Lifegivers Gahini School

AN EDUCATION IN EARTH DS2 BIO-DIGITAL CRAFT ALEC PARCELL

S ITE R E SE A RCH

G A HI NI

KIGALI

RWAN DA

RWAN DA IS S ITUATE D IN E AST A F R I C A , O N THE G R E AT A F R I C A N R I F T, W HI C H IS CU RRE NTLY CARVIN G TH E A F R I C A N P L ATE I NTO T W O NE W P L ATE S . IT S ITS O N TH E E DGE O F A VO LCAN IC ZO NE W HI C H S U F F E R S F R O M M A NY L A ND SL I D E S AN N UALLY. TH E CO U NTRY IS L AN DLO CKE D A ND T HI S M A K E S G O O D S E X P E NS I V E TO IMPO RT O R E XPO RT. IT IS TH E 4 TH SM A L L E ST A F R I C A N C O U NTRY B U T H A S TH E H IGH E ST PO PU L ATIO N DE NSIT Y BY L A ND A R E A , M E A NI NG R E SO U R C E S ARE S TRE TCH E D TH IN LY TO G E T BY.

G A HI NI I S THE S IT E O F THE E A ST A F R I C A N R E V I VA L W ITHI N THE A NG L I C A N C O M M U NIT Y. R E C E NTLY A NE W 2 0 0 0 S E AT C AT HE D R A L WA S C O NS TR U CTED I N THE TO W N, HO W E V E R , THI S WA S F U ND E D BY T HE C HU R C H A ND THE A R EA I S ACTUA L LY U NB E L I E VA B LY P O O R , R E LY I NG HE AV I LY O N S U B SI ST E NC E FA R M I NG .

SECTI O N

AA

GA H I N I C ATH ED R A L

S ITE O F S C HO O L P R O J E CT

AA

TRADIN G C E NTR E 02

ARABLE FA R M L A ND

01

C H UR C H

01

N UR SERY

02

MEETI N G H O USE

03

K ITC H EN

04

L AVATO R I ES

05

05

04

03

M ATE R I A L RESEARCH

32

30

A. Lin, M.A. Meyers / Materials Science and Engineering A 390 (2005) 27–41

A. Lin, M.A. Meyers / Materials Science and Engineering A 390 (2005) 27–41

Fig. 4. (a) Detailed view of growth band (mesolayer) showing dark organic layers; first, interruption of aragonite formation (top of black organic layer) takes place; remineralization (bottom of organic layer) starts with irregular (spherulitic) layer and transitions to tiled aragonite; shell interior: bottom; (b) specimen subjected to flexure testing exhibiting crack deflection at mesolayers.

is clear evidence for faceting in the individual growing tiles in Fig. 8(b). This is consistent with differences between the propagation velocities Va and Vb , which are the crystal growth velocities along directions X and Y, respectively (Fig. 5). Directions X and Y define the “basal” plane.

The stacking of tiles in Fig. 8(b) shows hexagons (with rounded edges) of decreasing size; their faces are parallel.

Shown in Fig. 9 are schematic drawings of two growth sequences with a common c orientation: (a) random distribution of a and b orientations; (b) aligned a and b orientations.

The situation more closely resembling Fig. 8 is the one in

Fig. 9(b); thus, one can conclude that all tiles along the same RWAN DA “Christmas tree” have the same crystallographic orientation.

Fig. 10 shows the sequence of growth, as it is thought to occur. First, a proteinaceous layer (possibly, the beta conformation of Addadi et al. [44]) is deposited. Then, a calcite layer (not shown in our sketch) is formed. The aragonite crystals nucleate and grow, with a characteristic spacing. They have the orthorhombic structure and it has been shown (e.g., Sarikaya [2]) that the c direction is perpendicular to the protein plane. In the absence of inhibiting proteins, this is the rapid growth direction. Addadi and Weiner [46] and Addadi

CRICKE T STADIU M

M A P U NG U B W E I NT E R P R E TAT I O N C E NTR E

I NITI A L I NS P I R ATI O N STEMS FR O M TH E C O NS TR U CTIO N O F TER MITE MO UN D S. THE Y A R E C ON STR UCTED BY TER MITES U S I NG THE I R SA L I VA TO B I N D TH E SO I L TO G E THE R .

B R O WN SEAWEED, H I GH I N A LGI N ATES

R A P ESEED, H I GH I N P L A NT O I L S

TH E P R O C ESS A L LO WS A M ATER I A L TO B E C R EATED WH I C H C A N B E FO R MED I NTO B OTH C ATA L A N TI L ES A N D C A N B E 3D P R I NTED TO FO R M TH E FO UN DATI O N K I L N S.

M ATE R I A L AN D FABRI CAT I O N SYS TE M

I NTERLOCKI NG B R IC K S YS TE M

CATAL AN VAU LTIN G

K I L N P L A P R I NT T E STI NG S TR U CTU R A LLY THE K I L N I S TO O LO NG A ND THE C L AY C O U L D NOT S U P P O RT ITS E L F I N THE P R I NTI NG P R O C E S S . D U E TO U S I N G P L A P R I NTI NG THE S O F T WA R E C A LC U L ATE S TO A D D ST R U CTU R A L S U P P O RT T H AT C A N THE N B E R E M OV E D A F TE R WA R D S .

K I L N SL S P R I NT TESTI N G TH E R EFI N ED SH A P E O F TH E K I L N A L LO WS FO R STR UCTUR A L LOA D S FR O M TH E R O O F STR C UTUR E TO B E C A R R I ED D O WN TH E LEG A N D I NTO TH E GR O UN D. TH E B UL B US R EA R O F TH E K I L N WI L L B E B UR I ED I N TH E EA RTH A N D TH E PA SSI V E P R ESSUR E O F TH E EA RTH WI L L P R EV ENT L ATER A L MOV EMENT.

01

02

G U I D E ARCH E S

PE RM AN E NT GU IDE A R C H A ND SU P P O RT B E A M

S4 CT E8 E7

INTE RLO CKIN G BRICK CO MPO N E NTS TO F O RM AN ARCH

K1

D1

D2

GRYMSDYKE FARM CL AY RO BOTI C PRINTIN G TE STIN G

ED GE P I EC E

E7

FI R E D O O R

D2

ED GE P I EC E

E8

SP I N E

S4

KILN

K1

C ATA L A N VAULT

CT

KILN DOOR

D1

K I L N A N D R O O F STR UCTUR A L MO D EL TH E 3D P R I NTED K I L N FO UN DATI O N SYSTEM WI L L B E FI R ED USI N G A TR A D ITI O N A L WO O D -STAC K K I LN TH AT SUR R O UN D S IT. O N C E TH I S I S FI R ED IT C A N B E USED TO FI R E TH E TI L ES FO R TH E C ATA L A N VAULT.

K I L N C H A MB ER

01

FI R E P IT

02

P R INTI N G A S FABRI CATI ON

C O N S TR U CTI ON SECTI ON S E CTI O N

CC

3 D P R I NTE D H OU SES

WAS P 3 D PRINTE R: LO W T E C H

D I S TR I B U T I O N NE T W O R K

CC

D E S I G N L A N G UAG E

G A H I N I P R I M ARY SCH OOL , GA HINI, R WA NDA

Cl assro o m Se t u p Wi t h i n Rw an d an , as w i t h m o st o f A f ri c a, c l assro o m d e si g n i s si m p l e an d c h e ap . H o w eve r, i t t h e re f o re d o e s n o t al w ay s sat i sf y t h e n e e d s o f t h e p u p i l s.

In Gah i n i t h e sc h o o l u t i l i se t h e st an d ard c o l u m n an d ro w se at i n g l ayo u t . It i s ve r y ri g i d an d al l o w s f o r ve r y l i t t l e f l e x i b i l i t y.

RWAN DAN CL AS S RO O M L AYO U T U S IN G TH E S TAN DARD CO LU MN AN D RO W S E TU P

ADMIN

C L A SSR O O M B UI L D I N G STR UCTUR A L FO R M-FI N D I N G EX ER C I SE USI N G

Rw an d an ve rn ac u l ar sc h o o l d e si g n , P ri m ar y Sc h o o l , Gah i n i , Rw an d a

CLASSROOMS

+ safe t y + si m p l e c o n st ru c t i o n + so c i al i n t e rac t i o n

O U TD O O R L E A R N I N G

ADMIN

PL AY

- p ri so n - l i ke st ru c t u re - l i m i t e d f re e p l ay sp ac e - n o c o m m u n i t y f ac e - t i n ro o f s, ove rh e at w h e n su n n y an d are n o i sy w h e n i t rai n s - sm al l w i n d o w s m ake ro o m s d ark w i t h i n su f f i c i e n t l i g h t at t h e w o rki n g p l an e

CLASSROOMS

O P EN I N G SI ZE

CLU S TE RS + I MPROVE D CI R C UL ATION + E N ABLE S TH E T EAC H ER TO B ET TER MO N ITO R S TU DENTS W OR K + CH I LDRE N RE QUIR IN G MOR E H ELP CAN BE LO CATED C LOSER TO T H E F RO NT + DI S TRI BU TE SK ILL A B ILIT Y TH RO U G H O U T T H E C L A SS + E MPH AS I S O N T H E TEAC H ER CO MBO L AYO U T + E XTRE ME LY F LEX IB LE + PROVI DE S TO IN DIV IDUA LS N EEDS

ENTR A N C E LO C ATI O N S + C L A SSR O O M OV ER H A N G 02

02

01

03

02

01

01

03

03

SC R EEN I N G A N D EN C L 0SUR E

FLEXIBLE SPACE

01

B R E AKO U T S PACE S OF T S E ATI N G

B A

02

ACT IV E ZON E ENTR A N C E + W OR K

OV ER H A N G A N D O FFSET

03

C

D

I NTER N A L A R R A N GEMENT O F C L A SSR O O M STR UCTUR ES WITH A T WO C L A SS C O N FI GUR ATI O N . I NTER LO C K I N G SH A R ED TEAC H ER S D ESK D I V I D ES TH E SPAC E I N H A L F.

P O C K ETS O F SPAC E A R E C A RV ED I NTO TH E EA RTH B A N K I N G TO C R EATE WO R K I N G ZO N ES. A L L SPAC ES A R E N ATUR A L LY L IT TO H I GH L EV EL S D UE TO TH E

S ITE P L A N

E NTR A NC E

CI RCU L ATI ON ROU TE

S E CTI O N A L ST U DY S E CTI O N BB

BB

C O N S TR U CTI ON

E6 E7

E8

S1 07

E5

06

E1

E2

E3

E4

05

K1

D1

D2 04

CT

EA RTH PA SSI V E P R ESSUR E

03

08

1.5M 02 E1

E D G E PI ECE

D1

K ILN DOO R

E2

E D G E PI ECE

D2

F IR E DOO R

E D G E PI ECE

S1

E3

S P INE P IE CE

E4

E D G E PI ECE

K1

K ILN

E5

E D G E PI ECE

CT

C ATA L A N TILIN G 4X 15MM DE PTH TILE S 3X 5MM EARTH MO RTAR

E6

E D G E PI ECE

E7

E8

E D G E PI ECE

E D G E PI ECE

01

SECTI O N

E4

E5

E6

E7

AA

FI R E C H A MB ER

01

ED GE GUI D I N G ARCH

05

KILN DOOR

02

SP I N E, 4X 15MM C ATA L A N TI L ES

06

KILN

03

C ATA L A N TI L I N G

07

C H I MN EY

04

R A MMED EA RTH

08