Urban Environment & Climate Change specialization IHS reader

UMD12 urban environment & climate change specialization

UECC reader coordinators: Luca D’Acci Stelios Grafakos team: Veronica Olivotto Alberto Gianoli Elena Marie Enseùado Alexandra Tsatsou

Introduction to the course

uecc

The Urban Environment and Climate Change (UECC) specialization offers its participants the opportunity to understand the most recent trends, developments and challenges related to environmental sustainability and climate resilience in contemporary cities and also to learn some of the key analytical frameworks and methods that can be used to analyze these trends, developments and challenges and inform present and future urban policy and local government agendas.

Among others, we will cover, the relationship between different urban designs and environmental impacts, urban governance arrangements for climate change adaptation, multiple level and actor analysis, sustainability assessment methodologies and decision making analysis. Despite being focused, this specialization allows for some degree of flexibility to respond to the specific interests and learning objectives of the participants.

The UECC specialization covers four (4) main thematic areas and is divided into 3 Clusters. The main thematic areas that are addressed throughout the specialization are: Urban Green Growth Urban Ecosystem Services Low Carbon Urban Deveopment Climate Resilient Urban development.

Cluster 1 (Urban Structure, Planning and Design) is dedicated to the physical level: how we design urban environments at the neighborhood, urban and regional level. It is mostly oriented to the urban structure and morphology and their links with climate change. Cluster 2 (Urban Governance & Policies: Institutional and Social Dimensions) concerns the interaction between a multiplicity of social actors (the state, political parties, civil society organizations) and the decision-making processes involved in planning urban environment and climate change. Cluster 3 (Assessment, Economics and Finance) focuses on the processes that cities adopt to assess and finance their green growth and climate change actions, policies and projects and the existing techniques and instruments used.

The three clusters together provide a comprehensive and connected set of elements to enhance the analytical skills of urban professionals with experience in urban environmental management but also to nurture perspective students seeking new careers in this field. For example, the first cluster teaches the urban structure we may aim for to achieve low carbon and/or resilient cities; the second cluster indicates how which theories explain the actions and strategies of different actors and institutions dealing with socio-environmental challenges; the third cluster provides theories and hands on tools and techniques to evaluate and finance different green growth and climate strategies to achieve urban sustainability.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Education - research - advisory The Urban Environment and Climate Change specialization has an excellent track record in supporting its participants in the development of high quality research. The IHS staff members (and guest lecturers) of the Urban Environment and Climate Change specialization are experienced in thesis supervision and well versed in both quantitative and qualitative research methods while having track record on scientific publications in their respective fields.

The Urban Environment and Climate Change specialization has the distinctive feature of being very active in research and advisory services worldwide, including Asia, Latin America, Africa and Europe. This offers its talented participants the unique opportunity to link their thesis to ongoing research and advisory projects currently being undertaken by the staff of the specialization.

Active support will be provided to the authors of the most promising theses towards their publication in academic journals. Furthermore, the specialization each year offers a number of internship positions (two of its staff are in fact former participants) and via its broad network of international organizations which includes the UN-Habitat, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, Cities Alliance, ICLEI-Local Government for Sustainability and the Asian Development Bank, it offers support in career development.

Course teaching Methods The course blends lecturing and discussion formats, case study analysis, group workshops, tools application, project assignments, use of online databases and field trips.

Field trips organized during the course in the past include: visit to the Storm Surge Barrier, a guided tour of some initiatives under the Rotterdam’s Climate Proof Program, a visit to Studio Bas Sala, a design studio working, among others, on a project to increase rainwater storage capacity of buildings in Rotterdam, and finally a visit to the neighborhood of Schiebroek Zuid.

Course assessment Methods The students will be evaluated by individual assignments (essay), group assignments and a final exam.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

UECC thematic areas

urban low carbon growth urban ecosystem services

Urban structure and design

cluster 1

urban climate resilient development

urban green growth

Governance and policy

Assessment economics and finance

cluster 2

cluster 3

UECC clusters

UECC thematic areas & clusters

Cluster 1

Urban structure, planning and design Period: 11 January -22 January 2016 Coordination: Luca D’Acci

Key concepts How to physically design low carbon, adaptive-resilient cities; relations among urban structures and climate change variables

Background The current urbanization dimension is unique in history as well as the speed of climate change; and their connections are nowadays universally recognized.

However, climate change is not strictly a direct and inevitable consequence of urbanity and urbanization rate: the way in which we design cities play a significant part in reducing carbon emissions, pollution, deforestation, flooding risk, urban heat island effects, and many other climate change related factors.

Overall learning goals This first two-week part of the specialization focuses on the physical design of low carbon adaptive-resilient human habitats. It starts showing different urban structures, intended here as the pattern and organization of land use in urban areas, such as the concentric zone model, the sector model, the multiple nuclei model, the punctiform city model and the isobenefit urban model. The above urban structures are analyzed from an environmental-climate change point of view. Urban planning and urban design are introduced as a primary key factor to drive human habitats (towns, cities, megacities) toward low carbon, resilientadaptive urban future environments.

After an introductory lecture about urban structure, planning, design and their relations with climate change, we describe how to physically design resilientadaptive cities, and low carbon cities.

The course offers three angles: theory, practice, research.

For this reason, lecturers are both academic (from the top world universities) and urban practitioners (from relevant Urban Studios). At the end of these 2 weeks, participants should be familiar with the basic concepts of urban structures and design and their relations with climate change. They should also be able to advise local governments and urban studios in how to plan and design low carbon, adaptive-resilient cities, as well as to conduct research to investigate relations among spatial urban and climate change variables in order to find the most influential variables and, through urban planning and design, address the latter towards desired low carbon, adaptive-resilient scenarios.

Thesis themes - Relations among spatial urban variables (urban size, morphology, structure, etc) and climate change variables (carbon emissions, urban heat islands, etc).

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Sessions overview, cluster 1 1. Urban Structure, Urban Planning, Urban Design, Climate (D’Acci) Planning Resilient-Adaptive Cities (D’Acci) 2. Hotterdam (van der Hoeven) 3. Planning Low carbon Cities (D’Acci) Urban Metabolism (D’Acci) 4. Small Connected Cities vs Megacities: Randstad (van Oort) Bikes and Cities: Utrecth (van Oort) 5. Investigate variables: regression analysis (D’Acci) 6. Humans, Planning, Design, and the Urban Environment (Stolk) 7. Research in action 1: literature study (D’Acci) 8. Urban Materials and climate change (Icibaci) 9. Urban Design in action 1 (Sander) 10. Urban Design in action 2 (Kums) 11. Planners’ perspective on Climate Change (van Straalen) 12. Research in action 2: literature study (D’Acci)

Lecturers

Luca D’Acci PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Franklin van der Hoeven

Loriane M. Icibaci

Maurizio Scarciglia

PhD Director of Research Faculty of Architecture TU Delft

PhD researcher TUDelft Head of Forma-i

MSAarch TU Delft & la Sapienza Rome Head NAUTA architecture & research

Sander Lap

Frank van Oort

Egbert Stolk

MSArch MIT and TU Delft LAP landscape & Urban Design

PhD Professor Urban Economics, University of Utrecht

PhD Chair of Environmental Planning and Ecology TU Delft

Fennie van Straalen

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

PhD Assistant Professor Spatial Planning University of Utrecht

Session 1 Urban structure, planning, climate change.

Planning resilient-adaptive cities.

Description The lecture shows the main urban typologies in terms of form, morphology, and internal structure; the aim of urban planning and urban design, and their potential influence in facing climate change issues. We remind what a resilient, adaptive and low carbon city is and how we may design it.

Lecturer

Luca D’Acci Date & time 11 January 2016 13.30-15.00

Compulsory readings Better growth, better climate: the new climate economy report, Chapter 2, Cities. http://static.newclimateeconomy.report/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NCE_ Chapter2_Cities.pdf Recommended readings Benevolo, L. (1980) The History of the City. Mit Press.

Bulkeley H. (2014). Cities and Climate Change. Routledge.

Choay F. (1965). L’Urbanisme: Utopies et Realites. Une antologie. Edition du Seuil.

Lehmann S. (2014). Low carbon cities. Routledge.

Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. The MIT Press.

Morris, A.E.J. (1994). History of Urban Form. Routledge.

Pearson L.J., Newton P.W., Roberts P. (2014). Resilient Sustainable Cities. Routledge.

Session 2 Hotterdam: the way the city aggravates the urban heat island effect, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it.

Description The lecture illustrates the heat related problems in a specific city (Rotterdam in this case) in order to outline the links between the climate and the built environment.

The climate within a city behaves differently to outside, while the urban climate plays a key part in the well-being of the city’s residents.

The objective of the lecture is to gain a better understanding of urban heat in Rotterdam, and to use this as a basis for explaining the links between the health of the city’s population and the features of its physical spaces that make it more or rather less warm.

Such insights will make the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants more aware of and less susceptible to the health effects of heat waves. The insights into the urban heat island are relevant for other cities in Holland (Amsterdam, The Hague) and abroad.

Compulsory readings http://books.bk.tudelft.nl/index.php/press/catalog/book/436

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Franklin van der Hoeven Date & time 12 January 2016 11:00-12:30

Sessions 3a & 3b Planning low carbon cities.

Urban metabolism.

Description In this lecture we will focus on the mitigation aspect: how to design low carbon cities. We also focus on the relations between urban size and carbon emissions in analogy with the biological domain to see similarities and differences.

Compulsory readings Fragkis M., Lobo J., Strumsky D., Seto K. (2013). Does size matter? Scaling of CO2 emissions and U.S. urban areas. PLOS one, vol 8, Issue 6 Oliveira E., Andrade J., Makse H. (2014). Large cities are less green. Scientific reports, 4:4235.

Lecturer

Luca D’Acci Date & time 14 January 2016 15.30-17.00

Recommended readings Batty M.(2014). A theory of city size. Science 340 1418-1419 Batty M. (2008). The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science 319 769–771 Bettencourt L. (2013). The origins of scaling in cities. Science 340 1438-1441 Louf R., Barthelemy M., (2014). Scaling: lost in the smog. Environment and Planning B, volume 41, pages 767 – 769

Session 4 Investigate variables: regression analysis

Description This is a first soft intuitive introduction to the regression analysis as a tool to investigate relations among variables and to how empirically explain if and by how much variable/s (independent variables) influence a certain variable (dependent variable).

Compulsory readings Hedonic Pricing Method, in D’Acci L. (2013). Monetary, Subjective and Quantitative Approaches to Assess Urban Quality of Life and Pleasantness in Cities. Social Indicators Research, Volume 115, n. 2, pp 531-559.

Linking Yakut landscapes (credits: LAP Landscape and Urban Design) DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Luca D’Acci Date & time 12 January 2016 11:00-12:30

Sessions 5a & 5b Small connected cities vs megacities: Randstad.

Bikes and cities: Utrecht.

Description In urban economics, there is one “golden rule”: larger cities are better off in terms of economic growth (employment and productivity), incomes and wealth. A twice as large city thus leads on average to a +7% agglomeration premium. In Europe, and particularly in The Netherlands, there not very large cities as in other continents. Does Europe therefore miss out on agglomeration benefits? A recent literature focuses on urban networks as morphological replacement of larger cities: as long as smaller cities are well connected with infrastructure, are economically complementary and have an intention to cooperate in the provision of services, urban networks may function as larger cities. The Dutch Randstad region as the prime example in this thinking. But what does it take to really function as a larger city? What are advantages and disadvantages of the network structure? Can we measure these issues, and can policy work on them? Can it work on other continents as well? This lecture focuses on the potentials, drawbacks and benefits of urban network from an economic perspective.

Lecturer

Frank van Oort Date & time 18 January 2016 13.30-15.00

Recommended readings Edward L. Glaeser, Jed Kolko, and Albert Saiz, 2001. “Consumer city,” Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 1(1), pages 27-50 Frank van Oort, Martijn Burger & Otto Raspe (2010), “On the economic foundation of the urban network paradigm. Spatial integration, functional integration and economic complementarities within the Dutch Randstad”.

Urban Studies 47: 725-748 Edward L. Glaeser & Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto & Yimei Zou, 2015. “Urban Networks: Connecting Markets, People, and Ideas,” NBER Working Papers 21794, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Evert J. Meijers & Martijn J. Burger (2010), ‘Spatial structure and productivity in US metropolitan areas’, Environment and Planning A, 42(6), 1383-1402

Session 6 Humans, planning, design, and the urban environment.

Description The dynamics of cities can be understood from different perspectives.

The first part of the talk focuses on three of those perspectives and their interrelations: (1) the urban environment as a complex system; (2) how humans change the urban environment by their cognitive planning & design capabilities; and (3) how the urban environment affects human behaviour.

This results in a complexity-cognitive model of the urban environment.

During the break, students are invited to play a city-game. In the second part of the talk the model is used to look at how professional urban planners and designers deal with pressing urban issues, like climate change. The session ends with a group discussion based on some propositions arising from the talk.

Compulsory reading Stolk, E. H., & Portugali, J. (forthcoming). A complexity-cognitive view on scale in design. In J. Portugali & E. H. Stolk (Eds.), Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design. Heidelberg: Springer.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Egbert Stolk Date & time 18 January 2016 15:30-17:00

Recommended readings Stolk, E. H. (2016). Een Complex-Cognitieve benadering van Stedebouwkundig Ontwerpen. (PhD-thesis), Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft.

Portugali, J., & Stolk, E. H. (2014). A SIRN view on design thinking – An urban design perspective. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(5).

Stolk, E. H., & Portugali, J. (2012). A SIRN view on urban design - the case of Almere Hout. In J. Portugali, E. Tan, V. J. Meyer, & E. H. Stolk (Eds.), Complexity Theories of Cities have come of Age (pp. 391-412). Heidelberg: Springer.

Session 7 Research in action 1: literature study (D’Acci) Lecturer Description In this lecture we will study together in class academic papers selected from a large list of relevant publications on the cluster subjects, with the aim to go deeper into the structure of academic research.

Luca D’Acci Date & time 19 January 2016 15.30-17.00

Compulsory readings To be selected in the classroon during the session.

Session 8 Urban Materials and climate change (Icibaci) Description The way we design cities as urban patterns, including buildings and infrastructure in them define great proportion of the natural resources used to build and maintain them. Therefore by “understanding the energy and material processes of urban systems is imperative for facing the social, environmental, and energy challenges of the next century” (Decker, 2003). The concern with the increase extracting, processing and consumption of materials bring pressures to natural ecosystems in form of depletion, pollution, deterioration and decline of human health (OECD, 2008) that often extend beyond national and regional borders. Satterhwaite (2006) showed the relations between modern patterns of city growth and their increase land intensity. The average urban population densities both in developing and industrialized countries have been declining for the past two centuries resulting in more land and built infrastructure per person (Cohen, 2006). In developed countries cities expanded at an even faster rate per resident (UNFPA, 2007). Meanwhile, in the past hundred years, human population increased fourfold while material and energy consumption increased tenfold (Weisz and Steinberger, 2010). One way to understand environmental impacts by material consumption and discharge is by tracking material inputs and outputs from a defined geographical area and associate these trends with social, economic and technological changes though time. Several cases will be presented to illustrate different ways to connect material consumption and urban developments with the goals to evaluate resource and waste treatment capacities, to evaluate their environmental impacts, to identify crucial actors in consumption and material accumulation and to support analysis of future vulnerabilities and resilience of ecosystems and future design interventions.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Loriane M. Icibaci Date & time 20 January 2016 11:00-12:30

Compulsory readings Loriane Icibaci and Michiel Haas, Material City: Towards Sustainable Use of Resources. In: Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach edited by Ellen M. van Bueren, Hein van Bohemen, Laure Itard, Henk Visscher Recommended readings Decker, Ethan H., et al. “Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem.” (2003). Page 727 Measuring Material Flows And Resource Productivity OECD, 2008 Outside the Large Cities: The Demographic Importance of Small Urban Centres and Large Villages in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Satterthwaite, D Urbanization in Developing Countries: Current Trends, Future Projections, and Key Challenges for Sustainability.

Cohen, B. Technology in Society 2006, 28(1-2): 63-80. Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth Obaid , T. A. (Executive Director) UNFPA, 2007 Reducing energy and material flows in cities Weisz, H.; Steinberger, J. K. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2010, 2:185–192. Eselvier

Session 9 Urban design in action 1 Description We Believe in Trees is the edict of the design studio LAP Landscape & Urban Design. Founded in 2009 in Rotterdam the studio designs multiple sustainable landscape and masterplans in the Netherlands and abroad. In the lecture speaker Sander Lap will give an introduction to the works in the studio and present the Factory of the Future / Brainport Industries Campus, Green4Roads and the international artist residence Nikola Lenivets in the Russian outback.

Lecturer

Sander Lap Date & time 21 January 2016 11.00-12.30

Website http://www.laplab.eu/all-projects

Session 10 Planners’ perspective on climate change Description Land-use planning builds on the inherent assumption that environmental conditions at a certain location are relatively robust. The soil, water levels, climate conditions, air quality, and the ecosystem are assumed as more or less stable. On this basis, the assignment or the change of property rights on land are a matter of social constructions based on certain conventions (i.e. laws, constitutional rights etc.). However, if the environmental conditions change (i.e. flooding, erosion, land subsidence) the social constructions of land, i.e. property rights, might require amendments. Currently, many such environmental changes are assigned to climate change (respectively: climate change intensifies such changes). Changing environmental conditions can be temporal (e.g. flooding) and at have effect at various scales (e.g. a local subsidence of land or a large scale desertification of an area). A rather radical change of environmental conditions could cause disappearance of land and connected property rights, e.g. sudden beach erosion through stormfloods. These changes essentially influence the scarcity of land. The urgent question is how to deal with the environmental changes that have an impact on property rights and land use. When land use designated by planning becomes difficult, infeasible, or even impossible the environmental conditions and the social construction of land, i.e. property rights, clash. Most property rights systems do not foresee amendments caused by these environmental changes. This raises issues of morality and justice, but also liability and public responsibility.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Fennie van Straalen Date & time 21 January 2016 13:30-15:00

Compulsory reading Van Buuren, A., Driessen, P.P.J., Van Rijswick, M., Rietveldm, P., Salet, W., Spit, T., Teisman, G. (2013) Towards Adaptive Spatial Planning for Climate Change: Balancing between Robustness and Flexibility, JEEPL 10(1): 29-53 Recommended readings Leckie, S. (2013) Finding land solutions to climate displacement: A challenge like few others, Displacement solutions, http://issuu.com/displacementsolutionss/docs/ds_report_-_finding_land_solutions_ Tarlock, A.D. (2012) Global Climate Change and the Stability of Property Rights, In T. Hartmann and B. Needham (eds) Planning by Law and Property Rights Reconsidered, Surrey: Ashgate, pp. 135-156

Session 11 Urban Design in action 2 Description NAUTA architecture & research is an office that practices architecture, urbanism and sustainable thinking. Since its foundation NAUTA has engaged the mission to pursue responsible design in every form and scale. Either by participating to international competitions, by working on private commissions or by self initiated projects, NAUTA has engaged a continuous action to stimulate a collective awareness of the urgency to switch our attention from subjective design to a more analytical approach.

NAUTA works to optimize resources, to empower the existing and trigger beauty and innovation without crossing the boundaries of the unnecessary.

NAUTA is a Latin word that means ‘sailor’. The name of the office hints to our mission of travelling through global matters in order to find new subjects to nourish our interests, yet apply our experience for improving the quality of the built environment.

Lecturer

Mauricio Scarciglia Date & time 21 January 2016 15.30-17.00

Website: www.nauta17.com

Shenzhen – Bao’an West Coastal Zone (credits: NAUTA)

Session 12 Research in action 2: literature study Lecturer Description In this lecture we will study together in class academic papers selected from a large list of relevant publications on the cluster subjects, with the aim to go deeper into the structure of academic research.

Compulsory readings To be selected in the classroom during the session.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Luca D’Acci Date & time 22 January 2016 11:00-12:30

Cluster 2

Urban Governance & Policies: Institutional and Social Dimensions Period: 25 January - 10 February 2016 Coordination: Veronica Olivotto

Background Key concepts Environmental governance, Multilevel perspective, Environmental policy, Urban Ecosystem Governance, Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Perception and Mitigation Behaviour, Adaptive capacity, Lowcarbon experiments, Governance barriers and arrangements

Urban and peri-urban areas are places where the interaction between a multiplicity of social actors (the state, political parties, civil society organizations) and their decision-making processes can be studied. This study is defined as governance. This course is for participants interested in finding answers to questions like: how has the governance of environmental issues changed over time and why? What kinds of environmental policies exist and what are they good for? Why is water management a multi-dimensional governance issue? What types of leadership exists and how do they help complex governance? How are risk and resilience distributed and governed within and between cities? What are the subjective factors (e.g. perception of risk) that influence people’s ability to respond to environmental change and can these inform climate and risk policies? How can biodiversity in cities be governed? How can climate adaptation responsibilities be better allocated among a multitude of public and public actors? What is a climate change experiment and why are they important for urban sustainability?

Overall learning goals This 3 weeks course focuses on understanding how we govern complex urban environmental systems in two ways. Firstly the course will seek to explain complex environmental phenomena by providing insights in relevant theories and frameworks (acting as lenses) to understand and reflect on the interactions among actors, those between actors and institutional structures, and issue-based concerns (e.g. related to a specific problem or sector).

Secondly the course provides relevant insights into research methods and approaches, some of which may enable designing anew or improving existing governance and planning processes, solutions and arrangements. By teaching the limitations and strengths of each lens, method and approach, participants are actively encouraged to seek novel combinations in their master thesis and beyond, in their working life. Ultimately the course will equip participants with analytical, reflective and communicative skills needed to navigate today’s urban environmental and climate governance.

Thesis themes - Allocation of responsibilities in climate adaptation planning - Factors influencing innovation and collaboration in environmental and/or climate governance - Barriers (underlying causes, resulting effects and mediating mechanisms) influencing climate adaptation and mitigation decisions and processes - Risk Perception and Mitigation Behavior in flood-related disasters

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Sessions overview, cluster 2 13-14. Environmental and Climate Change Governance: Characteristics and Challenges of governing complex systems (A. Gianoli) 15-16. Introduction to Policy Instruments for Environmental Policy (O. Brilhante) 17. Economic Instruments for Environmental and Climate Change Policy (S. Grafakos) 18-19. Understanding Risk, Vulnerability and Resilience to natural hazards and extreme events in economically different cities (D. Archer) 20. What Builds Communities Capacity to Adapt to Environmental Change? Exploring Objective Assets and Subjective Capacities (V. Olivotto) 21. Risk Perception and Mitigation Behaviour Change (V. Olivotto) 22-23. Urban Ecosystem Services Governance and Policy Dynamics (N. Frantzeskaki) 24-25. Practicing urban governance: Arrangements for Climate Change Adaptation between Public and Private Spheres (H. Mees) 26-27. Sustainable Urban Water Management and Governance: a Leadership Framework (P. Scholten) 28-29. From Low-Carbon Experimentation to Sustainability Transitions (E. EnseĂąado) 30-31. Understanding and Analysing Barriers to Climate Adaptation in Cities (V.Olivotto)

Lecturers

32. Time-sensitive Governance in the Water Sector (J. Eshuis)

Veronica Olivotto

Stelios Grafakos

Alberto Gianoli

MSc IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Elena Marie EnseĂąado

MSc IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Peter Scholten PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Ogenis Brilhante

Heleen Mees

Niki Frantzeskaki

Jasper Eshuis

Diane Archer

PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University

PhD Dutch Research Institute for Transitions (DRIFT), Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD Department of Public Administration, Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED)

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Sessions 13 & 14 Environmental and climate change governance: characteristics and challenges Description The sessions review the key dimensions of governance systems related to environment and climate change with a particular emphasis on governance systems as coordination mechanisms and as decision making processes. Particular emphasis will be given to the challenges brought about by governance systems in relation to issues of accountability, interest representation, legitimacy and power. A system value approach to the analysis of environmental and climate change governance will be introduced and discussed. The session will also cover multi-level governance in both its vertical and horizontal dimensions and how these related to environmental and climate change issues.

Lecturer

Alberto Gianoli Date & time 25 January 2016 9.00-12.30

Compulsory readings OECD (2010) Cities and Climate Change, Chapter 6 Multi-level Governance: A conceptual framework. OECD Publishing [http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/ citiesandclimatechange.htm] McCarney, P., H. Blanco, J. Carmin, M. Colley (2011) The challenges for governance, in Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, C. Rosenzweig, W. D. Solecki, S. A. Hammer, S. Mehrotra, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 249–269 http://uccrn.org/ files/2014/02/ARC3-Chapter-9.pdf Recommended readings Lemos, M. and Agrawal, A. (2006) Environmental governance, Annu. Rev. Environ.

Resources 31, pp. 297–325 Thomas Tanner, Tom Mitchell, Emily Polack and Bruce Guenther January (2009) Urban Governance for Adaptation: Assessing Climate Change Resilience in Ten Asian Cities, WORKING PAPER Volume 2009 Number 315, Institute of Development Studies Harriet Bulkeley et al (2010) Cities and Climate Change: The role of institutions, governance and urban planning Report prepared for the World Bank Urban Symposium on Climate Change

Sessions 15 & 16 Introduction to policy instruments for environmental policy Description The first session introduces the role of policy instruments in environmental policy and focus on the questions what are policy instruments actually and what are they good for? The session start with an overview of the main categories of instruments, broadly divided into regulatory, economic and voluntary instruments. Attention will be given to the relative strengths and weaknesses of these instruments as well as to the implementation mechanisms that are required for each category of instruments.

In the second session the students will be divided in groups with each group representing a city sector linked to climate change and will try to identify key existent policy instruments in their cities, describe them, summarize how they are being implement and their impacts.

Compulsory readings Stavins, R. N, (2001). Experience with market-based environmental policy instruments (discussion paper 01–58, November 2001). http://www.rff.org/ documents/RFF-DP-01-58.pdf DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Ogenis Brilhante Date & time 26 January 2016 9.00-12.30

Recommended readings Huppes, G. and Simonis, U.E. (2001). Policy instruments in a long term perspective in Environmental policy instruments in a new era, Wissenschafszentrum Berlin fur.

Brilhante, O. and Ed Frank. 2003, European environmental legislation and industrial pollution management instruments in: Municipal environmental planning and management, IHS, Rotterdam, pp-143-193.

OECD, (2001). Environmental related taxes: issues and strategies, [homepage OECD, Policy Brief], [on line], available: http://www.oecd.org.

Session 17 Economic instruments for environmental and climate change policy Description The aim of this session is to present and discuss the major economic instruments that are extensively applied in environmental and climate change policy.

Environmental taxes and charges, subsidies, emissions trading and other market based instruments will be illustrated according to their characteristics, type of applications, opportunities and challenges. Different applications of economic instruments for environmental and climate change policy in various cities will be presented and discussed.

Compulsory readings OECD (2010). Chapter 9, Financial Instruments and funding new expenditure needs in Cities and Climate Change, OECD, Paris http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/ citiesandclimatechange.html Recommended readings UNEP (2004) The use of economic instruments in environmental policy : opportunities and challenges, pp 1–117, Available at: http://www.unpei.org/PDF/ policyinterventions-programmedev/Use-Economic-Instruments-Env-Policy.pdf OECD (1999) Economic instruments for pollution control and natural resources management in OECD countries : A survey OECD, Paris, Available at: http://search. oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=en&cote=ENV/ EPOC/GEEI%2898%2935/REV1/FINAL Oikonomou, V., Flamos, A. and Grafakos, S., (2010), Is Blending of Energy and Climate Policy Instruments Always Desirable?, Energy Policy, 38: 4186–4195

Photo credits: V. Olivotto DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Stelios Grafakos Date & time 26 January 2016 13.30-15.00

Sessions 18 & 19 Risk and vulnerability patterns in low-income settlements Resilience in theory and practice Description The first session will explore the concept of vulnerability in urban contexts – looking beyond the geography of vulnerability to understand who is vulnerable and why, based on the definition of vulnerable being a factor of exposure, sensitivity and exposure. This will encompass social and physical drivers of vulnerability and will highlight the need to consider climate change impacts on low income settlements.

The second session will follow on from the previous one to examine the role of local actors as one of the building blocks of resilience, with a specific focus on the possibilities offered by community-based adaptation in urban contexts. Examples will be drawn from resilience-building activities in low income communities in Asian cities to understand the components of urban resilience and the interactions with sustainable development, and effective governance mechanisms to facilitate community based adaptation.

Compulsory readings Anguelovski, I. and Carmin, J., (2011). Something borrowed, everything new: innovation and institutionalisation in urban climate governance, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3:169-175 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1877343511000042 Dodman, D., and Mitlin, D., (2011). Challenges for community-based adaptation: discovering the potential for transformation, Journal of International Development. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1772/abstract Satterthwaite, D and Dodman, D, (2013). Towards resilience and transformation for cities within a finite planet, Environment and Urbanization Briefing, IIED, http://pubs. iied.org/10648IIED.html?s=EUB&r=p Recommended readings ACHR, (2014), 215 Cities in Asia – Fifth yearly report of the Asian Coalition for Community Action program, ACHR: Bangkok Archer D, Almansi F, diGregorio M, Roberts D, Sharma D, Syam D (2014). “Moving towards inclusive urban adaptation: approaches to integrating community-based adaptation to climate change at city and national scale”, Climate and Development (in press).

Ayers, J. and Forsyth, T., (2009), “Community-based adaptation to climate change, strengthening resilience through development”, Environment, 51(4): 23-31 Da Silva, J., Kernaghan, S., and Luque, A., (2012), “A systems approach to meeting the challenges of urban climate change”, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, (online first) Leck, H. and Simon, D., (2012). Fostering multiscalar collaboration and co-operation for effective governance of climate change adaptation. Urban Studies. DOI : 10.1177/0042098012461675 Mitlin, D. (2013), “Locally managed funds: a route to pro-poor urban development,” IIED Briefing Paper, IIED, London Tyler, S and Moench, M, (2012) “A framework for urban climate resilience”, Climate & Development, 4(4):311-326

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Diane Archer Date & time 27 January 2016 9.00-12.30

Session 20 What builds communities capacity to adapt to environmental change? Exploring objective assets and subjective capacities Description Since the IPCC’s definition, various fields and disciplines have defined and treated adaptive capacity differently and expanded its characterization. One of the most influential fields of adaptive capacity characterization has been that of sustainable livelihood research, addressing the relationship between households’ resource base (defined as assets), its entitlements (the institutional context affecting the exercise of rights and access to resources) and the results of these activities for households welfare (commonly defined as household outcomes or responses). This characterization then places great emphasis on objective assets, or predetermined system attributes, mechanisms or indicators that are portrayed in the literature as increasing adaptive capacity. Recent scholarship on adaptive capacity is also stressing the need for developing empirical evidence of how subjective assets (e.g. placeidentity, beliefs and values expressed as culture) motivate people’s actions and the type of actions communities undertake, and at the same time how objective and subjective assets concurrently shape adaptive capacity.

Lecturer

Veronica Olivotto Date & time 28 January 2016 9.00-10.30

Compulsory readings Eakin, H., Lemos, M.C., Nelson, D.R. (2014). Differentiating capacities as a means to sustainable climate change adaptation. Global Environmental Change 27:1-8 http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937801400079X Adger, W.N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N., and O’Brien, K. (2013). Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation, Nature Climate Change (3) pp. 112-117 http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n2/full/nclimate1666.html Fresque-Baxter, J.A., Armitage, D. (2012) Place identity and climate change adaptation: a synthesis and framework for understanding. In WIREs Climate Change Vol. 3:251-266 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.164/abstract Recommended readings Engle, N., (2011). Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Global Environ. Change 21, 647–656 Romero-Lankao, P. et al. (2014). Scale, urban risk and adaptation capacity in neighbourhoods of Latin American Cities, Habitat International (42), pp.224:235.

O’Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Sygna, L. & Naess, L. O. (2006). Questioning complacency: climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation in Norway, AMBIO (35) 2, pp.50–56

Session 21 Risk perception and mitigation behaviour Description It is a claim within the social sciences that risk management has focused too much on technical solutions. In order to reduce risks associated with hazards social factors like risk perception also has to be taken into account. Studying risk perception not only allows experts to gain useful information with regard to people’s perception of risks, but also, it provides insight on how to improve communication between citizens and public policy makers and experts. Indeed inadequate knowledge on perceived flood risk may act as a barrier to effective communication about the risks and more importantly risk reduction measures that may be employed to counter the risks.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Veronica Olivotto Date & time 28 January 2016 11.00-12.30

Compulsory readings Grothmann, T. and Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards, 38 (1-2), pp. 101-120 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11069-005-8604-6#page-1 Bubeck, P., Botzen, W., Kreibich, H. and Aerts, J. (2013). Detailed insights into the influence of flood-coping appraisals on mitigation behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 23 (5), pp. 1327-1338. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0959378013000836 Van der Linden, S., (2014). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41 pp. 112-124. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0272494414001170 Recommended readings Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C. and Kuhlicke, C. 2013. The risk perception paradox—implications for governance and communication of natural hazards. Risk Analysis, 33 (6), pp. 1049-1065.

Xue, W., Hine, D. W., Loi, N. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., et al., (2014). Cultural worldviews and environmental risk perceptions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40 pp. 249-258. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0272494414000619 Wamsler, C. and Brink, E. 2014. Moving beyond short-term coping and adaptation.

Environment and Urbanization, pp. 0956247813516061.

Sessions 22 & 23 Ecosystem services and urban ecosystem governance towards resilience and sustainability Description : In this lecture, there will be an introduction to the basic concepts of urban ecology and social-ecological systems thinking including resilience thinking on how cities are places responsible for local and global environmental change processes. The framework of ecosystem services is presented and explicated in two assessment grounds: the global assessment of cities with the ecosystem services framework that reveals 10 key insights on the ways biodiversity in cities can be valued and governed and a local application of ecosystem services as a framework to understand how urban ecosystems have been governed in the city of Rotterdam and Berlin.

Compulsory readings Frantzeskaki, N., and Tilie, N., (2014). The dynamics of urban ecosystem governance in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, AMBIO, 43:542–555 (DOI 10.1007/s13280-0140512-0) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989510/ Haase, D., McPhearson, T., Frantzeskaki, N., and Kaczowroska, A., (2014), Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes: Practical Applications and Governance Implications – the URBES approach, UGEC Viewpoint, No.10, March 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989513/ Recommended readings Gomez-Baggethun, E., and Barton, D.N., (2013), Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning, Ecological Economics, 86, 235-245.

Perrings, C., Buraiappah, A., Larigauderie, A., and Mooney, H., (2011), The biodiversity and ecosystem services science-policy interface, Science.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Niki Frantzeskaki Date & time 1 February 2016 13.30-17.00

Sessions 24 & 25 Governance arrangements for climate change adaptation between public and private spheres Description Cities are not only relatively vulnerable to the multiple impacts of climate change, but also house multiple actors with different values, agendas and interests. Setting clear responsibilities for climate adaptation in this multi-sector and multi-actor complexity can be daunting. In my PhD thesis I argue that the clear allocation of responsibilities between public actors (local authorities in domains such as urban planning, water management and health care) and private actors (businesses, civil society groups, citizens) is essential for getting climate adaptation action off the ground. To effectuate this clarity of responsibilities. In the first session we will discuss a conceptual framework with which responsibility divisions can be evaluated, and alternative divisions can be explored and allocated in a deliberate and deliberative manner. In this lecture I will first explain the framework and its elements. In the second session we will discuss the results of the application of the framework for the evaluation of responsibility divisions for several urban climate adaptation issues in the context of Western democratic countries. I will show how the considerations that underlie public and private responsibilities are selectively used, and this may trigger important trade-offs.

Compulsory readings Mees, H.L.P., Driessen, P.P.J. and Runhaar, H.A.C. (2012). Exploring the scope of public and private responsibilities for climate adaptation. Journal of environmental Policy and Planning, (14) 3, pp. 305-330. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ pdf/10.1080/1523908X.2012.707407 Mees, H. L. P., Driessen, P. P. J., Runhaar, H. A. C. and Stamatelos, J. (2013). Who governs climate adaptation ;getting green roofs for storm-water retention off the ground, Journal of Environmental Planning en Management, vol. (56) 6, pp. 802– 825. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09640568.2012.706600 Olivotto, V., Gianoli, A., (in press). The Urban Governance of Climate Change Adaptation: Analysing public-private responsibilities in Ho Chi Minh City. Edited van Rooijen, K. Edelenbos, J. and van Dijk, M.P. Forthcoming in Unfolding City Governance in Complex Environments Book Chapter. Publisher: Practical Action Recommended readings Mendelsohn, R. (2006). The role of markets and governments in helping society adapt to a changing climate. Climatic change, (78) 1, pp. 203-215.

Hunt, A. and Watkiss, P. (2011). Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature, Climatic Change (104) 1, pp. 13-49.

Wamsler, C. and Brink, E. (2014). Interfacing citizens’ and institutions’ practice and responsibilities for climate change adaptation, Urban Climate, 7, pp. 64-91.

Reckien, D., Flacke, J., Dawson, R. J., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, M., Foley, A., and Pietrapertosa, F. (2014). Climate change response in Europe: what’s the reality?

Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries, Climatic Change, (122) 1-2, pp.331-340.

Bulkeley, H. and Schroeder, H. (2012). Beyond state/non-state divides: global cities and the governing of climate change, European Journal of International Relations, (18) 4, pp. 743-766.

Mees, H.L.P., Driessen, P. P. J. and Runhaar, H.A.C. (published online). ‘Cool’ governance of a ‘hot’ climate issue: public and private responsibilities for the protection of vulnerable citizens against extreme heat. Regional Environmental Change, DOI 10.1007/s10113-014-0681-1.

Mees, H.L.P., Driessen, P. P. J. and. Runhaar, H. A. C. (2014). Legitimate adaptive flood risk governance beyond the dikes: the cases of Hamburg, Helsinki and Rotterdam.

Regional Environmental Change (14) 2, pp. 671-682.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Heleen Mees Date & time 3 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Sessions 26 & 27 The governance of sustainable urban water management: a leadership framework Description Water management is a multidimensional governance issue. Dealing with such complexity requires integrative forms of steering, participative approaches, multistakeholder management and connective capacity. In this lecture we will discuss various approaches to governance and their respective possibilities for effective water management. In the second part of the lecture, we will be looking at water governance issues from a leadership perspective that may provide some insights in the functioning of specific (groups of) people that can have an essential role in processes of decision-making. In the second session the group will engage in water governance exercise based on stakeholders and interests analysis.

Compulsory readings Tropp, H. (2007) Water governance: trends and needs for new capacity development. Water Policy. 9(2): 19-30 Edelenbos, J. Bressers, N. & Scholten, P. (2013). Introduction: Conceptualizing connective capacity in water governance. In: Edelenbos, J. Bressers, N. & Scholten, P. (Eds.) Connective Capacity in Water Governance: A comparative study of water governance practices in Europe, North-America and Australia. Ashgate: London, UK. Scholten, P. & Edelenbos, J. (2013). The role of political-public leadership for connective capacity in water governance. In: Bressers, Edelenbos & Scholten (Eds.) Connective Capacity in Water Governance: A comparative study of water governance practices in Europe, North-America and Australia. Ashgate: London, UK. Recommended readings Scholten, P. (2011). Daring leadership: A study of water governance on the edge of innovation and democracy. Radboud University, Nijmegen (Chapter 5)

Photo credits: V. Olivotto

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Peter Scholten Date & time 4 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Sessions 28 & 29 Urban governance: from low carbon experimentation to sustainability transitions Description Transitions to more sustainable development pathways have become an emerging theme in both policy and research agendas across the north-south divide. Transitions are complex, long-term processes with social and technological dimensions.

This lecture provides an overview of conceptual frameworks for understanding sustainability transitions. Moreover, we look into the concept of and evidence for niche-level innovations and experimentation in cities and how these are linked to sustainability transitions. Lastly, we explore the main mechanisms, actor configurations, challenges, and opportunities for scaling up these urban initiatives and broadening their societal impacts.

Compulsory readings Bulkeley, H. & Castán Broto, V. 2012, “Urban experiments and climate change: securing zero carbon development in Bangalore”, Contemporary Social Science, vol.

9, no. 4, pp. 393-414.

Bulkeley, H. & Castán Broto, V. 2013, “Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 361-375.

Recommended readings Markard, J., Truffer, B. & Raven, R.R. 2012, “Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects”,Research Policy, pp. 1-22.

Bai, X., Roberts, B. & Chen, J. 2010, “Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: patterns and pathways”, Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 312325.

Bai, X., Wieczorek, A.J., Kaneko, S., Lisson, S. & Contreras, A. 2009, “Enabling sustainability transitions in Asia: The importance of vertical and horizontal linkages”,Technological Forecasting & Social Change, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 255-266.

Photo credits: V. Olivotto

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Elena Marie Enseñado Date & time 5 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Sessions 30 & 31 Understanding and analysing institutional barriers in the climate adaptation process Description Adaptation to climate change has risen sharply on the scientific and policy agendas in recent years. A growing number of researchers has attempted to explain a widely observed ‘‘adaptation deficit’’ (Burton, 2009), i.e., a gap between what might be considered a well-adapted society to the existing climate and the actual and inadequate adaptation achievements of that society. This deficit is not only common in poorer nations and communities of the developing world, but also evident in developed nations. The first session will present a range of barriers at municipal level to adaptation based on evidence from both higher-income and lower income nations. The second session will present a diagnostic framework to analyse adaptation barriers at different phases of the adaptation process and present examples of the framework’s application in two different cities (San Francisco, US and Jumla District, Nepal).

Compulsory readings Moser, S. C. and Ekstrom, J. A. (2010) A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 22026–22031. http://www. susannemoser.com/documents/Moser-Ekstrom_onlineearly.pdf Ekstrom, J. A. and Moser, S. C. (2012) Identifying and overcoming barriers in urban adaptation efforts to climate change: case study findings from the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA, In Urban Climate no.9, pp.54-74 Eisenack, K., Moser, S. C., Hoffmann, E., Klein, R. J., et al, (2014). Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4 (10), pp. 867-872. http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n10/full/nclimate2350. html Recommended readings Mimura, N., R.S. Pulwarty, D.M. Duc, I. Elshinnawy, M.H. Redsteer, H.Q. Huang, J.N. Nkem, and R.A. Sanchez Rodriguez, (2014) Adaptation planning and implementation Read paragraph 15.5 only In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 869-898.

Adger, W. N. et al. (2009), Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change?

Climatic Change (93), 3-4, pp. 335–354.

Burch, S. (2010). In pursuit of resilient, low-carbon communities: an examination of barriers to action in three Canadian cities, Energy Policy (38) 12, pp.7575–7585.

Biesbroek, R.G., Termeer, J.A.M. C., Klostermann E.M. J., Kabat, P. (2014) Rethinking barriers to adaptation: Mechanism-based explanation of impasses in the governance of an innovative adaptation measure. In Global Environmental Change 26:108-118 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014000703 Romero-Lankao, P., Hughes, S., Rosas-Huerta, A., Borquez, R., et al., 2013.

Institutional capacity for climate change responses: an examination of construction and pathways in Mexico City and Santiago. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 31 (5), pp. 785-805.

Blackburn, S., 2014. The politics of scale and disaster risk governance: Barriers to decentralisation in Portland, Jamaica. Geoforum, 52 pp. 101-112

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Veronica Olivotto Date & time 8 February 2016 13.30-17.00

Session 32 Dealing with time in governance processes: towards time-sensitive governance Description Time is often considered the background against which the really important processes evolve. This lecture starts from the idea that time is a crucial factor in governance processes, and provides a framework for studying perceptions of time.

It will be explained how different perceptions of time influence the course and outcomes of governance processes in two case studies, and the notion of timesensitive governance will be introduced as a strategy for dealing with different perceptions of time in governance processes.

Compulsory reading Eshuis, J., Van Buuren, A. (2014) Innovations in Water Governance: The importance of time. International Review of Administrative Sciences Vol. 80(2) pp. 401–420 http://ras.sagepub.com/content/80/2/401.full.pdf Recommended reading Bluedorn, A.C, Denhardt, R.B. (1988) Time and Organizations, Journal of Management Vol.14(2) http://jom.sagepub.com/content/14/2/299.abstract

Photo credits: V. Olivotto

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Jasper Eshuis Date & time 10 February 2016 9.00-10.30

Cluster 3

Assessment, economics and finance for sustainable, low carbon and resilient urban development Period: 15 February - 10 March 2016 Coordination: Stelios Grafakos

Background Key concepts environmental and climate change decision making analysis, sustainability assessment, environmental economics, environmental and climate change finance

The complexity of environmental and climate change decision-making processes is widely acknowledged. Urban Sustainability problems are characterized by systemic uncertainty, alternative options, multiple stakeholders and divergent objectives and this calls for the development and application of analytical approaches to decision making and decision making support tools in order to arrive at optimal or near-optimal solutions . The cluster aims at describing the processes that cities adopt to prioritize their green growth and climate change actions, policies and projects and the existing techniques used (e.g. Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Analysis, Multi Criteria Analysis, and Integrated Decision Support Frameworks).

Furthermore, Sustainability indicators and indices for countries, companies and cities are at the moment widely used to capture the different components and benefits of sustainability, to inform decision making on progress of certain systems towards sustainability and to provide cross-nationals and cross-cities comparisons of sustainability in a quantitative fashion. This cluster also aims to build an understanding of how sustainability and green city indices are constructed and which different indicator models have been developed during the last years for measuring urban sustainability. Moreover, this cluster is going to introduce basic and interlinked concepts of environmental economics which are applied broadly in urban green growth policy, such as the Total Economic Value (TEV) and Urban Ecosystem Services (UES) valuation along with innovative financial instruments and frameworks that cities have at their disposal for financing green projects in different sectors for achieving a low carbon and climate resilient development path.

Overall learning goals - To understand different assessment tools and methodologies for the evaluation of environmental and climate change actions, policies and projects.

- To prioritize (ex-ante) and evaluate (ex-post) climate resilient, urban green and low carbon growth actions.

- To apply a prioritization (CLIMACT Prio) tool for analysis and assessment of different climate change mitigation and adaptation actions at the city level.

- To understand and analyze the interrelationships of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

- To understand the financial instruments that cities use for funding urban environmental and climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives - To understand the principles and potential of ecosystem services valuation Thesis themes - Development and application of urban sustainability assessment frameworks - Assessment of resilient, green and low carbon growth projects, actions, policies - Evaluation of urban ecosystem services - Analysis of environmental and climate financial instruments.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Sessions overview, cluster 3 33. Planning for low carbon growth and resilience development (S. Grafakos) 34-35. Introduction to environmental and climate change decision making analysis (including simulation exercise) (S. Grafakos) 36-37. Low carbon and livable cities: the case of Rotterdam (N. Tillie) 38-39. Measuring urban sustainability (including simulation exercise) (S. Grafakos) 40-41. Climate mitigation cost analysis / Climate adaptation cost analysis (including exercise) (S. Grafakos, A. Gianoli) 42. Adaptation pathways and robust decision making (J. Kwakkel) 44-45. Climate actions prioritization workshop (S. Grafakos, A. Gianoli, E.M. Enseñado) 46. Financial instruments for environmantal sustainability (A. Gianoli) 48-49. Ecosystem services valuation (and simulation exercise) (S. Grafakos)

Lecturers

Stelios Grafakos

Alberto Gianoli

PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

PhD IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Nico Tillie PhD TU Delft, World Council on City Data, Global Cities Institute

Veronica Olivotto Elena Marie Enseñado MSc IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

MSc IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Jelmer Hoogzaad

Jan Kwakkel

MSc Associate Senior Consultant at Climate Focus, Utrecht

PhD Assistant professor TU Delft

Janez Sušnik PhD Lecturer UNESCO-IHE

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Session 33 Planning for low carbon growth and resilience development Description This session explains the process and steps of climate change planning in cities that aim to low carbon growth and climate resilient development. This session touches upon the key processes, such as vulnerability assessment, GHG emissions inventories, stakeholder engagement, actions assessment and climate financing.

Furthermore this session addresses the main climate action assessment methods and tools that are widely used to support urban decision makers.

Compulsory reading UNDP, (2009), Charting a new low carbon route to development, chapter 6 “Climate Change Mitigation: Objectives, challenges and priorities for local development” and chapter 7 “Climate Change Adaptation: Objectives, Challenges and Priorities for Local Development”, UNDP, chapter 6 and 7, pp 81 – 108, (27 pages). Available at: http:// www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/environmentenergy/www-ee-library/climate-change/charting-a-new-low-carbon-route-todevelopment/Charting_carbon_route_web_final%20(2).pdf Recommended readings UN Habitat, 2014, Planning for Climate change. Available at: http://www.unhabitat. org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3530 OECD, (2010) Cities and Climate Change, OECD Publishing (Executive Summary only, pages 17 - 28) Available at: http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/ files/0410081e.pdf Carmin, J. et al (2013), Urban Climate Adaptation in the Global South: Planning in an Emerging Policy Domain, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(1) 18 –32 Füssel, H.M. (2007). “Adaptation planning for climate change: concepts, assessment approaches, and key lessons.” Sustainability Science, 2: 265-275 Baker I., Peterson A., Brown G., McAlpine C. (2012) Local government response to the impacts of climate change: An evaluation of local climate adaptation plans, Landscape and Urban Planning, 107: 127–136.

Duguma, L.A. Wambugu, S.W. Minang, P.A. van Noordwijk, M., (2014), A systematic analysis of enabling conditions for synergy between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in developing countries, Environmental Science & Policy, 42: 138-148 Scrieuciu, S.; Belton, V.; Chalabi, Z.; Mechler, R.; Puig, D., (2014), Advancing methodological thinking and practice for development-compatible climate policy planning. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 261–288

Photo credits: V. Olivotto DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Stelios Grafakos Date & time 15 February 2016 9.00-10.30

Sessions 34 & 35 Introduction to environmental and climate change decision making analysis (and simulation exercise) Description This session introduces Decision making analysis framework for environmental and climate change issues with particular focus on multi criteria analysis (MCA) approach.

This approach has been widely used in environmental and climate change assessment and decision making on prioritizing different policies, actions, measures against multiple criteria. Often environmental and climate change actions generate multiple sustainability benefits (co-benefits) other than purely environmental related ones. Cities should explore how to incorporate these multiple sustainability benefits of actions in their decision making. The main elements, characteristics, steps, strengths and weakness of MCA will be discussed during this session. Different case studies will illustrate the applicability and contribution of MCA approach in Urban Environmental and Climate Change decision making. Participants will have the opportunity to apply and understand this method through a Workshop on prioritization of climate change actions and the application of the CLIMACT Prio tool.

Lecturer

Stelios Grafakos Date & time 15 February 2016 11.00-12.30 13.30-15.00

Compulsory readings Haque A.N., Grafakos, S., and Huijsman, M., (2012). Participatory integrated assessment of flood protection measures for climate adaptation in Dhaka, Environment and Urbanization, vol. (24) 1, pp.197-213. http://eau.sagepub.com/content/24/1/197 Janssen, R., (2001) On the use of multi-criteria analysis in environmental impact assessment in the Netherlands” Journal of Multi-Criteria Decisions Analysis, (10) 2, pp 101-109. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mcda.293/pdf Recommended readings Ensenado, E., M., and Grafakos, S., (in press). Multiple Criteria Analysis in Low-Carbon Urban Development: A Review of Applications from Low and Middle Income Countries.

Edited van Rooijen, K. Edelenbos, J. and van Dijk, M.P. Forthcoming in Unfolding City Governance in Complex Environments Book Chapter. Publisher: Practical Action Cinelli, M., Coles, S. R., and Kirwan, K., (2014), Analysis of the potentials of multi criteria decision analysis methods to conduct sustainability assessment, Ecological Indicators, 46, 138–148, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.011 Kiker, G. A.; Bridges, T. S. and Varghese, A. [et al.], (2005). Application of multicriteria decision analysis in environmental decision making Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, (1) 2, pp. 95-108.

Bell, M. L.; Hobbs, B. F. and Ellis, H. (2003). The use of multi-criteria decisionmaking methods in the integrated assessment of climate change: implications for IA practitioners, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, (37) 4, pp. 289-316.

Grafakos, S., Flamos, A., Oikonomou V., Zevgolis, D. (2010). Multi Criteria Analysis weighting methodology to incorporate stakeholders’ preferences in energy and climate policy interactions, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, (4) 3, pp. 434461 Visit website www.mca4climate.info for Multi-Criteria Analysis for climate change: developing guidance for sound climate policy planning (UNEP)

Sessions 36 & 37 Low carbon and livable cities: the case of Rotterdam Description These sessions aim to present the Rotterdam Climate Initiative which is a climate mitigation program of the city of Rotterdam.

Recommended readings City of Rotterdam, (2010). Rotterdam Climate Initiative: Interim Report, Rotterdam.

Available at: http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/Interim%20 Review%20RCI%202010%20Engels.pdf DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Nico Tillie Date & time 16 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Sessions 38 & 39 Measuring urban sustainability (and simulation exercise) Description Sustainability indicators and indices for countries, companies and cities are at the moment widely used to capture the different components and benefits of sustainability, to inform decision making on progress of certain systems towards sustainability and to provide cross-nationals comparisons of sustainability in a quantitative fashion. Processes to develop and utilise sustainability indicators are underpinned and driven by the increasing need for improved quality and regularly produced information. This session aims to build an understanding of how sustainability indices are constructed, why various sub-indicators are required in one metric and which different indicator models have been developed during the last two centuries. Specific attention will also be given to the pressure – state – response (PSR) framework of sustainability indicators. The second part of the session will touch upon the issue of sustainability benefits assessment methodologies particularly in the context of urban projects sustainability appraisal.

Compulsory reading Ravetz, J., (2000). Integrated assessment for sustainability appraisal in cities and regions, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, (20) 1, pp. 31-64. http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925599000372 Recommended readings Turcu, C. (2013). Re-thinking sustainability indicators: local perspectives of urban sustainability, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, (56,). 5, pp.695719.

Shen et al., (2011). The application of urban sustainability indicators : a comparison between various practices, Habitat International, (35) 1, pp. 17-29.

Fitzerald B. et al., (2012). A quantitative method for the evaluation of policies to enhance urban sustainability, Ecological Indicators, (18), pp. 371-378 .

Alberti, M. (1996), Measuring urban sustainability, Environment al Impact Assessment Review, (16) 4-6, pp. 381–424 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0195925596000832 Jowsey E. and Kellet J. (1996), Sustainability and methodologies of environmental assessment for cities, in Sustainability, the environment and urbanization, Pugh C. (eds), Earthscan, London, pp 197–217 (20 pages).

Finco A. and Nijkamp P. (2001), Pathways to urban sustainability, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, (3) 4, pp. 289–302.

Fehr, M., Sousa, K., Pereira, A., and Pelizer, L. (2003). Proposal of indicators to assess urban sustainability in Brazil, Environment, Development and Sustainability (6) 3, 355–366.

A Sharifi, A Murayama, (2013), A critical review of seven selected neighbourhood sustainability assessment tools, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 38, 73-87 Sasima Charoenkit and S. Kumar, (2014), Environmental sustainability assessment tools for low carbon and climate resilient low income housing settlements, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, vol. 38, issue C, pages 509-525 S. Grafakos, E. M. Enseñado , A. Flamos, J. Rotmans, (2015), Mapping and Measuring European Local Governments’ Priorities for a Sustainable and Low-Carbon Energy Future, Energies, 8(10), 11641-11666; doi:10.3390/en81011641

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Stelios Grafakos Date & time 17 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Sessions 40a, 40b & 41 Climate mitigation cost analysis Climate adaptation cost analysis Exercise on Climate Mitigation Cost Analysis Description The objective of the session is to introduce a methodology to evaluate and prioritize climate mitigation and adaptation measures. The focus will be on the ‘Marginal Abatement Cost Curve’, which can be developed by providing a comprehensive inventory of local measures to reduce CO2 emissions assessing the cost and potential of CO2 emissions reduction of each measure by using bottom-up estimates, and producing a cost-benefit curve comparing the selected mitigation measures. The session will also introduce a methodology to evaluate and prioritize adaptation measures. The focus will be on the ‘Adaptation Measures Cost Curve’, which can be developed by providing a comprehensive inventory of localized adaptation measures, assessing the cost and potential loss aversion of each measure by using bottom-up estimates, and producing a costbenefit curve comparing the selected adaptation measures.

Lecturers

Stelios Grafakos Alberto Gianoli Date & time 22 February 2016 9.00-12.30 13.30-15.00

Compulsory readings McKinsey, (2011). Sustainable urban infrastructure: London edition, chapters 1 - 2, pages 1 – 23. http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/London-Einzel.pdf (Link to full text) ECA (2009). Shaping climate-resilient development : a framework for decision making, appendix 2 methodology guide. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/ECA_Shaping_Climate_ Resilent_Development.pdf (Link to full text).

Recommended readings Kovacs, K., et al. (2013). The marginal cost of carbon abatement from planting street trees in New York City, Ecological Economics, (95), pp.1–10.

Cartwright, et al. (2013). Economics of climate change adaptation at the local scale under conditions of uncertainty and resource constraints: the case of Durban, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization (25) 1, pp.1-18.

Session 42 Adaptation pathways and robust decision making Description Over the last decade, there has been a substantial increase in research on approaches and methods for supporting decision making under deep uncertainty. One of the main application areas is climate change adaptation. On the one hand, there is research on planning frameworks such as adaptive policymaking and adaptation pathways. On the other hand, there is substantial work being done on robust decision analysis, a model-based approach to support the development of adaptive plans or strategies. In this lecture, I will introduce the adaptation pathways approach which underpins the Dutch Delta Program, and explain how the development of adaptation pathways can be supported using robust decision analysis.

Compulsory readings Haasnoot, M., et al., (2013). Dynamic adaptive policy pathways : a method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world, Global Environmental Change, (23) 2 pp. 485–498. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937801200146X Walker, W., et al., (2013). Adapt or perish: a review of planning approaches for adaptation under deep uncertainty, Sustainability, (5) 3, pp. 955-979.

Recommended reading Groves et al., (2013). Adapting to a changing Colorado river : making future water deliveries more reliable through robust management strategies, RAND report DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturers

Jan Kwakkel Date & time 24 February 2016 9.00-10.30

Session 43 Nexus Water/Energy and carbon emissions in cities Description As a consequence of the rapid urban growth, the demand for water and sanitation services is expected to considerably increase. Given that water sources globally are already being overexploited, and that many large cities already have ‘catchment areas’ far larger than the river basins in which they are situated, a current issue is how to provide this water and sanitation service in a sustainable way without further degrading the environment, without leading to increased competition between water users and use sectors, and whilst still ensuring that everyone has access to sufficient, good quality water. Linked to this issue is how to avoid detrimental unintended consequences resulting from well-intentioned initiatives. An example here is desalination. While desalination can help water stressed cities secure supply, it comes at a considerable energy cost and in many situations this energy is generated in unsustainable ways. So the real challenge is two-fold: how to supply the water and sanitation services mentioned above whilst also minimising collateral environmental damage.

Lecturer

Dr Janez Sušnik Date & time 24 February 2016 11.00-12.30

Recommended readings Saeed Hadian and Kaveh Madani, 2014, The Water Demand of Energy: Implications for Sustainable Energy Policy Development, Sustainability, 5, 4674-4687; doi:10.3390/su5114674 Janez Sušnik, 2015, Economic metrics to estimate current and future resource use, with a focus on water withdrawals, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2, 109127

Sessions 44 & 45 Climate actions prioritization workshop Description The aim of the sessions is to introduce a full week workshop on the prioritization of local climate change actions to reduce the vulnerability of selected cities (of given case studies) and their GHG emissions. The analysis would be conducted to identify both adaptation and mitigation actions and prioritize them exploring also their potential trade - offs and co-benefits. The main part of the analysis is based on the application of the CLIMACT Prio tool which applies a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) evaluation. In addition, the database climate tech-wiki (http://climatetechwiki.org/) can be accessed via the internet for information regarding adaptation and mitigation technologies and actions.

Compulsory readings Recommended readings

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturers

Stelios Grafakos Alberto Gianoli Elena Marie Enseñado Date & time 29 February 2016 9.00-12.30

Session 46 Financial instruments for environmantal sustainability Description The session provides a detailed description and review of the key players, the trading instruments and the global schemes related to environmental finance.

Compulsory readings OECD (2014). Financing climate change 2014 - Policy Perspective, Paris, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development World Bank Institute (2010). Climate finance in the urban context, Issues Brief 4, Available at: http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupalacquia/ wbi/578590revised0101Public10DCFIB0141A.pdf

Lecturer

Alberto Gianoli Date & time 7 March 2016 9.00-10.30

Recommended reading ADB (2013) financing low carbon urban development in South Asia, manila, Asian Development Bank

Session 47 Climate finance for mitigation in cities Description “While nations talk, cities act”, is a quote from Michael Bloomberg, former mayor of New York and Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change for Ban Ki-moon. Whether they are driven by concerns over the quality of life in cities, their attractiveness to investors, real estate value or genuine climate concern, cities have become more pro-active, taking action which inspires rather than follows policy. Cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy and account for more than 70% of global CO2 emissions. What is it that cities can gain from the international climate negotiations and climate finance? Traditional climate finance mechanisms, like the Clean Development Mechanism, have hardly been able to support mitigation measures in cities.

New mechanisms, like Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are already showing more success but their impact also remains far from the transitional scale that is needed. While international donors and developed countries are keen to invest in mitigation measures in cities, interest from cities in developing countries remains low. During this lecture we will discuss the merits of climate finance for cities, the design elements of a mechanism that can enhance cities’ access to climate finance. In addition, we will map out the different stakeholders, their interests and the positions they take in the debate. After this lecture you will understand the different perspectives in the debate on climate finance in cities.

Compulsory readings World Bank Institute, Climate finance in the urban context, November 2010, Issues Brief #4 (See previous session).

Recommended readings OECD, (2010). Cities and climate change, OECD Publishing (Executive Summary only) Available at: http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance. org/files/0410081e.pdf C40 climate leadership group (2010). Climate Action in Megacities, Version 2.0 Available at: http://www.c40.org/blog_posts/CAM2

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

Lecturer

Jasper Hoogzaad Date & time 7 March 2016 11.00-12.30

Session 48 & 49 Ecosystem services valuation (and simulation exercise) Description Two concepts of environmental economics which are applied broadly in environmental policy are the Total Economic Value (TEV) and Ecosystem Services (ES). This lecture will address the interlinked concepts of TEV and ES and will provide an overview of their various environmental and development policy applications.

It will provide a classification of the various types of economic values and ecosystems services. In addition the importance of the value of ecosystem services will be highlighted by addressing two practical examples. The participants will be encouraged to use these concepts during a short group exercise.

Compulsory reading The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB) (2011). TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management, pp. 1-41 (http://www.teebweb.org/ wp-content/uploads/Study%20and%20Reports/Additional%20Reports/Manual%20 for%20Cities/TEEB%20Manual%20for%20Cities_English.pdf ) Recommended readings T. Elmqvist et al. (eds.), (2013). Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment, chapter 11: Urban Ecosystem Services, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_11, (http://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_11 ) Gomez and Barton, (2013), Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning, Ecological Economics, 86, pp.235-45.

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), (2003). Ecosystems and human wellbeing: a framework of assessment, Washington DC: Island Press (IHS Library) Tianhong L.,et al., (2008). Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen, Ecological Economics, (69) 7, pp. 1427–1435 doi:10.1016 Jim, C., and Chen, W., (2009). Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China, Cities, (26) 4, pp. 187-94.

Bolund, P., and Hunhammar, S., (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas, Ecological Economics, (29) 2, pp. 293-301.

DRAFT VERSION Urban Environment & Climate Change

Lecturer

Stelios Grafakos Date & time 8 March 2016 9.00-12.30

Excursion 1 Rotterdam Climate Initiative Description A guided tour of projects and initiatives under the Rotterdam’s Climate Proof Program, in the city of Rotterdam.

Website www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/en

Source: www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl (copyright Paul Martens)

Excursion 2 Storm Surge Barrier - Maeslandkering Description Guided tour to the Maeslandkering storm surge barrier, one of the main adaptation projects of the Netherlands, and to the Dutch Delta Works museum (Keringshuis).

Website www.keringhuis.nl

Source: www.dutchwatersector.com

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12

DESIGNED BY ALEXANDRA TSATSOU

DRAFT VERSION Urban Management & Development - UMD12