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C on te nt s
I auditioned for the Big Brother and all I got was a vague threat of a $5 Million lawsuit
f to in d po an tic n t is io gh ur iss f li he em n o an e io g th at in rd m rn a for ce ow ns on t a C iew tr v
62
resources
12 The boarding house
10 preface
e c a f e r P
Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, Physics and Medicine are awarded each year to scientists who “have
the third and final will of alfred B. nobel, 1895
conferred the greatest benefit to mankind.”
However, mankind hardly takes note. There is a fundamental disconnection between science and society. Scientists are engrossed in their quests, hidden in the recesses of their laboratories, while society is preoccupied with everyday problems. Science doesn’t explain, society doesn’t ask questions. In 1905 Albert Einstein reported his seminal discovery
A. Einstein, Annals of Physics 17, 132, 1905
on the photoelectric effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. In the same
10 s 11
year, James Joyce sent his first draft of Dubliners to Grant Richards publishing company in London. Today, like in 1905, society and science seem to run in parallel without ever crossing paths. Is it really so?
Alessandra Ravidá
ernin g an point heur o istic josh gross f view the e towa miss rd i o trans n and form ation of lig ht I auditioned
al
b
er for the Big Brother and t
ei
ns all I got was a vague threat t
conc
of a $5 Million lawsuit
jam
se u o h g n i d r a o b the
ei
n
es jo yc e
Though I was 15 minutes early, there were already at least 30 people ahead of me in line when I arrived at Liquid on May 4 to participate in an open casting call for reality television show Big Brother. The woman in front of me was telling several other women that she got there an hour early. “Whatever it takes to get the producer to see me,” she said. Though it was pouring rain outside, she was wearing rainbow toe-socks with flip flops. Her companions opted for muffin tops dressed up in sparkle shirts. Eyeshadow was copious. “I live in Meridian,” one said. “I live at the liquor store,” another piped up without missing a beat. The woman and her new friends began sharing their nite a fi
12 s 13
al
ic a Mrs. Mooney was a butcher’s daughter. Sheretwas d eo an woman who was quite able to keep things s th to herself: e e as th hergfather’s a determined woman. She had married n ng ee of foreman and opened a butcher’stwshop near di Spring y r r ga eo be . s Gardens. But as soon as hisstfather-in-law was re th deadceMr. d n i a e a li ex devil. sp Mooney began to go tonthe plundered rm He drank, el ty fo w it o p ax no use c into debt. the till, ran headlong ve It was em making M tin ha d e s e i s be l h t l out oagain him take the pledge: he d t to break s was sure a l i t d c c a d y si anhis wife so in theodpresence a few days oafter. rm By an hyfighting s f b es in i p s d d on h f a ruined of customers and bad se meatohe iti his ic by buying bo un s s h o e e ce w of One po the at bl business. ro for his e st wifehwith , pr ts night ra he went p e p e t A ite e shendhad totsleep h ic y house. t n c cleaver and a neighbour’s i b f n e er ne po co et ed w ypriest ag apart.sidShe went , n er lived i After thatththey to the and , s n m e n rm o co ro rg ro te care of ct from ehim with la the children. ct got a separation She e l e e w y d el el tia y er le l a d i v e would give him neither money nor h sp a foodannor house-room; et W s of us pl o m s m to enlist and so he was obliged man. u e himself to as a sheriff’s e in co iti fa th nt o oclittle drunkard o l e He was a shabby stooped with a white r c e b v ri be of sc m epencilled face and a white moustache se d ueyebrows, nu white e to c ak above his little eyes, which were all nsand raw; tiand o m veined ne ti c g a n day long he sat in the bailiff’s room, m to be put fu waiting en tro c giv e on a job. Mrs. Mooney, who had taken what remained l a e of ate set upaand of her money out of the butcher businessstand , me olu imposing boarding house in Hardwicke Street, was avbig
of er mb u n s ter ded me a gar r e r pa be the not can t for n e i c ion uffi inat m r as s e t e de plet ing to c om Accord . e t a t as of such energy is to lian theory, the Maxwel be considered a continuous spatial function
in the case of all pu rely electromagne tic phenomena includin g light, w hile the energy o shou f a pond ld, ac erable o cordi bject ng to the p of p resen hys t con icist cepti s, be ons sum repr esen car ted ried as a ele ove ctr r th on e ato s. T ms he an d ap en on erg de yo rab f le bo dy
ca nn ot sub b div e ide into d arb ma itra ny rily or a sma rbit ll pa rari ly rts, ener whi gy o le th fab e eam of lig from a ht point s ource ( accord ing to the Maxw ellian theory of light
or, more generally, according to any wave
er increasing usly spread an ev erates hich op w t, h g of li as e theory ns, h he wav T . e m nctio u volu f l patia ous s tion u n i t nta n e o c s re with rep na the n me i l o l n e he dw r rke al p ve c i wo ne pt o y l y ab rel pu y rob of p db ill e c w la d . rep an or y be e h t er oth n a
14 s 15
uo theory) is contin
tical ever, that the op pt in mind, how ke be ld ou sh It than ages rather to time aver r fe re s n io plete observat f the com In spite o . s e lu a v ed to eous as appli instantan y r o e th the ation of tc, it is confirm sion, e l r e ta n p e is n, d experim s with fractio ion, re perate t o c h le f ic e wh tion, r ad to f light diffrac eory o may le h s t n e o h i tt ct o the ble tha ial fun lied t nceiva s spat p o u p c o a l u il s t n s ti conti ation hen i sform nce w n e i a r r e t p d ith ex n and iate issio sso c ions w m t a e c i s f d n a ao on ctio contr vati omen rodu bser phen p o e e ed th th ce, elat that cen er r me s h e o t r t or o o s , flu ion and eem s n s , s o t t i i I t . h a g ht e em radi et li of lig h th viol ody t a b i r k t w blac y ul ed ect ys b with n a r n o c ode na ath me o of c n phe
transformation of
light are more re ad
16 s 17
ily understood if that the ener gy of light is discontinuou distribute sly d in space. In accord ance with to be co nsidere the assum d here, ption the ene spread rgy of a ing ou li ght ray t from a point distrib source uted o is ver an not con a fini tinuou increa te nu sly sing s mber p a c e but of en at po ergy consis ints i quan ts of n spa ta wh and c e , i c h ar whic whic e lo c a h mo h ca lized ve w n on com ithou ly be plet t e un d p i rodu vidin its. I the ced g, line n th and e fol of th a b s l to t o o oug rbed win his ht a gIw as poin nd t ish t be t h o pr of v e fa use esen iew cts ful whi , ho t to s ch h pin om g th ave e in at t led ves his me tiga app tors roa ch m in t hei ay r re sea rch . one assumes
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llax: in e c n e er f f di t en r pa p a e th
an f o n o ti i s po e th
concerning a difficulty with regard to the theory of blackbody radiation
We
woman. start firstHer house had a floating population made up of the tourists from Liverpool and the Isle of Man and, with point occasionally, artistes from the music halls. Its resident of view taken in population was made the Maxwellian and up of clerks from the city. She governed thetheories house cunningly and firmly, knew when to the electron give credit, when be stern and when to let things pass. and consider the to following All theInresident menby spoke of her as The Madam. case. a spaceyoung enclosed Mrs. Mooney’s young men paid completely reflecting walls, letfifteen shillings a week for board lodgings (beer or stoutand at dinner excluded). there be aand number of gas molecules They shared in common tastes andand occupations electrons which are free to move which and for thisconservative reason they were very with exert forces on chummy each other on one close another. They with one another the chances approach: i.e. discussed they can collide with each other like of favourites andkinetic outsiders. Jack Mooney, the Madam’s molecules in the theory of gases. This assumption son, who was clerk to a commission agent in Fleet Street, Furthermore, let there be a had the reputation of being a hard case. He was fond number of electrons of using soldiers’ obscenities: usually he came home which in the small hours. When he met his friends he had always a good one to tell them and he was always sure to be on to a good thing-that is to say, a likely horse or a likely artiste. He was also handy with the mits and sang comic songs. On Sunday nights there would often be a reunion in Mrs. Mooney’s front drawing-room. The music-hall artistes would oblige; and Sheridan is eq u iv al gas m ent to t he su olec ppo ule s s It is it a io n d ele n th well c at th expr known t trons a e ave re e essio hat rag e n k f in or t , with th qual to etic he ra e e tio o help of ach othe energies this r at f th of e a t r s h m s e um al rm p a a n d elect tion, He l equilib rr rical rium . cond Drude d er u c iv t iv e d ities of m a theor etica etals l
strategies to get the casting director’s attention, but they quickly closed ranks when they saw me listening in. I turned to the couple behind me in line, and asked them what their interest was in the show. “It is just so cool,” the man said with starry-eyed reverence. “I love being able to see the way people’s minds start to play tricks on them.” He had a large smile and a kind face. “I especially like the paranoia,” he added with a goofy grin. “I just came for moral support,” the woman said. “I am much too shy to be on the show.” A server at Liquid began working her way up and down the line, serving people shots of courage, or whatever else they were thirsty for.
1
The women in front of me started breaking down the various seasons of the show. One of them disputed the official story of what happened in New Jersey, claiming there were much larger fights than the media wanted you to know about. From further back in line, I heard two large men in backward baseball caps discussing the likelihood of there being a murder on the show. From behind a large black curtain splitting the bar in two, we suddenly heard a man scream, “ I WANT TO SHOW YOU MY ASS!” Then, apparently not having made his desires clear, he shouted it again. I signed my name on a clipboard and was given a card with the number 30 on it and asked to hold it up like a mugshot for a still photographer. The photographer
20 s 21
are
played waltzes and polkas and vamped bound to accompaniments. Polly Mooney, the Madam’s widely separated daughter, would also sing. She sang: I’m points a ... by forces naughty girl. You needn’t sham: Youproportional know I am. to their Polly was a slim girl of nineteen; she had light softpoints. hair distances from these and a small full mouth. HerThe eyes, whichelectrons were grey bound are also with a shade of green through them, had in a habit of to participate conservative glancing upwards when shewith spokethe with anyone, which interactions free molecules and made her look like a little perverse madonna. electrons when the latter come Mrs. very close. Mooney We hadcall firstthe sent her daughter to be a typistthey in a emit bound electrons “oscillators”: corn-factor’s office but, as a disreputable and absorb electromagnetic waves ofsheriff’s definiteman periods. used to come every other day to the office,view asking to be According to the present regarding allowed to say a word tothe his daughter, she had origin of light, thetaken radiation her daughter home again and set her to do in housework. the space we As Polly was very lively the intention was to give her the run of the young men. Besides young men like to feel that there is a young woman not very far away. Polly, of course, flirted with the young men but Mrs. Mooney, who was a shrewd judge, knew that the young men were only passing the time away: none of them meant business. Things went on so for a long time and Mrs. Mooney began to think of sending Polly back to typewriting when she noticed that something was
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(statistical) probabilities dW of the form: dW = f(a1, A2, . . . ,α1, α2, . . .)dA1dA2. . . dα1dα2. . . , The radiation is then as disordered as conceivable
T is t aken to
0
α
the tim e
case of dynamic n which is found for the are considering (radiatio ) must be identical h the Maxwellian theory wit e anc ord acc in m equilibriu s of all the relevant ion – at least if oscillator iat rad ody ckb bla the with ered to be present. frequencies are consid by emitted and absorbed disregard the radiation we , ing be e tim the r Fo dynamical equilibrium e into the condition of the oscillators and inquir . molecules and electrons eraction (or collision) of associated with the int e kinetic energy of es asserts that the averag The kinetic theory of gas e kinetic energy of st be equal to the averag an oscillator electron mu motion of an oscillator ule. If we separate the a translating gas molec er, we find for the ents at angles to each oth pon com ee thr o int on electr nents the expression e of these linear compo on of E y erg en e rag ave denotes the number of iversal gas constant. N where R denotes the un absolute temperature. m equivalent, and T the “real molecules” in a gra c energy of a free to two-thirds the kineti The energy E is equal the time average values because of the equality monatomic gas particle tor. If through any ial energies of the oscilla of the kinetic and potent should occur that radiation processes – it gh ou thr e cas r ou in – cause s age value greater or les tor takes on a time-aver illa osc an of rgy ene the uld ons and molecules wo ons with the free electr lisi col the n the , E n tha ent on the average from energy by the gas, differ lead to a gain or loss of is , dynamic equilibrium case we are considering zero. Therefore, in the rage energy E . h oscillator has the ave possible only when eac ument regarding the to present a similar arg We shall now proceed sent in the cavity. s and the radiation pre tor illa osc the en we bet interaction ics equilibrium in M. Plank, condition for the dynam the d ive der has nck Herr Pla be considered a ion that the radiation can sit po sup the r de un e this cas cess. completely random pro
0
3
2
ρν
ρν
L
2
8πν
8πν
T = E = Eν =
R 8πν 2 T N L3
3
L
R
N
ρν =
Eν = ν
dν = R 8π ∞ N 3T 2 L ∫ν dν 0
definite energy distribution between ether and matter.
but also state that in our model there can be not talk of a
equilibrium, not only fail to coincide with experiment,
These relations, found to be the conditions of dynamic
increasing or decreasing, the following relations must obtain:
If the radiation energy of frequency is not continually
part of the radiation with frequency between ν and ν + dν .
frequency, and ρνd ν the energy per unit volume of that
oscillation component), L the velocity of light, ν the
freedom) of an oscillator with eigenfrequency (per
where Eν is the average energy (per degree of
He found,
will be the radiation energy of the space, and in the limit we obtain
The wider the range of wave numbers of the oscillators, the greater
∞
22 s 23
∫ρ
=∞
We 3
wish to
11
T
=
ν
6. − 1 = 4. 0 × 1 86 10 − 6 56 ×1 0−
β
=
concerning show in the ρ following that Herr planck’s determination Planck’s determination of the fundamental constants is, of the fundamental to a certain extent, independent of his theory of blackbody radiation. constants
αν ν
e
2
α
β
Planck’s formula, which has proved M. Plank, Ann. Phys. 4, 561 (1901)
adequate up to this point, gives for ρν For large values of T/ν; i.e. for large wavelengths and radiation densities, this equation takes the form It is evident that this equation is identical with the one obtained ρν
=
α ν β
in Sec. 1 from the Maxwellian
2
T
and electron theories. By equating the coefficients of both formulas one obtains i.e.,
R 8π α = N L3 β
or
N=
β 8π R = 6.17 × 1023 α L3
24 s 25
an atom of hydrogen weigh s 1/N grams = 1.62Ă… x 10−24 g. This is exactly the valu e found by Herr Planck , which in tu rn agrees w ith values found by other me thods. W e therefo the con re arrive clusion: at the grea ter the e the wav nergy de elength nsity an of a rad d iation, t theore he mor tical p e useful d rincip les w to be o the e hav : for s e emp mall w l oyed dens a v e le turn o ities, ngths ut howe a n d In th s v m e a r ll rad , thes e fol iation e prin lowi ciples ng w conc fail u e sh erni s com all c ng b onsi plete for t lack der t ly. he e bod he e y ra mis xper diat sion imen ion w and tal fa itho prop cts u t aga invo tion king of t h a mo e ra del diat ion itse lf.
concerning the entropy of radiation
strategies to get the casting director’s attention, but they quickly closed ranks when they saw me listening in. I turned to the couple behind me in line, and asked them what their interest was in the show. “It is just so cool,” the man said with starry-eyed reverence. “I love being able to see the way people’s minds start to play tricks on them.” He had a large smile and a kind face. “I especially like the paranoia
3
The following tre atment is to be fo und in a famous work by Herr W . Wien and is intro duced here only for the sake of compl eteness. Suppose we have radiation occupy ing a volume going between and one of the young men. υ. We on assu me thatPolly the observable pr operties of th She watched and kept her own counsel. e ra diationthe arepair completely dete rmin when th Polly she was being watched,ed butThisstill here ra diatknew ion dethat nsity assumption an arb itrary one. ρ(ν) is given for al l frequencies. Siisnc ra mother’s silence could not be misunderstood. e diationpersistent of different frequencies are to be considered in There been no open complicity between mother depehad nden t of each othe r when there is no transfer and open understanding but, though of hedaughter, at or worno k, th e entropy of the radiation can be re people inte the house began to talk of the affair, still presen d by Mrs. Mooney did not intervene. Polly began to grow w here ϕ is a fu nction of the varia bles ρ an a little strange in her ν. ϕ can be reduce manner and the youngdman d to a function of a single was perturbed. At last, when she judged va riaevidently ble throug h formulat ion of the conditi on th it to Mrs. Mooney intervened. at be thethe enright tropymoment, of the radi ation is unaltere d with du Sherindealt moral problems as a cleaver deals g adwith iabatic compression be tween reflecting meat: inall this she had made up her mind. w alls. and We sh nocase t enter into this pr oblem, however, It was a bright morning of early summer, bu t shall directlySunday investigate the de rivation of the promising heat, with a fresh breeze blowing. All fu nction ϕ fro m thbut e blackbody radia tion law. thethwindows boarding house were open and In e case ofofblthe ackbody radiatio n ρ, is such a func theν lace curtains ballooned gently towards the street tion of that the entropy is maximum for a fixed beneath raised sashes. The belfry of George’s va lue of the ener gy; i.e .,
Church sent out peals and worshippers, Fr om this it fo lloconstant ws that for every choice of δρ as singly a fuor ncin tiogroups, n of ν traversed the little circus before the w church, their purpose by their self-contained here λrevealing is indepe ndent of ν. In th e case of blackb ra demeanour less than by the little volumes in theirody diation, thno eref ore, δϕ/δρ is inde pendent of ν. Th gloved hands. over in the boarding e follo wingBreakfast equation was applies when th e temperature of a unit volume of blackbody radi ation increases by dT or, since δϕ/δρ is independent of ν.
∞
S = ν∫ 0
∞
δ∫ 0
( ρ,ν )dν
( ρ,ν )dν = 0
providing ∞
δ ∫ ρ dν = 0 0
∞
∫ 0
δ − λ δρ dν = 0 δρ
ν =∞
dS =
δ d ρdν δρ ν =0
dS =
δ dE δρ
∫
28 s 29
The thewomen table by in her frontsister, of me “the started goodbreaking sister,” she down said. the various seasons “We’re of trying the show. to pitch One them of them on disputed a the official storysister of what thing,” happened said the in evil Newone. Jersey, claiming there Theywere began much discussing larger fights their than answers the to media the survey wanted questions, you to know including about.the From brief further essayback question in line, about I heard why an two applicant large men thinks in backward they would baseball be good capsondiscussing the show. the“Ilikelihood put downofbecause there being I am adivorced,” murder onsaid thethe show. From good behind sister.a The largeevil black sister curtain laughed. splitting “I putthe down bar in two, we that suddenly I am married heardand a man dating,” scream, she“ said. I WANT TO AllSHOW I wrote onYOU mine MY was: “ASS!” Then, apparently .” “Inot justhaving keep looking made hisaround desiresthe clear, room he and shouted asking it myself, again. who I signed I would my want nametoonwatch a clipboard on TV,”and thewas good given sister a card said. with Her the gazenumber lingered30onona it grizzled and asked overweight to holdman it upinlike a a mugshot NASCAR for jacket a still and photographer. a tattered pair The of photographer work boots.
house and the table of the breakfast-room was covered with plates on which lay yellow streaks of eggs with ent. controverted experim as long as it is notMrs. Mooney morsels ofto bacon-fat and tionbacon-rind. plest assump sim this g clin One will n aturally sat in the straw arm-chair and watched the servant Mary remove the breakfast things. She made Mary collect the crusts and pieces of broken bread to help to make Tuesday’s bread- pudding. When the table was cleared, the broken bread collected, the sugar and butter safe under lock and key, she began to reconstruct the interview which she had had the night before with Polly. Things were as she had suspected: she had been frank in her questions and Polly had been frank in her answers. Both had been somewhat awkward, of course. She had been made awkward by her not wishing to receive the news in too cavalier a fashion or to seem to have connived and Polly had been made awkward not merely because allusions of that kind always made her awkward but also because she did not wish it to be thought that in her wise innocence she had divined the intention behind her mother’s tolerance. Mrs. Mooney glanced instinctively at the little gilt clock on the mantelpiece as soon as she had become aware through her revery that the bells of George’s Church
i l i ve e W “
na
s
ty e i c o
ex
i te quis
ly d
de epen
nt o
nc e i c ns
e
and
tech nolo g y, i n wh ich h a rd ly a nyon e kn anything about science and technology� Carl Sagan
ows
1 δ = δρ T
Since dE is equal to the heat
1 dE T
added and since the process is
dS =
reversible, the following statement also applies By comparison one obtains
This is the law of blackbody radiation. Therefore one can derive the law of blackbody radiation from the function ϕ, and, inversely, one can derive the function ϕ by integration, keeping in mind the fact that ϕ vanishes when ρ=0.
ρ = αν 3e
−β
ν T
1 1 ρ ln =− T βν αν 3
S =v
( ρ,ν ) = − βνρ
ln
ρ −1 αν 3
E ( ρ,ν )dν = − βν
ln
E −1 υαν 3dν
asymptotic from for the entropy of monochromatic radiation at low radiation density
From
existing observations of the blackbody
4
radiation, it is clear that the law originally postulated by Herr W. Wien, is not exactly valid. It is, however, well confirmed experimentally for large values of ν/T. We shall base our analysis on this formula, keeping in mind that our results are only valid within certain limits. This formula gives immediately and then, by using the relation obtained in the preceeding section, Suppose that we have radiation of energy E, with frequency between ν and ν+dν, enclosed in volume υ. The entropy of this radiation is: If we confine ourselves to investigating the dependence of the entropy entropy of the radiation at volume υ0, we obtain This equation shows that the entropy of a monochromatic radiation of sufficiently low density varies with the volume in the same manner as the entropy of an ideal gas or a dilute solution. In the following, this equation will be interpreted in accordance with the principle introduced into physics by Herr Boltzmann, namely that the entropy of a system is a function of the probability its state.
S − S0 =
υ E ln βν υ0
34 s 35
on the volume occupied by the radiation, and if we denote by S0 the
5
gave me a brief survey to fill out. I took a seat in the bar to fill out the card and wait for my number to be called. A girl in a sleeveless dress that showed off a large skull tattoo on her shoulder asked to share my table. She had a set of brass knuckles on a chain around her neck. I said, “Sure,” and asked her what brought her down to audition. “I have just had a really hard life, and I think I deserve something good in it,” she said. I asked her if the show isn’t more of a contest about who can suffer the longest. “That is why the show is good for me,” she said. “I know how to suffer. I am a good sufferer.” Then she asked me to stroke her hours-old tattoo to feel the ridges it left in her arm. We were joined at
had stopped ringing. It was seventeen minutes past eleven: she would have lots of time to have the matter out with Mr. Doran and then catch short twelve at Marlborough Street. She was sure she would win. To molecular- begin with she had all the weight of sociallaropinion tic -theoreon entropy by molecu of n io lat lcu ca e In thside: she was an outraged mother. Shero theoretic her had allowed d “p bability” in ently use the wor qu fre e w ds ho et to live beneath her roof, assuming that he investigation m him was a s of ed in the calculu from that employ g rin ffe di e ns se a of the man of honour and he had simply abused her hospitality.” equal probability rticular “gases of ties. In paor abili dependence pr Heobwas thirty-four thirty-five years es of ta age, so ed thatwhen blish etically th po hy en be tly quen ve fre ha of the youth could not be pleaded as his excuse; nor could finite ing utilized are de be els od m al tic e theorebe his excuse since he was a man who entropy on ignorance had seen re. ectu an a conj duction rather th de a it rm pe to ough of the world. He had simply taken en of gases something lled so-caadvantage te paper that the ra pa se a in ow ill sh youth and inexperience: that was evident. and dilute IofwPolly’s uate for the ility” is fully adeq obabWhat tical prwas: tatis solutions on “s The question reparation would he make? and I hope that mal phenomena, er th of t en m at the volume tre There must be reparation made in such case. It is all ical difficulty that ill eliminate a log w I so g in do by very well for the man: he can go his ways as if nothing mann’s Principle. plication of Boltz ructs the ap obsthappened, had having had his moment of pleasure, d ral formulation an ne ge a ly on , er wev , hogirl he butrethe has to bear the brunt. Somebe mothers given. special cases will n to very tiocontent applicabe would to patch up such an affair for a sum of money; she had known cases of it. But she would not do so. For her only one reparation could make up for the loss of her daughter’s honour: . She counted all her cards again before sending Mary
the table by her sister, “the good sister,” she said. “We’re trying to pitch them on a sister thing,” said the evil one. They began discussing their answers to the survey questions, including the brief essay question about why an applicant thinks they would be good on the show. “I put down because I am divorced,” said the good sister. The evil sister laughed. “I put down that I am married and dating,” she said. All I wrote on mine was: “I have no shame.” “I just keep looking around the room and asking myself, who I would want to watch on TV,” the good sister said. Her gaze lingered on a grizzled overweight man in a NASCAR jacket and a tattered pair of work boots.
If it is rea sonable to speak of the probab ility of the state of a system, an d futhermo re if every entropy incr ease can be understood assay up to Doran’s room to to speak a trthat ansitishe on wished to a state of proshe with him. She felt sure He washaigher babwould ility, thwin. en the entr py S1 orakish serious young man, not orem loud-voiced olike f a syst is a functio n of WMr. the others. If it had been , Sheridan or Mr. Meade 1 the probabil ity of its or Bantam Lyons herintask been stanwould taneouhave s state. If w e have much harder. She didtw not herawould face publicity. o nthink oninte cting syste s All the lodgers in theShouse knew something ofmthe 1 and S , we ca 2 n write If oinvented affair; details had been some. Besides, he ne consiby ders these two system s as thirteen had been employed for years a single sy in a great Catholic stem of en tropy S anand wine- merchant’s office publicity mean for d pro bability would W, it follow s that S = Sperhaps, + S 2 = the (Wloss ) Tofhehis him, job. he agreed 1 last eqWhereas uation saif ys that the and all might be well. Shestknew had a good screw for ates ohe f th e tw o systems re by. W = W + W one thing and1she suspected he of stuff aput 2 indepen dehad nt oaf bit each other. Nearly the half-hour!Fro She and surveyed m stood theseup equation it fo W herself in the pier-glass.( The decisive(Wexpressionllows that 1 ⋅W2 ) = 1 )1 + 2 (W2 ) Thsatisfied of her great florid face and she e quantiher ty C is therefore univeshe thought of some mothers knew could a rsal constwho ant; the kin etic thoff not get their daughters their eory of ghands. ases show s its value to be R/N Mr. Doran was very anxious indeed Sunday , whethis re the const ants R andtwo morning. He had made N hattempts ave beentodshave but his efined abo e. If S0 dethat hand had been so unsteady had been obligedvto notehe s the entro py of a system desist. Three days’ reddish beard his jaws and in sofringed me initial st te and W denoteasmist every two or three minutes gathered on ahis the re lative prob ability of a state of e ntropy S, w e obtain in g eneral First we tr eat the foll owing
S1 =
1
S2 =
2
(W ) (W ) 1
2
and finally 1
(W ) = C ln (W ) + const
2
(W ) = C ln (W ) + const
1
1
2
2
(W ) = C ln (W ) + const
S − S0 =
R lnW N
special case. We consider a number (n) of movable points (e.g., molecules) confined in a volume υ0. Besides these points, there can be in the space any number of other movable points of any kind. We shall not assume anything concerning the law in accordance with which the points move in this space except that with regard to this motion, no part of the space (and no direction within it) can be distinguished from any other. Further, we take the number of these movable points to
solution, possesses an entropy S0. Let us imagine transferring all n
υ
anything else being changed in the system. This state obviously possesses a different entropy (S), and now wish to evaluate the entropy difference with the help of the Boltzmann Principle. We inquire: How large is the probability of the latter state relative to the original one? Or: How large is the probability that at a randomly chosen instant of time all n movable points in the given volume υ0 will be found by chance in the volume υ? For this probability, which is a “statistical probability”, one obviously obtains:
= W
movable points into a volume υ (part of the volume υ0) without
υ
0
This system, which, for example, can be an ideal gas or a dilute
n
be so small that we can disregard interactions between them.
tod ay is t
he t e
chn olo gy o f
tom orro w” Ed wa rd Te lle r
“Th e sc ienc e of
By applying the Boltzmann Principle, one then obtains It is noteworthy that in the derivation of this equation, from which one can easily obtain the law of Boyle and Gay–Lussac as well as the analogous law of osmotic
If E is the energy of the system, one obtains:
S
−
S
0
+
motion of the molecules.
n ln
υ
had to be made as to a law of
N
υ
−d ⋅ (E − TS ) = pdυ = TdS = RT
pressure thermodynamically, no assumption
R
0
n dυ therefore N υ pυ = R n T N
exp e wing follo of th nce e d ic epen mat he d hro c o for t e mon lum y of e vo p h o t r n ent form ono the iati n i rad ula this orm f tes i l r a r ew ene iple If on rinc he g t p h n wit man ion: this oltz clus B s n e e r o h pa gc for t and win com ollo cy ν f one n f e e i u th and ls in freq s at wal n of rive g r o i n a t i t l one adia flec tota tic r y re the a b t m a d h a se chro ity t d in nclo ono abil oun is e b f If m o E e r t b rgy he p υ)a will ene υ 0, t me 0 s rgy e u e l n m o i v lu ne a nt the a vo atio inst t of r radi n a e er s (p cho eυ urth f y m l e u w vol dom at: his ran e th mt d o any r u l F c con atic om r h noc ow Mo of l n o i iat hin rad wit ( y of sit den nge a r of the ty idi l a v ’s en Wi
6 S − S0 =
υ E ln βν υ0
R S − S 0 = ln N S − S0 =
υ W= υ0
υ υ0
N E R βν
R lnW N
N E R βν
40 s 41
interpretation of the expression for the volume dependence of the entropy of monochromatic radiation in accordance . 4, In Sec e with boltzmann’s nd th e fou w principle ion ress
R
N 0
e
3
ν
3
βν
− T
− T
d
βν
e
ν
erage ion with the av blackbody radiat ule olec am f o N) ergy (R/ n e 2 c 3 / s ti in kine is ta f nal er o i t b t t a a sl e o de o el tran Th on . , m tu e a ni ntu tur ul a g r m a a r pe m fo qu e tem n y g e e i ra rg am eW ve ene es h h a t t at to he an rt ng i o f d or cc a le, hi w T,
∞
αν
αν βν
the ra rm for di od at mu con io yn l sis a n a ) mi ted be ca h of a a l l ve ya nu s st mb ene ho rgy er of i ug qua nd nta epe h it of m We s nd a gni till w ent tud ish t e o com Rβν /N. pare the a vera ge magnitude of the energ y quanta of the
∫ =
If th m e on en oc tr o h ra rom py d o a ia de tio tic f pe nd n s
0
∫ ∞
d 3 R N T
42 s 43
energy quanta. We shall examine this . llowing in the fo n o ti s e qu
m ag co in ni ve ns tu st is d ig e tin at Rβ e g ν/ w of N he tra en ,t th ns h e for er e ma th ne rgy tio e xt q la no ob uan w f li so vi gh ou ta o ta fe re m a iss s st f lso that ep io they of n su can an ch be i d an nter pret atu ed o re r ex plai ned by considerin g light to cons ist of such
is to
me e olu th v a h e on g er ium u o w th n ed as atio m us di ra uo n ti on c s di
frequency. The transformation process is to be
concerning stokes’s rule
From the next table, one of the two baseball capwearing murderphiles tells the good sister: “I would watch you on TV.” According She smiled, so he followed with possibly the saddest pickup line ever: “So, is this your to the result first time auditioning for reality TV?” just obtained, My number was called along with the man with let us assume that, the kind face and one of the baseball capwhen monochromatic wearing murderphiles, who looked me up and light is transformed down and then informed me of our strategy: through photoluminescence “When we get back there, you and I are going to fight,” into light of a different frequency, he said. “They will remember that for sure. You in?” both the incident and emitted light “No,” I said. He began to protest, pushing for a fight, butconsist then of energy quanta of magnitude Rβν/N, where ν denotes the relevant we were led behind the curtain for our audition.
7
glasses so that he had to take them off and polish them with his pocket-handkerchief. The recollection of his confession of the night before was a cause of acute pain to him; the priest had drawn out every ridiculous detail of the affair and in the end had so magnified his sin that he was almost thankful at being afforded a loophole of reparation. The harm was done. What could he do now but marry her or run away? He could not brazen it out. The affair would be sure to be talked of and his employer would be certain to hear of it. Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone else’s business. He felt his heart leap warmly in his throat as he heard in his excited imagination old Mr. Leonard calling out in his rasping voice: “Send Mr. Doran here, please.” All his long years of service gone for nothing! All his industry and diligence thrown away! As a young man he had sown his wild oats, of course; he had boasted of his free-thinking and denied the existence of God to his companions in public- houses. But that was all passed and done with... nearly. He still bought a copy of Reynolds’s Newspaper every week but he attended to his religious duties and for nine-tenths of the year lived a regular life. He had money enough to settle down
kinds,
other
Then eyes turned to me, so I told them the truth:
been anyone on reality TV with a stutter yet,” he said. “So that would be neat.”
44 s 45
energy of
Two women sat at a bar table and introduced energy quantum of frequency ν1 is absorbed and themselves as the casting directors. Theygenerates asked eachby itself – at least at sufficiently of us to explain why we wanted to be on the show. low densities of incident energy quanta The murderphile insisted on going first and made – a light quantum of frequency ν2; it a point of his being loud and obnoxious, is possible that the absorption of yet refreshingly tender—basically the incident light quanta can a douchebag with a heart of gold. give rise to the simultaneous Next up was the man with the kind face and emission of light quanta the taste for paranoia who started by revealing of frequencies n3 , n4 that he used to be an army sniper. “Also, I have a bit of a stutter and there hasn’t etc., as well as to
interpreted in the following manner. Each incident
on; it was not that. But the family would look down on her. First of all there was her disreputable father and then her mother’s boarding house was beginning to get a certain fame. He had a notion that he was being had. He could imagine his friends talking of the affair and laughing. She was a little vulgar; some times she said “I seen” and “If I had’ve known.” But what would grammar matter if he really loved her? He could not make up his mind whether to like her or despise her for what she had done. Of course he had done it too. His instinct urged him to remain free, not to marry. Once you are married you are done for, it said. While he was sitting helplessly on the side of the bed in shirt and trousers she tapped lightly at his door and entered. She told him all, that she had made a clean breast of it to her mother and that her mother would speak with him that morning. She cried and threw her arms round his neck, saying: “O Bob! Bob! What am I to do? What am I to do at all?” She would put an end to herself, she said. He comforted her feebly, telling her not to cry, that it would be all right, never fear. He felt against his shirt the agitation of her bosom.
of the quantum cannot be greater than that
incident light
that quantum; it follows okes’s Rule. ell–known St w e th is is Th ording to d that acc ze si a h p m e e strongly under It should b t emitted h g li f o ty e quanti s eption th ndition ther co our conc (o n io t ina to the w illum tional ns of lo r o io it p d o r n p co t ust be ciden ach in tant) m s e n e o c c n s si ing roces light, remain ident tary p c n n i e e m e f th ction an el gth o the a ause stren f c o l l i y l w t here nden ntum lar, t depe y qua u n g i c t r i , e t n d e ar in ligh ent . In p ted k a a d l i t u c n t s in ua g e po y of gy q of th rdin nsit ener e t t cco n n i e A d . e i t c th inc effe her t for rom ent limi of ot c r s ns f e e o i r w t o o es: ia lu ol cas dev he f t be n , g l e e l n i t v i w ci ow abo o ex foll orth ry t e f a h t s t es se e in nec ion abl ept v i c e n o onc he c re c a to t e Rul es’s k o St
ν
1
≤ ≤
1
ν R β N
ν R β N
2
or
ν
2
e.g., heat. It do es not ma tter wh at inter medi ate proc esse s giv e rise to t his fin al r esu lt. I the f flu ore sce nt sub sta n ce no is ta pe rpe sou tua rce l of e ne the rgy pri , nc ipl co eo ns er v f a en tio er n gy of re th q uir at the es e an ne rgy em of itt ed en erg y
48 s 49
1. when the number of simultaneous ly interacting energy quanta per unit volume is so lar ge that an energy quantu m of emitted light can rece ive its energy fro m several incident e n e rgy quanta 2. when ; the incid ent (or e m such a itted) lig compos ht is not of ition th at it co radiat r respon ion wit ds to b hin th lackbod e rang that i y e of va s to s ay, fo li d it y r exam of Wie is pro n’s La ple, w duce w, hen th d by a bod that e inci dent l for th y of s ight uch h e wa Wie igh te velen n’s L m g ths u perat aw i ure nder pos s no c o sibi l n o s nger idera lity tion valid com to t man . Th he c e la s ds s onc t-me pec epti is n ial i ntio on w ot e nter ned x e clud est. hav den Acc ed t e ou sity o hat rdin tlin can ed, g a “n exh bla the on-W ibit ckb p oss ien an e ody ibili radi ner rad ty atio gy b iati n ” e on o h f a very vior wit hin low diff eren the ran t fro ge mt of v hat alid of a ity of W ien ’s L aw.
ca nn ot an ds
lin
�
ep ay ar at life Fr ed an . k Ro sa lin d
nd uld e no t b ver yd es
cie nc ea ho
“S
The usual conception that the energy of light
8
is continuously distributed over the space through which it propagates, encounters very serious difficulties when one attempts to explain the photoelectric phenomena, as has been pointed out in Herr Lenard’s pioneering paper.According to the concept that the incident
P. Lenard, Ann. Phys., 8, 169, 170 (1902)
light consists of energy quanta of magnitude Rβν/N, however, one can conceive of the ejection of
concerning the emission of cathode rays through illumination of solid bodies
electrons by light in the following way. Energy quanta penetrate into the surface layer of the body, and their energy is transformed, at least in part, into simplest way to imagine this is that a light quantum delivers its entire energy to a single electron:
50 s 51
kinetic energy of electrons. The
The possibility should not be excluded, however, that electrons might receive their energy only in part from the light quantum.
It was not altogether fault that it had happened. He An electron to whichhis kinetic energy has been remembered well, with the curious patient memory imparted in the interior of the body will have lost of the of celibate, the first caresses her dress, some this energy bycasual the time it reaches the her surface. breath, her fingers had given him. Then late onethe night Furthermore, we shall assume that in leaving as he was for she had tapped at his door, body eachundressing electron must perform an amount of work P “You should pick those two,” I said. “He is right about the stutter thing, and earlier, I heard that guy say he wanted there to be a murder on the show, so if he is really as obnoxious as he says, he could drive the army sniper nuts until he snaps and then you would also have some sort of ironic wish-fulfillment thing going on. Honestly, I haven’t even seen the show. I just thought it would make for a fun blog post to audition.” The casting directors thanked the sniper and the murderphile for their time and sent them out to ask me more questions about myself. They were strangely interested in my history as a college debater. They told me that they wanted me to advance to the next round of the auditions and handed me a thick packet.
If one assumes that the individual electron is detached from a neutral molecule by light with the performance of a certain amount of work, nothing in the relation derived above need be changed; one can simply consider P’ as the sum of two terms.
R βν − P N Πε =
we shall assume that this is what happens.
timidly. She wanted relight herThe candle at hiselectrons for hers characteristic of theto substance. ejected had beenthe blown by athe gust. It wasnormal her bath night. will leaving bodyout with largest velocity Shethose worethat a loose open combingjacket of printed be were directly at the surface. The kinetic flannel. of Her white instep shone in the energy such electrons is given by opening of her furry the blood behind In theslippers body isand charged to a glowed positivewarmly potential Π is
her perfumedbyskin. From her and wristsand too ifasΠ surrounded conductors athands zero potential, shejust lit and steadied her a faint arose.by is large enough tocandle prevent loss perfume of electricity On nights he came the body, ifwhen follows that: in very late it was she who warmedε denotes up his dinner. He scarcely knewor what he where the electronic charge, was eating her beside him alone, at night, where E isfeeling the charge of a gram
in the sleeping And her thoughtfulness! If equivalent of ahouse. monovalent ion and
P isnight the was anyway coldquantity or wet or windy there the potential of this was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for of negative electricity relative him. to the body. s they could be happy together.... They If one used takestoEgo = upstairs 9.6 x together on tiptoe, each with 3 −8 R a candle, on the reluctant 10 , then and Π ⋅ 10 is third landing βν −exchange P N goodnights. the potentialThey in used to kiss. He remembered well her eyes, the touch of her hand and his delirium.... volts which
the body
ΠE = R βν − P
assumes when irradiated in a vacuum. In order to see whether the derived relation yields an order of magnitude consistent with experience, we take P = 0, ν = 1.03 x 1015 (corresponding to the
52 s 53
“You have to hide this,” they told me. “And you can’t tell anyone. It has to be like nothing happened in here.” They told me to shove the packet in my pants. I did, but gave them fair warning that it would probably smell like butt when I returned it. They also told me I was not, under any circumstances, allowed to write about the experience if I wanted to advance in the process. I nodded, saying that I understood and left with my pants full of the application packet. “You totally threw me under the bus,” the murderphile said. “You wanted to fight me. What do you expect?” I said, and made my way out.
Phys. 8, pp. 163, 185, and Table 1, Fig. 2 (1902)
of the solarHe spectrum toward theapplying ultraviolet) But limit delirium passes. echoed her phrase, β = 4.866 x 10 We obtain ·107 = 4.3 volts, it toand himself: “What am−11I.to do?” TheΠinstinct a result in order of the celibate warned himagreeing to hold back. Butmagnitude the thosetold of Herr sin was there; even his sensewith of honour him Lenard. If the derived formula then Π , when that reparation must be made is forcorrect, such a sin. represented in Cartesian a function While he was sitting with hercoordinates on the side ofasthe bed of the light, must Mary cameoftothe thefrequency door and said thatincident the missus wanted bein a the straight lineHe whose independent to see him parlour. stoodslope up toisput on his of themore nature of thethan emitting substance. coat and waistcoat, helpless ever. When As farheaswent I canover see,tothere no contradiction he was dressed her toiscomfort her. between It would be allthese right, conceptions never fear. Heand leftthe herproperties crying of P. Lenard, Ann. thebed photoelectric observed bymy Herr Lenard. If each on the and moaning softly: “O God!” quantum incident light,so independently Goingenergy down the stairs of histhe glasses became dimmed else, delivers its energy with moisture thatofheeverything had to take them off and polish of the velocity of them. He longedelectrons, to ascendthen through the roofdistribution and fly away thewhere ejected will be independent to another country heelectrons would never hear again of of the intensity of the incident his trouble, and yet a force pushed him downstairs step the otherand hand the by step. The implacable faceslight; of hisonemployer of the number of electrons Madam stared upon his discomfiture. On the last leaving flight body will, ifup other of stairs he passed Jack Mooney whothewas coming conditions aresaluted kept from the pantry nursing two bottles of Bass. They coldly; and the lover’s eyes rested for a second orconstant, two on a thick bulldog face and a pair of thick short arms. When
in de te be vi ns pr at at i t t op he yo io Re m Fo le or n w a f co as fo m tio s rf t d ith he fro e ar re ts m ob na lu to c k i pl go r n o or m vi o s eg cid P. Le l to m nc et th ou i s es S n o e n i a el er to m en ard the g e fv rd ce s of y ila ke ni it on t l , An as a nc t t t n ig n. o lid rt ha s’s o he e su g ht e i h o n di s i h y . t m R i q d t n y y be po sc ul ho ua iv po pt du o e e t us i ft se nt io du t h n c c h et he ed n, a an se et as al ic of ic d on su la be by el al al t ab w e he ec m m bo ca ob ov e s a t i r u e d d t n o tf ta nd ho e, e ci ns th in or de on de ar at .I s, t i n h f e es th ra tl in on ab ob e ys ig e pl ov en ta h , d a ti w e. in er oe ce s hi s gy s de of ch by n of ot liv th is an e er m th al l e a a d ke e og st in eq ou th v is er ua s se co tio ns pr n: id oc er e s at s io ns :
In
Phys. 8, p. 150 and pp. 166-168 (1902)
ΠE + P ≤ R βν
s ay w l e a th is h c E Π hi w d, , r a ce en en L r r ffe er di H l ia by nt d e e t at po tig e s th ve ce in n es si nc ν, β a t R bs an su h e rt th ΠE + P ≥ R βν te f a o e , r g se ca tly n e ca th ifi In n g si
cathode rays must traverse in order to produce visible light, amounts in 54 s 55
some cases to hundreds and in others to thousands of
, 12 9,
46
an electron
) 03
(19
goes into the
pr od u erg ctio yq no f ua nta man yl . igh t
kinetic energy of
s., hy
.P
nn
,A
rd
a en
be assumed that the
en
L P.
volts. It is therefore to
9 concerning the ionization of gases by ultraviolet light solid bodies
We sha ll have to assum e that , the ion ization o f a gas b y ultrav iolet light, an in dividual li ght energy qu antum is u sed for the ionizatio n of an indiv idual gas molecule. From this is fo llows immediately th at the work of ionization (i.e., the work th eoretically need ed for ionization) of a mo lecule cannot be gr eater than the energy of an ab sorbed light quantu m capable of
R βν ≥ J
58 s 59
producing this effect. If one de notes by J th e (theoretical) w ork of ionizatio n per gram equivalent, th en it follows that: According to Lenard’s mea surements, however, th e largest e ffective waveleng th for air is approxim ately 1.9 x 10 −5 cm: the refore: An up per lim it for the w ork o f ioniz ation can als o be
R βν = 6.4 × 1012 erg ≥ J
The packet was more than 100 pages and included extensive questions about my psychological, medical and criminal history. It wanted to know every address I’ve had for the last 10 years. It wanted to know about my genito urinary system. It wanted to know if I might be pregnant. One of the questions simply asked if I have considered the impact being on the show might have on my life. There was also a laundry list of waivers, including a section that made it very clear any STDs I might catch from other cast members are my problem and my problem alone, so not to come crying to Viacom CBS, no matter how much they burn. One paragraph on Page 5 of the Big Brother 14 Interview Agreement with Arbitration Provisions made it clear that writing about the show or the audition
bloody well put his teeth down his throat, so he would. Polly sat for a little time on the side of the bed, crying. Then she dried her eyes and went over to the lookingglass. She dipped the end of the towel in the water-jug and refreshed her eyes with the cool water. She looked at herself in profile and readjusted a hairpin above her ear. Then she went back to the bed again and sat at the foot. She regarded the pillows for a long time and the sight of them awakened in her mind secret, amiable memories. She rested the nape of her neck against the cool iron bed-rail and fell into a reverie. There was no longer any perturbation visible on her face. She waited on patiently, almost cheerfully, without
of gases the ionization potential for negative ions is, however, five times greater.
d ntials of rarefie tion pote57) the ioniza(Lie om p. fr 2, 190 ed g, in pzi ta ob izitët in Gasen the smallest J. Stark, Die Electr ng to J. Stark gases. Accordi r (at ials for ai zation potent In the interior observed ioni 10 V. One es) is about od an m u n ti staircase he glanced up and 12 asaw he reached the foot ofpla the s an ins 9.6 x 10 ta b o re fo re e door of the return-room. Jack regarding him fromththe is nearly r J, which fo it m li r pe night when one of thefound upthe Suddenly he remembered the value equal to had made musichall artistes, a little blond Londoner, another here is T . e v o b a rather free allusion to Polly. Theareunion had been he ence t nsequ o c almost broken up on account of Jack’s violence. Everyone al iment exper tried to quiet him. The music-hall artiste, a little palerng of i test than usual, kept smiling and saying that there was no ich wh harm meant: but Jack kept shouting at him that if any ms ee fellow tried that sort of a game on with his sister he’ds o t
post about it on Facebook. I didn’t mention that I had been live-tweeting the experience already. They told me Viacom probably has bigger fish to fry. “Maybe they do,” I said. “But like I told you yesterday, I mostly came down to write a blog post.” And that was that. We thanked each other for our time and I was on my way.
L ν to alarm. her memories gradually giving place Rβ = j hopes and visions of the future. Her hopes and visions were so intricate that she no longer saw the white pillows on which her gaze was fixed or remembered that she was waiting for anything. At last she heard her mother calling. She started to her feet and ran to the banisters. “Polly! Polly!” “Yes, mamma?” “Come down, dear. Mr. Doran wants to speak to you.” Then she remembered what she had been waiting for.
eat of gr If tance. impor d bsorbe every a antum ergy qu light en , the molecule ionizes a lation must following re tity een the quan obtain betw mber ht L and the nu of absorbed lig d gas j: ules of ionize of gram molec ationship is correct, this rel If our conception relevant gases which (at the must be valid for all n. ion without ionizatio appreciable absorpt frequency) show no
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me e to b
Resources
Concerning an heuristic point of view toward the emission and transformation of light by Albert Einstein was first published in German in the Annalen der Physik (Volume 17, pp. 132-148) in 1905 and subsequently translated in English for the American Journal of
I auditioned for the Big Brother and all I got was a vague threat of a $5 Million lawsuit by Josh Gross was posted on the Idahobased weekly newspaper, Boise Weekly,
on Thursday, May 10, 2012 at 11:08 am. http://www.boiseweekly.com/Cobweb/ achives/2012/05/10/i-auditioned-for-big-brotherThe boarding house is a short story from and-all-i-got-was-a-vague-threat-of-a-5-million-lawsuit the collection, Dubliners, by James Joyce. It was first submitted for publication on 1905 and eventually published in June 1914.
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Physics (Volume 33, Issue 5, pp. 367-374) in 1965.