SPONGE CITIES & ECOTOURISM OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTEGRATED DESIGN STRATEGIES
PRESENTED TO THE FUZHOU URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING BUREAU | FEBRUARY 28, 2017 UC Berkeley | College of Environmental Design | Yang Liu + Tadao Fujiwara + Allan Kapoor
INCENTIVES
Why Sponge City? | Why Ecotourism?
AUDIENCE
Aplication Process | Target Audience
SPONGE CITY
Goals | Sponge Cities in Fujian | Project Types
ECOTOURISM
Goals | Ecotourism in Fujian | Project Types
HABITAT CREATION
Environmental Benefits| Bird Habitat Design
STRATEGIES & BENEFITS
2
1
Strategies | Benefits
ECOPARK
Precedent | Benefits | Function | Application
HORIZONTAL LEVEE
Precedent | Benefits | Function | Application
ECOVILLAGE
Precedent | Benefits | Function | Application
BREAKWATER
Precedent | Benefits | Function | Application
SITE PROPOSAL
Factors | Site Selection | Site Design | Montage
INCENTIVES
Why Sponge Cities? “Fujian Provincial Department of Environmental Protection held evaluation of local water quality in all 67 counties from March to June across the province. Fuzhou was among the cities with wrose water quality, ranked No.66 in the first two months and No.58 in the last two. Main sources of pollution comes from agricultural waste dump (livestock), living waste dump from the surrounding villages, and illegal dump from the waterfront factories.”
“When Typhoon Soudelor hits Fuzhou, 143 bus routes are suspended, 1500 cars are trapped in water, 88 neighborhoods are flooded, power is cut off in 493 neighborhoods, 800,000 trees are damaged. Experts believe that other than the unique landform and other natural factors in Fuzhou, the city tends to be flooded also because it has too few detention and retention ponds to store water, plus the velocity of flow in local stream and canals is too slow. Therefore, the city has initiated the proposal for “Sponge City“ in recent years.”
Natural Disaster Typhoons and floods cause great economic loss in coastal cities in Fujian.
2015-8-8 http://news.fznews.com.cn/
2016-8-9 http://mt.sohu.com/
Water Pollution Pollutants from urban runoff contaminate local rivers and the bay.
Why Ecotourism? “City Disease arises from the population expansion, growing traffic, worsening environment, lack of resources, soaring housing price and living expense, and urban poverty.”
“Fuzhou City is ranked No.2 Best Cities for tourism for clean air. The city has a history of 2200 years. It was a historically important commerical town and international trade city. The main attractions from the city include: old city, the river, the hills in the city, over 50 historical remnants, rich religious culture, and hot springs. It is particularly a desirable tourism destination for northern Chinese tourists during its warm and green winter months.”
up-to-date https://baike.baidu.com/
2015-9-14 http://travel.163.com/
Clean Air People from northeast industrial cities are looking for an escape from the worsening air pollution.
“No.7 Cleanest City in China, 2015 No.5 Best Air Quality in China, 2016” 2016-11-15 http://mt.sohu.com/
Stress Relief Citizens from major urban areas are looking for idyllic experience to release increasing stress.
“Ecotourism has been the largest growth in today’s tourism market worlwide. In the wave of urbanism and industrialization, Chinese citizens gained a clearer vision for environmental protection. Therefore, when ecotourism was first introduced to China, it was widely embraced by the public, and has become a growing need over time.” 2014-12-30 http://blog.sina.com.cn/
AUDIENCE
Application Process Approval Financial Support + Supervision
City Government Representative at Fuzhou Urban and Rural Planning Bureau
Turn in Application
Provincial Government
Recommend Candidate City
National Government Ministry of Housing and Urban/Rural Development: National Sponge City Technology Committee
Source: Factsheet Sponge City Construction in China, Kingdom of Netherlands, 2016
Target Audience PRIMARY AUDIENCE
SECONDARY AUDIENCE
Kongjian Yu, Founder of Turenscape, is also a Vice Director of the National Sponge City Technology Committee and helps to coordinate the national project.
Representatives from Fuzhou Urban And Rural Planning Bureau who drafted the application for Fuzhou to be nominated for a Sponge City.
SPONGE CITY
Goals
China began experimenting with spongerelated urban design ideas more than a decade ago. In 2000, one of the first large studies involving low-impact development (LID) - a method of natural stormwater management - was used in the design of a housing block called Tianxu Garden in Beijing. During the flood of 2012, the apartments easily survived the disaster. Yet it was only after the Chinese president Xi Jinping suggested cities “should be like sponges” that the term became trendy among urban planners and designers. 2015-11-23 | City Lab: Why China Wants to Build Something Called ‘Sponge Cities’
Source: http://www.turenscape.com/
Goals - Sponge City Proposal approved and supported by Ministry of Financve, Ministry of Housing and Urban/Rural Development, and Ministry of Water Resources - Lauched at the end of 2014 - 16 Sponge Cities selected in 2015, 14 selected in 2016 - 660 billion RMB from national government to invest in the 30 Sponge Cities - Goals (Fuzhou): 20% becomes Sponge Area in 2020, 80% by 2030 - Sponge Area (Definition): Areas that can absorb 70% of the storm water on site
Goals Detain
Retain
Filter
Purify
Reuse
Discharge
Sponge Cities in Fujian
Fuzhou Selected in 2016 162 Projects Proposed
Xiamen Selected in 2015 239 Projects Proposed 71 Projects Underway 29 Projects Completed, 1.49 billion RMB
Project Types
Sponge Architectural Structures
Sponge Streets & Plazas
Sponge Parks & Green Space
Reconnecting Natural Water Systems
Ecological Restoration
Storm Water Control
Improving Piped Infrastructure
Flood Prevention
Project Types
Sponge Architectural Structures
Sponge Streets & Plazas
Sponge Parks & Green Space
Reconnecting Natural Water Systems
Ecological Restoration
Storm Water Control
Improving Piped Infrastructure
Flood Prevention
ECOTOURISM
Goals “Tourism has potential to benefit conservation if, as at Panjin, Liaoning Province, natural habitats are seen as commercially valuable. Increasing public access to nature reserves may also assist in reducing illegal activities, such as the installation of oil-wells in the core area of the Yellow River Delta NNR.” 2016-2-17 | Shorebirds along the Yellow Sea coast of China face an uncertain future – a review of threats
Source: https://feel-planet.com/red-beach-panjin-china/
Goals
m ris
TOURISM DESTINATION
tourism
Fujian Province sees “fresh air“ as a factor to boost ecotourism. The province has begun issuing a Fresh Air Index instead of the usual pollution index, in order to mitigate the negative effects of pollution on tourism. it allow residents and visitors to monitor improvements in the density of air particles in specific tourist attractions (2014).
POLLUTED CITY
tou
The map shows the result of overlapping PM 2.5 concentration from April 2014 to March 2015 (left). Fujian Province is one of the few provinces in China least impacted by the year-round air pollution, especially over winter months when pollution tends to be most profound.
fuzhou
Ecotourism in Fujian Eco-Tourism Centers East China Eco-Tourism Zone Master Plan To be completed in 3-5 years 4 Provinces (Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and Jiangxi) 19 Cities
Fuzhou
Xiamen
(China National Tourism Associtation, 2016)
Ecotourism in Fujian 霞浦东安岛
连江奇达村 Xinghua Bay
泉州鲟埔渔村
Ecotourism in Fujian When to Take a Trip to the Ecovillages? Tourists from nearby cities like Fuzhou and Putian can take day trips over weekends. Tourists from out of the region can use longer national holidays like National Day, and Spring Break to travel to these villages. Students can use part of their 28-day winter break to visit for a longer duration. Seniors and retirees can visit any time they want throughout the year.
Migratory Birds are present in Fujian Province from October to April.
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
Potential Vacation Days
FEB
MAR
APR
Professionals & Families: Local Weekend
Professionals & Families: Non Local
Winter Break (28 days)
Students
Seniors & Retirees National Day (8 days - Peak Time)
New Year (3 days)
Spring Break (7 days - Peak Time)
Qingming (3 days)
Project Types
Forest Expedition
Nomadic Experience
Wetland Birdwatching
Desert Expedition
Agriculture & Ecovillage
Natural Wonder Expedition
Iceberg Expedition
Stream Boating & Kayaking
Skiing & Snow Boarding
Environment Protection & Education Tour
Project Types
Forest Expedition
Nomadic Experience
Wetland Birdwatching
Desert Expedition
Agriculture & Ecovillage
Natural Wonder Expedition
Iceberg Expedition
Stream Boating & Kayaking
Skiing & Snow Boarding
Environment Protection & Education Tour
DESIGN GUIDELINES
Environmental Benefits Sponge Cities and Ecotourism can also be designed to create environmental co-benefits, such as: higher vegetation coverage to alleviate the urban heat island effect and to resist natural disasters, wildlife habitats to bring additional tourism attractions to the cities, and biodiversity to improve the overall urban landscape. The environmental benefits Sponge Cities and Ecotourism can provide will satisfy both regional and local ecological objectives.
Sponge City
Eco-Tourism
Habitat Creation
Bird Habitat Design Spoonbills Are Only Present in Fujian During Dry Months From November to February, local storm water retention ponds are shallow, making them ideal feeding sites for Black-faced Spoonbill if designed appropriately.
Source: The Bay Institute, 2013
for Bird Habitat + Birdwatching Case Study: Black-Faced Spoonbill
Bird Habitat Design Spoonbills Pose Little Threat to Fishery Industry According to a study at Xinghua Bay in 2009, Black-faced Spoonbills mostly use the fish ponds as loafing sites during the day, and only forage in the fish ponds occasionally. Rather, the birds normally fly to nearby mudflats and forage there at night. Black-faced Spoonbill Food Web The closer the species to the center of the web means that the species is of higher priority as BFS’s prey. The average size of a spoonbill is 50-60 cm. All the species are scaled to the average size of a spoonbill, which is demonstrated in the center. As you can see, BFS mostly prey on small fish and shrimp species in estuaries that are smaller than its bill. BFS do not normally prey on commodity fish, which are usually larger in size. Predator’s Food Web High Abundance of Food Source in the Watershed
Mild Abundance of Food Source in the Watershed Source: Fish and Shrimps in Feeding Habitat of Platalea minor in Xinhua Bay, Fujian, China, 2009
for Bird Habitat + Birdwatching Case Study: Black-Faced Spoonbill
Bird Habitat Design
for Bird Habitat + Birdwatching Case Study: Black-Faced Spoonbill
Level of Disturbance
Low
High
M Di inim sta u nc m e
Human Activity Range
1 <1 -3k 0k m m
Disturbance Distance Dictates Bird Habitat Design
D Di esir sta ab nc le e
Bird Activity Range
Modular This is a Modular Habitat for bird habitat and birdwatching related human activities. The inner circle represents a habitat, such as a brackish marsh. The space between inner and outer circles represents the area allowed for human activities.
Distance A habitat with desirable distance is recommended as a loafing site; a habitat with minimum distance is recommended as a foraging site. According to the report: Tatara River Estuary ayano geometry, the desirable distance is 100-200m, while a minimum distance is 50m. However, observations made in Taiwan suggested a larger distance. Therefore, on-site study before design is strongly recommended.
Bird Habitat Design How to Apply Modular Habitats to Form a Functional Network? Tourism Benefits
for Bird Habitat + Birdwatching Case Study: Black-Faced Spoonbill Connectivity The wetlands need to be built as a network within the maximum required distance between them. This can enable the functionality of these wetlands as bird habitats. The two types of habitat design with maximum and minimum distance should interweave to allow for birds to both forage and to loaf. Recreational areas should be designed to ensure that the birds are not disturbed by human beings.
v.s.
A wetland with a Desirable Disturbance Distance will create a larger buffer zone between human activities and birds. This will allow for more intensive recreational activities engaging a larger crowd around these habitats.
A wetland with a Minimum Disturbance Distance has a limited buffer zone. This will limit the intensity and flexibility of human activities, but will create opportunities for an intimate experience between the bird watchers and the wild birds.
STRATEGIES & BENEFITS
Strategies 1
2
3
4
Ecopark
Horizontal Levee
Ecovillage
Breakwater
Benefits
Storm Water Storage Water Quality Improvement Venue for Festivals
Ecopark
Habitat for Wildlife (Constructed Wetlands) Protection from Typhoon
Sponge City Benefits
Ecotourism Benefits
Street Runoff Remediation
Horizontal Levee
Natural Landscape on Waterfront Habitat for Wildlife (Marshlands & Mudflats)
Water Quality Improvement Economic Growth for Villages Vacation Destination Loafing Site for Migratory Birds (Fish Ponds)
Ecovillage
Protection from Typhoon Oyester Farming
Habitat Creation Benefits
Access to Coastal Waterfront Loafing Site for Wildlife
Breakwater
ECOPARK
Precedent
Pilot Project The world’s first migratory ‘Bird Airport’ by McGregor Coxall, Tianjin, China, to be built in 2017
Source: http://www.gooood.hk/bird-airport-for-china-competition-win-unveiled-by-mcgregor-coxall.htm
The project is designed with habitat scale and connectivity in mind. Size of the habitat is varied, larger ponds are designed for birds that need more disturbance distances. Human activities are concentrated in the areas with smaller ponds. High platforms are designed to provide a more secure environment for the birds, and better view for birdwatching. A pavilion is designed to host tourists for birdwatching and various activities, ans also to keep the disturbance from human activities to the minimum.
Precedent
Source: http://www.gooood.hk/bird-airport-for-china-competition-win-unveiled-by-mcgregor-coxall.htm
Precedent
Source: http://www.gooood.hk/bird-airport-for-china-competition-win-unveiled-by-mcgregor-coxall.htm
Benefits
Storm Water Storage Water Quality Improvement Venue for Festivals
Ecopark
Habitat for Wildlife (Constructed Wetlands) Protection from Typhoon
Sponge City Benefits
Ecotourism Benefits
Street Runoff Remediation
Horizontal Levee
Natural Landscape on Waterfront Habitat for Wildlife (Marshlands & Mudflats)
Water Quality Improvement Economic Growth for Villages Vacation Destination Loafing Site for Migratory Birds (Fish Ponds)
Ecovillage
Protection from Typhoon Oyester Farming
Habitat Creation Benefits
Access to Coastal Waterfront Loafing Site for Wildlife
Breakwater
Function
above: human occupied space
elevated structure 8 feet tall minimum underneath: wildlife habitat and corridor Ecopark: Human Walkway
1
HW
wetland pond to improve water quality
LW
Floating structures provide buffers between park visitors and BFS.
1m
HW
2
bird habitat island
t e to connec ip p d te ra perfo d ponds the wetlan
LW
Wetland ponds are connected by perforated pipes, barriers serve as BFS habitat.
river
1
wetland pond to improve water quality
1m
wetland pond
2
wetland pond
Application
Human Benefits
Habitat Benefits
birdwatching, strolling, running, biking, fishing
biodiversity, loafing, foraging, remediation
min disturbance distance required
min disturbance distance required
HORIZONTAL LEVEE
Precedent
Pilot Project Research: Analysis Of The Costs And Benefits Of Using Tidal Marsh Restoration As A Sea Level Rise Adaptation Strategy In San Francisco Bay By Bay Institute
Source: http://thebayinstitute.org/
This is a true pilot project that had not been built in any part of the world yet. But Bay Institute has provided a thorough report on the long term ecological and economical benefits a horizontal levee can bring to a city, which is likely to be appealing to Chinese government.
Benefits
Storm Water Storage Water Quality Improvement Venue for Festivals
Ecopark
Habitat for Wildlife (Constructed Wetlands) Protection from Typhoon
Sponge City Benefits
Ecotourism Benefits
Street Runoff Remediation
Horizontal Levee
Natural Landscape on Waterfront Habitat for Wildlife (Marshlands & Mudflats)
Water Quality Improvement Economic Growth for Villages Vacation Destination Loafing Site for Migratory Birds (Fish Ponds)
Ecovillage
Protection from Typhoon Oyester Farming
Habitat Creation Benefits
Access to Coastal Waterfront Loafing Site for Wildlife
Breakwater
Function
constant wave action
Traditional Levee leeve is prone to erosion when exposed to strong wave action
Traditional levees are exposed to full wave action and are susceptible to erosion, especially during typhoons.
10 m
wave attenuated by marshland vegetation
Horizontal Levee
g
mudflats are bird habitat durin low and mean tide level
Horizontal levees provide enduring protection to the urban waterfront and additional wildlife habitat.
horizontal leeve
horizontal leeve & tidal marsh slope 1:30
10 m
low marsh
high marsh
upland
levee structure
Application
Habitat Benefits
Human Benefits
biodiversity, foraging, buffer, remediation
birdwatching, strolling, running, biking, driving
min disturbance distance required
ECOVILLAGE
Precedent
Project â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Most Gorgeous Village in Chinaâ&#x20AC;?: Wuyuan Village
Source: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_15077a91c0102vt3x.html
A tourism agency delegated by the government exchanges the ownership on some houses in the village with the villagers: the property ownership belongs to the villagers, and the user ownership belongs to the agency. The demolition of some of the existing village houses, relocation, and relocation compensation are arranged on the village level. These houses are turned into hostels and retails to cater tourism. Once the construction is done, some of the villagers will return and be employed to run these businesses, to regulate local tourism, or to become the shareholders.
Precedent
wuyuan
Mega-regions in China Jing Jin Ji 1,000,000 people Pearl River Delta 1,200,000 people Yangtze River Delta 1,560,000 people
Source: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_15077a91c0102vt3x.html
Project â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Most Gorgeous Village in Chinaâ&#x20AC;?: Wuyuan Village 60% of the tourists to Wuyuan Village are from
the Yangtze River Delta Region.
20% out of the 60% regional tourists of the tourists are from one of the nearby metropolitan areas, Wuhan. 40% of the tourists are from out of the region.
Benefits
Storm Water Storage Water Quality Improvement Venue for Festivals
Ecopark
Habitat for Wildlife (Constructed Wetlands) Protection from Typhoon
Sponge City Benefits
Ecotourism Benefits
Street Runoff Remediation
Horizontal Levee
Natural Landscape on Waterfront Habitat for Wildlife (Marshlands & Mudflats)
Water Quality Improvement Economic Growth for Villages Vacation Destination Loafing Site for Migratory Birds (Fish Ponds)
Ecovillage
Protection from Typhoon Oyester Farming
Habitat Creation Benefits
Access to Coastal Waterfront Loafing Site for Wildlife
Breakwater
Function
pump
HW
commercial fish pond
LW (max 20cm deep)
1
During dry months, the water level in a fish pond is low, making it ideal loafing space for BFS.
1m
HW elevated surface min 20cm below HW
2
recreational & landscape fish pond
LW
When the water level is higher, elevated surfaces in fish ponds can provide loafing sites.
production pond
1
1m
recreational / landscape pond
2
recreational / landscape pond
Application
Habitat Benefits
Human Benefits
loafing, buffer
vacation, fishing, food, birdwatching
min disturbance distance required
min disturbance distance required
BREAKWATER
Precedent
Source: http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/living-breakwaters-competition/
Pilot Project Living Breakwater by SCAPE The Living Breakwaters concept design was developed by the SCAPE team for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rebuild by Design (RBD) Initiative, and was one of six winning proposals in this global competition. SCAPEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layered approach overlays coastal resiliency infrastructure with habitat enhancement techniques and environmental stewardship models, linking in-water protective interventions to on-shore resiliency and community engagement.
Precedent
Source: http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/living-breakwaters-competition/
Pilot Project Living Breakwater by SCAPE The SCAPE team was selected as one of the winning teams in the Rebuild by Design competition and is currently being implemented by the Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR) with $60 million of CDBG-DR funding. Planned for the neighborhood of Tottenville, Staten Island, the project links in-water infrastructure with onshore education and outreach, to help increase awareness of risk, enhance ecologies, and bring local school curriculum to the waterfront. Living Breakwaters is anticipated to move into construction in 2018.
Benefits
Storm Water Storage Water Quality Improvement Venue for Festivals
Ecopark
Habitat for Wildlife (Constructed Wetlands) Protection from Typhoon
Sponge City Benefits
Ecotourism Benefits
Street Runoff Remediation
Horizontal Levee
Natural Landscape on Waterfront Habitat for Wildlife (Marshlands & Mudflats)
Water Quality Improvement Economic Growth for Villages Vacation Destination Loafing Site for Migratory Birds (Fish Ponds)
Ecovillage
Protection from Typhoon Oyester Farming
Habitat Creation Benefits
Access to Coastal Waterfront Loafing Site for Wildlife
Breakwater
Function wave attenuated by breakwater
calmer waterfront
surge
1
Offshore breakwaters significantly reduce wave energy and provide calmer water.
breakwater
5m
* graphic modified from Living Breakwater by SCAPE
floating platform
low marsh vegetation
calmer waterfront
Floating Mudflats/ Wetlands
2
Behind the breakwater, floating platforms provide mobile and flexible habitat for BFS.
1
2
1m
recreational waterfront
beach / sand dune
Application
Habitat Benefits
Habitat Benefits
biodiversity, loafing, buffer
biodiversity, foraging, remediation
min disturbance distance required
SITE PROPOSAL
Factors
Selection Factors: Y Natural Preserve Y Open Space + Urban Residential + Industrial + Education + Parking Lot + Basin + Water Quality
for Ecopark
Port Train Station Natural Preserve Open Space er
at tw ity
al qu ne
zo
Education
es
Industrial
or
po
Residential
Parking Lot Basin Roads
5 km
N
Site Selection for Ecopark
BFS Habitat Open Space Loafing + Foraging SD (Shortest Distance to Disturbance): 850m
Proposed Ecoparks
Foraging SD: 300m
Residential
Foraging SD: 500m
Foraging SD: 500m
2 mi buffer (10 min bike)
Foraging SD: 250m
Foraging SD: 450m
Roads (incl planned roads)
Foraging SD: 500m
Foraging SD: 500m
Foraging SD: 400m
Loafing + Foraging SD: 1000m
5 km
N
Site Design for Ecopark
Open water Wetlands Grasslands
Open water Wetlands
Mixed moist Tropical Mixed moist - deciduous forest Grasslands
Tropical deciduous forest
Education Center/ Bird Watching Facilities
Education Center/ Bird Watching Facilities
Botanical/Herb gardens
Botanical/Herb gardens
Open/Circulation Space Playground
Open/Circulation Space
Eco Resort
Playground Eco Resort
1km
BFS Habitat
Montage for Ecopark
Ecopark
Factors
for Ecovillage
Selection Factors: + Forests + Mudflats + Fishponds N Nuclear Plant Forests > 25 acres Mudflats > 10 acres Fishponds Nuclear plant 10 km buffer
10 Kilometers
10 km
N
Site Selection
Anqian 37.8 km / 36 min / Taxi 123 RMB 92.1 km / 1 hr 51 min
for Ecovillage
Dongsha 41.3 km / 40 min / Taxi 120 RMB 90.9 km / 1 hr 49 min
Beituo 40.2 km / 34 min / Taxi 117 RMB 90.4 km / 1 hr 48 min
Donghan 42.3 km / 33 min / Taxi 123 RMB 92.1 km / 1 hr 46 min
Beiying Nanxun 41.7 km / 34 min / Taxi 122 RMB 94.4 km / 1 hr 50 min
Dongchen 49.5 km / 43 min / Taxi 145 RMB 99.5 km / 2 hr
Hailiang 51.9 km / 45 min / Taxi 152 RMB 101.4 km / 2 hr 2 min
45.6 km / 40 min / Taxi 133 RMB 95.6 km / 1 hr 52 min
Opportunity Areas Proposed Ecovillages Train Station Travel to Train Station Travel to Fuzhou Airport
Dongting 53.1 km / 48 min / Taxi 156 RMB 103.7 km / 2 hr 4 min
10 km
N
Opportunity Areas
Site Design
Proposed Ecovillages
for Ecovillage
Train Station Travel to Train Station Travel to Fuzhou Airport Dongting
Fish ponds: 20% turned into recreational pond Rice paddy Village residential area Forests Village: 10% turned into open space Beach
30% village houses converted into hostels, shops, restaurants, cafes, etc. for tourism purpose
10 km
N
Montage for Ecovillage
Ecovillage
Factors
for Horizontal Levee & Breakwater
Selection Factors: Horizontal Levee N Planned Ports N Major River Outfalls Y Nuclear Plant + Planned Development + Mudflats Breakwater N Major River Outfalls + Mudflats + Oyster Farms + Fishponds Planned development Planned ports Nuclear Plant Fishponds Mudflats Oyster farms Major river outfalls
10 km
N
Site Selection for Horizontal Levee & Breakwater
Horizontal Levees New Mudflats Breakwaters Floating Wetlands Oyster Farm Areas Planned development
10 km
N
Montage for Horizontal Levee & Breakwater
Horizontal Levee
Montage for Horizontal Levee & Breakwater
Breakwater
Ecoparks Ecovillages Horizontal Levees Breakwaters Roads (incl planned roads)
5 km
N
SPECIAL THANKS TO: SAVE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION John Radke & Matt Kondolf from class LD ARCH 205
March 22, 2017