CIA WORLD
FACT20 BOOK15
Designed by Alecx Stasko
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Index Introduction 5 History 7 Geography 13 Politics 17 Census 21 Government 25 Culture 31 Cuisine 33
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Athletics 35 Economy 37 Contact 45 Travel 44 Military 53 Transnational Issues 55 Links 57 End Page 59
Brief History of Greece Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and Communist
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rebels. Following the latter’s defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted seven years. The 1974 democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981 Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the euro zone in 2001.
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Early Beginnings The southern shores of Greece’s Aegean Sea experienced the emergence some of the first advanced civilizations in Europe. Minoan and Mycenean civilizations, and later Greek citystates, emerged across the Greek peninsula but also on the shores of Black Sea, South Italy and Asia Minor, reaching great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, expressed in architecture, drama, science and philosophy, and nurtured in Athens under a democratic environment. Athens and Sparta led the way in repelling the Persian Empire in a series of battles. Both were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedonia, with the latter under the guidance of Alexander the Great uniting and leading the Greek world to victory over the Persians, to presage the Hellenistic era, itself brought only partially to a close two centuries later with the establishment of Roman rule over Greek lands in 146 BC.
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transferring of works of Ancient Greeks to Western Europe. Nevertheless, the Ottoman millet system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion as the latter played an integral role in the formation of modern Greek identity. Through the Greek War of Independence, successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829, The nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the
Byzantine Empire 330-1453 AD
The subsequent mixture of Roman and Hellenic culture took form in the making of the Byzantine Empire in 330 AD around Constantinople (today Istanbul, Turkey), and remained a major cultural and military force for the next 1,123 years until its fall at the hands of Ottomans in 1453
Ottoman Era 1435-1829
19th Century
On the eve of the Ottoman era the Greek intelligentsia migrated to Western Europe, playing a significant role in the Western European Renaissance through the
In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias, a noble Greek from the Ionian Islands, was chosen as the first governor of the
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1827-1898
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new Republic. However, following his assassination, the Great Powers soon installed a monarchy under Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In 1843, an uprising forced the King to grant a constitution and a representative assembly. Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule, he was eventually dethroned in 1863 and replaced by Prince Vilhelm of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877, Charilaos Trikoupis, a dominant figure of the Greek political scene who is attributed with the significant improvement of the country’s infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister.
After Balkan War 1917-1946
As a result of the Balkan Wars, Greece successfully increased the extent of her territory and population, a challenging context both socially and economically. In the following years, the struggle between the new King Constantine I and the charismatic prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country’s foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country’s political scene, and divided the country into two bitterly hostile factions. In the aftermath of WW I, Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal,a war which resulted in a massive population exchange between the
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two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne. Instability and successive coup d’etats marked the following era, which was colored by the massive task of incorporating 1.5 million Greek refugees from Asia Minor into Greek society. On 28 October 1940 Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but the Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas famously responded to the Italian ultimatum with the single word “OXI” (“No”). In the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece, but the occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance.
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After the Civil War 1946-1975
After liberation, Greece experienced a civil war between Royalist and Communist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between its Rightists and largely Communist Leftists for the next 30 years. The next 20 years were characterized by persecutions of the left in the political and social spheres but also by a significant economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan. In 1965,=political turbulence led to a coup d’etat on April 21, 1967 by the US-supported Regime of the Colonels. On November 1973 the Athens Polytechnic Uprising sent shock waves across the regime,
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and a counter-coup established Dimitrios Ioannides as dictator. On July 20, 1974, as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed.
Metapolitefsi Era 1975-Present
Ex-Premier Constantine Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era; a 1975 democratic republican constitution was activated and the monarchy abolished by a referendum held that same year. Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Party, or PASOK, in response to Constantine Karamanlis’ New Democracy party,
with the two groupings dominating Greek political affairs in the ensuing decades. Greece became the tenth member of the European Union on January 1, 1981 and ever since, the nation has experienced a remarkable and sustained economic growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast growing service sector have raised the country’s standard of living to unprecedented levels. The country adopted the Euro in 2001, and successfully organized the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.
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Location
Maritime Claims
Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey
Territorial sea: 12 nm Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geographic Coordinates
Land Boundaries
39 00 N, 22 00 E
Total: 1,228 km
Map References
Coastline
Europe
13,676 km
Area
Climate
Total: Land: Water: Comparative:
131,940 sq km 130,800 sq km 1,140 sq km Smaller than Alabama
Border Countries Albania Bulgaria Turkey Macedonia
282 km 494 km 206 km 246 km
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Temperate; mild, wet winters; Hot, dry summers
Terrain Mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands
Elevation Extremes
Natural Hazards:
Lowest: Mediterranean Sea 0 m Highest: Mount Olympus 2,917 m
Severe earthquakes
Natural resources Lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead,zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, Salt, hydropower potential
Land use Arable land: 20.45% Permanent crops: 8.59% Other: 70.96%
Irrigated Land 14,530 sq km
Total Renewable Water Resources 72 cu km
Freshwater Withdrawal Total: 8.7 cu km/yr (16%/3%/81%) Per capita: 782 cum/yr
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Environment Current Issues Air pollution; water pollution
Environment International Agreements Air Pollution Air Pollution Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Antarctic-Marine Living Resources Antarctic Treaty Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Signed, but not Ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
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Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands
Strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands.
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Greek Politics
After the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President’s duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial.
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Greece is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution of Greece was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967-1974. It has been revised twice since, in 1986 and in 2001. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and social rights.
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Who has the Power?
What Makes Up Parliament?
According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government; after 1986, however, the role of the President in the executive branch is ceremonial. The position of Prime Minister, Greece’s head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister exercises vast political power.
Legislative power is exercised by a 300-member unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.
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The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the
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Court of Cassation, the Council of State and the Court of Auditors The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge administrative cases, namely disputes between the citizens and the State.
party and nephew of the late Constantine Karamanlis was elected as the new Prime Minister of Greece, thus marking his party’s first electoral victory in nearly eleven years. Karamanlis took over government from Kostas Simitis, who had been in office since January 1996. Kostas Karamanlis won a second term on September 16, 2007, however his party acquired a slimmer majority in the Greek Parliament gaining only 152 out of 300 seats.
Democracy is the New Party Since the restoration of democracy the party system is dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Non-negligible parties include the Communist Party of Greece, the Coalition of the Radical Left and the Popular Orthodox Rally. On March 7, 2004, Kostas Karamanlis, president of the New Democracy
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People Population
Death Rate
10,706,290
10.33 deaths/1,000 population
Age Structure
Median Age:
65+ 0-14
Sex Ratio
15-64
0-14 years 15-64 years 65 years and over
41.2 years 40 years 42.3 years
Total: Male: Female:
14.3% 66.7% 19%
At birth: 1.06 Under 15 years: 1.063 15-64 years: 0.998 65 years and over: 0.783 Total population: 0.962
Infant Mortality Rate
Population Growth Rate
Total: Male: Female:
0.163%
Birth Rate 9.62 births/1,000 population
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5.34 deaths/1,000 5.87 deaths/1,000 4.78 deaths/1,000
Life Expectancy at Birth Total: Male: Female:
Ethnic groups
79.38 years 76.85 years 82.06 years
Greek: 93%, Other: 7% Note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
Total Fertility Rate
Religions
1.35 children born/woman
Greek Orthodox: 98%, Muslim: 1.3%, Other: 0.7%
HIV/AIDS — Adult Prevalence Rate
Languages
0.2%
Greek: 99% Other: 1%
People Living with HIV/AIDS 9,100
Literacy
HIV/AIDS — Deaths
Total population: 96% Male: 97.8% Female: 94.2%
Less than 100
Nationality Noun: Adjective:
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Net Migration Rate
Greek(s) Greek
2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population
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Country Name
Independence
Long form: Hellenic Republic Short form: Greece Local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia Local short form: Ellas or Ellada Former: Kingdom of Greece
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)
Government Type
Constitution
National Holiday Independence Day, 25 March
Parliamentary republic
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Capital Athens
The Greek Flags design is Nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoistside corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country.
Geographic Coordinates: 37 59 N, 23 44 E
Time Difference UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October.
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Administrative Divisions
Executive Branch
51 prefectures and 1 autonomous region:
Chief of state: President Karolos Papoulias Head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos (Kostas) Karamanlis
Achaia, Agion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Aitolia kai Akarnania, Argolis, Arkadia, Arta, Attiki, Chalkidiki, Chanion, Chios, Dodekanisos, Drama, Evros, Evrytania, Evvoia, Florina, Fokidos, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ileia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Karditsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Kyklades, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lefkas, Lesvos, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza, Rethynnis, Rodopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakynthos
Cabinet: Appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister . Elections: president elected by parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); according to the Greek Constitution, presidents may only serve two terms; president appoints leader of the party securing plurality of vote in election to become prime minister and form a government.
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
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Legislative Branch
Judicial Branch
Unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms).
Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council
Elections Results
Political Parties and Leaders
Percent of vote by Party ND: 41.8% PASOK: 38.1% KKE: 8.2% Synaspismos: 5.0% LAOS: 3.8% Other: 3.1%
Seats by Party: ND: 152 PASOK: 102 KKE: 22 Synaspismos: 14 LAOS: 10
Coalition of the Left and Progress — Alekos Alavanos Communist Party of Greece — Aleka Papariga New Democracy — Konstandinos Karamanlis Panhellenic Socialist Movement — Yiorgos Papandreou Popular Orthodox Rally — Yeoryios Karatzaferis
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Political Pressure Groups and Leaders
International Organization Participation
General Confederation Of Greek Workers Leader — Ioannis Panagopoulos
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Federation Of Greek Industries Leader — Dimitris Daskalopoulos Civil Servants Confederation Leader — Spyros Papaspyros
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Diplomatic Representation in the United States
Diplomatic Representation from the United States
Chief of mission: Ambassador Alexandros P. Mallias Consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Tampa, Atlanta, Houston
Chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel V. Speckhard Consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki
Chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Embassy: 91 Vasilisis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens
Mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108
Telephone: (202) 939-1300 FAX: (202) 939-1324
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Telephone: (210) 721-2951 FAX: (210) 645-6282
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Greek Music Traditional Greek music is noted as a mixture of influences from indigenous culture with those of west and east.
A range of domestically and internationally known composers and performers across the musical spectrum have found success in modern Greece. Turkish and Ottoman elements can be most clearly heard in the traditional songs. The best-known Greek musical instrument is the bouzouki. It derives from the ancient Greek lute known as the pandoura, a kind of guitar, clearly visible in ancient statues, especially female figurines of the “Tanagraies� playing cord instruments. Famous present-day Greek musicians include the central figure of 20th century European modernism Iannis Xenakis, a composer, architect and theorist. Maria Callas, Mikis Theodorakis, Dimitris Mitropoulos, Manos Hadjidakis, and Vangelis also lead twentieth century Greek contributions, alongside Nikos Skalkottas, Demis Roussos, Nana Mouskouri, Rotting Christ and Anna Vissi.
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Greek Food
The cuisine of Greece has influences from Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cuisine.
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Greek cuisine is often cited as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek Salad, spanakopita and the world famous Souvlaki. Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish. Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island.
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Sports
As the birth place of the Olympic Games, Greece was most recently host of 2004 Summer Olympics and the first modern Olympics in 1896.
The Greek national football team is the reigning UEFA European Champions having won the EURO 2004. They are as of February 2008 ranked 10th in the world, and have recently qualified for Euro 2008 to defend their crown. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising of 16 teams. The most known football clubs are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK, which compete in the Super League Greece. The men’s Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport. Greece is generally considered an important power in international basketball and the national team is regarded as one of the
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best in the world. They are as of January 2008 ranked 6th in the world. They have won the European Championship twice (1987 & 2005), and have reached the final four in three of the last four FIBA World Championships (1994, 1998, 2006) taking second place in 2006. The domestic Greek basketball league, A1 Ethniki is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos, Aris Salonica, Olympiacos, AEK Athens and PAOK. Cricket, Handball, Water Polo and Volleyball are also practiced in Greece with the first being particularly popular in Corfu due to its long connections with the British.
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Greece Economy Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP at least 75% of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by nearly 4.0% per year between 2003 and 2007, due partly to infrastructural spending related to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and in part to an increased availability of credit. Greece violated the EU’s Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criteria of no more than 3% of GDP from 2001 to
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2006, but finally met that criteria in 2007. Public debt, inflation, and unemployment are above the euro-zone average, but are falling. The Greek Government continues to grapple with cutting government spending, reducing the size of the public sector, and reforming the labor and pension systems, in the face of often vocal opposition from the country’s powerful labor unions and the general public. The economy remains an important domestic political issue in Greece and, while the ruling New Democracy government has had some success in improving economic growth and reducing the budget deficit, Athens faces long term challenges in its effort to continue its economic reforms.
GDP Information
Current account balance
GDP (purchasing power): $326.4 billion GDP (exchange rate): $356.3 billion GDP - real growth rate: 3.7% GDP - per capita (PPP): $30,500
-$36.4 billion
GDP - composition by sector: Agriculture: 3.2% Industry: 20.6% Services: 76.3% Labor force: 4.94 million
Inflation Rate
External Debt $371.5 billion
2.6%
Distribution of Family income — Gini Index: 33
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Labor Force — by Occupation
Fiscal year
Agriculture: 12% Industry: 20% Services: 68% Unemployment rate: 8.4%
Calendar year
Household Income by Percentage Share
Budget
Lowest 10%: 2.5% Highest 10%: 26%
Population Below Poverty Line
Investment 26.6% of GDP
$111.9 billion
Expenditures $120.7 billion
NA%
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Public Debt
Industrial Production Growth Rate
81.7% of GDP
3.2%
Agriculture Products Wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products
Electricity Production:
Industries
Electricity Production by Source
56.13 billion kWh
Tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum
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Fossil fuel: 94.5% Hydro: 3.8% Nuclear: 0% Other: 1.7%
Oil Commerce
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold $2.7 billion
Electricity Commerce Consumed Exported Imported
54.31 billion kWh 1.836 billion kWh 5.616 billion kWh
5,687 bbl/day 415,700 bbl/day 119,200 bbl/day 550,400 bbl/day 7 million bbl
Production: Consumed: Exported: Imported: Proved reserves:
Natural Gas Commerce Production: Consumed: Exported: Imported: Proved reserves:
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15.35 million cu m 2.724 billion cu m 0 cu m 2.707 billion cu m 950.5 million cu m
Exports
Imports
$25.76 billion f.o.b.
$79.92 billion f.o.b.
Export Commodities
Imports Commodities
Food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles
Machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Import Partners
Export Partners Germany 11.5% Italy 11.5% Bulgaria 6.5% UK 6.1%
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Germany 12.6% Italy 11.5% Russia 7.1%
Cyprus 5.5% Turkey 5.2% France 4.5% US 4.5%
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France 6%, Netherlands 5.2%, South Korea 4.2%
Economic Aid Received $8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receive about $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU’s Community Support Funds IV
Market Value of Publicly Traded Shares:
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment (home) $41.32 billion
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment (abroad) $19.56 billion
$145 billion
Currency (code) Euro (EUR) Currency code: EUR
Exchange Rate Euro/Dollar 2008: 0.6969EUR 2007: 0.7345EUR 2006 : 0.7964EUR
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2005: 0.8041EUR 2004: 0.8054EUR 2003: 0.8860EUR
Telephones Main Lines in Use 6.185 million
Telephones Mobile Cellular 11.098 million
Telephone System Assessment General assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service h
Domestic Microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands
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International Country Code
Television Broadcast Stations
30; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; a number of smaller submarine cables provide connectivity to various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Cyprus; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region).
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Radio Broadcast Stations
905,824
Televisions 2.54 million
Internet Country Code .gr
Internet Hosts
AM 26, FM 88
Internet Service Providers
Radios:
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5.02 million
Internet Users 2.048 million
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About 12% of the modern English Vocabulary and language is derived from the Ancient Greek words.
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Airports
Pipelines
81
Gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km
Airports with Paved Runways
Railways
Total: 66 Over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 17 Under 914 m: 9
Airports with Unpaved Runways Total: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 3 Under 914 m: 12
Heliports 9
Total: 2,571 km Standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge Narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge: 22 km 0.750-m gauge Dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges
Roadways Total: Paved: Unpaved: Waterways:
114,931 km 105,507 km 9,424 km 6 km
Note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens sea voyage by 325 km.
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Ports and Terminals Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Pachi, Piraeus, Thessaloniki
Merchant Ships
Italy: 1 South Korea: 2 UK: 15 US: 10
Registered in Other Countries
Total: 824 ships Total: 2,324 Bulk carrier: 246 Antigua and Barbuda: 3 Cargo: 66 Bahamas: 214 Carrier: 1 Barbados: 11 Chemical tanker: 52 Belgium: 4 Combination ore/oil: 1 Bermuda: 3 Container: 43 Cambodia: 5 Liquefied gas: 6 Cayman Islands: 23 Passenger: 11 China: 1 Passenger/cargo: 109 Comoros: 8 Petroleum tanker: 269 Cyprus: 292 Roll on/roll off: 19 Denmark: 4 Specialized tanker: 1 Dominica: 8
Foreign Owned
Total: 49 Belgium: 16 Cyprus: 5
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Egypt: 8 Georgia: 7 Gibraltar: 8 Honduras: 1 Hong Kong: 30
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Isle of Man: 48 Italy: 13 Jamaica: 8 Lebanon: 2 Liberia: 311 Maldives: 1 Malta: 448 Marshall Islands: 226 Norway: 6 Panama: 505 Philippines: 3 Portugal: 4 Russia: 1 Sao Tome and Principe: 1 Saudi Arabia: 2 Sierra Leone: 1 Singapore: 14 Slovakia: 4 St Kitts and Nevis: 2 The Grenadines: 81 UAE: 3 UK: 6 Uruguay 1 Venezuela 3
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Military Branches Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES)
Manpower Available for Military Service
Hellenic Navy (Ellinikos Polemiko Navtiko, EPN)
Males age 18-49: 2,459,988 Females age 18-49: 2,442,818
Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polimiki Aeroporia, EPA)
During the 8th and 9th century Greek soldiers named Hoplites drafted a well known battle formation known as the phalanx.
Manpower fit for military service
Military Service Age and Obligation
Males age 18-49: 2,018,557 Females age 18-49: 2,000,650
18 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee’s 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 17 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation - 12 months for the Army, Air Force; 15 months for Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service
Manpower reaching military service age annually
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Males age 18-49: 58,399 Females age 18-49: 55,571
Military expenditures (percent of GDP) GDP: 4.3%
International Disputes
The mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy .
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Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Illicit drugs A gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime.
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Links http://www.ciaworldfactbook.us/europe/greece.html http://www.tempoholidays.com/Portals/0/Greece/ Greece_Old%20castle%20in%20Lindos_Rhodes_ shutterstock_88829740.jpg http://thor1.tempoholidays.com/webfile/Marketing/ Mykonos_Santorini/Greece-Santorini-Oia-street_ shutterstock_120528478.jpg http://thor1.tempoholidays.com/webfile/Marketing/ Greece_HWT_Feb/Greece-Santorini-Oiashutterstock_14972923.jpg http://thor1.tempoholidays.com/webfile/Marketing/ Crete_Santorini/Greece-Santorini-blue-churches-view_ shutterstock_125504618.jpg https://tasteinspired.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/ souvlaki6.jpg https://emilyelizabethstudiesabroad.files.wordpress. com/2013/05/dsc02216.jpg https://lukerobinsonphoto.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/ greece-august-2012-014-of-030-oia-panorama-2.jpg http://equals.youplusme.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/07/DSC_20.jpg http://www.red-blog.at/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ original_157522430.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/eb/8d/ bc/eb8dbcfeb572b8cade0e183e49159232.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/84/20101024_Acropolis_panoramic_view_ from_Areopagus_hill_Athens_Greece.jpg http://img1.goodfon.su/original/5329x3336/3/d1/ priroda-peyzazh-more-doma-6333.jpg
http://www.atravelbook.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/11/Acropolis-of-Athens.jpg https://athensphotoaday.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ p6242873.jpg http://www.ueapolitics.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/01/PA-22029489.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/ Myrtos_Beach,_Kefalonia.jpg https://brandestonhall.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ frm_3070.jpg https://goodieingreece.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/ photo-35.jpg http://hdwallpaperfreedownload.com/wp-content/ gallery/greece/greece-wallpaper-hd-pictures-78.jpg http://blog.insightvacations.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/12/Fotolia_55330278_Subscription_ XL.jpg http://www.candicedoestheworld.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/01/untitled-8.jpg http://images.forwallpaper.com/files/ images/2/20f6/20f6eedf/62056/santorini-greece.jpg http://giardqatar.deviantart.com/art/Greece-HydraHydra-Port-02-336226559 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/ Parga,_Greece.jpg http://www.radiotimes.com/uploads/images/ Original/33142.jp https://jetpartners.aero/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ Zakynthos.jpg
https://willmcgough.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/ img_3169.jpg
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