Market of Mothers. An Architectural Thesis by albertrk

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS 2015-16 Department of Architecure, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Imphal, Manipur

Market Of Mothers: Ima Keithel Thesis Guides

Bashabi Dasgupta and Vandana Shourie Research Guide

Ryan Sequeira Studio Co ordinator

Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover

Submitted by Albert Rajumar 5th Year B. Arch A 2079 2008

DECLARATION

This thesis titled MARKET OF MOTHERS: IMA KEITHEL has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the undergraduate programme in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and architecture, New Delhi, under the supervision of Bhashabi Dasgupta and Vandana Shourie. The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarised in part or full form from any source.

Prof Aruna Ramani Grover Studio Coordinator

Department of Architecture School of Planning and Architecture New Delhi Date:

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled MARKET OF MOTHERS: IMA KEITHEL is a partial fulfillment of the requirements of the undergraduate degree in architecture.

Thesis guide: Bashabi Dasgupta

Research guide: Ryan Sequeira

Thesis guide: Vandana Shourie

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis guides Bashabi Dasgupta and Vandana Shourie for their everpresent support and guidance, even in the unlikeliest of times. Their contribution in helping me broaden my perspective will always be cherished. I would like to thank Ar. Benju N, Ar. Mangi, and Ar. Joy for providing me with the tools to get my thesis underway and help me attain a broader understanding of the intricacies of the Ima Keithel. I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude towards Ryan Sequeira for guiding me through the research and help compile this thesis book. I would like to thank my two sisters and parents for their ever-present support, mentally and physically in conducting the survey of the Imas. Lastly I thank the following people for influencing and helping me mould my thesis to the point it has reached. Thangmeiyo Ramror, Dhritiman Das, Pidemo Odyuo, Jupiter Moirangthem, Tsomo Wangchuk, Tenzin Peljor, Tenzin Phuntso, Atul Shekhar, Vatsalya Sharma, Ashish Deep Toppo, Smanla Nurboo Dorje, Arun Varghese, Thoudam Pratap, Asadullah Baran, Ankit Singh.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

SYNOPSIS

This thesis re-designs the existing Ima Market in the heart of Imphal which has been rendered obsolete by the two earthquakes in early 2016. The proposition is to re-interpret the design and reinvigorate the essence of the Ima market to a fully functional, safe and cultural-

ly sound image of the city. The Bir Tikendrajit road stretch leading from the Kangla Gate to Maharani Bridge is to be re-developed as a pedestrian zone and the as part of the thesis proposition.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page number Part 1 design investigation ...............................................................................................................................................................................11 1. An enquiry into the thesis ...........................................................................................................................................................................12 1.1. View on the issue ............................................................................................................................................................................12 1.2. Proposition and area of exploration ............................................................................................................................................15 1.3 inferences and way forward ........................................................................................................................................................15 2. Core research ..............................................................................................................................................................................................16 2.1. Areas of research .........................................................................................................................................................................16 2.1.1 deconstruction and re-use of building materials ........................................................................................................17 2.1.2 use of market space - traditional and contemporary ..............................................................................................22 2.1.3 depiction of ideas of women ..........................................................................................................................................28 2.1.4 earthquake resistance: traditional & modern approaches ..................................................................................36 2.1.5 manipuri vernacular - materials and aesthetic .........................................................................................................38 2.2. Case studies ...............................................................................................................................................................................49 2.2.1 primary ................................................................................................................................................................................49 2.2.1.1 select city walk ....................................................................................................................................................49 2.2.1.2 dlf cyber hub ........................................................................................................................................................51 2.2.1.3 dilli haat ................................................................................................................................................................54 2,2,1,4 khwairamband bazaar ........................................................................................................................................57 2.2.2 secondary ............................................................................................................................................................................60 2.2.2.1 Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagoda .................................................................................60 structure of Horyu-ji temple in Japan 2.3. Inferences and conclusion matrix .............................................................................................................................................64 2.3.1 Learnings from case studies ...........................................................................................................................................64 2.3.2 Learnings from research ................................................................................................................................................65 3. Understanding of project ..........................................................................................................................................................................67 3.1 project scope ..................................................................................................................................................................................67 3.1.1 Project detail ......................................................................................................................................................................67

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

...........................................................................................................................................70 Functional requirements diagram .................................................................................................................................................71 Components and spatial needs Area program ...............................................................................................................................................................................72 .........................................................................................................................................................75 inferences and conclusion

4. Reading of site ..............................................................................................................................................................................................76 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................76 4.1 The city, precinct, neighborhood and immediate surroundings .........................................................................................................................................................................80 4.2 Site ........................................................................................................90 4.3 Photographs of site and surroundings ..............................................................................................96 4.4 Scaled drawings of site with info for creating design proposals ..........................................................................................................................................97 4.5 Inferences, conclusions and way foward for design ....................................................................................................................................................98

5. Collective inference and conclusions

Part 2 design translation

............................................................................................................................................................................105

6. Steps from search to design concept .....................................................................................................................................................101 6.1 Discussion on design concept ...................................................................................................................................................102 ........................................................................103 6.2 Discussion on how concept meets design framework from chapter 5. 7. Design evolution

.........................................................................................................................................................................................105

8. Final design portfolio .................................................................................................................................................................................108 8.1 Plans sections elevations details ...............................................................................................................................................108 8.2 3d views and part details .............................................................................................................................................................118 8.3 Photographs of model ..................................................................................................................................................................119

Annexure Bibliography

.................................................................................................................................................................................................124 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................131

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

LIST OF FIGURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Name Source Figure 1. Collapsed building in Imphal. www.e-pao.net Figure 2. Damaged roof of a church. www.e-pao.net Figure 3. Devastation caused by the earthquake. www.e-pao.net Figure 4. Impact of earthquake in Imphal www.e-pao.net Figure 5. Damaged structures www.e-pao.net Figure 6. Imas displaced onto the streets www.e-pao.net Figure 7. Abandoned Ima market www.e-pao.net Figure 8. Damaged structures www.e-pao.net Figure 9. Failed column in the Ima Market www.e-pao.net Figure 10. Monument to the women folk who fought a war against the British occupation. www.e-pao.net Figure 11. The Ima market marked in Yellow and BT Road marked in red. www.e-pao.net Figure 12. Comparison of procedure for savaging materials with using new ones. Old to new design guide Figure 13. Comparision of materials acquisition process Old to new design guide Figure 14. Comparision of materials acquisition process Old to new design guide Figure 15. Project timeline for the re-interpretation of Ima Market Author Figure 16. List of salvaged materials Author Figure 17. Water sprinlers for salvaging Author Figure 18. M.S railings for salvaging Author Figure 19. Water pump for salvaging Author Figure 20. Generator for salvaging Author Figure 21. Ceiling for salvaging Author Figure 22. Street markets such as this one in Paris are common in France. en.wikipedia.org Figure 23: La Boqueria market in Barcelona, Catalonia, currently Spain en.wikipedia.org Figure 24: Kumasi Market in Ghana en.wikipedia.org Figure 25: La Vegetable market in Chalakudy, India. en.wikipedia.org Figure 26: Palengke in the Philippines en.wikipedia.org Figure 27: Mercado Municipal in SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil en.wikipedia.org Figure 28. Figure 28. Grocery stalls in San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Mexico en.wikipedia.org Figure 29. Figure 29. Public market at place Jacques-Cartier in Montreal, Quebec in 1940 en.wikipedia.org Figure 30. Figure 30. Vegetable market in Eintracht www.plataformaarquitectura.cl Figure 31. Grocery market in San Jose, Mexico www.plataformaarquitectura.cl Figure 32: Corridor of fruit and vegetable sellers at the West Side Market in Cleveland, Ohio en.wikipedia.org Figure 33: Bazaar: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, Turkey en.wikipedia.org Figure 34: Wet market in Singapore en.wikipedia.org

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Name Source Figure 35: Tianguis: Model of Aztec tianguis (marketplace) at Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Museum of Anthropology Figure 36. Compilation of sketches of different modes of selling good in a market, section.

en.wikipedia.org Author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Part

1 Design Investigation

Chapter

An enquiry into thesis

Chapter

Core Research

Chapter

Understanding the project

Chapter

Reading the site

Chapter

Collective inference and conclusions

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Chapter 1 An enquiry into the thesis This chapteroutlines the essence oft the issue at hand and the reasons behind the choice of the thesis undertaken. It also proceeds to explain the proposition.

1.1 Uncovering the issue

n the wee hours of 3rd of January 2016, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake rocked Manipur and the north-east of India. It left a trail of destruction in its wake and among the most affected areas was the capital city of Imphal. In the aftermath of the quake, the famous Ima market has been left in a state of partial ruin. In a well founded fear of a total collapse of the market, the 'Imas' have been forced to ply their trade on the streets.

Figure 1. Collapsed building in Imphal.

Figure 2. Damaged roof of a church.

Figure 3. Devastation caused by the earthquake.

Figure 4. Impact of earthquake in Imphal

Source: www.e-pao.net

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 6. Imas displaced onto the streets

Figure 7. Abandoned Ima market

Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 5. Damaged structures Source: www.e-pao.net Figure 8. Damaged structures Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 9. Failed column in the Ima Market Source: www.e-pao.net

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Ima market is a market wholly operated by women and is perhaps the only one of its kind in the world. The market dates back to the 16th century when manipuri women controlled the local production and trade. It has existed as the centre of trading and commerce in the heart of the capital city of Imphal ever since. While the men were away at war, the women controlled the local production and trade. The tradition has carried itself forward into the present day where the Ima market has come to force. It is not merely a place for trading of goods but has engrained itself deep into the socio-cultural fabric of the Manipuri society.

It is a place of chance enounters and a celebrated symbol of the values of the Manipuri life. The womenfolk of Manipur occupy a unique place in the society of Manipur. Unperturbed by the patriarchal notions of the rest of the world, the womenfolk of Manipur have stood up for themselves and proven themselves a pillar of strength and worhty

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

of imitation. Wars have been fought exclusively by the womenfolk against the British invasion at one point of time. The ima market is one such representation of the resolute nature of the Manipuri womenfolk. The National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd. and the Public works Department of Imphal jointly modernised the age old ima market by constructing 3 multi-storeyed structures in 2005. However, even before the earthquake rendered a portion of the market unfit for use, the new rendition of the Ima market was experiencing some troubles. Due to various socio-political and design related reasons, the market only functioned at a limited capacity with the upper floor and basement levels completely remaining non-utilised.With inadequate parking facilities, the market became difficult to access by vehicles. The high level of congestion in the area induced the government to ponder improvements for the area. The City Development Plan of Imphal put forward by the Imphal Municipal council has proposed a pedestrian zone along the Bir Tikendrajit road (BT road) stretching from the Kangla gate to

Figure 10. Monument to the women folk who fought a war against the British occupation. Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 11. The Ima market marked in Yellow and BT Road marked in red. Source: www.e-pao.net

the Maharani Bridge crossing and redevelopment of the area around Maharani Bridge and Khwai Bridge. The flyover constructed on BT road which runs right through the market area has proved to be a barrier both physically and visually between the two sides of BT road. The site is located in the heart of the city and is prone to traffic blockages due to the high volume of traffic and narrow roads.

1.2 Proposition

he Ima market needs a stark re-interpretation and reinvigoration of its essence. The recent attempt at modernising the Ima Market has proven woefully short of the mark. The proposition is to put forward a fully functional, safe and culturally sound image of the city in the Ima market. Taking cue from the inadequacies of the current Ima market, this thesis proposes to carefully deconstruct the existing 3 buildings which comprise the Ima market and plant in its place a structurally sound, easy to access, culturally expressive, and fully functional organ of the body that is Imphal city.

1.3 Inferences and the way forward The lesson to be taken from the introduction to this thesis is that the thesis should aim to reinvogirate the essence of the Ima market that existed since the 16th century till the turn of the millenium. Additionally, this urban tissue in the heart of the city should be able to withstand earthquakes when they occur.

To introduce a culturally eloquent symbol of the Maniouri women which takes the working of the traditional manipuri market into the modern age is the aim. Additionally, the city development plan of Imphal describes plans for the BT road stretching from the Kangla gate to the Nagamapal crossing to be pedestrianised. The thesis will entertain this proposition and address the matter suitably.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Chapter 2 Core research This chapter explores the areas of research to help mould the thesis into its final form. It presents the case studies undertaken and also presents a matrix of learnings at the end.

2.1 Areas of search 2.1.1 From old to the new - Deconstruction and re-use of building materials

key vision of the thesis is to salvage the building materials from the deconstruction of the existing structure to be utilized in the new construction.

Using salvaged building materials in place of new materials can be an effective means of conserving natural resources, and reducing embodied energy. Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 12. Comparison of procedure for savaging materials with using new ones. Source: Old to new design guide.

The use of salvaged materials is not as easily incorporated into conventional building practices as other green design strategies. Once a decision has been made to build in an environmentally responsible manner most of the challenges are technical in nature.

2.1.1.1 Typical Project Summary The following summary lists some of the main considerations and activities associated with salvaged materials through each of the typical project phases. PREDESIGN PHASE â&#x20AC;˘ 1. Discuss and agree use of salvaged materials with client 2. Establish goals for salvaged materials use 3. Review likely impact of salvaged materials on overall project costs 4. Discuss the need for additional professional fees 5. Prior to selecting consultants, consider previous experience with use of salvaged materials, or willingness to accept concept.

SCHEMATIC DESIGN 1. Discuss alternative contractual arrangements with client, particularly if high levels of salvaged material use are planned 2. Begin to establish which materials and components will be from salvaged sources based on established goals 3. Investigate the potential of obtaining structural materials from an existing building. 4. Visit local used building materials yards to establish general availability and quality of materials. 5. Discuss scope of project and preliminary list of materials with demolition contractors and salvaged materials suppliers. 6. Discuss use of salvaged materials with other consultants, particularly the structural engineer DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1. Add more detail to list of salvaged materials. Allow for flexibility in choice of materials and ranges of sizes. 2. Discuss possible pre-purchase of high value materials with owners 3. Discuss proposed use of salvaged materials with municipal building department 4. Continue to discuss list of required materials with salvaged materials suppliers.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

5. Consider possibility of pre-purchase of suitable high value materials

2.1.1.2 Nature of salvaged materials HIGH VALUE MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 1. Identify all salvaged materials on building permit drawings 2. Continue to develop list of salvaged materials 3. Consider pre-purchase of suitable material 4. Establish procedures for grading salvaged wood 5. Establish standard for salvaged materials to be obtained by contractor or construction manager TENDER / NEGOTIATION 1. Arrange for contractors to inspect pre-purchased materials CONSTRUCTION / CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION 1. Review quality of salvaged materials obtained by contractor or construction manager 2. Review use of salvaged materials with municipal inspector

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Heavy timbers, large dimension lumber, and glulam beams represent the largest category of high-value salvaged materials. These materials are primarily available through specialty suppliers although the larger salvaged building materials suppliers will also have access to the same materials. Heavy timbers are in high demand, and in the case of old growth Douglas fir columns and beams, comparable new product may no longer be available. Other high value materials include mechanical and electrical equipment, used office furniture and architectural antiques. HIGH VOLUME MATERIALS High-volume materials are generally available at all times from salvaged building materials yards and in many cases are inexpensive when compared to the cost of new product. They are relatively easy to obtain in small quantities, particularly if some flexibility in terms of material specification is possible. Filling larger orders is more difficult, and if the materials have to be located, and acquired from a

Figure 13. Comparision of materials acquisition process Source: Old to new design guide

number of sources, cost saving potential can be reduced. However, large quantities do become available from time to time when commercial or institutional buildings are deconstructed, and if demolition or salvage contractors are given enough notice they may be able to provide larger numbers with significant cost savings.

2.1.1.3 Secondary case study of a project which uses salvaged materials Ardencraig 353 West 11th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Figure 14. Comparision of materials acquisition process Source: Old to new design giude

Ardencraig comprises four townhomes designed within the framework of an existing heritage home and garage. The use of salvaged materials is just one of a number of environmental strategies employed in the building and associated site work. Ardencraig is an excellent example of the rehabilitative reuse of an existing structure; over 90% of the wood in the original structure is retained. Additional salvaged materials, obtained from deconstruction of an existing garage, were used to construct a coach house behind the main structure. Salvaged framing members were also used to strengthen the roof trusses and increase the space available for insulation. Other salvaged materials include granite from the existing foundation walls, and stained glass used in feature

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

windows. The developer reports that the greendesign aspect of the project was a positive benefit in marketing units to potential purchasers.

2.1.1.4 Inferences A goal has set to reuse materials from deconstruction of the existing market as a strategy to help conserve natural resources and reduce embodied energy. Steel rebars from the primary strucutres of the existing market, wash basins, urnials, wc'sin the existing toilets, mild steel pipes which form the parapets, electrical generators, water pumps have been identified to be salvaged and re-used in the reconstruction of the new market.

SAMPLE PROCEDURE OF SALVAGING: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Specify material: Ceiling fans Identify source: Existing market Remove fans from site Store fans(on or off site) Transport to fabrication shop Refinish or refabricate fans (on or off site) 7. Install fans

Ima Market Project timeline

Decision to use salvaged materials

Predesign Schemtatic design Design development Construction documents Deconstruction Construction Removal of material from the existing market Figure 15. Project timeline for the re-interpretation of Ima Market Source: author

List of Salvaged Materials Component Salvaged materials Source Primary structure Steel reinforcement bars

Existing market & salvaged materials suppliers.

Secondary structure M.S. railing pipes

Existing market & salvaged materials suppliers.

Miscellaneous

Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing

Water pumps Urinals WCs Wash Basins Fire fighting pipes Electrical generators Water sprinkler system Ceiling fans Figure 16. List of salvaged materials Source: author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Investigation and acquisition of salvaged materials.

market market market market market market market market

Figure 17. Water sprinlers for salvaging Source: author

Figure 20. Generator for salvaging Source: author Figure 18. M.S railings for salvaging Source: author

Figure 19. Water pump for salvaging

Figure 21. Ceiling for salvaging

Source: author

Re-use of salvaged materials like ceiling fans, water pumps, generators from the existing market to help cut down the utilization of natural resources and embodied energy.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

2.1.2 Study of market places

his section seeks to go back to basics and explore the basic characteristics of a market. A more indepth study of specific markets are undertaken in the case studies section. Market place is the first and foremost use of the project. For the purpose of the thesis, it is necessary to dive into the basics of the concept of a marketplace and work upwards from there.

2.1.2.1 Definition A market is regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. A place where buying and selling occurs. In different parts of the world they may be referred to as a souk (from the Arabic), bazaar (from the Persian), a fixed mercado (Spanish) or itinerant tianguis (Mexico), or palengke (Philippines). Some markets operate on most days; others may be held weekly, or on less frequent specified days. Markets have continued their existance from ancient times . In ancient Greece, it was called the agora, and in ancient Rome, the forum.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 22: Street markets such as this one in Paris are common in France. Resellers and farmers sell fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, and other produce. Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 23: La Boqueria market in Barcelona, Catalonia, currently Spain Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 24: Kumasi Market in Ghana Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 25: La Vegetable market in Chalakudy, India. Source: en.wikipedia.org

The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is often cited as the world's oldest still-operating market; its construction began in 1455. In the 15th century the Mexica (Aztec) market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas.

2.1.2.2 Types of markets

Figure 26: Palengke in the Philippines Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 27: Mercado Municipal in SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 28. Grocery stalls in San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Mexico

Figure 29. Public market at place Jacques-Cartier in Montreal, Quebec in 1940

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Markets may be retail or whole sale or a combination of both sometimes.Different types of markets can be obsevred in todays day and age. By their physical characteristics, they might be understood as: 1. Indoor markets. 2. Marketplace, an open space where a market is or was formerly held in a town 3. Market square, in Europe, with stalls selling goods in a public square 4. Public market, in the United States, an indoor, fixed market in a building and selling a variety of goods 5. Street market, with stalls along one or more public streets 6. Floating markets, where goods are sold from boats, chiefly found in Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam 7. Night markets, popular in many countries in Asia, opening at night and featuring much street food and a more leisurely shopping experience. In Malaysia they are known as pasar malam. 8. Wet markets, in Greater China, where traditionally live animals were sold; in Malaysia, pasar pagi is a type of wet market. Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

2.1.2.3 Modern western markets Western examples of markets in the modern day have a very defined zoning with areas allocated for entry, servicing, parking, circulation of customers etc. They are usually uni-directional and with all the design intent put behind them, it is not advisable to replicate them in the Manipuri context.

2.1.2.4 Inferences The notion of a dedicated service zone, although doesn't exist in traditional manipuri markets, can be tweaked from the western modes of markets and introduced for smoother working of the market.

Figure 30. Vegetable market in Eintracht Source: www.plataformaarquitectura.cl

Figure 31. Grocery market in San Jose, Mexico Source: www.plataformaarquitectura.cl

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 32: Corridor of fruit and vegetable sellers at the West Side Market in Cleveland, Ohio Source: en.wikipedia.org

Figure 34: Wet market in Singapore

Figure 33: Bazaar: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, Turkey Source: en.wikipedia.org

The Ima Keithel is unique mixture of different types of markets rolled into one. It is partly a wet market selling daily items apart from selling goods such as bamboo crafts, jewellery, and local-made knives.

Figure 35: Tianguis: Model of Aztec tianguis (marketplace) at Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Museum of Anthropology

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 36. Compilation of sketches of different modes of selling good in a market, section. Source: author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 36. Conceptual design sketch for a sloping Market seating pattern Source: author

Figure 36. Compilation of sketches of different modes of selling good in a market, section. Source: author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

2.1.3 Depiction of idea of Manipuri women Manipuri women have been known for their valor, skill and active involvement in many social, economic, political and cultural activities. A manipuri woman takes care of the family as a mother, wife, daughter, sister and a daughter-in-law. She takes care of the society as an ima.

She is strength and grace personified in one vessel. 2.1.3.1 Essence on Manipuri women Women's presence is felt in different walks of life. It may be in the field of art & culture, sports, medicine, administration, academics, management etc.The womenfolk occupy a unique place in the society of Manipur. Unperturbed by the patriarchal notions of the rest of the world, the womenfolk of Manipur have stood up for themselves and proven themselves a pillar of strength and worhty of imitation. In 1939, thousands agitated against famine caused by British exportation of local harvests. The un-

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 37. Irom Sharmila, the iron lady of Manipur. Source: www.legalindia,com

armed women were met with Military force which came to be known as "Nupi Lal" or women's war. The political role of women in Manipur has been nothing less than significant. The first Nupilal, 1904 and the second Nupilal 1939 are glaring instances of Manipuri women's collective revolt against

the political injustices and inhuman religious dogmas during the colonial rule. The two movements really have redefined the potential of Manipuri women and their contributions to socio-political reformations.

Women's role in Manipuri society can be accredited to the contribution they are making to end alcoholism and drugs abuse in the state. Two women's movement namely Nisha-Bandh & Meira Paibi are examples of women acute participation in curbing social evils in our society. The idea of the thesis project being a market run only by women calls for a substantial represention of the women themselves. An abstraction of the qualities of women is aimed for in this thesis. This abstraction of the essence of the ima's is aimed to be inherent to the design in terms of integration to the design of the spaces itself. Advent of Nisha-Bandh

Figure 38. Womenfolk protesting against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act. Source: www.commondreams.org

The ima market is a representation of the resolute nature of the Manipuri womenfolk and female empowerment. Figure 39. The meira paibis Source: www.e-pao.net

The emergence of Nisha-Bandh movement in 1970s was due to the rise in the sale of liquor and the menace created by the drunkard husbands to their wives. The husbands spend all their income in drinking and when they come home they will start beating, throwing tantrums at their wives for petty reasons. Women have to manage the household chores and children as usual, and even they have to find ways to earn a livelihood. The women who have been at the receiving end to different forms of violence find it difficult to face such humiliation for long. So the women folk collectively organized a movement called

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Nisha-Bandh to control the sale, purchase and drinking of liquor in their own locality. Advent of Meira-Paibis. In 1980, a sudden collective movement called Meira Paibis emerged to safeguard the youth from atrocities by the security forces like arrest without issue of any warrant, killing or beating them up for unknown reason. The prevailing conflict situation in the state has resulted in the killing of many innocent people, the case of rape, molestation, abduction, extortion is so high that women feel the need to bring into an end such a kind of human rights violations. They keep a strict vigil at their own locality at night by holding a burning torch in their hands. When any on toward incident happens in the state as for instance bomb blast, killing of innocent civilians they would take strong condemnation and protest in the form of sit-in-protest, dharna, mass rally, general strike, social boycott and bandh.

Figure 40. Womenfolk participating in sports competitions. Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 41. Womenfolk participating in sports competitions.

Nowadays Meira Paibis are seen involved in matters related to family feuds, land-disputes, extra-marital affairs etc.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Source: www.e-pao.net

The manipuri women are a spectacle in themselves. They have been described as strong willed, independent, courageous and any adjective that comes with their strong and active nature. Art, Culture & religion The beautiful Ras Lila, Leima Jagoi, Maibi Jagoi are famous all over the world. Nat Sankritan is a form of folk song mainly practised during marriage, death, and Na Hutpa ceremonies. Women are also seen taking lead role in times of wedding ceremony as Jatra-Pubi and even at Swasti Puja. Women of Manipur are active participants in many cultural activities. Laiharaouba is one ritual which is performed in praise of Umang-Lai. Maibis (priestess) are the most spectacular presence in the Lai Haraouba. Right from the beginning till the end, chief Maibi, along with her other companions, not only conducts ritual performance but also the most energetic performers who run the entire celebration in an intense and convincing manner. In the Kang-Chingba (Rath Yatra ) festival, Ningol Palli ( day for the daughter's turn in the ceremony) and women sing songs in praise of the deities.

Figure 42. The flip side of women in manipur showing their grace and beauty. Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 43. The flip side of women in manipur showing their grace and beauty. Source: www.e-pao.net

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Economic Role of women The contribution of women in the economic aspect is very large. Whether in the organized or unorganized sector they have been making their presence felt everywhere. There are many women who are holding high ranking posts as IFS, IPS, and judges in civil courts and pilot. A large number of women are working as doctors, professors, architects, film producers, journalists, air-hostesses, and teachers, making a difference not in the valley itself but also outside the state and abroad. The intricately woven handicrafts and handloom items is popular even outside the state.

Women are engaged in various activities as for instance weaving, silk rearing, yarn making, embroidery, pottery, fishing, and in the agricultural sector women's contribution is more than their male counterparts. Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Women's participation is important, right from sowing the paddy, weeding, husking and winnowing etc. There are many women who run pan-shops, tea and snack stalls contributing into the financial back-up of the family. One can find many women construction workers, domestic helpers increasing in the state. The number of women entrepreneurs is rising.

The Ima market is the most important place in Manipur for business. Here women from far away districts bring their goods, including vegetables, clothes, rice, fruits, flowers and many other items essential for daily uses. They sell their product to the women vendors in the market. However if we look into the earning of these women vendors, it is far more negligible looking at the amount of labour, time and energy they are putting into it. Most of them are compelled to sell things due to lack of proper source of income in the family.

2.1.3.2 Femininity in architecture Does gender in architecture exist? Buildings like the empire state building have been associated with masculinity. Some architecture critics say that the tall, forceful shape of a skyscraper expresses masculinity.But this is not the only characteristics of a male building because other buildings such as Ar. I.M. Pei's Johnson museum has also been characterised as male. This building shows that a building does not have to be tall or phallic to suggest masculinity. Other buildings in the 'male' list include the old WTC buildings, villa savoye, the rockerfeller center, hadid's cincinnati rosenthal museum, foa's bbc center, guggenheim, bilbao, santa maria church (siza), and cottbus library (h&dm)

Figure 44. The empire state building. Source: www.emaze.com

Figure 45. The Sydney opera house.

ru ban's pompidou, metz, laban center, london (h&dm) Interestingly, some buildings are even regarded as androgynous or having the characteristics of both males and females. The list includes the Taj Mahal, swiss re in london, villa vpro (mvrdv), bordeaux villa (oma), tate modern (h&dm), taichung metropolitain opera house (ito) and kunsthaus and graz (peter cook).

The implication behind the application of terms such as "masculine" and "feminine" to buildings is that we can equate particular forms with a particular gender.

Source: www.hanatour.com

On the other hand, buildings like the Singapore Esplanade and the Sydney Opera house have been picked up as examples of feminine architecture. Sure they both have curvilinear forms but is that the sole criteria by which a building is regarded as female? Some other buildings regarded as female are guggenheim, ny, lake shore drive apts (meis), eyebeam atelier (d+s) the educatorium, , ando's rowhouse, prada, tokyo (h&dm), shige-

2.1.3.3 Inferences In contemporary culture, the straight lines and qualities of massiveness that we might see in a fortified castle connote masculinity, whereas curves such as those we associate with style of art nouveau connote femininity. Some see masculine and feminine attributes in a variety of architectural features: towers are phallic and masculine; domes represent breasts and are feminine.

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The use of this sort of terminology and this type of interpretation does not add very much to our understanding of architecture. Moreover, it promotes a stereotyped view of what is masculinity and femininity, and is therefore something that the author has tried to steer clear of.

Instead, the thesis focuses on abstraction of values to depict the Manipuri women.

Figure 46. A steel space truss structure Source: Seismic design for architects

Figure 47. A braced frame system which reflects the beauty and grace as well as the strength of women of Manipur. Source: Seismic design for architects

Depiction of the ideas of women has been tackled through two methods: 1. Structural 2. User-friendly nature of space for women. A steel truss has been picked up to symbolise the manipuri women's grace and dynamism on one hand and strength and power on the other. The market component of the program will be composed of steel truss system on the facades. And the two facades shall be tied together on the roof and ceiling planes. The non-orthogonal nature of the truss system depicts the dynamism of the manipuri women especially

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Figure 48. Perforated Steel Shear walls

Figure 49. A warren truss system supporting a bridge.

Source: Seismic design for architects

the imas. porosity and lightness of the braced system reflects the grace of the women of manipur. A space frame steel system is also adopted for vertical colums to tie the different floors together. They embody the same spirit of porosity and grace. Perforated bamboo screens have been identified to address the vernacular as well as femine aspect of the building. Additionally, Tensile roofs with their light massing and dynamic form have been identified to represent manipuri women.

Figure 50. Light weight tensile roofs

Different societies will have different types of women and thus the representation of women should be responsive to the area in question.

Source: www.memarfa.com

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2.1.4 Earthquake resistance

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In the end it is not the sturdiest but the smartest building that will surviveâ&#x20AC;?

wing to its location on the fault line between the Indo-australian and the urasian plate, the site falls under a zone 5 earthquake prone area. it is imperative that adequate measures are taken to make the spaces as safe as possible. The present state of the ima market torn by the 6.7 magnitude earthquake in January 2016 speaks volumes for the importance of this section.

Figure 51: Illustration of the tectonic plates Source: Seismic design for architects

2.1.4.1 Understanding an earthquake The Natural History Museum in London has stated that the ground that we percieve as solid is anything but so. Geologcally, the earth's crust is in a state of dynamic flux. It is interesting to note that Andrew Charleson in his book Seismic design for architects has put up an analogy between finger snapping and the sudden release of energy that initiates an earthquake.

Figure 52. One can experience the build-up of tectonic strain and energy release by snapping oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fingers. Apply pressure normal to the finger and thumb (a), next apply sideways force (b), and then feel the sudden snapping when that force exceeds the friction between thumb and finger (c) Source: Siesmic design for archiects

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The nature of earthquake shaking. Of the three types of waves generated by fault rupture, two travel underground through rock and soil while the third is confined to the ground surface. P-waves, or Primary waves, travel the fastest. They move through rock in the same way as sound waves move through air, or as a shock wave travels along a metal rod when it is struck at one end. They push and pull the soil through which they pass. S-wavesor Shear waves, of most concern to buildings, move soil particles side to side, vertically and horizontally ( Fig. x ).They propagate from the focus at a speed of about 3 km/sec. Surface wavesare the third type of waves. Named after the scientists who discovered them, Lovewaves vibrate only in the horizontal plane on the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s surface while Rayleighwaves also have a significant vertical component. Their up-and-down motion is similar to ocean waves.

Figure 53: Basic earthquake terminology Source: Siesmic design for archiects

ing seismic resistant buildings, the three most important characteristics of ground shaking are the value of peak ground acceleration, the duration of strong shaking and the frequency content of the shaking. Recorded peak ground accelerations of damaging earthquakes range from 0.2 g to over 1.0 g where g is the acceleration due to gravity. A 1.0 g horizontal acceleration at the base of a rigid building induces the same force as if the building were tipped onto its side to cantilever horizontally from its base . Very few buildings can survive such a large force. The higher the level of ground acceleration, the greater the horizontal earthquake forces induced within the building. The horizontal flexibility of the superstructure of a building amplifies the ground shaking commonly by a factor of up to two to three times.

The s-waves are the primary cause of damdage to buildings along with liquefaction of the ground.

Characteristics of ground shaking

Figure 54: Dynamic ground movements caused by the propagation of P- and horizontal S-waves. Source: Siesmic design for archiects

From the perspective of design-

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2.1.4.2 Traditional approach towards earthquake resistance There have been a lot of strategies adopted to counter the effects of earthquakes in the local vernacular architecture. They closely resemble the traditional Japanese method of earthquake resistance so this section will also touch on Japanese ways of countering earthquakes. Some of the strategies include podiums built on rammed earth, non-structural walls, interlocking joints, light building materials and so on.

Before the influence of modern materials and technologies in Manipur, the buildings had a good track record against earthquakes. Houses were always built on podiums of rammed earth. Wooden columns were erected on stone bases which were not plastically bound to the ground. Non structural walls made of bamboo and mud kept the weight down and dedicated the responsibility of structural integrity of the building to the columns and beams made

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Figure 55: Traditional Manipuri House Source: www.e-pao.net

of wood. These wooden support systems were joined with interlocking joints and hence provided room for them to slide over each other in times of earthquake loads. An architectural design of ancient Manipuri Yumjao/House is shown in the adjoining page. This design shows that most of the materials used for building Yumjao (house) are light weight materials and mud.

The roofs are made-up of thatches and bamboo columns. The joinings are fastened with bamboos splits, and no iron nails or bolts were used. The walls are plastered with mixtures of 38

clay, fine sands, straws, cow-dung and reinforced with bamboo columns in the center. The walls, if not dampened with water can last very long. A major earthquake rocked Manipur-Myanmar border in the year August 06, 1988 at the epicenter of Lat. 25.130 and Long 95.150 and at a magnitude of 6.6 Richter scale. The devastating earthquake did not have major impacts on traditional structures while it left an indelible impact on the RCC and brick buildings.

Inference The major tactics of traditional manipuri earthquake resistance are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Light weight materials Non load bearing walls Interlocking/ bound joints Rammed earth podium

Figure 56: Structure of a Traditional Manipuri House Source: www.e-pao.net

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2.1.4.3 Modern approaches towards earthquake resistance. One of the themes emerging in earthquake resistant design is that of international collaboration. The current philosophy of seismic design acknowledges that theme as it draws upon the earthquake provisions of each of the four countries or regions that at various times have provided leadership in the development of modern codes. Relevant aspects of codes from Japan, Europe, USA and New Zealand are referenced to offer an international perspective. Although there are many points of detail on which the codes differ, taken together they present a reasonably united philosophy to outwit quakes. Since structural engineers are the intended readership of codes, these codes are not particularly accessible to other professionals. Hence, readers will appreciate structural engineering assistance with code way-finding, interpretation and the answering of questions related to their local situations. One general comment at this point about all codes is that they proscribe minimum standards. Seismic resistant design is intended to achieve two objectives: Protect human lives, and Limit build-

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ing damage. The first objective is achieved primarily by the provision of adequate strength and ductility. This ensures that a building is protected from full or partial collapse during large earthquakes that occur infrequently. The second objective limits building damage during lesser, more frequently occurring earthquakes, in order to minimize economic losses including loss of building functionality. The modern approach to earthquake resistance can be summed up in the following abbreviation.

A B C D E

nchorage

racing ontinuity uctility

nhancement

Anchorage deals with the foundation of the structure where techniques such a base isolation and tuned mass dampers play a role

in negating plastic stresses at critical points.

form

Bracing refers quite self explainatorily to a braced frame structure for more strength against earthquake loads and wind loads. Continuity deals with providing expansion joints while ductility is also an important factor in that ductility helps absorb the forces experienced during an earthquake.

materials

structural design

consruction

Resisting seismic forces To resist horizontal seismic forces successfully buildings must possess strength and stiffness, and in most cases ductility as well. Factors affecting the severity of seismic forces are: Building weight. The lighter the building, the better chances of it negotiating an earthquake successfully. Natural Period of vibration. Differing peroid of vibration between the building and the earthquake will help in preventing collapses. Damping. The stresses caused in joints and plastic points can be reduced by using dampers.

Figure 57: The four aspects of consideration Source: Author

Ductility. Increasing ductility helps in preventing failure from plastic stresses.

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Case study of Tokyo Sky tree for its earthquake resistance strategy. Rising high above the area of Sumida Ward, the Tokyo Sky Tree is surrounded by several traditional shopping and entertainment districts. The Tokyo Sky Tree not only serves as a self-supporting radio broadcasting tower that transmits terrestrial digital and other broadcast signals. It also symbolizes the revitalization of shitamachiareas and shitamachi culture, while at the same time enhancing ties with Asakusa, a famous sightseeing place in Tokyo that is rich in traces of Edo culture. The structure comprises of a concrete shear core in the centre of the plan surrounded by steel tube framed trusses on the periphery.

It is a modern interpretation of the five storey pagoda and its shimbashira concept.

Figure 58: Structural system of Tokyo tower Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

The structural components are as follows: Kanae truss 1. Built-up column employing four columns, and horizontal and brace members Figure 59: Site plan of the tower complex

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Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

Figure 60: Elevation of the TV tower. Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

2. Arranged in the top of the triangular plane form 3. Main member to resist horizontal load Horizontally-connected trussesâ&#x2014;? 1. Connecting intermediate tower and ring trusses every two layers (25 m) 2. Working as members to transfer the horizontal load (in-plane), and members to stiffen the buckling of kanae trusses and peripheral columns Ring truss 1. Horizontal members arranged every layer (12.5 m) 2. Working as the member to stiffen buckling of peripheral columns Figure 63: Section through the shear core shimbashira

Figure 61 Section showing the shimbashira and dampers Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

The concrete shear core and the steel tubular trusses which surround it are structurally independent. They are connected by oil dampers on specific floor levels.

The difference in the motion of the two structures help to nullify lateral stresses in times of earthquakes. Figure 62: Section showing the shimbashira foundation Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

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2.1.4.4 Inferences From the study of earthquake resistance both in the traditional and modern viewpoints, the following strategies have been identified to be articulated in the design. For the office block, A combination of concrete shear wall and braced frames structure. The concept of shimbashira has also been applied for this block complete with oil dampers between a steel lattice shimbashira and the braced frame outside.

Figure 64. Damage avoidance pre-cast concrete shear wall system Source: Seismic design for architects

For the market block, Base isolation of the footings will be carried out in the market block. Figure x shows how the columns can be displaced in times of earthquakes to prevent critical damage. A combination of concrete shear walls, steel fibre braced frames and steel moment frames will be adopted in various parts of the built mass to provide strength against earthquakes. Materials have been identified to be as light as possible. They include steel cables for bracings, steel decking for floor slabs, steel trusses for

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Figure 65. Damage avoidance pre-cast concrete shear wall system Source: Steel construction, today and tomorrow.

primary structure of the market. Wherever concrete columns are to be places, additional reinforcements will be placed in the plastic regions to combat failure. Unbonded post tensioned tendons in shear walls will help prevent plastic stresses.

Figure 66. Damage avoidance pre-cast concrete shear wall system Source: Seismic design for architects

Figure 68. Damage avoidance pre-cast concrete shear wall system Source: Seismic design for architects

Figure 69. Damage avoidance pre-cast concrete shear wall system

Figure 67. Additional reinforcing steel to confine the concrete in the plastic hinge region of a column

Source: Seismic design for architects

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2.1.5 Manipuri Vernacular: Materials and aesthetics. 2.1.5.1 Textiles and crafts The heterogenous society of manipur has manifested a plethora of textures in cothing and crafts alike. These textures represen the ephemeral qualities of the spirit of Manipur's collection of traditions and customs.

2.1.5.2 Architecture and form Manipur's proximity to nature is reflected in its architecture. The roof form of the Kangla palace is made of stone but retains the characters and form of a thatched roof. It is a convex curved roof which recreates how a thatched roof would have bent. The pecuiiar roof form of the tower permeates into all public buildings. it is a four sided roof with the ridges aligned with the sides of the tower in plan. We can see examples of this in the gateway to the manipur uniersity ( Figure X), the Gandhi Memorial Hall (Figure x), the Kangla Fort gate and others. The building built within the recent past have all been majorly built in a beam and slab system with brick infills. The roofs are usually tin sheets. Figure 70. A composition of the textles of Manipur. Source: www.e-pao.net

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However, if we go back in time, the traditional building materials were wood and/or bamboo support, bamboo and mud for walls, rammed earth for floors and thatched roofs.

2.1.5.3 Inferences

Figure 71. Bamboo cane mat Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 72. Bamboo cane basket Source: www.e-pao.net

The textures shown alongside have been picked up to be articulated as part of the elevational treatment of the market component of the program. The wide ranging textures of the crafts and textiles are dedicated to the varrious groups of people who altogether comprise Manipur. The Imphal High court shown in the next page comes as a modernisation of the Manipuri architecture in a better way then most of what exists presently in Imphal.

Figure 73. Bamboo cane fishing basket Source: www.e-paonet

Figure 74. Bamboo cane seat Source: www.e-pao.net

One of the more prominent features of Manipuri architecture is its unique 4 sided roof as shown in the pictures in the following page. The Gandhi Memorial, the Manipuri university gateway, the Kangla gate, the Cathedral, all have employed it to varying scales of success. This thesis utilizes this sysmbol of Manipuri architecture in its roof form.

Figure 75. Bamboo cane basket Source: www.e-pao.net

Figure 76. Bamboo cane seat Source: www.e-pao.net

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Right Figure 79. Manipuri forms modernized

Figure 77. Kangla Palace Source: www.manipurupdate.com

Figure 78. The gateway to Manipur University Source: www.e-pao.net

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Source: www,e-pao.net

Right Figure 80. Manipuri roof forms highlighted. Source: www.e-pao.net

2.2 Case Studies 2.2.1 Primary case studies 2.2.1.1 Select city walk

elect Citywalk is a premier shopping mall located in the Saket District Centre, in Saket, New Delhi. The 1,300,000 sq ft retail development is spread over 6 acres and includes a 4 km long multiplex, serviced apartments, offices and public spaces. For the thesis, this case study will help to understand the modern way a "market" functions.

Figure 81. Sections through Select city walk Source: www.insideoutside.com

Location: Saket district centre, Delhi Opened: 2007 Hours: 9:30 am to 9 pm No. of stores & services: 180 No. of anchor tenants: 8 Total retial floor area: 120,000 sq. m No. of floors 3 Parking: 12 CFR00 The mall has a 1000 sq m multi cuisine food court on the second floor. There is also a 10,000 sq m outdoor open plaza. This plaza is landscaped extensively and is used for festivals, fairs, exhibitions etc

Figure 82. The atrium provides a way finding tool and congregation space.

Being the first large scale mall to open in south delhi, select city walk has been immensely popular.

Source: Author

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The visitors' circulation converge and diverge from the core at the corner of the L shaped plan. The overlapping circulations look upon and onto each other in the central and linear atrium. This creates good visibility conditions as seen in the section. Visitors can overlook a wide array of area and functions and this creates a feeling of safety through the concept of "eyes on the street". The ratio of height to width of the central atrium solicits maximum amount of interacting without losing connect to the human scale.

Figure 83. Typical section through Select city walk showing the central double heights. Source: Author

Figure 84. Plan showing the mode of circulation Source: Author

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2.1.2 DLF Cyber hub

he cyber hub is an open plan mall in gurgaon, NCR. It is also one of the more successful endeavours. For the thesis, this case study will help to understand the modern way a "market" functions.

Figure 85. Plan showing the mode of circulation Source: Author

Figure 86. Typical section showing the character of spaces overlooking Source: Author

Location: Gurgaon. Opened: Hours: No. of stores & services: No. of anchor tenants: Total retial floor area: No. of floors 3 Parking: The design of cyber hub is very linear and reminiscent of a street. Stepped terraces maintain the illusion of connectivity with the ground. Visitors can overlook over adjoining terraces and onto the "streets" below and above. There is a dedicated service zone to the back of the main row of shops. It has a seperate entry but is connected to the main visitors circulation too.

Figure 87. 3d model reconstruction of Cyber Hub Source: Author

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Figure 88. Multiple plans of Cyber city highlighting key areas of research.

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Figure 89 : Vertical landscape on front facade

Figure 90. Service entry covered by jaali and vertical landscaping

Figure 91: Tensile roofs overhang over the circulation on ground floor

Figure 92: Open air theatre

Figure 93: Plans of cyber city explaining circulation patterns

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2.2.1.3 Dilli Haat

ocated on a leftover site opposite to an informal market on a highly active road, Aurobindo Marg, the journey of its transformation began from an experimental Crafts Bazaar in 1990 at another location in New Delhi.

The chosen site of 100 x 300m comprised of a 23m wide storm water drain , a garbage dumping ground often used for outdoor defecation and sanitation purposes. Along the site were number of trees lining both sides of the drain, giving it a linear flowing character but with an identity of a left over space.

Figure 94. Plan indicating the different zones and their functions

Location: Aurobindo Marg, Near AIIMS Opened: Hours: No. of stores & services: No. of anchor tenants: Total retial floor area: No. of floors 1 Parking:

The spatial program includes an entrance plaza, raised to block vehicular access and bring a new spatial identity for pedestrian cirFigure 95. View of the street in Dilli haat

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culation and ticketing services for entry to Dilli Haat.It is followed by a linear spine of movement flanked by stalls on both sides in cluster patterns showcasing the local and the regional crafts of India. (Fig.4)To transform Dilli Haat into a successful public experience, the food plazas and a performance arena culminate this spatial journey.

Figure 96. Plan indicating the shops in red

The street corresponding to the first half of central spine from entrance has the highest values of connectivity but comparatively smaller values of integration to the overall system. This is by virtue of its linear character which supports its function as a shopping street. In comparison, the latter half of the central spine with a nearer value in connectivity has very high value of integration as it is well integrated into the network of food zones on both sides.

The food zones that flank as networks on both sides of the spine after the round about has a medium level of visual connectivity and integration. The lower most portion of the site has lesser integration levels due to its visual discontinuity

Figure 97: Section showing the drain under the site

The above analysis is validated through the facts that while Dilli Haat was con-

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ceptualized for 1000 to 2000 people per day. It however witnesses up to 7000 people on weekends or holidays and about 3000 on weekdays. ( Kakar, 2015) The growing numbers of visitors is a strong indicator of the successful transformation of a dead and unattended leftover space into a valuable urban space demonstrating a rich public experience. Figure x shows the increasing growth pressure the haat is facing from within by the creation of unplanned informal stalls.

Dilli Haat is a true example of a complete transformation of an urban leftover space into a unique public space through a food and crafts bazaar program. Its spatial typology supported by a subdued architectural character induces a strong sense of connectedness and visibility as also evidenced by the space syntax. It has a strong potential to illustrate how urban spaces and their configurations can translate into positive public value

Figure x. View of the street in Dilli haat Source:

Figure 98. Plan indicating the mode of circulation Source: Author

Figure 99. Typical section through Dilli haat showing the interaction between spaces Source: Author

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2.2.1.4 Khwairamband Bazaar The centuries-old Khwaraimband Bazar in Imphal is part of the the original Ima market where shops are owned, run and controlled by women. Location: Imphal, Next to the modern Ima market Opened: 19th Century Hours: 8 am to 7 pm No. of stores & services: Total retial floor area: No. of floors 1 Parking: This market shows the nature of a traditional manipuri market, the one the current Ima markets used to have before the modernization took place. Over 3,500 vendors performed traditional rituals before shifting from sheds to the three newly constructed complexes. The market has handloom products that make excellent souvenirs for tourists who visit Manipur, it also has vegetable, fruits, fishes, household utensils and jewelry for the local people. Figure 100. Plan of Khwairamband bazaar

It is a symbol of women empowerment, a fabric in the societal blanket of Imphal.

Source: www.maps.google.com

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Figure 101: Khwairamband bazaar Source: Author

Figure 102: Khwairamband bazaar

Figure 103: Khwairamband bazaar

Source: Author

Figure 104: Khwairamband bazaar Source: Author

Figure 105: Khwairamband bazaar

Figure 106: Khwairamband bazaar

Source: Author

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Figure 107. Entry points and pedestrian movement in the market

Source: Author

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2.2.2 Secondary case studies 2.2.2.1 Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagoda structure of Horyu-ji temple in Japan In a study done by Koji Nakahara, Toshiharu Hisatoku, Tadashi Nagase and Yoshinori Takaashi, the team of researchers investigated the architectural style of the 5 story pagodas and how they have withstood jolting earthquakes and whatever has been thrown at them for the past multiple centuries. The architectural style of the five-story pagoda wasintroduced with Buddhism from India via China around the mid 6th century. During the years since then, about 1,300 years, many five-story pagodas encountered several huge scale earthquakes. There exist, however, no historical documents that report any toppling incidents of five-story pagodas except some damages in the ornamental element called kurin in Japanese in the top structure. Even in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster of 1995 inflicted by an earthquake that registered a seismic intensity of M 7.2, there had been no reports on major damages to wooden pagodas close to the affected areas of Hyogo Prefecture or old

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pagodas in Kyoto and Nara. These five-story pagodas are a mysterious existence for modern people in many respects. To understand one aspect of it, the team conducted a simulation analysis of why the five-story pagoda of Horyuji Temple, shown in Figure. 1 , still standing in Ikaruga-no-sato in Nara has been so resistant to earthquakes. The form and structure Five-story pagodas were built to enshrine Buddhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s ashes (the skeletal remains of Buddha) and said to inherit the form of stupa, a style of tombs in ancient India. The five-story pagoda of Horyuji, regarded as the oldest existing wooden pagoda in Japan , was rebuilt around A.D. 711 after the original one was lost in a fire. Figure. x shows plans and sectional views of the pagoda. It boasts a total height of 32.55 m from its top to the top of its podium or 107.44 shaku, an older unit of length for Japanese. The plan of its structure is square with the length of its side, 5.45 m in the first through forth stories and 3.64 m in the fifth story. The first story is surrounded by a structure called mokoshi ( an extra eave ), an addition to the main structure that is covered with lean-to roofs. A center column supports its top

Figure 108: The five story pagoda Source: Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagodas structure of horyu-ji temple in Japan.

structure, sorin. In the original structure, the center column was buried in a deep hole in the ground, but it now stands on a base stone in the podium. The following six points can be listed as its structural features: 1. The main structural elements consist of wood. 2. There are many joints or connections such as the â&#x20AC;&#x153; kumimonoâ&#x20AC;? or complex joints connecting many wood members. 3. A framework in which each story is independent and no column ties them together. 4. The center column supports the ornamental structure on the top independently of the main structure. 5. The columns in the first story are not tied down to the foundation. 6. Its natural periods are around 1 second, and these are rather long considering the height of its structure.

Figure 109: Plan and sectional views of the pagoda Source: Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagodas structure of horyu-ji temple in Japan.

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Analytical Focus of the structural elements contributing to earthquake resistance

gives TMD effect after researches of pagodas in Nikko-ji Temple and Senso-ji Temple.

Many scientific researches have been conducted on the earthquake resistance of five-story pagodas since the end of the Meiji era (around A.D. 1900).

Based on this background, seven factors , listed below and illustrated in Figure. x, have been considered in the analysis.

Dr. Muto K. thought the friction damping effect of the wooden joints was an important factor in making them earthquake resistant. After Dr. Ishida S., the center column acts as a bolt fastening the whole structure and adding a restrainsing effect of shearing deformations among individual stories. According to the analyses conducted by Dr. Tanabashi R., the factors increasing the resistance of the structure were the scale effect of the five-story structure , a characteristic of flexible structure and the wood jointsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capacity for allowing plastic deformations through slipping or gaps in them. Dr. Ueda A. considered that each structurally independent stories are mounted on top the other was able to allow each one to act like a balancing toy, cancelling the inertia force of each story out among them. And Dr. Omori proposed that the compound penduilam system , the center column and the main structure ,

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1. Sliding between the base stones and columns contributing the earthquake resistance (base isolations) 2. Slipping and gaps in the wooden joints 3. Friction damping effect of wooden joints 4. Balancing toy effect ( due to deep eaves ) 5. Oscillation of the whole structure like a snake dance 6. Collision between the center column and the main structure, making a bolt effect 7. Center column TMD effect

A simulation of an earthquake was done by the researchers where they compared a rigid frame structure to the pagoda. The analyses are as follows.

Figure 110: Vibration control devices of the pagoda Source: Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagodas structure of horyu-ji temple in Japan.

In Figure. x (a), (b), the envelope of maximum displacement responses against the earthquake of each model are shown in comparison

with that of a conventional rigid frame structure model with its fundamental period of 1.1sec. Figure. x illustrates the envelope of maximum displacement against the earthquake of the composite model , including all vibration control effects , in comparison with that of the rigid frame model. And Time history of relative displacements of 3rd story and 5th story of the composite model against the earthquake at around the principal shock are shown in Figure. x.

Figure 111: Comparison of maximum displacement of each model Source: Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagodas structure of horyu-ji temple in Japan.

Figure 112: Maximum displacement of the composite midel

Figure 113: Time history of relative displacements of the composite model

Source: Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagodas structure of horyu-ji temple in Japan.

As can be seen in Figure. x, the maximum displacement response of each model that includes only one vibration control effect is smaller than that of the rigid frame structure. The maximum response of each model , however , exceed the limit sway angle of 1/50 at which the frame may collapse. Fig. x indicates that the maximum responses of the composite model is reduced to 56% of the maximum response of the rigid frame model, and the response sway angles are below 1/50, proving the integrated effect of many resistance factors that has been pointed out by researchers. Fig. 10 shows the time history of the relative displacement responses of 3rd and 5th stories of the composite model. The amplitude of the 3rd story is larger than that of 5th story at around the principal shock of the ground earthquake motion. This indicates that the intermediate stories behaves like as soft stories and act as isolators..

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

2.3 Inference and conclusion matrix 2.3.1 Learnings from case studies

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

2.3.2 Learnings from research Earthquake resistance

Manipuri vernacular

The thesis focuses on abFor the office block, A combistraction of values to depict nation of concrete shear wall the Manipuri women. A steel and braced frames structure. Primary structure Intermediate levels contain truss has been picked up to The concept of shimbashira 1. Steel reinforcement bars shopping and rest functons symbolise the manipuri wom- has also been applied for to connect the various levels. en's grace and dynamism on this block complete with oil one hand and strength and dampers between a steel lattice shimbashira and the Segregation of setvice circu- power on the other. braced frame outside. lation and shoppers circulaSecondary structure tion. The market component of the For the market block, Base program will be composed 1. M.S. railing pipes Provision of ramps for univer- of steel truss system on the isolation of the footings will sal access. facades. The non-orthogonal be carried out in the market . nature of the truss system block. Figure x shows how the depicts the dynamism of the columns can be displaced in Looped circulation pattern Miscellaneous for the shoppers to ensure manipuri women especially times of earthquakes to pre footfall to all the vendors. the imas. porosity and light- vent critical damage. 1. Water pumps ness of the braced system 2. Urinals A combination of concrete reflects the grace 3. WCs shear walls, steel fibre braced 4. Wash Basins A space frame steel system frames and steel moment 5. Fire fighting pipes frames will be adopted in is also adopted for vertical 6. Electrical generators various parts of the built mass colums to tie the different 7. Water sprinkler system floors together. They embody to provide strength against 8. Ceiling fans earthquakes. the same spirit of porosity and grace. Perforated bamboo screens have been iden- Materials have been identitified to address the vernacu- fied to be as light as possible. lar as well as femine aspect of They include steel cables for bracings, steel decking the building. for floor slabs, steel trusses Additionally, Tensile roofs with for primary structure of the their light massing and dymarket. namic form have been identified to represent manipuri women.

Deconstruction and reuse of materials

List of Salvaged Materials

Market spaces Segregation of shops based on functions.

Depiction of ideas of women

The Imphal High court shown in the next page comes as a modernisation of the Manipuri architecture in a better way then most of what exists presently in Imphal. One of the more prominent features of Manipuri architecture is its unique 4 sided roof as shown in the pictures in the following page. The Gandhi Memorial, the Manipuri university gateway, the Kangla gate, the Cathedral, all have employed it to varying scales of success. This thesis utilizes this sysmbol of Manipuri architecture in its roof form.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

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Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Chapter 3 Understanding the project This chapter takes the reader through a journey of understanding the project in deail.

Project scope

n order to determine the scope of the project, a survey was conducted in the month of February of 2016. A questionnaire was prepared and sellers were interviewed at random selection. A sample size of 40 sellers or the ima's was achieved. The questionnaire is divided into 3 types. The first is licensed sellers, second is unliscensed sellers and the third being a more comprehensive set for the authhor's great aunt who herself is a seller in the Ima market. From the survey conducted, the following information was deduced. 97% of all the 30 Imas who were interviewed have been selling at the Ima Market Complex for more than

3 years, half of them have been selling at their potfams for more than 10 years. They are not allowed to change their trade items by much, they have to sell only the type of items they have been selling throughout this period.

3.1.1 Project detail Most of the Imas are licence holders, the licenses being issued by the Imphal Municipality after due verification of their residence through Deputy Commissioner. Some Imas inherit theirpotfams from mothers or ancestors. Although there seem to be Ima organizations to control the Imas, just a little more than half of them seem to be aware of who controls the Imas. 40% of them are illiterate, 23.3% studied at college level, an equal number studied above Class VIII. About 57% earn 5,000 to 20,000 a month; 40% earn less than 5,000 per month. Almost all buy items to sell, only about 3% make/ grow their own items. 80% come by auto rikshow, and almost all of them did not

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

bring their trade items as they have already kept these at theit pophams under the surveillance of the chowkidars. About a quarter of them (About 60% only trust the chowkidars27% trust the chowkidars above 50% 60% have been selling at the street for more tha three years; 20% have been selling for more than 10 years. 80% have studied above Class VIII; 20% have studied at college level. 60% earn 5,000 to 20,000 per month. The picture is similar for the street vendors. From the survey of 40 sellers conducted for the thesis, it was found that 97% of all the 30 license holding Imas who were interviewed have been selling at the Ima Market Complex for more than 3 years, half of them have been selling at their potfams for more than 10 years. They are not allowed to change their trade items by much, they have to sell only the type of items they have been selling throughout this period.

Although there seem to be Ima organizations to control the Imas, just a little more than half of them seem to be aware of who controls the Imas. 40% of them are illiterate, 23.3% studied at college level, an equal number studied above Class VIII. About 57% earn 5,000 to 20,000 a month; 40% earn less than 5,000 per month. Almost all buy items to sell, only about 3% make/grow their own items. 80% come by auto rikshow, and almost all of them did not bring their trade items as they have already kept these at theit pophams under the surveillance of the chowkidars. About a wuarter of them (About 60% only trust the chowkidars27% trust the chowkidars above 50%.

Most of the Imas are licence holders, the licenses being issued by the Imphal Municipality after due verification of their residence through Deputy Commissioner. Some Imas inherit theirpotfams from mothers or ancestors.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.1.2 Inferences From a questionairre survey conducted of 40 Imas, the author has gained a point of view of the Imas. This has helped in shaping the programme of the thesis. It has also empowered the author into considering the nuances of running the Ima market successfully. The Imas have a dislike for multistoried market as they believe this will result in esser footfall on th upper floors. Hence this thesis employees a stradogy to replicae the feeling of ground floor market while having the advantages of multistory market.

who operate on the street sides or any such available space. From the survey it was deduced that Imas need an average of 30 SFT space to ply their trade. They desire lockable torage area and finally a voational training component as a prt of the programme to help empowwr the local crafts and textile.

The Imas face alot of problems which includes congestion, quarrels amongst the Imas, bad design of the selling platforms leading to theft/accidents/falls. They want porosity between the bazaar area and the market both physically and mentally. They wantmultiple entry points and promotion of local handloom products. The sellers are found to be of two types in the market. The first type are the licensed Imas selling on the platforms and the seond type are the ones trying to get the license

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.2 Functional requirements diagram

Vocational training centre

Creche

Market

Bank

Library

Office

Open air theatre/ Event Plaza

Youth Centre

Figure 114: Functional diagram Source: Author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.3 Components and spatial needs Market

Vocational Training Centre

1. Fish market area requires optimal ventilation and drainage. 2. The existing areas allocated needs to be redesigned and decongested. 3. Good vision lines cross he market, good natural lighting and ample floo to floor height for services.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Office

Bank

1. Rentable spaces for cross subsidy should be flexible in nature. 2. Seperate entry exit for the offices. While mainting a connect to the market. 3. Privacy of the offices have to be maintained interms of vision line and noise.

1. Adjacent to market and office. 2. Dedicated deskspace for the Imas. 3. locker facility.

Library

Youth Centre

1. It must contain an exterior space for the readers. 2. Good natural lighting and noise control.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Creche

Open air theatre/ Event plaza

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. large enough for public congregation in times of festival/ events. 2. easily accessible from the entry exit points. 3. The plaza should work as a prefuction/extension ara of the market.

Shaded spill out area for the children. Child security Adjacent to the market. Provision for service area including a kitchen.

Classrooms for different vocatons. Workshop Storage Office adjacent to market.

Multipurpose hall. Music room. Art studios. Workshop area.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.4 Area Program

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

3.5 Inferences and conclusions The market area comprises the majority of the project. A sizeable two thirds of the prgram is the market component. It has to be easily accessible, easily seen from the outside and should maintain the feeling of a ground storey market. An office space which includes spaces for the Ima market organisations and rentable office plates have been proposed to provide cross subsidy for the market. It will provide capital for maintainance of the market. The creche proposed has a direct relations to the Ima coming to sell who have trouble leaving their kids at home. It has been proposed to be in close proximity to the market itself. The vocational training centre on the other hand will help female empowerment by teaching crafts and arts to be sold in the market after potentially soring it in the in-house facility. A bank has been provided for financial support for the imas. A library and the youth centre will help cultural and societal uplliftment.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Chapter 4 Understanding the site This chapter explores the site and its context in detail.

4.1 The city, precinct, neighborhood and immediate surroundings

he city of Imphal is the capital city of the state of Manipur in the nort-eastern region of India.

Imphal is located at 24.82° N 93.95° E in extreme eastern India, with an average elevation of 786 metres (2,579 ft). It has a humid subtropical climate with mild, dry winters and a hot monsoon season. July temperatures average about 29 ° C (84 ° F); January is the coldest month, with average lows near 4 ° C (39 ° F). The city receives about 1,320 mm (52 in) of rain, with June the wettest month. The highest recorded temperature was 35.6 °C (96.1 ° F), most recently on 22 May 2009, and the lowest average temperature was − 2.7 ° C (27.1 ° F) on 10 January 1970.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 115. Location of Imphal in North-east and view of Imphal from Cheirao Hill Source: Author

The site rests right in the centre of Imphal city under the Imphal Municipality and falls under CBD district. It also falls under the area delineated for retrofitting under area based development in the Imphal Smart City proposal. Figure 116: Location of site in Imphal Source: Author

The site has been an important centre for economic and cultural exchange for a long time. The technology and appearances have changed over the decades but the essence of the place remains the same, one that of dependability of availibility of goods and people alike. The site falls under CBD and is slated for continued CBD usage. It also falls under the area delineated for retrofitting under area based development in the Imphal smart city proposal.

Figure 116: Land use map

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

20 m

40 m

80 m

120 m

200 m

Figure 116: Context plan Source: Author

The immediate surroundings of the site instills a peculiar character to the site itself. The nambul river takes a sharp turn through the south western corner of the site. It presents a wonderful potential to develop the hostorical bridge crossing it. To the north and south of the site, a dense mixed use bazaar area en-

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

velope it. The north eastern adjacency of the site offers a temporary market slated to become a shopping mall in the future. To the south eastern side lies the famous polo ground of imphal which doubles as a football stadium. The north western and south western areas to the site is occupied by a

mainly residential zone. The Bir Tikendrajit road cuts right through the site. It leads to the airport towards west and the entrance to kangla fort is situated to the east of this road. The Nagamapal road flanks the western edge of the site. It is a busy road which helps connect the northern part of imphal to the south.

20 m

40 m

80 m

120 m

200 m

Figure 117: Vehicular and traffic movement Source: Author

The figure shows the traffic movement in bold dotted yellow lines, pedestrian movement in blue. It also shows where the parkings of public transports are. Most of the sellers as well as the customers utilize one of these parkings to

access the market. The speed of traffic is also indicated wherever necessary. One can see the BT flyover passing right through the middle of the site indicated by the area shaded in orange.

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

4.2 Site

20 m

40 m

80 m

With an area of 2.55 hectares, the site can be thought to be deivided into 2 by the BT flyover running east-west through the middle. BT road also is tucked under the flover. To the north of the BT road lies Khwairamband Bazaar and to the south lies Paona Bazaar.

1496 FOR DEITY

1800

Bye law #51 of Manipur Building byelaws dictate that in the bazaar area, the covered area shall not exceed 80% area of the site provided that sufficient off-street parking facilities for loading and unloading of vehicles are provided on the same plot of the building.

1800

Figure 118 The site Source: PDA Imphal

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

200 m

site area 25,500 sq meters

PLACE

The site can be roughly divided into 4 quardrants. The north west corner lies the New market, the north-east quardrant accomodates the Nupi Market, the south east quardrant accomodates the Luxmi Market. These 3 markets jointly comprise the Ima Keithel or the market of mothers. Fianlly in the south west quardrant lies the historic Maharani Bridge and the 2nd khwai bridge which spans across the Nambul river as it takes a sharp turn in its course.

120 m

Figure 119. Height controls Source: Author

Figure 120. Ground coverage controls Source: Author

Figure 121. Sketch of the Ima market from the bridge Source: Author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 122. Site section Lateral Source: Author

Figure 123. Site section longitudonal Source: Author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Figure 124. Sketch of the Ima market Source: Author

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

20 m

40 m

80 m

120 m

200 m

PROPOSED ROAD FOOTPATH LINE BARRICADE

EXISTING DRAIN EXISTING FOOTPATH

EXISTING BUILDING LINE

1750

- 0450

-0450 UP

300

F.H.C

2294 F.H.C

ELECTRICAL DUCT UP

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

1864

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

+1200

2515

2137

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

1200

CUT-OUT ABOVE

2515

1000

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

+ 1200

2133

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

± 0000 + 0150

4676

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2133

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2515

FOOTPATH

ROAD

2515

1200

+0300

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

FLYOVER PIER NO.14

1800

4648

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2133

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

38177

ELECTRICAL DUCT UP

-0300

3120

-0300

+0600 DN

FOOTHPATH

1800

FOOTHPATH

1754

BOUNDARY LINE OF THE DEMOLISHED MARKETS

4648

+0600 DN

EXISTING BUILDING LINE

- 0450

+0300

4648

- 0450

5475

±0000

2000

EXISTING FAST MOVING LANE

6710

15537 EXISTING SLOW MOVING LANE

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

4648

2133

4678

2515

4648

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2133

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 2133

4648

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2515

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 1864

+ 0300

2500

ENTRY

± 0000

± 0000 6000

5805

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

+ 0300

FOOTHPATH

5805

4648

RAMP UP

1800

2500

1800

1000 HIGH MS RAILING

+ 0300

3121

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

+ 1200

9000

± 0000 5805

5805

6000

51495

HATHI CHOWK

SCALE (IN METRES) -.5

±00 +.5

MASJID

ROAD

+8m

FINAL LAYOUT & GRID FOR LAXMI MARKET AT IMPHAL

Figure 125. Ground Floor Plan of existing Luxmi Market Source: PDA Imphal

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

12 m

20 m

Figure 126. BT road facade of Luxmi Market Source: PDA Imphal

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

10 m

20 m

30 m

50 m

SHOP REAR LINE

NULLAH EDGE LINE

SHOP FRONT LINE

SHOPS(basement+ground fl.)

VAULT ROOF ABOVE 300

300

625 625

6100

3050

GUTTER

EN TR Y

M.S. RAILING

6000

900

1780

1800

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

±0000

1763

250 1390

2590

1725

38104

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 9671

1642

2740

1390

1344

3754

2740

+1200

28647

CUT-OUT ABOVE

1496

250

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

6000 ENTRY

2820

1830

4570

+1200

2191

1225

F. H. C.

1200

ELECTRICAL CUT-OUT

6000

750 DN

M.S. RAILING

350 WIDE CUTOUT

12'

79610

350 x 350 CUTOUT

+0600

2820

±0000

ROAD

6000

PLOT BOUNDRY

4067

CUT-OUT ABOVE

1830 2740

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

725

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

28647

1780

31098

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

CUT-OUT ABOVE

4898

10773 1750

2740

7000

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

3836

1830

4570

1782

M.S. RAI LING

2740 1830 2740

1830

P-13

55910

4570 ENTRY

R GAURD FLYOVE 8

10921

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

1830

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

4570

FAS

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

22815 4570

2740

4570

LAN T MOVING

SLOW MOVING LANE

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

1260

PLACE FOR DEITY

35950

9140

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 2740

11742

EXIS TING SHO P LI NE

RAMP UP

1830

4570

2002

P-12

2271

3079

28826

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 2626

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2027

CUT-OUT ABOVE

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

250 1390

1496

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS 662

M.S. RAILING

±0000

5082

D BARRICADING LINE

5082

150

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

6000

SERVICE CUT-OUT

70167

5082

REVISED FINAL GRID AND VENDORS LAYOUT FOR NUPI MARKET(basement+ground+1) AT IMPHAL

AS/SITE AVAILABLE Figure 127. Ground Floor Plan of existing Nupi Market Source: PDA Imphal

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

2366 2941

1390 ENTRY 4570

+0600

5082

4331

3059

O S

5082

750

350 x 350 CUTOUT

2 1

6000

5082

6000

500

+1200

M.S. RAILING

ELECTRICAL CUT-OUT

300 WIDE CUTOUT

1200

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

+1200

F. H. C.

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

2000

1225

2941

M.S. RAI LING

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

1830 2740

6000

1390

PLATFO RM FOR VENDO RS

2740 CUT-OUT ABOVE

2820

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

1830 2740

11520

1390

3 2'

4570

P-14

1830 2740 2740

22860 4570

28037

1830

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

ILING M.S. RA

4570 4570

[HIGH FLOOD LEVEL OF THIS AREA IS=783.975]

SL NO. 1 2

TYPE D1 D2

5 6

PLATFORM FOR VENDORS

SHEDULE OF DOORS & WINDOWS

10 m

20 m

30 m

50 m

NULLAH EDGE LINE SHOP FRONT LINE

SHOP REAR LINE 900 X900 CUT-OUT [TYPICAL] ABOVE

3050

82925

SHOPS(basement+ground fl.)

4067

6100

SHPS BASEMENT

79610

6000

ELECTRICAL CUT-OUT

+0600

-2400

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

-2400

RIDGE

SLOW MOVING LANE

RIDGE

SEPTIC TANK-2

4570

SEPTIC TANK-1

1390

3991

RIDGE

RAMP UP

4570

L VA

4174

VALL

11742

2410 4624

3211

5998 V1

3203

EQ.

1000

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP

4570

EQ.

9 -2400

4570

-2400

7794

RIDGE

3200 3203

5996 V1

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

-2400

10773

7000

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

EQ.

55910

P-13

1000

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

R GAURD FLYOVE 8

1750

LLE

6001

WATER TANk [ Domestic]

3197

Capacity = 1,50,000 lts.

8816

ING LAN

RIDGE

4570

VALL

FAST MOV

EXIS TING SHO P LI NE

FLIGHT WIDTH =1800 MM WIDE TREAD= 300 MM RISER= 150 MM

EQ. 200

4628

-2400

2191

-2400

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP

900 FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

1390

4570

250

12'

P-12

6000

750

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

350 WIDE CUTOUT ABOVE

1000

2820

1200

F. H. C.

1000

2820

6000

350 x 350 CUTOUT ABOVE

±0000

1000

3188

1782

5941

4570

5019

9015

6350 EQ.

PUMP ROOM

5380 RIDGE

RIDGE RIDGE

WATER TANK[ FIRE]

Capacity = 1,00,000 lts.

EQ.

EQ. 3164

8814

4825

3164

200

EQ.

600X 600 OPENING AT TOP OF RAFT

4570

RIDGE

EQ.

V1 V1

LL EY

4570

600X 600 OPENING AT TOP OF RAFT

4235

3164

4857

4570

-2400

3171 FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

3470

6000

EQ.

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP 2820

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP

1390

1000 V

3059

-2400

EQ.

SUMP 1500X1500X1000mm DEEP

500

300 WIDE CUTOUT ABOVE

350 x 350 CUTOUT ABOVE

±0000

24 16

UP DN +0600

2941

1390

6000

SERVICE CUT-OUT

5082

4570

70167

5082

BARRICADING LINE

BASEMENT PLAN

UP 250

2594

2941

6000

750

2200

EQ.

1200

-2400

ELECTRICAL CUT-OUT

FLIGHT WIDTH =1800 MM WIDE TREAD= 300 MM RISER= 150 MM

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

F. H. C.

1 3137

-2400

6000

1390

11520

4570

3 2'

3645

1390

P-14

5082

4331

3059

O S

[HIGH FLOOD LEVEL OF THIS AREA IS=783.975]

Figure 128. Basement Plan of existing Nupi Market Source: PDA Imphal

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

12 m

20 m

FIRST FLOOR

GROUND FL. LEV. RL.785,35 + 1200

GR. FLOOR

V ROAD LEV. RL.784.15 + _ 0.00

BASEMENT GROUND FL. LEV. RL.785,35 + 1200 WATER PROOFING AS PER SPECIFICATIONS

ROAD LEV. RL.784.15 + _ 0.00

-2400

RL.781.75

BASEMENT

SECTION THROUGH VENTILATOR WATER PROOFING AS PER SPECIFICATIONS

FIN. FL. LEV. -2400

RL.781.75

SECTION THROUGH ENTRANCE

Figure 129. Section through entrance

Figure 130. Section through ventilator

Source: PDA Imphal

Market of mothers: Ima Keithel

Source: PDA Imphal

30 m

50 m

79610

ROOF PROJECTION ABOVE

1200

32 31

25 50

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

OFFICE

SITTING

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

PANTRY

CUT-OUT

4570

1200

CANTEEN

M. S. RAILING 1000mm HIGH

M. S. RAI LING

4570

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

4570

SLOPING ROOF ABOVE

KITCHEN

CUT-OUT

FLIGHT WIDTH =1800 MM WIDE TREAD= 300 MM RISER= 150 MM

MEDICAL ROOM

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

1200

6000

6000 1390

6000

M. S. RAILING

550 48

DN.

12'

300

2191

4570

300

EXIS TING SHO P LI NE

300

M. S. RAILING 1000MM HIGH

2820

1200

F. H. C.

300

1390

6000

14 13

SHOPS(basement+ground fl.)

4067

SLOPING ROOF ABOVE

NULLAH EDGE LINE

SHOP FRONT LINE

SHOP REAR LINE

1200

20 m

750

10 m

600 BATH

4570

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

JANITOR

W.C.

1250x1500

600

DRINKING WATER

GENTES TOILET

600

750 750 900

750

900

D1 BATH

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

55910

4570

CUT-OUT

1250x1500

1250

BATH

1500

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

1250x1500

BATH

JANITOR

1250x1500

600

1250x1500

LADIES TOILET

750

600 300 MM SUNKEN

600

1000 D2

W.C.

D2 1000x1500

W.C.

DRINKING WATER

4570

10921 10164

600

M. S. RAI LING

4570

D2 W.C.

900

1500

4570

W G6

4570

1500 G

G FLIGHT WIDTH =1800 MM WIDE TREAD= 300 MM RISER= 150 MM

UP FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

CUT-OUT

1200

DN. 50 6000

6000

1 2

CUT-OUT ABOVE G

1390

1200

4570

9665

1390

M. S. RAILING

+5400

1200

M. S. RAILING

1200

2941

550

350 WIDE CUTOUT

1390

350 x 350 CUTOUT

750

F. H. C.

37 36

+0600

1200

2820

2941 6000

750

1390

750

SLOPING ROOF ABOVE

SERVICE CUT-OUT

5082

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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Figure 131. First Floor Plan of existing Luxmi Market Source: PDA Imphal

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4.3 Photographs of site and surroundings

Figure 132. View of the market from the flyover. Source: Author

Figure 133. View of the market from across Nagamapal road Source: Author

Figure 134. View of the historical statue. Source: Author

Figure 135. View of the interior of the market. Source: Author

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(Left) Figure 136. The historical bridge. Source: Author

(Right) Figure 137. The historical bridge in reverse angle with the market in the background. Source: Author

(Left) Figure 138. Selling area in the market Source: Author

(Right) Figure 139. First floor of the market lying unused. Source: Author

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Figure 140. BT road punctuated by the flyover.

Figure 141. BT road punctuated by the flyover.

Source: Author

Figure 142. Interior of the Ima Keithel. Source: Author

Figure 143. Interior of the Ima Keithel. Source: Author

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(Left) Figure 144. The eastern edge of the site bordering Nagamapal road. Source: Author

(Right) Figure 145. The Maharani bridge spanning over the Nambul river. Source: Author

(Left) Figure 146. Southern edge of the site showing mixed use buildings adjacent. Source: Author

(Right) Figure 147. outhern edge of the site showing mixed use buildings adjacent. Source: Author

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Figure 148. First floor of the market lying unused. Source: Author

Figure 149. View of Abandoned Nupi market. Source: Author

Figure 150. View of bazaar context. Source: Author

Figure 151. Basement being partly utilized as storage. Source: Author

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(Left) Figure 152. View of the markets from the existing New market. Source: Author

(Right) Figure 153. View of BT road with the flyover in the distance taken from Kangla side. Source: Author (Left) Figure 154. Triple height spaces inside the existing new market. Source: Author

(Right) Figure 155. First floor of the existing new market. Source: Author

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4.4 Scaled drawings of site with necessary information for creating design proposals 0

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Figure 156. The site Source: PDA Imphal

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4.5 Inferences, conclusions and way forward for design The site has been an important centre for economic and cultural exchange for 5 odd centuries. The technology and appearances have changed over the decades but the essence of the place remains the same, one that of dependability of availibility of goods and people alike. The peculiar nature of the site which has the Nambul river taking a sharp turn and also the BT flyover which bisects the site demands a project well conceptualised, designed and executed. The lack of a puclic square in Imphal can be tackled through this thesis since the community development plan has identified the BT road under the flyover to be pedestrianised.

Figure 157. Historical statue in the site. Source: Author

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Chapter 5 Collective inference and conclusions This chapter wraps up all data collected and knowledge gained and wraps it up into a digestable format.

5.1 COLLECTIVE INFERENCES

STUDY OF MARKET SPACES

A collective inference of all inferences of previous sections will help in moulding the idea behind the thesis to a better state.

The notion of a dedicated service zone, although doesn't exist in traditional manipuri markets, can be tweaked from the western modes of markets and introduced for smoother working of the market.

MATERIAL SALVAGING Reuse of the following materials salvaged from the existing building and salvaged goods markets: 1. Steel reinforcement bars 2. M.S. railing pipes 3. Water pumps 4. Urinals 5. WCs 6. Wash Basins 7. Fire fighting pipes 8. Electrical generators 9. Water sprinkler system 10. Ceiling fans

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DEPICTION OF IDEAS OF WOMEN Use of 1. steel trusses, 2. space frame steel columns, 3. tensile roofs and 4. perforated bamboo screens. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Light weight materials Interlocking/ bound joints Base isolation steel calble bracings Shimbashira in office block

MANIPURI VERNACULAR 1. Local textures of textiles and crafts to be reflected on the elevation. 2. Manipuri roof form to adorn 3. Light weight materials construction

3. 4. 5. 6.

Edges: North- bazaar, mixed use Edges West - Nagamapal road Edges East - bazaar, mixed use Edges South - bazaar, mixed use

5.2 Swot analysis of design determinants

CASE STUDIES 1. Shimbashira concept 2. Terraced roofs to encourage visual lines 3. Market as a street 4. Main circulation breaking down into more intimate spaces UNDERSTANDING THE PROJECT

S: The developed program is a complete set which adds cross subsidy and societal upliftment opportunities. W: Proximity of the office block to the market

1. Dislike for conventional multi storeyed markets by imas 2. Congestion, improper design of selling spaces faced by Ima's 3. Visual and access porosity wanted 4. Average of 30 sq ft per selling space 5. Lockable storage

O: The varying functions of built and unbuilt spaces offer a new way to experience the site.

UNDERSTANDING THE SITE

S: Adjacency to the bending Nambul river and the flyover cutting through the site provide for a unque site.

1. Market to be placed on the Nagamapal road 2. Event plaza to be created on the pedestrianised road.

5.2.1 Determinants for functional diagram

T: It is a challenge to mix the functional privacies of the different components

5.2.2 Determinants for zoning and volumetric disposition

W: Being in the centre of the town in the bazaar area, the site adjacencies are

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not suitable for breathing space of the building O: The river and the flyover provide an opportunity for a unique development of a public square/ event plaza. T: Owing to the sites location in a earthquake prone zone, and proximity to a river, a high level of earthquake protection meause is necessary.

5.2.3 Determinants for site planning and movement systems S: The site has 2 major edges towards the east and the west which gives a hint towards site planning and zoning. W: With two less sensitive edges, i.e the northern and southern edges, the site is limited providing facilities or larger public interactive functions. O: The existing north south links inform axes to be articulated. Existing historic bridge also provides an axis. T: Pedestrianising the BT road under the flyover may result in irregular vehicular movement system in and around the site.

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Final Design portfolio

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Chapter 6 From investigation to design concept This chapter wraps up all data collected and knowledge gained and wraps it up into a digestable format.

6.1 Discussion on design concept

Green stepped terraces to recreate the feeling of a ground floor market while retaining the efficiencies of multiple stories.

Earthquake resistance through multiple techniques such as base isolation and 'shimba shira'.

Unification of the three existing buildings which together comprise the Ima market.

Introduction of an office block for cross subsidy to the market.

Vocatinal traininng centre for the empowerment of the Imas and the future generations.

Preservation and upliftment of the historic bridge and monument.

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6.2 Discussion on how concept meets design framework from chapter 5.

Concepts: Introduction of an office block for cross subsidy to the market.

Vocatinal traininng centre for the empowerment of the Imas and the future generations.

Interpertation

Preservation and upliftment of the historic bridge and monument.

Interpertation

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Green stepped terraces to recreate the feeling of a ground floor market while retaining the efficiencies of multiple stories.

Interpertation

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Earthquake resistance through multiple techniques such as base isolation and 'shimba shira'.

Unification of the three existing buildings which together comprise the Ima market.

Interpertation

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Chapter 7 Design evolution This chapter presents the development of the design.

The design started off with the market zoned towards the northern side of the flyover and the office on the southern side. A tower block was extruded off on the market in cognizance of the historic bridge. Linear stepped terraces were given along the East-west direction.

The two blocks i.e market and offices were combined on the northern side of the flyoverm freeing up room for surface parking and an event plaza. The stepped terraces were achieved by means of rotation of the blocks along two hinge points.

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An intermediate design where the selling platforms were incorporated into a form which resembled a stadium seating. It provided intermediate levels to navigate till the top levels of the market with unbroken selling platforms along the way.

The office block was in cognizance to the historic bridge while the market block acquired a courtyard for natural lighting and ventilation. A system of navigating the levels easily and attractively was maintained.

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The form of the office block was altered to better respond to the context with the north south pedestrian connect between the office and the market block being maintained.

The form of the market block was altered to simplify and make the structure appealing and incorporated into the elevation of the building. Additionally it solved problems regarding sunlight penetration and relativity of the concept form ground level.

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Chapter 8 Final Design Portfolio This chapter presents the final design outcomes and interactions with the jury.

8.1 Proposition revisited

8.2 Jury comments

This author had, in the beginning, proposed to carefully deconstruct the existing 3 buildings which comprise the Ima market and plant in its place a structurally sound, easy to access, culturally expressive, and fully functional organ of the body that is Imphal city.

8.3 Conclusions

he proposition was to put forward a fully functional, safe and culturally sound image of the city in the Ima market.

WIth the use of base isolators, using building with light materials, a blend of ground floor and multi stories, these objectives have been addressed.

he early morning slot for the jury meant a chance for a more intimate discussions with the jury. Unfortunately due to lack of time, the jury could not reflect their feedback in adequacy. The jury were fairly happy with the design and their only querries in the hurried atmoshpere was about the structural aspect of the thesis.

he Ima keithel has undergone major facelifts in its recent past but the practical functionalities have ramained stagnant. This thesis has tried to investigate how the Ima keithel can adorn its next form to cope up with changing needs and demands of its position in space and time.

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Some holes in the planning and design of the existing design which got stuck down by the earthquake has been filled in this thesis. Although the author hasn't fully achieved what he started out to do, the exploration can be hopefully be used as a reference and a stepping stone to bringing back the Ima Keithel to its full glory.

8.3 Plans sections and elevations The final outcome in the form of sheets, models and 3 dimensional views have been shown in the forecoming pages.

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Figure 158: Site plan Source: Author

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Figure 159: Ground floor Plan Source: Author

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Figure 160: First floor Plan Source: Author

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Figure 161: Second Floor plan Source: Author

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Figure 162: Third floor plan Source: Author

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Figure 163: Fourth Floor plan Source: Author

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Figure 164: Fifth Floor plan Source: Author

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Figure 165: Sixth Floor plan Source: Author

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Figure 166: Terrace plan Source: Author

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Figure 167 Source: Author

Figure 168 Source: Author

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Figure 169 Source: Author

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Figure 170. Sections Source: Author

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8.2 Three dimensional renders

Figure 171. View from the bridge Source: Author

Figure 172. View from the parking area Source: Author

Figure 173. View from north Source: Author

Figure 171. View from eastern side Source: Author

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8.3 Photographs of model

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Towards Kangla Fort

Historical Hump Bridge

Towards Uripok

Paona Bazaar Nambul River

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Nagamapal Junction

Alu Gali Road Towards Uripok Khwairamband Bazaar

Towards Kangla Fort

Nagamapal Road

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Annexure Questionnaire prepared for the survey of sellers.

LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

Questions for license-holding Ima’s

Thesis project Re-interpretation and re-design of the Ima market and pedestrianization of BT road.

The aim of the thesis is to re-interpret the design and reinvigorate the essence of the Ima market to a fully functional, safe and culturally sound image of the city. The BT road stretch leading from the Kangla Gate to Maharani Bridge is to be re-developed as a pedestrian zone and the as part of the thesis proposition. This project proposes the three separate buildings of the Ima market, new market and luxmi market to be combined into one unified area. The flyover is also proposed to be removed and the road under the flyover is to be made into a pedestrian zone. Additional functions such as rentable office spaces, banks, a youth cultural development centre, a vocational training centre for women-folk are proposed in the area vacated by combining the three markets. The reason for these additions are to provide funds to maintain the market, provide opportunity to train the women-folk in skills relating to the market and provide a cultural outlet for the youth to develop in arts, crafts and traditions.

Objectives of the study in descending order of importance: 1. To gain an understanding if the ima-folk are open towards adding new functions such as a youth cultural development centre and skill development centre for women-folk as part of the project. 2. To gain an understanding of how the ima-folk get their goods in and out of the market. And also how the market functions in general. 3. To gain an understanding if the ima-folk are willing to combine the three markets into one market and use the remaining area for the other functions mentioned in the thesis summary.

Note to the interviewer: Please choose 10 interviewees each from the 3 market buildings. Please frame questions in neutrality, without bias to either side of an answer. Please skip questions 15, 16, 17 if the answer to 14 is no. Please translate the question in short and simple words. Please try to solicit answers in such a way as to achieve the objectives mentioned above as much as possible.

Physical and Economic section: 1. What is your name? __________________________________________________________ 2. What do you sell? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

3. How long have you been selling here?  Less than 1 year  1 to 2 years  3 to 4 years  5 to 9 years  10 years or above 4. What is your education level?  No schooling  Primary level  Secondary level  College 5. What is your monthly income?  Less than Rs 5,000  Rs 5,000 to Rs 20,000  Rs 20,000 to 40,000  Above Rs 40,000 6. How do you obtain the goods?  Make myself  Grow myself  Buy (if yes then, from where? _________________________________________) 7. How much space do you need for the shop? ___________ Feet by ___________ feet. 8. What means of transport do you use to come to the market?  Bus  Auto rickshaw  Truck  Private vehicle  Others. Specify (_______________________________________)

LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

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LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE 9. Where does the vehicle park?  In front of Aryan theatre and thong nambonbi side  Nagamapal side  Additional district courts side  Kangla side  Right up front the ima market  Other. (Please specify __________________________________________) 10. On a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the highest, how happy are you with the distance you have to walk to reach your shop? __________________ 11. What is the maximum distance you are willing to walk to reach your shop from the place you get dropped off by the vehicle?  Less than 10 steps  10 -30 steps  30 – 50 steps  More than 50 steps 12. On an average, when you come to open the shop, how much goods do you carry?  Less than 5 kg  5 to 10 kg  10 to 20 kg  20 or more kg 13. When you go home after a day’s work, how much in kilograms in average do you usually carry back?  Less than 5 kg  5 to 10 kg  10 to 20 kg  20 or more kg 14. Do you need a storage space where you sell goods?  Yes  No 15. Does this storage need shelves?  Yes  No If yes

16. How much storage area do you need? _______ feet by _______ feet by ________ feet (LxBxH)

LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE 18. On a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the highest, how satisfied are you with leaving your goods under the eyes of the chowkidar at night? ____________________________

19. Is it a good or a bad idea to provide underground parking for the public and shoppers?  For it  Against it  Don’t know or undecided 20. Have you taken any training in what you make/ sell?  Yes  No 21. Would you like a workshop for education and skills development for womenfolk?  Yes  No  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 22. Would you like a Youth centre where the youth can come develop their skills and culture? It would include libraries, arts, craft and dance learning spaces etc.  Yes  No  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 23. Would you like a bank specifically for the ima’s in the vicinity?  Yes  No  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

17. Does this storage have to be lockable?  Yes  No

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LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE 24. Given that we can add these new functions like skill and youth development centre by joining the three markets into one area, would you like this connected market area?  For it  Against it  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 25. Would you like a high-end shopping market in the vicinity?  Yes  No  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE Thesis project Re-interpretation and re-design of the Ima market and pedestrianization of BT road.

The aim of the thesis is to re-interpret the design and reinvigorate the essence of the Ima market to a fully functional, safe and culturally sound image of the city. The BT road stretch leading from the Kangla Gate to Maharani Bridge is to be re-developed as a pedestrian zone and the as part of the thesis proposition. This project proposes the three separate buildings of the Ima market, new market and luxmi market to be combined into one unified area. The flyover is also proposed to be removed and the road under the flyover is to be made into a pedestrian zone. Additional functions such as rentable office spaces, banks, a youth cultural development centre, a vocational training centre for womenfolk are proposed in the area vacated by combining the three markets. The reason for these additions are to provide funds to maintain the market, provide opportunity to train the womenfolk in skills relating to the market and provide a cultural outlet for the youth to develop in arts, crafts and traditions.

Social section: 1. Which Ima organisation are you affiliated to? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the requirements to get a license to sit in the IMA market? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. What problems do you face to operate a market here? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4.

What architectural/design solutions can be done to alleviate these problems and improve the IMA market? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Note to the interviewer: Please choose 10 interviewees who do not possess a license to sell inside the market. Please frame questions in neutrality, without bias to either side of an answer. Please keep the question short and in simple words. Please try to solicit answers in such a way as to achieve the objectives mentioned above as much as possible.

5. Do you have any other comments or concerns? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

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NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE Questions for NON-license-holding Ima’s

Physical and Economic section:

1. What is your name? __________________________________________________________ 2. What do you sell? ____________________________________________________________

NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE 9.      

Where does the vehicle park? In front of Aryan theatre and thong nambonbi side Nagamapal side Additional district courts side Kangla side Right up front the ima market Other. (Please specify __________________________________________)

10. On a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the highest, how happy are you with the distance you have to walk to reach your shop? __________________ 11. What is the maximum distance you are willing to walk to reach your shop from the place you get dropped off by the vehicle?  Less than 10 steps  10 -30 steps  30 – 50 steps  More than 50 steps

3.     

How long have you been selling here? Less than 1 year 1 to 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 years or above

4.    

What is your education level? No schooling Primary level Secondary level College

5.    

What is your monthly income? Less than Rs 5,000 Rs 5,000 to Rs 20,000 Rs 20,000 to 40,000 Above Rs 40,000

13. When you go home after a day’s work, how much in kilograms in average do you usually carry back?  Less than 5 kg  5 to 10 kg  10 to 20 kg  20 or more kg

6.   

How do you obtain the goods? Make myself Grow myself Buy (if yes then, from where? _________________________________________)

14.   

12.    

7. How much space do you need for the shop? ___________ Feet by ___________ feet. 8.     

On an average, when you come to open the shop, how much goods do you carry? Less than 5 kg 5 to 10 kg 10 to 20 kg 20 or more kg

Is it a good or a bad idea to provide underground parking for the public and shoppers? For it Against it Don’t know or undecided

15. Have you taken any training in what you make/ sell?  Yes  No

What means of transport do you use to come to the market? Bus Auto rickshaw Truck Private vehicle Others. Specify (_______________________________________)

16.    

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Would you like a workshop for skills development for womenfolk in the vicinity? For it Against it Don’t know or undecided Comments if any. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

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NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE 17. Would you like a Youth centre where the youth can come develop their skills and culture? It would include libraries, arts, craft and dance learning spaces etc.  For it  Against it  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 18.    

Would you like a bank specifically for the ima folk in the vicinity? For it Against it Don’t know or undecided Comments if any. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE Social section: 1.   

If given the chance, would you like to get a licence to sit inside the market? Yes No Doesn’t matter

2. What problems do you face to operate here? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3.

What architectural/design solutions can be done to alleviate these problems and improve the IMA market? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

19. Given that we can add these new functions like skill and youth development centre by joining the three markets into one area, would you like this connected shopping area?  For it  Against it  Don’t know or undecided  Comments if any. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you have any other comments or concerns? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

NON LICENSE HOLDERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

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Bibliography BOOKS 1. "Seismic design for architects: Outwitting the quake" by Andrew Charleson 2. "Old to new design guide, salvaged building materials in new constructionâ&#x20AC;? by Paul Kernan, MAIBC"

JOURNALS 3. Steel construction. Today and Tomorrow" A Joint Publication of The Japan Iron and Steel Federation and Japanese Society of Steel Construction, No. 31 4. "City stitch: A study into how architecture can repair damaged urban fabric to create a vibrant urban environment" by Jonathan Jordan. 5. "Earthquake resistant design of 36-storied Kasumigaseki Building" by Kiyoshi Muto 6. â&#x20AC;&#x153; "Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagoda structure of Horyu-ji temple in Japan" by Koji Nakahara, Toshiharu Histoku, Tadashi Nagase and Yoshinori Takahashi

VIDEOS 7 "Ima Market" by Elite Daily 8. "Social life of small urban spaces" by William H Whyte WEBSITES 9. http://www.e-pao.net 10. http:// en.wikipedia.org 11. http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl 133

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