Stage Development Journal alejandra orozco period 3
Table of Contents page 3: page 4-5: page 6-7: page 8-9: page 10-11: page 12-13: page 14: page 15:
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Marcia’s Theory Physiological development Piaget’s theory erikson’s Theory Moral development freud’s Theory Parenting style resilience
Marcia’s Theory of Identity Status James Marcia’s theory was inspired by Erikson’s popular ideas of the time. Differing from Erikson, he focused on creating a model that mostly focused on adolescent development. Instead of stages, he created identity statuses of identity development. He did not believe that there was necessarily conflict at every age, rather that people just continued living and exploring life. The four identity statuses are identity: DIFFUSION, FORE-
CLOSURE, MORATORIUM, AND ACHIEVEMENT. I cur-
rently find myself at the moratorium stage. I have passed the diffusion and foreclosure statuses in that I have made a sense of choices and outlined my personal goals. Though, I am currently in the crisis, exploring commitments and while I am ready to make decisions, I have not yet. I have ideas for future careers and decisions but no true plan or commitment to those goals. The next stage would be where I make a commitment to self identity. I have ideas and aspirations but I have yet to decide what kind of person I am, and, more importantly, what kind of person I am going to be.
Status 1: Status 2: Status 3: Status 4:
No sense of having choices, they have not made commitments Willing to commit to relevant roles, not yet experienced a crisis Caught in the crisis, ready to make choices but not commit Completed crisis, made a commitment to a sense of identity
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Physiological Development
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Infancy childhood adolescence adulthood
birth - 2 years
2 - 12 years
The first stage is infancy. It is generally thought that there is not much going on during this stage, but this is a crucial age for development. Newborns begin to perceive patterns and sounds in order to make mental models of the world in order to try and understand the confusing world around them. In this photo, I was doing something my parents laugh about to this day. I would not crawl like a normal baby, instead, I would sit in that position and scoot along the floor.
During childhood, the first years are mainly focused on understanding language. While they begin speaking before, it is not until months after that children understand what they are saying. During this period children also begin to gain more self-awareness and become aware of character and personality within people around them. Their world is still relatively ego-centric at this stage. A great change during this period also includes a child’s moral development.
12 - 20 years
20 and over
Adolescence is the stage I am currently living in. It consists of puberty and developmental changes and also much intellectual development. It begins a period of testing and proving things, rather than regurgitating facts. Adolescents begin to stray away from learning what they have been spoon fed their entire life and make more independent decisions. Though, because of the general dependence on superiors and parents during this age, they are not yet adults.
Adulthood is the final step where all the processes become final. Adults are at the peak of their intellectual, physical, and emotional capabilities, making it the time for careers, marriage, and children of their own. Though, adulthood is a wide range of time and there is a wide variety of changes throughout that range. While younger adults have more opportunities and outlooks for the future, older people find themselves losing their previous physical capabilites.
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Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 6
Intro
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development deals with the explanation of how a child constructs a mental model of the world. Piaget was mostly interested in how organisms adapted to their environment and thought human behavior was controlled through preconceived schemas. Schemas can be defined as mental representations that derive from prior experience and knowledge. It is the way knowledge is organized and understood, they guide behavior and aide in making sense of experiences. In Piaget’s theory, there was four different stages: the sensorimotor stage (infancy), pre-operational stage (early childhood), concrete operational stage (early adolescence), and formal operational stage (adolescence and adulthood).
Stages
Stage One: The Sorimotor Stage. Piaget’s first stage occurs during the period of
infancy. During this age children explore the world around them with extreme curiosity, instantly touching anything and everything in front of them. I, particularly, was very curious about the world around me. My parents cleared up with me that I loved to touch everything around me and I loved playin games and using my mind this young. Stage Two: The Preoperational Stage. The second stage was when this photo was taken. Relating to schemas that this theory paves way for, was my addiction for my baby bottle. If you saw me at all during my childhood, I has this bottle with me. This is an example of a schema that I created for myself. When I got older, I had to learn how to drink out of normal cups. This is an example of how a mental model I created for myself as a child evolved as I grew older, I began to see how each one of the ideas I had conceived had changed.
Stage Three: The Concrete Operational Stage & Stage Four: The Formal Operational Stage.
In these stages, I developed profusely. My ideas and mental models became less egocentric and developed to a level where I could recognize symbols and patterns and form conclusions. I can argue that perhaps the fourth stage never really stops as we are constantly acquiring knowledge and finding new ways to do so.
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Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development deals with the sociocultural determinants of development and it presents itself in a series of 8 stages. It organized by age and the conflicts that individuals face, and eventually resolve, in order to adapt to their changing environments.
Birth - 18 months: Trust vs. mistrust 18 months - 3 years: autonomy vs. shame
3 - 5 years: Initiative vs. guilt 5 - 13 years: industry vs. inferiority 13 - 21 years: identity vs. role confusion 21 - 39 years: intimacy vs. isolation 39 - 65 years: generativity vs. stagnation 65 and older: ego integrity vs. despair 8
1 3 5 7
The first stage deals with trust vs. mistrust, where many infants find themselves when not understanding the world. I dont have recollection of the time, but I’m sure I appeared to be constantly lost and confused by the world. This period of time is where children become more understood, and therefore, we were scolded more. Which paves way for the “shame” self conflict because we are utterly confused by what our parents were truly asking of us. During this time, we beome more self aware. An example of my guilt during this stage was when, in kindergarten, I asked my teacher how to spell “I” in front of the entire class. Needless to say, I felt not only guilty but embarassed. The educational stage. It reminds me of the time I was scolded by my 5 grade teacher for lying and trying to switch the person I received for Secret Santa because I simply did not like them, it gave me insight on inferiority to my superiors. Being caught in the middle of this stage, I am expected to decide what I want to study for the rest of my life and what kind of person I want to be. I can easily say I am suffering an internal conflict of role confusion at this present moment. Though I do not plan/think on living after 30, this is the regular stage where people begin to get maried and have children. It is where people are defined as isolationists or they start their families, I believe I’d be isolationist. To me, these are the lost ages where people normally get bored of their life long job and they look to the outside for more hobbies and new interests. It seems like the stage that people get bored of their same day-to-day living. This stage is the most depressing of all. “Despair” refers to the internal conflict of boredom and self purpose. Most people get to this stage and wonder what exactly they were doing in all the other stages, I hope I’m not one of them.
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The road to
moral development Moral development is not as self-explanatory as it seems. It deals with the development of somebodies moral compass throughout the different obstacles in their life. Throughout different stages in life, morality is developed through a series of experiences and upbringings. There are countless researches that have studied moral development, among them are: Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gillian. Though there are differences in their models, it is agreed upon by both that there are three stages: pre-conventional, conventional, and post conventional stages.
1 Pre-conventional stage birth - 9 years old
This stage is the ego-centric stage, where children’s morality depends on what was convenient. For example, I would never like to share my toys with my brother as a kid and I would not listen to the common “sharing was caring,� I simply wanted my toys and did not have the moral development to understand my superiors.
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conventional stage 10 - 40 years old
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This is the stage where children become more self aware and realize the world, in fact, does not revolve around them. It shapes their moral compass to cover the whole society, since it is what keeps social order. Kohlberg believed most people stayed in this stage their entire life. I currently find myself in this stage. I believe morality extends beyond political and personal views, but rather how a community thinks as whole.
post-conventional stage 40 and over
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According to Kohlberg, many people do not reach this final stage. Instead of being black and white like the previous stages, he believed this stage agreed that, though there are rules for the better of society, there are proper times they need to be broken.
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Freud’s Psychosexual Sigmund Freud believed that psychological development during childhood occured during a series of sexual phases. Each stage occurs at a different section of the body which are used for sources of pleasure, or erogenous zones, for their respective age. It is also noted that a mojority of the time, it is not sexual energy, rather, energy is sublimated towards school, hobbies, and friendships. There is a clear difference between the male and female development in the psychosexual realm of psychology. While they follow the same stages, they experience them differently. A clear difference can be seen in stage 3, for example. During this time, children begin to identify their roles as their gender. For example, my brother began to develop more male-dominated traits in order to secure his masculinity and girls tend to repress feelings to remove tension and take on their gender role.
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Theory of Development
1 Oral: 2 anal: 3 phallic: 4 latent: 5 genital:
The first stage, the oral stage, is centered around a baby’s mouth, and occurs at only months old. It consists of the time where babies receive satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in their mouths, a trait possibly being developed from breast feeding.
The second stage is the anal stage where children receive pleasure from defecating. I vivdly remember my grandmother potty training my cousins and me and giving us incentives, like money, when we went to the bathroom correctly, making us only go more often.
The third stage is where the gender discrepancy occurs, though, it universally is true that sensitivity becomes concentrated in the genitals and children become aware of anatomical sex differences around them, in their peers and family.
There is no psychosexual development during this stage, according to Freud. I am currently in this latent stage, meaning hidden. Energy in stage three is channeled into acquiring knowledge and there is a reliance on children of the same gender.
The final stage is during adulthood and refers to the time of sexual experimentation. It ranges from a time of sexual experience with others to settling down in a loving relationship.
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Parenting Style There are a number of different parenting styles, my parents decided to take a more hands-off aproach, and it made me the person I am today. I would go to elementary and middle school science fairs to see these amazing projects that could not have been done by peers my age, and that was because they were not. Many kids have been spoon-fed by their parents and it has not allowed them to be truly independent. My parents, to contrast, have always been there for me and have given me hundreds of experiences that I am endlessly grateful for, but, they have also allowed me to be independent. They have taught me how to do my own work and how to be the best person I can be. I can say I am luckier than most for the amazing experiences I have had and that I have been allowed to do because of my parents. It has lead me to be a more independent person. Parenting styles are extremely important in development because it represents a big part of nuturing. Nurturing and the environment you grow up in have a significant impact on the person you are and the o n e you are destined to become.
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Resilience
Psychological resilience is defined as an individual’s ability to successfully adapt to life tasks in the face of social disadvantage or other highly adverse conditions. Adversity and stress can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial worries, among others.
If I have any resilience at all, I owe it all to my brother, Andres. Him and I used to have a terrible relationship that solely consisted of fighting and getting our parents to pick our side. Thankfully, we grew up and our relationship is stronger than ever now. But, for the majority of my life, he was always there finding ways to make me tick. Of course I had the disadvantange, being significantly weaker and younger, but it did not matter. He always knew how to beat me even though I never let him see it. Though, with hindsight, I can say it has paved the way for the person I am today. For that, I am eternally grateful, which is another thing he will never know.
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