MEXICO CITY ALAN MIRANDA URBAN THEORY
MEXICO CITY ALAN MIRANDA URBAN THEORY
CONTENTS Introduction 1 Context 2 City Origins 3 First Urban Lay-Out
Indicators Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
Urban Theory
Advisor - M. in Arch. Silvia Mejía Reza
Aug-Dec 2014
4.1 Location 4.2 Density 4.3 The City and the Metropolitan Area 4.4 Environment 4.5 Culture 4.6 Demography 4.7 Economic Development - Government 4.8 Facilities 4.9 Public Spaces-Transportation
5 Urban Plans 6 Architecture 7 Morphology Analisis of Today´s Urban Form 8 Conclusions Cover photo by Oscar Ruiz / Publicis Mexico Santa Fé - Ciudad de México Report of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) -Borrar la diferencia-
References
Introduction
Introduction
1
Introduction
 Before the arrival Europeans, what day Mexico was ted by indigenous
Landing in Mexico CIty. Taken from Video. Wp jrnl YoutubeChannel
Mexico City or Federal Disof the trict is the captal of the is tocountry. It is located in the inhabicentral-south area and sepeople. ttled on the ancient Texcoco Lake at an average height of The indigenous people had 2,240 meters above sea level. immigrated to the Americas by crossing the land bridge Mexico City is a city of super- across the Bering Straits latives. It is both the oldes- over 10,000 years ago. t,founded in 1325 , and nowadays with an estimated of The indigenous people sealmost 9 million inhabitants ttled in great numbers in an it's the most populous city area called Meso-America, in the western hemisphere. from Panama to North Mexico.
2
The migration from Aztlรกn, which according to the Mexica tradition was commanded by their patron deity Huitzilopochtli, is narrated in many codices, mainly the codex Boturini o Tira de la Peregrinacion (Up) and the Codex Mendoza (Right), and reported by several Spanish chroniclers like Bernal Diaz del Castillo and Bernardino de Sahagun. In the mid-15th century one of the Mexica kings, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, sent an expedition to search the mythical homeland and that they reach the land of Aztlan.
First Urban Lay-Out 1550 MÉXICO-TENOCHTITLAN
AXES ENTRANCES CHINAMPAS - AHUEJOTES
RELIGIOUS CENTER DIFFERENT OPEN TEMPLES HORIZONTAL PLAN
DWELLING SORROUNDING TEMPLES CONNECTED ROADS EXITS TO DIFFERENT CITIES
During the period from 1400 to 1521, the Aztecs, based in the city of Tenochtitlan (the future Mexico City) built an empire based on tribute that extended throughout central Mexico. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is believed to have had a population of 250,000 in 1519, larger than any European city at the time. The Aztecs studied astronomy, practiced irrigation, built great pyramids, temples and cities, and had a written language. Their religion required human sacrifices to please the gods of the sun, rain and warfare, among others.
Montezuma II was the head of the Aztec state and empire when the Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortez landed in Mexico in 1519. They arrived with their sailing ships, horses, war dogs, metal armor, gunpowder and firearms all of which intimidated the indigenous people. Cortez formed alliances with the subject people of the Aztecs, and those subject people provided him with thousands of troops. European diseases to which the natives had no immunity also played an important part in the conquest. Between 1519 and 1521, Cortez succeeded in conquering the Aztecs.
Indicators
Location
Mexico City or Federal District is the captal of the country. It is located in the central-south area and settled on the ancient Texcoco Lake at an average height of 2,240 meters above sea leve
Density
In Mexico City, as well as many cities in the world, distribution of pupulation is uneven, there are many places with high rates of population and others with very low rates; cities are more densified than rural zones. The relation between one determinated space and the number of people who inhabit is called population density, for instance: Chihuahua is the biggest state in Mexico and it has a population density of only 14 hab/km2 and on the other hand Mexico City which has the lowest extension, but the most densely populated with 5920 hab/km2.
Densified Areas in Mexico City.
The City and the Metropolitan Area
Environment
By its height above sea level, Mexico City has climates ranging from temperate to humid cold and alpine tundra in the higher parts of the mountains in the south. The urban area has a rainy temperate climate, with temperatures that can exceed 28 ° C in some days of late spring and temperatures can drop to 0 ° C or less in January..
Mexico CIty and it´s Metropolitan Area The wet season in the Federal District spans from May to November, although rainfall is greater between the months of June and August.
Jacaranda Mimosifolia Jacaranda, Gualanday
Liquidambar Styraciflua Liquidambar, Copalme, Ozocote
Phytolacca Dioica Ombu, Bellasombra
Ligustrum Lucidum Trueno
Citrus Limonum Limonero, lim贸n
Bahuinia Forficata Pata de vaca, pata de buey
Culture Through the slogan "The issue is culture, your culture", the Ministry of Culture advocates that culture can be seen as an essential component of quality of life and an essential element of sustainable development in our capital, through the development of own sectors, namely heritage, creativity, cultural industries, art and cultural tourism; and interceding for that culture is duly recognized in all public policies, particularly those related to education, economics, science, communication, environment, social cohesion and international cooperation.
Museo Rufino Tamayo
Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia
Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo
Diego Rivera ´s House Frida Kahlo´s House
Museo Jumex Museo Soumaya
Demography
77.8% urban Mexico´s population
112 336 538
22.2% rural
The City covers an area of 1499 km2 (the current or prior 4 counties that replaced it) covers only 9.1% of the surface area of the Federation.
POPULATION IN MEXICO CITY 8 851 080 = 7.9% The results show an expansion of the urban area by 2020, according to the scenario, between 38 000 and 56 000 hectares.
The current urban area of the Mexico City also includes the adjacent municipalities of Mexico Naucalpan, Tlalnepantla, Zaragoza, Ecatepec, Nezahualcoyotl, Chimalhuacán, and further afield, such as La Paz.
There´s a conclusion: models require joint metropolitan public administration to control the form of expansion and regulate land use in the MCMA.
In 1970 the urban area occupied an area of approximate ly 700 km2 and had a population (mid-1970) about 8.6 million.
4 233 783
4 617 297
In Mexico City, people aged 15 and older have 10.6 degrees of schooling on average, which means a little more in the second grade.
Total of inhabited housesin Mexico City 2 453 031
87.4%
99.5%
99.0%
99.0%
Satellital view of Mexico CIty . Seos-Project. Source:Google Earth
The territory now occupied by the city has been the quintessential receptor place of the accelerated economic, social, politic, cultural and technologic processes, so that, them have been factor of the structural complex, inequalities, the lags and constraints to urban development. Until 1930, 98% of the population living in rural areas stood at the core of the city. For the decade of the 50s, and had manifested a modern form of urbanization, based on population flows, the industrial boom and the realization of large infrastructure projects, which resulted in the current pattern of territorial growth in the city, with absorption of rural areas to urban areas.
Aerial view of Nezahualc贸yotl City -MZMC
The Valley of Mexico in 1950 was 700 km2 surface; in 1970 increased to 1,000 km2; in 1990 it became 1,500 km2; and in 2000 is estimated at 1,800 km2. It also estimates an average annual deforestation between 240 and 500 hectares in the Federal District for illegal logging, forest fires, illegal occupation and land use changes, altering biodiversity and water recharge. One of the causes of unplanned growth of the city has been the massive
incorporation of land for housing construction, without the provision of a development planning according to the vocation of the territory. for decades have dominated the economic interests of groups and individuals without public urban land policies. In response, government management on land use has been very effective against the problems caused by urbanization
WHAT ABOUT URBAN PLANNING?
Mexico City Develop Space has served as a support for the development of the city of Mexico, has undergone various territorial processes and urban forms. The lakeside city of the Aztecs originally served as the basis for urban amalgam that resulted in the colonial city. With the triumph of liberal reform is given a thorough reorganization of space and marks a rapid growth that is accentuated during the Porfiriato, quintupling its urban area. Thus, from the early nineteenth century, based on the legacy of the colonial territory and is now known as Old Town, the evolution of the city has been characterized by a steady population growth and territorial expansion. Between 1800 and 1890 increased by 151% and 152% population surface going from 137.000 to 344.721 inhabitants and 1.076 to 2.714 hectares.
of low incomes. from 1997 the city evolved in their forms of government, promoting social participation in decision-making, promoting decentralization of public administration to the delegations and passing new laws that govern and regulate the life of a complex city, immersed in a region whose physiographic and geohydrological characteristics make it vulnerable to intense human activity.
This process intensified during the twentieth century, distinguishing four main phases: intra-urban development of revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods, from 1900-1930 manufacturing industrialization de1930 1950; the metropolis, from 1950 to 1980; a growing trend in urban areas in the Midwest region and the depletion of resources in the region. It is in the third phase, metropolization when the city tri
pled its population and area during the decades of the so-called stabilizing development (1950-1980), of which about a third was located in the suburban municipalities.
Industrial deconcentration Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca, Puebla, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, through the creation of development poles in the 1970-1980 decade, did not prevent continued population settled in the valley of Mexico. This fourth phase of development whose main feature is the growth of the Corona Regional de Ciudades of ​​the Valley of Mexico, resulting in one of the largest concentrations of the world. In this metropolitan and regional context the territory of Mexico City is structured. City-Region the term is used to refer to a type megalopolitan formation and describe a relatively integrated territory among themselves and with the metropolis that serves as a core within a broad area defined in this Corona case by the Regional Cities. This concept indicates
indicates the density and intensity of flows and territorialized relations and does not imply physical continuity between different metropolitan areas that shape. Instead, the definition is useful as emphasizing the separation between these areas as well as in the maintenance of relative self-sufficiency. The Megalopolis Mexico Center includes integrated metropolitan areas capitals, plus all municipalities that maintain a functional relationship bordering the Valley of Mexico (Toluca, Pachuca, Puebla-Tlaxcala and Cuernavaca) states municipalities closely with the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico and those located between the metropolitan areas that make up the regional crown of cities and between them and the MAMV, besides the delegations of the Federal District. According to the veredict it includes a total of 265 municipalities: 99 State of Mexico, Morelos 31, 36 in Puebla, 52 Tlaxcala, Hidalgo 31, and 16 delegations of Mexico City. Recent geographical and economic trends indicate the growing involvement of the Queretaro metropolitan area in the MCM, which would add 13 more municipalities (2 Estado de México and 11 State of Queretaro) for a total of 278 political administrative units would form the MCM. The population of the Central Region
Region of Mexico in 2000 is 26.8 million, 27.5% of the national population, a percentage that has increased slightly since 1970, indicating the persistence of the trend towards concentration despite policies decentralization. If the metropolitan area of Queretaro and related municipalities are added, the population would increase to 28 million of the national total. The Corona Regional de Ciudades (CRC) comprises a significant portion of the central region of the country and is made up of five metropolitan areas isolated seven cities. Three levels of metropolitan areas are identified according to their degree agglomeration. In the first are the most populated metropolitan areas: Valley of Mexico and Puebla-Tlaxcala; in the second, Cuernavaca and Toluca; and third, Pachuca. The metropolitan megalopolises formations have different degree of complexity; the Valley of Mexico, high degree of complexity and large scale, is based on two federal agencies: the Federal District and the State of Mexico; the Cuernavaca-Cuautla is binodal; the Puebla has four regional nodes: Tlaxcala, Atlixco, Tlaxcala and San Martín Texmelucan, and adds to its varied structure their political and administrative status of interstate conurbation; that of Toluca, is very fragmented, while Pachuca is in an early stage
As independent urban areas are considered: Atlacomulco; Tepeapulco; Jilotepec-Tepeji-Tula; Tepotzotlán- Huehuetoca-Zumpango; Pyramids-Nopaltepec; Texcoco and Chalco-Amecameca. The most significant among them is Jilotepec-Tepeji-Tula by its population, surface municipalities involved and its location in the MCMA-Querétaro axis; but those who have more interaction with the Federal District are the nuclei located within the Valley of Mexico, which tend to form a physical conurbation and can be considered as part of the metropolitan region.
and is the most important industrial, commercial and financial concentration. Product of a historical process of demographic and economic concentration and political centralization, the metropolis is now experiencing very significant limits to its development as a result of exceeding the thresholds of hydraulic and environmental sustainability and the emergence of significant diseconomies of agglomeration advantages affecting comparative and competitive than in the past led to his remarkable economic dynamism
Meanwhile, the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (MAMV) was the result of demographic and physical growth of Mexico City on its territory and in neighboring municipalities, according to the indications of the Management Programme of the Metropolitan Area of Valley of Mexico (MPMAVM), now a member of the 16 delegations of Mexico City, 58 municipalities in the state of Mexico and 1 in the State of Hidalgo. From the eighties grew at a rate of 1.9%, where he remained from 1990 to 1995, before falling to 1.4% between 1995 and 2000 currently has an area of over 741,000 ha, representing 0.37% of the territory whole country, with a population of 18,396,677 inhabitants.
The metropolis receives and generates multiple daily flows of people, goods and messages; and the physical structure has a high degree of continuity, but its operational efficiency is limited by the difference in the investment and operation much of its infrastructure and services. Itinerant population flows that arrive daily to Mexico City, especially their central offices, come mostly from neighboring municipalities and the capital mean to a significant increase in demand for services and infrastructure.
In the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City sits more than 18% of the population
Economical Data For over two decades, the economic dynamism of the city has a downward trend, even more than national, so the metropolitan economy has lost ability to successfully
respond to the basic needs of the population in terms of employment stable, adequate income, housing, urban infrastructure and adequate public services. The whole of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico exceeds 30% of Mexican wealth generation, and Mexico City remains the most important economic center of the region and the country, accounting for just over half of GDP the central region and contributes over 40% of national output. However, from 1980 to 2001 the capital GDP decreased their percentage share in the national GDP by more than 2 points, from 25.15% to 22.36%. In the period 1980-1988, the Federal District lost 3.8 percentage points of its contribution to national GDP. After this sharp drop, it gets significantly in 1993 and 1994 but returns to lose weight in recent years. According to the latest national accounts from 2000 to 2001 continued with a slight downward trend as it rose from 22.36% to 22.70%. Estado de MĂŠxico, however, its share remained stable, with a reverse movement increase and subsequent decline in 1988, marking a slight increase from 1996, which in 2001 reached 10.84%. For its part, the central region of 1980-1999 lost 1.66 percentage points, but managed a slight recovery in 2001, going from 41.67
41.67 to 41.76. By contrast, Queretaro was a dynamic pole because almost doubled its stake in 1980 to 2001. In this context, although the central region and all-state in Mexico DF, each represent their level, major national economic concentrations, the urban system in training around Monterrey and to a lesser extent, cities like Guadalajara , Aguascalientes or maquiladoras Gaza's northern border cities, are the most important competition for the MCMA in terms of economic development. The structural adjustment began in 1983 after the crisis, foreign trade liberalization and especially the implementation of NAFTA in North America, began changing this dynamic. This reduction in economic participation of the Federal District in the national economy evidence that the conditions of an open global economy have eroded the benefits of agglomeration economies in the past sustained growth of the City. Therefore, for some time, the region exhibits strong changes in the production structure as summarized in two contradictory but complementary processes: a process of deindustrialization on the MCMA losing both large and small businesses and, in parallel, a process polarized service economy of the city which faces financial, commercial and service activities, to which the proliferation of trade and other informal activities on public roads is added.
Graphic Timeline
Facilities
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Hospital Siglo XXI
Bilioteca José Vasconcelos
World Trade Center
Cineteca Nacional
Public Space - Transportation
Mexico City 1519
Recommendations Improve public transportation conditions in order to avoid particular cars (Efficiency) NO HIGHWAYS Wide sidewalks - better spaces for pedestrians Stronger laws - do not break the rules Smaller public spaces but better designed Densified city - short distances - better services distribution Review new dwelling projects Review the current urban plan ¿How is the city growing? Efficient city - Competitive city
References 1 http://congreso.flacso.edu.mx/ 2 http://negi.org.mx/ 3 Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal. Decreto por el que se aprueba el programa general de desarrollo urbano del Distrito Federal. 2003 Gobierno del Distrito Federal. (Extract and Translation) 4 Suárez,M. Delgado,J. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos. TheNounProject Vectors