CO<'O~I'tution bicelllennial lheme. This Is a rno5tsunst.lIltlal unde rtakins of tile YlS, and membm stalewide WIll be I>flKIed to ilCI In the pl;!V. coordiNle mock 'r~ls "nd publicity and ;>5";51 In ocher ~ of the<:omrninee v.orL Sign lip lor one Of both 01 these commit· tees-o,ou. help is needed. MS. lynn MCGJin. chat'fl\in
Com.Illuhon 8icl'n1l'lltl1.l1 Commt_ SO"""""" Ford &. Brul'¥.iOll p.o. Box 1189 Gadsden. At 35902 S46-9205 M •. t<el1h Norman. cNirman Youth leglslalure Judicial Pr08ram 8.1ld. " Singham p.o. Box 78 Monlgorne<y. Al1r.l01
.,....500
1'ublic.otioros Cornmil1 __ Thos commit· lee studies the need kif and .....:\ert.lkes !he wriU"ll ~ publi1h,ns oI ..... ternol 01 Intel'f!SllO JOU"lI ~ and Ihe public.
J. loenell Mdlhenr, c1N'"""n Dominici<. fletcher. 'l\ei!dirog, v.ood & lk¥! P.o. Box 1)87 BirmlnSham, Al )5201 939-00))
M~
III"UWS Commll1 __ Th,s corrumttee chan(!eS ill Ill'" I~ and d.;!fu arnerodmen~ to IlI'"I.?Y!. 01 the yts. stud~ ~noended
M~
101m Plunlc.. cNlffNn AIeQndet, COlder " Plunk P.o. Box 809 Athtm, Al 3S61t 232.11)0 Al1em.lle DiSpuie ResoIlltion Commit· tee: 10 alleviate court conger.on arw:l reduce COUrt (OStS, thIS comminee promo«!S rhe ~Iopment 01 dispute sett lement oulSide of too courtroom, Mr. James P. Rea, ch.alrman Hogan, Smilll, .oJspaup., Samp15 & P~M 100h floor, G"" f1!denIl Bldg. B'fml...ywn, Al lSZOJ n4-S635 Conti""insl.epl Educ.Mion Commil1-. Thi, commlMt'Il' coordiNtes all COIlI;nuilll "'sal edv<:.tion "(1Jvi1J"! 01 the sec· lion, includln, basic iesall-kill" Allnual M~'CIiIl8 "Updale" and mlscellat\eOUs ~mlna~
Mr. Stephen A. J!o,w, chairma n LInse. Simpson. RobIn~" Somerville 1700 Firlol .oJalwf\it Bank Buildins 6irminsh-am. At 3520]
'",5000 OorMilic Abuw- Cornmillee: This comm,Pee is a iIIsIer comminee 10 !Ito. Ooild Athoc«y Commlnee and v.orks 10 Pf'!.mt domestic: ~ and ~1I domestic abu~ vlcrims. Ms. CollH1O M.
S.mpl~,
chairman
'-llom~I'L!w
18 City fede.al 8u,ld ing Al 3520)
8irmillsh~m.
,,.5000 law Week Commiuee This commi1tee v.orks ~y wllh 'lU1e and loa. media and b.1. lIstOCi.ltl()nJ ... inclell5l' corn/TWni"" lIw.lft.'fOl'Sl oIiesal iw,oe,s and coon:IiNte ' - week M~ SIephen W. Shaw, tNi"""n Redden, M,lIs " Ollrk 940 fi/1l AI.bam.> ~ 8u,ldifIB 8irminsham, Al l5201 122-0457
e-eIO'' '
ltgItl SMoic", 10 lhe (,,"Iy Committee Tllis cornmin(!l' $l'II'ks 10 stimulate \'OlInS September 1986
I~ intelf51 in prolid ing lega l setVices to the elderly by promoling community edllC.iltion aoo aaing a~ a dearingnouse of infonnation to ."i~t the elderly, M~. Re/.>e<;ca L. Shows, chainnan Huie, r..rnambucq & Stewart 825 Fi"t Alabama Bank Building Binningham, Al 35203 251-1193
IDeal Bar liaison Commitlet" A ne!IMl<k olbar leaden .tthe 10CiI11~1 is developed lhrough lhe eflorts of this committet'o
M,. Amy Slajden, chairman AltOrney-.aI-UIw 407 Fr.mklin Stree1 Hunt~"ille, AL 35801 533-7178 ...... Studertl Liaison Committee, The cooldination with students at state law school, on ",.. iou, projec11aoo e.eots is haooled by thi' committee. Mr. W.lliam H. Traeger, III, chairman Manley & Traeget PD. Drawer U Demopolis, AL 36732 2B9·13B4 Met'ting Arrangements Commil1et'; Fa· cililies for YLS heculi,." Committee meeting' are 5e<:ured by this committee. Mr. James H. Wettermali<, chairman Burge & Wenermark 1230 firS1 Alabama Bank Building Birmingham, Al 35203 2S1·9n9 The America n Bar Associatio nlYou ng ...... yers' Oivision liaison is, Mr. Frederick T. Kuykendall, 111 Cooper, Milch & Craw/old Suile 201, 409 North 21st Street Birmingham, Al 35203 328-9576 He will se....e to ket'p the YLS informed of ABAlYlD """"ts and "ice ve ..... Other offocers for the 5e<:lion are, Mr. Charles R. Mi xon, Jr. Johnstone, hlam\ HCM\In:I, Ba iley & Gordon PD. 80. 1988 Mobile, Al 36633 432-7682 President .... lecl The Alabama Lawyer
Mr. N. Gunler Guy, Jr, PD. Ik»c 1111 MontgOmery, Al 36192 241-2050 Secretary Mr. James Anderson Hill, Hill, Carter, Franco. Cole & Black PD. Ik»c 116 Montgomery, AL 3619S 834-7600 Treasurer Mr. J, Bernan:l Brannan, Jr. r.o. Ik»c 307 Monlgomery, AL 36101 264-8118 Immediate past president. IISBlYLS The section was led this past year by Bemie B,annan. Despite an incredible work lood, he w.IS able 10 ket'!l the mitchinery of the YLS flOWing smaothly, and he i, to be congratulated for his contributions. Highlights ol Recent YLS Events: Recent YLS activitle> include, -Sponsoring lhe Annual $eminar on lhe Gull May 15--17, at the Sandestin Inn, Sandestin, Florida. (M" 200 aner"ld«!s combined Clf w ith pool\ ide partying thanks to the gracious help of the 50<.11 Practitioners, an all-lawyer band 01 8",at talent whose members include Bob Nor· man, Jr.; Jim Burlold; Mike Wrighl; John Chiles; John Hall; Braxton Schell; Charlie Be"""rs; and Vaughn Blalock. YLS membe" re>ponsible lor the seminar were Caine O'Rear and Charlie Miron. -Producing a fir>e admission!' ceremony aooluncheon_Laura Crunil efforts and Con",d F<mle~s addre>s made this a memorable ~nl lor all Ihe inductees. -Pn::...iding CtE opp:"tunitiE'S /or more than 700 lawye" who signed up for the Update '86 Semina, held during lhe Ar\nual Meeting July 18, at the Wynl...,. Hotel, Birmingham---Much informali,." and useful matetial was presented by Dean Charles W. Gamble 01 the Uni"""ity of Alab.ama School 0/ UIw, "Update on Evidence"; Richan:l F. Ogle of Denaburg. School. Meyerson, Ogle, Zarzaur & Max, "Real Property Law, A Review ol5ignifj· canl Events"; Professor Howald p, Walt· hall oICumberlaoo School 01 UIw, "Up. date, Corporate and Commercia l LaW';
Representati,." JamE'S M. CamJ*>e1l 01 Anniston, "Legislati"" Update, A Review 0/ Recent Legislation 01 Intere>t to lawyers"; Michael L Edwald, 01 B.alch & Bingham, "Claims and Defenses Uooer the Securities Act 01 Alabama"; aoo Alex W. Jackson, assistant general counsel. Alabama State Bar, "Update on Ethics: """iding Malp<actice aoo Clienl Complaints." Also, retiring CLE chairman Jim Miller of B.alch & Bingham, Birmingham, is thanked for his substanlial seNices as Clf chairman <M!r the pa,t years. -Co-sponsoring, with the Birmingham Young llrwyel'S, a party at the Annual Meeting featuring our fil'\'Orite band, the Soul Practi tioners-Steve Shaw, a member 01 the YLS E>cecuti,." Commit· teeand the Birmingham 'mung Lawyers, dealt with the detail, d the sucressful
"''''' UjKomin& YLS A<:livities: -Sponsoring the two admissions ceremonies; -Pn::...iding Clf opponunities through a brid~p seminar designed to assist both new and practicing attorneys; the Conference of the ProfesSions to be held in Gull Shores; the Annual $eminar on theGulfin Destin, Florida; and, the Up. date 'B7 Semina' to be held at the 1987 Annual Meeting. Additionally, plans are under way lor the Alabama YLS to c0sponsor with the ABAlYlD aoo Cumberlaoo School 01 Law a regional seminar in Birmingham in the fall. -PartiCipating in the celebration of the Constitution b icentennial by producing an all·I""""".actor play entilled, "The~, Trouble Right Here in River City~ This Fi"t Amendment Iheme ties in with the existing mock trial competition d the Youlh Legislature Judicial Program held in ViI,ious cities throughout the 'tate, with final competition in Montgomery, at which time IO.t! hope to h""" a nationally.knawn speaker to addre>. the public On a constitutional theme. Alabama has lhe good Iortune to h""" as its YLS office" and hecuti"" Commit. tee members some 0/ the truly finest l _ ye" and workers anywhere, but our i..... pact Cannot be felt at Ihe nationall~1
Memorials
u B.II~rd,
Young lawyers' Section ...1ess_13ke time lOb""...."'" ~obe. 01 the A8AlYLIl This paS! Febl'uary in Baltimore, _ sua:eed In keeping YlD membeMip free 10 all \'00"1 ~ and ~I banle, ¥IE! need ~ able 10
john Thom.ts-Mobile
Adminoo: '9SO Died: April 24, 1986
""'is
..na.v
our suppor1 by joining !he ,o,6NVLD. ,o,Tabama"S voice on lhe na-
10
8ul"l'let1, ~ C.intt-CLonion Admitted; 1943 Died: May 23, 1986
c~,;""'"
tioN! sane is detennined by the n...,... be< d ,o,6NVLD memben-il i~ no! enou8h to be an aUlomatic member of the ,o,1ab.om;a YLS. Ple~ t.ake adv.lnt.age d .... BNYLO ...... ,obeoship. and in SO doing.. you will be ....Ipinj AJ.ba ...... 10 be hean:l on the v.adous Is~ affec1jng OUr pr;Klice and dientl.
•
Coming in November!
C<lrroll, H.ury L-Mobil~ Admiltl!d: 1937 Died: M.ln:h 21\ 1986
An interview with William Doyle Scruggs, Jr., 110th President of the Alabama State Bar
Gordon, Harris Milto......columbian.1 Admitted: 1938 Died: ~ 1, 1966
BE A BUDDY
CraM, Mel ..ln Encell--Cunte.w ille Admilted: 1941
Died: ~ber 23, 1985 H.mem..n, knj.omi~ AdmiRed: 1926 Died: May 31, 1986
Mu ... y,
V.nd ... horst
Bon nuu ,
Ir.-Mon~
Mmined: 1932 Died; May 7, 198('
Wilson, William ~h-P~monl Admiltl!d: 1949 [);ed: April 22, 1986
Winn,
EII~
Clen n-Birmingham
Admitted: 1941
Died: May 30, t<J86
These no1ices are publimed immedi_ ately after repons 0( death are receiwd. 8iog1aphical inio<matioo not "PI'Nfins in this imoe w il1 be publi~ at .Ia~ date if inlonNtion is accessible. Wi! uk you promplly ~ the death 0( an
'0
Alabilma aMo<ney to
the AlalNma Slale
8<0" and WI' 'o\OU1d appreciate)OUr ass;s. in prOIiding tliographial i~ rion ro. The Alabama L1wyef. •
With the number 01 new &ttCimli!yS increasins iIOd tilt' .-.nnbn 01 jobs deo:ruIing, more and more attorneys are going no practice on their """'" iIOd miss lhe ~ 6t oIlhe counseiog 01 more expeo ieuced prilCl~ioo lO!o," The Alabama Slate Bar Convnittet! on Local Bar Activit... and Servic;u ioo sponsoring a "Buddy Pro91"=" 10 prOlolide _ 00r rnerrobon a feIow. ~ lhey rrw conIUk ~ they ..... ofooo~ a problem, ' - ' to'" a cpostion, 00" simply want directions 10 lhe courthouse. If you arc II ~ who has recently begun a practice and would bile to meet a ~ in you. area to c;>I on ~ lor a h;'Ind.. or l you are the more experienced pr/ld~ioroer with valuable inIorTO"IIItioo and ildW:e you'" ~ tox-e. pIeaM ..... and relum the loon beb.oI. Your p«tic· ipation in this program wi cenq ~t lhe bar III a whoie.
,.e
local Bar Activities and Services Buddy Program Application N__ ______________________ ___ Finn Name lil applica ble) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
A.-.. City
_ __ _ _ 5111" _ _ _ _ _ _ ZO _ _ __
T .......... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
o Newt.-yer
tinct!
".
Please relurn 10: AI.bam<l Slale Bar, P.O. Box 4156, Monlgomery,
Alabama 36101.
1986·87 Committees and Task Forces of the Alabama State Bar Commiuees: Ad"",.,. Commiltee 10 the Boord of Bar E",",ine~ Ch.i,man: John Holli~ Jackson, lr.--Clamon Committee liaison: Reginald T. Hamner_ Montgomery
Members: A. J. Co~rnan - De<:atu' John E. Chason-Bay M inette
(I'larad". and fitness Commillee Pand I Chairman: INand. D. aew,reau . -MOntgome'Y Panel 1 Members: Howard 1\. Mar.dell-Momgomery O.... id By,ne_ J•.-Moorgomery
a.
P.""I II Chairman: James JeffY Wood- Montgomery
Staff Liaison and Man.aging Ed itor: Margaret Lacey-Momgomery
Me mbers: Gorman R. Jones, Jr.- She/field Phillip f. AdamI. Jr.-Opelik.a
Membets:
Comminee On Correclional In";lutio", Jnd Procedures
Phillip E. Adams. j.,- Opel ik.a Robe" P. Oennil!on- Moilil e
J. Michael William .. S•. --luJbu.n S!e'I'efl l. Wise-Tusc"loosa Gregory H. Hawley-Bi.mingham J~mes N. Brown. IIl_ Bi.mingham Greg Ward- LaneU KeiTh B. No.man- l'I4ontgomery Gro"e. S. Mcleod- Birmingham P~T rid H. G.<JVeS, I•. - Hwuwille Champ L\'OI'ls, Jr.- Mobile Julia Smeds STewart- Bi.mingham f .an k B. I'on5-Florence Susan Sh imek OePaol.r-Mootgomery
AI
J.
s",nsone-Montgomery
Panel III ellairman: Ca roline Wells Hinds-Mobile
Panel III Members: Drayton N. james-Birmingham Thomas A. 5milh_ Culiman
Staff Lid;",,,: Norma Jean Robbins-"\<.>ntgomery
Vict Chairman: Frank R. Parwns-Birmingham Chairman Emerit".: John C. W~tkin s- Un i ...ersity VLS Rep""",n"'Ii",,: Ronald C. Forehaoo-Montgomery
Suff lia,,,,n: Mary Lyn Pike-Montgomery CommiUee on a Clienl S«u.i!y Fund Chai.mM: James Ward-Birmingham
s.
Vice Chairman: lowell A. Vl\:>mac k-:ru~loosa
Panel II MemlH>rs: Robert Eo Moorer_ Bi rmingham
Chairman: Michael O. Godwin _ BrewTOO
Sufi Liaison: Regina le T Hamner_ Morugomery Members: Davie S. Yen-Opelik.a Susan B. Mi!chell _ Birmingham Marv in l. STewart, J•.- Bi.mingham Michael E. Ballard- Mobile Lee H. Copeland-Mon!gomery
Members: G. Thomas S"lIiViln--B i.mingham 60bbv N. Bright- l'I4ontgomery Guy l. Surns, Jr,_ Birmingham Shelb-y l. 51a.ling. J',- Jackwnv ille Ee S!cvcos-Univomity Abigail Turner- Mobile Charles G<>ddy-Mililuook Sjdney Albert SmiTn-Mon!gomery Mary DiKOn Torbert- Monlgomery Wil liam J. Samford-MI. Me igs Jatne'l P. Cldham, Ir.-Pheni . City Mervyn Michael - Decal"r John T. Harnlon_ Mon!gomery JUIly A, Newcomb--Dothan Barnes F. l.cM.>lace, Jr.- Deo:atur ~thics
Education Commiuee
Editorial Board, The A.1.b.lm. /..oWl""
The Alabama State Bar Commi,sior>en' Supr'1m1e COtlrt Liaison Comminee
Chairman: AI J. Sansone-MOntgomery
Ch.i,man and Editor: Robert A. Huffaker- Montgomery
Chairman: W. Hamid Albrinoo, III-An<la iulia
Vict Chairman: Edwar<l M. pallerwn--Moo!gome,
"'"""iate ( dilOO: Carol Ann Smith- Birmingham
Staff liaison: Mary Lyn Pike-MonTgomery
VLS Represenlati,e: SIephen A, Rowe--Birmingham
TIu: Alabama lawyer
'"
I
J3mes C. 8M1on, J•.-8irmingham Abner R. IVNeII. lII-AnIblusi.o
"ulu", Df the Profo:»;on Commi!lft jaIln D. CIefMnts-Blrmlngham M. Clay Alsp;1Iugh-Blrmlnglwn james S. llojd-8irm ingNm RIcI>;wd A. ThIgpen-Uni~1:V
fr.llM n l-Iouse-8irminsham OIi_ p. ~UI"IlImI\il C.B. Caine J•.--MoultOn Daniel E. Monilo-Anni$lOf\ Rose' H. Bedfont Sr.-Russellville
R. ~ MoInnlng. J~-8irmingh;un bnmie}ean Vv'ilson-Monf3(>mefy lynn W. Ji .... lII-IJnion Sprinp Annetta F. ArnoId-BirmingNm W. lee PittrNn-8irmlngtwn Emet L ~ Jr.-Hun\Wi11e Stedman Shealey, Jr.-OoIh3n E.·Off..:;": Vv'ilbu. G. SilllenNn--BirmingNm fftI.r.. "11, Clinic: Committft $eMf
I..W5on:
MoIry Lyn Pi~~
.........
Thomo~
G. MoInc\OO-MQn~
Vv'illi;om
J.
C.... I....... n:
John A.
o-ns-Tusaloos;o
YL$ R.-..t;atiw:
John Plunk--.'lti>eM St"ff I.i.oison: M;iry tyn Pi~qpnery
Mcmbe,,, L Virginia McCooIcle--8lrmingham Sch.ry\tr H. ~ 1II--H000000lie Steadman Shealy, , •.- Dothan James w. 'hbodroof, l\o!-,ot,rhens MoIry 8. Man~plr-MObile """"""" _ ,.... ~'M·~if R. McKim Nom!., J•.-Blrmingham R.B. Mc",""z~ III .\1CInI3Oio*",
Eari L D.:omIJr-Montgomery James W. 5;!sser-Montgomery Gordon TanON!r-Mobile V3nzetta P. McPhmon-MontsomeoY
B~t-$elm.o
E. Shank:!" )rr-8irmlngham LB. feld-Birmlngtwn
Mrmbns: Eugene P. wllin, J'.-Montgomery joel L SogoI- TuK;aloos;o E. HamptOn B~Bl rmingham J;orne W. ~ulf ~ Geoo!Ie AI:Eot ~ )t-liflCakx-,w Pooul 0. 8Iown-MobI1e Kim Rosenfield_ Birmingham John furmar>-Mobll~ Rklo: Ha.ris-MOn1gOmefy D.aniel R. faiTH!'lI, Jr.-8irmingham CaJOlyn WiIliams-8lrmlngll3m SIEphen Fe.--Montaoo'*"f
... -
)oIln E. Roc~..-.Aj.I\land Pooul Hoo.deoo Monroeville
Inwr.anc:~ Prosr.m~
C..... mittee
Ooainnan: Heloy Thomas HEn~Birmin&h;om VOC:~ Owl ....... '"
Dilly S. Wrighl_ Birmlngham St;olf I.i.oison: Regin.lOld T. Ham"",-Monf3(>mefy
.....,1I~m
Vv'ililam B. H~ ... \obi;" ~ieI H. MoI~n, Ill-IIirmingham }3mes T. J.:oc:k5on- Mon1gOmefy
Committee on Cowmoonce of the AI.obaIN SUit 8;at
lerome Smitt>-Mon~
VIce Ch;ti .......n: John F. Pmc:loo- SCOtubooo
Andre;l L Vv'i1(~-8irminsham ~ 0. Gibbonl 8 irminaham L lis4er Hill-Montpoery RobM C ..... _-Tona\oos;o li .... ncf Commj"ee
Chlolronan: Ben H. Harris Jt--Mobile YlS . . _"",,1M:: C\ioi", A. Bladr-TIHCiI!oosa St.H I.i.oison: Reginald T. Hamne<_ MontgOmery
StMf~:
MoIry lyn Pikt "100~""ry
.\1.(noberso Oakley W. Melton, J'.-Montgomery Alan C. Living';!(ln-Ootl\;on ~ H. Bedford, ' ,.-Russellville F~ Go Helrmlns Mobile CaroIi"" ~Is Hinds ,',\obile Ridwd F. OgIe-8irminglwn
Indigent DeI'lmH Commonft
C.... ironan: M;;.. obet"
Vv'illiam 8.
Dennis N. B.;ol$lte-Montgomery
Mom-
Ozark R. ~ 8oI1inl-Town c-It
Richan:I S. M3n~is frederick G. Helmsing-Mobile Cheryl L. Price-Montgomery 1eny D. Gillis-Fon Payne
'"
VlctO" .......n: 'MIli;om R. Bt.:n;:twd, It Moo..,oey YlS R~t>ti"", J. Terrell N\cEI~Blrmingham
J. Bentley o-ns.
III - Birmingham Ollie L Dian, l,.-Birmlngham DIaries H. Moses. 111_ 8irmingham "bin E. EIlis-8irmlngham Marion F. WlIk«_ Birmingll3m ~ry P. W:JIfe.-Blrminp.am Regie CopeI.nd, J•.-Mobile
CoopPr Thurbft--Mobile )oseph Allero SchrtibEo-8irmingham ~n:>n 0. Bowdre-8hmingham ( dw."d S. Sledge, 1II-Mobile Thomio. M<;Gregoo--Mon~ Alan j.. Oa.-8irmlnglwn ~Ihy
long
~ R. ~ry
SklpptO-8irmin~
Seaie-Mon!pTOeOy
F. Speoc:eo-Huntsville
E..olloci<>: Pt.illip S!ano-Cermant~n, Maryland
ludic:ial Com-e lot dOP St.o.l. Df AJ.b.oo"",
........
Clarence M. Small, ".-Birmingham Fournier I. G;J\e, III- Birmingham $epfembet r986
(h.oimun: M. Douglas G~i""" Committ ... on t-)'ff ~1i~",
.nd
Solkil~lion
Slaff .... isoR: Milry lyn Pike-Monlgom<:ty
o\;Ol.....n: ~n~ ~Mu~uKU~a
~~ry,
Jo\'
Uw)er . . . .1 5el'vice: Meininger--Mon\gOrnefy
!. Michael Willi .... '" Sf......Aubum Robert E. McHmw-Selma j, !»vid Dreshe<- Birmingh<lm Gregory C. Cotton- Birmingham
Douglas 1- Cen~Blrmingham RkNrd Thigpen-Un~Ty F....... K. Noojin-Huntsville H. Phillips-~. Ory leffy McEIher¥--Birming/'lam ~
~ I\. Car~Birmingham ~ M. take, jr.-Tuscaloo..a
james R. FoIe.,.-Huntsville Thomas D. McDonald-Huntsvil1e M. Wolket-Mobile Andf'llW w. 8oI~ lI ......... ni~ VreeI<ond G. Jo/vlsoo-Andalusia Booh,. T. ~,jr.-Eutlw' Pa1fkia M. Smith-Columbiana judy I\. NeY.romb-Dothan tarry C Odo<rt--Red ~
eeo.s.e
Commillft 0<"1 Uw~ Akollol MId Drill Abuw C","imoan: walle< j. Price. jr.-Huntsville
V. AI ~ninglon-Mobile William I. Grubb, II _ Eufaula I(ayo!: H. Hoose< - Birmingham RicIwn:I H. Caler - Annisloo Iffly W. Jao;bon - Haleyville So. ~ Fullet - CullrNn Robert So. ThorNs - SaMt5boro j. Anthony Metain _ Mon\gOrnefy R. tarry Bmdford _ Tuscaloo..a Joseph E. Ca~ IV - Mobile o.>nie1 E. Moni~ - Anni""" julian L McPhillips. J<.-Monraome<Y Thomas R. ~ug.a Robert L Goow:: e flom..:e Robert Shannon Paden-8esseme< laCk Caddell- Decatur James E. Davis, Jr.-Huntsville Phillip taird-~ John Foank Head-CoIumbiana leny L Modc-Tl&Umbia Woller W. kennedy, III-Oneont.l1 Milil~ry Uw
CommiU ...
Clwi .....n: Oifford M. Spenc;f:r, j•.-Bi rmingham V\(e (h.imwo: j ...
DeMent-Mon\gOrnefy
~f
St" ff Li.oisoR: MillY lyn Pike-Monl(lOmery
w isoR: Reginald T. Hamner-Monlgom<:ty
Men., s: GeoogeM. Higgj~ L.e$iie Ramsey &rinosou-8inni ........ \lane.: l. Alecander_ Birmingham Robert 8. Sanf0rd-8irmingham Carolyn B. Nelson-Birmingham Jane C lIttle-Birming","m 00r04hy F. Norwood-Mon\gOrnefy John So. jr.-Mobile Carlton lieneIl Wynn-Birmingham Waller ~ Braw.oeII4I5c;;aloow
c-.o.-.
Alab;lma lINye,. Refe.nl SMvice BOiIrd of TrUSIt'fl
Thomas R. Elliott. j•.-Bi rmingham Edwin K. I.ivi~ Joseph I\. Wlodruff_ Dothan Michilel L Allsup--Cadsden tarry E. C.--n-Montgomery James Eldon Wil~tgomery Gerald M. Hu(l$on_TuK3l00..a John W. Grimes-8lrmingham Willi .... C Tucloe<. j •.-Birming/'lam Willi¥» G. ~n~ Mon~ JohnOli_~
n.mes So. Witcher, Jr.-Birminglwn l'ilrid< H. llIre-fon ~ne William V. Neville, jr.-Eufaula
William I\.
Shor1. JL-
1Ie»emeo
Albef1 C. Bulk,. III- Tuskegee Iame5 R. Oiflon-Anda/""" Milton C. {);wis-Tusl<egee Chari ... P. Holiltield-MonlgOmery John c. fox- Birmingham
...... nwnenl CCJdt. Comm; >ion Kodoo M ~ iMM /IlnponsibII"y! (hal.....n: WilburG. Silbennan-Birmingh;lm
Vice ChooinNn: l.ewi~ W. Paae. )•.-Birmingham
MernbIm: William B. HairWn, lU- Birmingham james A. Byram, Jr.-MontgOmery Harry W Gamble-SelrN Hugh A. Nash-Ontoota AI !. ~\gOrnefy Andrew P. Campbell-Birmingham wade H. Monon, j •.--(oIumbiana Chari ... lee Truncale-Mon!gomery j. Willi~m Rose, j•.- Blrmingham William C. \I\bod-Birmingham 8m H. Hani~ Mobi le
RkNrd I\. Thigpen-Uni..-.ity Lynn R. Jad:son-C~ CommiuH
0<"1
5Klion.
ChillnNn:
RkNrd Y. I<'!be<u Mool(lOmery Vice Clwirman:
tau ...
E. NoI.on--Montgomery
SWf Li.oi$on: Mary Lyn Pike-MontgOmery
Me".,., E. AI~ Ra<r-BirmingNm leny McEI......,. BirminPm W. Roscoe)o/'ln5on, IlI-GaJ:Isden Chris Mitchell- Birmingham Tyrooe C. Means-Montgomery Mkhael Cartee-Tuscaloos.J l'iula Levitl-Birmlngham keim Walkins-TIOt
SpK'i.1 Liai$on l.>, Committ... lor Sout"'a'li 'e'Rion C","irm;an: C. Fred Daniels-Birmingham
I'"
,,,
M"""""
Norman W, Harris. j' .-[)eOI ... Rober! C. W. lthall_Birmingham
H. Hilrold S!ephens-H<Jntwm .. W. Hllro\d A1btinon, I\/.--Andalusia CI~laod PboIe-Cf('(!OVilie
\'hyne R. Sool\elWhile-8irm,nglwn Pete Parlin_ Birmingham WIl liam Dougl.s Wi_Birmingham
Hoyt Hill-Opelik.l Fred Tyson- Mom8O""'fY
Lynda Flynl-MOOlg<>mery raul s. Conger. J,.-TuK<lI~
U"""thoriZft! .... ~IM:e of .......
S;ond'II)o Gri~m-Mobile Anne ~,. r.rI<eo-Oza'" Mary leo! SUpp-Mon~
Commi1lH
C.... it .... n: H. Owight MClnish-Do1han VKe C .... i, m.on:
Vaughan o.inbrd, )•.-MobIle Repnosenl.ti~;
YLS
Sidney W. Jad.~. IU-Mobile
Staff Li<lison,
-
William H. MQno<N, Jt.-Moo~
M. Dale Marsh- Enlerp<i", William H. Kennedy-Tuscaloosa Milton E. 8arkeo-, Jr.- Birmingham Ralph Mi<;t.aei Rai/ord-Phenix Cirv Melinda l. DenhMn-Binningl\am Donald fll~ir 8og,g.Jn-Birmingrn,m Joseph Daniel Whitehead_ Dothan
Tm forCf on Alre.n.li~ OJ'pute .Mution
M~lt.om
of
Ow,......,,: II..H. c..ede. ,t._ 8irmingh.om
Jerri lee Sutherlin- Huntsville Cleophu, Thomas, 1'........ "n i,IOO TiKIc foRe.. on
Chair_II: Chris S.
Voce Ch;ai, man:
Ci'i~ip
Eduulion
Chri~_8irminghilm
HaroKi F. See-Unl ....'f'Slty
Voce C.... irman: 10M J. CoIern¥I,
-,
St./I lillison:
III_Birmingham
Mary Lyn Pike-MonlpnelY VL$ R........-.lllliwe Colleen M. Samples-BirmingNm
G. Wayne Ashbee-Mobile Robert D. Norman_ Birmingham Robert A. Cochren--Birmi"3h<tm Rodney A. Max- Birmlngrn,m Donald l. Collins-Birmingham l'IIillip B. c..frbon_ Birmingh.;im Don B. Long. Jr._BirminBham
Sia l( liaison:
-
Mary Lyn Pike-Montgo",e.y
Fr.onk s.).ames, III-Birmingkam John R. l..Jyetle--Birmingham
r-······················ __ ······ ... _........ _.................._.. _.....•.•.••..... Each mont h listen to a casseltC tape that contains a summary of recent Ala bama Supre me Court, Alabama Court of Civil Appeals and Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals cases. Subscriptio n cost is S275 per year.
i
Please send ..... c.ssette ......., month. Enclosed II my cheel< lot $27S 10 _
--"-==~= _-,,1_ .. __ - .---_ __ __- ....c.r.,
... ""
'"
y"rtv
aubscripllon rite.
_
z;p
''0 _SlI T·u· . __
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.......
September '986
Anne P. \VOOeI~-Birmjngham Q,mey H. Dobb Birmingham T~t.o
Judy 0.
S~AJbn~ (~ B~
Pu........ Bi'mingham K. PMke<- Honoe .. ood
T"foIa toC~~bIe Restructurin, of ALlIloI"",'1 ~I.t~ Courts Ch.ai,man: J(oben H. Ha"Is-Dec.uu,
D.wid P. B~1e CeO<te B. White--Gao;kden M:lrthoo JlIne P.rton-Birming!wn St.onler 'MriSiln<ln_ MOi ltgoo ' ... V Willillm C 'lburl8@r- Mohtgoo,oety A. tam<o. Reid- 8imoingham Robert p. l.3ne-f'hmj~ City I.3wre<oce 8. \bil-Mobile Ronald P. DavIs-MobIle Robert l. MocCurley-UnivetSity Charles C Panin--~ Minet1e J. Kno>c Argo-MOntgomety George P. W~ltrn.lI. Jr.- Prattville J(oben E. Steiner. III- MontgOmery
Voce Ch.al,""'n: james D.
Prue!t--e.l~
YlS Rl'\lftil'fltotive: S4ephen W. SNw-airmingham
T" foI'cf to E""luate 'ropow<! R""i<loni of 1M AJaIw"", CnfI>Iilulion of 1')01
Stoff tiMson:
CNirmoon: CharJes 0. Coie-8irmingham
~ty
tvn
"""'Emel C
Pi~tpnery
Hom~Taliassee
M .II.. N~tpnery
0Iar18
~-Birmingham
Robert 0. Cooc- f lononc.. ()ay;d R. IIo\d---Mont&OmerY C. Sage tjOnl-MobiJe Robet1 C. Esdale-Montpnery T~
foI'ce on EiIiobIis/unen1 of AJab.a"",
State B.>r latTA (lnl~t on Uw~ Trust Actounts) Program Ch.ai.m.n: ~n" M. Croc~e'-Birmingham
Voce Ch.ai,,,,,,n: lKk Drake-Tusc.>1oosa YlS bpi _ntolive: ~'" L Cn.m>--Montpnery 51"ff ti.oiwn:
Resi ....1d T. Hamnet-Monlgomery
"""'j.mes M. Caines-Hunt\.ville Kirk C. Shaw-Mobile
Ruth S. s<!!IIwn--OadeviILe Joe 8. Thompson, j<- 8rewton W. tarry ~iko
lM:Io forte on 1M BiclMllenni.l1 of the us.. COf'ItIilulion CN.irman:
VIce Ch.ai r""'n: Vett;> C . SamlooJ. j •.-Opeliko
AI"" W. Newton- Birmingham Seth M.,iert.1-MOOile Je'ty M. lNhitt- Oothan jelQt'O'le ". Hoffman_ Unio.ersity john F. Proctor- Scottsboro Wayman C. She<re<--Oneonta William N. Clark_ Birmingh<>m OIaries 0. Rosse.-Tw:umbia
James S. Hubb.ud_nni§lon HaM!'( B. Q,mpbell, J••-TaIiadeg.J Robert 0. ~. J<.--Ce.ltre Stephen P. &Siln<In--Fon Payne -,~ W;o~ C. ~rt:lI, j •.- Heflin Willillm S. Poole. J•.- OemopoI;. PAt1icia Allen COI>O'o'eO'-Aubum John S. Scott. J<-Montgorne<y Ea.1 Gillian. J••- Mon!gorne<y E. Terry 8rown- Montg<>rnery Collie. H. ESI1!', j ••- Ooth.ln Maty j. Camp-Opelik.l 'N.l lter P. Crow"lM!.-T~aloosa Sarah B. ~h.lm-Montgomery
Chairman ElMrilus: Harold F. He"ing- Huntsville SUOfl tiaison: Maty Lvn Pi~tgome<y
"""'James M. ClOmpbell-Anni.ron Uwre<oce 0umiS. j •.- Birmingham Josept. F. Johnston-8;rmj~ Williml H. Mills-8irmingham Conrad M . FowIef- l.3nett )ole Q,lvin--1)o:a,1Ul klhn P. Adams-8i,mingham Rich.afd S. ~nIey-OemopoIi' !<Mph H. johnson. J••-Birmingham
lames 0. P,uen-Cadsden Edmon l. lI.ineh. n-Montgomery M. Q,mpeo- O'Neal- Birmingham
Emily
~soenht:imer-Montpnery
Voce elwir"",n; Chades 0. Cole-Birmingham YlS RI'p~nUO tlvt:: Claire 8lack- Tuscaloosa
Staff li.ison: Regi .... 1d T. Hamnet-Montpnery
"""""" S. John frank
~ lU-8irmi~m
N.1Ih.anielSryan. I~ Edwin It tiYlngstOn-Montgorne<y
W forte on
',........,.d JudKWol BuiIdina
Ch.ai'"",n: M:luty 0. Smi!h-Montgornery
Vice Chair.... n: C. 5;!ge L\'Ofls-Mobile
Task Fon:e on &tlblidunent of lin A,arKuft ... ,,1 Uw Section of 1M ALlb;o"", Stotf ao.
YlS Reprt:SHlt.tive: U Patridt H"fris-MontgOmefy
CNirman:
""""""
"" G. '1'..'.""Oi",,->Montpnery SUfi lilIison: ~ry Lyn Pike-Montgome<y
Membt:r1: Ha,ry P. tong......... nniSlon Thomas j. KnISht......... nni5ton Geo1gl! A. Monk_ Miston
RobM M. Hill. /<.-flononc.. Fred 0. C.'Ir-~
Judith s. Crill",ocIe..- Birmin&lwn OIalles Il o".mIdall MobiLe Thoma. N. Q, rruthen--8irmingham John A. ClOddeIl- Oecatur W. H. Albritton, III ......... ndal .... ia R. E. Steine •• III-.vtontgomety
•
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Et Cetera DireciOry of law firms by $pe('i~lIjes The Ins!lh.J!e lor Office Management ~nd AdminiWillion, Inc., ~nJlOUnce the -'dilion of fords NatioNl Relertal Oi~ d ~ finns by SpeocY/tie$ 10 the AmericMl8.0. Aw>ci"tion ~ 0jeI's electoonk networ1t). Con~lIy, liSlirlS'l' will be on-line 10 .11
_,\able
A8AInet u~ Ford's is the fi~ directoly designed 10 help the pri~ bu)Om and rere.retS of lesal services find law firms by specialties. The one-wIume 1'.187 edlHon d Fo<d'l; will be diWibuteo:l wilhoul ch;"lI" 10 68,000 IIw firms; oorpor.lle ~I (ie. partmenb; CEDs; team of ~, ins. fiR3I'ICbl, InSUf;lna and ocher institUTion!; acmunling Ii",": "nd legal placement sped. lists. The directory will be available in Oe~mber 1986, and listing appllcalioos from forms are 5tHl being acc~ , fur complele Il'IfonNlioo and listing appIi. cations, conlXl R.obtn Sturm. fotfIJ N~ lioNl Re#e<nl D;~. 5 Wes! 36th Street, New 'IbrI!, NY )001&-1912, 01 all
PO' • u.ionn nl! doingliboul the liability .vod insu'lillOe crisis. The cNfteI' roubscription price lor ~ Miry & InsurallOe Buller;" is U75 unlil September 30. 1986, after which the price will be $425. For IT"iOAl inlonn;otion. <;;III Ceo<!Ie l"Iser; publi'lher. at (202) 452-44 28.
AIDS-relliled discrimination A majority of ~ ~ belieI.e """'Y .e.trictions imposed on AIDS llidims lire illegal . Most I~ agreed 1....1 AIDS viClims may no! be denied medical Q' <kntal $elViees; eviaed from their apartments; denied access k> t.:x.s. ing. c ity facilitie5lind sefVkes (If public ~ ~ra! from Ifle;, jobs (If denied jOO QPCXIfI"",iries. The only li~ in wt.id, AIDS viClims
may be sinsled ou~ iOXOIdin, 10 li lTVjority of llOwyers,. is the military. Si~>e peou.nl think AIDS victims may be kept out of the military lind 56 percent think rhev may be dlschlirged.
Tort refonn push
IUUCling liability: wnckening ~ids and !oetIi<emm": ond !he ;nlftlW! political
Across the country. Mlitf!'§ are addleSS~ in !hei, ton systems, with provisi<>ns ~ng ~n, from limiIS on darnase -.:ts 10 the qualifll» lions of f:l<perI witne5se5, lICCOfding k> WJort Reform, The 'ltta(s H<.>tIest Issue,« in the July.Augur.l I.. ve of Bar leader. Aboot 44 r.lates hM introduad hill s modifying thei, laws Pfil"idlng lor con>peI1s.ation d iniura! pani~ Most pIQ~ legislation t.» dealt with medial malJlQClice; ilt the feOef;ol ~. bills hM been introduced to limit damage _Ilk in ton CliSe5. The "litisation f:l<p!osion; Incre;oosin, damage awanI!. sky.rockding insurallOe r.iltes and the Inlibillty of many ~ sions and municipalities to secure insu,. lin<:e hM promoted Il'IIislalu"," to reev.oluatf! their ton system\!.
ampalgns being waged by Insu'at\a companies, some Law)oen' poups .vod «he< ',,,,,,wed parties.
Di§pUtl:' l"I:'SOIution
12121 244-0360.
Llilbilily &r Insurance Bulletin newsleller laun<:hed A weekly newsletter on the liitbiliry ;orod insurance c..... _launched in July by 8<Joatf Publications, Inc. The flu/letin will prtHide OJIo'efijJe on ~rin8 Jnmiums 10< liability inwr<>nee for '-ine», II'M'mme,,~ doctors, 1_ ~ and O!he<s; shrinking ~ 0/ In some ases, 00 c~ at all; lederal and st.;l!e legisla1ion reOeIlnlng "nd con-
The publ~ moniIQrJ wi.- ~I lind Mlitf! go.emment5, insu!eft and Insureds, I~ industnes. courts and
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Altem.liti>e to !hi! bmlil COUfI pro. such '" medilitloo.vod litbilt3tion, wntinve 1O;vow In popullirity. AppIiQ. ces~
00n of tMw! IKhniquos 10 big ClOSeS his led 10 the oo.ellP,otut of li .........toe< of;ool. tern;oti~ ......t to """"'" ~i", liti"" tion.
Arbi!ra!ionIllig u$e: ABC'Ic 01 Dispute Rewlution pttMde< inionnarioo on w .... t new approlIChes are available. when ti>ey are usel'ullOlldobr appropriate.vod how ti>ey hM .....orked. The bo<Ik is a compillition of pape.s .vod pmenmions from li 'Ilirirety of pro. pllS sporoonrd by !hi! Special Commilr tee si nce Oa<>be< 1983. C<>pies an! available k>r $lo.so. plus 52 Iorshippingand handling. from the AlIA. Order Ful fillment Oepanm<!'rlt. 7500 Nont1 UkeStlOf\' Dri~ Ch~ Illinois 606 11.
Red~
for
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The ABA I>H a5l<ed Con8res~ to pro. vide appropria!e redress, 1n<:ludlng monetary (ompel1s.ation, to Americans of Japanese an<:estry inletrtd dUlin, WlrId Wa, tl. Te5(ifyingat an April HeMe Judicillry heolIring. ABA spokesmlOn Vv'illlam l . Robinson noIed Nt !hi! courts, • Congresslonlil Commission lind !hi! ...........o.:a people iln seem 10 be ~ins li wnsenws Nt a "8<- inj~ willS done 10 Jlip.1nese Americans ~ from their ~ and detained In Internmentcamps witl>out individual court review of any evi~ again\! them.
He told convninee mernbets thlit "'boosed on alleged ·military necessity.' ~ thiin 110,000 persons of JapaneseAmerican anceslfy. IT"iOAl thiin i'O,OOO of wtlom were Amerioon Citizens, were herded inK! detention amps.'"
Represent.1tion to the poor and disadvant.1ged The Amero, Blir Assodation selecled lour I~ 10 recei>e the thitd ,,"nWiI Pro Bono Publico ........ td for der.otion to the arUM! of legal ~ lor !hi! poor and diSlidvintaged in !hi! Unitf!d Statf!!o. CIIOlren were SaM! J. o"lIiIIS of Houlton; Robert L Hlirri~ d $;on Fllin<:lsco; Dlile
~r986
Reesman oflloomille, Missouri; and Ne-
The bar al~ has enrolled 86 pelU'nl
>'e11 Sleele, Jf_, of IJ.3himore.
of its member. in a pmgr.!m to prmide
The 1~ ~ recognized at an Augusl 10 luncheon during the 1986 ABA AnnUilI Meering in New Vorl< City. Mditional inlormalion about the award recipients and the awards program and luncheon is OMIilable from Domthy Jackson, ~Lilff a~siSlant to the ABA Committee, ., (312) 988.5766.
funding 10 legal assistance programs. The Nom urolina Bar ""socialion was nominated, in recognition of a tenyear comm itment to the cause, with 12 geographicall\'"based programs """ing 83 counties and three special client pr0grams. During 19115, the 100 attorneys empl"'fl-'d by LSNC handled 23.000 cases.
752·3318.
EI Paso County and North Carolina Slale Bars hr:lnoted for legal services The EI Pa~ County Bar Association in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and the North urolina Bar ""soci.lion ~ recipienlS of the 1986 Harrisoo T~ """ard, recognizing significanr pmgr.!ms to impr~ """liabi lity of legal ",,,,ices to poor persons. The award is presenled 17( lhe Ameri_ can Ba r Association Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defeodants and the National Legal Aid and Defender ""sodation. There are 420 I~ in the EI Pa~ County bar association OMIilable to provkle legal services to the poor (excluding bar """"be,. who ~ retired or are judges. public deIendets Or district attorneys), and 260 have volunreered to 3<;cepI refe""ls of I",..,..income persons.
me-
There is no shortage of questions about nuclear '...... ; jlO"S and nuclear war-<K Iesp:>nses and ..... ~ from s.trategists, politidans, philosophers and concerned cit· izen~ bur there is a noliceable lack of conser\5US among these grou~ dally between Sl.r.l1egists and phi~ "",. Surprisingly, a conference held Sep-
Nurse-attorneys' annual symposium The American ""sociation of Nu~ Attomeys will hold irs fifth .nnUilI Na. tional Conference and Ed ucarional Symposium, entitled "Nurse Entrep<eneu1Shpanding Legal Horizoos; in San Fran· cisco October 16- 19, 1986. The fealUred speaker is Carolyne K. Davis, Ph.D., na. lional and international health care ad· vi~r and former director 01 rhe Heallh Care Financing .'dminisUlltioo. The symposium is open to all nurse-attomeys. al· torneys, nurses. nurse practi,i oners and inle resred member. of the general public. The association is headquartered at 113 West f ranklin Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201; lelephone (301)
Nudear Deterrence
Oivision of Disability ~tennination The Division of Disability Dete.-mination has resumed the cominuing disability review process. 1\ face-ro-f~ evidentiary hearing now will be incorporared into the mconside<~lion process. Infor. mational packets will be OMIilable, as .....11 as represer1Li1t;-es to address groups on rflql.'eSI. For funher inbrmar;on please contact S~ Scruggs al 933-9300 (Birmingham area) 0< 1-8()()'292-81(J6 (SLilIewide).
tember 1984 bringing togerher membe,. of the IWO gn;>o.rps. al~ """,aled!here i. a stri king amoum of di..,.,;ity within each group. Nuclear Dewrence, drawing most of its conrenrs from thar conference, illuminates the positions and views of strategists and philosophlm. A review cop( of Nuclear Deferrence is ..... ilable upon request, by contacting:
The Uni"""ity a/ Chiago Pm. 5801 Sooth Ellis ~ue O1icogo, IIli""" b(6)7
Introduce Your Clients to a Valuable Service. & fcr them to Business Valuation Services fOr cxpc::rt determination of flit market value of businesses, and financial :miJysis and COflSlllcation in of; o Estate planning 0 Bankruptcy
=
o Estate:: scttkmc:nt
procoeding$ 0 Mcrgusoracquisirions 0 Buy-sell agreements 0 Dissident stockholder ownership plans suits Contact Dr. John H . Ihvis, m 40fficc Park Cirde • Suite:: 304 • Birmingham, Alabama 35113
o Maritaldissolutions o Recapita lizations o Employ«: stock
P.O , Box 7633 A • Birmingham, Alabama 35253 (205) 87l}.1026
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...... -... _..... _. -_ ............. __ .. _ Classified Notices -----_.....- ............._'-'" .... uo ... _ _ . . - _ ... _ _ .. _
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EXPERT TESTIMONY AOOIOIONOlOGIST: Is )IOU' client __»ed.willeo:l: wflering from " "'bad habit'" or "pS"mialric illness;- or is he chemically dependent, Impai red from a chJOnie, fatal medica l disease? f'hysiclan, one 0117'9, certified in medicine's newnt spe<:;"'I~i(tionology. Ex· pert 1esti"""'l' and use aNlysis lor plalllli~ Alcohol, dnog. nfco. li~, jswes in crimin;llloow, DVI, m.;Ilp<X1",e, wn;>ngful de.th, per.onal in. jury, v.orl<e(HompeflSaTion, family 1_ "d product liability. Peter M. M~.IU">O, MO, PA, 1685 ProfessioNl P... Circl<1, 110. T"II~, florid.> lllGB, (904) 878-(1304
fO R RENT FOR RENT: Elegant space fur one to eighl I~ presently is il'l3ilable in 8inmngh.am in new~ offICe. Well-equipped, ~ious offICeS wilh In¥IV e<tr3S and reason;obl<1 .aleS.. ~11 s.olem Resh;I, Jt., (205) 314-2020.
MISCELLANEOUS
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ATIO RNEf JOBS: N~lIonal and fed.. Employment efal A moothtv detailed Ii~,ng 01 hund.....k 01 ~nornev.>nd I_related jobs with the U.s. ea-nment and (l!he< publiclpri. vate em~ in Washington, D.c., thrwghoul the U.s. lind abro.ld. $JO.3 mootl>s; SS0-6 mooths; '90-12 month~ Send check 10 ~nl Reports, 1010 Ymnont A.... , NW., 1408, Wa$hing· lon, DC 10005. Alln, A8 . (l02) 1'JJ.. ))11 VtWMC
POSITION OfFERED GlASS, MCCU LLO UG H, Sherrill & H~rrold. a mid-slzed Atlanta law firm, 5efb;mocia"" with one 10 th_ years' e<peI"ieroce in the COfJl(IQIIe. litigalion and real estlfe arus. bcellenl acadanic: bacJwound with 1_ ~iew or comp•..",ble experien<:e ""l"i!"l'd. C()(J>. ,IeIifi"" compensation and fringe ~
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fll'!; =ellent wondng conditions. Send Inquiries and salary required in cor>(dena 10: Glen C. SlepMns. 14(19 I'Ncht.- SIR'("!, N.E.. All.onl~ c -
I;' 10109. POSITION AVAllA8LE In l<'I1all I_ firm. recently Iorrrnxl, with I....,.,.... wilt> I\OO-li~ years' experience and in1eteSt in bminess Ijti~ion. COIpor.ile law and ~~. ~intax
bIN helpful, but no!" prerequisite. All Inquiries confodenul. Send to: Hiring P" rlner, Po. Dr_ 1865, 8 i,... mingh.m , Ala!>am. )5201·1865.
.s.....
RAP IDLY EXPANDING (Ofpor.lte liIW firm -'<s _all~ with one to lour ~rs' p<X1ice e<perience in any 01 the IoIlowing afNS: u"- corpo<<Jte. ~"'Ii .... "",I esI<Ite or general commermll_. SupeOOr aademic oedenIials rl!quired. Reply in confidence 10 Po. 8m 10931, Birmingham, Ala!>ama )520),
SERVICES EXAMINATION 0. QUESTlON£D Documents: Handwfiting. typewriting and related e>:<Iminatiom. tnternational· Iy coon-qualifred e.:pen witnes~ Dipl()Inate, Americ.n 8o.onl 01 fotensic Document ElIamners. Mof,,,obeo . ""->un Society d Quetioned Document ExMni~ the In~ioNl ~ tion b IdemiflQlion, the 8ritish Fon.nsic Science Society and fhe National Association of Crim inal De/ense lawyef). Reti!"l'd Ol~ Docl.lrt"lenl EloIminer, USA CI Labor.k)<Oa. H.M MI)'EI" Gidion, 1 18 Merrymont Or,..., Augustll, ~ JO!I07, (404) 66I).4U7 MAJOR MEDICAL INSURANCE, fo< eYery !l.ize 1_ Rrm. Compelili"" "'te!, ~lIem benefit~ QU()I.es "",,;Iable at fl<) C051 or obIigatiQn. R..oo Arm~t...., P.Cl Bessemer, Ala!>am.l 35021, (l05) 425-011 7
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lAMAR MILLER, EIwni ...... 01 Quetioned Documen", Qw.lifim in ~ Ala!>am.l courts. Amerian Society 01 Questioned Document ElQminers, Amer ican Academy foren sic
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SciencH, certified by American 8o>rd Foren$H; Document EumifM'n,.
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Handwriting. lorse<Y, typewriting. ..Ilefalion 01 medial and ocher reco<ds. Miscellaneous document lIoUthenlkalion p<Qbiems. P.o. Boo 55405, Bi,... mingham, AI~bam" 35155, (205)
97')-14 72
BARRISTERS' RESEARCH GROUP: leo pi .-aret. and writing 5efVices perkwmed by a S'OOp oll~ A.I~
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an~ A uni~, liIMtv .00 i!lel<·
pen~i"" W"f to ~I"" )OOr ~•
.rn
Requesting attorney cootrols deadlines and total time e.:pended on ~~h request.. Rate $30 per hour. C0oI3Cl hrristers' KesNrch Group, Po. ''J8 1, Birmin' .... m, AI.b.om. )5210. (lOS) S'J>-S-'2' No ......e _ tion il m.lde about the ~'ilY 01 the leBal set\'ices to be pet/otmed or the e<peflioe of the lawy('f per!otming such 5efVKes. All services wil l Ix! performed at the request 01 and become the sole and e:o:clUsMe IOOIk product 01 the ~ ~ng all(ll"ney.
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RESEARCH AND WRITING : Memos. bri~ what""l't 12 yeilrs' e<perieoce '" 1_ profeo;5Ot and 1_ lib""ian, 15 as ~ing attt>rney in AI~ and 1i>n!"leSsee. fee negotiable al:Jc,.., S2M>our plus e<pen~ Product5 deli~ on lime ..... tailored 10 li6gation posture. free 10 tr.r.eI. WrilO'l Wihi.lom R. MUTTay, Murray ~. NOI1l>port, AJab.om.l )5476 or u ll eYeni"" (20S) 13'J-7080. No ",~senLuion ij made abow the ~lify of the kgal sefVicf1j to be pt'f. Iotmed 01 the expt'f1i5e oIlhe J~ poeriotmi"ll such ~"'eJ.
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LEGAL RESEARCH HElP, with_ ......... e<~in legal,..,. seardv'writing. AcceSi to Uni~~ity of Alabama and Cumberland lib",ries, ~'W>stl~ il'l3ilatk Prompt ~ I iflf! ser· vice. S3S hour. S,uah ICooth .... n fllmell, III Moore iklikli"" MOhlpA"'" V, ........ b;,ny )6101, pi-..- 21,.,,17. No..."..,.. jMl.;ltion i.1fWde about ilwI quality 01 the legal services /(I be perlormed 01 the expettise of the l,lW)'er petf01min8 lvd> jefVkes.
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When did Birmingham Publishing print its first brief?
1910
Yes, we've been at it a long time - 75 yearsofworking with the legal profession - meeting deadlines and being dependable. Prospectuses, Proxy Statements, Official Statements .
Tender Offers, Indentures and Briefs Bank Notes
BIRMING HAM PUBLISH ING COMPANY 13(lSwth 19th 51_, Binnlnah.m, AI.boma 35133 Telcphon<,205路2SI路5113 ContlKl: lI.mld Fulton. Vi芦 Pno.id.nt
it for the 11 ts we receive:' 1 .l1-
caD or write toda,y for more infonnation or to arrange for a free WESTl.AW demonsmttion in your office.
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H lOO.l28'()I09 (MN. AK 6121228- 2450)
MIchoeI D. Ooochon P.o. eo. 113301 Mo< ~ â&#x20AC;˘. Al36117 _ 2O/5/1l17_, g,.
L_ _ P.O. Box:l63!l!l ~"lm36 = 1320-62<0
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PD.BoxMS26 ""uI MN 55164-OS26
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