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VOLUME 17 | ISSUE 1 2014
Science beyond the conventional
Covering Oil, Gas and Hydrocarbon Processing UK £10, USA $16.50
Qatar shows the way MENA producers face oversupply risk Lebanon’s gas wealth still tempts majors Creating the flow metering ideal Improving plant performance and reliability Making formation evaluation safer and more efficient
See us at the shows
Stand No: 176
How can you combat cybercrime? In our last issue, we looked at the main threats facing the oil and gas industry. But who are behind these threats? And how can they be combatted? See page 71
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Serving the regional oil & gas sector since 1997
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Vx Spectra
SURFACE MULTIPHASE FLOWMETER
Full-spectrum, single-point measurement for the most accurate production flow rates. Only the Vx Spectra flowmeter captures the complete spectrum of gamma energy levels at high frequency from a single point in the venturi throat, ensuring accurate, repeatable flow rate measurements independent of flow regime. Tested for robustness and accuracy at third-party reference facilities, the flowmeter acquired more than 400 flow loop test points in a variety of fluids, flow regimes, and pressures, with results confirming excellent metrological performance. Find out more at
slb.com/VxSpectra
S01 ORME 1 2014 Start_Layout 1 26/02/2014 16:51 Page 4
Editor’s note GEO, THE SPECIALISED geosciences event with in-depth ancillaries opens in Bahrain in March and is expected to attract more than 3,600 senior industry professionals. Rising demand means that the Gulf’s already massive hydrocarbon output is required to soar even higher. “This presents a major challenge to scientists working in the Middle East”, say the organisers of GEO 2014. However, the rewards for success are obvious, and the region’s governments are keen to progress via strategic collaborations, technological innovations and shared experience. Elsewhere in this issue, Moin Siddiqi suggests that the surge of nonconventional oil could mean cheaper energy for all. But, the petroleum markets are driven by a combination of factors - both tangible actual supply and demand conditions, as well as perceived market fears of a protracted economic crisis in major energy-consuming countries or possible disruptions to oil exports from the Gulf via the strait of Hormuz, which will fuel skyrocketing oil prices and thus causing havoc on international financial markets. Watch this space.
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Contents
Columns 6
Magazine Sales Manager: Camilla Capece +971 4 448 9260 +971 4 448 9261 camilla.capece@alaincharles.com International Representatives
44
Chris Stearns of Honeywell Process Solutions outlines the key moves required to improve plant performance, reliability and safety.
Executives’ Calendar
Analysis 8
Oil & Gas Markets Overview MENA producers face the risk of an oversupplied oil market in the coming years. Available data suggests that OPEC upstream investments and capacity expansion are set to slow markedly, however, the declining call on OPEC would still create the need for production cuts and could cause, in their absence, price declines that would hurt all MENA oil exporters. Therefore, addressing the rising break-even oil prices becomes crucial for policymakers.
16
Qatar After leading the world’s economic growth league table for years, strong future spending plans ahead mean Qatar remains the place to be.
54
Developments A detailed round-up of the latest E&P news from around the region.
Conferences & Exhibitions 59
Offshore Arabia Aiming for marine and environmental excellence.
61
GEO 2014 This specialised and well-established geosciences event opens shortly in Bahrain, with more than 3,600 senior industry professionals expected.
Communications & IT 71
Cybercrime In our previous issue we looked at the main threats facing the oil and gas industry. But who are behind these threats? And how can they be combatted?
Gas 24
Security & Safety Systems Graham Ashley from global surveillance solutions business Synectics gives an overview of emerging and predicted surveillance trends across the Middle East oil and gas markets.
Exploration & Production 20
Formation Evaluation Multi-functional, sourceless LWD tool facilitates safer, more efficient evaluation.
57
Lebanon A delay in auction dates does not appear to have deterred investor enthusiasm.
Petrochemicals & Refining
Arabic Section
26
Analysis
4
News
The GCC’s petrochemicals exports look set to hit an all-time high, says the GPCA.
11
Recruitment
Technology 28
Innovations Introducing some of the latest products for the oil and gas sector.
38
Flow Metering Achieving optimal performance of flow metering technology.
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Issue 1 2014
China
Ying Mathieson (86) 10 8472 1899 (86) 10 8472 1900 ying.mathieson@alaincharles.com
India
Tanmay Mishra (91) 80 65684483 (91) 80 40600791 tanmay.mishra@alaincharles.com
Nigeria
Bola Olowo (234) 8034349299 bola.olowo@alaincharles.com
Operations Monitoring
Cover Image: Seabed Geosolutions’ seabed equipment portfolio includes the state-of-the-art Optowave PRM system designed for life-of-field installations. (Image courtesy of Sercel).
South Africa Annabel Marx (27) 218519017 (27) 46 624 5931 annabel.marx@alaincharles.com UK
Steve Thomas (44) 20 7834 7676 (44) 20 79730076 stephen.thomas@alaincharles.com
USA
Michael Tomashefsky (1) 203 226 2882 (1) 203 226 7447 michael.tomashefsky@alaincharles.com
Head Office: Alain Charles Publishing Ltd University House, 11-13 Lower Grosvenor Place, London SW1W 0EX, United Kingdom +44 (0) 20 7834 7676 +44 (0) 20 7973 0076 Middle East Regional Office: Alain Charles Middle East FZ-LLC Office 215, Loft 2A, P.O. Box 502207, Dubai Media City, UAE +971 4 448 9260, +971 4 448 9261 Production: Nathanielle Kumar, Donatella Moranelli, Nick Salt and Sophia White production@alaincharles.com Subscriptions: circulation@alaincharles.com Chairman: Derek Fordham Printed by: Headley Brothers Ltd. © Oil Review Middle East ISSN: 1464-9314
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Calendar 2014
Executives’ Calendar 2014 FEBRUARY 2014 17-20
Saudi PPPP
RIYADH
www.saudipppp.com
24-26
Petro Environment
AL KHOBAR
www.petroenvironment.com
DHAHRAN
www.sss-arabia.com
MARCH 2014 2-4
Saudi Safety and Security
3-5
Offshore Arabia
DUBAI
www.offshorearabia.ae
4-5
Saudi Downstream
YANBU
www.saudidownstream.com
9-12
Middle East Downstream Week
ABU DHABI
www.wraconferences.com
9-12
Petchem Arabia 2014
ABU DHABI
www.wraconferences.com
9-12
GEO 2014
MANAMA
www.geo2014.com
23-27
SOGAT 2014
ABU DHABI
www.sogat.org
24-27
Gastech 2014
SEOUL
www.gastechkorea.com
25-28
OTC Asia
KUALA LUMPUR
www.otcasia.org
APRIL 2014 14-15
Kuwait Oil & Gas Summit
KUWAIT CITY
www.cwckuwait.com
17-20
Iran International Oil & Gas Exhibition
TEHRAN
www.iranoilshow.co
5-8
Offshore Technology Conference
HOUSTON
www.otcnet.org
12-15
Oil and Gas Libya
TRIPOLI
www.oilandgaslibya.com
18-21
Middle East Petrotech
MANAMA
www.mepetrotech.com
BAKU
www.caspianoil-gas.com
MAY 2014
JUNE 2014 3-6
Caspian Oil & Gas
10-13
Gas & Oil Expo
CALGARY
www.gasandoilexpo.com
16-19
EAGE Conference & Exhibition
AMSTERDAM
www.eage.org
Readers should verify dates and location with sponsoring organisations, as this information is sometimes subject to change.
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Analysis
MENA producers face the risk
of oversupply
The tepid pace of global demand put downward pressure on prices in 2013
The surge of non-conventional oil could mean cheaper energy, says Moin Siddiqi.
T
HE PETROLEUM MARKETS are driven by a combination of factors – both tangible actual supply and demand conditions, as well as perceived market fears of a protracted economic crisis in major energy-consuming countries or possible disruptions to oil exports from the Gulf via the strait of Hormuz, which will fuel skyrocketing oil prices and thus causing havoc on international financial markets. On balance, oil supplies remain plentiful and geopolitical risks are ‘overplayed’ for short-term speculative gains since prices are more responsive to underlying market fundamentals rather than so-called ‘fear factor’. The ‘shale gas’ revolution in the United States and tepid pace of global demand put downward pressure on prices earlier in 2013, 8
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but production disruptions in the Middle East had succeeded in pushing prices higher. Brent crude, the international benchmark reached a six-month high in late August, and it has traded in the US$100-120 a barrel range during the past three years. The (OPEC) Reference Basket also traded at a stable spread relative to Brent. The projections for 2014 average oil price diverge from US$108 from the Institute of International Finance (IIF); US$105 from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical arm of the US Energy Department; and US$101 from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Brent averaged around US$108.64 a barrel in 2013. Looking ahead, futures
The softer market conditions should help reduce price volatility.
markets expect a gradual easing in crude prices. The Brent futures contract in late 2013 had drifted to about US$90 during the next three years because market participants appear to place a greater bet on sluggish global output prospects, mainly for the emerging market economies, declining energy intensity in the developed world and continuous expansions in non-OPEC production, as well as an integration of US unconventional light-tight oil (shale) output within global markets rather than on speculations of geopolitical shocks causing supply disruptions in the Middle East or elsewhere. However, the distribution of projected oil prices calculated from options markets remains extremely wide, with a 95 per cent probability band of between US$70 and US$145 a barrel 12 months ahead. The range widens to the US$50-150 range three years ahead, with expected chances of oil prices averaging below US$100 by mid-2016 currently being assessed at 66 per cent. According to the World Energy Outlook
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Analysis
2013 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), total global oil supply in 2012 was 87.1mn barrels per day (bpd), an increase of 11.9mn bpd over the 75.2mn bpd produced in 2000. What’s striking is that only one-third of this increase or 3.9mn bpd comprised conventional crude oil and the rest was either unconventional crude - light tight oil (shale) or extra heavy oil and bitumen (sand oil), as well as deep-ultra deepwater oil or natural gas liquids (NGLs), which has a lower energy density. Over the past decade, soaring US shale and oil sands production from Canada, thanks to technological innovations and firmer prices, has had a powerful impact on markets and is likely to reduce the call on OPEC’s oil. The market has tightened in recent months because of large-scale production outages totalling almost three million barrels per day, but the consensus near-term outlook is for structural excess supply in global oil markets. EIA expects crude production outside the (OPEC) countries to grow year-over-year by a record high of 1.9mn bpd in 2014, of which the US and Canada together are projected to account for almost 70 per cent of total nonOPEC supply growth this year. EIA estimates US total crude oil production could average 8.5mn and 9.3mn bpd, respectively, this year and next - compared to 7.5mn in 2013. The 2015 forecast would mark the highest annual average level of production since 1972.
OPEC’s spare capacity could reach seven million barrels per day Expectations about the extent and durability of the projected over-supply vary widely. Much hinders on the sustainability of the US shale production booms, which face infrastructure, regulatory, and environmental constraints; output recovery in conflictridden countries currently producing below capacity (eg, Iraq and Libya); the rehabilitation of Iran back to the international community, thus leading to a suspension of transportation and insurance sanctions, including a ban on exports to the European Union; the magnitude of any further supply disruptions; and the speed of global economic recovery over the medium-term. Some forecasters suggest that a
Table 1: Hydrocarbons Reserves of The Middle Eastern & North African Producers End-2012 Proved Oil
Proved Gas
Reserves~
R/P
Reserves~
R/P
Bn barrels
Ratio*
Trillion cf
Ratio*
Algeria
12.2
20.0
159.1
55.3
Egypt
4.3
16.1
72.0
33.5
Iran
157.0
100+
1187.3
100+
Iraq
150.0
100+
126.7
100+
Kuwait
101.5
88.7
63.0
100+
Libya
48.0
86.9
54.6
100+
Oman
5.5
16.3
33.5
32.8
Qatar
23.9
33.2
885.1
100+
265.9
63.0
290.8
80.1
2.5
41.7
10.1
37.5
97.8
79.1
215.1
100+
Yemen
3.0
45.4
16.9
63.1
Others
1.0
Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates
14.0
MENA Total
872.6
78.1
3128.2
100+
World Total
1669.0
52.9
6614.1
55.7
MENA (%) of World
52.3
47.3
~ Proven reserves refer to those quantities that geological & engineering data indicates with reasonable probability can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. * Reserves-to-production ratio - If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. The MENA in 2012 accounted for 21 and 37 per cent, respectively, of the world's gas and oil output. Source: BP Statistics Review of World Energy June 2013
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combination of slower global energy consumption and robust supply growth from unconventional sources in non-OPEC regions could reduce demand for OPEC crude by 0.5mn bpd by 2016. Yet OPEC’s productive capacity is set to grow by approximately two million barrels per day during the same period, and three-quarters of this increase is expected to derive from the MENA producers. Barring unforeseen shocks, higher OPEC spare capacity would protect the global economy from major supply shortfalls - hence militate against a sudden (sharp) hike in fuel prices. Given investment projects already underway or in the pipeline, OPEC’s spare capacity is poised to reach about seven million barrels per day in the medium term, compared to five million barrels per day in 2012, and sharply up from two to three million barrels per day average during the mid-2000s. Saudi Arabia (OPEC’s kingpin) continues to hold surplus capacity of 2.5mn bpd to maintain balance in global oil markets. Saudi Aramco invested US$17bn to develop the Manifa field with a total capacity of 900,000 bpd, equal to current production in Oman and Colombia. The softer market conditions should help reduce price volatility. The price downside could be limited, however, by higher breakeven costs of unconventional oil producers - estimated within a range of US$50-90 a barrel for oil sands, US$50-100 for shale oil, and US$100-plus for ultra-deep waters, according to the IEA compared with a maximum of just over US$20 a barrel for conventional Middle Eastern crude. This means a sustained period of low energy prices could halt high-cost North American oil, allowing for prices to recovery. Fiscal breakeven prices of OPEC producers have risen due to growing public spending by governments in recent years to buoy economic activity. For Algeria, Iran, Iraq, and Libya, the IMF estimated 2013 fiscal breakeven price at above US$100 and figure for Saudi Arabia was US$84 a barrel.
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Analysis
Fiscal vulnerability to sustained weak prices has risen across the OPEC members to such a level that dwindling revenues could lead to some cancellation or postponement of infrastructure investment, thereby reducing GDP growth. The ongoing effects of the US shale oil booms have been distributed unevenly, with producers of light sweet crudes being subject to growing competitive pressures. Because the US legally forbids crude oil exports, the global market adjustment has mainly occurred through lower US crude imports but higher exports of petroleum products. Indeed, the US (the third biggest global producer) is now a net exporter of oil products. Consequently, the Middle Eastern producers have gradually shifted their exports from the US towards dynamic emerging markets in other regions, notably Developing Asia and China - which has now overtaken Japan as the world’s secondlargest oil consumer. The uncertainties in demand caused by faltering growth in the ‘BRICS’ economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and booming North American tight oil supplies are reflected in final investment decisions. Saudi Arabia has ruled out raising its sustainable capacity of 12.5mn bpd for the next two decades and Abu Dhabi has reportedly curtailed its target for raising output capacity to 3.5mn bpd from 2017 to 2020. Likewise, Kuwait is also not keen on making further investment in spare capacity, the cost of which is very high. In all core Middle East Gulf countries, upstream capital spending is largely aimed at replacing depleting production from mature fields, rather than adding new capacity. Fatih Birol, the IEA’s chief economist, cautioned: “I am really worried that we are giving the wrong signals to the Middle East, which may end up with us not
Saudi Arabia’s US exports have remained relatively stable having investment in a timely manner. The wait-and-see behaviour is definitely not in the interest of consumers or global oil markets because it may mean significantly higher prices in the futures.” The US tight oil is of a lighter and sweet variety, and its production growth has especially affected countries exporting similar light grades, such as Algeria, Libya and Nigeria; their exports to the US have plunged by some 60–80 per cent during the past five years. On the other hand, the producers of heavier sour grades have largely benefited, given the technical specifications of US refineries. Saudi Arabian US exports have remained broadly stable since 2010 (Aramco also owns stakes in several US refineries) – the largest of which is 50 per cent equity in the Motiva (Shell) refinery – with a capacity of 740,000 bpd. Aramco’s expansion plan for the refining sector, which is designed to integrate several new refineries with large
petrochemicals complexes, is expected to cost as much as US$70bn. Overall, the kingdom seeks to achieve a global refining capacity of 6.4mn bpd within four years, compared with a current total of 4.2mn bpd. The boom in unconventional supply has also caused an unanticipated shift in the mix of crude oil grades - exacerbating pressures on global refining industry; however, the Middle Eastern refiners are better positioned compared to their Asian counterparts. Past downstream investments in the Gulf were based on the assumption of a global trend towards heavy grades, making most other existing refineries unsuitable for processing the new light tight oil. Meanwhile, refiners (including those in the Middle East, specifically Saudi Arabia) are moving closer to producing oilfields, either to help cater fast growing local demand or to develop higher ‘value-added’ petrochemicals industries for exports.
Table 2: Hydrocarbons Output of MENA Exporters Oil GDP
Crude Oil /
Natural Gas
(%)*
(Mn bpd)
(Mn of bpd equivalent)
2012
2013
2014
2012
2013
2014
2012
2013
Algeria
-3.4
-1.0
1.8
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
Iran
-11.9
-4.6
-2.0
2.8
2.5
2.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
Iraq
11.2
3.2
8.0
3.0
3.0
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
Kuwait
11.7
-2.0
0.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
211.4
-28.1
33.9
1.5
1.0
1.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
Libya
2014
Oman
3.4
4.2
-0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.7
Qatar
1.7
0.4
-1.1
0.7
0.7
0.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
Saudi Arabia
5.5
-0.9
2.0
9.8
9.7
9.9
1.8
1.9
2.0
UAE
6.3
3.6
3.3
2.6
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.3
1.3
-11.5
26.2
-1.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.3
-1.1
1.8
25.8
25.3
26.0
12.3
12.4
12.6
Yemen MENA Total
* Annual per cent change; Excludes condensates and natural-gas liquids (NGLs). Source: IMF estimates and projections.
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Analysis
The IEA projects a buildup of excess refining capacity over the next decade (utilisation rates are already low in some regions, including the Middle East), which will put pressure on older plants in mature European and North American markets. In particular, the rapid expansion of refining capacity in the Middle East will reduce the global market share of some European refiners. In the long term, most forecasters expect US tight oil production to peak by the early 2020s, at which point the call upon OPEC crude would pick up again, creating financial windfalls for Middle Eastern producers. In contrast to the US, the other countries pursuing unconventional energy (eg, Argentina, China, Mexico, and, to a small extent, Europe) are likely to focus on natural gas rather than oil because of different geology, water availability, and infrastructure. The bulk of natural gas output will probably still be consumed in geographically segmented markets – thus less scope for international trade in gas. The near-term implications of the US energy boom for the Middle East gas producers (notably Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and the UAE) are limited
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because of the geographic segmentation of the gas market according to experts. However, the development of shale gas could help accelerate fuel switching away from oil, eventually also boosting the use of gas in the increasingly efficient transport industry, the largest consumer of oil. Several analysts have argued that as a result of all these changes, oil demand could peak soon, in sharp contrast to earlier debates about Hubbert-style peak supply - concerns that oil markets could be entering a period of ‘greater scarcity’ in the coming decades.
Higher returns
The upstream sector has received massive capital expenditure (capex) especially since 2005, reaching almost US$700bn in 2012 compared with only US$250bn in 2000 thanks to a dramatic increase in prices. Thus, the prospect of higher returns has encouraged international oil companies (IOCs) to invest more in upstream outlays, which in turn, should lead to higher production capacity in the long term. The IEA estimates 2013 upstream capex at US$710bn versus US$590bn in 2011. Assuming Brent continues trading within its five-year moving average of US$95 a barrel,
IOCs should maintain a higher level of capex. Oil reserves are largely adequate, indicating that recent discoveries in Central Asia and ultra-deeper waters off Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa and technologies have continued to evolve at a rapid pace. Thus despite steadily rising oil demand over the past decade, the ratio of proven reserves to oil consumption has actually risen. Fereidun Fesharaki, chairman of consultancy Facts Global Energy, agrees: “We are entering a new world with plenty of hydrocarbons and a diversity of supply.” In summary, MENA producers face the risk of an oversupplied oil market in the coming years. Available data suggest that OPEC upstream investments and capacity expansion are set to slow markedly, however, the declining call on OPEC would still create the need for production cuts and could cause, in their absence, price declines that would hurt all MENA oil exporters. Therefore, addressing the rising breakeven oil prices becomes crucial for policy-makers. The future developments also warrant the need for structural reforms aimed at fostering a vibrant diversified economy able to withstand low energy prices. ■
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Analysis In 2014, growth will be driven by new projects, particularly the multi-billion dollar Barzan development, Qatar National Bank (QNB) states in its latest economic insight
Qatar
marching on After leading the world’s economic growth league table for years, strong future spending plans ahead mean Qatar remains the place to be
A
FTER TAKING THE lead in recent times as the world’s fastestgrowing country, Qatar may take it a little easier in the years ahead, though probably not by much. The average growth reached 12 per cent between 2008 and 2012, higher than Asian powerhouse China. Qatar’s economy powers on for now and, though the brakes is likely to be lightly touched, there is still every expectation of strong growth ahead. With the country gearing up to host big events, such as the FIFA World Cup in 2022, there is a massive emphasis on building vital new infrastructure, from transport systems to soccer stadia. With oil and gas accounting for the lion’s share of Qatar’s income, this strategic industry permeates pretty much every niche of the nation’s economy. Already the world’s number one LNG seller, there is no intention among Doha’s elite of simply sitting back and enjoying the ride. And that means a continuing prominent
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role for the state-owned Qatar Petroleum (QP), the nation’s flagship energy company, with interests spanning upstream, downstream and all things in between.
Production rise
Both Qatar and QP have become synonymous for gas, such is the skilled manner in which this precious and abundant resource has been exploited. Gas production is still on the rise despite the moratorium in place on developing the mammoth reserves at the offshore North Field. This year, growth will be driven by new projects, particularly the multi-billion dollar Barzan development, Qatar National Bank (QNB) states in its latest economic insight. This production growth continues a longterm trend, with Qatar’s rulers recognising the potential of the state’s vast deposits the third highest in the world, at 25 trillion cubic metres - at an early stage.
In terms of reserves, QP has estimated that the country now holds 22.3bn barrels of condensates, compared with around 2.3bn barrels for crude
Gas output steadily increased in Qatar from 170bn cubic metres (cu m) per day a few years back to around 424bn cu m per day in 2012. This production surge fuelled the country’s ascension to elite LNG producer. Qatar now has the ability to produce 77mn tonnes of LNG per annum (mtpa), through two flagship companies, RasGas and Qatargas.
New projects
The rise in local gas production has also supplied other world-scale projects outside of LNG, including gas-to-liquids (GTL) facilities, industrial schemes, and particularly those in the petrochemicals sector and new power generation plants. With LNG growth now at a standstill, the incremental gas production will go more to other projects, including widening the nation’s downstream segment, and creating more gas for other local users as the economy expands. Unlike some other Gulf states, Qatar is one of few places to have embraced and planned for the rise in its own domestic gas consumption, making sure sufficient fuel is readily available. “The future expansion of gas production will be driven by the Barzan project that is estimated to bring on stream an additional 43mn cu m per day and a new discovery from Block 4 North that is likely to add a further 20mn cu m per day by 2016,” the QNB report added.
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Analysis
The Barzan development - and Block 4 North, which was a new gas field discovered in March this year with an estimated 70.7mn cu m - are not subject to the North Field moratorium. “Block 4 North is the first gas find in 42 years and suggests potential for further discoveries in the future,” the QNB report said.
Downstream growth
The role of gas to Qatar’s economy is hard to understate, accounting for approximately 42 per cent of total GDP last year. And, as other projects come on stream, the relative share of gas used for LNG production is likely to drop, experts believe, with any additional output used for domestic power and industrial uses. Planned new petrochemical capacity plus rising demand for power and desalination services are two prime factors driving Qatar’s own gas demand. These include the Al Karaana Petrochemicals Company, which is in the process of issuing contracts for its proposed mega petrochemicals complex at Ras Laffan. This is another large QP joint venture, this time with Shell, another of its LNG partners. The two sides signed an agreement last year to spend US$6.4bn to build a new gasbased downstream project. Separately, an increase in pipeline exports to the UAE, through the Dolphin project, is also under negotiation and could take some additional output, according to the QNB.
Condensates up
Qatar’s condensate output reached a record 900,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2012, outstripping average crude oil production of 740,000 bpd in the same year. Condensate is a very light crude oil, mainly produced as a by-product from non-associated gas fields. It’s an amazing turnaround given that
condensate output was just 120,000 bpd in 2000; in that same year, crude oil production was almost six times higher. There could be more to come too. Condensate production is also expected to rise by about 80,000 bpd by 2016 as a result of Qatar’s higher gas production, according to QNB estimates. In terms of reserves, QP has estimated that the country now holds 22.3bn barrels of condensates, compared with around 2.3bn barrels for crude. Like the gas sector, it has placed the country as a world leader in the condensates field too.
Condensates processing
Here, QP continues to push its condensates processing activities, another highly profitable niche for this small but wealthy economy.
initiative, which is expected to open in the latter half of 2016. LR2 will be operated by LNG producer Qatargas and is designed to process untreated condensate from the North Field. It will have a daily production capacity of 60,000 barrels of naphtha, 53,000 barrels of jet fuel, 24,000 barrels of gasoil, and 9,000 barrels of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Mohammed Nasser Al Hajri, QP’s director for downstream ventures, said the configuration of the new plant includes a gantry for dispatching diesel to the local market by trucks plus a diesel hydro treater unit able to process all light gasoil from LR1 and LR2. “All products from the LR2 complex will be hydro-treated and its sulphur content will meet the most stringent quality specifications,” he said.
Crude oil
Block 4 North is the first gas find in 42 years and suggests potential for further discoveries Most recently, in April, this meant signing up to the US$1.5bn Laffan Refinery 2 (LR2) project along with Total of France. The construction of the new refinery will give Ras Laffan a total installed condensate refining capacity of about 300,000 bpd, making it one of the largest single site facilities of its kind in the world. The venture, which also groups Japanese trio, Cosmo, Marubeni and Mitsui, is for a new condensate refinery, and is similar to the first Laffan Refinery (LR1), which launched in 2009 with a similar processing capacity of 146,000 bpd. QP holds an 84 per cent stake in the
The construction of the new Ras Laffan refinery will give a total installed condensate refining capacity of about 300,000 bpd, making it one of the largest single site facilities of its kind in the world
The Qatari oil industry remains vitally important, however, despite being outgunned by gas and condensates. There are hopes the oil sector is poised for stronger growth following the decision in 2012 to convert all production sharing agreements with foreign partners into joint ventures. It could see QP directly investing in more projects, experts reckon, as oil production has been declining in some of the country’s major fields in recent years. The hope is also to boost reserves through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques by an additional one billion barrels, which would in turn help to life production by 40,000 bpd by 2016, while slowing the decline from major fields. At the moment, Qatar’s total crude oil reserves are estimated at 25bn barrels, although this is significantly more than a decade ago at 16.8bn in 2001.
Exports
In 2012, Qatar’s total exports were worth US$133bn, nearly all of it from the energy sector. LNG represented 39 per cent of exports, while condensates and natural gas liquids (NGLs) made up 23 per cent. Refined oil and GTLs also accounted for 20 per cent of Qatar’s overall exports last year. More than 75 per cent of all these exports are now directed towards Asia, reflecting a big shift in the flow of trade generally in the Gulf; Japan remains the country’s single biggest buyer largely as a result of its huge LNG import needs.
Services sector
QP remains one of the company’s primary customers, along with other local upstream players, including RasGas, Shell and Dolphin Energy and Maersk Oil Qatar. Gulf Drilling International now boasts more than a dozen rigs and other vessels on its fleet books. ■
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E&P Report examines scope for setting up an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) manufacturing facility and supply chain in Oman
The possibilities for solar EOR
technology in Oman I N COLLABORATION WITH solar steam generator manufacturer GlassPoint, Ernst & Young (EY) recently released a report entitled Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery: An In-Country Value Assessment for Oman, exploring the prospects for solar EOR methods in the Sultanate. GlassPoint president and CEO Rod MacGregor, said, “The GlassPoint system being used at an existing thermal EOR project in southern Oman since December 2012, after it was delivered on time and within budget, is performing above target specifications. “Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is very pleased with the performance. The question now is, what’s next? So we engaged EY to undertake research and write a report.” MacGregor added, “The report found that full-scale deployment of solar EOR by the end of 2023 in Oman could save half a billion cubic feet of natural gas per day and generate up to 212,000 jobs throughout the Sultanate. This does not include up to 90,000 construction jobs to support full-scale deployment.” According to MacGregor, every oilfield will have to go in for solar EOR; it is only a question of how and when. Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have either announced major EOR projects or have started pilot projects, he added. “Nevertheless, Oman has a great advantage to get into a leadership position as far as a solar EOR project is concerned,” MacGregor said. The report puts forward the case for Oman to become a solar power hub in the GCC region, creating a local industry that could benefit the region in gas savings, job creation, carbon emissions reduction and economic diversification. The report projects that towards the end of 2023, solar EOR could add US$12bn to the Omani economy, create 212,400 permanent jobs and release more than half a billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, which can be diverted to other higher-value uses.
According to EY, Oman is well-positioned to grow into a hub for solar EOR technologies and supporting industries
Effective management of resources
The goal of solar EOR is to reduce the amount of natural gas burned for thermal EOR, releasing gas for higher value applications, including power generation, desalination, industrial development and export, EY said. Mark Gregory, chief economist at EY, said, “EOR is of strategic importance to Oman’s future oil production, but its use of natural gas creates a gas supply conflict with other national priorities. Using solar energy for steam production will free valuable gas resources needed to power new industries and diversify the economy. Furthermore, if Oman were to localise the supply chain for solar steam generators, solar EOR could contribute more than US$12bn to Omani GDP over the next decade.” Natural gas used for oil production accounts for almost a quarter of Oman’s total gas consumption, and that figure is growing rapidly, EY said.
Oman has a great advantage to get into a leadership position as far as a solar EOR project is concerned - Rod MacGregor, president and CEO, GlassPoint The report concluded that the full-scale deployment of solar EOR in Oman, in which solar produces 80 per cent of the steam needed for EOR, would redirect up to 531,000 million cubic feet (mcf) of gas per day by the end of 2023. The gas not burned for EOR can be used for higher-value applications, such as LNG export and power generation, it added. Additionally, gas can be redirected to the Omani private sector, where dozens of industrial projects have been cancelled or stalled in the past decade due to gas shortages, EY claimed. Ahmed Amor Al Esry, partner and oil and gas sector leader at EY Muscat, said, “Greater access to natural gas is critical to achieving economic diversification. Gas used for oil production means less gas to power Oman’s growing economy. Solar EOR can help maximise our existing gas resources, which could have a transformational impact on the future of the Sultanate.”
Broader economic growth
According to EY, Oman is well-positioned to grow into a hub for solar EOR technologies and supporting industries. As a result, the nation’s workforce will develop greater expertise across solar technology innovation, project deployment and manufacturing, the report said. Experience with solar EOR development will transfer to other energy-related sectors, fostering broader economic growth, it added. As the pioneer of solar EOR, Oman can seize regional and global export opportunities which can create additional jobs by localising the solar supply chain and ancillary industries, EY concluded. ■ 20
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E&P
Oman to intensify unconventional gas efforts PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT OMAN (PDO) is moving aggressively to explore Oman is moving to develop its and develop unconventional gas unconventional gas supplies accumulations within its Block 6 concession, according to its managing director, Raoul Restucci. According to Restucci, the company’s foray into unconventional gas plays is showcased in its ongoing efforts to appraise and develop the Khulud tight gas fields in the northern part of its concession. “Since 2000, our exploration teams have embarked on an extensive appraisal and commercialisation programme targeting tight gas resources in the north of our concession, and more specifically Khulud where we have so far 10 delineation wells and our first horizontal well as part of the initial campaign,” Restucci said at the opening of the recent International Unconventional Gas Conference & Exhibition in Muscat. “This is the first tight gas pilot that PDO is pursuing which could likely shape the scale and scope of PDO’s involvement in unconventional plays,” he added. PDO is continuing to make extensive efforts to deliver
Iraqi West Qurna-2 output predicted to rise to 400,000 bpd LUKOIL HAS ANNOUNCED it expects production at its Iraqi West Qurna-2 field to reach 400,000 bpd in autumn 2014, with initial output of 120,000 bpd expected in April/May. According to Reuters, Lukoil CEO Vagit Alekperov said the company’s planned investments this year would be in line with 2013 at around US$20bn. Weir Group recently confirmed that it had been awarded a maintenance service contract worth US$98mn by the Russian oil company for the West Qurna-2 oilfield. The two-year agreement will see the Scottish firm deliver mechanical, electrical, maintenance and pipeline services for the related production facilities, including the Mishrif Vagit Alekperov, CEO of Lukoil Central Processing Plant. Weir Group said that it has invested more than US$8mn in establishing its service centre in Basra, Iraq and it is reportedly the first in-country location to offer fully comprehensive maintenance services for all kinds of rotating equipment, valves and wellheads. The facility is also the first in Iraq to obtain API and ISO licences, the company added. 22
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unconventional gas in a costefficient and sustainable manner, Restucci said. Restucci also announced the establishment of an integrated, multi-disciplinary team to commercialise and mature tight gas resources. Furthermore, given the need for long-term testing to prove the commerciality of these tight gas accumulations, an early production system has also been recently commissioned to manage future cluster developments, the managing director said. In addition to its tight gas programme, PDO has also drilled four wells across the northern part of its concession, targeting centre basin gas plays, he added. Three of these wells have so far yielded gas, albeit in very tight conditions and in limited commercial quantities, Restucci said. With the experience and expertise gained through the Khulud tight gas project, the ongoing seismic programme covering 8,000 sq km, and other key improvements, the company has the confidence to press ahead with its quest to unearth the potential of these resources, he added.
TAQA invests US$1.2bn in Kurdistan Region of Iraq THE ABU DHABI National Energy Company (TAQA) has announced that it plans to invest about US$1.2bn over several phases to develop the Atrush oil and gas field in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A TAQA official reportedly told Reuters: “The company plans to invest about US$1.2bn to develop Atrush oil and gas field in Kurdistan Region of Iraq after obtaining the approval of the government of the region on the deal in late 2013.”
TAQA plans to develop the Atrush oil and gas field According to Iraq newspaper Shafaq News, the anonymous official added that the company expects to invest more than US$300mn in the first phase of the project, which is expected to produce 30,000 bpd by 2015 and between 100,000 and 120,000 bpd within the next four years. The official added that TAQA was awaiting further approval from the Region’s government in the hope that it could add 30,000 bpd to production with the use of some of the associated gas in the domestic market. TAQA’s head of operations in Iraq, Liu Cot, said the following phases of the project will be to expand the Region’s power plant by mid-2015 and to construct a gas-fired power station in southern Iraq to Baghdad to help overcome the problem of power outages.
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Gas
Lebanon’s gas wealth still
tempts majors
Lebanon’s gas riches continue to attract investor interest
A delay in auction dates does not appear to have deterred companies interested in Lebanon’s gas reserves.
G
LOBALDATA, A LONDON-BASED consultancy company, says that international oil firms are still keen to bid for Lebanon’s offshore gas exploration despite the delays in an expected auction and political instability. “Lebanon’s first offshore bidding round has generated significant interest from oil firms, and while ongoing political instability has led to its third postponement, this time until April 10, 2014, any resultant fall in interest is unlikely to make the round a failure,” GlobalData said in a report. The firm believes the bidding in Lebanon’s first offshore round is still expected to be reasonably competitive, 24
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thanks to the perceived hydrocarbon potential in the region’s waters.
Prequalified
A total of 46 international firms, including ExxonMobil, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell and Total, have prequalified to bid for gas exploration. Caretaker Energy and Water Minister, Gebran Bassil, announced a new date for the
The current caretaker government has so far refused to sign the decrees required for the round
auction, April 10, vowing to proceed whether or not a new government is formed. Despite the energy and water minister’s apparent suggestion that the round could go ahead without the necessary decrees if a new government is not formed, the report suggests that companies would most likely be wary about bidding in such a scenario due to the legal uncertainty it would entail. The current caretaker government has so far refused to sign the decrees required for the round. The report stressed that the oil companies were lured by the prospects of high quantities of gas and oil off the Lebanese coast.
Politically unstable
But some of the firms may not be willing to take the risks that come with working in Lebanon due to the security considerations.
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Gas
“There may be some potential bidders who are put off by the delays and instability, but this is unlikely to outweigh the prospect of significant discoveries similar to those made in Israel and Cyprus. Large exploration and production companies have experience in operating within politically unstable countries, but others will certainly not take that risk, as they just cannot afford it,” said Rabie Khellafi, GlobalData’s lead analyst covering upstream oil and gas in the Middle East and North Africa region. Khellafi did not rule out yet another postponement by Lebanon of the April 10 auction.
The firm believes the bidding in Lebanon’s first offshore round is still expected to be reasonably competitive “Although the three-month duration of the latest extension is more cautious than the previous one-month extensions, it is likely that additional postponements may be required. Not only does Lebanon’s political instability appear to be worsening as a result of the war in Syria and increased security threats, but very little progress has apparently been made in forming a new government, with parliamentary elections not scheduled until November 2014,” he added.
Royalties
The report added that once the date of the auction was met, bidders that are awarded blocks will sign an exploration and production agreement, which has a production sharing agreement framework, with the Energy and Water Ministry. “Apart from the royalties, which are payable at a rate of four per cent for natural gas and five to 12 per cent for crude oil production, all the other main terms, which will determine the state’s share of production, will be decided by the bidding. Companies will then pay Lebanon’s standard corporate income tax of 15 per cent, and foreign companies will also be subject to a 10 per cent branch remittance tax, resulting in an overall direct tax burden of 23.5 per cent,” said Will Scargill, GlobalData’s upstream fiscal analyst. ■
Investors are lured by the prospect of large quantities of gas
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Petrochemicals The WTO estimates the benefits accruing to the global economy from the agreement between US$400bn to US$1 trillion
GCC’s petrochemicals exports
‘to hit an all-time high’ The WTO’s recently concluded Bali Package facilitates multilateral trade libralisation, according to GPCA
T
HE GCC’S PETROCHEMICAL exports will hit a record high this year with the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Bali Package set to come into effect, according to the Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA). The trade agreement would make it easier for developing countries to trade with the developed world, the GPCA said. The GPCA statement, however, did not specify the expected volume of petrochemical exports for 2014 from the GCC countries, which comprise Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Bahrain and Oman. According to the latest data, the GCC exported 172mn cubic metres of petrochemicals in 2012, equivalent to 75 per cent of its output and valued at US$52.7bn, a Platts report said. The Bali Package, which resulted from the Ninth Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Bali, Indonesia, in early December 2013, creates binding commitments among
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member countries to increase customs efficiency and revenue collection by reducing bureaucratic procedures. Abdulwahab Al Sadoun, GPCA’s secretary general, said, “The WTO’s deal on trade facilitation, if implemented in its true spirit, will reduce the cost of all GCC petrochemicals exports, thus easing the flow of goods across borders and cutting delays in international shipments, especially in the countries where Gulf chemical exporters have encountered difficulties in the past.” Export barriers against the GCC’s petrochemicals will ease only in the second
The WTO’s deal on trade facilitation, if implemented, will reduce the cost of all GCC petrochemicals exports, thus easing the flow of goods across borders and cutting delays in international shipments -Abdulwahab Al Sadoun, GPCA’s secretary general
half of the year, as the Bali Package is set to be ratified by the WTO General Council by July 2014, the GPCA statement added. The WTO estimates the benefits accruing to the global economy from the agreement between US$400bn to US$1 trillion, as costs of trade would decline by 10-15 per cent, resulting in increased trade flows and higher revenues, which in turn would contribute to creating a stable business environment. The Middle East has a well-developed petrochemical industry, owing to their access to cheaper feedstock. However, the industry has been facing new challenges with rising costs and greater competition. At the GPCA forum last year, Saudi Arabia’s deputy oil minister Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz warned the GCC to be cautious about the rising surge of protectionism across the world in the petrochemicals industry. He added that such protectionist policies would increase market players vying for a share in the industry. “The Bali Package was approved by all 159 members of the WTO, which means worldwide attitudes are swaying in favour of multilateral trade liberalisation,” Sadoun said, adding, “As the GPCA advocates for free trade, we welcome the agreement as it will surely open access to export markets for the Gulf’s petrochemical producers.” ■
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Petrochemicals
Saudi Arabian refinery to come online in Q3 2014 THE RED SEA oil refinery, a joint venture between Saudi Arabia and China, is expected to be operational in Q3 2014 at Yanbu, news agency SPA reported Saudi Arabia’s Oil Minister Ali alNaimi as saying. The Yanbu Aramco Sinopec The refinery is a joint venture between Refining Company’s (Yasref) Saudi Aramco and Sinopec 400,000 bpd refinery, a joint Saudi Aramco and Sinopec venture, is expected to process heavy crude from Saudi Arabia’s 900,000 bpd Manifa oilfield. Ali al-Naimi said, “Work at this new refinery is proceeding according to a specific schedule and will operate at a production capacity of 400,000 bpd during Q3 2014.” The refinery would produce cleaner fuels such as 10 parts per million (ppm) ultra low sulphur diesel, Yasref said. The main products of the refinery are 3,000 bpd of benzene, 263,000 bpd of diesel, 90,000 bpd of gasoline, 6,200 tonnes per day of pet coke and around 1,200 tonnes per day of sulphur. Meanwhile, Saudi Aramco has started operating and exporting products from its new refinery in Jubail, which is a joint venture with France’s Total.
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ďƒ¨ Innovations
US$347mn contract forms highlight of strong year for Bahra Cables BAHRA CABLES, A leading supplier of cables to the oil and gas and petrochemical industries, has reported another strong year. One of the biggest successes for the Saudi Arabian company, which also serves the construction, utilities, telecommunications and automotive sectors, was the recent US$347mn (1.3bn riyal) contract it signed with Saudi Electricity. Speaking to Oil Review during the recent Saudi Arabia International Oil & Gas Exhibition (SAOGE), the company's CEO, Engineer Talal Khalid Idriss, said that Bahra Cables had also achieved some of its international expansion ambitions during 2013. "This year Bahra Cables has expanded the business outside of Saudi Arabia," said Idriss. "We have participated in eleven exhibitions worldwide, in Africa and Asia and in the Gulf as well. We have found that our products can compete in all of the markets in terms of quality and price." While the company is looking to expand into other markets both within the region and internationally, Idriss also stressed the importance of maintaining the high profile of Bahra Cables within Saudi Arabia. Attending events such as SAOGE 2013, which was officially opened by HH Prince Jalawi bin Abdulaziz Bin Mosaad, deputy governor of the Eastern Province, is key to that. "This exhibition is the best in Saudi Arabia from my point of view," said Idriss. "Almost everything about this exhibition is good. The timing, the organisation, the participants. The organiser does a good campaign before the exhibition so we get good customers, because this is our main issue: to meet customers and do business, and we've met good potential customers at this exhibition."
Bahra Cables produces cables that meet both US and European standards
SAOGE attracted 7,975 visitors from 25 countries and Idriss was quick to praise the calibre of those attending the exhibition. "The prince who opened the exhibition gives some good power to this exhibition, so the right people will come," he explained. "We usually deal with contractors, engineers, consultants and traders, and we've met a lot of this category of people here. "Some people who are not specialists see an exhibition and just walk in to see what's going on. These people are very few here. In some exhibitions, 80 per cent of visitors are these people, but here, no. Maybe only five per cent are and the others are specialists who are potential customers." Established in 2008, Bahra Cables is one of the few companies in Saudi Arabia that produces cables that comply with both US standards (ANSI and ICEA) and European standards (IEC, BS, NF and VDE).
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ď&#x192;¨ Innovations
First ever SPWLA Symposium to be held in region looms FOR THE FIRST time in its 55-year history, the Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA) is to hold its key annual event in the Middle East. The 55th Annual SPWLA Symposium will be held at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) from 18 to 22 May. "It was traditionally held in the US before they moved it to Perth, Australia, then Colombia and now to Abu Dhabi," Saif Al Arfi, president of SPWLA's Abu Dhabi Chapter, told Oil Review. "It's a bidding process, a competition process and we managed to bring it here." Al Arfi believes that the rising profile and accessibility of Abu Dhabi and the UAE as a whole have contributed to the successful bid. "Abu Dhabi is at the centre of the major oil countries," he said. "There are also flights from many different countries now and the country is also environmentally and politically very stable, that's helped us a lot. The other thing is ADNEC itself, the exhibition area is huge. Whatever you want, there are hotels nearby and the distance from the airport to here is very close. It's easy." The success must also be attributed to the Abu Dhabi Chapter and Al Arfi himself, who has gone to great efforts internationally to bring the symposium to the region. "I've been marketing this throughout the region," he
explained. "I went to Kuwait, Oman, Malaysia and Japan. I'm also going to Saudi Arabia and Qatar. I also went to Malaysia and Japan." Al Arfi, who became president of the Abu Dhabi Chapter four years ago, added that the symposium will take on a broader remit when it comes to the UAE. "I really want to bring as many people as I can from the region to attend here," he said. "Our plan is also to show them Abu Dhabi culture and tourism and the traditions and history of Abu Dhabi. So it's not just technical, it's also about the UAE." The three-day symposium will be held under the theme of 'Inspire a generation of petrophysicists' and will feature various technical sessions, covering reservoir formation evaluation, borehole logging technology and carbonate reservoir case studies. There will also be a series of workshops, led by leading industry and academic experts, as well as several field trips and social events. "It's an opportunity to exchange information, make contacts and to share different reservoir challenges and learn from those challenges," Al Arfi said of the symposium, before revealing his ambitions for the near future. "I hope that this will not Saif Al Arfi, president be the last time because, if my plan is successful, of SPWLA's Abu there will be a regional event every two years. That's Dhabi Chapter my plan."
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Innovations ď&#x192;§
Al Zamil Heavy Industries supplies four AGRs to Saudi Aramco AL ZAMIL HEAVY Industries Ltd (ZHI) has announced that it has supplied Saudi Aramco with four advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGRs). The heavy steel fabrication specialist supplied the contactors to Saudi Aramco's gas plant in Wasit in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. "Each unit is 1,200 tons, so it's a huge reactor," said Farhan Hussain, Al Zamil Heavy Industries' sales and marketing manager. "This is a very big contract and is a very challenging job for us. "These kind of contracts are not very common for local Saudi manufacturers, because it requires strong technical know-how, highly skilled manpower and a fully-equipped facility with the latest tools and equipment due to the complicated fabrication involved in these kinds of jobs. "This job has given us an edge not only in the local market but also internationally because of the involvement of several EPC companies in the Wasit project, so we are very excited to complete this job" Based in Jeddah, Al Zamil Heavy Industries (ZHI) also specialises in huge pressure vessels, reactors, dearators, HRSG modules, heat exchangers and industrial cranes and serves the oil and gas, petrochemical, power and desalination industries. The company, which has been operating for 36 years, has invested heavily in advanced machinery and recently invested in a new steel rolling machine. "We now have the biggest rolling machine in the Middle East, where we can roll plates that are up to 230mm thick," revealed Farhan. "We purchased it from Italy and nobody else has this
Each of the AGRs weighs 1,200 tons machine in the Middle East." Farhan also detailed the progress of ZHI's workshop in Rabigh, north of Jeddah, which opened 18 months ago. "We are now fully operational in Rabigh," he said. "This facility is located just a kilometre away from Aramcoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rabigh Refinery. It covers 150,000 sqm and has a fabrication capacity of 24,000 tons per year."
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Innovations
Saga-PCE enjoys strong year SAGA-PCE HAS REPORTED a global surge in business during 2013. Kim Sadler, SagaPCE's international marketing and operations director, revealed the positive figures to Oil Review at the recent ADIPEC exhibition in Abu Dhabi, UAE. "This year business is probably up around 20 per cent so we are very pleased with that level of increase" said Sadler. "Our growth has been driven by three factors. There is more demand for equipment by virtue of more wells getting drilled and secondly our customer base is getting broader as we are becoming more recognised internationally as a reliable supplier of quality products. Lastly, we have expanded our range of products and services, particularly our liner hanger product line." The company produces cementing accessories to attach to casing strings, including centralisers, float equipment, liner hanger equipment and provides liner hanger installation services. As well as enjoying increased business during the past 12 months, the company has also continued its regional expansion plans. "We’ve been supplying some of our liner hangers to a large multi national operator in Libya and national operators in Pakistan and Bangladesh" said Sadler. "We’ve also been working on prequalifying our float equipment for Saudi Aramco and we’ve done some successful field trials there." Sadler went on to stress just how important ADIPEC is to Saga-PCE. "It’s a good exhibition," he said. "It’s one where we get a lot of people from the region, not just the Emirates. It’s big enough to attract people from the whole region. We see a lot of people coming by that we know, people that we’ve dealt with over the years, so it’s a good opportunity to catch up with them. And also new business, people drop by and see what we’ve got and hopefully that will lead on to business prospects." Outside of the region, Saga-PCE has a truly global client-base. "We’re really spread out in terms of where our customers are," revealed Sadler. "We do business in Mexico, Argentina, China, Asia-Pacific in general – Thailand, Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea. A little bit in Europe." Saga-PCE was set up in Singapore in 2009 as a division of Saga Trade, which has operated in Indonesia for nearly 30 years. Sadler briefly summed up the company's product range. "We manufacture cementing accessories that you attach to casing
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Kim Sadler, international marketing and operations director, Saga-PCE strings when you run them into wells," he explained. "Not necessarily just oil and gas but geothermal or any sort of wellbore where you want to cement the casing string. "We have two main primary cementing products. One is float equipment, which are the valve systems. So when you pump cement, you pump it through a check valve that holds the cement in place in the annulus between outside of casing and open hole. Then we have rour centralisers which centralise the casing string in the wellbore so you get a
uniform cement sheath around the casing. "Then we’ve got our liner hanger products. That’s a way of cementing a casing string sub-surface so you can run it into the well with drillpipe, set the hanger, cement and then pull the drillpipe and running tool from the wellbore" Sadler said that while the company was not launching any new products during the show, Saga-PCE's R&D team were currently hard at work. "We’re working on expanding our product range," he revealed.
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ď&#x192;¨ Innovations
Award-winning AlMansoori launches new tubing service LEADING OIL SERVICES provider, AlMansoori so huge that we needed to go ahead and bite the Specialized Engineering has launched a new coil bullet so to speak. We don't want to be caught tubing service on to the market. Making the unprepared because we know that this boom is announcement during ADIPEC 2013, the going to continue. We've already put six people in company's deputy chief executive officer, the field and we've got another six that will be Ibrahim Al-Alawi, told Oil Review that the service ready to go soon. That may sound like a small had been introduced following strong demand number but for a company like us, that's a major from its clients. investment." "It's a service that we've not provided in the While ADIPEC 2013 was being held, AlMansoori past but our clients have continuously been Specialized Engineering was awarded the asking for it for the last couple of years," he said. prestigious Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Having told clients ahead of the official Business Award. Organised by Dubai Chamber of announcement and also telling visitors to the Commerce and Industry, the award was received Helal AlMansoori, vice chairman, AlMansoori exhibition in Abu Dhabi, Al-Alawi explained that on behalf of the company by Helal AlMansoori, the market reaction to the new service had so far Specialized Engineering, receives the Mohamed Bin vice chairman of the company, at a ceremony in Rashid Al Maktoum Business Award been extremely positive. Madinat Jumeira in Dubai. "Initially we ordered three units. When we The award recognises organisations in the UAE started telling people that we had three units on the way, they were asking us that have a sustainable performance system and consistently strive to excel in why we didn't have more, so we ordered another three," he revealed. their area of operation. Companies are assessed on key areas such as Al-Alawi went on to explain that AlMansoori Specialized Engineering has leadership, strategy, customer satisfaction, workforce and talent management, been taking positive steps to bridge the much-discussed skills shortage within operations and processes, financial and marketplace innovation, governance the oil and gas industry. and corporate social responsibility. "It is a very common and chronic challenge for the industry," he said. "In 2012 AlMansoori Specialized Engineering was originally established in 1977 and is we started a training programme where we hired fresh graduates and we're now active in 25 countries, with offices in 13 of those. developing them with a view to be able to meet our future requirements, which "Right now we are expanding in the markets that we're already active in, just for us as a small company was a major step. to be able to handle the market growth which is mainly in the UAE, Saudi Arabia "We've always had to keep an eye on our costs but now the requirement is and Iraq," said Al-Alawi.
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S08 ORME 1 2014 Innovations_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:20 Page 35
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S08 ORME 1 2014 Innovations_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:20 Page 36
Innovations
Hi-Force opens repair and testing workshop in Dammam HI-FORCE, A LEADING manufacturer of The new facility hydraulic tools, is set to open a new is scheduled to be workshop within its Dammam operation in completed in Saudi Arabia. The launch of the facility early 2014 combined with the extensive stock holding within the country will allow the UK company to offer its customers a one-stop solution for all of their hydraulic tool requirements. In addition to the supply of Hi-Force products, the workshop facility will allow for the repair and testing of products as well as hand torque wrench and hydraulic torque wrench calibration services. The facility will feature a good stock of commonly used spare parts and highly skilled technicians will be able to offer a guaranteed repair service for all Hi-Force products, as well as most international competitor brands. All items repaired by Hi-Force carry a 90-day warranty and each item is returned to the customer with an individual test or calibration certificate. Also housed within the 100 sqm facility will be an extensive selection of hydraulic torque wrenches and bolt tensioners, available on both a short and long term rental basis. The rental fleet also allows Hi-Force representatives to offer onsite demonstrations and training on the safe and proper use of the equipment to customers. The Hi-Force rental fleet can also be supplied with highly training and experienced technicians offering
an onsite service. For onsite bolting services, Hi-Force is able to carry out jobs ranging from a simple bolt up of a flange joint to major construction and maintenance shut down projects. The announcement of the workshop facility is scheduled to be completed in early 2014 and demonstrates Hi-Force’s continued commitment to the Saudi Arabian Market. “Saudi Arabia represents a huge market for both Hi-Force products and services," said country manager, K. Bala. "With the additional investment of a fully fitted workshop by our business partners, MSS, Hi-Force is now armed with providing customers a complete service including supply, rental, repair, testing and onsite services which will help to secure our position within the market and hopefully increase our business levels across the country.” Hi-Force has over 20 years of onsite experience within the Middle East region alone and offers an extensive range of products including bolt tensioners, torque tools, hydraulic pumps and cylinders, jacks, cutters, nut splitters, crimping tools, ToughLift jacking systems, puller kits, moving skates, hole punchers, hydrotest pumps and more.
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Technology Achieving optimal performance of flow metering technology, by Dr Norman Glen of technical consultancy NEL
Creating the
flow metering ideal
Calibration-free instruments can reduce operational downtime
T
HE OIL AND gas industry’s utopian goal is to have calibration-free instruments to reduce operation downtime and save significant amounts of money calibrating meters which do not require re-calibration as they are operating effectively. Calibrations of flow measurement devices are required by government and regulatory bodies in the oil and gas industry worldwide. Calibration frequencies are typically calendar-based rather than condition-based, with intervals either based upon a pre-programmed time period or the volume of flow that has gone through the meter. This is less than ideal as meters are often taken out of service at the wrong time, either too early, thus wasting money, or too late, potentially resulting in flow measurements being inaccurate, thus costing the operators money thanks to poor readings. With the total cost of such calibrations estimated to be in the region of US$50,000 38
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It is a popular misconception that measurement is an exact science for onshore fiscal meters, or US$70,000 for offshore ones, reducing the frequency of the calibration becomes a very attractive concept. However, this will only be possible when users find a way to prove their meter performance in-situ. Until then they will not be able to exploit the savings associated with extending recalibrations. So what are the solutions?
Quantifying flow rate uncertainty While flow meters are calibrated under perfect laboratory conditions, the environments into which they are installed vary greatly. For example, a flow meter may be calibrated with fluid at 20°C, but
the fluid temperature in service could actually be as great as 70°C, which will have a significant effect on flow measurement accuracy if not properly accounted for. Similarly, the effects of elevated pressure must also be taken into account. So how can operators effectively allow for this uncertainty? The ideal approach would be to calibrate each individual device for the specific conditions it will encounter. However, this is not financially realistic and an uncertainty budget for the device when in use must therefore be constructed, taking account of additional uncertainties arising from interpolation and extrapolation from calibration conditions and instrument drift since the calibration. However, accuracy is vital for forecasting effectiveness, especially with shared pipelines requiring precise allocation of resources and resulting income since both the end-users of the flow meters, and the taxing authorities, want to know that metering is as accurate as possible.
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Technology
It is a popular misconception that measurement is an exact science. In fact all measurements are merely estimates of the true value being measured and the true value can never be known. The principle underlying measurement science is that “near enough is good enough”, but that the definition of “near enough” must fit the requirements of the particular situation. The whole process of constructing an uncertainty budget consists of three phases: • Formulation and data gathering • Calculation and evaluation • Reviewing findings and improving measurements Developing realistic uncertainty budgets for complex measurement processes is not trivial, requiring much more than just the calibration certificates for the individual components. Calculations for an uncertainty budget must capture all the sources of uncertainty which will contribute to the uncertainty in the final parameter of interest. The essential point is to recognise that the sources of uncertainty extend far beyond the simple aspects of the readings from each of the individual instruments in the complete measurement system. Sources of uncertainty include: • Calibration uncertainties • The quantity being measured • The environment • Operator bias • The instruments used • The measurement procedure • Usage effects • Data collection and processing Even something as apparently straightforward as a calibration has layers of complexity. Calibration is defined as a set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, and the corresponding values realised by standards. The requirement “under specified conditions” imposes the need for additional measurements, e.g. temperature, pressure, fluid composition, and additional calculations, e.g. derivation of fluid properties from temperature, pressure, composition etc, all of which have their own uncertainties. The other key aspect of calibration is traceability, meaning the process whereby a result can be related to stated references through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each having a stated uncertainty. If calibrations of any part of the overall measurement system are carried out inhouse, it is vital to maintain traceability. Alternatively, calibration of individual items can be sub-contracted and calibration certificates obtained. 40
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A calibration certificate should always state the quantity, the uncertainty and a confidence level or coverage factor plus the range of validity, for example, “The uncertainty in measured density across the range from 750 to 950 kgm-3 will not exceed 0.05 per cent (at k=2) when the device is used at temperatures between 18 and 22°C at atmospheric pressure”. Obtaining the equivalent information (uncertainty, confidence level and range of validity) for other uncertainty sources is often much more difficult. Very often the only data available is from individual manufacturers, and in the absence of appropriate standards or an overall industry approach to expressing uncertainties, it can be difficult to obtain the necessary information. As a result, uncertainty analyses of metering systems tend to be conservative as operators want to ensure that they are paying enough tax to the revenue, without bill-shock further down the line. Of course, they could also be paying too much. Something that is regularly overlooked when developing an uncertainty budget is uncertainties arising from any models used as part of the overall calculation process. For example, measurement may be done by volume, but the product sold on energy content. This potentially introduces an error, which is lost in translation between the two measures, i.e. the same as when converting miles to kilometres using an approximate conversion factor of 1.6 rather than the exact factor of 1.609344. What may seem a small or slight effect can have a major impact on the overall uncertainty when multiplied by the high volume of oil or gas being extracted.
Once all the input data has been obtained, the uncertainty budget can be constructed. A good uncertainty budget can be used to settle disputes between trading partners and tax authorities, demonstrate compliance with environmental legislation and inform investment decisions.
What may seem a small or slight effect can have a major impact on the overall uncertainty Harnessing meter diagnostics
The industry is slowly moving towards the utopian ideal of calibration-free instruments that are able to respond effectively to the specific conditions they encounter, thus potentially reducing the need to account for such effects in uncertainty budgets. Modern meters can now record and store a vast amount of flow measurementrelated data. The advances in electronics have not only enhanced data acquisition, but also digital signal processing, which enables more information to be obtained. This has allowed the detailed monitoring of all the recorded data to be used as diagnostic tools to identify any problems within the metering system and to complete a ‘health-check’ of the meter in operation. If measurements exceed accepted levels, then the system alerts an operator. These alarms can be time-dependent, which means any erroneous measurement will not be
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Technology
recorded as a fault until the software has confidence that the problem is real and not due to one instantaneous fault or error with the system. Another successful application of diagnostic software is the built-in remote access. Using a high-speed connection, the data produced from the meters can be accessed from anywhere in the world. This advantage cannot be overestimated, especially when multiple measurements are being taken over large distances or in harsh conditions. It may not be feasible to have experienced engineers at each metering location and the ability to review meter diagnostics in comfortable offices is an obvious advantage. This diagnostic information, coupled with the remote access feature, is of particular interest to industry worldwide as it gives confidence that the measurement systems are functioning correctly. Additionally, trending of the data over time can then also be used to provide regulators with information on the present state of meters, with the aim of reducing the need for recalibration. This is because instrument drift, since the calibration was last performed, is often a significant source of uncertainty, but is generally not well quantified. The use of such secondary diagnostics takes us a step closer to calibration-free utopia, because taking a fingerprint of the diagnostic parameters during calibration can provide a traceable link to meter
performance. Once the meter is installed for use in a process stream, checking the diagnostics can ensure no change or shift from the calibration, providing confidence that the calibration is successfully transferred to the operating location and conditions, thus reducing the need to account for such effects through the uncertainty budget. To help in the analysis of diagnostics, many manufacturers have developed proprietary software that has the ability to produce automatically generated reports. Using qualitative information about the flowing fluid and the embedded technical knowledge of the manufacturer, the resultant flowrate information can be reassessed and a confidence level applied. However, there are some situations where knowing a problem exists is still not good enough and diagnostics may again be used to help remedy the issue. Meters are being asked to measure in increasingly difficult circumstances, such as two or three phase flow, and this often leads to problems with mis-measurement. As there is significant financial exposure associated with inaccurate measurement, it is essential to improve upon current measurement practices to validate and include secondary flow information that can potentially help to resolve some of the measurement problems. For example, either by using additonal measurement techniques in conjunction with other primary methods
Instrument drift is often a significant source of uncertainty, but is generally not well quantified or secondary diagnostics, it may be possible to predict how much of a second phase is present. This effectively turns single phase devices into two or three phase meters. This may seem unlikely, but recent test work completed at the UK National Standard Flow Measurement Facilities at NEL and supported by the UK Government’s National Measurement System, shows promising results for ultrasonic meters tested with gas injection. By comparing the trends, corrections can potentially be created that can calculate gas content. This can be used to significantly reduce measurement error associated with gas entrainment in liquid flow. There is evidence and several published reports that prove diagnostic technologies can make a real contribution to operational efficiency, with end-users reaping the rewards. Furthermore, the use of diagnostic techniques will be essential in moving to the calibration-free utopia, by eliminating the need to account for many sources of uncertainty that are currently poorly quantified in existing uncertainty budgets. n
Eaton showcases all it has to offer in the Middle East market EATON PRESENTED ITS latest power management solutions at the first of Joining Ackland were several more of Eaton’s senior officials, such as its Middle East Technology Days in Dubai this month after opening a new president for Europe, Middle East and Africa Kurt McMaken; global headquarters in the same city last year. director of oil and gas Gardiner Henderson; and vice chairman and chief Attended by more than 600 operating office Thomas S Gross. customers and company partners, Gross commented, “I am the two-day event showcased tremendously excited about the Eaton’s latest products and opportunities that lie ahead in this innovations, which covered seven dynamic and fast-growing industry segments: oil and gas, market.” construction, aerospace, data Having worked in the Middle East centre and IT, utilities, solar as well for four decades, the power as vehicles. management company unveiled its Eaton general manager of Middle new regional headquarters in East, Frank Ackland, said, “My Dubai’s Jebel Ali Free Zone in vision is to establish Eaton as one November last year. of the premier power management “The recent opening of our new companies in the Middle East and regional headquarters and these Technology Days will be a manufacturing hub will be a key step in the journey towards platform to help supercharge our realising this goal and achieving growth moving forward,” added our Middle East revenue target of Gross. US$800mn by 2015.” Her Excellency Salma Ali Saif Saeed Bin Hareb, Economic Zones World chief With approximately 102,000 Her Excellency Salma Ali Saif employees and customers in more executive officer, opened Eaton’s Middle East Technology Days in Dubai. Saeed Bin Hareb, Economic Zones (Image source: Eaton) than 175 countries across the World chief executive officer, globe, Eaton has an impressive officially opened the Dubai Technology Days, which included 18 technical portfolio of UAE projects, including involvement in the development of seminars and private sessions led Eaton’s leading experts as well as an the Burj Khalifa, the Dubai Mall as well as Abu Dhabi’s Ferrari World exhibition of the company’s key power management solutions. and the Ruwais refinery. 42
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S09 ORME 1 2014 Tech Focus 01_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:07 Page 43
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Technology Operations monitoring and the key to improving plant performance, by Honeywell Process Solutions’ Chris Steams
Improving plant performance,
reliability and safety M ANY AUTOMATED INDUSTRIAL plants have now implemented some type of operations monitoring program. However, the effectiveness of these programs—the next logical step after alarm management—can be limited by the use of ad-hoc or standalone tools such as spreadsheet applications to evaluate process variables against operating limits, conduct plant data analysis and perform stewardship reporting. The following article describes the implementation of effective operations monitoring solutions for process industry facilities. New technology is available for systematically monitoring plant performance data and analysing deviations from operating plans. Becoming aware and reporting to the right people is key to achieving operational excellence.
Today’s operational challenges
For process plant owners, it is important to support control engineers, optimisation engineers and operators who are implementing best practices for operational excellence aimed at meeting the plant’s business and safety goals. Personnel must monitor a wide range of measurements and key performance indicators (KPIs) from plant and equipment at a production site, as well as maintain the required values of variables to meet operating objectives such as maximum yield, utmost efficiency and minimum emissions (See Fig. 1).
Understanding operating limits
An operating envelope is a collection of constraints, boundaries and operating limits in an industrial facility that, when exceeded, put the integrity of assets at risk. These limits are typically based on combinations of factors such as process unit capacity, equipment constraints and safety concerns. They can also be implemented for alarm systems and operating targets. According to the Abnormal Situation Management Consortium® (ASM®), ensuring operations remain within correct limits is central to avoiding many of the root causes of abnormal situations. 44
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Figure 1. For process plants, best practice operation means ensuring maximum yield, utmost efficiency and minimum emissions.
To maximise an asset’s life in an industrial facility, it must be operated according to design parameters and not simply within process safety limits. That means extending operating strategies beyond operator visibility to the entire operations team and all those interacting with the process. Without a complete limit management solution, operators lack the insight needed to run plants in operating envelope boundaries. Industrial sites typically employ multiple types of process control applications, each of which can be used to independently enter and control
To maximise the life of an asset in an industrial facility, it must be operated according to design parameters and not simply within process safety limits
respective targets, constraints or limits. Although these applications may relate to the same process measurements, the limits they use are sometimes inconsistent or conflicting. This can result in inefficient operation, costly process upsets and unplanned shutdowns. Various groups within the plant are responsible for maintaining safe operating limit information. As these variables are often system configuration parameters entered by humans, there is the possibility values may fall outside of the safety and compliance envelope. Additionally, some processes have dynamic safe operating limits that are continually changing, which is challenging for plant operators to manage. As these limits are adjusted for safety, reliability and optimisation reasons, staff across the facility must have current and updated exceedance reporting to effectively manage site performance.
Need to optimise performance Plant owners and operators are under continual pressure to optimise their facilities and processes. This means
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Technology
achieving greater productivity more efficiently with fewer resources. Data about plant performance is key to making smart operational decisions, but in most cases, operators have access only to piecemeal information about their units and processes—examining performance often in a vacuum.
Alarm rationalisation
Process industry facilities typically devote considerable resources to rationalising their alarm systems so operators can effectively manage the process and not just respond to alarms throughout the shift. Alarm rationalisation involves reconciling individual alarms against the principles and requirements of the alarm philosophy. It is important that the relevant data for each alarm is documented to support the other stages of the lifecycle. This includes the alarm description, settings, causes of an alarm, consequence of no action, required operator action, response time, consequence rating, and so on. A properly designed and well functioning alarm system is imperative to operational excellence initiatives, but it is not enough to simply operate within alarm boundaries. Operations managers need to know if units are running in a range that will assure production plans are met while staying within limits, which include (but are not limited to) equipment constraints, economic targets, environmental standards, safety system regulations and advanced process control strategies (See Fig. 2).
Value of operations monitoring
Many automated industrial plants have now implemented some type of operations monitoring program. These programs provide the tools for an operations department to establish and manage engineering limits and constraints, monitor performance to plan and limits, and to follow-up on performance problems. Operations monitoring is meant to address questions such as: 6 Are operating plans being met? 6 What are the safety, process, design, reliability and environmental limits, and are these limits in effect consistently? 6 If plans or limits are being violated, why? 6 How can process performance and unit reliability be improved? In many cases, operations monitoring programs make use of ad-hoc or standalone tools, such as spreadsheet applications or a combination of e-mail and printed reports, to evaluate process variables against operating limits, conduct 46
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plant data analysis and perform stewardship reporting. Because personal spreadsheets are generally not subject to the same rigid control standards as other IT applications, errors and omissions can occur, impacting the accuracy of information used to develop planning targets and identify environmental constraints. Without a central data repository, different individuals may apply different data as the basis for reporting and decisions. Spreadsheets may also limit access to daily operating information for the rest of the organisation. In addition, ad-hoc tools linked to plant historians can be a headache for IT to support. Spreadsheets are often inconsistently applied and difficult to keep up to date when the process or historian changes, or when their owner moves to a different job or site. Plus, they may not be well suited to following through on problems once identified. Although an historian itself captures a wealth of vital data, plant optimisation efforts will struggle without feedback from operations to put information regarding process limits, excursions, upsets and other activity in proper context.
Typical industry applications
Operations monitoring has evolved into an ongoing process employing advanced applications to proactively leverage fewer experts—using better technology—to focus on overall performance, often with the help of external vendors and partners. Today's virtual environment allows the enterprise to monitor each plant in realtime to achieve continuous learning and sustained improvement.
Plant owners and operators are under continual pressure to optimise their facilities and processes How the technology is used
In a typical process plant, operations monitoring can be used to monitor measured and calculated process tags against operating, safety and corrosion limits, as well as other indications of reliability. Such engineering limits typically do not change often and may have safety, environmental, or maintenance implications if they are violated. Another common use for operations monitoring is to evaluate process data and KPIs against planning limits. Planners frequently adjust operating ranges when production strategies, product grades, or feeds change in a process unit. These limits usually change frequently and can have economic implications. Violating planning limits can mean reduced product quality, the wrong production rate, missed shipments to customers, etc. (See Fig. 3). Operations monitoring helps automate tracking actual process performance every shift. Many plants benefit from improving how routine issues are handled, before they grow into problems. For example: 6 A de-salter in a crude unit is designed to operate at up to 350 degrees, but the corrosion rate increases noticeably when operated above 300 degrees. Systematically tracking excursions above 300 degrees and fixing the root
Figure 2. A properly designed and well-functioning alarm system is imperative to operational excellence initiatives.
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Technology
causes of the deviations will extend the life of the equipment. 6 A reboiler gradually fouls, reducing heat transfer and eventually limiting production. An anti-foulant is available but expensive, and the ideal injection rate is poorly understood. Monitoring the energy efficiency can help determine when an operator should look at the injection rate. 6 A purge rate needs to be temporarily increased to remove impurities from a column. Monitoring the purge rate and the yield helps ensure the purge valve will be reset at the right time, which will prevent an undesirable loss of production.
Latest monitoring solutions
Plant operations departments are rethinking their approach to operational excellence in order to realise the maximum benefit from ongoing technology developments. Instead of simply managing the effects of operating outside established boundaries, they are seeking to expose the operating envelope to all appropriate plant stakeholders and ensure it is well understood across operations and related organisations. Technology providers have historically offered operations monitoring applications as part of an overall operations management portfolio. Too often, however, this technology required users to accommodate a large hardware footprint, complex and costly server infrastructure and licensing, and extensive programming effort. This situation drove up the cost of operations monitoring programs and forced plant engineers to rely on less complicated “homegrown” monitoring techniques.
Alternative to spreadsheets
The current breed of operations monitoring solutions helps industrial organisations transition from labour-intensive, legacy plant performance spreadsheets to an automated and standardised system for facility-wide data collection, analysis, and reporting. This allows the enterprise to move beyond disjointed spreadsheets and difficult scripting languages, non-standard and inefficient processes, and inconsistent calculations requiring significant manual input. New software tools are intended to systematically monitor process plant performance data and summarise deviations from the operating plan. These tools are well suited for tracking operating performance against targets and highlighting problem areas. They are designed to fit into existing work processes and help operations teams institutionalise those procedures. 48
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Figure 3. Operations monitoring is commonly used to evaluate process data and KPIs against planning limits.
Plant data source integration
Today’s operations monitoring infrastructure may reside at level 3 or 4 of the plant network hierarchy, utilising industry-standard OPC data access to establish connections for retrieving realtime data from historians and various other data sources. Monitoring solutions employing browser-based displays can provide plant-wide access to monitoring results (See Fig. 4). A typical process plant might use an operations monitoring tool as follows: 6 Engineers, head operators, and other staff meet every few weeks or months to review reports and comments entered by operators when considering updates to safe operating limits throughout the plant. 6 Process data are monitored every few minutes. Any deviations outside operating limits are recorded. 6 Operators enter comments about important deviations by the end of the shift. 6 Monthly stewardship reports provide information such as the total number of deviations, the top ten tags in each unit with the most problems, and the top reasons why deviations occurred.
It is important that the relevant data for each alarm is documented to support the other stages of the lifecycle End user benefits
Operations monitoring to enable better decision-making is a growing necessity based on current plant operational demands. Even experienced operators may not know the best operating range for throughout or may fail to realise the consequences of operating outside of
targets. Furthermore, operations monitoring helps industrial facilities move to the next level of operational excellence by leveraging the inherent benefits of alarm management initiatives. Operations monitoring benefits come from a variety of sources, including: 6 Reduced number and severity of incidents 6 Reduced operating and maintenance costs through increased asset reliability 6 Better safety and environmental compliance 6 Increased operating margins through better fidelity to the operating plan An effective operations monitoring solution delivers these benefits by supporting a structured, systematic monitoring program. Engineers can utilise the latest software technology to monitor process values and record anything outside of the normal range, as well as scan, filter and consider these deviations in context. Operators and engineers can then assign reasons and comments to the deviations, while managers assess actual performance and set priorities based on associated reports. In addition, IT professionals can take advantage of operations monitoring as part of an integrated plant information system allowing them to minimise administration costs, access process data from plant historians, and reduce capital and implementation costs with a common architecture across business applications.
Conclusion
Improving operational performance and reliability requires a team effort by operators, engineers, and various other specialists within the plant. These people will benefit from operations monitoring solutions that build on alarm management efforts and improve their ability to monitor the performance of processes and operating assets to make profitable operational decisions for both the short and long term. ■
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Technology
US clarifies position on partial suspension of Iran sanctions WITH ALL EYES pinned on the negotiations to decide the future of US sanctions on Iran, global law firm Clyde & Co’s Patrick Murphy, Catherine West, and Rupert Gordon give an update on progress so far. Clyde & Co recently attended sanctions briefing sessions addressed by a US State Department official in London and a US Department of Treasury official in Dubai. At the briefings, the officials emphasised the US’ commitment to implementing its obligations under the joint plan of action (JPOA) agreed between the P5+1 in Geneva in on 24 November 2013 and clarified the US position on the temporary and limited relaxation of its sanctions against Iran. The overall message is that the US will continue vigorously to enforce its sanctions legislation and stands equally ready to progress towards the further relaxation of sanctions against Iran or to pass more restrictive measures, as appropriate depending on Iran’s compliance with its commitments under the JPOA. Key points The headline points highlighted at the briefings were: 6 The temporary relaxations of US sanctions legislation will expire on 20 July 2014 unless extended. 6 If no extension is announced by 20 June 2014 then an extension is unlikely and harsher new sanctions may be introduced instead. 6 All business pursuant to the limited relaxations must be completed, including payment having been received, by 20 July 2014. 6 The suspension of US sanctions applies only to non-US persons, with the exception of humanitarian and civil aviation equipment transactions. 6 The restrictions on trade with designated persons are unchanged. 6 US sanctions legislation in general continues to be vigorously enforced. 6 Up to US$4.2bn in blocked funds is eligible for release to Iran. 6 Since 20 January 2014, EU insurers may underwrite the carriage of Iranian petroleum products. However, it remains unclear whether doing so would place an insurer in breach of US sanctions if the vessel’s destination is a country other than China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan or Turkey. Context As part of their commitments to implement the JPOA, the US and EU enacted legislation on 20 January 2014 which allows for temporary and limited relief from trade sanctions against Iran. The JPOA provides the framework for the eventual lifting of all UN, US and EU sanctions aimed at preventing Iran’s development of nuclear weapons. The US Department of State and US Treasury officials emphasised that the JPOA is not an acceptable endpoint for either side, though it does provide space for negotiation to take place towards a comprehensive resolution. Necessarily, the reliefs in the 20 January 2014 legislation are temporary, limited and reversible. In common with the reliefs under EU legislation, the US reliefs under the JPOA will expire on 20 July 2014, unless extended by further legislation, meaning the restrictions will then revert to their previous form. The reliefs are in practice rather limited in scope, as further described below. The US officials also noted that if there is no further progress by 20 June 2014, extension of the six-month JPOA period is unlikely, and the US Government may instead move to impose tougher sanctions than were previously in place. It is likely these would extend much further towards a blanket ban on all trade with Iran. There has been concern that the US Congress could destabilise the situation by passing tougher sanctions legislation irrespective of progress under the JPOA. The officials noted that Congress now appears to accept that diplomacy should be allowed to take its course, besides which the President of the US reconfirmed in his State of the Union speech that he would exercise his veto if necessary to prevent the premature enactment of new sanctions against Iran.
Clyde & Co legal director Patrick Murphy Substance of the relief As noted, the relief from US sanctions is fairly limited in scope. It extends in large part to non-US persons only and to: 1. The export of petrochemical products from Iran (not including petroleum products or natural gas condensate). This includes the provision of “associated services”, including any insurance, transportation or financial service. 2. The provision of goods and services to the automotive sector in Iran The US officials emphasised that this allows for the export of car kits to Iran, subject always to compliance with the requirement to avoid contact with designated persons, which include Iran’s container port operator. 3. Trade in gold/precious metals It was noted that the relief only allows Iran to purchase gold with funds outside Iran that are not in “oil fund” accounts. The sums held in escrow in oil fund accounts will still have to be retained there. 4. Supply and installation of civil aviation equipment While the JPOA states that such relief applies “in Iran”, the US officials confirmed that supply and installation of civil aviation equipment outside Iran is also permitted. US and non-US persons may obtain a licence to supply and install such equipment within the JPOA period. 5. Transport of petroleum products The US sanctions permit the import of Iranian crude oil by China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Turkey at the combined rate of 1mn bpd. Payments for Iranian crude oil imports are to remain in the blocked “oil fund” accounts outside Iran, but up to US$4.2bn of the funds currently held on such accounts may be released to Iran. Until 20 July 2014, it is permitted to provide insurance and other “associated services” relating to the import of crude oil by persons in the six permitted importer countries. There is a discrepancy between the reliefs implemented by the US and by the EU regarding insurance of crude oil transportation, and there is also a concern that parties may be unfairly affected if coverage of an insured event which occurs within the JPOA period becomes unlawful beyond 20 July 2014. The US Government is considering these and other issues and may issue further guidance in due course.
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Technology 3D design software and digital mock-up producers Dassault Systèmes discuss plans to open up Middle East business.
Dassault Systèmes to unlock
Middle East potential E urope's second largest software company Dassault Systèmes has revealed plans to focus on the Middle East oil and gas sector after opening its first regional office last March. The new Dubai office has given Dassault Systèmes a prime position in which to target what it sees as great opportunities for its 3DExperience Platform software. Dassault Systèmes managing director of western Europe Olivier Leteurtre said, “We decided to invest in the region because we believe in its huge growth potential. We decided to settle here to support the rapid development with sustainable, efficient and innovative technology.”
It's strategic for Dassault Systèmes to invest, develop and to be a part of the Middle East adventure” He added, “We have huge plans for the Middle East. It's strategic for Dassault Systèmes to invest, develop and to be a part of the Middle East adventure.” Made up of digital capabilities as well as 3D and PLM business applications, the 3DExperience platform allows clients to virtually design, simulate and create in a
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Dassault Systèmes managing director of western Europe, Olivier Leteurtre collaborative environment. According to Dassault Systèmes this reduces waste while optimizing production processes. The platform aims to put the customer at the heart of the creation process and boasts the advantage of allowing access at any stage of creation, whether that is on site, online, via mobile or in cloud storage. Leteurtre summarises the advantages of the 3DExperience software in two words: ‘sustainable innovation’. He explained that by creating a virtual prototype of a structure,
such as an offshore oil rig, operators are able to simulate processes which aid in the maintenance, safety and refurbishment of the asset as well as training workers. “Any product, from a bottle of shampoo to an offshore oil platform, needs to be designed in 3D,” said Leteurtre. “Once this is done you also need to simulate all the processes, whether it comes to the construction or the operation of the asset and that’s where we deliver high value.” By simulating operation processes, the client can also use the virtual model for training purposes. Before any planned maintenance operation on the structure workers can first carry it out virtually. Additionally Dassault Systèmes’ technology allows clients to perform what it calls a ‘What If’ scenario. By simulating that, for example, a pump fails dangers can be anticipated and risks reduced. Dassault Systèmes has claimed there is also an environmental and financial advantage to 3D modelling innovations in that it helps limit the amount of surplus resources that might otherwise be wasted. “We can precisely anticipate what will be needed to build a structure in terms of concrete, materials, resources and transportation,” Leteurtre explained. Sales vice president for EMEA Fabrice Mekersi concluded, “We don't want to sell a product, we don't want to sell technology, we want to sell the total experience.” ■
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ď&#x192;¨ Technology
Making formation evaluation safer
and more efficient Multi-functional, sourceless LWD tool facilitates safer, more efficient formation evaluation, by Roger Griffiths and Nicole Reichel, Schlumberger.
F
ORMATION EVALUATION, THE science of using measurements to better understand reservoir characteristics such as porosity, water saturation and permeability, is the foundation of any successful reservoir exploration program. The use of logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements, notably density and neutron measurements, have become critically important in formation-evaluation workflows as industry continues to venture into more complex fields where the operational challenges in an already-risky business are especially high. For operators, that translates to the need for tools and technologies that provide reliable real-time data in ways that are cost-effective and efficient, but also promote employee safety and environmental stewardship. The oil and gas industry has long and successfully relied on the use of chemical sources, or radioisotopes, for formation-evaluation LWD tools using two key methods. Gamma-gamma density (GGD) measurements use the scattering of gamma rays from a radioisotopic source with a 30.17-year half-life to determine formation density. An Americium/Beryllium (Am-Be) neutron-emitting source with a half-life of 432 years has traditionally been used to measure neutron porosity.
While LWD tools using radioisotopes have proved to be reliable and precise, they also present significant health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks associated with transportation, loading and unloading, deployment and storage of the chemical sources. Such risks are time-consuming, costly and dangerous to mitigate, particularly in remote areas. Heightened concern about the environmental impact of chemical sources has resulted in increasingly stringent operational guidelines and regulations. These more stringent regulations make continued use of chemical nuclear sources more difficult, especially in Europe, notably Italy, China, the US and some areas of the Middle East. Furthermore, if the bottomhole assembly is lost and the chemical sources cannot be retrieved, compliance with additional regulations and procedures adds further cost and operational complexity. These risks and limitations have pushed the industry to develop a sourceless method for acquiring neutron and formation density measurements that eliminates the logistical difficulties and risk associated with the use of radioisotopes. A solution has been found in a new sourceless, multi-functional LWD service that determines both formation density and neutron porosity as part of a comprehensive suite of measurements in a single 26-ft. (7.9-m) collar. The technology has been successfully deployed to deliver highquality formation evaluation data in challenging wells worldwide.
The Search for Sourceless
Radioisotope chemical nuclear sources were first used to acquire neutron and formation density measurements in 1942 and 1959
Figure 1: Sketch of the multi-function LWD tool that acquires a comprehensive suite of measurements (left) and nuclear detector configuration (right) used to acquire several sourceless nuclear measurements.
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respectively. These chemical sources are used in determination of formation porosity and fluid content by comparing density and neutron porosity measurements. Because this was the most reliable method for determining formation porosity and fluid content, the industry for many years accepted the HSE risks associated with the transport, deployment and storage of the chemical sources. So critical have chemical sources been to successful formation evaluation, that the density and neutron measurements, together with formation resistivity, have become known in the industry as the “triple combo,” the minimum suite of measurements required to evaluate porosity, water saturation and ultimately hydrocarbons in place. Sourceless formation evaluation has long been an industry objective. In the 1960s, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which responds exclusively to hydrogen in pore fluids, initially showed some potential as a sourceless method for evaluating porosity. However, relying only on the NMR hydrogen index for full formation evaluation presented a number of limitations, including underpolarization and the presence of unknown fluid characteristics. In addition, very short or long decay rates that fall outside the measurement sensitivity can result in inaccurate evaluation. The subsequent development of a sourceless method to measure density and neutron porosity for formation evaluation eliminates the risks associated with chemical sources in challenging offshore and onshore environments. In addition, the sourceless density and neutron data can be cross-validated in the traditional manner and applied to existing workflows. Therefore it delivers rigorous quality control and minimal disruption to existing field evaluation while enhancing operational efficiency.
Pulsed-Neutron Generator
The foundation of the new service is the pulsed-neutron generator (PNG), a technology that has been used for decades in wireline tools and, more recently, in LWD tools. The PNG emits high-energy neutrons on demand, which then interact with the formation before being counted in the near and far neutron detectors, just as they do when using a chemical source. These high-energy neutrons also travel slightly farther through the formation, providing a neutron measurement that is deeper than that acquired using a chemical neutron source. As an added safety benefit, no neutrons are generated when the power is turned off. The PNG only fires neutrons when the turbine is rotating and safety conditions are satisfied. Inelastic collisions between high-energy neutrons and atomic nuclei in the formation trigger the emission of gamma rays over a volume within the formation. Compton scattering of these gamma rays provides formation density information in exactly the same way as when a chemical source is used in the traditional GGD measurement. However, in this case, the gamma rays have been initiated by neutron interactions rather than a radioisotopic source, resulting in a sourceless neutron-gamma density (SNGD) measurement. Subsequent interaction of the PNG neutrons with nuclei in the formation slows them to thermal energy level. Elastic collisions are then dominated by the presence of hydrogen, providing the foundation of the sourceless neutron porosity measurement. Ultimately, the neutrons are captured by nuclei in the formation, triggering the release of another set of gamma rays that are diagnostic of the nuclei from which they are released. These capture gamma rays enable determination of the elemental composition of the formation, which is then transformed into the dry weight and subsequent volumetric mineral proportions that provide quantitative mineralogy measurements. This principle is called elemental capture gamma-ray spectroscopy. The time-dependent behavior of the neutron capture acquired during the quiet period between the neutron bursts is diagnostic of the thermal neutron decay rate. This measurement is related to the chloride content in the formation and is more commonly known as formation Sigma.
Full Suite of Measurements
Figure 2: Using the attenuation of neutron-induced gamma rays to measure the electron density of the formation.
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The NeoScope* sourceless multi-functional LWD service provides a comprehensive suite of measurements, including a recently introduced radioisotope-free bulk density. Five of the acquired measurements—neutron-gamma density, thermal-neutron porosity, elemental capture spectroscopy, capture cross-section sigma, and 2 megahertz and 400 kilohertz propagation resistivity— are collocated on the collar. The thermal neutron capture crosssection (sigma) measurement uses the chloride content of the formation water to determine water saturation independent of resistivity in saline environments. Other measurements include azimuthal natural gamma ray, ultrasonic caliper, annular pressure and temperature, triaxial shock and vibration and near-bit borehole inclination. The nuclear measurements evaluate the same formation volume under the same static and dynamic conditions simultaneously. All measurements are significantly closer to the drill bit than if they were spread out over several tool systems run in tandem. The shorter distance to the drill bit is an important advantage when using real-time measurements for making geosteering decisions. In addition, the reduced time between drilling and measurement allows for a more accurate and relevant determination of the formation properties. With the development of sourceless density and neutron measurements, operators can apply existing petrophysical models developed for field evaluation, normally refined over a period of
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Technology
Figure 3: Comprehensive sourceless formation evaluation, showing drilling related measurements, ultrasonic caliper, gamma ray and array resistivity measurements, the sourceless nuclear measurements of neutron-gamma density, neutron porosity, elemental capture spectroscopy and sigma. The integrated interpretation of this sourceless measurement suite provides comprehensive formation evaluation including porosity, fluid identification, saturations, and relative permeabilities. years. Operators can obtain a complete understanding of the formation, including porosity evaluation, fluid identification, saturation determination and permeability estimates.
Successful Application in Egypt
In Egypt, Schlumberger worked with an operator to successfully deploy the multi-functional sourceless LWD technology to obtain high-quality petrophysical and geological data in a difficult directional exploration well in the western desert. In this case, poor borehole conditions prevented wireline tools from reaching the target interval. The NeoScope service was selected because it is capable of providing the full suite of petrophysical measurements and can be delivered to well site faster than a tool requiring mobilization of a chemical nuclear source. This saves time and eliminates the transport and handling risks associated with chemical sources. Using sourceless neutron-porosity and sourceless neutron-gammadensity measurements, the system provided 1,774 feet (540 meters) of high-quality data, including the oil-bearing sandstone reservoir section of approximately five per cent porosity. When compared to porosity and density measurements using chemical nuclear sources, the sourceless neutron gamma density data and other measurements performed favorably along the interval. This measurement quality enabled the operator to complete the formation evaluation of the well. An imaging-while-drilling service was used in conjunction with
the sourceless service to provide quantitative, high-resolution array resistivity measurements and high-quality images to determine bedding planes and identify natural and drilling-induced fractures. The unique integration of the sourceless formation evaluation service with the quantitative laterolog resistivity measurements and images enabled the operator to quickly gain precise formation data across the full open hole section, despite the well’s poor borehole conditions. The operator was also able to significantly reduce HSE risk and achieve greater operational efficiency, ultimately saving seven days and USD$200,000. The NeoScope sourceless LWD service has been used for exploration drilling and in unconventional plays for better well placement and to optimize completion quality. The ability to acquire density and neutron measurements without the use of radioisotopic sources marks the achievement of a long-sought industry goal to develop a safer, more cost-effective and efficient formation evaluation workflow. Sourceless technology enhances reservoir characterization, reduces HSE risks and improves operational efficiency, all of which are essential for the comprehensive formation evaluation and understanding required to successfully explore and produce today’s complex reservoirs. ■
*Mark of Schlumberger Images Courtesy of Schlumberger
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HEMPADUR 35900 Tailored coatings for protection for: Tanks in chemical/petrochemical plants Landbased storage tanks Tanks in oil refineries Landbased potable water tanks and pipelines Cargo oil/water storage tanks on floating production systems Cargo oil tanks on crude oil tankers Tanks for chemicals and veg. oils on chemical tankers
HEMPEL
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Technology ď&#x192;§ Graham Ashley from global surveillance solutions business Synectics gives an overview of emerging and predicted surveillance trends across the Middle East oil and gas markets.
CCTV: a surveillance trends
snapshot T
HE MIDDLE EAST oil and gas industry is growing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; significantly so. The region has the largest proven crude oil reserves, 40 per cent of global natural gas reserves, and dominates the global energy market. Qatar alone accounted for two per cent of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oil production last year and is the single largest supplier of liquefied natural gas. In terms of the overall energy market, the Middle East is also ahead of the game in terms of looking at alternative energy plants. With so much activity, particularly downstream, it is little wonder that security, and in particular surveillance, is also a market experiencing growth in the Middle East. Look back just ten years ago, projects, though substantial, were much smaller in comparison to now, and their security requirements were very much based on monitoring process rather than plant security. Not anymore. While process monitoring on site - particularly of key hazardous area locations - is still key, overall plant security has really stepped up in terms of a priority.
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This is a challenge. Why? Because of modern project complexity and scale. Connecting offshore, onshore and pipeline locations to ensure footage from all areas can be accessed, monitored and controlled from set central locations is demanding, particularly when you throw harsh temperatures, low/no light and hazardous environments into the mix. This is why integration has become so crucial. Meeting the modern security challenges for Middle East oil and gas developments demands a cohesive approach. A successful surveillance solution must be open platform and capable of connecting with a whole host of site critical, third party systems such as access control, process control, ANPR, chemical detection, emergency response and even radar. What’s even more important is the ability to do useful things with the resulting video, alarms and data, to help reduce risk or mitigate impact should incidents occur. In this sense it’s not just about collecting information, it’s about collating, filtering and combining it to create customised alarms which enable meaningful action, for example triggering emergency response protocols on screen for a worker to follow. Integration is also important in terms of connecting old and new. While the Middle East is forward thinking, the region’s long production history means that a key focus for security is upgrading existing legacy sites that have evolved or expanded over time, particularly so in Qatar and Saudi. While the dominant surveillance trend for new developments, or new sections of existing developments, is for HD IP-based systems, there are still a huge number of analogue cameras in operation. The scale of some sites combined with budget restrictions means that replacement of analogue cameras in these volumes is simply not feasible. Ensuring they can be integrated with more modern technologies is. Blending old and new in this way is likely to be a trend that continues for the foreseeable future. The Middle East is no exception when it comes to keeping costs low. For surveillance solutions, this means a number of deliverables are highly sought after. Lower power consumption is one example. Considering the vast sites that utilise thousands of cameras, keeping energy consumption down to a minimum is essential and has led to increased interest in technologies such as solar powered cameras. Secondly, the volume of visual data created by monitoring such expansive sites means there is increased demand for technology that delivers a smaller footprint (to save space and cost) but with increased storage capacity. The ability to record more
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Pipelines need to be kept under surveillance too footage and store it longer, using less power, is fast becoming a standard requirement. As mentioned earlier, downstream projects are dominating growth in the region and central to that is an increased emphasis on pipelines. The Abu Dhabi Inter Refineries Pipeline (IRP) project, which will see more than 900-km of pipeline connect refineries with distribution terminals, is the ‘poster’ example of this at present.
There is increased demand for technology that delivers a smaller footprint With a pipeline network such as this, vast sections have no light, no power and are unmanned. Even a relatively small section of pipeline could involve a broad mix of fixed and PTZ short, medium and long range cameras; some thermal, some hazardous area, some solar powered and some with stand-alone storage capacity. In situations like these, the key is to connect all the disparate elements by integrating them into a single surveillance system that allows authorised personnel to access, monitor and control footage, while also integrating to essential third party systems such as access control, perimeter security and emergency alarms. In addition to pipelines, the marine sector is showing significant signs of growth and opportunity. The shipping market in the Middle East is strong and the need to protect valuable shipping assets is a priority. One of the major trends to track in surveillance technology is protection against piracy. Unfortunately, piracy is a growing
concern for the oil and gas market. Consequently there are already signs of a growing demand for surveillance solutions with radar integration capabilities that enable rapid vessel detection, generate alarms and assist with response protocols to evade threat. This is still in its infancy but is an area that is likely to develop over the coming years. The market may also see an increase in demand for surveillance solutions that integrate with radio systems and mobile devices and give secure control to authorised staff on site. While the importance of protecting unmanned areas will remain, staff who are on site become valuable on-the-ground assets. The combination of traditional surveillance monitoring and control capabilities with more recent developments in handheld technology designed to support staff in their security roles, makes perfect sense. The Middle East oil and gas markets are extremely buoyant. Major projects are announced regularly and as such, demand for integrated end-to-end surveillance control systems is high. The over-arching trend is for HD IP-based solutions and, where upgrades or expansions are taking place, for analogue cameras to be integrated and not replaced. The complex nature of projects here, as well as their sheer scale, means that integration with multiple third party systems is essential, as is facilitating secure monitoring and control of systems from remote locations. Surveillance solutions that connect technologies, assets and data to enable rapid assessment of threats, hazards and actual events – and that subsequently aid personnel in their response – will continue to thrive. ■
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Aiming for marine and environmental excellence HELD UNDER THE patronage of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, the Offshore Arabia Conference & Exhibition addresses challenges and advances in the energy, oil and gas sector. This year’s event will be held in Dubai from 3-5 March. In keeping with the theme for 2014, ‘Regional Oil Spill Prevention & Preparedness’, key note speakers from a wide range of sectors will highlight the issues of the oil and gas sector to chemical and other harmful substances, spill prevention, response, protection, contamination of marine and coastal environment/ crises and disaster management. The marine and shipping industry’s global and regional environmental issues will also be addressed as well as climate change, new technologies and renewable energy. The exhibition will provide an opportunity for companies to showcase state-of-the-art know-how and technology, reflecting their commitment to the marine environment. This year, the 'Environmental Awards' will provide an opportunity to honour companies that have contributed towards the protection, safety and betterment of the environment. These awards have received acclaim on both regional and international levels. The Environmental awards ceremony will take place on the evening of 4 March as part of a prestigious dinner that will host regional and international VIP's, dignitaries and prominent leaders of the industry. This will be a truly high level event, celebrating the importance of working towards the environmental goals committed to by the industry.
“In this challenging business environment, new companies are emerging and new markets are being developed presenting plenty of opportunities. But where are those opportunities, how can we identify them, and how can we avoid falling into the same traps that have caused so much instability and uncertainty over the past few years? Offshore Arabia 2014 is the only platform where east meets west, we are aware of the increasing business challenges and strategic decisions, thus we offer improved initiatives here that can be realised,” said Omar Awad Omar Al-Wasem, chairman of the board – Regional Clean Sea Organization (Recso) and chairman – Offshore Arabia 2014.
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GEO 2014 Date: 9-12 March Venue: Manama, Bahrain
Science beyond the
conventional
This specialised geosciences event with in-depth ancillaries opens in Bahrain in March and is expected to attract more than 3,600 senior industry professionals.
R
ISING DEMAND MEANS that the Gulf’s already massive hydrocarbon output is required to soar even higher. “This presents a major challenge to scientists working in the Middle East” say the organisers of GEO 2014. “The rewards for success are obvious, and the region’s governments are keen to progress via strategic collaborations, technological innovations and shared
experience.” On a general theme of “Taking geoscience beyond the conventional” the 11th Middle East Geosciences Conference runs from 9-12 March in Bahrain’s International Convention Centre, running on five parallel tracks and under the patronage of the Kingdom’s Prime Minister himself. An associated products and services exhibition opens on the 10th. Some 200 Technical (spoken)
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presentations are expected this year, with almost as many Posters again. A wide selection of training workshops and field trips (listed below, mostly at extra cost) are available before the main presentations, and all categories of petroleum geologist, geophysicist and other E&P scientist, from audiovisual specialists to reservoir engineers and well loggers, are invited. GEO events are always particularly popular with professionals from Bahrain and the KSA. The full technical programme – details of times and presenters with the organisations they represent – is available on the website, where a useful one-page summary can be consulted too. The major issues to be covered on the three days of the conference itself will be as follows; the detailed contents of each being listed in brief in handy double-page summary form on the site; look for the “Topics” page: • Engaging future generations • Reservoir characterisation • Advances in seismic technologies • Advances in non-seismic • Integration and next-generation technologies • Petrophysics • Geological studies and basin modelling • E&P • Harvesting unconventional and challenging resources • Roles and responsibilities of geoscience in the environment, safety • Rift basin exploration • Rock physics After the all-interests Plenary session on 9 March, and co-timed with up to four Technical tracks on the following days, lengthy roundtable Panel sessions taking place in Room 2 at the BIEC Centre this year will be as follows: • Emerging exploration plays in the Middle East and Africa (10 March, am) • Reality or myth? The future of unconventional resources in the Middle East (10 March, pm) • Keeping up with rising gas demand – Challenges and solutions (11 March, am) • People-development challenges (11 March, pm) • Next generation of upstream technologies (12 March, am) As usual this year’s biannual GEO event is being organised by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in association with Europe’s SEG and EAGE non-profits. Major field operators and NOCs in the region are supporting the event, along with the professional geoscience associations in Bahrain and most neighbouring countries*. The trade exhibition alongside is again being staged 62
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www.geo2014.com
A number of extended multi-day field trips are being organised in association with local operators by AEM/Arabian Exhibition Management (essential contact details and the main GEO website itself are all listed below. The 1-2 day Short Courses on offer this year, mostly at extra cost, and all ahead of the main event in the Centre, include: • Basic tools for shale exploration • Fractured and unconventional reservoir modelling • Explorational rock physics and seismic reservoir prediction • Fundamentals of seismic acquisition and processing • Understanding seismic anisotropy in exploration and exploitation
• Tectonics of the Arabian Plate petroleum systems from basin to prospect and field scales • Physio-deltaic-shallow marine environments and their products In addition a number of extended multi-day field trips are being organised in association with local operators, to acquaint scientists from other parts of the petroleum-producing world with the characteristics of as much of the entire region as possible. All at extra cost, these will visit sites as far away as Kuwait and the head of the Gulf. ■
*Dhahran Geoscience Society; Bahrain Geoscience Society; Emirates Society of Geoscientists; Geological Society of Oman; Qatar Geological Society For full details including costs visit www.geo2014.com or call AAPG in Dubai on +971 4 372 4201 (conference) or AEM in Bahrain on +973 1755 0033 (exhibition)
Exhibitors’ feedback on GEO 2012 “… truly beneficial. We met contacts and new clients were made. A positive outcome” CGG Veritas
“well organised exhibition which gave us excellent opportunities …” Qatar Petroleum
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Paradigm reports rapid adoption of SKUA PARADIGM® ANNOUNCED THAT its advanced SKUA® (Subsurface Knowledge Unified Approach) volume-based modeling system had a rapid rate of new software adoption in 2013. Additionally, organisations using Paradigm® GOCAD® are apparently upgrading to SKUA, as they see value in the combined strengths of GOCAD and SKUA technologies to address their most challenging geological settings, Paradigm said in a statement. The company says its software suite ensures better field development and more reliable reservoir prediction through true www.pdgm.com collaboration and geological integrity. SKUA uses a radically different volume-based 3D modeling approach that removes all limitations and deformations caused by conventional methods. The unique technology uses all available data and honors basic geologic rules to build more accurate, simple-to-complex subsurface models. Based on the proprietary Paradigm UVT Transform® algorithm, the SKUA software suite reduces modeling times from months to days, and the integration of all interpretation results exponentially increases accuracy. Growth in 2013 was driven by significant new global business wins. While the entire Paradigm product suite has apparently seen broad acceptance, customers like Petrogal Brasil and SCDM Energie have responded with particular interest in differentiated technologies around seismic interpretation and modeling, including SKUA. “As the world’s oil and gas reservoirs continue to grow in complexity, geoscientists and interpreters need a solution that honours that complexity for any geology,” said Indy Chakrabarti, SVP of Strategy and Commercialisation at Paradigm. “With SKUA, subsurface models more accurately resemble a reservoir for any fault structure and stratigraphic system without simplifying the interpretation or leaving out valuable data. Our oil and gas customers worldwide are seeing tremendous value in this new approach to 3D modeling and are using it for both traditional and advanced interpretation of the subsurface in search of hydrocarbon reservoirs globally.”
BAPCO’s output soars BAPCO'S REFINERY PROCESSED 96.3mn barrels of crude last year, an increase of 9.6 per cent over the previous year, the company announced recently. Bapco chairman and acting chief executive Adel Khalil Almoayyed said refining activities were once again the focus of performance optimisation efforts, with a number of notable results last year, reported the Gulf Daily News. "In January last year, the refinery processed 271,807 bpd, the highest record in its history. The Sitra facility processed an average of 263,829 bpd of crude sourced both domestically as well as imported from Saudi Arabia," he stated. "This compares favourably with the budgeted www.bapco.com.bh crude run of 254,407 bpd, an increase of 9.6 per cent or additional 3.4mn barrels of crude processed last year," observed Almoayyed. "This excellent performance was a result of high on-stream factor for the crude units and the dedication of the operations, maintenance and support staff in ensuring trouble-free operations," he remarked. "In addition, the record was achieved due to the early start-up of crude units subjected to planned turnaround and inspections (T&I), which is a testament to world-class performance in completing the T&I in the shortest possible time," he said. 64
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A new standard for seismic operations THE SECOND VESSEL in the Ramform Titan class, the Ramform Atlas was celebrated in a naming ceremony in Nagasaki, Japan recently. To Petroleum Geophysical Services ASA (PGS), safety, efficiency and productivity are the most important features of the new, 24streamer vessel. The ceremony took place at the MHI yard in Nagasaki. The vessel will typically tow a network of several hundred thousand recording sensors over an area greater than 12 km2, equivalent to 3.5 times Central Park.
The Ramform Titan According to PGS, the Ramform Titan class is the most powerful and efficient marine seismic acquisition vessel ever and the widest ship in the world at the waterline. Safety and productivity have been the main focus points for her design. Ramform Atlas is the second of four such vessels to be built in Japan. Her sister ship, the Ramform Titan, has been operating very successfully since its delivery in April 2013. The design dovetails advanced maritime technology to the imaging capabilities of the GeoStreamer® seismic acquisition technology. Her 70 meter broad stern is fully exploited with 24 streamer reels: 16 reels aligned abreast and eight reels further forward. Increased work space and advanced equipment mean safer and even more robust operations. For PGS and its clients, more rapid deployment and retrieval of equipment, as well as greater operational capacity will translate into faster completion of surveys and increased uptime in marginal weather. The period between major yard stays is also extended by 50 per cent.
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Advanced technology to the desktop RESOPTIMA IS AN independent technology company delivering software solutions and consultancy services for reservoir engineering challenges such as history matching, uncertainty assessment and production optimization. The company’s family of integrated reservoir modeling tools empower the subsurface asset-team with advanced end-to-end workflows that apparently drastically improve the reliability of reservoir models and enable oil companies to use reservoir model predictions as key input material to investment and operational decisions. The integrated suite of Petrel plug-ins from Resoptima provides easy-to-use, technically rich and powerful solutions for integrated reservoir modeling challenges. The Resoptima suite brings advanced technology to the desktop, empowering the subsurface asset-team with end-to-end workflows that drastically improve the reliability of reservoir models, and enable oil companies to use reservoir model predictions as key input material to investment and operational decisions.
Targeting unconventional resources CGG HAS RELEASED HRS-9/R2, an upgrade to its intuitive and interactive Hampson-Russell HRS-9 reservoir characterization software suite. It builds on HRS-9, launched in 2012, by offering geoscientists new capabilities focusing on unconventional resources. A completely new module named ProAZ will increase the effectiveness of well planning in fractured reservoirs and unconventional resource plays by helping interpreters map fractures and other forms of anisotropy. ProAZ can generate common-offset/common-azimuth and common-angle/common-azimuth gathers. It also analyzes azimuthal variations in AVO amplitudes to infer the intensity and orientation of natural fracture swarms. Multi-component interpretation involves identifying key geologic markers on the PP wave and PS wave datasets; but deciding which PS horizons match individual PP horizons can be challenging. ProMC now includes an interactive graph of Vp/Vs ratios which is displayed while picking horizons on PS volumes so that the interpreter receives instant interactive feedback on whether or not the PS horizon picking is correct for faster and more accurate interpretation. Further refinement to the joint inversion of PP and PS volumes is provided through a new option for an automatically computed, variable Vs/Vp ratio (Gamma). Any well log attribute for horizontal wells can now be overlaid on seismic volumes and displayed as a log curve or colour infill. This functionality is vital for the many horizontal wells that are typical of shale and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) projects. In a subsequent release later in 2014, Hampson-Russell will add the ability to extract sampled attributes from seismic volumes along horizontal well paths. HRS-9 now includes ready-made tools for computing volumes of geomechanical properties, of particular benefit for well and completion planning in resource plays. Embedded in the seismic utilities module, these tools calculate volumes of properties such as Young’s Modulus, Brittleness and Closure Stress Ratio from pre-stack inversion results. These properties are increasingly supplied as an end-product to reservoir engineers for optimizing well placement in shale plays.
Predicted fracture intensity and direction displayed by color coded platelets.
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Surface aquisition system SCHLUMBERGER HAS INTRODUCED the MS Recon* high-fidelity microseismic surface acquisition system. This new microseismic system for surface and shallow grid microseismic surveys provides improved imaging of the hydraulic fracture geometry by optimizing the microseismic signal quality. “The new microseismic surface acquisition system addresses the challenges of detecting small microseismic signals emitted during hydraulic fracturing at the surface and near-surface locations,” said Joseph Elkhoury, vice president and general manager, Microseismic Services, Schlumberger. “The MS Recon system improves signal-to-noise ratio during acquisition enabling the detection of many more microseismic events than conventional systems. This provides our customers with a better understanding of their stimulation operations, allowing them to optimize completion design and potentially increase production.”
MS Recon The microseismic system features an industry-first proprietary geophone accelerometer and ultra-low noise electronics to produce the widest range of signal detectability in the industry. The nodal-based wireless acquisition system also provides customers increased flexibility in designing and deploying the surface and near-surface arrays. GPSsynchronized data are acquired continuously and transmitted to a realtime operations support center, providing customers with data processing and expert interpretation. In field trials conducted at an operator wellsite in Texas, the MS Recon system and a conventional system were deployed to monitor hydraulic fracture treatments in a horizontal shale completion. The field data analysis concluded the microseismic system improved the sensitivity to smaller microseismic events by boosting the signal-to-noise ratio more than two-fold compared to the conventional system.
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Under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bahrain
The Middle East's Premier Geoscience Event
11th Middle East Geosciences Conference and Exhibition Conference: 9 – 12 March 2014 • Exhibition: 10 – 12 March 2014 Bahrain International Exhibition and Convention Centre Conference enquiries Worldwide azubaidi@aapg.org
Exhibition enquiries Middle East fawzi@aeminfo.com.bh
www.Geo2014.com
International aridgway@oesallworld.com
Far East gerald@iemallworld.com
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Courses are of interest to all geologists, geophysicists, and engineers who wish to improve their knowledge. Industry experience may range from graduate students to seasoned professionals. Field trips provide umissable, hands on insight on petroleum system elements in the Middle East. Registering online today is also another great way to make connections and start the conversations with fellow geoscience professionals that will ensue during GEO 2014 and beyond. FIELD TRIP SCHEDULE Haima Field Trip (Barik, Al Bashair & Miqrat Formations) Tight Gass Reservoirs
6-8 March, OMAN
Mio-Pliocene to Recent Outcrops of the Coastal Belt of Abu Dhabi
9-10 March, Abu Dhabi
Jurassic Field Trip
14-15 March, Saudi Arabia
Paleozoic Petroleum System of Central & Eastern Saudi Arabia
14-16 March, Saudi Arabia
SHORT COURSE SCHEDULE Fluvio-Deltaic-Shallow Marine Environments and their Products
7-9 March, KUWAIT
Tectonics of the Arabian Plate Petroleum Systems from Basin to Prospect and Field Scales
8 March, BAHRAIN
Basic Tools for Shale Exploration
8-9 March, BAHRAIN
Fractured and Unconventional Reservoir Modeling
8-9 March, BAHRAIN
Explorational Rock Physics and Seismic Reservoir Prediction
8-9 March, BAHRAIN
Fundamentals of Seismic Acquisition and Processing
8-9 March, BAHRAIN
Understanding Seismic Anisotropy in Exploration and Exploitation
8-9 March, BAHRAIN
Visit the GEO 2014 website for further information and to register online today for any of these trips and courses.
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RELIABILITY IN OIL WELL CEMENTS Oil Well Cement (OWC) produced by Oman Cement Company (S.A.O.G) under accurate temperatures is an obvious choice for oil well cementing worldwide and now it is ready to face the challenges of highly specialized arctic and horizontal cementing: ● Conforms to the American Petroleum Institute (API) specification – 10A Class-G- (HSR), Class-B- (HSR) and Class-A- (O) grades. ● Tested and used by worldwide cementing companies ● Easy to disperse resulting in considerable cost savings ● First choice of major oilfield companies ● Exported to GC Countries, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, India and Syria. Oman Cement manufacturing facility operates on world class quality management system ISO 9001 and environmental management system ISO 14001. Quality control is online and laboratory automation systems consist of online x-ray spectrometers and robotic samplers, linked to process controllers and a raw mill proportioning system. OCC has an enduring commitment to customer satisfaction, continual improvement and a stronger foundation for tomorrow. Winner of His Majesty’s Cup for the Best Five Factories in the Sultanate of Oman for 10 times.
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Comunications & IT In our first article on cyber security we looked at the main threats facing the oil and gas industry. But who are behind these threats? And how can they be combated? Michela Menting of ABI Research tells Vaughan O’Grady how prepared the energy sector is to combat cyber crime - and how prepared it needs to be.
How can you combat
cybercrime?
“The most obvious and immediate threat is the insider”
C
YBER CRIME IN the oil and gas industry is back in the news again. Last June, Mohammed Atif, managing director of DNV KEMA, a leading name in risk management along the energy value chain, was quoted as pointing out that investments in cyber defense in the Middle Eastern energy sector have been planned but, unlike Europe and the US, there is no cyber security strategy implemented yet. The Middle East situation is certainly worrying, given last year’s incidents at Saudi Aramco and Qatar’s RasGas in which viruses spread via office computers. And Atif also pointed out that regional cyber attacks, notably on energy supplies and transiting routes, could have an impact well beyond the Middle East. Which is true. However, pinpointing the Middle East’s failings does not mean that the rest of the oil and gas industry is a great deal
readier to fight off cyber attackers. As ABI Research senior cyber security analyst Michela Menting points out, most of the energy sector is not adequately prepared — at least where industrial control systems (ICS) are concerned. As she says, “A serious lack of drive exists in tackling the problem of ICS vulnerabilities in any comprehensive or thorough way.” She continues, “The industry perception that cyber risks are low because few and limited attacks have occurred on ICS is not just misguided, but highly dangerous.”
But politically motivated terrorism is a more immediate and real danger
Message
There may not currently be a major onslaught by hackers to take down and seriously disrupt ICS, but the slow response of the industry to the need to address cyber security issues is, says Menting, “a grave mistake”, and one that could cost billions of dollars in the long run. But the message does seem to be slowly getting through. As Menting says, “The oil and gas sector has been shaken more roughly [than other energy sectors] in the past year. The damage caused by the Shamoon virus at Saudi Aramco has jump-started fears about the potential damage that could result from a large-scale cyber attack on the industry.” Of course dealing with a threat also means trying to understand the motives of cyber attackers. Shamoon, for example, appears to have been used by anti-Saudi forces. Is a disruptive or terrorist attack the norm? Or Issue 1 2014
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Comunications & IT
could there be financial motives? Which rationale is the most likely? In fact, says Menting, “The most obvious and immediate threat is undeniably the insider: a disgruntled employee with malicious intent, or even a poorly trained employee inadvertently causing an accident.” Terrorist groups are the second most likely threat, however — and not just the generally politically motivated groups of the left or right but also environmental militants. Menting explains, “While eco-terrorism is not widespread, there have been past cases of pipeline and well sabotage by individuals like Weibo Ludwig [a Netherlands-born Canadian convicted of oil and gas well sabotage in the late 1990s] or groups like the Earth Liberation Front [an apparently leaderless international movement whose tactics seem to involve economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare].”
Despite the relatively gloomy outlook, a number of tools do exist to counter cyber attacks Leading threats
But politically motivated terrorism is a more immediate and real danger. Terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda have been targeting the Western-run oil industries for some time. The cyber attacks against Saudi Aramco in September 2012 involving the Shamoon virus are believed to have been instigated by a state-sponsored group intent on disrupting hydrocarbon production. Izz ad-Din al-Qassam is one such; this group of self-proclaimed cyber fighters become widely known recently through its attacks on US banks. As well as these leading threats, a growing number of perpetrators are hackers. They are not a unified body; they have different motivations and use varying tactics to get access to systems. Menting explains, “Their goals can be intrusion for the purposes of control, data theft or espionage.” Which brings us back to our earlier point. If oil and gas is not as ready as it should be how ready is it? What sort of shape are cyber protection systems in? What can be done - or needs to be done - to improve them? Despite the relatively gloomy outlook a number of tools do exist to counter cyber attacks directed at the oil and gas industry. “Risk mitigation should be envisioned on two separate levels: at the corporate network level and at the ICS level,” Menting explains. The good news is that, for the corporate network, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) IT threat prevention and management mechanisms are available and adequately suited. Thus you can get your hands on solutions including antivirus software, anti-spam filters, backups, 72
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The largest amount of spending will be for the IT network, ICS and data security encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems/intrusion prevention systems (IDS/IPS), and unified threat as well as identity management solutions, among many others.
Willing
Another piece of positive news is that often the corporate network serves as the buffer between an ICS and the Internet. Therefore, a solid cyber security policy at the corporate level can help deter the majority of potential malware targeting ICS vulnerabilities. “Nonetheless,” Menting warns, “COTS solutions are not well suited to the specific ICS environment.” What can oil and gas do about this? “Broadly speaking, two ways exist for managing risks that should be considered in the oil and gas industry,” Menting suggests. “The first is to control the threat by reducing the likelihood of occurrence; this is done by patching vulnerabilities and strengthening security mechanisms. The second is to ensure that response mechanisms are resilient and robust, and able to ensure business continuity and reduce the impact of downtime. These methods require the use of preventive and reactive security tools as well as deployment of proactive counter measures.” And, apparently, energy companies are now willing to buy those tools and take those measure. As we noted in the first of these two articles, in a review of oil and gas industry cyber security spending ABI Research’s Cyber Security and Smart Grids Research Services* suggested that realization of the financial implications of persistent cyber threats will boost cyber security spending on critical infrastructure in the oil and gas industry; it will reach US$1.87bn by 2018. What, then, will the industry be buying? And which sectors will do the spending? “While the private sector will be the primary driver of cyber security spending, the government side will make some dedicated efforts to invest heavily in securing the oil and gas sector, due in part to its status as a critical infrastructure,” suggests Menting. Of course this should hardly be surprising given that
quite a few of the top oil and gas producers are essentially government-owned. The largest amount of spending will be for IT network, ICS, and data security. “This is due to the fact that preventive and reactive measures still form the largest part of cyber security spending for an organization,” Menting explains. The second spending category will be on policies and procedures, including, for example, personnel training and obtaining security certification. In fact audits and standardization will become increasingly important upstream and downstream in the value chain. As Menting points out, “The oil and gas industry is a massive sector, with individual companies dealing on a daily basis with numerous contractors, some of which may offer an unsecured backdoor for attackers. This is especially true in cyber espionage, where attackers will spend a considerable amount of time scoping all possible points of entry into a particular target company.” The oil and gas industry is at last starting to take cyber security very seriously. However, cyber threats are going to become more sophisticated in the future. As Menting points out, “There is a thriving underground economy which is making a lot of money from this”. And not just underground; nation states are now increasingly involved in cyber espionage. So the energy industry has woken up to the threat of cyber crime — and not a moment too soon. However, there is no room now for turning back or relaxing — as Menting makes clear. “As companies and states ramp up security,” she says, “cyber attackers will continue to develop ever more sophisticated tools to get around that security.” ■
*ABI Research is a market intelligence company specializing in global technology markets. For more on ABI’s cyber security research service, go to : http://www.abiresearch.com/research/service/ cyber-security/ and see the Michela Menting whitepaper PetroSecurity in the Digital Era: Legacy Systems vs. Cyber Threats (http://www.abiresearch.com/whitepapers/petr osecurity-in-the-digital-era/)
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’ º¡fGC hGC ,ó«÷G π°UGƒàdG á«Ø«c ¿ƒ∏¡éj Ée ÉÑdɨa º˘gQhO ø˘e ɢ«˘°Sɢ°SGC GAõ˘L Èà˘©˘oj ∂dP ¿GC ¿ƒ˘cQó˘j øY ɪFGO ¿ƒãëÑj º¡fGE á«Ød’CG π«L ∫ƒ≤j .‘Gô°T’EG ÖLƒà°ùJ »àdG á«dhƒD°ùŸÉH º¡«∏Y »≤∏J »àdG á°UôØdG .»°üî°T Ωó≤J ájhDQ ‘ ¿ƒÑZôj º¡a .èFÉàf ≥«≤– …GC ø˘e ÌcGCh ,Gó˘jó– á˘Yƒ˘ªÛG √ò˘¡˘d á˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Ñ˘a Gòg .É¡d Ékjõcôe k GQƒfi äÉbÓ©dG πã“ ,≈°†e âbh ≈˘ ∏˘ Y ¿ƒ˘ ∏˘ °UGƒ˘ à˘ j º˘ ¡˘ a .AGô˘ e Ó˘ H âfÎf’EG π˘ «˘ L Gò˘¡˘d º˘gh .ô˘NGB π˘«˘L …GC ø˘e ÌcGC »ŸÉ˘©˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG ¢UÉî°T’CG ™e ™£≤æJ ’ äÉKOÉëà RƒØdG ‘ ¿ƒÑZôj .º˘ ¡˘ JGQɢ ¡˘ e ô˘ jƒ˘ £˘ J ᢠ«˘ dhƒD˘ °ùe ¿ƒ˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ë˘ à˘ j ø˘ jò˘ dG AÉ˘æ˘¨˘à˘°S’G ø˘μÁ ’ ôl˘eGC º˘¡˘©˘e ô˘°TÉ˘ÑŸG π˘°UGƒ˘à˘dɢa ᢠcô◊ɢ H ™˘ ˘à˘ ˘ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J ᢠ˘Yƒ˘ ˘ªÛG √ò˘ ˘g ¿GC ɢ ˘ª˘ ˘c .¬˘ ˘æ˘ ˘Y Ωó˘ ≤˘ J Ió˘ gɢ °ûe ø˘ e Gƒ˘ æ˘ μ˘ ª˘ à˘ j ⁄ ¿GEh .Iô˘ ª˘ à˘ °ùŸG ¿Éμe ¤GE ɪà˘M ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘gò˘«˘°S ,º˘¡˘æ˘«˘YGC ΩɢeGC ®ƒ˘ë˘∏˘e πH ,»°SÉ°S’CG ∑ôÙG ¢ù«d º¡d áÑ°ùædÉH ∫ÉŸG .ôNGB ™˘ eh .»˘ ≤˘ «˘ ≤◊G ∑ôÙG »˘ ˘g º˘ ˘∏˘ ˘©˘ ˘à˘ ˘dG ¢Uô˘ ˘a ¿GE »˘à˘dGh ,´É˘£˘≤˘dG Gò˘g π˘NGO Ö«˘dɢ°S’CGh äɢ¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG Üò÷ âfÎf’EG ΩGóîà°SG ¤GE ,Ωƒj ó©H Éeƒj ,π«“ ‘ k GójGõàe k GQhO »ŸÉ©dG π°UGƒàdG Ö©∏«°S ,Úë°TôŸG ¬˘ Jô˘ °ûf ÉŸ ɢ ≤˘ ahh .äGQɢ ¡ŸG …hP Úë˘ °TôŸG Üò˘ L Ìc’CG Qó˘°üŸG »˘g á˘bƒ˘£˘æŸG á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG Èà˘©˘J ,õ˘jɢg ,Gò˘g ™˘eh .Ió˘jó÷G ∞˘«˘Xƒ˘à˘dG äɢ«˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ ɢYƒ˘«˘°T hGC ™˘LGôŸG hGC ä’ɢM’EG π˘μ˘°T ¿’BG ∂dP ò˘NÉC˘j ó˘≤˘a ™˘bGƒ˘e ÈY ¿ƒ˘eó˘î˘à˘°ùŸG ɢ¡˘eó˘≤˘j »˘à˘dG äɢ«˘°Uƒ˘à˘dG .»YɪàL’G π°UGƒàdG ™˘bGƒ˘eh äɢjó˘à˘æŸGh âfÎf’EG ,ɢ Kó–h GQƒ˘ ¡˘ X ÌcGC ¿ƒ˘ «˘ dÉ◊G ¿ƒ˘ eó˘ ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘°ùŸÉ˘ ˘a ™e º¡JGÈNh º¡FGQGB ácQÉ°ûe ≈∏Y GóL ¿ƒ°Uôëjh ≈∏Y Iô£«˘°ùŸG ᢫˘°Sɢ°S’CG ±hÉıG ø˘eh .ø˘jô˘N’BG ø˘e ᢫˘dɢY á˘LQó˘H õ˘ «˘ ª˘ à˘ J »˘ J-- ∫G ,¥ƒ˘ ˘°ùdG √ò˘ ˘ g êÓ˘©˘dGh .Úeó˘î˘à˘°ùŸG ¢Uɢæ˘à˘bG »˘g ,᢫˘°ùaɢæ˘à˘dG IOɢ jõ˘ H Ωɢ ª˘ à˘ g’G ƒ˘ g ,º˘ ¡˘ H ®É˘ Ø˘ à˘ MÓ˘ d ó˘ «˘ Mƒ˘ dG ¿’C ∂dP .ᢠ˘ ˘°ù°SƒDŸG π˘ ˘ ˘NGO Ió˘ ˘ ˘«÷G äɢ ˘ ˘bÓ˘ ˘ ˘©˘ ˘ ˘dG ∂dòH ¿ƒMôq°üj ’ º¡fGC øe ºZôdÉH ,Úeóîà°ùŸG IOɢ Y ,π˘ «˘ Mô˘ dG π˘ Ñ˘ b IÒN’CG ᢠ°ù∏÷G ‘ ᢠ«˘ fÓ˘ Y ,¬«°ShhDôe ô¶f ‘ ,ôjóŸG ¿’C ,ºgAGQóe ¿ƒcÎjÉe Qhô˘e ™˘e ó˘jGõ˘à˘J ,ᢰù°SƒD˘ª˘ch .ɢ¡˘°ùØ˘f ᢰù°SƒDŸG ƒ˘g ôjƒ£àH ôªà°ùŸG É¡eɪà˘gɢH ɢ¡˘Jô˘¡˘°T ᢫˘ª˘gGC âbƒ˘dG ‘ ɢjƒ˘«˘M Gô˘°üæ˘Y ∂dP QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YɢH ɢ¡˘«˘Ø˘Xƒ˘e ᢫˘ª˘æ˘Jh ,¿PGE .º¡H ®ÉØà˘M’Gh ø˘jõ˘«˘ª˘àŸG Ú뢰TôŸG Üò˘L Qɢ«˘à˘N’G Qɢ«˘©˘e í˘Ñ˘°UGC GPGE π˘Ñ˘≤˘à˘°ùŸG ¿ƒ˘μ˘«˘°S ∞˘«˘c
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ِﻋﻤــــﺎﻟـــﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ- اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ
!ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات وﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ وردت ﻓﻲ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ،ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ؛ وﻫﻮ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺠﺰ،٢٠١٣ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﻳﺰ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺴﻮق ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﻌﺎﺷﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮات.ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮ أن اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات، ﻣـﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺰﻳـﺪ اﻟـﻤـﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺮة،اﻟـﻘـﺎدﻣـﺔ . ﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ا ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر،اﻟـﺤـﻘـﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻮم ﺑﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ،ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ا ﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز . ﺑﻤﻮاﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ، ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ،اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪة
᫢°üûdG π˘°UGƒ˘à˘dG äGQɢ¡˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ,á˘∏˘eɢ©˘dG Iƒ˘≤˘dG ,ɢMƒ˘°Vh ÌcGC ø˘μ˘æ˘dh .π˘ª˘©˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘H ¿hô˘jó˘j ø˘jò˘∏˘d .πª©dG ¿É˘μ˘e ‘ çó˘ë˘j äGQɢ¡ŸG ô˘jƒ˘£˘Jh º˘∏˘©˘à˘dɢa á˘Ä˘«˘H π˘NGO Iƒ˘≤˘H º˘Yó˘dG ¤GE êÉ˘à– á˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ Y √ò˘ gh ’GE äGQÉ¡ŸG ‘ IƒéØdG π«∏˘≤˘J ‘ í˘é˘æ˘f ø˘∏˘a .π˘ª˘©˘dG ,á˘jô˘jƒ˘£˘à˘dG ᢫˘∏˘≤˘©˘dG á˘Ñ˘«˘cÎdɢH ¿hô˘jóŸG ™˘à“ GPGE Gò˘g .Úeó˘î˘à˘°ùŸG ™˘e á˘dɢ©˘Ø˘dG π˘eɢ©˘à˘dG äGQɢ¡˘eh ºàj å«ëH ácô°ûdG á«é«JGΰSG ¿ƒμj ¿GC Öéj É°†jGC ±Gô˘°T’EG Ωɢ¶˘f ø˘e Aõ˘é˘c ` ìƒ˘°Vh π˘μ˘H ` ¬˘LGQOGE äGQÉ¡ŸG iƒà°ùe ™aQ ≈∏Y õ«cÎdG πLGC øe IQGO’EGh .á∏eÉ©dG Iƒ≤dG ôjƒ£Jh »˘é˘jô˘N ø˘e ,‹É◊G Ú∏˘eɢ©˘dG π˘«˘ L Rɢ M ó˘ ≤˘ d äÉYÉ£b äQÉ°TGC óbh .á«Ød’CG π«L Ö≤d ,äÉ©eÉ÷G äɢ Yƒ˘ ª› âaó˘ ¡˘ à˘ °SG »˘ à˘ dG ,iô˘ N’CG ᢠYɢ æ˘ °üdG º˘¡˘H ®É˘Ø˘à˘M’G ‘ äɢjó– Oƒ˘Lh ¤GE ,Úé˘jôÿG ΩGóîà°SG ìÉàتa .áØ∏àfl º«b ¤GE ¿ƒëª£j º¡f’C ¿hÉ©àdGh ±ó¡dG ¤GE áLÉ◊G ƒg á«Ød’CG π«L AÉæHGC ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘£˘«˘°ùJ »˘à˘ dG •É˘ Ñ˘ M’EG IÈf π˘ ©˘ dh .ᢠfhôŸGh Üɢ«˘Z ∫ƒ˘M õ˘μ˘Jô˘J Úé˘jôÿG äɢYƒ˘ª› åjOɢMGC ` ¬ª∏©J ¤GE ¿ƒLÉàëj ɪa .á«≤˘«˘≤◊G º˘∏˘©˘à˘dG ᢰUô˘a äGQÉ¡ŸG º∏©Jh ,É«∏©a ∫ɪY’CG QGóJ ∞«c ƒg ` á≤«≤M ºZQ ` º¡æμd .º¡jôjóe äGÈN ∫ÓN øe áØ∏àıG º¡d í«àJ ’ ΩÉ¡Ã GƒØ∏qco ób º¡°ùØfGC ¿hóéj ` ∂dP áÑJôe πà– èFÉàædÉa .º¡JGQÉ¡e AÉæH á°Uôa É≤∏£e ¿GC G󢫢L ¿ƒ˘ª˘∏˘©˘j º˘¡˘f’C ,᢫˘Ø˘d’CG π˘«˘L ió˘d á˘eɢg áé«àf •ÉÑM’EɢH ¿ƒ˘Hɢ°üjh ,¬˘ª˘∏˘©˘à˘d Òã˘μ˘dG º˘¡˘jó˘d Ée πμa .É¡FGOGC á«Ø«c Gƒæ≤JGC »àdG É¡JGP ΩÉ¡ŸG QGôμJ º˘¡˘a ,ɢ¡˘æ˘e Òã˘μ˘dGh π˘H äÉ˘Ñ˘«˘≤˘©˘à˘dG ƒ˘g ¬˘fƒ˘©˘bƒ˘à˘j »g ៃDŸG á≤«≤◊Gh .¬fƒ∏©Øj ɢe º˘«˘«˘≤˘J ‘ ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Zô˘j .øjôjóŸG iód ájƒdh’CG ≈≤∏J ’ äÉLÉ«àM’G √òg ¿GC
çhó˘M ¤GE ,á˘YÉ˘æ˘°üdG √ò˘g äɢYɢ£˘b ø˘e ¢†jô˘Y ó˘bh .Ú뢰TôŸG ø˘e π˘«˘∏˘b Oó˘Y ≈˘∏˘Y ÈcGC ᢰùaɢæ˘e áFÉŸG ‘ 30 øe Üô≤j Ée ¿GC ¤GE õjÉg ôjô≤J QÉ°TGC π≤J ,¿É«Ñà°S’G É¡«∏Y …ôLGC »àdG á∏eÉ©dG Iƒ≤dG øe ¿GC hóÑjh .´É˘£˘≤˘dG Gò˘¡˘H äGƒ˘æ˘°S ™˘HQGC ø˘Y º˘¡˘JÈN §ØædG ´É£b ‘ ∞«XƒàdG äÉ«é«JGΰSG øe ójó©dG èeGôH ‘ ÚcΰûŸG OGóYGC IOÉjR ≈∏Y πªà°ûJ RɨdGh á«dÉ◊G ÚéjôÿG áëjô°T ∞°Uh øμÁh .êôîàdG ᢠ≤˘ «˘ ª˘ Y ᢠ«˘ ª˘ ∏˘ Y ᢠaô˘ ©Ã ™˘ à˘ ª˘ à˘ J ᢠYƒ˘ ª› ɢ ¡˘ fÉC˘ H ¤EGh ,¬«a ô≤àØJ …òdG âbƒdG ‘ ,á«æØdG äÉÑ∏£àŸÉH ¢VQGC ≈˘∏˘Y ∂dP ò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘J ᢫˘Ø˘«˘c º˘¡˘a ¤GE ,ÒÑ˘c ó˘M ᫢∏˘NGó˘dG Úé˘jôÿG ¥É◊GE è˘eGô˘H π˘«“h .™˘bGƒ˘dG ™bƒŸG êQÉN ÖjQóàdG ≈∏Y OɪàY’G ¤GE ,äÉcô°ûdÉH .᢫˘æ˘Ø˘dG ÒZ ô˘°UÉ˘æ˘©˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ΩGó˘î˘ à˘ °Sɢ H ¤GE ÖjQóàdG π≤f óªà©j Ée GÒãc ,∂dP øe ºZôdÉHh
ⓠɢ ˘ ˘ e GÒã˘ ˘ ˘ c ¢ü≤æ˘dG ᢰûbɢæ˘e øμdh ,äGQɢ¡ŸG ‘ ?π◊G ƒg Ée
اﻟــﻌـــــــﺪد ا ول
≈˘∏˘Y ` kɢ°Sɢ°SGC ` Qɢ«˘à˘N’G Òjɢ©˘ e õ˘ μ˘ Jô˘ J Gò˘ ¡˘ d º˘à˘«˘a .ɢ¡˘æ˘«˘©˘H á˘Ø˘«˘Xƒ˘d á˘Hƒ˘∏˘£ŸG ᢫˘æ˘Ø˘dG äGQɢ¡ŸG ∫ƒ˘M Qhó˘j å«˘ë˘ H »˘ Ø˘ «˘ Xƒ˘ dG ∞˘ «˘ °Uƒ˘ à˘ dG º˘ «˘ ª˘ °üJ ɢ ¡˘ °Sɢ «˘ b ø˘ μÁ »˘ à˘ dG ᢠ°Sƒ˘ ª˘ ∏ŸG ᢠ«˘ æ˘ Ø˘ dG äGQɢ ¡ŸG ¬≤«≤– ¤GE áØ«XƒdG ≈©°ùJ ÉŸ É≤ah ÉgóqYh É¡ª««≤Jh ,ìÉéædG πeGƒY ôKÉCàJ ,∂dP ¤GE áaÉ°VGE .±GógGC øe ,óªà©j Gògh .᪡ŸG RÉ‚GE á«Ø«˘μ˘H ,¬˘æ˘«˘©˘H ´hô˘°ûŸ ,ádɢ©˘Ø˘dG ¢UɢT’CG äGQɢ¡˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ,»˘°Sɢ°SGC π˘μ˘°ûH ∫ÉØZGE ºàj Ée ÉÑdÉZh .á«æØdG äGQÉ¡ŸG ¤GE áaÉ°V’EÉH Ò°ûJh .Qɢ ˘ «˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ N’G ᢠ˘ «˘ ˘ ∏˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ Y ‘ Qɢ ˘ Ñ˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ Y’G Gò˘ ˘ g ,§˘°Sh’CG ¥ô˘°ûdG á˘≤˘£˘æŸ ,᢫˘fÉ˘μ˘°ùdG äɢ«˘Fɢ°üM’EG π≤J ¿Éμ°ùdG øe áFÉŸG ‘ 50 øe ÌcGC ¿GC ¤GE á∏Môe ΩÉ“GE ó©ojh .ÉeÉY 35 øY ºgQɪYGC øμÁ ’ ,Ék«°SÉ°SGC ÉkWô°T »©eÉ÷G º«∏©àdG ¥É˘ë˘à˘ d’G π˘ LGC ø˘ e ,¬˘ æ˘ Y Aɢ æ˘ ¨˘ à˘ °S’G ,∂dP ø˘ e º˘ Zô˘ dɢ Hh .π˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG ¥ƒ˘ °ùH ójó©dG øY IQOÉ°üdG ôjQÉ≤àdG Ò°ûJ »˘ é˘ jô˘ N ¿GC ¤GE ,äɢ ©˘ ˘eÉ÷G ø˘ ˘e ∂dòdh .¢übÉæJ ‘ á°Sóæ¡dG ´hôa ¤GE ᢠ˘LÉ◊G ø˘ ˘Y è˘ ˘à˘ ˘f ó˘ ˘≤˘ ˘a ¥É˘ ˘£˘ ˘f ió˘ ˘d ,Ú°Só˘ ˘æ˘ ˘¡ŸG
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ﻣﻔﻜﺮة رﺟﺎل ا(ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ -اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ
ﻣﺎرس/آذار
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أﺑﺮﻳﻞ/ﻧﻴﺴﺎن
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١ـ ........... ٣اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻌﻮدي ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ وا ﻣﻦ ........................................................................................اﻟﺪﻣﺎم ١٤أﺑﺮﻳﻞ ...........ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ..................................................................................................................اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ٣ـ ........... ٥ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺤﺎر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .............................................................................................................................................................دﺑﻲ ١٧ـ ........... ٢٠اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اeﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ............................................................................................................... ٢٠١٤ﻃﻬﺮان ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
٤ـ ........... ٥اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻌﻮدي ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ...........................................................................................ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ/أﻳﺎر ٩ـ ........... ١٢ﻣﻌﺮض وﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ ﻟﻌﻠﻮم ا رض ـ .......................اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻣﺔ ٥ـ ..................... ٨اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ا وﻓﺸﻮرـ .............................................ﻫﻮﺳﺘﻮن ٩ـ ........... ١٢أﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ......................................................................أﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ ١٢ـ ........... ١٥اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ......................................................................................................ﻃﺮاﺑﻠﺲ ١٠ـ ...........١٢ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ آﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ا وﻓﺸﻮر ـ ................................................................ﻛﻮاﻻﻟﻤﺒﻮر ١٨ـ ........... ٢١ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول .............................................................................اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻣﺔ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ٢٣ـ ...........٢٧ﻣﻌﺮض وﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ/ﺣﺰﻳﺮان ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ واﻟﻐﺎز ـ ......................................................................................................أﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ ٣ـ ...................... ٦ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺤﺮ ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز .........................................................................................................ﺑﺎﻛﻮ ٢٤ـ ...........٢٧ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز ـ ﻏﺎزﺗﻚ ............................................................................... ٢٠١٤ﺳﻴﺌﻮل ١٤ـ ........... ١٦ﻣﻌـــﺮض وﻣـــﺆﺗﻤـــﺮ اﻟﺠﻤﻌـــﻴـــﺔ ا وروﺑﻴـــﺔ ﺧﺼـــﺎﺋﻲ ٣١ـ ........... ٤/٢ﻣﻌﺮض ﻏﺮب آﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ......................................................................................................ﻣﺴﻘﻂ وﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم ا رض .........................................................................أﻣﺴﺘﺮدام ١٥ـ ...........١٩ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ...........................................................................................................................ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ ١٧ـ ...........١٩ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻧﻔﻂ اﻟﻌﺮاق .............................................................................................................................. ٢٠١٤ﻟﻨﺪن ١٨ـ ...........١٩اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻻﺗﺤﺎد ﻣﻘﺎوﻟﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ .............................................................................................ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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أﺧﺒــــــــــــــﺎر اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ- اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ
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S12 ORME 1 2014 Arabic_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:26 Page 78
Under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bahrain
MIDDLE EAST
Conference:
18-21 May Exhibition:
19-21 May The 9th Middle East Refining & Petrochemicals Conference and Exhibition Bahrain International Exhibition & Convention Centre
www.mepetrotech.com
Organisers
Worldwide co-ordinators
Far East co-ordinators
BAHRAIN E: fawzi@aeminfo.com.bh
LONDON E: apout@oesallworld.com
SINGAPORE E: gerald@iemallworld.com
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أﺧﺒــــــــــــــﺎر اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ- اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ
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S12 ORME 1 2014 Arabic_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:26 Page 80
S12 ORME 1 2014 Arabic_Layout 1 25/02/2014 15:26 Page 81
أﺧﺒــــــــــــــﺎر اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ- اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ
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,»˘ μ˘ jô˘ e’CG ᢠbɢ £˘ dG ô˘ jRh ™˘ e ¬˘ Yɢ ª˘ à˘ LG ó˘ ©˘ H IhÌdGh ∫hÎÑ˘ dG ô˘ jRh Üô˘ ˘YGC ,õ˘ ˘«˘ ˘fƒ˘ ˘e â°ùfô˘ ˘jGE Ö«˘Mô˘J ø˘Y ,»˘ª˘«˘©˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ,…Oƒ˘©˘°ùdG ᢫˘fó˘©ŸG §ØædG êÉàfGE ´É£b Égó¡˘°ûj »˘à˘dG IOɢjõ˘dɢH √OÓ˘H ,á«μjôe’CG IóëàŸG äÉj’ƒdÉH »àjõdG ôî°üdG øe QÉ©°SGC QGô≤à°SG ≈∏Y Èc’CG ÒKÉCàdG ¬d ¿ƒμ«°S ɇ IQó°üŸG ∫hódG ᪶æ˘e ¿CɢH ɢª˘∏˘Y .ΩÉÿG §˘Ø˘æ˘dG …ƒæ°ùdG Égôjô≤J ‘ ,âæ∏YCG ób (∂HhGC) ∫hÎÑ∏d ¬˘LGƒ˘à˘°S á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG ¿GC ,Êɢã˘dG ø˘jô˘°ûJ/Ȫ˘aƒ˘f ‘ äGƒæ°ùdG ióe ≈∏Y ¥ƒ°ùdG ‘ É¡à°üM ‘ É°übÉæJ
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻠﻴﺸﻴﺎت äÉ«°û«∏«ŸG ióMGE âdƒà°SG ÉeóæY »°VÉŸG ΩÉ©dG øe äGóFÉY ¿GE ,∑ɪμ°T ôªY ,»Ñ«˘∏˘dG Rɢ¨˘dGh §˘Ø˘æ˘dG §˘ Ø˘ æ˘ dG IQGRƒ˘ H iƒ˘ à˘ °ùŸG ™˘ «˘ aQ ∫hƒD˘ °ùe ìô˘ °U ᢫˘£˘Ø˘æ˘dG ≥˘aGôŸG ≈˘∏˘Y ɢ«˘ Ñ˘ «˘ d ¥ô˘ °T ‘ á˘ ë˘ ∏˘ °ùŸG 40 â¨∏˘H 2013 ΩÉ©dG ‘ »Ñ«˘∏˘dG §˘Ø˘æ˘dG ø˘e √OÓ˘H 20 áÑ°ùæH â°†ØîfG ób §ØædG äGóFÉY ¿GC á«Ñ«∏dG áÑdÉ£eh ,á∏≤à°ùe áeƒμM É¡°ùØ˘f á˘æ˘∏˘©˘e ,iÈμ˘dG Q’hO QÉ«∏e 50 `dG øe πbGC …GC ,»μjôeGC Q’hO QÉ«∏e …ò˘ dGh ,2013 ‘ ᢩ˘bƒ˘àŸG á˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘ dG ø˘ Y ᢠFÉŸG ‘ .á©bƒàe âfÉc »àdG »μjôeGC äÉ£Ù äÉ«°û«˘∏˘«ŸG ¥Ó˘ZGE ¤GE ÒÑ˘c π˘μ˘°ûH √Gõ˘Y ,äÉ«°û«∏«ŸG ∂∏J âdhÉM óah .äGóFÉ©dG ‘ á°üëH Gó«©H §ØædG ™«H ,á«°VÉŸG ™«HÉ°S’CG ∫ÓN π©ØdÉH ÊÉãdG ∞°üædG ‘ Gójó– ôFÉ°ùÿG âKóM óbh ô˘jRh ÖFɢf ∫ɢbh .êɢà˘fÓ E ˘d QGƒ˘ã˘dG á˘∏˘bô˘Yh §˘Ø˘æ˘dG äOóg ó≤a ,áeƒμ◊G ÉeGC .ájõcôŸG áeƒμ◊G øY äÉcô°ûdG ó°V áeQÉ°U äGAGôLGE PÉîJÉH ,ÉgQhóH ≈˘ ∏˘ Y ᢠLQÉÿG ᢠYƒ˘ ªÛG ∂∏˘ J ™˘ e ¿hɢ ©˘ à˘ J »˘ à˘ dG .¿ƒfÉ≤dG (∂HhGC) ∫hÎÑ∏d IQóq°üŸG ∫hódG ᪶æe âfÉch Ö∏£dG ƒªæd É¡JÉ©bƒJ øe â©aQ ób ¬°ùØf âbƒdG ‘ ƒ‰ ¤GE IÒ°ûe ,2014h 2013 ÚeÉ©∏d §ØædG ≈∏Y ‘ á«dɢª` `°ûdG ɢμ˘jô˘eGCh ɢHhQhGC ø˘e π˘c ‘ »˘Hɢé˘jGE 12 øe ¿ƒ˘μ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ,á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG âfɢch .2013 ΩɢY ¤GE π˘°ü«˘d Ö∏˘£˘dG º˘é˘M äQó˘b ó˘b ,ƒ˘°†Y á˘dhO ºéM øY IOÉjR ,Ωƒ«˘dG ‘ π˘«˘eô˘H ¿ƒ˘«˘∏˘e 89^86 ‘ π˘«˘eô˘H ¿ƒ˘«˘∏˘e 0^94 O󢩢H 2012 ‘ Ö∏˘ £˘ dG ‘ ,≥˘ ˘Hɢ ˘°ùdG …ô˘ ˘¡˘ ˘°ûdG ɢ ˘gô˘ ˘ jô˘ ˘ ≤˘ ˘ J ‘h .Ωƒ˘ ˘ «˘ ˘ dG ∫ƒ˘ °Uh ᢠª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ⩢ bƒ˘ J ,∫h’G ¿ƒ˘ fɢ c/Ȫ˘ °ùjO .Ωƒ˘«˘dG ‘ π˘«˘eô˘H ¿ƒ˘«˘∏˘e 0^87 ¤GE ƒ˘ª˘æ˘dG º˘é˘M ‘ɢ©˘à˘dG ɢgRõ˘ Y ᢠ©˘ LGôŸG ¿GC ¤GE ∂HhGC äQɢ °TGCh ‘ ´É˘ ˘Ø˘ ˘JQ’Gh ,Ió˘ ˘ë˘ ˘àŸG äɢ ˘j’ƒ˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d …Oɢ ˘°üà˘ ˘b’G ôFÉ°ùÿG ‘ QGôªà°S’G É«Ñ«d ≈∏Y Ö©°üdG øe ¿ƒμ«°S .∑Éæg π≤ædGh áYÉæ°ü∏d OƒbƒdG ∑Ó¡à°SG ä’ó©e اﻟــﻌـــــــﺪد ا ول
S12 ORME 1 2014 Arabic_Layout 1 26/02/2014 17:04 Page 82
اﻟﺸـــــــﺮق ا وﺳــــــﻂ
ﺗ ُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮن
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ أﺧﺒــﺎر ¥ƒ°ùdG QGô≤à°SG ≈∏Y ßaÉëj »àjõdG ôî°üdG §Øf êÉàfGE QÉgORG äÉ«°û«∏«ŸG πNóJ ÖÑ°ùH á«Ñ«∏dG §ØædG äGóFÉY ¢VÉØîfG ΩÉeódG ‘ k GójóL ÉkYhô°ûe ø°TóJ ∂jQƒdÉ" äGQÉe’EG ‘ k GójóL Ék©æ°üe íààØJ ∫hΫæLÉe Qɪãà°SÓd Ö«HÉf’CG §N íàa øY ø∏©J ¥Gô©dG IÉØ°üe AÉæÑd k Gó≤Y …Gófƒ«g ±ÓàFG íæ“ ¥Gô©dG
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ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺴﻢ ا ﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي . اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ:ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
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ﻣـﻮارد ﻏـﻴـﺮ، ﺳﻮق أﺑـﺮاج اﻟـﺤـﻔـﺮ، أﻧـﻈـﻤـﺔ وﺣـﻠـﻮل اﻟﺴﻼﻣـﺔ،ﻧـﺘـﺎج+ اﻟــﺘــﻨـﻘـﻴﺐ وا:اﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎت .ﻏﺎزاﻟﺼﺨﺮ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻲ/ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
، ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ا وﻓﺸﻮر، اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت، ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﺪ ا ﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺎج، اﻟـﺤـﻔـﺮ واﻻﺳﺘـﻜـﻤـﺎل:ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ .ﺑﺎرFاﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ا/اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺨﻄﺮة، ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت:اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
، اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز،٢٠١٤ ﻣﻌﺮض وﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺸﺮق ا وﺳﻂ ﻟﻌﻠﻮم ا رض:ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت .ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺤﺎر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ADVERTISERS INDEX Company ......................................Page ABCO Middle East FZE ..............................34 Adma Opco (ADNOC) ....................................9 Aggreko Middle East Ltd ..........................23 ALAA Industrial Equipment Factory ......14 All World Exhibitions ........................67, 78 (GEO 2014 / MEP 2014) ATG Gloves (Pvt) Ltd ..................................73 Bartington Instruments Ltd ......................28 Bauer Kompressoren GCC FZE ................45 Bredero Shaw Middle East Ltd.................13 Camcon Technology....................................60 Cansco Dubai LLC ........................................47 CGG Services (SA) UAE ............Cover Wrap Chevron ..........................................................63 CompAir Middle East..................................37 Dialight Europe Ltd......................................35 DMG World Media Dubai Limited (ADIPEC) ......................................................70 DMI International ........................................31
Dome Exhibitions ........................................80 Emerson Process Management ................7 Expocentre Sharjah ....................................76 (Plastivision Arabia 2014) Gastronics ......................................................28 Hempel Paints Bahrain ..............................56 Hi-Force Ltd. ..................................................25 International Register of ..........................57 Certificated Auditors (IRCA) Invensys Systems Middle East FZE........17 Jesco ................................................................53 Jotun Paints UAE Limited LLC....................5 JSC Marine Arctic Geological ................60 Expedition (MAGE) Kaeser Kompressoren FZE ........................51 McCoy Drilling & Completions................36 Metscco Heavy Steel ................................19 Industries Co. Ltd. MSA Middle East FZE ................................11 National Pipe Co. Ltd. ................................76
Oman Cement Company ..........................69 Peli Products, S.L.U. ....................................59 Petrosys Pty Limited ..................................35 Rittal Middle East FZE................................30 Sabin Metal Corporation............................15 Saga PCE Pte Ltd. ........................................21 Saudi Steel Pipe Company ......................43 Schlumberger Oilfield ..................................2 Mktg Communications Schlumberger Technical Services Inc ......3 Schneider Electric IT Logistic Europe ....41 Seabed Geosolutions ................Cover Wrap Sercel ..............................................................83 Shree Steel Overseas FZCO ........................6 Suraj Limited ................................................27 T.D. Williamson, Inc. ..................................33 Top Oil Field Industries Ltd FZC ..............29 Trans Asia Pipeline Services FZC............50 Tratos Cavi S.p.A...........................................27 Ward Leonard Electric Company, Inc.....39
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ew N The new paradigm in land seismic acquisition
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ﻣـﻨـﺎﻗﺸﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻨﺪوﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻤـﻠـﺘـﻘـﻰ اﻟـﺜـﺎﻧﻲ ﻟـﺘـﺤـﺪﻳـﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز، اﻟـﺬي ﻋـﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺧﺮاً ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ ،ﺗﺮﻛﺰت ﺣــــــﻮل اﺳﺘـﺮاﺗـﻴـﺠـﻴــــﺎت وﻣﺒــﺎدرات اﻟـﺘﺮوﻳﺞ ـ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ـ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋـــﻤـــﻠـــﻴـــﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛـــﺎت .ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ،اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟـﻤـﻤـﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟـﺘـﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﻤﻠﻴﺎت دﺧﺎن ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول، ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻧﻌﻘﺎده ﺗﺤﺖ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺴﺎدة ،وزﻳﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺼﻨـﺎﻋﺔ ورﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟـﻠﺒﺘﺮول ،واﻟﺬي أﻟﻘﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻓﺘﺘﺎح اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ.